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TITLE: Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by
Plants
PUBLICATION DATE: September 1994
ENTRY DATE: April 1995
EXPIRATION DATE:
UPDATE FREQUENCY:
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DOCUMENT TYPE: text
DOCUMENT SIZE: 340k (159 pages)
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ISSN: 1052-5378
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Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants
January 1990 - March 1994
QB 94-56
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Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants
January 1990 - March 1994
Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-56
Updates QB 92-50
244 citations from AGRICOLA
Henry Gilbert
Reference and User Services Branch
September 1994
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Gilbert, Henry
Allelopathy : the effects of chemicals produced by plants:
1990 - March 1994.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-56)
1. Allelopathy--Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.94-56
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AGRICOLA
Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA
database between January 1979 and the present.
SAMPLE CITATIONS
Citations in this bibliography are from the National
Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of
sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations
appears below.
JOURNAL ARTICLE:
Citation # NAL Call No.
Article title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title.
Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6
Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service
Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41
(8). p.48-50. ill.
BOOK:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information
on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987
Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography:
p. 126.
AUDIOVISUAL:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Supplemental information such as funding. Media format
(i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia
Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +
activity packet.
Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants
SEARCH STRATEGY
SET DESCRIPTION
S1 ALLELOPATHY?/TI,DE
S2 ALLELOCHEM?/TI,DE
S3 ALLELOPATH?/TI,DE OR ALLELOCHEM?/TI,DE
S4 S3 AND S4
Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants
1 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
(20S)-4 alpha-methyl-24-methylenecholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, an
allelopathic sterol from Typha latifolia.
Della Greca, M.; Mangoni, L.; Molinaro, A.; Monaco, P.;
Previtera, L. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.
Phytochemistry v. 29 (6): p. 1797-1798; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Typha latifolia; Anabaena flos-aquae; Chlorella
vulgaris; Aquatic weeds; Weed control; Allelopathy; Chemical
constituents of plants; Sterols
2 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene: a microbially transformed
allelochemical from 2,3-benzoxazolinone. I.
Nair, M.G.; Whitenack, C.J.; Putnam, A.R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Feb.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (2): p. 353-364; 1990 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Soil analysis; Pesticide residues; Metabolites;
Herbicides; Azo compounds; Allelopathy; Secale cereale
Abstract: 2,2'-Oxo- 1,1'-azobenzene (AZOB), a compound with
strong herbicidal activity, was isolated and characterized
from a soil supplemented with 2,3-benzoxazolinone (BOA). A
parallel experiment with
6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) yielded AZOB as well as
its mono- (MAZOB) and dimethoxy- (DIMAZOB) derivatives. These
compounds were produced only in the presence of soil
microorganisms, via possible intermediates, I and II, which
may dimerize or react with the parent molecule to form the
final products. In the case of MBOA, it was shown that
demethoxylation precedes the oxidation step. Although BOA and
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) were leached
out of rye residues, there were no detectable amounts of the
biotransformation products in the soil. When BOA was mixed
with soil and rye residue, either under field conditions or in
vitro, AZOB was detected. Levels of free BOA in the soil were
greatly reduced by incubation with rye residue. AZOB was more
toxic to curly cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and barnyardgrass
(Echinochloa crusgalli L.) than either DIBOA or BOA.
3 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene: microbial transformation of rye
(Secale cereale L.) allelochemical in field soils by
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. III. Chase, W.R.; Nair, M.G.;
Putnam, A.R.; Mishra, S.K.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Aug.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (8): p. 1575-1584; 1991 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Secale cereale; Plant composition;
Allelochemicals; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; Allelopathy;
Microbial activities
Abstract: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a gram-negative
bacterium isolated from field soil, was found to be
responsible for the biotransformation of 2(3H)-benzoxazolinone
(BOA) to 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene (AZOB). Experiments were
conducted to evaluate the transformation of BOA to AZOB by
this microbe in sterile and nonsterile soil. Transformation
studies with soils inoculated with A. calcoaceticus indicated
that the production of AZOB increased linearly with the
concentration of BOA in sterile soil and showed a quadratic
trend in nonsterile soils. This also indicated that all soil
types studied for the transformation experiments might contain
A. calcoaceticus capable of the conversion of
benzoxazolinones.
4 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene: selective toxicity of rye (Secale
cereale L.) allelochemicals to weed and crop species. II.
Chase, W.R.; Nair, M.G.; Putnam, A.R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 9-19; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Secale cereale; Plant composition;
Allelochemicals; Toxicity; Bioassays; Lepidium sativum;
Cucumis sativus; Phaseolus vulgaris; Synergism; Antagonism;
Weed control
Abstract: Three allelochemicals from rye or its breakdown
products were evaluated for activity on garden cress (Lepidum
sativum L.), barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.)
Beauv.], cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and snap bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.). 2,4-Dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-
one (DIBOA), 2(3H)-benzoxazolinone (BOA), and 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-
azobenzene (AZOB) were all applied singly at 50, 100, and 200
ppm and in two- and three-way combinations each at 50 and 100
ppm. AZOB at 100 and 200 ppm produced 38-49% more inhibition
than DIBOA, while combinations of BOA/DIBOA, which contained
AZOB at 100 ppm had 54-90% more inhibition when compared to
DIBOA/BOA combinations. All combinations were slightly
antagonistic to barnyardgrass, while several combinations
caused a synergistic response to garden cress germination and
growth. Cucumbers and snap beans exhibited both types of
responses, depending on the allelochemical combination and
application rate. The plant-produced benzoxazinones were more
inhibitory to crops than weeds. Therefore, improved herbicidal
selectivity would be expected if there were rapid
transformation of the benzoxazinones to the microbially
produced AZOB.
5 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one: a Bermuda grass
phagostimulant to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Mohamed, M.A.; Quisenberry, S.S.; Moellenbeck, D.J.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Apr.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (4): p. 673-682; 1992 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spodoptera frugiperda; Cultivars; Cynodon
dactylon; Allelopathy; Feeding behavior; Plant composition;
Isoprenoids; Ketones; Bioassays; Phagostimulants; Insect
control
Abstract: A phagostimulant, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one
(phytone), was isolated and identified from Bermuda grass,
Cynodon dactylon (L.). The phagostimulant activity of this
isoprenoid ketone was established from bioassays of fall
armyworm larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Larvae
displayed increased body mass accumulation as well as
preference to diet supplemented with this molecule. Neonate
larvae fed diet supplemented with chromatographic isolates of
phytone-containing fractions from six Bermuda grass cultivars
showed a 10-40% increase in body mass accumulation as compared
with controls. This variation in larval body mass accumulation
seems attributable to a differential concentration of phytone
in the cultivars, which ranged from 0.5 to 43 ppm.
Additionally, first-instar larvae responded preferentially to
diet pellets topically treated with phytone in concentrations
as low as 0.1 ppm.
6 NAL Call. No.: 450 R11
The action of steroidal alkaloids on the ground meristem
tissue of the root axis of lettuce seedlings.
Ghazi, M.; Myers, G.A.
Oxford : Pergamon Journals; 1990 Apr.
Environmental and experimental botany v. 30 (2): p. 235-242.
ill; 1990 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanaceae; Weeds; Lactuca sativa; Phytotoxicity;
Alkaloids; Solanine; Necroses (plant); Histopathology; Roots;
Growth rate; Root meristems; Allelopathy
7 NAL Call. No.: QD241.K453
Alanto- and isoalantolactones.
Milman, I.A.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1990 Nov.
Chemistry of natural compounds v. 26 (3): p. 251-262; 1990
Nov. Translated from: Khimiia Prirodnykh Soedinenii, v. 26
(3), 1990, p. 307-320. (QD241.K45). Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Sesquiterpenoid lactones; Plant
composition; Isolation; Inula; Physicochemical properties;
Allelopathy
8 NAL Call. No.: QK938.F6C32
Alelopatia v lesnych ekosystemoch [Allelopathy in forest
ecosystems]. Caboun, Vladimir
Bratislava : VEDA, vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej akademie vied,
1990; 1990. 118 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Biologicke prace).
Summaries in Russian and English. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 99-109).
Language: Slovak
Descriptors: Forest ecology; Allelopathy
9 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
Allelochemical content of selected popcorn silks: effects on
growth of corn earworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Wiseman, B.R.; Snook, M.E.; Wilson, R.L.; Isenhour, D.J.
Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Dec.
Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (6): p. 2500-2504; 1992
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Tassels; Allelochemicals; Antibodies;
Pest resistance; Helicoverpa zea; Larvae; Growth; Weight
Abstract: Silks of popcorn, zea mays L., in the Eldredge
collection were evaluated for effects on growth of larvae of
the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and assayed for
content of maysin, chlorogenic acid, apimaysin, and 3'-
methoxymaysin. The weights of 9-d-old larvae ranged from 8 mg
on "PI340856" to 952 mg on "PI340855". Silks from about one-
third of the popcorn collection produced corn earworm larvae
equal to or smaller than larvae that fed on silks of the
resistant standard, "Zapalote Chico". Content of maysin, a
luteolin-C-glycoside, ranged from zero for eighteen PIs to
1.128% for "PI340856". Significant negative correlations were
found between contents of all four allelochemicals assayed and
larval weights. Silks of "PI340853" had no detectable levels
of any of the allelochemicals assayed, yet they produced
larvae with an average weight of only 37 mg. Silks of several
introductions had higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid,
apimaysin, and 3'-methoxymaysin than silks of "Zapalote
Chico".
10 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
An allelochemical elicits arrestment in Apanteles kariyai in
feces of nonhost larvae Acantholeucania loreyi.
Takabayashi, J.; Takahashi, S.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 2009-2017; 1990 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Apanteles; Noctuidae; Mythimna separata;
Allelochemicals; Oviposition; Interactions; Insect control;
Biological control
Abstract: Females of the larval parasitoid Apanteles kariyai
(Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal
pellets of Acantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with an A.
loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However,
such stinging did not result in any offspring. The
allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is
identical to a kairomone of the host Pseudaletia separata
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast to A. loreyi, P.
separata is a suitable host for A. kariyai, and oviposition in
P. separata results in offspring production. The
allelochemical mediating the interaction between A. loreyi and
A. kariyai is discussed in the context of current
allelochemical terminology.
11 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelochemical regulation of reproduction and seed germination
of two Brazilian Baccharis species by phytotoxic
trichothecenes. Kuti, J.O.; Jarvis, B.B.; Mokhtari-Rejali, N.;
Bean, G.A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Dec.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (12): p. 3441-3453; 1990
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Baccharis cordifolia; Baccharis megapotamica;
Allelopathy; Plant composition; Phytotoxins; Seed germination;
Trichothecenes; Pollination; Allelochemicals
Abstract: The potent phytotoxic trichothecene roridins and
baccharinoids occur naturally in the Brazilian plants,
Baccharis coridifolia and B. megapotamica. Biosynthesis of
roridins in B. coridifolia appears to be linked to
pollination, and the phytotoxins then accumulate in the seed.
The roles of the phytotoxins in pollination, seed maturation,
and germination of the Baccharis species were investigated.
The high production of roridins occurred only in seeds
resulting from intraspecific pollination, and the
concentration of the toxins in the seeds generally increased
with seed maturity. Removal of seed coats from trichothecene-
producing Brazilian Baccharis species (B. coridifolia and B.
megapotamica) and non-trichothecene-producing American
Baccharis species (B. halimifolia and B. glutinosa) resulted
in improved seed germination of B. halimifolia and B.
glutinosa but complete inhibition of seed germination of B.
coridifolia and B. megapotamica. Addition of seed coat
extracts of the Brazilian Baccharis species of dilute
solutions (10(-6) micrograms/ml) of roridins or baccharinoids
to the decoated seeds of B. coridifolia and B. megapotamica
resulted in germination, while seeds of B. halimifolia and B.
glutinosa were killed by the phytotoxins. Roridins interacted
with gibberellic acid, a germination promoter, but not with
abscisic acid, a germination inhibitor. The results from this
study suggest that macrocyclic tricothecenes have a regulatory
role(s) on reproduction and germination of Brazilian Baccharis
species in their natural habitat.
12 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelochemicals from Polygonum sachalinense Fr. Schm.
(Polygonaceae). Inoue, M.; Nishimura, H.; Li, H.H.; Mizutani,
J.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1833-1840; 1992
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Root exudates; Plant composition; Anthraquinones;
Allelopathy; Allelochemicals; Bioassays; Growth; Inhibition;
Seedlings; Weed control
Abstract: The root exudates from Polygonum sachalinense in a
recirculating system significantly inhibited lettuce seedling
growth. The rhizomes and roots of P. sachalinense were
extracted with 80% acetone. Bioassay of the neutral-acidic
fraction on the TLC agar plate showed the inhibitory activity
corresponded to the two yellow pigment bands. Two orange
needles were isolated and identified as anthraquinone
compounds: emodin and physcion. Both compounds exhibited
inhibitory activities against the seedling growth of several
testing plant species. Glucosides were isolated from P.
sachalinense and were identified as emodin-1-O-beta-D-
glucoside and physcion-1-O-beta-D-glucoside, respectively. On
plant growth bioassay, these glucosides showed no phytotoxic
activity against lettuce seedlings. The concentrations of
emodin, physcion, and their glucosides from rhizome with
roots, aerial parts, fallen leaves, and soil were determined.
The rhizome with roots and fallen leaves contained emodin and
physcion at relatively high concentrations. Emodin also occurs
in the soil of this plant community with effective
concentrations in the fall. The results indicate that these
anthraquinones are responsible for the observed interference
and are potent allelopathic substances.
13 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the
gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. 1. Alkaloids and other
components of Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae), Acer
rubrum L. (Aceraceae), and Cornus florida L. (Cornaceae).
Barbosa, P.; Gross, P.; Provan, G.J.; Pacheco, D.Y.; Stermitz,
F.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1719-1730; 1990 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lymantria dispar; Antifeedants; Liriodendron
tulipifera; Acer rubrum; Cornus florida; Leaves; Plant
composition; Alkaloids; Sesquiterpenoid lactones
Abstract: Early theories on plant chemical defense against
herbivory emphasized that apparent and unapparent plants were
primarily defended by different types of compounds. More and
more evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative
defenses are found in apparent plants and that they can play a
defensive role against herbivores. A survey of the literature
on the gypsy moth suggests not only that there is a large
variety of qualitative compounds, as well as the expected
quantitative ones, but that unfavored hosts of the gypsy moth
are associated with the presence of alkaloids. Foliage of
three tree species, Liriodendron tulipifera L., Acer rubrum
L., and Cornus florida L., was examined to confirm the
presence of alkaloids and other major secondary metabolites.
The known sesquiterpene lactone, lipiferolide, and the sugar
derivative, liriodendritol, were components of L. tulipifera
leaves, along with a bisphenylpropanoid previously found only
in nutmeg. Alkaloid content [i.e., (-)-N-methylcrotsparine
content] was low and leaves tested positive for HCN. Leaves of
A. rubrum L. were examined for the presence of gramine, but
none could be detected. No alkaloids were detected in Cornus
florida.
14 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the
gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. 2. Seasonal variation of
saponins in Ilex opaca and identification of saponin
aglycones.
Barbosa, P.; Gross, P.; Provan, G.J.; Stermitz, F.R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1731-1738; 1990 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lymantria dispar; Antifeedants; Ilex opaca;
Leaves; Plant composition; Saponins; Pest resistance; Insect
control; Biological control
Abstract: A greater variety of qualitative chemical defenses
has been reported in eastern forest trees than might be
expected from current interpretation of the plant apparency
theory. For the gypsy moth there is an association between the
occurrence of alkaloids and unfavorability of certain tree
species, as well as the presence of saponins. The latter
association, however, is not statistically significant.
Species in the genus Ilex have been reported to contain both
alkaloids and saponins (Barbosa and Krischick, 1987). In this
study, determinations were made of the occurrence of alkaloids
and saponins in I. opaca and their changes in concentration
over time. No alkaloids were detected. Saponins were isolated,
and the aglycone siaresinolic acid was identified. Saponin
concentration changes seasonally, being highest in early May
and lowest in early June leaves.
15 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47
Allelochemicals in plant foods and feedingstuffs. 1.
Nutritional, biochemical and physiopathological aspects in
animal production.
Aletor, V.A.
Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1993 Feb.
Veterinary and human toxicology v. 35 (1): p. 57-67; 1993 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Feeds; Antinutritional factors; Allomones;
Literature reviews
16 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelochemicals in soil from no-tillage versus conventional-
tillage wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields.
Cast, K.G.; McPherson, J.K.; Pollard, A.J.; Krenzer, E.G. Jr;
Waller, G.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2277-2289; 1990 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Tillage;
Allelochemicals; Wheat soils; Chemical composition; Bioassays;
Fatty acids; Roots; Growth
Abstract: Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no-
tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater,
Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction
procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity,
purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant
inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil
collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August.
No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the
rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as
the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed
authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no
significant biological activity toward wheat.
17 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelochemicals produced during glucosinolate degradation in
soil. Brown, P.D.; Morra, M.J.; McCaffrey, J.P.; Auld, D.L.;
Williams, L. III New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Oct.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (10): p. 2021-2034; 1991
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Oilseeds; Plant composition;
Allelochemicals; Glucosinolates; Degradation; Thiocyanates;
Quantitative analysis; Insect control; Biological control
Abstract: A variety of plant pests are suppressed by the
incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil.
Although this effect is attributed to decomposition of
glucosinolates into toxic products, little is known concerning
glucosinolate degradation in the soil environment. Arenas (30
X 18 X 8 cm) that contained soil amended with 30 g defatted
winter rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L.)/kg soil on one half
and unamended soil on the other were constructed.
Isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil were measured using
infrared analysis of CCl4 extracts, and ionic thiocyanate
(SCN-) using ion chromatography on aqueous extracts.
Quantities were monitored during a 100-hr time period in
conjunction with a wireworm bioassay. Isothiocyanate
production reached a maximum of 301 nmol/g soil at 2 hr, but
decreased by 90% within 24 hr. Production of SCN- reached a
maximum of 180 nmol/g soil at 8 hr but persisted longer than
isothiocyanate. Separate late instar wireworms (Limonius
infuscatus Mots.) were repelled by the presence of rapeseed
meal in less than 24 hr even though the meal was shown in
separate experiments not to be toxic. We propose that rapidly
produced isothiocyanates are responsible for this repellency,
but other products such as SCN- may play a role.
18 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till
soils: development of soil extract bioassays.
Blum, U.; Gerig, T.M.; Worsham, A.D.; Holappa, L.D.; King,
L.D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Dec.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (12): p. 2191-2221; 1992
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Triticum aestivum; Glycine
max; Allelopathy; Germination; Bioassays; Phenolic acids;
Hydroxamic acids; Soil analysis; Extraction; Tillage;
Pharbitis hederacea; Trifolium incarnatum; Weed control
Abstract: The primary objective of this research was to
determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays
for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe:
(1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in
soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of
extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on
germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover
(Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivy-leaved morning glory
(Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.), and 3) how biological
activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave
extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and
5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave
procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly
bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat
debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in
germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to
that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect
germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and
hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however,
reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual
phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did
reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA
(6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-
glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxacin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in
living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and
hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however,
was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts.
Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with
Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-
conventional-till soil extracts were not related to
germination or radicle and hypocotyl length either species.
Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not
related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were
inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover
and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of
wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent
(additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length.
Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related
to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to
decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was
determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length
obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions, Thus, data
derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC
analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in
conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can
be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till
soils
19 NAL Call. No.: RS160.I47
Allelopathic activity of the essential oils of Nigerian
medicinal plants. Oguntimein, B.O.; Elakovich, S.D.
Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger; 1991 Feb.
International journal of pharmacognosy v. 29 (1): p. 39-44;
1991 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nigeria; Eugenia uniflora; Piper guineense;
Chromolaena; Medicinal plants; Lactuca sativa; Plant extracts;
Essential oils; Allelopathins; Allelopathy; Seedling growth;
Bioassays
20 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic and autotoxic effects of Anastatica hierochuntica
L. Hegazy, A.K.; Mansour, K.S.; Abdel-Hady, N.F.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2183-2193; 1990 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cruciferae; Desert plants; Allelopathy; Plant
composition; Plant extracts; Bioassays; Seedling growth; Seed
germination; Cell division; Inhibition
Abstract: Laboratory experiments were undertaken to
investigate the autotoxic effects of Anastatica hiertochuntica
and possible effects on five other desert plants: Rumex
cyprius, Trigonella stellata, Diplotaxis harra, Cleome
droserifolia, and Farsetia aegyptia. Seed germination.
seedling growth, and cell division of all species tested were
inhibited by the shoot aqueous extract of A. hierochuntica. A
gradual increase in the percentage of prophase and decrease in
the other mitotic stages as well as the mitotic index were
observed with increasing extract concentration. At an extract
concentration of 8% the mitotic index was reduced from the
control by 55% in C. droserifolia, 54% in T. stellata, 45% in
F. aegyptia, 43% in A. hierochuntica, and 35% in R. cyprius.
The inhibitory substances are apparently released onto soil by
repeated washing of the standing plants by rain and dew
interception.
21 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36
Allelopathic and herbicidal effects of extracts from tree of
heaven (Ailanthus altissima).
Heisey, R.M.
Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1990 May.
American journal of botany v. 77 (5): p. 662-670. ill; 1990
May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New York; Ailanthus altissima; Lepidium sativum;
Radicles; Growth rate; Phytotoxicity; Plant extracts;
Herbicidal properties; Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Seasonal
variation; Wood; Bark; Seeds; Leaves
22 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 SO8 (P)
Allelopathic cover crops to reduce herbicide input.
Worsham, A.D.
Raleigh, N.C. : The Society :.; 1991.
Proceedings - Southern Weed Science Society v. 44: p. 58-69;
1991. Paper presented at the meeting on "Perception: Fact or
Fiction", held January 14-16, 1991, San Antonio, Texas.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Cover crops; Allelopathy;
Herbicides; Application rates; Weed control
23 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic dominance of Miscanthus transmorrisonensis in an
alpine grassland community in Taiwan.
Chou, C.H.; Lee, Y.F.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2267-2281; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Taiwan; Miscanthus transmorrisonensis;
Allelopathy; Grasslands; Plant communities; Phenolic
compounds; Phytotoxins
Abstract: A study site located at 2600 m elevation in
Tartarchia Anpu, Nantou county, Taiwan, exhibits a unique
grassland community composed of two principal species.
Miscanthus transmorrisonensis and Yushinia niitakayamensis,
and 35 other species. The relative frequencies of the two
species are 12% and 11%, while their relative coverages ate
25% and 19.5%, respectively. The values for the remaining 35
species are lower than 4% each, while species diversity of the
community is -3.04839, indicating great diversity. To
elucidate the mechanism of dominance of M. transmorrisonensis,
allelopathic evaluation of the plant was conducted. Aqueous
extracts of M. transmorrisonensis plant parts with two
ecotypes were bioassayed. The extracts showed significant
phytotoxic effects on seed germination and radicle growth of
four tested plants: rye grass, lettuce, and two varieties of
Chinese cabbage. In addition, rhizosphere soils under
Miscanthus also exhibited significant phytotoxicity,
indicating that allelopathic interaction was involved. Some
responsible phytotoxic phenolics, namely, p-coumaric, ferulic,
vanillic, protocatechuic, o-hydroxyphenylacetic, and m-
hydroxyphenylacetic acids, and 4-hydroxycoumarin and
phloridzin were identified. Allelopathy thus can play an
important role in regulating plant diversity in the field.
24 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28
Allelopathic effect of Harpullia imbricata Thw. leaf leachate
on Phaseolus mungo L.
Xavier, A.
Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec.
Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 293-295; 1990 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vigna mungo; Sapindaceae; Allelopathins; Plant
extracts; Leaves; Leachates; Seed germination; Germination
inhibitors; Growth rate; Inhibition; Protein synthesis; Amino
acids; Proteolysis
25 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Allelopathic effect of hydroxamic acids from cereals on Avena
sativa and A. fatua.
Perez, F.J.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.
Phytochemistry v. 29 (3): p. 773-776; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum durum; Avena sativa; Avena fatua; Crop
plants as weeds; Weed control; Allelopathy; Biological
control; Hydroxamic acids; Seed germination; Growth rate
26 NAL Call. No.: S596.53.S69
Allelopathic effect of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars
on certain weed and vegetable species.
Reinhardt, C.F.; Meissner, R.; Nel, P.C.
Pretoria : Bureau for Scientific Publications, Foundation for
Education, Science and Technology, [1984-; 1993 Feb.
South African journal of plant and soil; Suid-Afrikaanse
tydskrif vir plant en grond v. 10 (1): p. 41-44; 1993 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ipomoea batatas; Cultivars; Allelopathy
27 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C
Allelopathic effects by Empetrum hermaphroditum on development
and nitrogen uptake by roots and mycorrhizae of Pinus
silvestris.
Nilsson, M.C.; Hogberg, P.; Zackrisson, O.; Fengyou, W.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1993 Apr.
Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v.
71 (4): p. 620-628; 1993 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Empetrum; Pinus sylvestris; Paxillus involutus;
Allelopathy; Plant extracts; Nitrogen; Nutrient uptake; Roots;
Ectomycorrhizas; Growth; Dry matter accumulation; Root tips;
Seedling growth; Root shoot ratio
28 NAL Call. No.: SD13.C35
Allelopathic effects by Empetrum hermaphroditum on seed
germination of two boreal tree species.
Zackrisson, O.; Nilsson, M.C.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Sep.
Canadian journal of forest research; Revue canadienne de
recherche forestiere v. 22 (9): p. 1310-1319; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sweden; Pinus sylvestris; Populus tremula;
Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Seedgermination; Empetrum; Forest
litter; Plant secretions; Soil flora; Metabolic
detoxification; Humus; Boreal forests
Abstract: Indoor and outdoor experiments demonstrated that
allelopathy is an important factor explaining seed
regeneration failures of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) in
forest floor vegetation dominated by the dwarf shrub Empetrum
hermaphroditum Hagerup. Scanning electron micrograph views of
the leaf surfaces of E. hermaphroditum reveal secretory glands
that are shown to be involved in the release of water-soluble
phytotoxic substances. Bioassays indicate that low doses and
short exposure times of seeds to leachates have strong
negative effects on germination and early root development.
Activated carbon can eliminate the inhibitory effects of
leachates and litter. This technique demonstrates the
occurrence of allelopathic interference by E. hermaphroditum
on seed germination of both Scots pine and aspen (Populus
tremula L.). In a field experiment the allelopathic effects by
E. hermaphroditum are strong during early spring when
germination and growth initiate and ground ice still is
present. Extracts passed through soils collected from an E.
hermaphroditum site were detoxified. while those passed
through sterilized soil were not. Therefore, microorganisms
may detoxify the allelochemicals under some environmental
conditions.
29 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Allelopathic effects of alfalfa plant residues on emergence
and growth of cucumber seedlings.
Ells, J.E.; McSay, A.E.
Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science;
1991 Apr. HortScience v. 26 (4): p. 368-370; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Plant residues; Allelopathy;
Phytotoxicity; Cucumis sativus; Seed germination; Seedling
growth; Growing media
Abstract: Growth chamber tests demonstrated that alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) residue is toxic to cucumber (Cucumis
sativus L.) seed germination and seedling growth. Ground
alfalfa roots at 0.5% (w/w, dry weight) inhibited germination
when added to the growing medium. Alfalfa roots at 0.5% were
also toxic to pregerminated cucumber seed. However, cucumber
seedlings grew normally if this same medium was watered and
incubated for > 1 day before planting. Alfalfa particle size
in media influenced cucumber performance, with the
intermediate size (1 to 2 mm) being lethal to cucumbers.
30 NAL Call. No.: SD1.I54
Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus tereticornis on Phaseolus
vulgaris seedlings.
Puri, S.; Khara, A.
Oxon : A B Academic; 1991.
The International tree crops journal v. 6 (4): p. 287-293;
1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Eucalyptus tereticornis;
Seedlings; Allelopathy; Leaves; Bark; Seed germination; Roots;
Shoots; Plant development; Leachates
31 NAL Call. No.: SD1.I54
Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus on
germination and seedling growth of a few multi-purpose trees
and arable crops.
Swaminathan, C.; Vinaya Rai, R.S.; Suresh, K.K.
Oxon : A B Academic; 1990.
The International tree crops journal v. 6 (2/3): p. 143-150;
1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Acacia leucophloea; Casuarina equisetifolia;
Eucalyptus tereticornis; Leucaena leucocephala; Allelopathy;
Parthenium hysterophorus; Seed germination; Seedlings; Growth;
Lactones
32 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Allelopathic effects of plant seeds on nitrification: effects
on ammonium oxidizers.
Kholdebarin, B.; Oertli, J.J.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (1): p. 59-64; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Quercus rubra; Quercus petraea; Quercus robur;
Camellia sinensis; Seeds; Kernels; Testas; Cotyledons;
Powders; Leaves; Plant extracts; Soil bacteria; Nitrification
inhibitors; Phenolic compounds; Nitrification; Ammonium;
Oxidation; Biological activity in soil; Nitrites; Nitrate;
Ammonium nitrogen; Nitrate nitrogen; Immobilization; Nitrogen
fixation; Chemical reactions; Allelopathy
Abstract: Effects of cotyledon powder from seeds of higher
plants (tea and several varieties of oaks) known to be rich in
phenolic compounds on biological oxidation of NH(+4) and
NO(-2) to NO(-3) were investigated. Treating culture solutions
with cotyledon powder resulted in a rapid disappearance of
both NH(+4)-N and NO(-2)-N during the first 2-3 days of the
experiments. Such losses were believed to be due to fixation
of NH(+4) and volatilization of NO(-2)-N by phenolic
substances and also to reactions with other organic C
compounds present in cotyledon tissues. It is also suggested
that some of the NH(+4)-N and 4 NO(-2)-N may have been
immobilized by heterotrophic bacterial growth.
33 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Allelopathic effects of plant seeds on nitrification: effects
on nitrite oxidizers.
Kholdebarin, B.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (1): p. 65-69; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Camellia sinensis; Quercus robur; Seeds;
Cotyledons; Powders; Soil bacteria; Glucose; Cell cultures;
Nutrient solutions; Sodium nitrite; Oxidation; Nitrate;
Nitrification; Fixation; Organic compounds; Volatilization;
Nitrogen; Ammonium; Allelopathy; Immobilization
Abstract: Effects of cotyledon powder, from tea and oak
seeds, on oxidation of NO(-2) to NO(-3) in nitrification were
investigated. Presence of cotyledon powder or glucose in
culture solutions greatly stimulated the rapid disappearance
of NO(-2) from solutions. However, the amount of NO(-3) as the
end product of nitrification was drastically reduced in the
presence of seed cotyledon or glucose. Based on the results
obtained from double enrichment experiments and also from
experiments done with sterile and non-sterile soil-free
solutions, it was concluded that the decrease in the amount of
NO(-3) in nitrification seems to be due to fixation,
volatilization and immobilization of nitrogen by organic
substances present in ground cotyledons of tea and oak seeds;
direct effects on nitrifying organisms seem to be negligible.
34 NAL Call. No.: S1.T49
Allelopathic effects of two grasses on seed germination of
three wildlife food plants.
Fulbright, N.; Fulbright, T.E.
Canyon, Tex. : The Consortium; 1990.
Texas journal of agriculture and natural resources : a
publication of the Agricultural Consortium of Texas v. 4: p.
31-32; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Texas; Colinus Virginianus; Sorghum almum;
Panicum coloratum; Panicum antidotale; Cenchrus ciliaris;
Dichanthium annulatum; Allelopathy; Seed germination;
Leachates; Wildlife management
35 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic effects of water extracts of Artemisia princeps
var. orientalis on selected plant species.
Kil, B.S.; Yun, K.W.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Jan.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (1): p. 39-51; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Artemisia princeps; Allelopathy; Leaves; Stems;
Roots; Extracts; Bioassays; Seed germination; Seedlings
Abstract: The allelopathic effects of wormwood plants
(Artemisia princeps var. orientalis) and their possible
phytotoxicity on receptor species were investigated. The
aqueous extracts of mature leaf, stem, and root of wormwood
plants caused significant inhibition in germination and
decreased seedling elongation of receptor plants, whereas
germination of some species was not inhibited by extracts of
stems and roots. Dry weight growth was slightly increased at
lower concentrations of the extract, whereas it was
proportionally inhibited at higher concentrations. The calorie
value of the organic matter in receptor plants measured by
bomb calorimeter was reduced proportionally to the extract
concentration. However, results with extracts of juvenile leaf
did not correlate with inhibition or promotion of elongation
and dry weight.
36 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic inhibition of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and
other plant species by Euphorbia prostrata L.
Alsaadawi, I.S.; Sakeri, F.A.K.; Al-Dulaimy, S.M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Sep.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (9): p. 2747-2754; 1990 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Euphorbia prostrata; Allelopathy; Cynodon
dactylon; Soil analysis; Bioassays; Biological control
Abstract: Field observations indicated that Euphorbia
prostrata strongly interferes with Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Analysis of some physical and chemical soil factors indicated
that competition was not the dominant factor of that
interference. Soil collected from under E. prostrata stands
was very inhibitory to seed germination and seeding growth of
some of the test species including C. dactylon. This suggests
the presence of inhibitory compounds in soil of E. prostrata
stands. Subsequent experiments showed that aqueous extract,
decaying residues, and root exudates of E. prostrata were
inhibitory to most of the test species including C. dactylon.
Thus, it appears that allelopathy is the major component of
the interference, with competition probably accentuating its
effect. It also was found that allelopathy is an important
component of the interference by E. prostrata against
Amaranthus retro-flexus, Medicago sativa, and Gossypium
hirsutum.
37 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Allelopathic inhibition of seed germination by Cinchona
alkaloids?. Aerts, R.J.; Snoeijer, W.; Meijden, E. van der;
Verpoorte, R. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Phytochemistry v. 30 (9): p. 2947-2951; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cinchona; Catharanthus roseus; Rubiaceae; Ocimum
Americanum; Seed germination; Germination inhibitors; Plant
extracts; Alkaloids; Allelopathins; Roots; Growth inhibitors
Abstract: The inhibition of seed germination by quinoline
alkaloids synthesized by plants of the tropical genus Cinchona
was studied. The germination of Ocimum (a tropical herb), of
Spermacoce and Catharanthus (two tropical, alkaloid-producing
plants), and of Cinchona itself was strongly inhibited by the
alkaloids when applied at concentrations higher than about 0.3
mM. To test for the possible allelopathic significance of this
finding, the soil in which two-year-old Cinchona plants were
grown was examined for its quinoline alkaloid content.
Although the roots of the plants contain high concentrations
of these alkaloids (ca 10 mM), in the soil only very low
concentrations were found (ca 0.02 mM). Upon germination of
seeds sown close by the plants, no toxic effects were
observed. So, although several studies have reported
inhibition of seed germination by Cinchona alkaloids under
laboratory conditions, our results indicate that this property
does not play a role under natural circumstances at realistic
concentrations.
38 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic potential of compounds isolated from Ipomoea
tricolor Cav. (Convolvulaceae).
Anaya, A.L.; Calera, M.R.; Mata, R.; Pereda-Miranda, R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2145-2152; 1990 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ipomoea tRicolor; Allelopathy; Plant composition;
Plant extracts; Glycosides; Bioassays; Seeds; Seedling growth;
Weed control; Amaranthus leucocarpus; Echinochloa crus-galli
Abstract: The allelopathic potential of I. tricolor, used in
traditional agriculture as a weed controller, has been
demonstrated by measuring the inhibitory activity of aqueous
lixiviates and organic extracts of the plant material on
seedling growth of Amaranthus leucocarpus and Echinochloa
crusgalli. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the most active
organic extract led to the isolation of the allelopathic
principles, which turned out to be a mixture of glycosides,
having jalapinolic acid as the aglycone portion glycosidically
linked in the 11 position to an oligosaccharide composed of
glucose, rhamnose, and fucose, which also combines with the
carboxyl group of the aglycone to form a macrocyclic ester.
39 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic potential of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & SM.
(Nymphaeaceae). Elakovich, S.D.; Wooten, J.W.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Apr.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (4): p. 707-714; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nuphar lutea; Allelopathy; Bioassays; Lemna
minor; Lactuca sativa; Osmotic pressure
Abstract: Aqueous extracts of Nuphar lurea (L.) Sibth. & Sm.
leaves (blades plus petioles) and roots plus rhizomes were
tested for allelopathic activity using lettuce seedling and
Lemna minor L. assay systems. The 12.5. 25, 125, and 250 parts
per thousand (ppt) treatments of both extracts killed the
lettuce seedlings. At 2.5 ppt of extract, radicle growth of
lettuce was 29% of the control for leaves and 31% of the
control for roots plus rhizomes. Lemna minor frond number was
reduced to 34% of the control by the 25 ppt leaf extract and
to 43% of the control by the 25 ppt roots plus rhizomes
extract. L. minor was killed by concentrations of 125 ppt and
above of both plant part extracts. As expected, the frond
number and total chlorophyll content measured by the L. minor
assay were highly correlated. Osmotic potentials below 143
MOsmol/kg had no influence on L. minor growth. Neither the
osmotic potential nor the pH of the undiluted extracts of N.
lutea were in the range known to influence the growth of
either lettuce seedlings or L. minor. Nuphar lutea extracts
were many times more inhibitory than 16 other hydrophytes we
previously examined.
40 NAL Call. No.: 18 J825
Allelopathic potential of shoot and root leachates of certain
weed species. Rani, M.S.; Babu, R.C.; Sheriff, M.M.; Perumal,
R.K.P.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Paul Parey; 1990.
Zeitschrift fur Acker- und Pflanzenbau v. 164 (2): p. 81-84;
1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Weeds; Shoots; Roots; Toxic exudates;
Phenolic content; Phytotoxicity; Allelopathy; Sorghum bicolor;
Vigna mungo
41 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C
Allelopathic potential of western coneflower (Rudbeckia
occidentalis). Ferguson, D.E.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1991 Dec.
Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v.
69 (12): p. 2806-2808; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Rudbeckia occidentalis; Allelopathins;
Seed germination; Germination inhibitors; Roots; Growth
inhibitors; Lactuca sativa; Pinus contorta; Picea engelmannii;
Plant extracts
42 NAL Call. No.: TD930.A32
Allelopathic response of vegetables to guayule residue.
Schloman, W.W. Jr; Hilton, A.S.; McCrady, J.J.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Bioresource technology v. 35 (2): p. 191-196; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Parthenium argentatum; Processing; Plant
residues; Phytotoxicity; Application to land; Seed
germination; Germination inhibitors; Vegetables; Allelopathy;
Water; Leachates
43 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathic substances and interactions of Delonix regia
(Boj) Raf. Chou, C.H.; Leu, L.L.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Dec.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (12): p. 2285-2303; 1992
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Taiwan; Cabt; Delonix regia; Allelopathy; Leaves;
Flowers; Plant composition; Phenolic compounds; Phytotoxicity;
Undergrowth; Mode of action; Chemical ecology
Abstract: A unique pattern of weed exclusion was found under
the canopy of Delonix regia, which was planted in many places
as an ornamental tree in the south of Taiwan. A quadrat method
was employed to examine the botanical composition between the
area underneath D. regia and its adjacent control grassland.
The number of species and coverage of understory species were
significantly lower in the area of the D. regia than that of
the grassland, indicating the growth of understory species was
suppressed by D. regia. A series of aqueous extracts of
leaves, flowers, and twigs of D. regia were bioassayed against
three species to determine their phytotoxicity, and the
results showed highest inhibition in the flowers. A water-
culture experiment indicated the aqueous extract of flowers of
D. regia on two local understory species (Isachne nipponensis
and Centella asiatica) inhibited growth of both species by
more than 70%. The phytotoxicities of fallen leaves and
flowers of D. regia were not significantly affected by
temperature. When the plant material was subjected to
temperatures above 70 degrees C, however, phytotoxicity was
decreased, indicating that the allelopathic nature of D. regia
could easily be decomposed by fire. By means of paper, thin-
layer, and high-performance liquid chromatography, and UV-
visible spectrophotometry, responsible phytotoxins present in
leaves, flowers, and twigs of D. regia were identified as 4-
hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, gallic,
3,4-dihydroxycinnamic, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic, and L-azetidine-2-
carboxylic acids, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The findings
of bioassays and the number and amount of responsible
allelopathic compounds found in D. regia are well correlated,
thus permitting the conclusion that the exclusion of
understory plants under the canopy of D. regia trees was due
primarily to the allelopathic effect of the fallen flower,
leaves, and twigs of the D. regia. A possible mechanism of
action is discussed.
44 NAL Call. No.: Fiche no.308
Allelopathische Effekte der Salicylsaure am Modellbeispiel von
Vicia faba L vorgelegt von Barbara Manthe [Allelopathic
effects of salicyclic acid on model examples of Vicia faba L].
Manthe, Barbara,
1991; 1991.
92 leaves : ill. Vita. Includes bibliographical references
(leaves 85-92).
Language: German
45 NAL Call. No.: SB617.45.W47N69 1991
Allelopathy.
Stevens, K.L.
Boulder : Westview Press; 1991.
Noxious range weeds / edited by Lynn F. James ... [et al.]..
p. 127-137; 1991. (Westview special studies in agriculture
science and policy). Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Rangelands; Plant interaction; Plant
competition
46 NAL Call. No.: QH506.U34
Allelopathy: a viable weed control strategy.
Putnam, A.R.; Nair, M.G.; Barnes, J.P.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1990.
UCLA symposia on molecular and cellular biology v. 112: p.
317-322; 1990. In the series analytic: New directions in
biological control: Alternatives for suppressing agricultural
pests and diseases / edited by R.R. Baker and P.E. Dunn.
Proceedings of a UCLA Colloquium, January 20-27, 1989, Frisco,
Colorado. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Weed control; Allelopathy; Crops; Crop
residues; Herbicidal properties; Plant competition
Abstract: Allelopathy is the interference plants impose upon
one another through release of chemicals. It has been
implicated most frequently with aggressive weeds in their
interference with crops and less frequently with crops against
weeds. Work in our laboratory has focused on the use of
allelopathic crops or their residues for weed control.
Screening of crop germplasm indicates that differential
allelopathic potential exists within these collections. The
most successful approach we have employed is to use
allelopathic cereal grains in rotation with annual crops or in
companion planting with perennial crops. Rye (Secale cereale
L.) is an example of a plant which provides excellent weed
suppression through both allelopathic and competitive
mechanisms. Rye residues maintained on the soil surface
release 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) and a
breakdown product 2(3H)-benzoxazalinone (BOA) both of which
are strongly inhibitory to germination and seedling growth of
dicoytylenous annual weeds. In addition, soil fungi convert
BOA to 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azo-benzene which is ten-fold more
phytotoxic than BOA. Hence a variety of natural products
contribute to the herbicidal activity of rye residues.
47 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa: characterization and
effects of preceding crops and residue incorporation.
Hegde, R.S.; Miller, D.A.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1990 Nov.
Crop science v. 30 (6): p. 1255-1259; 1990 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Illinois; Medicago sativa; Sorghum bicolor;
Rotations; Sequential cropping; Allelopathy; Allelopathins;
Phytotoxicity; Crop residues; Roots; Shoots; Incorporation;
Leachates; Bioassays; Seed germination; Growth rate
Abstract: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is known to be both
autotoxic and allelopathic. Greenhouse and laboratory
experiments were conducted to determine if 'WL-316' alfalfa
exhibits short-term autotoxicity and long-term autotoxicity
and allelopathy. Long-term autotoxicity and allelopathy of
alfalfa were verified at Urbana, IL, by comparing the
germination and growth of alfalfa and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor
(L.) Moench] on Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic,
mesic Aquic Argiudoll) previously cropped to alfalfa (alfalfa-
soil) and sorghum (sorghum-soil). Short-term autotoxicity of
alfalfa was investigated by studying the effect of
incorporating its roots only and both roots and shoots on the
germination and growth of alfalfa in alfalfa-soil and sorghum-
soil. The data were further supported by a laboratory bioassay
of seedling exudate and shoot leachate of alfalfa and sorghum.
Plant height and fresh weight per plant of alfalfa and fresh
weight per plant of sorghum were lower on alfalfa-soil than on
sorghum-soil. Germination percentages of both alfalfa and
sorghum and plant height of sorghum were unaffected by the
preceding crop. The two soils differed in nutrient content,
but fertility was high and should not have been limiting to
the growth of either crop. As a result, allelopathic/autotoxic
compounds in alfalfa-soil were implicated in the growth
inhibition of the two crops. Soil incorporation of fresh
alfalfa roots only or both roots and shoots reduced alfalfa
emergence, plant height, and dry weight per plant. Primary
effects of water-soluble inhibitory compounds from alfalfa
shoot appeared to be on germination and radicle elongation,
the latter being apparently more sensitive than the former.
Alfalfa allelopathy seems to be more severe than autotoxicity.
A flow diagram describes different kinds of allelopathy and
autotoxicity and various situations that verify the existence
of a particular kind of allelopathy or autotoxicity.
48 NAL Call. No.: SB611.5.S3
Allelopathy application for control of some weed species final
report 1985-1989.
Saric, Taib
Sarajevo : Faculty of Agriculture, 1990; 1990.
31 leaves, [5] leaves of plates : ill. ; 28 cm. Cover title.
Project: (USDA) JF511-11. January 1990. Includes
bibliographical references (leaves 30-31).
Language: English
Descriptors: Allelopathy; Weeds; Allelopathic agents
49 NAL Call. No.: S51.E2
Allelopathy as a factor in the pasture ecosystem.
Smith, A.E.
Athens, Ga. : The Stations; 1991 May.
Research bulletin - University of Georgia, Agricultural
Experiment Stations (399): 11 p.; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Georgia; Pastures; Fodder crops; Weeds;
Allelopathy
50 NAL Call. No.: QK911.A46 1991
Allelopathy basic and applied aspects.
Rizvi, S. J. H.,_1955-; Rizvi, V.,
New York : Chapman and Hall, 1991; 1991.
xx, 480 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Allelopathy; Allelopathic agents
51 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67
Allelopathy in barley: potential for biological suppression of
weeds. Liu, D.L.; Lovett, J.V.
Rotorua : The Institute; 1990.
FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest
Service (155): p. 85-92. ill; 1990. Paper presented at the
"Conference on Alternatives to the Chemical Control of Weeds,"
held July 25-27, 1989, Rotorua, New Zealand. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Allelopathy; Seed germination;
Radicles; Sinapis alba; Allelochemicals; Gramine; Hordenine;
Phytotoxicity; Biological control; Weed control
52 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Allelopathy of crop residues influences corn seed germination
and early growth.
Martin, V.L.; McCoy, E.L.; Dick, W.A.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1990 May.
Agronomy journal v. 82 (3): p. 555-560; 1990 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Seed germination; Growth;
Inhibition; Allelopathy; Crop residues; Oats; Soy straw;
Soybeans; Microbial activities; Phytotoxicity; Temperature;
Aeration; Decomposition
Abstract: Crop residues produce alleochemicals that may
inhibit corn [Zea mays (L.)] seed germination and early
growth. Studies were conducted in which residues of corn,
soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], oat [Avena sativa (L.)], and
mixed grass hay were extracted under N2 gas or air. Organic
debris was removed and half of each extract was filter
sterilized. Corn seeds were incubated in the extracts for 96 h
at 25 degrees C. Percent germination, and lengths of
coleoptile, radicle, and secondary roots were measured.
Residues extracted under N2 gas or air did not differ
significantly in their toxicity. Nonsterile residue extracts
decreased germination to 74% for soybean and oat straw and 27%
for corn and hay residues. Sterile extracts did not affect
germination. Nonsterile soybean and oat extracts did not
reduce coleoptile lengths but did reduce radicle and secondary
root lengths by 34% compared to the water treatment.
Sterilized extracts reduced radicle and secondary root lengths
by 63%. Nonsterile corn and hay extracts reduced coleoptile
lengths by 42% and radicle and secondary root lengths by 81%.
A second extraction was performed by incubating the residues
without aeration at 25 and 0.5 degrees C. Seed germination for
treatments with nonsterile extracts obtained at 25 degrees C
were similar to those for nonsterile extracts of Exp. 1.
Extraction at 0.5 degrees C and filter sterilization also
improved germination. Soybean and oat extracts did not
strongly inhibit coleoptile lengths; however, a 61% reduction
occurred in radicle and secondary root lengths for the
sterilized, 0.5 degrees C extract. Corn and hay residues were
generally more inhibitory to coleoptile, radicle and secondary
root lengths; however, no consistent effects were observed
from temperature and sterilization treatments.
53 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathy of Sasa cernua.
Li, H.H.; Nishimura, H.; Hasegawa, K.; Mizutani, J.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1785-1796; 1992
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sasa; Allelopathy; Volatile compounds; Phenolic
compounds; Growth inhibitors; Allelochemicals; Rhizosphere;
Weed control
Abstract: Sasa (Sasa cernua Makino) is a very serious weed
pest. Its allelopathy was studied using lettuce, wheat,
timothy, and green amaranth as testing species, Cultured in
the rhizosphere soil of Sasa cernua, the seedlings were
inhibited by 42-80% compared with the controls cultured in
normal soil and vermiculite. The phenolic fraction extracted
with 1 M NaOH from the rhizosphere soil of S. cernua caused
significant inhibitions on the seed germination seedling
growth of lettuce, timothy, green amaranth, and barnyard
grass. p-Coumaric, ferulic, vanillic, and p-hydroxybenzoic
acids and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde were identified as the main
allelochemicals in sasa soil by HPLC and [1H]NMR. Their
contents in the rhizosphere soil were 5640, 1060, 860, 810 and
630 micrograms/100 g soil. The neutral fraction inhibited the
seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce in the TLC
direct bioassay. Volatile compounds released from sasa leaves
also inhibited the growth of lettuce, wheat, timothy, and
green amaranth grown under light, and the growth of etiolated
seedlings of barley and wheat. These results confirm that S.
cernua produces typical allelopathy through its rhizosphere
soil and air space.
54 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathy of small everlasting (Antennaria microphylla)
phytotoxicity to leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in tissue
culture.
Hogan, M.E.; Manners, G.D.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 931-939; 1990 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Antennaria microphylla; Extracts; Callus; Cell
suspensions; Phytotoxicity; Euphorbia esula
Abstract: Media and media extracts from callus cultures of
small everlasting (Antennaria microphylla) inhibited leafy
spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) callus tissue and suspension
culture growth (50 and 70% of control, respectively) and were
phytotoxic in lettuce and leafy spurge root elongation
bioassays (64 and 77% of control, respectively). Hydroquinone,
a phytotoxic compound previously isolated from small
everlasting, was also biosynthesized by callus and suspension
cultures of this species. Exogenously supplied hydroquinone
(0.5 mM) was toxic to leafy spurge suspension culture cells
and was only partially biotransformed to its nontoxic water-
soluble monoglucoside, arbutin, by these cells. This report
confirms the chronic involvement of hydroquinone in the
allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy
spurge.
55 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Allelopathy of yellow fieldcress (Rorippa sylvestris):
identification and characterization of phytotoxic
constituents.
Yamane, A.; Nishimura, H.; Mizutani, J.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (5): p. 683-691; 1992 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rorippa sylvestris; Allelopathy; Root exudates;
Plant composition; Bioassays; Seed germination; Inhibition;
Seedlings; Growth; Lactuca sativa; Weed control
Abstract: Both the neutral and acidic fractions of the
acetone extract of yellow fieldcress (Kireha-inugarashi,
Rorippa sylvestris Besser) inhibited lettuce seed germination.
Salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, and syringic acid were
identified in the acidic fraction. In the neutral fraction,
hirsutin (8-methylsulfinyloctyl isothiocyanate), 4-
methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile, and pyrocatechol were
identified. Bioassay using a root exudate recirculating system
showed R. sylvestris during flowering inhibited the lettuce
seedling growth. Hirsutin (13 micrograms/plant/day) and
pyrocatechol (9.3 micrograms/plant/day) were the major
compounds released into the rhizosphere. Several combinations
of pyrocatechol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and
hirsutin reduced lettuce seedling growth. These compounds
seemed to be allelochemicals.
56 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
Allelopathy: the effects of chemicals produced by plants,
January 1986-January 1990.
Gilbert, H.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1990 Apr.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculure,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (90-46): 28 p.; 1990
Apr. Updates QB 88-62. Bibliography.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Allelopathy; Allelopathins;
Phytotoxicity; Chemical constituents of plants; Bibliographies
57 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
Allelopathy: the effects of chemicals produced by plants--
January 1988-April 1992.
Gilbert, H.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 Jun.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-50): 65 p.; 1992
Jun. Updates QB 90-46. Bibliography.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Allelopathy; Allelopathins;
Phytotoxicity; Bibliographies
58 NAL Call. No.: QK911.A44
Allelopatiia i produktivnost' rastenii sbornik nauchnykh
trudov [Allelopathy and the productivity of plants].
Grodzinskii, A. M.
TSentral
Kiev : Nauk. dumka, 1990; 1990.
146 p. : ill. ; 20 cm. "Nauchnoe izdanie"--Colophon. At head
of title: Akademiia nauk Ukrainskoi SSR. TSentral. Includes
bibliographical references.
Language: Russian
Descriptors: Allelopathy; Allelopathic agents; Plant
physiology
59 NAL Call. No.: QK898.A43M6 1990
Allelopatiia v plodovykh sadakh [Allelopathy in orchards].
Moroz, P. A.
Kiev : Haukova dumka, 1990; 1990.
208 p., [4] p. of plates : ill. ; 21 cm. At head of title:
Akademiia nauk Ukrainskoi SSR. Tsentral'nyi respublikanskii
botanicheskii sad.
Language: Russian
Descriptors: Fruit trees; Allelopathic agents
60 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12
Allelpathic potential of celery residues on lettuce.
Shilling, D.G.; Dusky, J.A.; Mossler, M.A.; Bewick, T.A.
Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1992 Mar.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v.
117 (2): p. 308-312; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lactuca sativa; Seedlings; Plant residues; Soil;
Incorporation; Apium graveolens; Allelopathy; Phytotoxins;
Seedling emergence; Growth; Adverse effects; Activated carbon;
Greenhouse culture
Abstract: Poor emergence of commercially grown lettuce has
been observed when planted immediately after the removal of a
celery crop. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate
the possible allelopathic effects of celery residue on the
emergence and growth of lettuce. The influence of amount and
type of celery tissue, growth medium and fertility, incubation
time in soil, and amendment of growth medium containing celery
residue with activated charcoal was evaluated with respect to
the allelopathic potential of celery. Celery root tissue was
1.8 and 1.6 times more toxic to lettuce seedling growth than
was celery petiole or lamina tissue, respectively. Lettuce
shoot growth was inhibited to a greater extent when grown in
sand amended with celery residue rather than either amended
vermiculite or potting soil. Incubation of celery root residue
in soil for 4 weeks increased phytotoxicity at 1% (v/v) and
decreased it at 40% (v/v). Increasing the fertility of pure
sand with varying amounts of Hoagland's solution did not
reverse the allelopathic effects of celery residue. The
addition of activated carbon to the medium increased the
growth of lettuce exposed to celery residues. Celery residues
possess allelopathic potential to developing lettuce
seedlings. Celery tissue type and concentration, soil type,
incubation of celery root residue in soil, and addition of
activated carbon to the growing medium influenced the
magnitude of the observed phytotoxicity.
61 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36
Allyl isothiocyanate release and the allelopathic potential of
Brassica napus (Brassicaceae).
Choesin, D.N.; Boerner, R.E.J.
Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1991 Aug.
American journal of botany v. 78 (8): p. 1083-1090; 1991 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Allyl isothiocyanate;
Biosynthesis; Allelopathins; Plant interaction; Growth
inhibitors; Plant density; Mutants; Genotypes; Genetic
variation
Abstract: The allelopathic potential of Brassica species has
been attributed to release of the mustard oil glycosides which
they produce in large quantities. Upon hydrolysis, these
glucosinolates yield isothiocyanates, compounds with strong
antibiotic properties. The objective of this study was to
assess whether Brassica napus, a common and widespread crop
and weed crucifer, is capable of allelopathic interference,
and if so, whether its glycoside derivative, allyl
isothiocyanate (AI), is capable of producing this
interference. Wild type and low glucosinolate-mutant B. napus
were grown in low organic content soil under greenhouse
conditions, and AI release into soil was monitored. Most
plants released low levels of AI, though approximately 10%
released much higher levels. Wild type plants released more AI
than mutants. Growth of the target species, Medicago sativa,
was not affected by additions of AI to soils at concentrations
equal to the median and 95% quantile from the B. napus soils.
In replacement series experiments, the two B. napus genotypes
suppressed growth of M. sativa equally despite differences in
AI release rate. In an intraspecific replacement series
experiment, the two B. napus genotypes were equal competitors.
Under our experimental conditions, B. napus showed no
indication of being allelopathic, and AI concentrations
typical of soils around B. napus plants did not inhibit target
plants.
62 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28
Antibiotic effect of Rhizobium sp. towards some soil fungi.
Anbu, D.A.; Sullia, S.B.
Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec.
Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 213-215; 1990 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: India; Australia; Arachis hypogaea; Rhizobium;
Geographical races; Plant extracts; Antibiotics; Antifungal
agents; Rhizosphere fungi; Allelopathins; Strain differences
63 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12
Asparagus emergence in Fusarium-treated and sterile media
following exposure of seeds or radicles to one or more
cinnamic acids.
Peirce, L.C.; Miller, H.G.
Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1993 Jan.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v.
118 (1): p. 23-28. ill; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Asparagus officinalis; Allelopathy; Cinnamic
acid; Emergence; Growth inhibitors; Radicles; Seeds; Toxicity;
Crop damage; Fusarium
Abstract: Several cinnamic acids have been identified as
principal toxic components of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis
L.) root autotoxin and have been shown to synergize Fusarium
infection of asparagus. The basis for this synergism was
studied by exposing asparagus seeds and radicles from
pregerminated seeds to ferulic (FA), caffeic (CA), or
methylenedioxycinnamic (MDA) acids alone and in combinations
of two or three of these acids. After treatment, seeds were
placed in pots of peat-lite mix, and, depending on the
experiment, all or half were inoculated with F. oxysporum
(Schlecht) f. sp. asparagi (Cohen). Seedling emergence from
each pot was used as a measure of toxicity. All cinnamic acids
at 1% suppressed emergence compared with the control.
Solutions combining FA and CA (0.5%/0.5%, v/v) were
substantially more toxic than 1% solutions of either alone.
Exposure of radicles (early postgermination) for 10 minutes to
combined FA/CA before planting decreased emergence from pots,
whereas emergence following a 10-minute exposure to 1% CA or
FA alone did not differ from the controls. The 2-hour exposure
to FA or to FA/CA and the 24-hour exposure to CA, FA, or FA/CA
decreased emergence, with toxicity progressing as follows: CA
< FA < FA/CA. Root tip squashes showed fewer mitotic figures
in treated than in untreated radicles, and scanning electron
microscopic (SEM) examination of the radicle epidermis
revealed damage to the surface of epidermal cells and
precocious root hair development, the extent of which
paralleled treatment toxicity.
64 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Assessment of allelopathic potential in Artemisia princeps
var. orientalis residues.
Yun, K.W.; Kil, B.S.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 1933-1940; 1992
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Artemisia princeps; Plant composition;
Allelopathy; Leaves; Plant residues; Phytotoxicity; Bioassays;
Growth inhibitors; Seedlings
Abstract: Field and laboratory studies were conducted to
examine the differential phytotoxicity of residues of
Artemisia princeps var. orientalis (wormwood) using various
plants as test species. Seedling elongation and dry weights of
receptor plants were inversely proportional to the
concentration and incubation time of dry leaves of A. princeps
var. orientalis in vermiculite. In seedling growth tests with
abandoned field soils (control) and soil underneath wormwood
plants (test), the elongation, dry weight, and caloric content
of seedlings grown in the soil from under wormwood plants were
severely inhibited, thereby suggesting that certain growth
inhibitors were released from wormwood and the inhibitor
remained in the soil.
65 NAL Call. No.: 450 AU72
An assessment of the allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus.
May, F.E.; Ash, J.E.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1990.
Australian journal of botany v. 38 (3): p. 245-254; 1990.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australian capital territory; Eucalyptus
globulus; Eucalyptus maculata; Eucalyptus macrorhyncha;
Eucalyptus rossii; Eucalyptus rubida; Allelopathins;
Leachates; Bark; Leaves; Forest litter; Stemflow; Laboratory
methods; Allelopathy; Bioassays
66 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
Azadirachtin inhibits secretion of trypsin in midgut of
Manduca sexta caterpillars: reduced growth due to impaired
protein digestion. Timmins, W.A.; Reynolds, S.E.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Apr.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 63 (1): p. 47-54;
1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manduca sexta; Midgut; Secretion; Trypsin;
Azadirachtin; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Growth
inhibitors; Protein digestion; Proteinases
67 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5
Behavioral and ecological constraints imposed by plants on
insect parasitoids: implications for biological control.
Kester, K.M.; Barbosa, P.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Aug.
Biological control v. 1 (2): p. 94-106; 1991 Aug. Paper
presented at the "Symposium on Host/Parasitoid Interactions,"
December 3, 1990, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant pests; Cotesia; Manduca sexta; Biological
control; Parasites of insect pests; Allelochemicals;
Adaptation; Nicotine; Trophic levels; Host parasite
relationships; Feeding behavior; Plant composition
68 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
beta-(3-isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine from Pisum: allelopathic
properties and antimycotic bioassay.
Schenk, S.U.; Werner, D.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Phytochemistry v. 30 (2): p. 467-470; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Seedlings; Root exudates; Chemical
analysis; Alanine; Derivatives; Allelopathins; Gramineae;
Lactuca sativa; Germinationinhibitors; Growth inhibitors;
Antifungal properties
Abstract: Grasses and Lactuca sativa when germinated in the
presence of the non-protein amino acid beta-(3-isoxazolin-5-
on-2-yl)-alanine (betaIA) from roots and root exudates of pea
seedlings, showed a pronounced reduction of root length and a
necrosis of the root tips. Growth of legume seedlings was only
slightly affected. We suggest the role of this secondary plant
product as an allelochemical. Besides its effect on plant
morphogenesis, betaIA also exhibits an antimycotic activity
towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of 0.5 ppm.
69 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7
The biochemical and physiological effects of insect hosts on
the development and ecology of their insect parasites: an
overview.
Lawrence, P.O.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1990.
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 13 (3/4): p.
217-228; 1990. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Insect pests; Parasites of insect pests; Host
parasite relationships; Allelochemicals; Molting hormones;
Diapause; Metamorphosis
70 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Biochemical basis for the resistance of barley to aphids.
Corcuera, L.J.
Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-; 1993 Jul.
Phytochemistry v. 33 (4): p. 741-747; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum; Diuraphis; Metopolophium; Rhopalosiphum;
Schizaphis; Sitobion; Insect pests; Pest resistance;
Allelochemicals; Defense mechanisms; Induction; Plant
morphology; Barriers; Environmental factors; Plant nutrition;
Literature reviews
Abstract: Barley plants may be severely damaged by aphids,
mainly because they may transmit viruses, remove essential
nutrients, and disrupt tissues. This review discusses possible
resistance factors of this plant, such as morphological
defences and natural chemicals that have been shown or
suggested to be involved in protection of barley against
aphids. The available evidence for the role played by waxes,
gramine, aconitic acid, phenolics and amino acids is
presented. A discussion is included on other potentially
protective molecules, such as protease inhibitors, that need
to be studied. Environmental stress also affects plant-aphid
interactions because the chemical composition of the plant
changes. Water stress increases susceptibility, and Nacl and
temperature increase resistance to aphids. The compatible
solute glycine betaine, which accumulates under several types
of stress. increases reproduction of aphids. Temperature and
availability of nitrates increase gramine content of the
leaves and. therefore, resistance to the aphids. A summary of
conclusions and future perspectives focuses on the paramount
importance of environmental stress in plant resistance and on
the need to identify inducible resistance factors.
71 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B5
Biochemical defence of pro-oxidant plant allelochemicals by
herbivorous insects.
Ahmad, S.
Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1974-; 1992 Jun.
Biochemical systematics and ecology v. 20 (4): p. 269-296;
1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant composition; Oxygen; Allelochemicals;
Antioxidants; Papilio polyxenes; Spodoptera eridania;
Trichoplusia ni; Metabolic detoxification; Literature reviews;
Chemical ecology
Abstract: A new aspect of interactions among insect
herbivores and defensive chemistry of plants in the regulation
of oxygen toxicity exerted by pro-oxidant allelochemic is
described. Endogenous oxygen toxicity results from activation
of the ground state of molecular oxygen to the superoxide
anion radical (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl
radical (.OH), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), and peroxyl
radicals (LO2. or RO2.). The strongly lipid-peroxidizing
singlet oxygen (1 delta g O2) is also produced during light
activation of photosensitizers. Ingestion of pro-oxidants
exacerbates oxygen toxicity by increasing the production of
these deleterious forms of oxygen. The role of ascorbate,
alpha-tocopherol, glutathione, carotenoids and urate as
antioxidants in insects is apparent, but needs more work for
the elucidation of their roles. The major defence mechanism
includes a group of antioxidant enzymes represented by
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-
transferase's peroxidative activity (GSTPX), glutathione
reductase (GR), and DT-diaphorase. SOD converts O2.- radicals
to H2O2 and 2, CAT decomposes H2O2 to H2O and O2, GSTPX
reduces LOOHs to LOHs with GSH as reductant, and GSSG formed
from GSH during the GSTPX reaction is reduced to GSH by GR.
DT-diaphorase is an important antioxidant in that it reduces
quinones by a two-electron reduction to stable products,
thereby preventing the one-electron reduction to semiquinone
radicals which generate O2 radicals. Therefore, these enzymes
are crucial for insect herbivores for preventing the free-
radical cascade of oxygen, and terminating the toxic lipid
peroxidation chain reaction, in response to the endogenous and
potential exogenous oxidant-induced injury.
72 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7
Bioengieering of crop plants and resistant biotype evolution
in insects: counteracting coevolution.
Brattsten, L.B.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991.
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 17 (4): p.
253-267; 1991. Paper presented at a symposium on biochemical
strategies of offense and defense at the plant-insect
interface, 1989, San Antonio, Texas. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Insect pests; Pest resistance; Genetic
engineering; Allelochemicals; Insecticide resistance;
Literature reviews
Abstract: The use, as opposed to the procurement, of
transgenic crop plants is discussed in this paper. Transgenic
crop plants must not be used until appropriate strategies for
their use have been designed and not before crop plants with a
variety of insect defenses have been developed. The use of a
crop plant with a single defense will pose as strong a
selection pressure as the use of a single synthetic
insecticide, since insect herbivores are able to evolve
effective counter-defenses. The defenses of insects in natural
plant-insect associations and with regard to synthetic
insecticides are described to demonstrate that there is
nothing unique about insecticide resistance. It is the
inevitable alternative to local extinction in response to a
persistent and predictable selection pressure. Plants
counteract insect defensive evolution by keeping the selection
pressure as variable as possible. This leads to the conclusion
that the best use of biotechnology in crop protection is to
reintroduce chemical diversity into crop plants.
73 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3
Biological control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)
by Cassia uniflora Mill (Leguminosae), in Bangalore, India.
Joshi, S.
London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Apr.
Tropical pest management v. 37 (2): p. 182-184; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Karnataka; Parthenium hysterophorus; Weed
control; Biological control; Cassia; Biological control
agents; Competitive ability; Allelopathy; Seeds; Leachates;
Germination inhibitors; Seed germination
74 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Biologically active labdane-type diterpene glycosides from the
root-stalks of Gleichenia japonica.
Munesada, K.; Siddiqui, H.L.; Suga, T.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 May.
Phytochemistry v. 31 (5): p. 1533-1536; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Japan; Gleichenia japonica; Roots; Chemical
composition; Diterpenes; Glycosides; Growth inhibitors;
Allelopathins; Lactuca sativa
Abstract: A glycoside showing a strong growth inhibition of
lettuce was isolated from the root-stalks of Gleichenia
japonica and its structure was established to be the 3-O-
alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-beta-glucopyranoside of
13-O-7-rhamnopyranosyl-(+)-3 beta-hydroxymanool. In addition,
two related glycosides were also isolated and they were
characterized as the 3-O-beta-fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to
3)-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-beta-glucopyranoside
of 13-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(+)-3 beta-hydroxymanool and the
13-O-rhamnopyranoside of the same diterpene alcohol. The
diterpene alcohol accelerated the growth of lettuce.
75 NAL Call. No.: SB610.R47
Biology and control of morningglories (Ipomoea spp.).
Elmore, C.D.; Hurst, H.R.; Austin, D.F.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1990.
Reviews of weed science v. 5: p. 83-114. ill; 1990.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ipomoea; Weed biology; Seed germination; Sexual
reproduction; Asexual reproduction; Taxonomy; Keys;
Competitive ability; Allelopathy; Weed control; Perennial
weeds; Annual habit; Chemical control; Biological control;
Literature reviews
76 NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83
Bioregulator-induced changes in allelochemicals and their
effects on plant resistance to pests.
Hedin, P.A.
Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1990.
Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 9 (5): p. 371-379; 1990.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant pests; Pest resistance; Pest control;
Allelochemicals; Plant growth regulators; Chemical analysis;
Insecticidal properties; Plant extracts; Literature reviews
77 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1I66
Brassica alternatives to herbicides and soil fumigants.
Grossman, J.
Berkeley, CA : Bio-Integral Resource Center,; 1993 Jul.
The IPM practitioner : the newsletter of integrated pest
management v. 15 (7): p. 1-10; 1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Weed control; Brassica; Biological
control; Live mulches; Allelopathy; Cover crops; Plant disease
control; Pest control; Cultural control; Nematode control;
Green manures; Soil solarization; Plantparasitic nematodes;
Alternative farming
78 NAL Call. No.: 421 En895
Caterpillars' compensatory feeding response to diluted
nutrients leads to toxic allelochemical dose.
Slansky, F. Jr; Wheeler, G.S.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Nov.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 65 (2): p. 171-186;
1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Camellia; Coffea; Hosts of plant pests;
Anticarsia gemmatalis; Larvae; Plant pests; Toxicity;
Allelochemicals; Caffeine; Eating rates; Feeding behavior;
Nutrients
79 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
Cell culture bioassay to evaluate allelochemical toxicity to
Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Stipanovic, R.D.; Elissalde, M.H.; Altman, D.W.; Norman, J.O.
Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Jun.
Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (3): p. 737-741; 1990
Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Toxic exudates; Toxicity; Bioassays;
Pest resistance; Heliothis virescens; Larvae
Abstract: An insect tissue culture bioassay was developed
with an established cell line (BCIRL-HV-AM1) of Heliothis
virescens (F.). This bioassay substantially reduced the time,
material, and experimental error involved in toxicity
evaluations compared with larval-feeding studies with
artificial diets. LD50's of seven terpenes from the cotton
plant (Gossypium spp.) were determined in the tissue culture
bioassay. Various levels of toxicity were observed. Gossypol,
hemigossypolone, and heliocides H1, H2, and H3 had LD50's of
10 to 16 micrograms/ml. For caryophyllene oxide and
caryophyllene, LD50's were 53 micrograms/ml and 221
micrograms/ml, respectively. Comparison of these values with
ED50's obtained in larval-feeding studies validate the cell
bioassay as an effective in vitro assay, for relative
toxicity. Twelve other terpenes of unknown toxicity to H.
virescens also were evaluated.
80 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.B5
Changing perceptions of allelopathy and biological control.
Lovett, J.V.
Oxon : A B Academic Publishers; 1991.
Biological agriculture and horticulture : an international
journal v. 8 (2): p. 89-100; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alternative farming; Sustainability; Farming
systems; Biological control; Allelopathy; Allelochemicals;
Responses; Plant protection; Weed control; Biological control
agents; Mycoherbicides; Cost benefit analysis; Control
methods; Crop production; Reviews
81 NAL Call. No.: 451 L64J
The chemical composition of Astragalus: a comparison of
seleniferous and non-seleniferous plants growing side by side.
Cowgill, U.M.; Landenberger, B.D.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Jun.
Botanical journal of the Linnean Society v. 109 (2): p.
223-234; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Astragalus; Species; Chemical composition;
Selenium; Phytotoxicity; Allelochemicals; Phenolic acids;
Flavonoids; Allelopathy; Site types
82 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67
Chemicals in plant protection: Is there a natural
alternative?. Lovett, J.V.
Rotorua : The Institute; 1990.
FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest
Service (155): p. 57-65; 1990. Paper presented at the
"Conference on Alternatives to the Chemical Control of Weeds,"
held July 25-27, 1989, Rotorua, New Zealand. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant protection; Pesticides; Allelochemicals;
Allelopathy; Integrated pest management
83 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Chemotypes of Cyperus rotundus in Pacific Rim and Basin:
distribution and inhibitory activities of their essential
oils.
Komai, K.; Tang, C.S.; Nishimoto, R.K.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 1-8; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cyperus rotundus; Tubers; Chemical composition;
Plant composition; Essential oils; Allelopathy;
Sesquiterpenes; Geographical distribution
Abstract: Four major chemotypes of Cyperus rotundus L.
(purple nutsedge) have been reported based on the composition
of essential oils in mature tubers. Distribution of the H, M,
K, and O type in countries of the Pacific Rim and Basin was
investigated. In general, the H type dominates on the islands
of Japan, and the O type has the widest range of distribution.
The O type also dominates the Pacific Basin islands except for
Hawaii, where the K-type is dominant. Inhibitory activity of
the essential oils from C. rotundus tubers against the
seedling growth of lettuce and oats was in the order of H > M
> K > O. Seven major sesquiterpenes were isolated from the
oils and their inhibitory activities determined. Results
suggest that C. rotundus of different chemotypes may have
different allelopathic activity in the crop-weed interaction.
84 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Comparative metabolism of the phototoxic allelochemical alpha-
terthienyl in three species of lepidopterans.
Iyengar, S.; Arnason, J.T.; Philogene, B.J.R.; Werstiuk, N.H.;
Morand, P. Duluth, Minn. : Academic Press; 1990 Jun.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 37 (2): p. 154-164;
1990 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manduca sexta; Heliothis virescens; Ostrinia
nubilalis; Metabolism; Larvae; Allelopathins; Compositae;
Thiophene; Enzyme activity; Metabolites; Oxidoreductases
85 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7
Comparative processing of allelochemicals in the Papilionidae
(Lepidoptera). Berenbaum, M.R.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991.
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 17 (4): p.
213-221; 1991. Paper presented at a symposium on biochemical
strategies of offense and defense at the plant-insect
interface, 1989, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Papilionidae; Allelochemicals; Detoxification;
Cytochrome p-450; Coumarins
Abstract: Within the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera),
species display a broad range of feeding patterns, from
oligophagy on a single hostplant family to polyphagy on over a
dozen families. Accompanying this diversity of feeding
strategies is a diversity of physiological mechanisms for
processing hostplant allelochemicals. Studies on members of
this family as well as other Lepidoptera suggest that
oligophagy is associated with high activity, in addition to
high substrate specificity, of detoxicative enzymes.
86 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
Comparative study of proteinase inhibitors in tropical root
crops and survey of allelochemicals in the edible aroids.
Bradbury, J.H.; Hammer, B.C.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1990 Jul.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 38 (7): p.
1448-1453; 1990 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alocasia macrorrhiza; Ipomoea batatas;
Cyrtosperma chamissonis; Dioscorea alata; Dioscorea esculenta;
Xanthosoma sagittifolium; Protease inhibitors; Trypsin
inhibitors; Taro; Sweet potatoes; Yams; Resistance to
parasites
87 NAL Call. No.: 450 B6527
Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities.
Gopal, B.; Goel, U.
Bronx, N.Y. : New York Botanical Garden, 1935-; 1993 Jul. The
Botanical review v. 59 (3): p. 155-210; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Aquatic plants; Allelopathy; Plant communities;
Plant competition; Interactions; Literature reviews
88 NAL Call. No.: 500 OK42
Composition of essential oil from Proboscidea louisianica
(Martyniaceae). Riffle, M.S.; Waller, G.R.; Murray, D.S.
Oklahoma City, Okla. : The Academy; 1991.
Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science v. 71: p.
35-42; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Proboscidea louisianica;
Allelochemicals; Essential oils; Plant composition
89 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Concentration dependency and stage of crop growth in alfalfa
autotoxicity. Hegde, R.S.; Miller, D.A.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Nov.
Journal of the American Society of Agronomy v. 84 (6): p.
940-946; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Crop residues; Allelochemicals;
Shoots; Phytotoxicity; Seedlings; Seedling emergence; Phenolic
compounds; Phytotoxins; Characterization; Identification
Abstract: Shoots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) contain
water-soluble chemical compounds which are autotoxic, i.e.,
inhibit the growth of alfalfa itself. The objectives of this
study were to (i) determine the inhibition threshold of the
water-soluble chemical compounds (autotoxic principle), and
(ii) demonstrate that the inhibition of seed germination on
early seedling growth of alfalfa is due to autotoxinic
compounds from alfalfa shoots and not from microbes. A farmer
must make a decision on whether or not it would be advisable
to replant alfalfa based on the level of alfalfa residue still
growing in the field. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were
conducted to determine if autotoxicity in alfalfa due to
water-soluble compounds is concentration dependent. Filter-
sterilized and non-filter-sterilized shoot aqueous extracts
from vegetative and reproductive stages of 'WL-316' alfalfa
were assayed at 20, 40, 60, and 80 g L-1 (fresh shoot weight
basis) for their effect on seed germination and root and shoot
elongation of seedlings of WL-316 alfalfa in a growth chamber.
Compared with the control, root length, shoot length, and
germination were inhibited beyond 20 g L-1 concentration.
Shoot extract from the reproductive stage was more inhibitory
than from the vegetative stage under laboratory conditions. In
the greenhouse, incorporation of 4-wk-old green herbage from
vegetative stage beyond 48 shoots per square meter level
resulted in severe reductions in seedling emergence and plant
fresh weight per unit area. Among the several phenolic
compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root and shoot
growth of alfalfa, coumarin and trans-cinnamic acid at 60 +/-
10 micrograms mL-1 were the most inhibitory. Mixtures of five
or more phenolic acids were more phytotoxic than their
respective individual components except in the case of trans-
cinnamic acid and coumarin. Autotoxicity in alfalfa may be
caused by an interaction of many, yet uncharacterized chemical
compounds present in shoots
90 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
The contribution of symbiotic yeast to toxin resistance of the
cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne).
Dowd, P.F.; Shen, S.K.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990 Sep.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 56 (3): p. 241-248.
ill; 1990 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lasioderma serRicorne; Larvae; Mortality;
Detoxification; Allelochemicals; Flavonoids; Phenolic
compounds; Phytotoxins; Resistance; Symbionts; Yeasts
91 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Crop residue reduces jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)
seedling growth. Anderson, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jul. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (3): p. 717-722; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Colorado; Cabt; Triticum aestivum; Cultural weed
control; Aegilops cylindrica; Allelopathy; Crop residues; Zea
mays; Carthamus tinctorius; Panicum miliaceum; Sorghum
bicolor; Nitrogen fertilizers; Immobilization; Nitrogen;
Integrated control; Chemical control; Seedling stage;
Triazinoneherbicides
92 NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83
Crop rotation.
Bullock, D.G.
Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1992.
Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 11 (4): p. 309-326;
1992. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rotations; Soil fertility; Cover crops;
Sustainability; Soil organic matter; Soil structure; Erosion;
Soil flora; Soil fauna; Insect pests; Allelopathy; Literature
reviews
93 NAL Call. No.: QH540.E23
Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed
management. Liebman, M.; Dyck, E.
Tempe, Ariz. : Ecological Society of America; 1993 Feb.
Ecological applications v. 3 (1): p. 92-122; 1993 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Cultural weed control; Weed biology;
Rotations; Intercropping; Seed banks; Plant density; Crop weed
competition; Allelopathy
94 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Defensive role of Allium sulfur compounds for leek moth
Acrolepiopsis assectella Z. (Lepidoptera) against generalist
predators. Nowbahari, B.; Thibout, E.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 1991-2002; 1992
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Allium; Plant composition; Defense;
Allelochemicals; Acrolepiopsis assectella; Organic sulfur
compounds; Volatile compounds; Formica fusca; Formica; Insect
control
Abstract: It has been shown previously that sulfur volatiles
produced by Allium plants affect the behavior of their
specialist phytophages and of their specialist entomophages.
The action of these compounds in protecting the leek moth
Acrolepiopsis assectella against generalist entomophages was
studied in comparison to the proposed original defensive role
of these compounds against generalist herbivorous insects. Two
ants species, Formica selysi and F. fusca, were used as
generalist predators. Six behavioral criteria of the predatory
behavior of the ants were studied in presence of the last-
instar caterpillars (C5). C5 reared on artificial diets with
or without leek components were tested, as well as C5 soaked
in frass of leek-reared caterpillars or disulfide solutions.
In addition, the response of the ants to pure chemicals found
in leek was studied using honey solutions with or without
sulfur compounds. The sulfur allelochemicals of Allium plants
have a negative action on predatory ants. Interestingly, the
nonvolatile precursors of sulfur volatiles of Allium plants
seem to have a protective role for their phytophagous insects
against generalist entomophages.
95 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Delayed seeding of alfalfa avoids autotoxicity after plowing
or glyphosate treatment of established stands.
Tesar, M.B.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy, [1949-; 1993
Mar. Agronomy journal v. 85 (2): p. 256-263; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Michigan; Cabt; Medicago sativa; Allelopathy;
Phytotoxicity; Continuous cropping; Sowing; Plowing;
Glyphosate; Poa pratensis; Zea mays; Fallow; Seedlings;
Density; Crop yield
Abstract: Re-establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
has often been unsuccessful because of autotoxic effects of
the crop on seedlings. This study was conducted at East
Lansing, MI on an Udallic Ochraqualfs, fine loamy, mixed,
mesic soil. The first objective was to determine the days
required to eliminate autotoxic effects for l-, 4-, and 6-yr-
old stands of alfalfa with 1.4 Mg ha-1 dry weight of topgrowth
after treatments of plowing or glyphosate [N-
(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The second objective was to
determine autotoxic effects of 1.4, 2.7, and 4.0 Mg ha-1 dry
weight of topgrowth from year-old alfalfa plowed prior to
seeding the same day. Check treatments were seedings after
plowed Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), corn (Zea mays
L.), or fallow. Alfalfa was seeded for Objective 1 on 23 June
1982, 12 d after plowing alfalfa and 19 d after glyphosate
application on 6-yr-old alfalfa; on 5 June 1984 and 29 May
1985, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 195 d (29 May 1985 only) after
plowing alfalfa or glyphosate application on year-old alfalfa;
and on 11 June 1986, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after plowing alfalfa
or glyphosate application on 4-yr-old alfalfa. Seedings for
Objective 2 were made on 5 June 1984. Densities and yields of
seedings equaled checks when made at least 14 d after plowing
alfalfa or 21 d after glyphosate application on established
alfalfa. Seedling densities were similar, but lower than the
check, after three levels of alfalfa topgrowth were plowed and
seeded the same day. Results indicate alfalfa can be re-
established without significant autotoxicity if seedings are
made at least 2 wk after plowing or 3 wk after glyphosate
application on established alfalfa or after seeding failure.
For maximum killing of old alfalfa and to avoid autotoxicity,
plowing of alfalfa and seeding at least 2 wk after plowing, or
early-fall or spring glyphosate application on alfalfa
followed by no-till seeding at least 3 wk after glyphosate
application, are recommended.
96 NAL Call. No.: QK861.M63
The determination of the allelopathic potential of pollen and
nectar. Murphy, S.D.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Modern methods of plant analysis v. 13: p. 333-357; 1992. In
the series analytic: Plant toxin analysis / edited by H.F.
Linskens and J.F. Jackson. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant interaction; Allelopathins; Pollen; Nectar;
Phytotoxicity; Isolation techniques; Bioassays; Chemical
analysis; Literature reviews
97 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
Detoxification spectrum of the cigarette beetle symbiont
Symbiotaphrina kochii in culture.
Shen, S.K.; Dowd, P.F.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Jul.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 60 (1): p. 51-59;
1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lasioderma serRicorne; Pesticide resistance;
Symbionts; Yeasts; Hydrolases; Transferases; Allelochemicals;
Microbial degradation; Mycotoxins; Pesticides; Detoxification
98 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Devil's-claw (Proboscidea louisianica), essential oil and its
components: potential allelochemical agents on cotton and
wheat.
Riffle, M.S.; Waller, G.R.; Murray, D.S.; Sgaramello, R.P. New
York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1927-1940; 1990 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Proboscidea (martyniaceae); Essential oils;
Chemical composition; Allelopathy; Germination; Phytotoxicity;
Gossypium hirsutum; Triticumaestivum; Insect control;
Biological control
Abstract: The potential allelopathic activity of devil's-claw
[Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung] essential oil and a
few of the compounds it contains on the elongation of cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
radicles was studied using a Petri dish bioassay. Essential
oil was collected by steam distillation using an all-glass-
Teflon assembly. Ether extracts of the steam distillates from
fresh devil's-claw were inhibitory to cotton and wheat radicle
elongation. The following six components of devil's-claw
essential oil identified by CGC-MS-DS were inhibitory to
cotton and/or wheat at a concentration of 1 mM: vanillin,
piperitenone, delta-cadinene, p-cymen-9-ol, alpha-bisabolol,
and phenethyl alcohol.
99 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Difference in hydroxamic acid content in roots and root
exudates of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale
cereale L.): possible role in allelopathy.
Perez, F.J.; Ormeno-Nunez, J.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1037-1043; 1991 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Secale cereale; Root exudates;
Allelopathy; Chemical composition; Bioassays; Weed control;
Biological control
Abstract: Hydroxamic acids (Hx) produced by some cereal crops
have been associated with allelopathy. However, the release of
Hx to the soil by the producing plant--an essential condition
for a compound to be involved in allelopathy--has not been
shown. GC and HPLC analysis of roots and root exudates of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.)
cultivars, with high Hx levels in their leaves, demonstrated
the presence of these compounds in the roots of all cultivars
analyzed and in root exudates of rye. Moreover, bioassays
employing root exudates collected from wheat and rye seedlings
demonstrated that only rye exudates inhibited root growth of
wild oats, Avena fatua L., a weed whose root growth is
inhibited by Hx. These results suggest that rye could
potentially interfere with the growth of Avena fatua in nature
and that this interference could be due to the release of Hx
to the soil by way of roots.
100 NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6
Differences in cytochrome p450 activities in tobacco budworm
larvae as influenced by resistance to host plant
allelochemicals and induction. Rose, R.L.; Gould, F.; Levi,
P.E.; Hodgson, E.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology : B : Comparative
biochemistry v. 99 (3): p. 535-540; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Larvae; Strains; Cytochrome
p-450; Oxygenases; Isoenzymes; Enzyme activity; 2-tridecanone;
Nicotine; Quercetin; Resistance; Induction; Resistance
mechanisms; Oxidation; Metabolism; Substrates
Abstract: 1. Nicotine and 2-tridecanone resistant strains of
the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F), had elevated
cytochrome P450 content and significant increases in
metabolism of five of six monooxygenase substrates relative to
two susceptible strains. 2. Resistance to quercetin did not
result in an increase in cytochrome P450 content; however,
significant increases in metabolism were observed for two
monooxygenase substrates. 3. P450 content was significantly
induced by nicotine and 2-tridecanone, but not by quercetin.
4. Patterns of substrate oxidations varied between strains and
inducing agents, suggesting that different isozymes of P450
are associated with resistance and induction.
101 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Differential allelochemical detoxification mechanism in tissue
cultures of Antennaria microphylla and Euphorbia esula.
Hogan, M.E.; Manner, G.D.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 167-174; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Antennaria microphylla; Euphorbia esula; Cell
suspensions; Callus; Allelochemicals; Hydroquinone; Metabolic
detoxification
Abstract: Callus and suspension cultures of Antennaria
microphylla (small everlasting) and the noxious weed Euphorbia
esula (leafy spurge) can glucosylate benzene-1,4-diol
(hydroquinone) to the corresponding monoglucoside, arbutin.
HPLC analysis of extracts from callus tissue corroborates the
presence of hydroquinone in the cells of small everlasting.
Constitutive levels of a UDPG-dependent glucosyltransferase
were detected in cell-free extracts of this tissue. Although
this detoxification enzyme was induced in leafy spurge
suspension culture cells grown in the presence of
hydroquinone, the activity was six-fold lower than that
measured in small everlasting. Differential ability to
detoxify hydroquinone provides a basis for the observed
allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy
spurge.
102 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Differential inhibition of seed germination by sweetpotato
(Ipomoea batatas) root periderm extracts.
Peterson, J.K.; Harrison, H.F. Jr
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jan.
Weed science v. 39 (1): p. 119-123; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ipomoea batatas; Competitive ability; Abutilon
theophrasti; Amaranthus retroflexus; Cassia occidentalis;
Eclipta alba; Eleusine indica; Pharbitis purpurea; Panicum
miliaceum; Solanum nigrum; Seed germination; Germination
inhibitors; Allelopathins; Periderm; Sweet potato extract;
Bioassays; Allelopathy; Crop weed competition
Abstract: The effect of sequential hexane, ethyl acetate, and
aqueous methanol extracts of 'Regal' sweetpotato periderm on
seed germination of sweetpotato, proso millet, and seven weed
species was studied. The hexane extract, which contained the
nonpolar components of the periderm tissue, was least
inhibitory. It inhibited velvetleaf, proso millet, black
nightshade, and redroot pigweed germination, and maximum
inhibition was 56% for black nightshade at 200 mg of periderm
extracted ml-1. The ethyl acetate fraction was inhibitory to
proso millet, velvetleaf, black nightshade, goosegrass, tall
morningglory, coffee senna, and redroot pigweed. The estimated
I50(3) for ethyl acetate ranged from 17 mg periderm extracted
ml-1 for black nightshade to 201 mg ml-1 for coffee senna.
Sweetpotato, tall morningglory, and eclipta germination was
not inhibited by this extract at the concentrations tested.
The aqueous methanol extract was much more inhibitory than the
hexane or ethyl acetate extracts, and there was considerable
variation between species in response to this extract The I50
estimates for the aqueous methanol extract were 0.5, 0.6, 2.8,
4.4, 5.1, 9.6, 15.7, 21.0, and 25.8 mg ml-1 for velvetleaf,
proso millet, black nightshade, goosegrass, sweetpotato, tall
morningglory, eclipta, coffee senna, and pigweed,
respectively.
103 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783
Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. I.
Effect of stubble type and degree of decomposition.
Purvis, C.E.
Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization; 1990.
Australian journal of agricultural research v. 41 (2): p.
225-242. ill; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Triticum aestivum; Sowing date;
Yield response functions; Phytotoxicity; Stubble mulching;
Allelopathy
104 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783
Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. II.
Other factors influencing allelopathic potential;
intraspecific variation, soil type and stubble quantity.
Purvis, C.E.; Jones, G.P.D.
Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization; 1990.
Australian journal of agricultural research v. 41 (2): p.
243-251; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Triticum aestivum; Yield
response functions; Allelopathy; Growth; Inhibition;
Phytotoxicity; Seedling emergence; Soil types; Stubble
mulching
105 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Do defoliation and subsequent phytochemical responses reduce
future herbivory on oak trees?.
Faeth, S.H.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (6): p. 915-925; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Quercus; Defoliation; Responses; Chemical
composition; Leaves; Tannins; Protein content;
Allelochemicals; Defense; Chemical ecology
Abstract: Perennial plants are thought to respond to partial
or complete defoliation by producing new foliage that is less
susceptible to herbivores because of induction of
allelochemicals. Here, I tested this hypothesis by manually
removing primary foliage from branches of Quercus emoryi
(Fagaceae) at two different times in the season and monitoring
changes in protein and tannin levels and the amount of
herbivory relative to control branches. New, secondary leaves
had 2.5 X greater hydrolyzable tannin content than mature
foliage of control branches. Condensed tannins, which
constitute a relatively low fraction of leaf mass, were lower,
while protein content was temporarily greater, in new
secondary leaves relative to mature leaves. Despite large
increases in hydrolyzable tannins, herbivory levels were
greater on refoliated branches than on control branches. New
foliage is susceptible to herbivory regardless of when it is
produced in the season, possibly because lower toughness and
higher water content override any induced or developmentally
related changes in allelochemistry. My results do not support
the hypothesis that postherbivore changes in phytochemistry
protect perennial plants from future herbivory, at least
within a growing season.
106 NAL Call. No.: 450 J829
Dynamics of associations between plants in ten old fields
during 31 years of succession.
Myster, R.W.; Pickett, S.T.A.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific; 1992.
Journal of ecology v. 80 (2): p. 291-302; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New Jersey; Plant succession; Old fields;
Community ecology; Plant ecology; Plant competition;
Allelopathy
Abstract: The pattern of significant associations between
plants was examined in ten old fields during 31 years of
succession by calculating rank correlations for species pairs
in each old field during each sample year. Three hypotheses
were tested concerning the dynamics of species interactions
through succession, and correspondence was explored between
the pattern of association and published results from field
and glasshouse experiments. The proportion, number and level
of significance of associations between plants all declined
with time. Annuals and biennials had a higher portion of
significant associations and more positive associations than
perennial species. Plant species involved in many, significant
associations and implicated as actively interacting with other
species were generally neither native nor the most abundant.
Seventy per cent of the species analysed in the present study,
that had also been used in field and glasshouse experiments
demonstrating competition reported in the literature, were
involved in significant and repeated negative pairwise
associations. However, only 33% of species used in field and
glasshouse experiments demonstrating allelopathy showed such
correspondence. Grasses may be major inhibitory species
because they were involved in many significant negative plant
associations although they did not achieve high abundance in
these old fields. Lonicera japonica and Rosa multiflora were
woody species involved in many negative associations and may
play major roles by inhibiting later successional species.
Investigations into the role of species interactions during
succession may focus productively on those relatively few
species that are strongly associated. The timing and the
consequences of these associations may illumunate how
interaction mechanisms such as competition and alleopathy
structure successions.
107 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36
The ecological impact of allelopathy in Ailanthus altissima
(Simaroubaceae). Lawrence, J.G.; Colwell, A.; Sexton, O.J.
Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1991 Jul.
American journal of botany v. 78 (7): p. 948-958; 1991 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Missouri; Ailanthus altissima; Allelopathy; Plant
communities; Growth inhibitors; Species diversity; Toxicity;
Environmental factors
Abstract: Compounds inhibitory to the growth of neighboring
plant species were found in significant concentrations in the
leaves and stems of young Ailanthus altissima ramets. The
surrounding soil also contained appreciable concentrations of
similarly acting toxins. Individuals of neighboring plant
species have either incorporated active portions of inhibitory
compounds or responded to Ailanthus by producing growth-
inhibiting substances. Under greenhouse conditions,
individuals of neighboring plant species previously unexposed
to Ailanthus in the field were found to be more susceptible to
the Ailanthus toxins than individuals previously exposed.
Moreover, seeds produced by unexposed populations were also
more susceptible to Ailanthus toxins than seeds produced by
previously exposed populations. These differences demonstrated
that the allelochemicals of Ailanthus altissima exhibited a
measurable impact upon neighboring plant species. Since the
progeny of these populations displayed a differential response
to Ailanthus toxin, this phenotypic difference between the two
populations may have a heritable basis.
108 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effect of apiforol and apigeninidin on growth of selected
fungi. Schutt, C.; Netzly, D.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2261-2266; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Disease resistance; Allelopathy;
Seeds; Plant composition; Antifungal properties
Abstract: Selected fungi were grown on agar plates in the
presence of naringenin, apiforol, apiforol 7-O-
rhamnoglucoside, or apigeninidin. Of the four compounds
tested, only apigeninidin inhibited the growth of Fusarium
oxysporum, Gibberella zeae, Gliocladium roseum, Alternaria
solani, and Phytophthora infestans. In contrast, the growth of
Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Rhizopus
stolonifer (- and +) was not effected by any compound. Since
apigeninidin is present in seeds of Sorghum sp., we
hypothesize that apigeninidin may play a role in mold
resistance and that apiforol accumulates as a biosynthetic
precursor of apigeninidin, not as a fungal defense compound.
109 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effect of diacetyl piquerol on H+-ATPase activity of
microsomes from Ipomoea purpurea.
Cruz Ortega, R.; Anaya, A.L.; Gavilanes-Ruiz, M.; Sanchez
Nieto, S.; Jimenez Estrada, M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2253-2261; 1990 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pharbitis purpurea; Leaves; Microsomes;
Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity; Proton pump;
Allelopathy; Bioassays; Inhibition; Weedcontrol
Abstract: The effect of an allelopathic compound, diacetyl-
piquerol on the H+ -ATPase activity of the microsomal fraction
from the radicles of a common weed lpomoea purpurea was
studied. The diacetyl-piquerol inhibited the germination and
radicle growth from I. purpurea; the radicle growth was
increasingly inhibited (10% to 100%) as piquerol
concentrations were raised (10 micromole to 1000 micromole).
The H+ -ATPase activity was inhibited (48%) by 500 micromole
diacetyl-piquerol, and this inhibition was higher in plasma
membrane ATPase (67.2%) than in tonoplast membrane ATPase
(31.4%). Additional studies of the precise physiological
mechanisms of interference caused by allelopathic compounds
are needed.
110 NAL Call. No.: SD13.C35
The effect of host variability on growth and performance of
the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis.
Codella, S.G. Jr; Fogal, W.H.; Raffa, K.F.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1991 Nov.
Canadian journal of forest research; Journal canadien de
recherche forestiere v. 21 (11): p. 1668-1674; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pinus banksiana; Pinus strobus; Diprion similis;
Larvae; Host range; Growth; Foliage; Leaf age; Nutrient
content; Allelochemicals; Fecundity; Feeding behavior
Abstract: Diprion similis (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
was reared in the laboratory on Pinus banksiana Lamb. and
Pinus strobus L. from the second stadium through adult
emergence. Groups of larvae were fed current-year or previous
years' foliage from specific trees. Host species had a
significant, but limited, effect on D. similis growth and
performance. Foliar age had a stronger and more consistent
effect on development. In contrast with reports for other
diprionid species, previous years' needles had a consistently
greater adverse effect on D. similis performance than did new
growth. This suggests that there is a conflict between the
avoidance of host tissues with high allelochemical
concentrations and the avoidance of those with reduced
nutrient content. Larval survival did not vary between foliar
treatments, which suggests that the detrimental effects of
host diet are chronic rather than acute. Female fecundity was
strongly associated with cocoon weight, but the relationship
varied with host diet and diapause incidence, as did the
relative reproductive potential. Substantial between-tree
variability in insect performance indicates a potential for
resistance breeding programs. Tree rankings for each
performance variable were highly consistent, which would
permit the development of an expeditious screening procedure.
111 NAL Call. No.: S295.M3
Effect of maize residue on five maize hybrids.
Wahab, Z.B.; Kaspar, T.C.
Selangar : Malaysian Society of Applied Biology; 1990 Jun.
Malaysian applied biology : Biologi gunaan Malaysia v. 19 (1):
p. 29-36; 1990 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Hybrids; Rotations; Varietal reactions;
Varietal tolerance; Crop residues; Maize; Allelopathy;
Allelochemicals; Seedlings; Growth; Inhibition; Leaves;
Height; Roots; Shoots; Dry matter; Weight; Ratios; Crop growth
stage; Crop yield; Crop losses
112 NAL Call. No.: 470 AM36
The effect of nutrients and enriched CO2 environments on
production of carbon-based allelochemicals in Plantago: a test
of the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis.
Fajer, E.D.; Bowers, M.D.; Bazzaz, F.A.
Chicago, Ill. : University of Chicago Press; 1992 Oct.
The American naturalist v. 140 (4): p. 707-723; 1992 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plantago lanceolata; Carbon dioxide; Secondary
metabolites; Aucubin; Genotypes; Plant nutrition
113 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28
Effect of staling product from selected phylloplane fungi on
in vitro growth of two pathogenic fungi.
Singh, D.B.
Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec.
Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 256-259; 1990 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica nigra; Hordeum vulgare; Phylloplane
fungi; Alternaria brassicae; Drechslera; Culture filtrates;
Plant disease control; Allelopathins; Metabolites; Growth
inhibitors
114 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effect of temperature and sucrose concentration on
hydroquinone toxicity in leafy spurge suspension culture cells.
Hogan, M.E.; Manners, G.D.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Sep.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (9): p. 1541-1549; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Euphorbia esula; Callus; Cell suspensions;
Hydroquinone; Phytotoxicity; Sucrose; Temperature; Metabolic
detoxification; Allelopathy; Weed control; Antennaria
microphylla
Abstract: Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) suspension culture
cell bioassays were used to determine whether sucrose
accumulation enhanced the glucosylation (detoxification) of
hydroquinone in this noxious weed. The bioassay results
indicate that cold temperatures and exogenous hydroquinone
represent a dual stress to spurge cell growth that can be
partially ameliorated by hydrolysis of sucrose. The persistent
susceptibility of leafy spurge suggests that hydroquinone-
producing forage plants (which are not toxic to animals) might
be used as natural competitors.
115 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of cotton plant allelochemicals and nutrients on
behavior and development of tobacco budworm.
Hedin, P.A.; Parrott, W.L.; Jenkins, J.N.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1107-1121; 1991 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Pest resistance; Heliothis
virescens; Allelochemicals; Terpenoids; Gossypol;
Interactions; Amino acids; Insect control; Biological control
Abstract: Female moths of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis
virescens (F.), oviposit in the terminals of the cotton plant,
Gossypium hirsutum (L.). The hatched larvae migrate to the
terminal area and then to small squares (buds), on which they
feed, finally burrowing into the anthers where they grow and
develop. They attempt to avoid gossypol glands as they feed.
Chemically related evidence explains, in part, these
observations. The calyx crown of resistant lines (which is
avoided) is high in the terpenoid aldehydes (TAs) including
gossypol. HPLC data showed that the gossypol content of both
susceptible and resistant glanded lines is equal, while the
hemigossypolone and heliocides H1 and H2 are greatly increased
in resistant lines and presumably are more closely associated
with resistance. Analysis for total amino acids in cotton
square tissues showed that there was a gradation from the
calyx and calyx crown, which were lowest, to the anthers, the
site of final insect development, which were highest.
Synthetic diets mimicking amino acid distribution in anthers
were found to be successful for larval growth and development.
116 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of exogenously applied ferulic acid, a potential
allelopathic compound, on leaf growth, water utilization, and
endogenous abscisic acid levels of tomato, cucumber, and bean.
Holappa, L.D.; Blum, U.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (5): p. 865-886; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Cucumis sativus;
Phaseolus vulgaris; Allelopathy; Ferulic acid; Abscisic acid
Abstract: To determine the relative sensitivities of tomato,
cucumber, and bean to exogenously applied concentrations of
ferulic acid (FA) and to determine whether FA-induced stress
responses increase endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA),
wild-type and flacca (ABA-deficient mutant) tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig), cucumber,
(Cucumis sativus L. cv. Early Green Cluster), and bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Oregon 91) were treated with FA
(0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mM) in nutrient solution every other day
for a total of two or three treatments. FA inhibited leaf
growth and water utilization of wild-type tomato, flacca
tomato, and cucumber, but not of bean. Acclimation to FA was
observed following the first FA treatment and increased
endogenous ABA levels were found in wild-type tomato, flacca
tomato, and cucumber following multiple FA treatments.
Induction of ABA biosynthesis occurred in wild-type tomato
within 8 hr of FA treatment and maximum ABA levels were
observed 24 hr after treatment. At that time, ABA levels of
tomato treated with 0.4 and 0.8 mM FA were 13.7 times and 2.6
times higher than control levels, respectively. A second FA
(0.4 or 0.8 mM) treatment, 48 hr after the first, did not
appear to affect ABA levels. Ninety-six hours after the first
treatment, ABA levels of tomato treated with 0.4 mM FA
approached control levels; ABA levels of plants treated with
0.8 mM FA were 1.9 times higher than control levels. Control
ABA levels increased gradually with time. The data showed that
plant sensitivity and ability of subsequent acclimation to
phenolic acids, such as FA, were taxa dependent.
117 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of ferulic acid, and allelopathic compound, on net P,
K, and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root
system.
Lyu, S.W.; Blum, U.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Aug.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (8): p. 2429-2439; 1990 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Seedlings; Water uptake; Ferulic
acid; Allelopathy
Abstract: Since distribution of allelopathic compounds in
soils is highly variable, injurious effects by such compounds
should be related to the frequency of contact with roots.
Experiments were conducted to determine how P, K, and water
uptake of cucumber seedlings were affected as the fraction of
roots in contact with ferulic acid (FA) was increased.
Seedlings were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 14
days and then transferred to 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution for 24 hr
before being placed into a split-root culture system. The
containers in the system were filled with 0.5 mM
concentrations of KH2PO4 and CaSO4 or 0.5 mM concentrations of
KH2PO4, CaSO4, and ferulic acid (FA). Net uptake of P by
seedlings (milligrams per seedling) decreased in a curvilinear
(concave) manner as the fraction of the roots in contact with
FA increased. Net uptake of K (milligrams per seedling) and
water (milliliters per seedling) by seedlings decreased
linearly as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA
increased. Net uptake of P, K, and water by seedlings was
reduced 57, 75, and 29%, respectively, when the whole root
system was exposed to FA. Net P and K uptake of roots
(milligrams per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA
decreased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner,
respectively, as the fraction of roots in contact with FA
increased. Net P and K uptake of roots in contact with ferulic
acid increased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner,
respectively. Net water uptake of roots (milliliters per gram
root fresh weight) not in contact with FA increased in a
curvilinear (concave) manner as the frequency of the roots in
contact with FA increased. Net water uptake of roots in
contact with FA did not show a trend. Transpiration
(milliliters per square centimeter) was reduced in a linear
manner as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased.
A very slight compensation by roots not in contact with FA for
roots in contact with FA was observed for net water uptake
rate
118 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of juglone on growth, photosynthesis, and respiration.
Hejl, A.M.; Einhellig, F.A.; Rasmussen, J.A.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1993 Mar.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 19 (3): p. 559-568; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lemna minor; Glycine max; Juglone; Allelopathy;
Photosynthesis; Chloroplasts; Mitochondria; Respiration
Abstract: The impacts of juglone on plant growth and several
other physiological functions were evaluated in this study.
Juglone inhibited Lemna minor growth, chlorophyll content, and
net photosynthesis at treatments between 10 and 40 micromolar.
Soybean leaf disks vacuum infiltrated with as little as 10
micromolar juglone had reduced photosynthesis. Oxygen
evolution by chloroplasts isolated from Pisum sativum was
inhibited by juglone with an I50 of 2 micromolar. Micromolar
treatments of juglone stimulated oxygen uptake in mitochondria
isolated from Glycine max. These data suggest perturbations of
chloroplast and mitochondrial functions may contribute to
plant growth reductions observed in juglone-mediated
allelopathy.
119 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
Effects of kinetin formulations on allelochemicals and
agronomic traits of cotton.
Hedin, P.A.; McCarty, J.C. Jr
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 Mar.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 39 (3): p.
549-553; 1991 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Allelochemicals; Plant growth
regulators; Plantcomposition; Plant analysis; Yield increases
Abstract: Twelve candidate plant growth regulator
formulations were applied twice at two levels to fruiting
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Leaves and squares were
collected for analysis of allelochemicals (gossypol, tannin,
anthocyanin, flavonoids) at 3 and 5 weeks after the first
treatment. The plots were machine harvested one time to
determine yield. Seeds were delinted and analyzed for
agronomic traits and gossypol. Leaf gossypol and square
gossypol were the categories most frequently increased by the
bioregulators. Kinetin, and kinetin plus CaCl2 or Na2SeO3, and
mepiquat chloride (PIX) alone or with a commercial cytokinin
preparation (Foliar Triggrr) all increased gossypol and one or
more of the other allelochemicals significantly. A sugar-amino
acid fraction isolated from Foliar Triggrr increased cotton
yield by 26% when applied as a foliar dressing at 2.88 mol/ha,
as well as increasing gossypol. These results suggest that
plants under stress may respond positively to nutrient foliar
applications, giving both increased allelochemicals and
improved yield.
120 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of mixtures of four phenolic acids on leaf area
expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in Portsmouth B soil
materials.
Gerig, T.M.; Blum, U.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 29-40; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Seedlings; Leaves; Phenolic
acids; Allelopathy; Soil treatment; Leaf area
Abstract: Cucumber seedlings growing in a 1:2 mixture of soil
(Portsmouth B1) and sand adjusted to pH 5.2 were treated every
other day five times with 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5
micromoles/g soil of ferulic, caffeic, p-coumaric, p-
hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, sinapic, syringic, or vanillic
acids. Treatments began when seedlings were 8 days old. The
effects on mean absolute rates of leaf expansion were used to
estimate the relative potencies of these phenolic acids to
ferulic acid. Based on the results of this experiment,
ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids were
chosen for further study. Materials and procedures were
identical in the second study, but treatments consisted of
mixtures of the four phenolic acids at concentration
combinations designed to achieve 40% or 60% inhibition of
absolute rates of leaf expansion. Using joint action analysis,
a model describing the action of the phenolic acid mixtures
was developed. A model involving only two factor terms was
sufficient to describe the observed responses of cucumber leaf
area to the phenolic acid mixtures. The action of p-
hydroxybenzoic acid on absolute rates of leaf expansion was
inhibited by the presence of the other three phenolic acids.
No other antagonisms or synergisms existed among the four
compounds.
121 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44
Effects of phenolic acids on ammonia oxidation by terrestrial
autrotrophic nitrifying microorganisms.
McCarty, G.W.; Bremner, J.M.; Schmidt, E.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Jul.
FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European
Microbiological Societies v. 85 (4): p. 345-350; 1991 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nitrosomonas; Nitrosolobus; Nitrobacteraceae;
Nitrification; Ammonia; Oxidation; Nitrites; Caffeic acid; P-
coumaric acid; Ferulic acid; Vegetation; Allelopathy
Abstract: It has been hypothesized that vegetation in certain
ecosystems inhibits nitrification in soil by producing
phenolic compounds that inhibit oxidation of ammonia by
nitrifying microorganisms. This hypothesis is based largely on
a report that very low concentrations (10(-6) M-10(-8) M) of
several phenolic acids (notably ferulic acid) completely
inhibited NO2-production in an aqueous suspension of soil
treated with (NH4)2SO4 and a nutrient solution suitable for
growth of Nitrosomonas and other autotrophic nitrifying
microorganisms. To evaluate this hypothesis, we determined the
effects of three phenolic acids (ferulic acid, caffeic acid,
and p-coumaric acid) on nitrite production by representatives
of three genera of terrestrial autotrophic nitrifying
microorganisms (Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, or Nitrosolobus)
grown on a defined medium containing NH4+. We found that
nitrite production by the Nitrosospira was not inhibited by
ferulic acid, caffeic acid, or p-coumaric acid at
concentrations of 10(-6) or 10(-5) M and was only slightly
inhibited when these acids were at a concentration of 10(-4)
M. We also found that ferulic acid did not markedly inhibit
nitrite production by the three genera of nitrifying
microorganisms studied, even when its concentration was as
high as 10(-3) M. These observations invalidate the hypothesis
tested because the phenolic acids studied did not
significantly retard ammonia oxidation by autotrophic
microorganisms even when their concentration in cultures of
these microorganisms greatly exceeded their concentrations in
soils.
122 NAL Call. No.: QK745.P55
Effects of phenolic acids on germination and seedling growth
of corn (Zea mays), radish (Raphanus sativus), and peanut
(Arachis hypogaea). El Abdaoui, F.; Foy, C.L.
Frederick, Md.: Plant Growth Regulator Society of America;
1993 Apr. Quarterly - PGRSA v. 21 (2): p. 49-63; 1993 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Raphanus sativus; Arachis hypogaea;
Seed germination; Seedling growth; Phytotoxicity; Gallic acid;
Vanillic acid; Ferulic acid; Allelochemicals
123 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A1I57
Effects of plant flavonoids and other allelochemicals on
insect cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase
activity.
Mitchell, M.J.; Keogh, D.P.; Crooks, J.R.; Smith, S.L.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1993 Jan.
Insect biochemistry and molecular biology v. 23 (1): p. 65-71;
1993 Jan. Special issue: Ecdysone: from biosynthesis to
regulation of gene expression. Papers from the Xth Ecdysone
Workshop, April 6-9, 1992, Liverpool, England. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant extracts; Allelochemicals; Flavonoids;
Insecticidal action; Aedes aegypti; Drosophila melanogaster;
Manduca sexta; Molting hormones; Cytochrome p-450; Enzyme
activity; Oxygenases
Abstract: The plant flavonoids flavone, chrysin, apigenin,
kaempferol, morin, quercetin, myricetin and phloretin were
found to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the cytochrome
P450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated
with adult female Aedes aegypti, wandering stage larvae of
Drosophila melanogaster, and fat body and midgut from
prewandering and wandering stage last instar larvae of Manduca
sexta. The concentrations of these flavonoids required to
elicit a 50% inhibition of the steroid hydroxylase activity in
all the insects ranged from ca 1 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-5) M. In
addition, lower concentrations (1 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-6) M) of
the flavonoids kaempferol, morin, quercetin and myricetin
significantly stimulated (50-100% above control) M. sexta fat
body ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity. Other plant
allelochemicals examined and found to significantly inhibit
insect ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity include
corynanthine, quinidine, and quinine; whereas, indican and
mimosine were found to significantly stimulate M. sexta fat
body steroid hydroxylase activity. Several allelochemicals
were without effect at all concentrations tested. Although
none of the compounds tested in this study elicited effects at
very low concentrations (1 X 10(-9) to 1 X 10(-8) M), the in
vitro monooxygenase radioassay does hold considerable promise
as a screening toot for the detection and identification of
plant allelochemicals which may function as biopesticides
affecting insect ecdysteroidogenesis.
124 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of salicylic acid on growth and stomatal movements of
Vicia faba L.: evidence for salicylic acid metabolization.
Manthe, B.; Schulz, M.; Schnabl, H.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Sep.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (9): p. 1525-1539; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia faba; Salicylic acid; Allelopathy; Growth;
Shoots; Sprout inhibition; Metabolic detoxification;
Transpiration
Abstract: The influence of salicylic acid on the growth and
stomatal movements of Vicia faba L. was investigated. Whereas
shoot length, fresh weight, and transpiration rates, which are
directly correlated with stomatal pore widths, were only
affected at salicylic acid concentrations higher than 3.5 mM
after long-term treatments, guard cells in epidermal peels
exhibited a high sensitivity at concentrations as low as 0.001
mM, resulting in stomatal closing. HPLC analysis of methanolic
extracts from roots and leaves revealed the presence of free
salicylic acid and a metabolite, whose amount increased with
time in plants previously incubated with a medium containing
salicylic acid. The possible ability of Vicia faba to detoxify
the phenolic acid may be one explanation of the discrepancy
between the stomatal reaction in epidermal peels directly
treated with the phenolic acid and after application through
the transpiration stream. The results indicate that, under
natural conditions, salicylic acid will not act as an
allelopathic compound whose toxic properties severely affect
the growth of Vicia faba.
125 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82
Effects of sericea lespedeza residues on warm-season grasses.
Kalburtji, K.L.; Mosjidis, J.A.
Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1992 Sep.
Journal of range management v. 45 (5): p. 441-444; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lespedeza cuneata; Litter (plant); Plant
residues; Allelopathy; Cynodon dactylon; Paspalum notatum;
Seed germination; Seedling emergence; Inhibition; Cultivars;
Varietal susceptibility; Tolerance; Nitrogen fertilizers
Abstract: Soil incorporation of sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza
cuneata (Dum. de Cours) G. Don.] residues has been reported to
inhibit growth of some forage grasses. No information is
available on the performance of sericea lespedeza grown in
association with warm-season perennial grasses. Laboratory and
greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if sericea
lespedeza residues affect seed germination and seedling growth
of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and bahiagrass
(Paspalum notatum Flugge); if any such response was cultivar
dependent; and if the response was subject to manipulation by
N fertilization. Sericea lespedeza residues inhibited
bermudagrass and bahiagrass growth, but did not affect their
seed germination and emergence. No differences among cultivars
of bermudagrass and bahiagrass in response to sericea
lespedeza residues were found in the greenhouse. Nevertheless,
differences among bermudagrass cultivars for tolerance to
sericea lespedeza residues were observed in the laboratory.
The harmful effects of sericea lespedeza residues were small
(17 and 16% reduction of dry weight for bermudagrass and
bahiagrass, respectively) compared to the positive effects of
N fertilization.
126 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of soil nitrogen level on ferulic acid inhibition of
cucumber leaf expansion.
Klein, K.; Blum, U.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Apr.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (4): p. 1371-1383; 1990 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Leaves; Allelopathy; Ferulic
acid; Soil chemistry; Nitrogen content; Seedlings; Growth
Abstract: It has been suggested that the allelopathic
activity of phenolic acids should be primarily important in
soils of low fertility. if this is true, then plant growth
inhibition by phenolic acids may be unimportant in managed
agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to
determine how soil nitrogen (N) level might modify phenolic
acid inhibition of growth. Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus
cv Early Green Cluster) grown in containers in growth chambers
under varying N levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 micrograms N/g
soil) in Portsmouth B1-horizon soil material were treated with
ferulic acid (0 or 10 micrograms/g soil). Nitrogen and ferulic
acid (FA) were applied every other day to the soil surface.
The amount of FA in the soil solution declined with depth in
the containers. A more rapid disappearance of FA from the soil
solution was observed for the last FA treatment (O% recovered
after 10 hr on day 23) than the first treatment (44% recovered
after 10 hr on day 13). Both low N (5 micrograms N/g soil) and
FA treatments reduced shoot dry weight, the mean absolute
(AGR) and the mean relative (RGR) rates of leaf expansion, and
increased the root-shoot ratio. High N treatments reduced
shoot dry weight and the AGR. Ferulic acid inhibited cucumber
seedling growth over a range of N concentrations, suggesting
that the allelopathic activity of phenolic acids may be
important in both nutrient limiting and nonlimiting soils for
some species.
127 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of some compounds isolated from Celaenodendron
mexicanum Standl (Euphorbiaceae) on seeds and phytopathogenic
fungi.
Castaneda, P.; Garcia, M.R.; Hernandez, B.E.; Torres, B.A.;
Anaya, A.L.; Mata, R.; Effects of some compounds isolated from
Celaenodendron mexicanum Standl (Euphorbiaceae) on seeds and
phytopathogenic fun
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Jul.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (7): p. 1025-1037; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mexico; Cabt; Euphorbiaceae; Plant composition;
Flavones; Triterpenoids; Structure; Spectral data; Bioassays;
Allelopathy; Seeds; Plant pathogenic fungi
Abstract: The known compounds friedelin, maytensifolin B,
ginkgetin, bilobetin, and amentoflavone as well as the new
triterpene 3 beta-hydroxyfriedelan-16-one were isolated from
Celaenodendron mexicanum (Euphorbiaceae), an endemic tree of
the Pacific Ocean coast of Mexico. The compounds' structures
were established on the basis of spectral analysis. The
biological effects of aqueous leachates, a CHCl3-MeOH extract
and the isolated compounds of leaves and twigs were evaluated
on the radicle growth of two plants, Amaranthus leucocarpus
and Echinchloa crusgalli, and on the radial growth of three
phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., and
Alternaria sp. The organic extracts of both leaves and twigs
inhibited Amaranthus and stimulated Echinchloa radicle growth.
On the contrary, friedelin and maytensifolin B stimulated
Amaranthus and inhibited Echinochloa. The target fungi showed
a different response to each treatment, from inhibition to
stimulation.
128 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4
Effects of the allelochemical, alpha-tomatine, on the soybean
looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Gallardo, F.; Boethel, D.J.
Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1990 Jul.
Journal of entomological science v. 25 (3): p. 376-382; 1990
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Pest resistance;
Pseudoplusia includens; Allelopathins; Alpha-tomatine; Diets;
Larvae; Pupae; Weight gain; Maturation period; Survival;
Growth rate
129 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Evaluation of flavonoids in Gossypium arboreum (L.) cottons as
potential source of resistance to tobacco budworm.
Hedin, P.A.; Jenkins, J.N.; Parrott, W.L.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Feb.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (2): p. 105-114; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium arboreum; Heliothis virescens; Pest
resistance; Flavonoids; Plant composition; Allelochemicals;
Insect control; Biological control
Abstract: Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been
investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm
[Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored
petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals.
However, we found that larvae fed G. arboreum squares (buds)
grew about equally compared with those fed squares from
commercial G. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance
was found in several G. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In
our investigation of allelochemicals, G. arboreum lines were
found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds),
and petals than G. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were
significantly higher in G. arboreum lines only in petals. Of
22 G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed
to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval
growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval
survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were
isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW,
moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated
toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid
isolates from G. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent
flavonoids, all previously found in G. arboreum plant tissues,
were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside,
neither of which were present in G. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin
3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3'-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0-
glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both
species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0-
glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was
estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be
contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding.
130 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Evidence for allelopathy by tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus
altissima). Heisey, R.M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 2039-2055; 1990 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ailanthus altissima; Allelopathy; Root exudates;
Phytotoxicity; Succession
Abstract: Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle contains one or
more phytotoxic compounds in roots and leaves. Activity is
higher in roots, where it occurs primarily in the bark.
Powdered root bark and lealfets strongly inhibited growth of
garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) when mixed with soil in
Petri dishes (ID50 values = 0.03 g root bark, 0.6 g
leaflet/dish). The toxic material was readily extracted by
methanol but not dichloromethane. Pieces of root bark mixed
with soil at 2, 1, and 0.5 g/pot reduced cress biomass in the
greenhouse, whereas methanol-extracted root bark did not. The
inhibitory effect of Ailanthus tissues in soil was short-lived
(less than or equal to 4 weeks in pots in greenhouse, less
than or equal to 3 days in Petri dishes in laboratory).
Inhibition by root bark was sometimes superseded by
stimulation. Fresh Ailanthus root segments placed in or on
soil reduced growth of nearby cress seedlings. Fine roots were
more inhibitory than coarse, and inhibition became more
pronounced with increased time of soil exposure to roots. Soil
collected near Ailanthus roots in the field supported reduced
radicle growth of cress compared to control soil. In contrast,
stemflow from Ailanthus trees stimulated cress growth. The
results suggest allelopathy caused by toxin exudation from
roots may contribute to the aggressiveness and persistence of
Ailanthus in certain habitats.
131 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Evidence that sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is allelopathic
to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus).
Harrison, H.F. Jr; Peterson, J.K.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr.
Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 308-312; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: South Carolina; Ipomoea batatas; Allelopathy;
Cyperus esculentus; Weed control; Biological control;
Competitive ability; Crop weed competition; Roots; Growth
rate; Inhibition; Plant extracts; Periderm; Crop yield; Tubers
Abstract: In field studies, 'Regal' sweet potato greatly
reduced yellow nutsedge growth when the two species were grown
together using standard cultural practices. At the end of the
growing season, yellow nutsedge shoot dry weight per m2, in
plots where the two species were planted together was less
than 10% of shoot weight in plots where nutsedge was grown
alone. Presence of yellow nutsedge did not markedly affect
sweet potato growth. When grown together in a greenhouse
experiment designed to minimize the competitive effects of
sweet potato on yellow nutsedge, yellow nutsedge growth was
reduced more than 50% by sweet potato 8 and 12 weeks after
planting. The most polar fraction of serially extracted sweet
potato periderm tissue was highly inhibitory to yellow
nutsedge root growth. These results indicate that sweet potato
interference with yellow nutsedge under field conditions is
partially due to allelopathy.
132 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82
Factors affecting weeping lovegrass seedling vigor on shinnery
oak range. Matizha, W.; Dahl, B.E.
Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1991 May.
Journal of range management v. 44 (3): p. 223-227; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Texas; Eragrostis curvula; Seedlings; Vigor; Crop
establishment; Quercus havardii; Rangelands; Environmental
factors; Plant competition; Allelopathy; Cenchrus incertus;
Plant residues; Nitrogen fertilizers; Seedbed preparation
Abstract: Low vigor of seedlings and stand failures plague
many revegetation efforts in semiarid and arid rangelands.
Phototoxicity, sandbur (Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis)
competition, seedbed preparation (plowing vs. disking), and
nitrogen (N) fertilization were studied as reasons for low
vigor of Ermelo weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula Schrad.)
Nees] seedlings on sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii Rydb.)
range in west Texas. Oak leaf residue and sandbur-dominated
grass residue extracts did not affect seed germination and
initial shoot growth of lovegrass seedlings. However, these
residue extracts reduced root length 92% and 21%,
respectively. Survival of weeping lovegrass seedlings was not
affected by even 65 sandbur plants/m2. But, herbage yield was
reduced 65, 72, and 79% with 30, 45, and 65 sandbur plants/m2.
Early in the growing season, unfertilized plowed (P) plots had
5.6 ppm N in the 10-20 cm soil layer compared to a maximum of
3.9 ppm on other seedbed treatments. In the surface 10 cm, the
P plots had less N than the disked plots. Surface-applied N
fertilizer accumulated in the upper 10 cm of soil and promoted
weed growth without improving weeping lovegrass stands or
seedling vigor. Weeping lovegrass seedling vigor was greatest
on P and least on disked plots. Thus, plowing buried weed
seeds better, put resident N more deeply into the soil for
better root uptake, removed allelopathic residues from
seedling contact better, and provided for much higher seedling
vigor than the disked seedbeds.
133 NAL Call. No.: QP33.J681
Fate of plant-derived secondary metabolites in three moth
species (Syntomis mogadorensis, Syntomeida epilais, and
Creatonotos transiens). Wink, M.; Schneider, D.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990.
Journal of comparative physiology : B : Biochemical,
systematic, and environmental physiology v. 160 (4): p.
389-400; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nerium oleander; Plants; Lepidoptera; Larvae;
Allelochemicals; Secondary metabolites; Alkaloids; Feeding
preferences; Metabolism
134 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Fatty acid incorporation in the biosynthesis of anacardic
acids of geraniums. Walters, D.S.; Craig, R.; Mumma, R.O.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.
Phytochemistry v. 29 (6): p. 1815-1822. ill; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pelargonium; Hybrids; Anacardic acid;
Biosynthesis; Fatty acids; Trichomes; Chemical composition;
Allelopathins; Insect pests; Insect control; Pest resistance;
Radioactive tracers
135 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
Feeding and growth responses of laboratory and field strains
of velvetbean caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to food
nutrient level and allelochemicals.
Slansky, F. Jr; Wheeler, G.S.
Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct.
Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1717-1730; 1992
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Anticarsia gemmatalis; Larvae; Diets; Feeding;
Food consumption; Growth; Laboratory rearing; Responses
Abstract: The performance of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner)
larvae from a laboratory colony in existence for > 100
generations was compared in several experiments with that of
larvae from the field (first generation). In general, field-
strain larvae exhibited prolonged development and a lower
biomass-relative growth rate (RGR) when fed an artificial diet
because of their slower biomass-relative consumption rate
(RCR), compared with laboratory-strain larvae. In contrast,
laboratory-strain larvae grew more slowly than field-strain
larvae when both were fed foliage of the wild legume
Indigofera hirsuta L., a larval foodplant of A. gemmatalis in
the field. This slower growth rate was associated with a
reduced efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass
(ECD); the RCR of laboratory- and field-strain larvae fed
foliage did not differ significantly. When fed artificial
diets with progressively reduced nutrient levels (as a
percentage of fresh mass, fm), larvae of both strains
compensated similarly by consuming more food (fm) at a faster
rate (RCRfm). Nonetheless, total nutrient intake, biomass
gain, pupal dry mass (percent fin), and pupal lipid content
(percent dry mass, dm) for both strains declined on the diet
with the lowest nutrient level. Nutrient utilization
efficiencies also changed on the most diluted diet; for both
strains, approximate digestibility of nutrients (ADnu)
increased and ECDnu decreased. When fed artificial diet
containing either the phenylcoumarin isoflavonoid, coumestrol
(an 'evolutionarily familiar' allelochemical to A.
gemmatalis), or the methylxanthine alkaloid, caffeine (an
'evolutionarily novel' compound to this species),
significantly higher mortality occurred among field-strain
larvae. Whether this difference was caused by their inherently
greater sensitivity to these allelochemicals compared with the
laboratory-strain larvae, or to the synergistic effect of the
additional stress imposed on them from consuming the
artificial diet, was not det
136 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Field apparatus for testing allelopathy of annual bluegrass on
creeping bentgrass.
Brede, A.D.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Sep.
Crop science v. 31 (5): p. 1372-1374; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris; Crop weed
competition; Poa annua; Competitive ability; Allelopathy;
Leachates; Field experimentation; Apparatus; Design; Golf
green soils
Abstract: Golf-course superintendents have long observed the
competitive nature of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) as a
weed on creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var.
palustris (Huds.) Farw.] putting greens. Allelopathy has been
suggested as a contributing factor in this competitiveness.
This study tested the allelopathy hypothesis under putting-
green conditions using a modified field approach of the
conventional stair-step experimental procedure. Annual blue-
grass and creeping bentgrass sand putting greens, each 297 m2,
were established, and leachate from these greens was used to
irrigate replicated sand-based creeping bentgrass test greens.
Moisture sensing and irrigation of the test plots were under
continuous electronic control. The leachate sampling and
delivery system functioned flawlessly throughout the 2-yr
period, in spite of weather extremes (>40 degrees C). After
two growing seasons of monthly monitoring, no consistent
effects on turf color, foliar ground cover, shoot density, or
disease incidence were found in the test green to indicate
allelopathy.
137 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Floral volatiles of Tanacetum vulgare L. attractive to Lobesia
botrana Den. et Schiff. females.
Gabel, B.; Thiery, D.; Suchy, V.; Marion-Poll, F.; Hradsky,
P.; Farkas, P. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (5): p. 693-701; 1992 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Tanacetum vulgare; Lobesia botrana; Vitis
vinifera; Flowers; Extracts; Plant composition;
Allelochemicals; Terpenoids; Smell; Insect control
Abstract: The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia
botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are
attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.),
which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam
distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a
GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the
olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC
peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an
EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N = 15): p-
cymene, d-limonene, alpha-thujene, alpha-thujone, beta-
thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and
piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a
synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent
attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host
plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed.
138 NAL Call. No.: QL542.C38 1993
Foraging with finesse: caterpillar adaptations for
circumventing plant defenses.
Dussourd, D.E.
New York : Chapman & Hall; 1993.
Caterpillars : ecological and evolutionary constraints on
foraging / edited by Nancy E. Stamp and Timothy M. Casey. p.
92-131; 1993. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lepidoptera; Feeding behavior; Adaptability;
Plant composition; Defense mechanisms; Allelochemicals
139 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Formononetin 7-O-glucoside (ononin), an additional growth
inhibitor in soils associated with the weed, Pluchea
lanceolata (DC) C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae). Inderjit; Dakshini,
K.M.M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (5): p. 713-718; 1992 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pluchea; Allelopathy; Phytotoxins; Soil analysis;
Phenolic compounds; Bioassays; Seed germination; Flavonoids;
Inhibition; Weed control
Abstract: Formononetin 7-O-glucoside (ononin), an
isoflavonoid, was isolated from the soils of cultivated areas
associated with the perennial weed, Pluchea lanceolata.
Aqueous solutions of this compound inhibited significantly
root and shoot growth of mustard at 1 X 10(-4) M, 5 X 10(-4)
M, and 1 X 10(-3) M. The level of inhibition was similar to
that of hesperidin and taxifolin 3-arabinoside, as reported
earlier. The potential allelopathic effect of this compound
under field conditions is discussed.
140 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B5
Genetic variation in response of the gypsy moth to aspen
phenolic glycosides. Lindroth, R.L.; Weisbrod, A.V.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Biochemical systematics and ecology v. 19 (2): p. 97-103;
1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lymantria dispar; Genetic variation; Populus;
Phenolic compounds; Glycosides; Detoxification; Feeding;
Esterases; Enzyme activity; Allelochemicals
Abstract: We investigated genetic variation in response of a
wild strain of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar, to phenolic
glycosides isolated from Populus. For 12 families, first
instar survival varied little among family groups fed a
control artificial diet, but LT50, values differed
significantly among groups fed an artificial diet containing
phenolic glycosides. First instar survival rates were
positively correlated with esterase enzyme activity. Relative
growth rates of fourth instars were influenced by diet and by
family. A nearly significant diet X family interaction term
indicates that family (genotype) influences gypsy moth
response to phenolic glycosides. Prior consumption of phenolic
glycosides induced esterase activity in fifth instars.
Esterase activity was influenced by diet, family and diet X
family interaction. Genetic variation in esterase activity may
explain variation in larval response to phenolic glycosides.
141 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82
Germination of 2 legumes in leachate from introduced grasses.
Fulbright, N.; Fulbright, T.E.
Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1990 Sep.
Journal of range management v. 43 (5): p. 466-467; 1990 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dichanthium annulatum; Introduced species;
Cenchrus ciliaris; Phytotoxins; Leachates; Germination
inhibitors; Desmanthus; Cassia; Seed germination; Allelopathy;
Phytotoxicity
142 NAL Call. No.: QL496.J68
Heritable differences in the response of the braconid wasp
Microplitis croceipes to volatile allelochemicals.
Prevost, G.; Lewis, W.J.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing; 1990 May.
Journal of insect behavior v. 3 (3): p. 277-287; 1990 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glabromicroplitis croceipes; Parasitoids; Animal
behavior; Heritability; Allelochemicals
143 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Hesperetin 7-rutinoside (Hesperidan) and taxifolin 3-
arabinoside as germination and growth inhibitors in soils
associated with the weed, Pluchea lanceolata (DC) C.B. Clarke
(Asteraceae).
Inderjit; Dakshini, K.M.M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Aug.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (8): p. 1585-1591; 1991 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pluchea; Plant composition; Allelopathy; Seed
germination; Bioassays; Extracts; Phenolic compounds; Weed
control
Abstract: Hesperetin 7-rutinoside (Hesperidin) and taxifolin
3-arabinoside were detected in the soils associated with the
rapidly spreading perennial weed, Pluchea lanceolata. In the
present investigations, inhibitory potential of the aqueous
extracts of the two compounds was established and confirmed
through growth experiments pertaining to seed germination and
seedling growth of radish, mustard, and tomato, with 10(-4) M
solutions or the authentic samples. The significance of the
water-soluble compounds present in the rhizosphere zones of
the weed and its interference potential is commented upon.
144 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
High-affinity juvenile hormone binding to fat body cytosolic
proteins of the bollworm, Heliothis zea: characterization and
interaction with allelochemicals and xenobiotics.
Muehleisen, D.P.; Plapp, F.W. Jr; Benedict, J.H.; Carino, F.A.
Duluth, Minn. : Academic Press; 1990 May.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 37 (1): p. 64-73;
1990 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Heliothis zea; Larvae; Fat body;
Carrier proteins; Binding site; Juvenile hormones;
Competition; Analogs; Displacement; Methoprene; Ocimene;
Myrcene; Gossypol; Stereochemistry
145 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28
In vitro inhibitory activity of some rhizosphere fungi of
soybean against Sclerotium rolfsii SACC growth.
Deb, P.R.
Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec.
Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 159-162; 1990 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Aspergillus; Fusarium; Penicillium;
Trichoderma; Corticium rolfsii; Growth inhibitors; Culture
filtrates; Rhizosphere fungi; Allelopathins; Metabolites
146 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56
In vitro reactions of Cladosporium caryigenum with pecan
condensed tannins and isoquercitrin.
Laird, D.W.; Graves, C.H. Jr; Hedin, P.A.
St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1990
Feb. Phytopathology v. 80 (2): p. 147-150; 1990 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Carya pecan; Leaves; Plant extracts; Tannins;
Isoquercitrin; Allelopathins; In vitro; Cladosporium; Growth
rate; Growth retardation; Disease resistance; Fungicidal
properties; Bioassays
Abstract: In vitro growth of Cladosporium caryigenum, the
pecan scab incitant, was significantly inhibited by condensed
tannin and isoquercitrin, allelochemicals that had been
extracted from freeze-dried pecan leaves (Carya illinoensis
cv. Van Deman). Nine isolates of C. caryigenum varied in their
responses to condensed tannin at a concentration of 4,000
microgram/ml. Even the most tolerant isolate was inhibited at
concentrations of 4,000 microgram/ml and above. Isoquercitrin
at 4,000 microgram/ml was about two to four times more
inhibitory than tannin to growth of three isolates of C.
caryigenum, and differences were found in the tolerance of the
three isolates to isoquercitrin.
147 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
In vivo effect of mixtures of allelochemicals on the life
cycle of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis.
Bernard, C.B.; Arnason, J.T.; Philogene, B.J.R.; Lam, J.;
Waddell, T. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990 Oct.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 57 (1): p. 17-22;
1990 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ostrinia nubilalis; Plant pests; Growth; Life
cycle; Mortality; Toxicity; Allelochemicals; Compositae;
Insecticidal action; Plant extracts
148 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
Induction of aldrin epoxidation and glutathione S-transferase
in te mite Rhizoglyphus robini.
Capua, S.; Cohen, E.; Gerson, U.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Apr.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 59 (1): p. 43-50;
1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Allium sativum; Daucus carota; Rhizoglyphus
robini; Aldrin; Allelochemicals; Enzyme activity; Epoxides;
Glutathione transferase; Pesticide resistance; Pesticides;
Toxic substances
149 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Influence of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis components on
callus induction and growth.
Kil, B.S.; Yun, K.W.; Lee, S.Y.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Aug.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (8): p. 1455-1462; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Artemisia princeps; Allelopathy; Essential oils;
Plant composition; Callus
Abstract: An in vitro study was performed to determine the
potential application of tissue culture in determining
allelopathic potential of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis
(wormwood). Aqueous extracts and volatile substances of A.
princeps var. orientalis were tested to determine their
effects on callus induction and growth of several tested
species. Extracts of 5% A. princeps var. orientalis caused
some reduction in concentration, induction, and growth of
callus, although they looked normal, whereas the explants of
most receptor plants did not develop callus at higher
concentration. Lettuce and Eclipta prostrata were the most
sensitive species, and A. princeps var. orientalis was
affected by its own extracts. The growth of calluses in MS 121
medium treated with essential oil of A. princeps var.
orientalis was inhibited, and the degree of inhibition was
proportional to the concentration of the essential oil.
150 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7
Influence of light on plant allelochemicals: a synergistic
defense in higher plants.
Downum, K.R.; Swain, L.A.; Faleiro, L.J.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991.
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 17 (4): p.
201-211; 1991. Paper presented at a symposium on biochemical
strategies of offense and defense at the plant-insect
interface, 1989, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Costa Rica; Insect pests; Pest resistance;
Phototoxins; Allelochemicals
Abstract: Plant phototoxins are broad-spectrum biocides which
adversely affect an array of potential plant enemies,
including among others disease-causing pathogens, nematodes,
insect herbivores, and competing plant species. Thus far,
plants which contain these broad-spectrum allelochemicals have
been found to occur in open habitats (i.e., in full sunlight)
where a defensive mechanism mediated by light would seem to
operate most effectively. The levels of available light in
shaded environments, although considerably lower than full sun
(1-10% of full sun), are equivalent to the intensities of
light used to kill phototoxin-treated insects in laboratory
studies. This suggests that phototoxic reactions might mediate
important organismal interactions in shaded environments as
well. In this study, more than 230 Costa Rican rainforest
plants were bioassayed for phototoxic metabolites in an effort
to ascertain their prevalence among plants growing in moderate
to extreme shade. Microbial bioassays, employing Bacillus
cereus (a gram positive bacterium), Escherichia coli (a gram
negative bacterium), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast)
were used to rapidly and sensitively indicate phototoxic
action and potential for insecticidal action. Tissue extracts
from 12 plant families tested positive for phototoxins. This
is the first report of phototoxins occurring in eight of those
families (Acanthaceae, Campanulaceae, Gesnariaceae,
Loganiaceae, Malpigaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Piperaceae, and
Sapotaceae). The presence of phototoxins in rainforest plants
suggests that phototoxic plant allelochemicals may function as
important defenses in low-light, as well as high-light,
environments.
151 NAL Call. No.: QL391.N4J62
Influence of nonhost plants on population decline of
Rotylenchulus reniformis. Caswell, E.P.; DeFrank, J.; Apt,
W.J.; Tang, C.S.
Lake Alfred, Fla. : Society of Nematologists; 1991 Jan.
Journal of nematology v. 23 (1): p. 91-98; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hawaii; Rotylenchulus reniformis; Chloris gayana;
Crotalaria juncea; Digitaria decumbens; Tagetes patula;
Allelopathy; Chitin; Soil amendments; Nematode control;
Population dynamics
152 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412
Influence of pasture grass and legume swards on seedling
emergence and growth of Carduus nutans L. and Cirsium vulgare
L.
Wardle, D.A.; Rahman, A.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Apr.
Weed research v. 32 (2): p. 119-128; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pastures; Dactylis glomerata; Phalaris aquatica;
Lolium perenne; Bromus catharticus; Holcus lanatus; Festuca
arundinacea; Medicago sativa; Trifolium pratense; Trifolium
subterraneum; Trifolium repens; Crop weed competition; Carduus
nutans; Cirsium vulgare; Seedling emergence; Growth rate;
Inhibition; Weed control; Biological control; Allelopathy
153 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Influence of phenolic acids on microbial populations in the
rhizosphere of cucumber.
Shafer, S.R.; Blum, U.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Feb.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (2): p. 369-389; 1991 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Rhizosphere; Allelopathy;
Ferulic acid; Coumaric acids; Vanillic acid; Soil bacteria;
Soil fungi
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine whether
changes in soil microbial populations that occur in response
to additions of certain allelopathic phenolic acids to bulk
soil also occur in the rhizosphere. Cucumber seedlings were
transplanted into cups containing a nutrient-enriched mixture
of Portsmouth B, soil and sand and were watered five times
(once every 48 hr) with aqueous solutions of ferulic, p-
coumaric, or vanillic acid (each at 0, 0.25, or 0.50
micromoles/g soil material). Nutrient solution was applied on
alternate days. Leaf growth was suppressed by up to 42% by
phenolic acids, but changes in root growth varied with the
compound and concentration in solution. Significant increases
(over 600% relative to controls) in populations of fast-
growing bacteria in the rhizosphere were detected after two
but not after five treatments, and increases (400% relative to
controls) in numbers of fungal propagules were detected after
five treatments. Such increases suggested that chronic
exposure to a phenolic acid might result in high populations
of rhizosphere microorganisms that could metabolize the
compounds and thus alter observable responses by the plant. To
test this, plants were watered repeatedly with a low-
concentration solution of ferulic acid (chronic treatments,
0.0 or 0.1 micromoles/g soil material in one experiment, 0.000
or 0.025 micromoles/g soil material in a second) and then once
with a high-concentration solution (acute treatment; 0.0, 0.5,
or 1.0 micromoles/g soil material in the first experiment;
0.000, 0.125, or 0.250 micromoles/g soil material in the
second). Acute treatments and some chronic treatments
suppressed leaf growth, but results were inconsistent for root
growth. Acute treatments increased numbers of several types of
bacteria in the rhizosphere but had inconsistent effects on
fungi. Chronic treatments had no effect on numbers of bacteria
or fungal propagules in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, chronic
treatments did not alter responses of
154 NAL Call. No.: 410 EC7
Influence of plant allelochemicals on the tobacco hornworm and
its parasitoid, Cotesia congregata.
Barbosa, P.; Gross, P.; Kemper, J.
Tempe, Ariz. : The Society; 1991 Oct.
Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America
v. 72 (5): p. 1567-1575; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana; Alkaloids; Allelochemicals;
Antifeedants; Hordenine; Nicotine; Rutoside; Manduca sexta;
Biological control agents; Cotesia; Host parasite
relationships; Mortality; Parasites of insect pests
155 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Influence of sagebrush terpenoids on mule deer preference.
Bray, R.O.; Wambolt, C.L.; Kelsey, R.G.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2053-2062; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Odocoileus hemionus; Feeding behavior; Artemisia
tridentata; Plant composition; Terpenoids; Allelochemicals;
Palatability
Abstract: The effect on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus
Rafinesque) preference of compounds in mountain big sagebrush
[Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle],
Wyoming big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and
Young), basin big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. tridentata), and black
sagebrush (A. nova Nels.) was compared using a two-choice
preference test. Compounds tested included: p-cymene, 1,8-
cineole, methacrolein (two concentrations), and the
nonvolatile crude terpenoid fraction (NVCTF) from each taxon.
The compounds were tested by applying them to chopped alfalfa
hay at concentrations similar to those found in nature. The
intake of the treated hay was compared with that of an
untreated control. Eight deer were used as test animals in an
8 X 8 Latin-square design. All compounds tested significantly
deterred ingestion (P < 0.05). Compound influence on
preference, in order of increasing deterrence, was as follows:
50% methacrolein, mountain big sagebrush NVCTF, methacrolein,
basin big sagebrush NVCTF, p-cymene, Wyoming big sagebrush
NVCTF, black sagebrush NVCTF, and 1,8-cineole. Methacrolein
appears to be an important preference determinant among big
sagebrush subspecies, and p-cymene between black sagebrush and
big sagebrush. The NVCTFs containing sesquiterpene lactones as
one of their constituents were closely related to the
preference of all four taxa. Future studies of animal
preference for sagebrush should consider all of the potential
defensive chemicals in the foliage.
156 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Influence of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management on
giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and corn
yield.
Schreiber, M.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992.
Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 645-653; 1992. Paper presented at
the "Symposium on crop/weed management and the dynamics of
weed seedbanks," February 11, 1992, Orlando, Florida.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Indiana; Zea mays; Setaria faberi; Weed biology;
Seed banks; Population density; Population dynamics; Plowing;
No-tillage; Rotations; Allelopathy; Cropping systems; Crop
yield; Weed control; Chemical control; Herbicides
Abstract: A long-term integrated pest management study
initiated in 1980 and continued through 1991 was conducted to
determine interactions of tillage, crop rotation, and
herbicide use levels on weed seed populations, weed
populations, and crop yield. This paper presents giant foxtail
seed population and stand along with corn yield in continuous
corn, corn rotated with soybean, or corn following wheat in a
soybean-wheat-corn rotation. Increasing herbicide use levels
above the minimum reduced giant foxtail seed in the 0- to 2.5-
cm depth of soil. Reducing tillage from conventional moldboard
plowing to chiseling to no-tilling increased giant foxtail
seed in only the top 0 to 2.5 cm of soil. No-tilling increased
giant foxtail seed over conventional tillage in each year data
were collected. Growing corn in a soybean-corn or soybean-
wheat-corn rotation reduced giant foxtail seed from corn grown
continuously in all three soil depths sampled: 0 to 2.5 cm,
2.5 to 10 cm, and 10 to 20 cm. Although stands of giant
foxtail tended to follow soil weed seed counts, crop rotation
significantly reduced giant foxtail stand with maximum
reduction in the soybean-wheat-corn rotation in all tillage
systems. Giant foxtail stands were reduced following wheat in
no-tilling, probably because of the allelopathic influence of
wheat straw. Corn yields showed weed management levels above
minimum control are not justified regardless of tillage and
crop rotation.
157 NAL Call. No.: QL461.A52
Ingested allelochemicals insect wonderland: a menu of
remarkable functions. Blum, M.S.
Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992.
American entomologist v. 38 (4): p. 222-234. ill; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Insect pests; Plant pests; Allelochemicals;
Antifeedants; Detoxification; Ingestion; Metabolism; Plant
protection; Predators of insect pests
158 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion by ferulic acid in
split-root experiments.
Klein, K.; Blum, U.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Feb.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (2): p. 455-463; 1990 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Ferulic acid; Root treatment;
Allelopathy; Leaf area; Growth analysis
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine how the
proportion of a root system in contact with an allelopathic
compound may affect seedling responses. Cucumber seedlings
grown in a split-root nutrient culture system were given
either single (1 mM) or multiple applications (0.5 mM) of
ferulic acid. Seedlings receiving single applications were
left in the treatment solutions for two days and then
harvested, while seedlings receiving multiple applications had
their solutions changed every other day for a total of three
changes. Leaf areas were determined daily starting with the
initial ferulic acid treatment. Mean absolute and mean
relative rates of leaf expansion were inversely related to the
proportion of the root system in ferulic acid solution. Leaf
expansion was inhibited primarily during the first 24 hr after
each treatment. A partial recovery of growth occurred during
the second 24-hr period following each treatment. Root length
was reduced by ferulic acid. These results suggest that
information on root and allelochemical distribution in soils
is important when assessing the potential of allelopathic
interactions between plants.
159 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Inhibition of Schizachyrium scoparium (Poaceae) by the
allelochemical hydrocinnamic acid.
Williamson, G.B.; Obee, E.M.; Weidenhamer, J.D.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 2095-2105; 1992
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Schizachyrium scoparium; Plant composition;
Allelopathy; Cinnamic acid; Derivatives; Nitrogen; Phosphorus;
Potassium; Scrub; Sandy soils; Bioassays; Growth; Inhibition;
Greenhouse culture
Abstract: Bare zones around shrubs in the Florida scrub
indicate the possibility of allelopathy by shrubs controlling
the distribution of grasses invading from adjacent sandhills.
The allelochemical, hydrocinnamic acid, has been identified as
a breakdown product of ceratiolin, which is released from the
shrub Ceratiola ericoides. Here, hydrocinnamic acid (HCA) was
shown to have a strongly inhibitory effect on shoot and root
biomass of the grass Schizachyrium scoparium in greenhouse
bioassays lasting 4.5 months. Linear increases in the
concentration of HCA from 0 to 200 ppm, applied biweekly,
resulted in exponential decreases in root and shoot biomass at
harvest. Plants grown at 200 ppm HCA had root and shoot
biomasses 13% and 17% of controls, respectively. Concurrent
investigation of reduced nutrient levels indicated greater
inhibition by HCA in a reduced nitrogen (N) treatment and in a
reduced potassium (K) treatment relative to HCA inhibition in
the full nutrient treatment. The negative slopes of the
regressions of log of biomass on HCA concentration were
steepest in the reduced N and reduced K treatments. Root and
shoot biomasses in reduced N treatments were 20-43% and 24-34%
less than the respective biomasses in the full nutrient
treatment. Comparable reductions in the reduced K treatment
were as much as 19% and 10% for root and shoot biomasses,
respectively. The effects of HCA in a reduced phosphorus (P)
treatment and in a reduced P and K treatment were not
significantly different from the effects of HCA in the full
nutrient treatment. Extraction of the soils at harvest
indicated no buildup of HCA at the end of the experiment. The
sensitivity of Schizachyrium scoparium to HCA in general and
increased sensitivity under low N and low K solutions may be
important in the Florida scrub community where levels of N and
K are known to be low.
160 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Inhibition of Scots pine seedling establishment by Empetrum
hermaphroditum. Nilsson, M.C.; Zackrisson, O.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1857-1870; 1992
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pinus sylvestris; Empetrum; Leaves; Allelopathy;
Phytotoxicity; Seedlings; Growth; Regeneration
Abstract: Poor establishment and reduced seedling growth of
Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) in northern Sweden is related
to an allelopathic inhibition by the dwarf shrub Empetrum
hermaphroditum Hagerup. Indoor bioassays with green and brown
leaves of Empetrum have strong negative effects on rooting
ability radicle elongation, and growth of Scots pine
seedlings. Bioassays with soil samples show that phytotoxic
substances leached from Empetrum foliage accumulate in the
soil. Field experiments reveal that chemical inhibition by
Empetrum, causing high mortality and slow growth of pine
seedlings, can be reduced by adding activated carbon to the
soil.
161 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Insect allelochemicals from Ajuga plants.
Camps, F.; Coll, J.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 Apr.
Phytochemistry v. 32 (6): p. 1361-1370; 1993 Apr. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ajuga; Plant composition; Diterpenes; Molting
hormones; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Plant products;
Insect pests; Insect control; Literature reviews; Molecular
conformation
Abstract: Clerodane diterpenoids and phytoecdysteroids with
potential insect antifeedant and moulting hormone activities,
respectively, have been isolated from Ajuga plants. Some
clerodanes were active against larvae of Egyptian cotton
leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, when present in the diet at 3
ppm doses. Structure-antifeedant activity relations were
established. Likewise, first stage larvae of the greenhouse
whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, exhibited complete
mortality when fed on A. reptans. This effect was mainly
originated by 29-norsengosterone and ajugalactone, two
phytoecdysteroids occurring in this plant. For
biotechnological production of phytoecdysteroids its total
content in different parts of normally grown or in vitro
micropropagated A. reptans plants was studied. Great
quantitative and qualitative differences were observed. For
comparison of these qualitative differences, a dealkylation
ratio (Dr = C28/C29 phytoecdysteroid content) and a C-5
hydroxylation ratio (5Hr = 5-OH/5-H phytoecdysteroid content)
were established. The 5Hr values appeared to be quite constant
ranging from 0.2 to 0.4, whereas Dr values oscillated from 2.3
in whole plants to 12 in root cultures. Production of
phytoecdysteroids was highest (approximately equal to 5000
ppm/dry wt) in cultures of roots in an hormone supplemented
solid medium.
162 NAL Call. No.: QR53.J68
Insect fungal symbionts: a promising source of detoxifying
enzymes. Dowd, P.F.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Published by Elsevier Science
Publishers on behalf of the Society for Industrial
Microbiology, c1986-; 1992 May. Journal of industrial
microbiology v. 9 (3/4): p. 149-161; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fungi; Mycotoxins; Secondary metabolites;
Allelochemicals; Insecticides; Literature reviews
Abstract: Many species of insects cultivate, inoculate, or
contain symbiotic fungi. Insects feed on plant materials that
contain plant-produced defensive toxins, or are exposed to
insecticides or other pesticides when they become economically
important pests. Therefore, it is likely that the symbiotic
fungi are also exposed to these toxins and may actually
contribute to detoxification of these compounds. Fungi
associated with bark beetles, ambrosia beetles, termites,
leaf-cutting ants, long-horned beetles, wood wasps, and drug
store beetles can variously metabolize/detoxify tannins,
lignins, terpenes, esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and other
toxins. The fungi (Attamyces) cultivated by the ants and the
yeast (Symbiotaphrina) contained in the cigarette beetle gut
appear to have broad-spectrum detoxifying abilities. The
present limiting factor for using many of these fungi for
large scale detoxification of, for example, contaminated soils
or agricultural commodities is their slow growth rate, but
conventional strain selection techniques or biotechnological
approaches should overcome this problem.
163 NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6
Insect glutathione-S-transferase: a predictor of
allelochemical and oxidative stress.
Weinhold, L.C.; Ahmad, S.; Pardini, R.S.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology : B : Comparative
biochemistry v. 95 (2): p. 355-363; 1990. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spodoptera eridania; Papilio; Glutathione;
Transferases; Stress factors; Enzyme activity
164 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Interaction of light, soil moisture, and temperature with weed
suppression by hairy vetch residue.
Teasdale, J.R.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan.
Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 46-51; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia; Vetch; Cover crops; Light relations;
Allelopathy; Soil water; Temperature; Shade; Establishment;
Zea mays; Abutilon theophrasti; Setaria viridis; Chenopodium
album; Night temperature; Weed control; Suppression
Abstract: The influence of light, soil moisture. and
temperature on establishment of selected species through hairy
vetch residue on the soil surface was investigated under
controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Hairy vetch residue
at rates ranging from 0 to 616 g m-2 had no effect on corn,
slightly reduced velvetleaf and green foxtail establishment,
and severely inhibited common lambsquarters establishment
under full sunlight conditions. The same rates of hairy vetch
residue reduced velvetleaf, green foxtail, and common
lambsquarters establishment more under a shade cloth with 9%
light transmittance than under full sunlight. Day/night
temperatures of 24/16 or 32/26 degrees C had no effect and
soil moistures of 50 or 133% field capacity had little effect
on response of all species to residue rates. Weed
establishment was similar under shade cloth without residue as
under residue with an equivalent light transmittance,
suggesting that light was more important than allelopathy or
physical impedance for weed suppression by hairy vetch
residue.
165 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36
Interference potential of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae):
growth and physiological responses of asparagus bean, Vigna
unguiculata var. sesquipedalis.
Inderjit; Dakshini, K.M.M.
Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1992 Sep.
American journal of botany v. 79 (9): p. 977-981; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: India; Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis;
Crop weed competition; Germination inhibitors; Growth
inhibitors; Plant physiology; Pluchea; Allelochemicals;
Allelopathy; Leachates; Plant extracts; Soil properties
Abstract: The water-soluble compounds synthesized by the
weed, Pluchea lanceolata, and released by it into the soil
significantly reduced seed germination, number of nodes,
internode length, shoot and root lengths, nodule number and
weight, and Chl a and b and Chl a/b ratio of asparagus bean
plants. The pattern of accumulation of nutrients in shoot and
root of asparagus bean was also affected. In contrast, the net
photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of fully expanded
leaves were higher in plants grown with treated soil. The
concentrations of Mg++, Zn++, and PO4(3-) were higher and K+
was lower in shoots of plants grown with treated soil as
compared to those grown with the control soil. Also, roots of
plants grown with treated soil showed greater accumulation of
Mg++ and NO3-. Shoot/root ratio of nutrients in plants grown
with control soil were higher for Zn++, Na+, Ca++, and NO3-,
whereas plants grown with treated soil had higher ratios for
PO4(3-). These results provide evidence for allelopathic
interference by P. lanceolata to the growth of asparagus bean.
166 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Investigations on some aspects of chemical ecology of
cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.
Inderjit; Dakshini, K.M.M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Feb.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (2): p. 343-352; 1991 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Imperata cylindrica; Allelopathy; Rhizomes;
Leaves; Soil; Leachates; Phenolic compounds; Inhibition; Seed
germination; Root nodules; Soil fungi; Melilotus indica
Abstract: To understand the interference mechanism of the
weed, cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., its effect
on nutrient availability and mycoflora of its soil rhizosphere
as well as nodule characteristics, root length, and root/shoot
ratio of Melilotus parviflora Desf. were investigated.
Additionally, the effect of the leachates of leaves and
root/rhizome of cogongrass on seed germination and seedling
characteristics of radish, mustard, fenugreek, and tomato were
examined. Furthermore, to assess the qualitative and
quantitative differences in phytochemical components, the
leachates and the soils from three sampling sites (with
cogongrass and 1.5 m and 3 m away from cogongrass) were
analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on
a C18 column. No significant difference in nutrient
availability was found, but qualitative and quantitative
differences in phenolic fractions were recorded in the three
sampling sites. Furthermore, of the 19 fungi recorded in the
soils, decreases in the number of colonies (per gram of soil)
of Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. candidus, and an
increase of A. flavus was recorded in the soils with
cogongrass. The inhibition in nodule number, weight, nitrogen
fixation (acetylene reduction activity), root length, and
root/shoot ratio of Melilotus parviflora were noted. Percent
seed germination, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight
of seedlings of different seeds were affected by the leachates
of leaves and root/rhizome. It was found that root/rhizome
leachate was more inhibitory than leaf leachate. However, the
inhibition was higher in soil + leaves leachate than soil +
root/rhizome leachate. HPLC analysis established that four
compounds were contributed by the weed to the soil system even
though their relative concentration varies in various
leachates. It is surmised that these compounds cause
allelopathic inhibition of growth characteristics of seeds
tested. Significance of the data vis-a-vis the interference
poten
167 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
Involvement of cytochrome P450 in host-plant utilization by
Sonoran Desert Drosophila.
Frank, M.R.; Fogleman, J.C.
Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1992 Dec15.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 89 (24): p. 11998-12002; 1992 Dec15.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Host plants; Cytochrome p-450; Drosophila;
Alkaloids; Allelochemicals; Ecosystems; Larvae; Metabolism;
Oxygenases; Vigor
Abstract: The four Drosophila species endemic to the Sonoran
Desert (Drosophila mettleri, Drosophila mojavensis, Drosophila
nigrospiracula, and Drosophila pachea) utilize necrotic cactus
tissue or soil soaked by rot exudate as breeding substrates.
Each Drosophila species uses a different cactus species as its
primary host. D. pachea is limited to senita cactus by a
biochemical dependency on unusual sterols available only in
that cactus. For the other Drosophila species, no such
chemical dependencies exist to explain the relationships with
their primary host plants. Each cactus species has a different
array of allelochemicals that have detrimental effects on
nonresident fly species. We have hypothesized that the desert
fly-cactus associations are due, in part, to differences
between the fly species in their allelochemical detoxication
enzymes, the cytochrome P450 system. To test whether P450s are
involved in the detoxication of cactus allelochemicals,
several experiments were done. (i) The effect of a specific
P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, on larval survival through
eclosion on each cactus substrate was investigated. (ii) In
vitro metabolism of cactus alkaloids was determined for each
Drosophila species. The effects of specific inducers and
inhibitors were included in these experiments. (iii) The basal
and induced content of cytochrome P450 in each species was
determined. The results support the hypothesis that P450
enzymes are involved in host-plant utilization by these
Sonoran Desert Drosophila species.
168 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Isolation and characterization of phytotoxic compounds from
asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots.
Hartung, A.C.; Nair, M.G.; Putnam, A.R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1707-1718; 1990 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Asparagus officinalis; Roots; Allelopathy;
Phytotoxicity; Extracts; Chemical composition; Bioassays;
Lepidium sativum
Abstract: Potential allelochemicals from aqueous extracts of
dried asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots were isolated
and characterized. Active fractions separated by HPLC included
ferulic, isoferulic, malic, citric, and fumaric acids. Soxhlet
extraction of the residues also produced phytotoxic caffeic
acid. Although none of these compounds, when applied singly,
was active enough to account for the phytotoxicity of
asparagus extracts, their combined effect might be additive or
synergistic. An extract from lyophilized fresh root tissues
contained a fraction that was one order of magnitude more
toxic than any compound obtained from the dried roots. The
most active component was isolated by TLC and characterized by
[1H]NMR as methylenedioxycinnamic acid (MDCA). This compound
provided severe inhibition of curly cress (Lepidium sativum
L.) root and shoot growth at concentrations of 25 ppm or
above.
169 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Isolation and identification of allelochemicals that attract
the larval parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), to
the microhabitat of one of its hosts.
Turlings, T.C.J.; Tumlinson, J.H.; Heath, R.R.; Proveaux,
A.T.; Doolittle, R.E.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2235-2259; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cotesia marginiventris; Semiochemicals; Zea mays;
Seedlings; Volatile compounds; Host-seeking behavior; Insect
control; Biological control
Abstract: Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which
beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females
of the parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight
tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed
the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant
amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-
hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool,
(3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, alpha-trans-
bergamotene, (E)-beta-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and
(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene. A synthetic
blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to
parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However,
preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of
experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly
improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results
suggest that C marginiventris females, in their search for
hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by
plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular
odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid
experiences it in association with contacting host by-
products.
170 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Isolation and identification of lepidimoide, a new
allelopathic substance from mucilage of germinated cress
seeds.
Hasegawa, K.; Mizutani, J.; Kosemura, S.; Yamamura, S.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1992 Oct. Plant physiology v. 100 (2): p. 1059-1061; 1992
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lepidium sativum; Seeds; Allelopathins;
Mucilages; Seed germination; Allelopathy; Hypocotyls; Growth;
Amaranthus caudatus
Abstract: A new allelopathic substance that promoted the
shoot growth of different plant species but inhibited the root
growth was isolated as an amorphous powder from mucilage of
germinated cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. This substance
was identified as sodium
2-O-rhamnopyranosyl-4-deoxy-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronate
(designated lepidimoide) from the mass and the nuclear
magnetic resonance and infrared spectra coupled with some
chemical evidence. Lepidimoide promoted the hypocotyl growth
of etiolated Amaranthus caudatus L. at concentrations higher
than 3 micromolars and inhibited the root growth at
concentrations higher than 100 micromolars. The growth-
promoting activity in hypocotyls was 20 or 30 times as much as
that of gibberellic acid.
171 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Isolation of steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanum incanum by
two countercurrent chromatographic methods.
Fukuhara, K.; Kubo, I.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Phytochemistry v. 30 (2): p. 685-687; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kenya; Solanum incanum; Fruit; Medicinal plants;
Products; Chemical composition; Glycoalkaloids; Allelopathins;
Growth inhibitors; Chromatography; Spectral analysis
Abstract: Using a bioassay for inhibition of plant growth and
a combination of two countercurrent chromatographies: rotation
locular countercurrent chromatography and droplet
countercurrent chromatography, two biologically active
glycosidal alkaloids, solasonine and solamargine were isolated
from fresh ripe fruit of Solanum incanum. The combination of
these chromatographic techniques has established an efficient
isolation of polar phytochemicals of steroidal glycoalkaloids.
172 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Isolation of substance from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
periderm tissue that inhibits seed germination.
Peterson, J.K.; Harrison, H.F. Jr
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 May.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (5): p. 943-951; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ipomoea batatas; Periderm; Plant composition;
Allelopathy; Seed germination; Inhibition; Weed control
Abstract: Chromatographic procedures were used to isolate
inhibitors of seed germination from sweet potato root periderm
tissue. The inhibitory activity of all fractions was monitored
using a proso millet seed germination bioassay. A single HPLC
peak, representing approximately 1.2% of the periderm dry
weight, accounted for most of the inhibitory activity. The
active fraction was labile in methanolic solution. Further
fractionation of this peak by HPLC methods was not successful.
In vitro seed germination dose-response relationships were
established for the peak. The various seed species exhibited
an extremely wide range of sensitivity. The I50 values were
0.16, 0.013 and 0.011 mg/ml for redroot pigweed, velvetleaf,
and proso millet, respectively. Tall morning glory was not
inhibited by any concentration tested.
173 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Isothiocyanates as alleopathic compounds from Rorippa indica
Hiern. (Cruciferae) roots.
Yamane, A.; Fujikura, J.; Ogawa, H.; Mizutani, J.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 1941-1954; 1992
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rorippa; Roots; Exudates; Allelopathy; Plant
composition; Isothiocyanates; Bioassays; Weed control
Abstract: The ethyl acetate extracts of Rorippa indica Hiem.
contained hirsutin, arabin, camelinin, and three novel omega-
methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates (n = 8, 9, and 10). These
compounds severely inhibited lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
hypocotyl and root growth at 0.1 mM or above. The precursor
glucosinolates of hirsutin, arabin, and camelinin were
isolated. Presence of the three omega-
methylsulfonylalkylglucosinolates, along with other
glucosinolates in the roots were verified by the isolation and
identification of their desulfoderivatives. Using the
continuous root exudate trapping apparatus and GC-MS, hirsutin
and the three omega-methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates were
detected in the root exudates of R. indica, suggesting that
these isothiocyanates are the primary candidate of
allelopathic compounds contributing to the aggressiveness of
this cruciferous weed.
174 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
Larval-damaged plants: source of volatile synomones that guide
the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris to the micro-habitat of
its hosts. Turlings, T.C.J.; Tumlinson, J.H.; Eller, F.J.;
Lewis, W.J. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Jan.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 58 (1): p. 75-82.
ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Crop damage; Leaves; Seedlings;
Spodoptera exigua; Larvae; Volatile compounds;
Allelochemicals; Insect attractants; Cotesia marginiventris;
Host parasite relationships; Tunnels
175 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Medicarpin delays alfalfa seed germination and seedling
growth. Dornbos, D.L. Jr; Spencer, G.F.; Miller, R.W.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1990 Jan.
Crop science v. 30 (1): p. 162-166; 1990 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Plant extracts; Medicarpin;
Phytotoxicity; Growth inhibitors; Germination inhibitors; Seed
germination; Seedling emergence; Allelopathy; Competitive
ability; Bioassays; Abutilon theophrasti
Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify a
compound(s) that may be responsible, at least in part, for
alfalfa autotoxicity. We found that medicarpin (3-hydroxy-9-
methoxypterocarpan) is a compound produced by alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) that contributes to this. A clay loam
soil from a declining alfalfa stand with two plants per 930
cm2 and its 95% ethanol extract inhibited alfalfa emergence
and seedling growth whereas extracted soil did not. The soil
extracts contained at least 10 mg kg-1 medicarpin. Meicarpin,
4-methoxy-medicarpin, sativan, and 5'-methoxysativan were
isolated from alfalfa foliage with 95% ethanol, purified,
identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and then
exogenously applied to alfalfa and velvetleaf (Abutilon
theophrasti L.) seeds using an agar bioassay. Medicarpin at 1
X 10(-7) mole/seed reduced both alfalfa and velvetleaf
seedling length by 39% after 72 h. Sativan and both methoxy
derivatives had no affect on germination or seedling growth.
In a timecourse study, 2 X 10(-7) mole/seed medicarpin delayed
germination 12 h and seedling growth 44 h, during this time
the alfalfa seedlings metabolized 85% of the medicarpin.
Seedling growth then resumed at the control rate. Medicarpin
is produced by mature alfalfa, is present in soil from a
declining alfalfa stand, and is absorbed by alfalfa seedlings
where it is metabolized and exerts a transient phytotoxic
effect. Medicarpin may permit established alfalfa plants to
control the ecology in their immediate proximity by inhibiting
seedling establishment of nearby plants, thereby gaining a
competitive advantage.
176 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
Metabolism and elimination of ingested allelochemicals in a
holometabolous and a hemimetabolous insect.
Smirle, M.J.; Isman, M.B.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Feb.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 62 (2): p. 183-190;
1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Melanoplus sanguinipes; Peridroma saucia;
Allelochemicals; Excretion; Feces; Metabolic detoxification;
Toxins
177 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Metabolism of L-canavanine and L-canaline in leguminous
plants. Rosenthal, G.A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990
Sep. Plant physiology v. 94 (1): p. 1-3; 1990 Sep. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Leguminosae; Metabolism; Canavanine; Arginine;
Disease resistance; Plant competition; Biosynthesis;
Metabolites; Literature reviews; Allelopathins
Abstract: Massive accumulation of L-canavanine, the 2-
amino-4-(guanidinooxy) butyric acid structural analog of L-
arginine, occurs in many legumes. Accumulation of large
amounts of this nonprotein amino acid results in large part
from canavanine's protective efficacy; it forms an effective
chemical barrier to predation, disease, and even competition
with other plants. Diversion of metabolic resources for the
synthesis and storage of appreciable canavanine does not place
an inordinate burden on the plant. Catabolism of this
nonprotein amino acid provides respiratory carbon, generates
essential primary metabolites, and ammoniacal nitrogen for the
developing plant.
178 NAL Call. No.: S601.D4
Microbial degradation of plant materials and allelochemicals
formation in different soils.
Weyman-Kaczmarkowa, W.; Wojcik-Wojtkowiak, D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company; 1992.
Developments in agricultural and managed-forest ecology (25):
p. 127-136; 1992. In the series analytic: Humus its structure
and role in agriculture and environment / edited by J. Kubat.
Proceedings of the 10th Symposium Humus et Planta, August
19-23, 1991, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant residues; Microbial degradation; Soil
bacteria; Soil fungi; Allelochemicals; Allelopathy; Literature
reviews
Abstract: The paper reviews current research concerning the
accumulation of allelochemicals as influenced by microflora,
kind and maturity of decomposed plant tissues as well as type
of soil. On the basis of results from our investigations, the
paper also discusses the interrelationship between the
dynamics of bacterial and fungal development and formation of
inhibitors from young rye and wheat plants undergoing
decomposition in light and heavy soils. The interrelationship
was found particularly conspicuous during the first several
days of sample incubation. Rye autoinhibitory potential was
higher than that of wheat. It was found that, in particular,
zymogenic, macrotrophic bacteria and fungi are responsible for
the formation of allelopathic inhibitors.
179 NAL Call. No.: QH541.5.D4J6
Mineral nutrient content and turnover rate of Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum in the north-western desert of Egypt.
El-Darier, S.M.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Apr.
Journal of arid environments v. 22 (3): p. 219-230; 1992 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Egypt; Mesembryanthemum crystallinum; Mineral
content; Nutrient content; Sodium; Calcium; Potassium;
Magnesium; Spatial distribution; Vegetative period;
Developmental stages; Litter (plant); Cycling; Allelopathy;
Deserts; Leaves; Stems; Roots; Plant organs; Seasonal
variation; Nutrient uptake
180 NAL Call. No.: QL750.O3
Mycorrhizal fungi and the nutrient ecology of three oldfield
annual plant species.
Koide, R.T.; Li, M.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Oecologia v. 85 (3): p. 403-412; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Abutilon theophrasti; Ambrosia artemisiifolia;
Setaria (gramineae); Glomus etunicatum; Phosphorus; Roots;
Allelopathy; Mycorrhizas
181 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Natural phytotoxins as herbicides.
Duke, S.O.; Lydon, J.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1993.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (524): p.
110-124; 1993. In the series analytic: Pest control with
enhanced environmental safety / edited by S.O. Duke, J.J.
Menn, and J.R. Plimmer. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phytotoxins; Plant composition; Herbicidal
properties; Allelopathy
Abstract: Natural products of plants and microbes offer a
vast array of secondary compounds with biological activity,
including phytotoxicity. Many of these compounds have the
potential to be used directly as herbicides or as structural
leads for new synthetic herbicides. Although natural compounds
have made a large impact in the insecticide area, relatively
few successes have been obtained with these compounds as
herbicides. The most notable success is that of glufosinate.
Use of natural products in a herbicide discovery strategy has
been hindered by several problems. The number of options that
must be considered in discovery and development of a natural
product as a herbicide is larger than for a synthetic
herbicide. Furthermore, the molecular complexity, limited
environmental stability, and low herbicidal activity of many
phytotoxic natural products are discouraging. Rediscovery of
known natural phytotoxins can be time-consuming and expensive.
However, advances in chemistry and biotechnology are
increasing the speed and case with which humankind can
discover and develop natural products as herbicides, while
diminishing returns are being experienced with conventional
herbicide discovery efforts based on "synthesize and screen"
strategies.
182 NAL Call. No.: 385 T29
Novel sesquiterpene from bioactive fractions of cultivar
sunflowers. Macias, F.A.; Varela, R.M.; Torres, A.; Molinillo,
J.M.G. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 Mar19.
Tetrahedron letters v. 34 (12): p. 1999-2002; 1993 Mar19.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Helianthus annuus; Leaves; Allelochemicals; Plant
composition; Sesquiterpenes; Isolation; Structure; Spectral
data; X ray diffraction
Abstract: From the medium polar active fractions, we have
isolated a sesquiterpene heliannuol A. It contains a
previously unknown skeleton, heliannuol, whose structural
elucidation was made based on spectroscopic technique and X-
Ray diffraction analysis.
183 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Nutritional stresses and varietal resistance in rice: effects
on whitebacked planthopper.
Salim, M.; Saxena, R.C.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 May.
Crop science v. 31 (3): p. 797-805; 1991 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Pest resistance; Sogatella
furcifera; Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility; Stress
response; Nutrient deficiencies; Nitrogen; Phosphorus;
Potassium; Nutrient content; Plant composition;
Allelochemicals; Fecundity; Host parasite relationships
Abstract: Nutritional disorders can affect plant growth and a
plant's susceptibility to pests. Our objective was to evaluate
the effects of N, P, and K stresses on resistance of
'IR2035-117-3' (IR2035) and susceptibility of 'Taichung Native
1' (TN1) rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants to whitebacked
planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), when grown in
nutrient solution in a phytotron at 29/21 degrees C
(day/night), minimum 70% relative humidity, and natural
daylight of 12 h. Nitrogen, P, or K stresses altered the
chemical composition of rice plants. Deficiency of N, P, or K
significantly reduced growth of rice plants. Allelochemical
production decreased at low K (3 mg/kg) concentration. Insect
food intake and assimilation growth, adult longevity,
fecundity, and population increased significantly as N
increased. In contrast, increases in K application adversely
affected the biology and behavior of S. furcifera. Insect
response to P-stressed plants was not consistent. Regardless
of the levels of N, P, or K, the difference between the
resistance of IR2035 and susceptibility of TN1 remained
distinct. Mortality of first-instar nymphs was high on TN1
plants treated with steam-distillate extracts of K-stressed or
unstressed IR2035 plants when compared with plants treated
with acetone or TN1 extract. Resistance to S. furcifera in
rice cultivars thus may be enhanced by applying moderate rates
of N and high doses of K.
184 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Ovipositional response of three Heliothis species
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to allelochemicals from cultivated
and wild host plants.
Mitchell, E.R.; Tingle, F.C.; Heath, R.R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1817-1827; 1990 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Heliothis subflexa;
Helicoverpa zea; Allelochemicals; Oviposition deterrents;
Plant extracts; Oviposition attractants; Gossypium; Nicotiana;
Physalis; Desmodium; Insect control; Biological control
Abstract: The role of plant allelochemicals on the
oviposition behavior of Heliothis virescens (F.), H. subflexa
(Guenee), and H. zea (Boddie) was investigated in the
laboratory using a "choice" bioassay system. Fresh young
leaves of tobacco, Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle,
groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.), and cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum L.) squares (flower buds) were washed in methylene
chloride or methanol, concentrated to 1 g equivalent of washed
material, and applied to a cloth oviposition substrate. Each
of the extracts-including groundcherry, a nonhost-stimulated
oviposition by H. virescens. H. subflexa were stimulated to
oviposit by groundcherry extract, its normal host, and extract
from cotton squares, a nonhost. None of the extracts
stimulated oviposition by H. zea, although all except
groundcherry were from reported hosts. The sensitivity of the
bioassay was confirmed by giving H. virescens and H. subflexa
an opportunity to choose between extracts that showed
stimulant qualities when tested independently versus only
solvent-treated controls. In these tests, tobacco showed the
highest level of stimulant activity for H. virescens;
groundcherry exhibited the highest level of stimulation for H.
subflexa.
185 NAL Call. No.: 421 J825
Oxidases in the gut of an aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.) and
their relation to dietary phenolics.
Peng, Z.; Miles, P.W.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Journal of insect physiology v. 37 (10): p. 779-787. ill;
1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rosa; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Catechin;
Detoxification; Ingestion; Macrosiphum rosae; Digestive tract;
Catechol oxidase; Honeydew; Peroxidase; Phenols; Saliva
Abstract: Catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1) and peroxidase (EC
1.11.1.7) were detected in the gut of the rose aphid. Both
enzymes also occur in the saliva and catalyse the oxidation of
catechin, a feeding deterrent that occurs in the parenchymal
and vascular tissues of the rose. The oxidation products of
catechin are phagostimulant, however, and the aphids will feed
on tissues and on aqueous diets containing low concentrations
of catechin. No catechin was detected in the gut, haemolymph
or honeydew of aphids collected from roses but the presence in
the gut and honeydew of phenolics that differed from those in
the haemolymph was consistent with the ingestion and
intraintestinal conversion of phenolics of plant origin.
Evidence of the presence of catechin in the phloem sap was
obtained, but whether the insects ingested phenols exclusively
from phloem sap or from other tissues as well remained
uncertain.
186 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67
Partial suppression of pampas grass by other species at the
early seedling stage.
Gadgil, R.L.; Sandberg, A.M.; Allen, P.J.; Gallagher, S.S.
Rotorua : The Institute; 1990.
FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest
Service (155): p. 120-127; 1990. Paper presented at the
"Conference on Alternatives to the Chemical Control of Weeds,"
held July 25-27, 1989, Rotorua, New Zealand. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New Zealand; Cortaderia selloana; Seedlings;
Biological control; Allelopathy; Plant competition; Weed
competition
187 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Phenolic acid content of soils from wheat-no till, wheat-
conventional till, and fallow-conventional till soybean
cropping systems.
Blum, U.; Wentworth, T.R.; Klein, K.; Worsham, A.D.; King,
L.D.; Gerig, T.M.; Lyu, S.W.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1045-1068; 1991 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Phenolic acids;
Soil chemistry; Allelopathy; Fallow systems; Tillage; Weed
control; Biological control
Abstract: Soil core (0-2.5 and/or 0.10 cm) samples were taken
from wheat-no till, wheat-conventional till, and fallow-
conventional till soybean cropping systems from July to
October of 1989 and extracted with water in an autoclave. The
soil extracts were analyzed for seven common phenolic acids
(p-coumaric, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, caffeic,
ferulic, and sinapic; in order of importance) by high-
performance liquid chromatography. The highest concentration
observed was 4 micrograms/g soil for p-coumaric acid. Folin &
Ciocalteu's phenol reagent was used to determine total
phenolic acid content. Total phenolic acid content of 0- to
2.5-cm core samples was approximately 34% higher than that of
the 0- to 10-cm core samples. Phenolic acid content of 0-to
2.5-cm core samples from wheat-no till systems was
significantly higher than those from all other cropping
systems. Individual phenolic acids and total phenolic acid
content of soils were highly correlated. The last two
observations were confirmed by principal component analysis.
The concentrations were confirmed by principal component
analysis of individual phenolic acids extracted from soil
samples were related to soil pH, water content of soil
samples, total soil carbon, and total soil nitrogen. Indirect
evidence suggested that phenolic acids recovered by the water-
autoclave procedure used came primarily from bound forms in
the soil samples.
188 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Phenylacetic acid as a phytotoxic compound of corn pollen.
Anaya, A.L.; Hernandez-Bautista, B.E.; Jimenez-Estrada, M.;
Velasco-Ibarra, L. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing
Corporation; 1992 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (6):
p. 897-905; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Zea mexicana; Pollen; Chemical
composition; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity; Amaranthus
leucocarpus; Echinochloa crus-galli
Abstract: Phenylacetic acid (PAA), one of the phytotoxic
compounds in corn (Zea mays) pollen, was identified by GC-MS
and by direct comparison with a pure commercial sample of PAA.
Bioassays were carried out by testing whole pollen, methylene
chloride extract of the pollen, and pure PAA on germination
and radical growth of Amaranthus leucocarpus and Echinochloa
crusgalli. The effect of corn pollen was compared with that of
Zea mexicana (Teosinte), one of the wild relatives of
cultivated maize.
189 NAL Call. No.: 26 T756
Phytotoxic effects of tree crops on germination and radicle
extension of some food crops.
Bhatt, B.P.; Chauhan, D.S.; Todaria, N.P.
London : Whurr Publishers Ltd; 1993.
Tropical science v. 33 (1): p. 69-73; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uttar pradesh; Forest trees; Bark; Leaves;
Leachates; Plant extracts; Agroforestry; Allelopathy; Food
crops; Phytotoxicity; Radicles; Seed germination; Glycine max;
Macrotyloma uniflorum; Phaseolus lunatus; Vigna mungo
190 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Phytotoxicity of sorgoleone found in grain sorghum root
exudates. Einhellig, F.A.; Souza, I.F.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Jan.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (1): p. 1-11; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sorghum; Root exudates; Phytotoxins; Allelopathy
Abstract: Root exudates of Sorghum bicolor consist primarily
of a dihydroquinone that is quickly oxidized to a p-
benzoquinone named sorgoleone. The aim of this investigation
was to determine the potential activity of sorgoleone as an
inhibitor of weed growth. Bioassays showed 125 micromolar
sorgoleone reduced radicle elongation of Eragrostis tef. In
liquid culture, 50-micromolar sorgoleone treatments stunted
the growth of Lemna minor. Over a 10-day treatment period, 10
micromolar sorgoleone in the nutrient medium reduced the
growth of all weed seedlings tested: Abutilon theophrasti,
Datura stramonium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Setaria viridis,
Digitaria sanguinalis, and Echinochloa crusgalli. These data
show sorgoleone has biological activity at extremely low
concentrations, suggesting a strong contribution to Sorghum
allelopathy.
191 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Plant growth regulatory activities of artemisinin and its
related compounds. Chen, P.K.; Leather, G.R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1867-1876; 1990 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Artemisia annua; Allelopathy; Sesquiterpenoid
lactones; Seed germination; Phytotoxicity; Bioassays
Abstract: Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone produced in
the leaves of Artemisia annua, was evaluated for its
phytotoxicity in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Artemisinin
inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, and root
induction in all species tested. The concentration of
artemisinin required for 50% inhibition of Lemna minor growth
was 5 micromolar. Inhibitory plant responses appeared to
require the endoperoxide moiety of this compound since similar
chemicals without endoperoxide, deoxyartemisinin, arteannuic
acid, and arteannuin B, were less phytotoxic. In L. minor,
artemisinin and arteannuic acid caused the leakage of proteins
into the growth medium, suggesting the site of activity was at
the plant cell membrane.
192 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Plant structures of manipulating predator-prey interactions
through allelochemicals: prospects for application in pest
control. Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M.W.; Takabayashi, J.; Bruin, J.;
Posthumus, M.A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (11): p. 3091-3118; 1990
Nov. Proceedings of an International Symposium:
Semiochemicals and Pest Control--Prospects for New
Applications, October 16-19, 1989, Wageningen, The
Netherlands. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant composition; Host plants; Pest resistance;
Allelochemicals; Predatory arthropods; Searching behavior;
Predator prey relationships; Defense; Insect control;
Biological control
Abstract: To understand the role of allelochemicals in
predator-prey interactions it is not sufficient to study, the
behavioral responses of predator and prey. One should
elucidate the origin of the allelochemicals and be aware that
it may be located at another trophic level. These aspects are
reviewed for predator-prey interactions in general and
illustrated in detail for interactions between predatory mites
and herbivorous mites. In the latter system there is
behavioral and chemical evidence for the involvement of the
host plant in production of volatile allelochemicals upon
damage by the herbivores with the consequence of attracting
predators. These volatiles not only influence predator
behavior, but also prey behavior and even the attractiveness
of nearby plants to predators. Herbivorous mites disperse away
from places with high concentrations of the volatiles, and
undamaged plants attract more predators when previously
exposed to volatiles from infested conspecific plants a rather
than from uninfested plants. The latter phenomenon may well be
an example of plant-to-plant communication. The involvement of
the host plant is probably not unique to the predator-
herbivore-plant system under study. it may well be widespread
since it makes sense from an evolutionary point of view. If
so, prospects for application in pest control are wide open.
These are discussed, and it is concluded that crop protection
in the future should include tactics whereby man becomes an
ally to plants in their strategies to manipulate predator-prey
interactions through allelochemicals.
193 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Plant-allelochemical-adapted glutathione transferases in
Lepidoptera. Yu, S.J.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1992.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (505): p.
174-190; 1992. In the series analytic: Molecular mechanisms
of insecticide resistance / edited by C.A. Mullin and J.G.
Scott. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spodoptera frugiperda; Trichoplusia ni;
Anticarsia gemmatalis; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens;
Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Metabolic detoxification;
Glutathione transferase; Insect control
Abstract: Glutathione transferases metabolized toxic
allelochemicals, including alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl
compounds, isothiocyanates and organothiocyanates in
lepidopterous insects. These transferase activities in the
specialist velvetbean caterpillar are lower than in the
generalist fall armyworm; the activity toward the
isothiocyanates in the crucifer-adapted cabbage looper was 2-
to 6-fold higher than that in the fall armyworm. Host plants
such as crucifers and umbellifers, and allelochemicals such as
coumarins, indoles, flavonoids, isothiocyanates and
monoterpenes induced glutathione transferases in these
insects. The highly polyphagous Lepidoptera, fall armyworm and
corn earworm, possessed multiple glutathione transferases
containing six and four isozymes, respectively, whereas the
more specialized Lepidoptera, tobacco budworm, cabbage looper
and velvetbean caterpillar, had a single form of the enzyme.
The results suggest that glutathione transferases play an
important role in allelochemical resistance in phytophagous
Lepidoptera.
194 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3
Plants with insecticidal activities against four major insect
pests in Pakistan.
Anwar, T.; Jabbar, A.; Khalique, F.; Tahir, S.; Shakeel, M.A.
London : Taylor & Francis; 1992 Oct.
Tropical pest management v. 38 (4): p. 431-437; 1992 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pakistan; Insect pests; Mortality; Plant pests;
Allelochemicals; Insect control; Insecticidal action;
Insecticidal plants; Plant extracts
195 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Possible ecological significance of within-fruit and seed
furocoumarin distribution in two Psoralea species.
Cappelletti, E.M.; Innocenti, G.; Caporale, G.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Feb.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (2): p. 155-164; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Psoralea macrostachya; Psoralea; Fruits; Seeds;
Chemical composition; Allelopathy; Coumarins; Seed
germination; Inhibition; Defense
Abstract: Furocoumarin distribution patterns in the fruits
and seeds of Psoralea macrostachya and P. onobrychis were
investigated. Both species contain the linear furocoumarin
psoralen and its angular isomer, angelicin. In the
monospermous indehiscent fruit of P. macrostachya,
furocoumarins occur in the pericarp and all seed parts. In P.
onobrychis, the pericarp of which is easily detached at
ripeness, no furocoumarins were found in the pericarp tissues
and only traces occur in the embryo axis; cotyledons are the
preferential accumulation site. The within-fruit and -seed
furocoumarin variations associated with the developmental
stages of fruit were followed in P. onobrychis, in view of
changes in the defensive value of the pericarp before and
after ripening. Rapid furocoumarin biosynthesis after
fertilization was observed in both pericarp and seed; ripening
is associated with furocoumarin decrease in the seed and
complete disappearance in the pericarp tissues. Such findings
are consistent with the chemical defense role of these
substances. The cooccurrence of linear and angular isomers
seems to be a chemical marker of the genus Psoralea: the
biosynthetic pathway leading to the angular isomer as an
evolutionary response to selective pressure from herbivore
insects is suggested.
196 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Potential allelochemicals from Pistia stratiotes L.
Aliotta, G.; Monaco, P.; Pinto, G.; Pollio, A.; Previtera, L.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2223-2234; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pistia stratiotes; Plant composition;
Allelochemicals; Growth inhibitors; Algae
Abstract: Among the substances isolated from ethyl ether
extract of Pistia stratiotes L., linoleic acid, gamma-
linolenic acid,
(12R,9Z,13E,15Z)-12-hydroxy-9,13,15-octadecatrienoic acid,
(9S,10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid,
alpha-asarone, and 24S-ethyl-4,22-cholestadiene-3,6-dione were
found to inhibit the growth of some microalgae in solid
medium. Toxicity of alpha-asarone on the growth of sensitive
algal strains in liquid medium is discussed.
197 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Potential allelopathic activity of several sesquiterpene
lactone models. Macias, F.A.; Galindo, J.C.G.; Massanet, G.M.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jun.
Phytochemistry v. 31 (6): p. 1969-1977; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lactuca sativa; Bioassays; Sesquiterpenoid
lactones; Allelopathins
Abstract: A collection of 12 natural and synthetic
sesquiterpene lactones with eudesmanolide, melampolide,
cis,cis-germacranolide, and guaianolide skeletons have been
prepared and tested as allelochemicals. The effect of a series
of aqueous solutions at 10(-4)-10(-9) M of this collection is
evaluated. The specific structural requirements related to
their activity is discussed. The natural sesquiterpene
lactones soulangianolide A, melampomagnolide A and B,
zaluzanin C and isozaluzanin C have been synthesized from
costunolide, parthenolide and dehydrocostuslactone using SeO2,
and tert-butylhydroperoxide. The structures of the synthetic
compounds were established by NMR spectroscopy.
198 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8
Potential allelopathic influence of certain pasture weeds.
Smith, A.E.
Guildford : Butterworths; 1990 Dec.
Crop protection v. 9 (6): p. 410-414; 1990 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Lolium multiflorum; Crop weed
competition; Pastureplants; Weeds; Allelopathy; Eupatorium
capillifolium; Anthemis cotula; Seedlings; Plant development;
Bioassays
199 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122
Potential for weed control with allelopathy in turfgrass.
Elmore, C.L.
Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1990.
Proceedings - California Weed Conference (42): p. 214-216;
1990. Meeting held January 15-17, 1990, San Jose, California.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Allelopathy; Weed control;
Biological control
200 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Prospects of antifeedant approach to pest control--a critical
review. Jermy, T.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (11): p. 3151-3166; 1990
Nov. Proceedings of an International Symposium:
Semiochemicals and Pest Control--Prospects for New
Applications, October 16-19, 1989, Wageningen, The
Netherlands. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Antifeedants; Chemoreceptors; Allelochemicals;
Electrophysiology; Integrated pest management; Screening;
Field tests; Structure activity relationships; Toxicity;
Persistence; Insect control; Biological control
Abstract: The increasing efforts to develop environmentally
safer pest control methods have attracted the attention of
many authors towards the use of antifeedants. This review is a
critical survey of the most important publications issued
during the 1980s, especially dealing with sensory
physiological and behavioral studies, structure-activity
aspects, screening methods, sources of antifeedants, and
aspects of practical application. Important but neglected
areas of research as well as future tasks are stressed.
201 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Quinolizidine alkaloids in Genista acanthoclada and its
holoparasite, Cuscuta palaestina.
Wink, M.; Witte, L.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1993 Mar.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 19 (3): p. 441-448; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Genista; Cuscuta; Plant composition;
Quinolizidine alkaloids; Phloem loading; Defense mechanisms;
Allelochemicals
Abstract: About 20 quinolizidine alkaloids were identified in
Genista acanthoclada by capillary GLC and GLC-MS, such as
sparteine, 11,12-dehydrosparteine, retamine, N-methylcytisine,
cytisine, 17-oxosparteine, lupanine, alpha-isolupanine, 5,6-
dehydrolupanine, 10-oxosparteine, N-carbomethoxycytisine, 17-
oxoretamine, N-formylcytisine, N-acetylcytisine, and
anagyrine. Its phloem-feeding holoparasite Cuscuta palaestina
contained alkaloids too, such as sparteine, 11,12-
dehydrosparteine, retamine, N-methylcytisine, cytisine, 17-
oxosparteine, lupanine, N-carbomethoxycytisine, and anagyrine.
Whereas sparteine, retamine, 17-oxosparteine, and cytisine are
the main alkaloids of G. acanthoclada, lupanine, cytisine, N-
methylcytisine, and anagyrine are abundant and enriched in C.
palaestina. Since these alkaloids figure as antiherbivoral
chemical defense compounds in Genista, it is assumed that the
parasite can exploit the acquired allelochemicals for its own
protection.
202 NAL Call. No.: QK900.J67
Recruitment pattern of Rhus integrifolia populations in
periods between fire in chaparral.
Lloret, F.; Zedler, P.H.
Knivsta, Sweden : Opulus Press; 1991 Apr.
Journal of vegetation science v. 2 (2): p. 217-230; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Rhus; Allelopathy; Chaparral; Coastal
plant communities; Fire ecology; Plant succession; Seed banks;
Seed dispersal; Seed predation
203 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Relationships between chemical structure and inhibitory
activity of C6 through C9 volatiles emitted by plant residues.
Bradow, J.M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2193-2212; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Allium cepa; Daucus carota; Lycopersicon
esculentum; Allelopathy; Plant composition; Volatile
compounds; Seed germination
Abstract: Leaf, stem, flower, fruit, and root residues of a
wide variety of plants have been reported to emit bioactive n-
alkanes, 2-alkanols, n-alkanals, 2-alkenals, 2-alkanones, and
n-alkanoic acids containing from six to nine carbon atoms.
During a 72-hr exposure to the vapor phase of these compounds
(6.9, 20.8 or 34.4 micromoles/liter), germination of onion,
carrot, and tomato seeds was inhibited to varying degrees. The
extent of inhibition caused by these plant residue volatiles
depended upon the compound type and concentration, carbon-
chain length, and the seed species tested. Tomato seeds
recovered more fully from exposure to these volatile
inhibitors than did those of carrot and onion. Degree of
recovery in all three species depended on the type and
concentration of volatile present. The C7 and C8 compounds
were the most inhibitory among these 24 volatiles. Of the six
classes of chemicals examined, the 2-alkenals were the most
inhibitory, followed by the 2-alkanols, n-alkanals, and 2-
alkanones, which were equally effective as seed germination
inhibitors. The straight-chain alkanes and alkanoic acids were
relatively noninhibitory. Tests of a C7 and C9 alkadienal
indicated that the C7 compound was the more inhibitory.
204 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
Relationships of glands, cotton square terpenoid aldehydes,
and other allelochemicals to larval growth of Heliothis
virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Hedin, P.A.; Parrott, W.L.; Jenkins, J.N.
Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr.
Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 359-364; 1992
Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mississippi; Gossypium hirsutum; Cultivars;
Lines; Pest resistance; Plant glands; Susceptibility;
Terpenoids; Aldehydes; Allelochemicals; Heliothis virescens;
Larvae; Growth
Abstract: Female moths of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis
virescens (F.), oviposit in terminals of the cotton plant,
Gossypium hirsutum (L.). The hatched larvae feed in the
terminal area, then migrate to small squares (buds) where they
feed and finally burrow into and feed on the anthers, where
they grow rapidly. They attempt to avoid feeding on gossypol
glands during the first 48 h after hatching. When tobacco
budworm neonate larvae were fed squares of highly glanded
lines, growth was decreased by 25-75 %. The number of glands
in calyx and bract tissues of squares of resistant lines was
significantly higher than in susceptible lines. The difference
was greatest in the calyx crown where the ratio in resistant
to susceptible lines was 10-20 fold. The calyx crown of highly
glanded resistant lines also was high in terpenoid aldehydes.
High pressure liquid chromatography data showed that the
gossypol content of susceptible and resistant glanded lines is
equal, whereas three other terpenoid aldehydes,
hemigossypolone and heliocides H1 and H2 are greatly increased
in resistant lines, and they are presumably more closely
associated with resistance.
205 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28
Relative effects of Prosopis juliflora swartz and Prosopis
cineraria (L.) druce on seed germination and seedling growth.
Goel, U.; Nathawat, G.S.
Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Jun.
Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (1): p. 76-79; 1990 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: India; Prosopis juliflora; Prosopis cineraria;
Crotalaria medicaginea; Indigofera; Seed germination;
Seedlings; Growth; Plant extracts; Growthpromoters; Growth
retardants; Allelopathins; Plant interaction
206 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Release of allelochemical agents from litter, throughfall, and
topsoil in plantations of Eucalyptus globulus labill in Spain.
Molina, A.; Reigosa, M.J.; Carballeira, A.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 147-160; 1991 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spain; Eucalyptus globulus; Allelopathy; Lactuca
sativa; Phytotoxicity; Leachates; Soil
Abstract: Natural leachates of Eucalyptus globulus
(throughfall, stemflow, and soil percolates) were collected
daily during rainy spells in the vegetative period (February-
July), and their effects on the germination and radicle growth
of Lactuca sativa were measured. Concurrently, the effects of
L. sativa of topsoil and leachates from decaying litter were
determined. The results suggest that toxic allelochemicals
released by Eucalyptus globulus may influence the composition
and structure of the understory of the plantation and that
this effect is attributable mainly to the decomposition
products of decaying litter rather than to aerial leachates.
The soil may neutralize or dilute allelopathic agents, at
least below the top few cms.
207 NAL Call. No.: 410 M58
Replacement of Cakile edentula by C. maritima in the strand
habitat of California.
Boyd, R.S.; Barbour, M.G.
Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame, 1909-; 1993 Oct.
The American midland naturalist v. 130 (2): p. 209-228; 1993
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: California; Cabt; Cruciferae; Coastal plant
communities; Allelopathy; Duneland plants; Ecosystems;
Habitats; Herbivores; Invasion; Plant competition; Plant
succession; Survival
208 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Resistance to plant allelochemicals in Heliothis virescens
(Fabricius). Rose, R.L.; Gould, F.; Levi, P.; Konno, T.;
Hodgson, E.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1992.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (505): p.
137-148; 1992. In the series analytic: Molecular mechanisms
of insecticide resistance / edited by C.A. Mullin and J.G.
Scott. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Allelochemicals; Resistance;
Cytochrome p-450; Resistance mechanisms; Insect control
Abstract: Potential metabolic routes for the resistance of
tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae to host plant allelochemicals
nicotine, 2-tridecanone and quercetin were explored. Midgut
preparations from larvae resistant to nicotine and 2-
tridecanone had elevated levels of cytochrome P450 which were
associated with significant increases in metabolism for five
of six monooxygenase substrates. In quercetin tolerant larvae,
metabolism of two monooxygenase substrates was significantly
enhanced although no increase in P450 content was observed.
Glutathione transferases and esterases did not appear to be
involved in the resistance of any of the strains examined.
Patterns of substrate oxidations varied between strains and
inducing agents, suggesting that different isozymes of P450
are associated with resistance and induction.
209 NAL Call. No.: 450 M99
Role of Acremonium endophyte of fescue on inhibition of
colonization and reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi.
Guo, B.Z.; Hendrix, J.W.; An, Z.Q.; Ferriss, R.S.
Bronx, N.Y. : The New York Botanical Garden; 1992 Nov.
Mycologia v. 84 (6): p. 882-885; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Festuca arundinacea; Acremonium coenophialum;
Endophytes; Glomus mosseae; Glomus macrocarpum; Mycorrhizal
fungi; Infectivity; Inhibition; Allelopathy; Allelopathins;
Alkaloids; Toxic exudates
210 NAL Call. No.: QH540.E288
The role of allelopathy in agroecosystems: studies from
tropical Taiwan. Chou, C.H.
New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag; 1990.
Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis v. 78: p. 104-121;
1990. In the series analytic: Agroecology : Researching the
Ecological Basis for Sustainable Agriculture / edited by
Stephen R. Gliessman. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Taiwan; Allelopathy; Cropping systems;
Environmental factors; Ecosystems; Tropics
211 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Role of avian trigeminal sensory system in detecting coniferyl
benzoate, a plant allelochemical.
Jakubas, W.J.; Mason, J.R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2213-2221; 1991
Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sturnus vulgaris; Antifeedants; Plant
composition; Senses; Chemoreceptors; Pest control; Biological
control
Abstract: Coniferyl benzoate, a secondary metabolite found in
quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and other plants, is an
avian feeding deterrent of ecological and potential commercial
importance. This study was conducted to determine if coniferyl
benzoate is a trigeminal stimulant for birds and to ascertain
if trigeminal chemoreception of coniferyl benzoate can mediate
avian feeding behavior. Five European starlings (Sturnus
vulgaris) with bilateral nerve cuts ophthalmic branch of the
trigeminal nerve) and four starlings that had sham surgeries
were fed a commercial diet treated with coniferyl benzoate.
Birds receiving bilateral nerve cuts ate significantly more
feed than intact birds, indicating trigeminal detection of
coniferyl benzoate and trigeminal mediation of feeding
behavior. In the past, trigeminal chemoreception has not been
recognized as important in the detection of plant secondary
metabolites despite the irritant or astringent properties of a
number of them.
212 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7
Role of superoxide dismutase in the protection and tolerance
to the prooxidant allelochemical quercetin in Papilio
polyxenes, Spodoptera eridania, and Trichoplusia ni.
Pritsos, C.A.; Pastore, J.; Pardini, R.S.
New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991.
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 16 (4): p.
273-282; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Papilio polyxenes; Spodoptera eridania;
Trichoplusia ni; Larvae; Superoxide dismutase; Quercetin
Abstract: Larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio
polyxenes, the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, and the
cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, have different feeding habits
and dietary breadth, which contributes to differences in their
exposure and tolerance to dietary prooxidant allelochemicals.
The antioxidant enzyme activities of larvae of these insects
have been previously determined, with the levels being P
polyxenes > S. eridania > T ni. The relative activities of
these antioxidant enzymes are consistent with the relative
exposure of these insects to prooxidants. This suggests that
the antioxidant enzymes may play a role in the defense against
allelochemical toxicity in these insects. Dietary
diethlydithiocarbamate (DETC), a copper chelating agent and
superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, was shown to inhibit SOD
in all three insects. Toxicological studies were conducted
using four diets for each insect. The standard diets for each
insect were supplemented with either control (solvent),
quercetin (a prooxidant), DETC, or DETC plus quercetin.
Nontoxic doses of each compound for each insect were used.
inhibition of SOD in P. polyxenes and S. eridania dramatically
increased quercetin-induced toxicity as measured by relative
growth and consumption rates in these species. DETC had no
effect on quercetin toxicity in T ni. These results elucidate
the important role of SOD in the prooxidant allelochemical
defense of insects.
213 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Role of the isoflavonoid coumestrol in the constitutive
antixenosic properties of "Davis" soybeans against an
oligophagous insect, the Mexico bean beetle. Burden, B.J.;
Norris, D.M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Jul.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (7): p. 1069-1081; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Allelochemicals; Flavonoids; Feeding
behavior; Epilachna varivestis; Insect control
Abstract: The antixenosic properties of the isoflavonoid,
coumestrol, were tested in dual-choice leaf disk bioassays
with the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant).
E. varivestis preferred the methanol-treated (solvent control)
disk when the coumestrol concentration was 1.8 or 0.9
micrograms/leaf disk. No preference was observed between the
coumestrol-treated and the solvent-control disks when the
coumestrol concentration was higher, at 3.6, or lower, at 0.45
micrograms/leaf disk. Coumestrol alone clearly is not
responsible for the significant constitutive antixenosic
properties of "Davis" soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill,
because the amount of coumestrol in these plants is
significantly less than the minimum concentration which was
antixenosic in this study. However, it might contribute to a
constitutive antixenosis in "Davis" involving a profile of
allelochemicals. A computer-aided densitometer, adapted to
measure the leaf disk area, increased the resolution of the
leaf area 250 (x)-fold as compared to the standard LI-COR leaf
area meter.
214 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Root exudates of wild oats: allelopathic effect on spring
wheat. Perez, F.J.; Ormeno-Nunez, J.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Phytochemistry v. 30 (7): p. 2199-2202; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Avena fatua; Root exudates; Triticum aestivum;
Allelopathins; Seedlings; Roots; Coleoptiles; Growth
inhibitors; Herbicidal properties; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: Root exudates from the undisturbed root system of
wild oats Avena fatua were collected by a modification of the
Tang and Young method. Exudates inhibited root and coleoptile
growth of spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum).
Scopoletin, coumarin, p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acid were
tentatively identified from the root exudates by HPLC.
215 NAL Call. No.: 450 B6527
Root flavonoids.
Rao, A.S.
Bronx, N.Y. : New York Botanical Garden; 1990 Jan.
The Botanical review v. 56 (1): 90 p.; 1990 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chemical constituents of plants; Root analysis;
Flavonoids; Nutrient uptake; Growth rate; Graviperception;
Allelopathy; Nitrogen fixation; Symbiosis; Biosynthesis; Plant
protection; Plant metabolism; Plant pigments; Medicinal plants
216 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P
Scanning electron microscopy for studying root morphology and
anatomy in alfalfa autotoxicity.
Hegde, R.S.; Miller, D.A.
Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul.
Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 618-620; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity;
Shoots; Allelopathins; Root systems; Plant morphology; Growth
rate; Root hairs; Scanning electron microscopy
Abstract: The aqueous extract of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
shoots inhibits root elongation, shoot elongation, and/or
germination of alfalfa itself--a phenomenon termed
autotoxicity. The study of the mode of action of allelopathic
and/or autotoxic compounds at the plant organ and cellular
levels is limited by the depth of field, resolution, and
magnification of a light microscope compared to a scanning
electron microscope. Scanning electron microscopy techniques
were used to study the morphology and anatomy of the roots
inhibited by the water-extract of alfalfa shoots.
Investigations on the morphology of shoot-aqueous-extract-
inhibited, 5-d old 'WL-3l6' alfalfa roots revealed a 46%
reduction in density and 54% reduction in length of root hairs
compared to the control. Anatomical differences between the
inhibited and uninhibited alfalfa roots were also observed.
Shoot aqueous extract did not cause clogging of xylem vessels.
The scanning electron microscope is a valuable tool in the
study of the mode of action of allelopathic or autotoxic
compounds at the plant organ as well as cellular levels.
217 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B5
Seasonal patterns in the allelochemicals of Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Picea engelmanii and Abies concolor.
Wagner, M.R.; Clancy, K.M.; Tinus, R.W.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990.
Biochemical systematics and ecology v. 18 (4): p. 215-220;
1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arizona; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Picea
engelmannii; Abies concolor; Choristoneura occidentalis;
Allelochemicals; Pest resistance; Seasonal fluctuations;
Terpenoids; Tannins; Phenols; Nitrogen; Ratios; Leaves
218 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Seasonal patterns of juglone in soil beneath Juglans nigra
(black walnut) and influence of J. nigra on understory
vegetation.
De Scisciolo, B.; Leopold, D.J.; Walton, D.C.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Apr.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (4): p. 1111-1130; 1990 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Juglans nigra; Allelopathy; Soil analysis;
Quinones; Seasonal variation; Undergrowth
Abstract: The allelopathic nature of J. nigra L. was
investigated in several planted mixed hardwood stands located
near Syracuse, New York. Concentrations of chloroform-
extracted juglone from soil collected beneath J. nigra was
determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-
pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Soil juglone
concentrations were corrected based on recovery of synthetic
juglone added to soil. Soil juglone levels were high in the
spring, decreased during the summer, and were high again in
the fall. The quantification of juglone from soil by HPLC was
found to be more accurate than by TLC. Regression analysis
indicated that individual tree variation in soil juglone
levels could not be explained by differences in soil moisture,
pH, organic matter content, and texture. The results of
juglone recovery experiments suggest that chloroform-
extractable juglone does not persist in soil. Juglone
degradation by microorganisms could only explain a portion of
the juglone decline. Ordinations revealed that the herbaceous
and woody vegetation beneath J. nigra, in comparison to
vegetation beneath Acer saccharum and Quercus rubra, is
distinct in only one of the four stands studied. This
vegetational difference did not appear to be a consequence of
any strong allelopathic influences of J. nigra (Scheffe's
method of contrast, chi-square analysis). The allelopathic
nature of juglone under these field conditions is
questionable.
219 NAL Call. No.: 450 AN7
Seminal root growth in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under
allelopathic influences from residues of taro (Colocasia
esculenta).
Pardales, J.R. Jr; Kono, Y.; Yamauchi, A.; Iijima, M.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Jun.
Annals of botany v. 69 (6): p. 493-496; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Roots; Growth; Inhibition;
Colocasia esculenta; Plant residues; Allelopathy;
Phytotoxicity
Abstract: The length of the seminal root (SR) axis and the
number and length of lateral roots (LRs) of sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor Moench) were markedly inhibited by taro [Colocasia
esculenta (L.) Schott] residues incorporated into a sand
growing medium. The sand profile was divided equally into
zones with and without residues. Production and elongation of
the first-order LRs of the SR axis facing the zone containing
taro residues were severely suppressed. On the side facing the
zone that was free of residues, production and elongation of
LRs was not inhibited. SR and LR growth was drastically
impaired and many plants were killed when taro residues were
incorporated in large amounts into the uppermost 2 cm of the
growing medium. The activity of the allelopathic substances in
the root zone appeared to be location-specific.
220 NAL Call. No.: 450 J8224
Short-term effects of ferulic acid on ion uptake and water
relations in cucumber seedlings.
Booker, F.L.; Blum, U.; Fiscus, E.L.
Oxford : Oxford University Press; 1992 May.
Journal of experimental botany v. 43 (250): p. 649-655; 1992
May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Ferulic acid; Inhibition;
Potassium; Nitrate; Ion transport; Ion uptake; Leaf water
potential; Turgor; Roots; Seedlings; Allelopathy
Abstract: Ferulic acid (FA) is commonly found in soils and is
considered an allelochemical. Studies have suggested that FA
and other phenolic acids decrease plant growth in part by
decreasing the absorption of mineral nutrients and water.
However, no studies have examined these parameters in a single
experimental system to investigate how FA affected both ion
uptake and plant-water relations in whole plants. Using intact
cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Early Green Cluster)
seedlings, we examined short-term effects of FA on ion uptake
kinetics, transport promoters and inhibitors, and water
relations as indicated by a pressure-volume analysis. We found
that after 3 h of treatment, 200 micromolar FA inhibited net
ion uptake, particularly NO3(-1), and promoted net K+ efflux
from seedling roots. The addition of fusicoccin, a K+
transport promoter, counteracted the inhibitory effect of FA
on net K+ uptake. Concurrent treatment of seedlings with FA
and tetraethylammonium, a channel-blocking salt, reduced
average K+ efflux by 66%. Treatment of seedlings with FA also
decreased leaf water potential and turgor pressure (P(T)).
However, decreased leaf water potential and P(T) were not
caused by changes in the osmotic properties of the symplast or
stomatal conductance. A decrease in water absorption is a
likely explanation for the loss of P(T) observed. The results
of our experiments indicate that both ion uptake and plant-
water relations can be adversely affected by FA.
221 NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83
Significance of phenolic compounds in plant-soil-microbial
systems. Siqueira, J.O.; Nair, M.G.; Hammerschmidt, R.; Safir,
G.R. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1991.
Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 10 (1): p. 63-121; 1991.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant physiology; Phenolic compounds;
Biosynthesis; Metabolites; Soil chemistry; Allelopathins;
Plant growth regulators; Host parasite relationships;
Symbiosis; Literature reviews
222 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Soil transformation of 2(3H)-benzoxazolone of rye into
phytotoxic 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one.
Gagliardo, R.W.; Chilton, W.S.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1683-1691; 1992
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Secale cereale; Allelopathy; Plant composition;
Ketones; Metabolites; Soil biology; Phytotoxicity; Echinochloa
crus-galli
Abstract: Nonsterile soil transforms the rye metabolite
2(3H)-benzoxazolone (BOA) into 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one,
which is an order of magnitude more toxic to barnyard grass
than benzoxazolone. Benzoxazolone was recovered unchanged from
sterile soil. However, o-aminophenol is converted to
aminophenoxazinone by both sterile and nonsterile soil in the
presence of air. Aminophenoxazinone is probably produced by
microbial hydrolysis of benzoxazolone into o-aminophenol,
which is oxidized to aminophenoxazinone in both sterile and
nonsterile soil. No 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene was found in any
incubations of soil with benzoxazolone, o-aminophenol, or o-
azophenol.
223 NAL Call. No.: 99.8 F7623
Some future directions for biologically based vegetation
control in forestry research.
Jobidon, R.
Ottawa : Canadian Institute of Forestry; 1991 Oct.
The Forestry chronicle v. 67 (5): p. 514-519; 1991 Oct. Paper
presented at the symposium on "Recent Advances in Forest Pest
Management", Oct 21, 1990, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vegetation management; Weed control; Biological
control; Phytotoxins; Allelopathy; Microbial pesticides;
Research
Abstract: During the past decade, considerable research
efforts have been devoted towards non-chemical weed control.
Some of these efforts have been directed towards the control
of forest weed species. Non-chemical control of forest
vegetation encompasses many approaches and techniques and only
a few of them are discussed in this paper. Three major and
promising research areas are identified: 1) allelopathy, (2)
microbially produced phytotoxins, and 3) bio-control. Each of
these weed management strategies is briefly presented and
discussed using examples from the forestry literature.
224 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Sorgoleone from root exudate inhibits mitochondrial functions.
Rasmussen, J.A.; Hejl, A.M.; Einhellig, F.A.; Thomas, J.A. New
York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Feb.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (2): p. 197-207; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Root exudates; Allelopathy;
Allelochemicals; Mitochondria; Zea mays; Glycine max; Electron
transfer; Inhibition; Hydrophobicity; Weed control
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to determine if
sorgoleone (SGL), a hydrophobic compound in Sorghum bicolor
(L.) Moench root exudate, interferes with mitochondrial
functions. Tests were conducted on mitochondria isolated from
etiolated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn (Zea mays
L.) seedlings. The data show SGL is a potent inhibitor of
state 3 and state 4 respiration rates in both soybean and
corn. Using either NADH, succinate, or malate as substrate,
the I50 was about 0.5 micromolar SGL for state 3 and 5.0
micromolar for state 4 based on 0.3-0.5 mg mitochondrial
protein. Absorption spectra indicate SGL blocks electron
transport at the b-c1 complex. These data show that disruption
of mitochondrial function may be a mechanism of SGL-mediated
growth inhibition previously reported and demonstrate a
probable role of SGL in Sorghum allelopathy.
225 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Soybean flavonoid effects on and metabolism by Phytophthora
sojae. Rivera-Vargas, L.I.; Schmitthenner, A.F.; Graham, T.L.
Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-; 1993 Mar.
Phytochemistry v. 32 (4): p. 851-857; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Phytophthora; Plant pathogenic
fungi; Host parasite relationships; Plant composition;
Flavonoids; Growth; Plant development; Metabolism;
Metabolites; Naringin; Growth inhibitors; Quercetin;
Phytoalexins; Phytotoxicity; Disease resistance; Allelopathins
Abstract: Various soybean flavonoids were examined for their
effects on the growth and development of Phytophthora sojae
and for their metabolism by P. sojae. Three classes of
molecules were identified based on their effects on growth.
Coumestrol, biochanin A, genistein, naringenin and
isorhamnetin were inhibitory at concentrations of 60-120
micromolar and were fungicidal at 240 micromolar. Quercetin
and its 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, isoquercitrin, caused
significantly prolonged lags in P. sojae growth at 60-240
micromolar, but were not fungicidal at any of these
concentrations. Daidzein, formononetin, kaempferol, apigenin,
chrysin and rutin were not inhibitory over this range. P.
sojae rapidly hydrolysed all flavonoid glycosides tested and
metabolized several flavonoids to non-aromatic products.
However, the aglycones of the most inhibitory compounds were
not significantly degraded. Metabolism of the compounds by P.
sojae was a very early event and appeared to be associated
predominantly with the hyphal tips. Several compounds had
potentially interesting effects on fungal morphology and
development. For example, genistein and its conjugates caused
a marked swelling of the hyphal tip and an increase in the
number of oogonia formed.
226 NAL Call. No.: 450 J829
Spatial patterning in plants: opposing effects of herbivory
and competition. Bergelson, J.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific; 1990 Dec.
Journal of ecology v. 78 (4): p. 937-948; 1990 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Washington; Poa annua; Senecio vulgaris;
Deroceras reticulatum; Limax maximus; Plant competition;
Allelopathy; Survival; Plant ecology; Spatial distribution;
Herbivores; Feeding behavior
Abstract: (1) A field experiment was conducted to determine
how the spatial distribution of Poa annua influenced the
ability of Senecio vulgaris to establish in experimental
plots. The relative effects of slug herbivores, dead
individuals of Poa annua and live individuals of Poa annua on
Senecio establishment were also investigated. (2) Senecio
exhibited a higher rate of population growth when planted
amidst clumped Poa than when planted amidst a random
distribution of Poa. This change in population growth is due
to increased survival of Senecio seedlings which emerge in
areas having a low density of dead Poa. (3) The advantage
associated with a clumped distribution of Poa was opposed by
two other consequences of spatial distribution: herbivores
consumed more Senecio seedlings. and intraspecific competition
among Senecio seedlings was greater, where the grass was
clumped than where it was randomly distributed. (4) Despite a
number of direct effects, higher-order interactions and
indirect effects, the net result of spatial patchiness is
easily understood in this system because seedling suppression
by dead Poa has overriding importance.
227 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57
Status of biological control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in
India: a review.
Srikanth, J.; Pushpalatha, N.A.
Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991 Aug.
Insect science and its application v. 12 (4): p. 347-359; 1991
Aug. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: India; Parthenium hysterophorus; Biological
control; Weed control; Insects; Mites; Pathogens; Mycotoxins;
Parasitic plants; Natural enemies; Allelopathy; Surveys;
Literature reviews
Abstract: Biological control efforts on Parthenium
hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) in India have gained momentum
after the limitations of other methods were realized. Native
surveys revealed a large number of insects, but none of them
was host specific. Although the introduced beetle Zygogramma
bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has
established at the sites of initial releases, its real impact
on the weed and performance in different parts of the country
need further evaluation. Fungal pathogens of the weed hold
promise for classical as well as microherbicidal control. The
use of parthenium phyllody MLO as a biocontrol agent requires
establishment of host and vector specificity. Mycotoxins are a
potential group of herbicides on which serious studies are yet
to begin. Studies on control of the weed through interference
and allelopathy by Cassia uniflora Mill.(= C. sericea Sw.)
(Leguminosae) have produced promising results. Toxic leachates
of C. uniflora and autotoxic principles of the weed deserve
attention. integrated biocontrol strategies envisaged for
wastelands using introduced insects and pathogens,
allelopathic plants, and agroecosystems using native
pathogens, mycotoxins and autotoxic principles, will help
combat this apparently invincible weed.
228 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Structure-activity relationships of phenylpropanoids as growth
inhibitors of the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum.
Della Greca, M.; Monaco, P.; Pollio, A.; Previtera, L.
Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-; 1992 Dec.
Phytochemistry v. 31 (12): p. 4119-4123; 1992 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlorophyta; Bioassays; Growth inhibitors;
Propionic acid; Derivatives; Allelochemicals; Structure
activity relationships; Molecular conformation
Abstract: Twenty-seven commercial or synthetic
phenylpropanoids have been tested in broth against the
unicellular alga Selenastrum capricornutum. The antialgal
activity seems to be linked to the number as well as to the
position of the methoxyl groups in the molecule. A slight
effect of the side chain substitution was also observed.
229 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Sunflower aroma detection by the honeybee: study by coupling
gas chromatography and electroantennography.
Thiery, D.; Bluet, J.M.; Pham-Delegue, M.H.; Etievant, P.;
Masson, C. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 701-711; 1990 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Helianthus annuus; Plant composition; Aroma;
Volatile compounds; Separation; Chemical analysis;
Allelopathy; Interactions; Apis mellifera ligustica
Abstract: Combined electrophysiological recordings (EAG) and
gas chromatographic separation were performed in order to
investigate which volatile chemical components of a sunflower
extract could be detected by honeybee workers and thus are
likely to trigger the foraging behavior. A direct coupling
device allowed for the stimulation of the antennal receptors
with individual constituents of a polar fraction of the flower
aroma shown to be attractive to bees. More than 100 compounds
were separated from the extract. Twenty-four compounds
elicited clear EAG responses. These compounds were identified
by mass spectrometry (electronic impact and chemical
ionisation). Both short- and long-chain aliphatic alcohols,
one short-chain aliphatic aldehyde, one acid, two esters, and
terpenic compounds were found to stimulate the antennal
receptors. Six compounds identified in previous behavioral
experiments were found to exhibit EAG activity. The chemicals
screened by this method may be used for recognition of the
plant odor and the selective behavior of honeybees.
230 NAL Call. No.: QK900.J67
Suppression of annuals by Tribulus terrestris in an abandoned
field in the sandy desert of Kuwait.
El-Ghareeb, R.M.
Knivsta, Sweden : Opulus Press; 1991 Apr.
Journal of vegetation science v. 2 (2): p. 147-154; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kuwait; Tribulus terrestris; Weed competition;
Allelopathy; Germination inhibitors; Invasion; Leachates;
Phenolic compounds; Sandy soils; Annuals; Deserts; Plant
communities; Site factors
231 NAL Call. No.: 385 T29
Synthesis and absolute configuration of lepidimoide, a high
potent allelopathic substance from mucilage of germinated
cress seeds. Kosemura, S.; Yamamura, S.; Kakuta, H.; Mizutani,
J.; Hasegawa, K. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 Apr16.
Tetrahedron letters v. 34 (16): p. 2653-2656; 1993 Apr16.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lepidium sativum; Seeds; Plant composition;
Allelopathy; Disaccharides; Synthesis; Stereochemistry;
Structure
Abstract: Lepidimoide (1) was isolated as a novel
allelopathic substance, which promoted the shoot growth of
different plant species but inhibited the root growth, from
mucilage of germinated cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. For
example, lepidimoide (1) promoted the hypocotyl growth of
etiolated Amaranthus caudatus L. at concentrations higher than
3 micromolar and inhibited the root growth at concentrations
higher than 100 micromolar. The growth-promoting activity in
hypocotyls was 20 or 30 times as much as that of gibberellic
acid. The structural study of lepidimoide, with spectral
analyses and some chemical evidence, has showed that
lepidimoide 1 is regarded as the uronic acid derivative
bearing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylate bonded to
rhamnose via alpha-glucoside linkage. Thus, the intriguing
structure as well as its unique biological activity prompted
us to determine the absolute configuration of lepidimoide (1),
by total synthesis. In this communication we wish to report a
total synthesis and the absolute configuration of lepidimoide
1.
232 NAL Call. No.: 410 EC7
Tannic acid, protein, and digestible carbohydrate: dietary
imbalance and nutritional compensation in locusts.
Raubenheimer, D.
Tempe, Ariz. : The Society; 1992 Jun.
Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America
v. 73 (3): p. 1012-1027; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Locusta migratoria; Diet studies;
Allelochemicals; Carbohydrates; Digestibility; Interactions;
Protein; Tannins
233 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Temperature stress and varietal resistance in rice: effects on
whitebacked planthopper.
Salim, M.; Saxena, R.C.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Nov.
Crop science v. 31 (6): p. 1620-1625; 1991 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Cultivars; Genotypes; Varietal
susceptibility; Sogatella furcifera; Pest resistance; Gene
expression; Genotype environment interaction; Environmental
temperature; Stress response; Heat stress; Cold stress; Plant
composition; Chemical composition; Allelochemicals; Feeding
behavior; Growth rate; Fecundity; Maturation period;
Population dynamics; Host preferences
Abstract: Temperature greatly influences fundamental plant
and pest physiological processes and interactions. This
phytotron study sought to determine how optimum (29/21 degrees
C), low (24/16 and 26/18 degrees C), and high (35/27 and 36/28
degrees C) day/night temperature expression of regimes affect
resistance of 'IR2035-117-3' (IR2035) and susceptibility of
'Taichung Native 1' (TN1) rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to
the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath).
Both low and high temperature stresses reduced plant growth
and biomass, and influenced plant chemical composition. Insect
food intake, growth, longevity, fecundity, and population
increased significantly when IR2035 plants were grown at low
and high (vs. optimum) temperature regimes (except 36/28
degrees C). insect performance on temperature-stressed TN1
plants was similar or superior to that on TN1 plants grown at
optimum temperature, but at low temperatures, developmental
period and longevity increased, while population decreased. At
36/28 degrees C, the insect performed poorly on both resistant
and susceptible plants. In spite of temperature-induced
effects, the difference between resistance of IR2035 and
susceptibility of TN1 remained distinct. Significantly more
first instars died on TN1 plants painted with the steam-
distillate extract of resistant IR2035 plants (grown at all
temperatures studied) than on acetone-treated TN1 plants.
Compared with unstressed plants, temperature-stressed plants
had less allelochemicals. Since temperature-induced stresses
enhance susceptibility of rice to insects, germplasm for S.
furcifera resistance should be evaluated across a wide range
of temperatures.
234 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Toxicity of allelopathic monoterpene suspensions on yeast:
dependence on droplet size.
Uribe, S.; Pena, A.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Apr.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (4): p. 1399-1408; 1990 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Allelopathy;
Monoterpenes; Emulsions; Toxicity; Droplet size
Abstract: The toxic effects of the allelopathic
nonsubstituted monoterpenes beta-pinene and limonene on yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were proportional to the size of the
monoterpene droplets in suspension. Both the toxic effects and
the size of the droplets in suspension were decreased by
adding different solvents with the monoterpene as follows:
dimethylsulfoxide approximately dimethylformamide >> ethanol >
dioxane. Oxygen consumption was inhibited about 80% by 1 mM
beta-pinene added in dimethylsulfoxide but less than 10% when
beta-pinene was added in dioxane. Parallel decreases in
droplet size and toxic effects of either monoterpene were also
induced by hydrating the monoterpene-dimethylformamide or
monoterpene-dimethylsulfoxide before addition to yeast.
Molecular aggregation may be a mechanism to potentiate the
allelopathic properties of monoterpenes when these associate
with diverse soil components.
235 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895
Toxicity of the limonoid allelochemical cedrelone to noctuid
larvae. Koul, O.; Isman, M.B.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Sep.
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 64 (3): p. 281-287;
1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mamestra configurata; Peridroma saucia; Larvae;
Limonoids; Allelochemicals; Cedrela odorata; Growth
inhibitors; Toona ciliata; Toxicity
236 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.O74
The truth about companion planting.
Tozer, E.
Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press, Inc; 1992 Feb.
Organic gardening v. 39 (2): p. 63-64, 66-67; 1992 Feb.
Language: English
Descriptors: Companion crops; Allelopathy; Plant protection
237 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Uptake and detoxification of salicylic acid by Vicia faba and
Fagopyrum esculentum.
Schulz, M.; Schnabl, H.; Manthe, B.; Schweihofen, B.; Casser,
I. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 May.
Phytochemistry v. 33 (2): p. 291-294; 1993 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vicia faba; Fagopyrum esculentum; Roots;
Salicylic acid; Allelopathins; Uptake; Detoxification;
Biosynthesis; Metabolites; Chemical composition; Enzyme
activity
Abstract: Roots of Vicia faba and Fagopyrum esculentum showed
a characteristic tri-phasic uptake of salicylic acid. During
the first, short phase, absorption was unaffected by O2
depletion, vanadate or cysteine, which suggests a diffusion of
salicylic acid into the apoplast and some penetration into the
cytoplasm. The second phase, continuing for about 6-8 (V.
faba) and 5-8 hr (F. esculentum), was stationary and no
obvious uptake was observed. The third phase was characterized
by an active uptake. The absorbed salicylic acid was
differently detoxified by the two species and the resulting
compounds were identified. Vicia faba glucosylated salicylic
acid to form o-beta-D-glucosylhydroxybenzoic acid, whereas F.
esculentum oxidized it to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and
glucosylated this product at the 5-OH group. The enzymes
involved seemed to be induced by salicylic acid. Most of the
detoxification occurred during the phase of active uptake.
238 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Use of natural products in pest control: developing research
trends. Hedin, P.A.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (449): p.
1-11; 1991. In the series analytic: Naturally occurring pest
bioregulators / edited by P. A. Hedin. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Insect control; Biological control; Pheromones;
Allelochemicals; Microbial pesticides; Weed control;
Literature reviews
239 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Variation within flax (Linum usitatissimum) and barley
(Hordeum vulgare) in response to allelopathic chemicals.
Ray, H.; Hastings, P.J.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 (3/4): p. 460-465;
1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Linum usitatissimum; Avena
fatua; Linum; Genetic variation; Cultivars; Tolerance;
Allelopathins; Allelopathy; P-coumaric acid; Shoots; Roots;
Growth; Phenolic acids; Plant extracts
Abstract: A possible method of manipulating allelopathy would
be to develop crop varieties showing an increased tolerance to
allelopathic chemicals. We therefore examined four flax (Linum
usitatissimum) varieties and two wild Linum species in the
presence of p-coumaric acid and four barley (Hordeum vulgare)
varieties in the presence of p-coumaric acid, scopoletin and
wild oat (Avena fatua) extract. Analysis of variance indicates
significant interaction between variety and treatment for
shoot and root growth for seedling flax, shoot growth for
older flax, and root growth for seedling barley. These
differences in tolerance between varieties could be exploited
to develop varieties with greater tolerances to the
allelochemicals produced by weeds or in crop residues and
therefore potentially more tolerant of the presence of weeds.
240 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84
Victims no one mourns.
Hays, S.M.
Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1992 Feb.
Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service v. 40 (2): p. 10-11; 1992 Feb.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weed control; Aquatic weeds; Allelopathy;
Biological control
241 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Volatile compounds from leaves of Ceratiola ericoides by
dynamic headspace sampling.
Jordan, E.D.; Hsieh, T.C.Y.; Fischer, N.H.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 Apr.
Phytochemistry v. 31 (4): p. 1203-1208; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Empetraceae; Plant composition; Leaves;
Volatile compounds; Chemical composition; Allelopathins;
Seasonal variation
Abstract: Ceratiola ericoides is a shrub endemic to the
Florida scrub community and has been investigated in
conjunction with studies of allelopathic interactions that
affect members of the adjacent sandhill community. Headspace
volatiles of C. ericoides leaves collected in spring, summer
and autumn were adsorbed on Tenax TA, thermally desorbed,
cryogenically refocused, and identified by GC-MS. In spring
leaves, hydrocarbons were most prevalent, while alcohols,
aldehydes and ketones were most abundant in summer leaves.
Esters were the major components in autumn leaves.
242 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6
Volatile seed germination inhibitors from plant residues.
Bradow, J.M.; Connick, W.J. Jr
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar.
Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 645-666; 1990 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Allium cepa; Daucus carota; Lycopersicon
esculentum; Allelopathy; Volatile compounds; Germination
inhibitors; Cover crops
Abstract: Volatile emissions from residues of the winter
cover legumes, Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.).
hairy vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray], and crimson clover
(Trifolium incarnatum L.), inhibited germination and seedling
development of onion, carrot. and tomato. Using GC-MS, 31 C2-
C10 hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters,
furans, and monoterpenes were identified in these residue
emission mixtures. Mixtures of similar compounds were found in
the volatiles released by herbicide-treated aerial and root
residues of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and the
late-season woody stems and roots of cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum L.). Vapor-phase onion, carrot. and tomato seed
germination bioassays were used to determine the time- and
concentration-dependent inhibition potential of 33 compounds
that were either identified in the plant residue emissions or
were structurally similar to identified compounds. Cumulative
results of the bioassays showed that (E)-2-hexenal was the
most inhibitory volatile tested, followed by nonanal, 3-
methylbutanal, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. All the volatile
mixtures examined contained at least one compound that greatly
inhibited seed germination.
243 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Volatiles from litter and soil associated with Ceratiola
ericoides. Jordan, E.D.; Hsieh, T.C.Y.; Fischer, N.H.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 May.
Phytochemistry v. 33 (2): p. 299-302; 1993 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Empetraceae; Allelopathins; Plant
composition; Volatile compounds; Litter (plant); Alcohols;
Aldehydes; Ketones; Benzene; Derivatives; Terpenoids; Soil
analysis
Abstract: Litter of Ceratiola ericoides and soil associated
with this shrub were analysed for their volatiles by dynamic
headspace sampling, followed by GC-MS identification. In
litter volatiles, 1-octene, 3-octanol and 1-pentanol were most
prevalent, while aliphatic alcohols and ketones were most
abundant in soil. The major classes of volatiles, in both
litter and soil, were aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes and
ketones, and lesser amounts of benzenoids, monoterpenes and
sesquiterpenes.
244 NAL Call. No.: 100 AR42F
Weed control with crop allelopathy.
Dilday, R.H.; Frans, R.E.; Semidey, N.; Smith, R.J.; Oliver,
L.R. Fayetteville, Ark. : The Station; 1992 Jul.
Arkansas farm research - Arkansas Agricultural Experiment
Station v. 41 (4): p. 14-15; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Helianthus annuus; Gossypium
hirsutum; Glycine max; Weed control; Allelopathy; Crop yield
Author Index
Abdel-Hady, N.F. 20
Aerts, R.J. 37
Ahmad, S. 71, 163
Al-Dulaimy, S.M. 36
Aletor, V.A. 15
Aliotta, G. 196
Allen, P.J. 186
Alsaadawi, I.S. 36
Altman, D.W. 79
An, Z.Q. 209
Anaya, A.L. 38, 109, 127, 188
Anbu, D.A. 62
Anderson, R.L. 91
Anwar, T. 194
Apt, W.J. 151
Arnason, J.T. 84, 147
Ash, J.E. 65
Auld, D.L. 17
Austin, D.F. 75
Babu, R.C. 40
Barbosa, P. 13, 14, 67, 154
Barbour, M.G. 207
Barnes, J.P. 46
Bazzaz, F.A. 112
Bean, G.A. 11
Benedict, J.H. 144
Berenbaum, M.R. 85
Bergelson, J. 226
Bernard, C.B. 147
Bewick, T.A. 60
Bhatt, B.P. 189
Bluet, J.M. 229
Blum, M.S. 157
Blum, U. 18, 116, 117, 120, 126, 153, 158, 187, 220
Boerner, R.E.J. 61
Boethel, D.J. 128
Booker, F.L. 220
Bowers, M.D. 112
Boyd, R.S. 207
Bradbury, J.H. 86
Bradow, J.M. 203, 242
Brattsten, L.B. 72
Bray, R.O. 155
Brede, A.D. 136
Bremner, J.M. 121
Brown, P.D. 17
Bruin, J. 192
Bullock, D.G. 92
Burden, B.J. 213
Caboun, Vladimir 8
Calera, M.R. 38
Camps, F. 161
Caporale, G. 195
Cappelletti, E.M. 195
Capua, S. 148
Carballeira, A. 206
Carino, F.A. 144
Casser, I. 237
Cast, K.G. 16
Castaneda, P. 127
Caswell, E.P. 151
Chase, W.R. 3, 4
Chauhan, D.S. 189
Chen, P.K. 191
Chilton, W.S. 222
Choesin, D.N. 61
Chou, C.H. 23, 43, 210
Clancy, K.M. 217
Codella, S.G. Jr 110
Cohen, E. 148
Coll, J. 161
Colwell, A. 107
Connick, W.J. Jr 242
Corcuera, L.J. 70
Cowgill, U.M. 81
Craig, R. 134
Crooks, J.R. 123
Cruz Ortega, R. 109
Dahl, B.E. 132
Dakshini, K.M.M. 139, 143, 165, 166
De Scisciolo, B. 218
Deb, P.R. 145
DeFrank, J. 151
Della Greca, M. 1, 228
Dick, W.A. 52
Dicke, M. 192
Dilday, R.H. 244
Doolittle, R.E. 169
Dornbos, D.L. Jr 175
Dowd, P.F. 90, 97, 162
Downum, K.R. 150
Duke, S.O. 181
Dusky, J.A. 60
Dussourd, D.E. 138
Dyck, E. 93
Effects of some compounds isolated from Celaenodendron
mexicanum Standl (Euphorbiaceae) on seeds and phytopathogenic
fun 127
Einhellig, F.A. 118, 190, 224
El Abdaoui, F. 122
El-Darier, S.M. 179
El-Ghareeb, R.M. 230
Elakovich, S.D. 19, 39
Elissalde, M.H. 79
Eller, F.J. 174
Ells, J.E. 29
Elmore, C.D. 75
Elmore, C.L. 199
Etievant, P. 229
Faeth, S.H. 105
Fajer, E.D. 112
Faleiro, L.J. 150
Farkas, P. 137
Fengyou, W. 27
Ferguson, D.E. 41
Ferriss, R.S. 209
Fischer, N.H. 241, 243
Fiscus, E.L. 220
Fogal, W.H. 110
Fogleman, J.C. 167
Foy, C.L. 122
Frank, M.R. 167
Frans, R.E. 244
Fujikura, J. 173
Fukuhara, K. 171
Fulbright, N. 34, 141
Fulbright, T.E. 34, 141
Gabel, B. 137
Gadgil, R.L. 186
Gagliardo, R.W. 222
Galindo, J.C.G. 197
Gallagher, S.S. 186
Gallardo, F. 128
Garcia, M.R. 127
Gavilanes-Ruiz, M. 109
Gerig, T.M. 18, 120, 187
Gerson, U. 148
Ghazi, M. 6
Gilbert, H. 56, 57
Goel, U. 87, 205
Gopal, B. 87
Gould, F. 100, 208
Graham, T.L. 225
Graves, C.H. Jr 146
Grodzinskii, A. M. 58
Gross, P. 13, 14, 154
Grossman, J. 77
Guo, B.Z. 209
Hammer, B.C. 86
Hammerschmidt, R. 221
Harrison, H.F. Jr 102, 131, 172
Hartung, A.C. 168
Hasegawa, K. 53, 170, 231
Hastings, P.J. 239
Hays, S.M. 240
Heath, R.R. 169, 184
Hedin, P.A. 76, 115, 119, 129, 146, 204, 238
Hegazy, A.K. 20
Hegde, R.S. 47, 89, 216
Heisey, R.M. 21, 130
Hejl, A.M. 118, 224
Hendrix, J.W. 209
Hernandez, B.E. 127
Hernandez-Bautista, B.E. 188
Hilton, A.S. 42
Hodgson, E. 100, 208
Hogan, M.E. 54, 101, 114
Hogberg, P. 27
Holappa, L.D. 18, 116
Hradsky, P. 137
Hsieh, T.C.Y. 241, 243
Hurst, H.R. 75
Iijima, M. 219
Inderjit 139, 143, 165, 166
Innocenti, G. 195
Inoue, M. 12
Isenhour, D.J. 9
Isman, M.B. 176, 235
Iyengar, S. 84
Jabbar, A. 194
Jakubas, W.J. 211
Jarvis, B.B. 11
Jenkins, J.N. 115, 129, 204
Jermy, T. 200
Jimenez Estrada, M. 109
Jimenez-Estrada, M. 188
Jobidon, R. 223
Jones, G.P.D. 104
Jordan, E.D. 241, 243
Joshi, S. 73
Kakuta, H. 231
Kalburtji, K.L. 125
Kaspar, T.C. 111
Kelsey, R.G. 155
Kemper, J. 154
Keogh, D.P. 123
Kester, K.M. 67
Khalique, F. 194
Khara, A. 30
Kholdebarin, B. 32, 33
Kil, B.S. 35, 64, 149
King, L.D. 18, 187
Klein, K. 126, 158, 187
Koide, R.T. 180
Komai, K. 83
Konno, T. 208
Kono, Y. 219
Kosemura, S. 170, 231
Koul, O. 235
Krenzer, E.G. Jr 16
Kubo, I. 171
Kuti, J.O. 11
Laird, D.W. 146
Lam, J. 147
Landenberger, B.D. 81
Lawrence, J.G. 107
Lawrence, P.O. 69
Leather, G.R. 191
Lee, S.Y. 149
Lee, Y.F. 23
Leopold, D.J. 218
Leu, L.L. 43
Levi, P. 208
Levi, P.E. 100
Lewis, W.J. 142, 174
Li, H.H. 12, 53
Li, M. 180
Liebman, M. 93
Lindroth, R.L. 140
Liu, D.L. 51
Lloret, F. 202
Lovett, J.V. 51, 80, 82
Lydon, J. 181
Lyu, S.W. 117, 187
Macias, F.A. 182, 197
Mangoni, L. 1
Manner, G.D. 101
Manners, G.D. 54, 114
Mansour, K.S. 20
Manthe, B. 124, 237
Manthe, Barbara, 44
Marion-Poll, F. 137
Martin, V.L. 52
Mason, J.R. 211
Massanet, G.M. 197
Masson, C. 229
Mata, R. 38, 127
Matizha, W. 132
May, F.E. 65
McCaffrey, J.P. 17
McCarty, G.W. 121
McCarty, J.C. Jr 119
McCoy, E.L. 52
McCrady, J.J. 42
McPherson, J.K. 16
McSay, A.E. 29
Meijden, E. van der 37
Meissner, R. 26
Miles, P.W. 185
Miller, D.A. 47, 89, 216
Miller, H.G. 63
Miller, R.W. 175
Milman, I.A. 7
Mishra, S.K. 3
Mitchell, E.R. 184
Mitchell, M.J. 123
Mizutani, J. 12, 53, 55, 170, 173, 231
Moellenbeck, D.J. 5
Mohamed, M.A. 5
Mokhtari-Rejali, N. 11
Molina, A. 206
Molinaro, A. 1
Molinillo, J.M.G. 182
Monaco, P. 1, 196, 228
Morand, P. 84
Moroz, P. A. 59
Morra, M.J. 17
Mosjidis, J.A. 125
Mossler, M.A. 60
Muehleisen, D.P. 144
Mumma, R.O. 134
Munesada, K. 74
Murphy, S.D. 96
Murray, D.S. 88, 98
Myers, G.A. 6
Myster, R.W. 106
Nair, M.G. 2, 3, 4, 46, 168, 221
Nathawat, G.S. 205
Nel, P.C. 26
Netzly, D. 108
Nilsson, M.C. 27, 28, 160
Nishimoto, R.K. 83
Nishimura, H. 12, 53, 55
Norman, J.O. 79
Norris, D.M. 213
Nowbahari, B. 94
Obee, E.M. 159
Oertli, J.J. 32
Ogawa, H. 173
Oguntimein, B.O. 19
Oliver, L.R. 244
Ormeno-Nunez, J. 99, 214
Pacheco, D.Y. 13
Pardales, J.R. Jr 219
Pardini, R.S. 163, 212
Parrott, W.L. 115, 129, 204
Pastore, J. 212
Peirce, L.C. 63
Pena, A. 234
Peng, Z. 185
Pereda-Miranda, R. 38
Perez, F.J. 25, 99, 214
Perumal, R.K.P. 40
Peterson, J.K. 102, 131, 172
Pham-Delegue, M.H. 229
Philogene, B.J.R. 84, 147
Pickett, S.T.A. 106
Pinto, G. 196
Plapp, F.W. Jr 144
Pollard, A.J. 16
Pollio, A. 196, 228
Posthumus, M.A. 192
Previtera, L. 1, 196, 228
Prevost, G. 142
Pritsos, C.A. 212
Provan, G.J. 13, 14
Proveaux, A.T. 169
Puri, S. 30
Purvis, C.E. 103, 104
Pushpalatha, N.A. 227
Putnam, A.R. 2, 3, 4, 46, 168
Quisenberry, S.S. 5
Raffa, K.F. 110
Rahman, A. 152
Rani, M.S. 40
Rao, A.S. 215
Rasmussen, J.A. 118, 224
Raubenheimer, D. 232
Ray, H. 239
Reigosa, M.J. 206
Reinhardt, C.F. 26
Reynolds, S.E. 66
Riffle, M.S. 88, 98
Rivera-Vargas, L.I. 225
Rizvi, S. J. H., 1955 50
Rizvi, V., 50
Rose, R.L. 100, 208
Rosenthal, G.A. 177
Sabelis, M.W. 192
Safir, G.R. 221
Sakeri, F.A.K. 36
Salim, M. 183, 233
Sanchez Nieto, S. 109
Sandberg, A.M. 186
Saric, Taib 48
Saxena, R.C. 183, 233
Schenk, S.U. 68
Schloman, W.W. Jr 42
Schmidt, E.L. 121
Schmitthenner, A.F. 225
Schnabl, H. 124, 237
Schneider, D. 133
Schreiber, M.M. 156
Schulz, M. 124, 237
Schutt, C. 108
Schweihofen, B. 237
Semidey, N. 244
Sexton, O.J. 107
Sgaramello, R.P. 98
Shafer, S.R. 153
Shakeel, M.A. 194
Shen, S.K. 90, 97
Sheriff, M.M. 40
Shilling, D.G. 60
Siddiqui, H.L. 74
Singh, D.B. 113
Siqueira, J.O. 221
Slansky, F. Jr 78, 135
Smirle, M.J. 176
Smith, A.E. 49, 198
Smith, R.J. 244
Smith, S.L. 123
Snoeijer, W. 37
Snook, M.E. 9
Souza, I.F. 190
Spencer, G.F. 175
Srikanth, J. 227
Stermitz, F.R. 13, 14
Stevens, K.L. 45
Stipanovic, R.D. 79
Suchy, V. 137
Suga, T. 74
Sullia, S.B. 62
Suresh, K.K. 31
Swain, L.A. 150
Swaminathan, C. 31
Tahir, S. 194
Takabayashi, J. 10, 192
Takahashi, S. 10
Tang, C.S. 83, 151
Teasdale, J.R. 164
Tesar, M.B. 95
Thibout, E. 94
Thiery, D. 137, 229
Thomas, J.A. 224
Timmins, W.A. 66
Tingle, F.C. 184
Tinus, R.W. 217
Todaria, N.P. 189
Torres, A. 182
Torres, B.A. 127
Tozer, E. 236
TSentral 58
Tumlinson, J.H. 169, 174
Turlings, T.C.J. 169, 174
Uribe, S. 234
Varela, R.M. 182
Velasco-Ibarra, L. 188
Verpoorte, R. 37
Vinaya Rai, R.S. 31
Waddell, T. 147
Wagner, M.R. 217
Wahab, Z.B. 111
Waller, G.R. 16, 88, 98
Walters, D.S. 134
Walton, D.C. 218
Wambolt, C.L. 155
Wardle, D.A. 152
Weidenhamer, J.D. 159
Weinhold, L.C. 163
Weisbrod, A.V. 140
Wentworth, T.R. 187
Werner, D. 68
Werstiuk, N.H. 84
Weyman-Kaczmarkowa, W. 178
Wheeler, G.S. 78, 135
Whitenack, C.J. 2
Williams, L. III 17
Williamson, G.B. 159
Wilson, R.L. 9
Wink, M. 133, 201
Wiseman, B.R. 9
Witte, L. 201
Wojcik-Wojtkowiak, D. 178
Wooten, J.W. 39
Worsham, A.D. 18, 22, 187
Xavier, A. 24
Yamamura, S. 170, 231
Yamane, A. 55, 173
Yamauchi, A. 219
Yu, S.J. 193
Yun, K.W. 35, 64, 149
Zackrisson, O. 27, 28, 160
Zedler, P.H. 202
Subject Index
2-tridecanone 100
Abies concolor 217
Abscisic acid 116
Abutilon theophrasti 102, 164, 175, 180
Acacia leucophloea 31
Acer rubrum 13
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 3
Acremonium coenophialum 209
Acrolepiopsis assectella 94
Activated carbon 60
Adaptability 138
Adaptation 67
Adenosinetriphosphatase 109
Adverse effects 60
Aedes aegypti 123
Aegilops cylindrica 91
Aeration 52
Agroforestry 189
Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris 136
Ailanthus altissima 21, 107, 130
Ajuga 161
Alanine 68
Alcohols 243
Aldehydes 204, 243
Aldrin 148
Algae 196
Alkaloids 6, 13, 37, 133, 154, 167, 209
Allelochemicals 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 51, 53, 66, 67,
69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 90, 94, 97,
101, 105, 110, 111, 115, 119, 122, 123, 129, 133, 137, 138,
140, 142, 147, 148, 150, 154, 155, 157, 161, 162, 165, 167,
174, 176, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 192, 193, 194, 196, 200,
201, 204, 208, 213, 217, 224, 228, 232, 233, 235, 238
Allelopathic agents 48, 50, 58, 59
Allelopathins 19, 21, 24, 28, 37, 41, 47, 56, 57, 61, 62, 65,
68, 74, 84, 96, 102, 113, 128, 134, 145, 146, 170, 171, 177,
197, 205, 209, 214, 216, 221, 225, 237, 239, 241, 243
Allelopathy 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39,
40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58,
60, 63, 64, 65, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91, 92, 93,
95, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116,
117, 118, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 136,
139, 141, 143, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 160, 164,
165, 166, 168, 170, 172, 173, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207,
209, 210, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227,
229, 230, 231, 234, 236, 239, 240, 242, 244
Allium 94
Allium cepa 203, 242
Allium sativum 148
Allomones 15
Allyl isothiocyanate 61
Alocasia macrorrhiza 86
Alpha-tomatine 128
Alternaria brassicae 113
Alternative farming 77, 80
Amaranthus caudatus 170
Amaranthus leucocarpus 38, 188
Amaranthus retroflexus 102
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 180
Amino acids 24, 115
Ammonia 121
Ammonium 32, 33
Ammonium nitrogen 32
Anabaena flos-aquae 1
Anacardic acid 134
Analogs 144
Animal behavior 142
Annual habit 75
Annuals 230
Antagonism 4
Antennaria microphylla 54, 101, 114
Anthemis cotula 198
Anthraquinones 12
Antibiotics 62
Antibodies 9
Anticarsia gemmatalis 78, 135, 193
Antifeedants 13, 14, 66, 154, 157, 161, 185, 200, 211
Antifungal agents 62
Antifungal properties 68, 108
Antinutritional factors 15
Antioxidants 71
Apanteles 10
Apis mellifera ligustica 229
Apium graveolens 60
Apparatus 136
Application rates 22
Application to land 42
Aquatic plants 87
Aquatic weeds 1, 240
Arachis hypogaea 62, 122
Arginine 177
Arizona 217
Aroma 229
Artemisia annua 191
Artemisia princeps 35, 64, 149
Artemisia tridentata 155
Asexual reproduction 75
Asparagus officinalis 63, 168
Aspergillus 145
Astragalus 81
Aucubin 112
Australia 62
Australian capital territory 65
Avena fatua 25, 214, 239
Avena sativa 25
Azadirachtin 66
Azo compounds 2
Baccharis cordifolia 11
Baccharis megapotamica 11
Bark 21, 30, 65, 189
Barriers 70
Benzene 243
Bibliographies 56, 57
Binding site 144
Bioassays 4, 5, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 35, 36, 38, 39, 47, 55,
64, 65, 79, 96, 99, 102, 109, 127, 139, 143, 146, 159, 168,
173, 175, 191, 197, 198, 228
Biological activity in soil 32
Biological control 10, 14, 17, 25, 36, 51, 67, 73, 75, 77,
80, 98, 99, 115, 129, 131, 152, 169, 184, 186, 187, 192, 199,
200, 211, 223, 227, 238, 240
Biological control agents 73, 80, 154
Biosynthesis 61, 134, 177, 215, 221, 237
Boreal forests 28
Brassica 77
Brassica napus 17, 61
Brassica nigra 113
Bromus catharticus 152
Cabt 18, 43, 91, 95, 127, 207
Caffeic acid 121
Caffeine 78
Calcium 179
California 202, 207
Callus 54, 101, 114, 149
Camellia 78
Camellia sinensis 32, 33
Canavanine 177
Carbohydrates 232
Carbon dioxide 112
Carduus nutans 152
Carrier proteins 144
Carthamus tinctorius 91
Carya pecan 146
Cassia 73, 141
Cassia occidentalis 102
Casuarina equisetifolia 31
Catechin 185
Catechol oxidase 185
Catharanthus roseus 37
Cedrela odorata 235
Cell cultures 33
Cell division 20
Cell suspensions 54, 101, 114
Cenchrus ciliaris 34, 141
Cenchrus incertus 132
Chaparral 202
Characterization 89
Chemical analysis 68, 76, 96, 229
Chemical composition 16, 74, 81, 83, 98, 99, 105, 134, 168,
171, 188, 195, 233, 237, 241
Chemical constituents of plants 1, 56, 215
Chemical control 75, 91, 156
Chemical ecology 43, 71, 105
Chemical reactions 32
Chemoreceptors 200, 211
Chenopodium album 164
Chitin 151
Chlorella vulgaris 1
Chloris gayana 151
Chlorophyta 228
Chloroplasts 118
Choristoneura occidentalis 217
Chromatography 171
Chromolaena 19
Cinchona 37
Cinnamic acid 63, 159
Cirsium vulgare 152
Cladosporium 146
Coastal plant communities 202, 207
Coffea 78
Cold stress 233
Coleoptiles 214
Colinus Virginianus 34
Colocasia esculenta 219
Colorado 91
Community ecology 106
Companion crops 236
Competition 144
Competitive ability 73, 75, 102, 131, 136, 175
Compositae 84, 147
Continuous cropping 95
Control methods 80
Cornus florida 13
Cortaderia selloana 186
Corticium rolfsii 145
Cost benefit analysis 80
Costa Rica 150
Cotesia 67, 154
Cotesia marginiventris 169, 174
Cotyledons 32, 33
Coumaric acids 153
Coumarins 85, 195
Cover crops 22, 77, 92, 164, 242
Crop damage 63, 174
Crop establishment 132
Crop growth stage 111
Crop losses 111
Crop plants as weeds 25
Crop production 80
Crop residues 46, 47, 52, 89, 91, 111
Crop weed competition 93, 102, 131, 136, 152, 165, 198
Crop yield 95, 111, 131, 156, 244
Cropping systems 156, 210
Crops 46, 77
Crotalaria juncea 151
Crotalaria medicaginea 205
Cruciferae 20, 207
Cucumis sativus 4, 29, 116, 117, 120, 126, 153, 158, 220
Cultivars 5, 26, 125, 183, 204, 233, 239
Cultural control 77
Cultural weed control 91, 93
Culture filtrates 113, 145
Cuscuta 201
Cycling 179
Cynodon dactylon 5, 36, 125
Cyperus esculentus 131
Cyperus rotundus 83
Cyrtosperma chamissonis 86
Cytochrome p-450 85, 100, 123, 167, 208
Dactylis glomerata 152
Daucus carota 148, 203, 242
Decomposition 52
Defense 94, 105, 192, 195
Defense mechanisms 70, 138, 201
Defoliation 105
Degradation 17
Delonix regia 43
Density 95
Derivatives 68, 159, 228, 243
Deroceras reticulatum 226
Desert plants 20
Deserts 179, 230
Design 136
Desmanthus 141
Desmodium 184
Detoxification 85, 90, 97, 140, 157, 185, 237
Developmental stages 179
Diapause 69
Dichanthium annulatum 34, 141
Diet studies 232
Diets 128, 135
Digestibility 232
Digestive tract 185
Digitaria decumbens 151
Dioscorea alata 86
Dioscorea esculenta 86
Diprion similis 110
Disaccharides 231
Disease resistance 108, 146, 177, 225
Displacement 144
Diterpenes 74, 161
Diuraphis 70
Drechslera 113
Droplet size 234
Drosophila 167
Drosophila melanogaster 123
Dry matter 111
Dry matter accumulation 27
Duneland plants 207
Eating rates 78
Echinochloa crus-galli 38, 188, 222
Eclipta alba 102
Ecosystems 167, 207, 210
Ectomycorrhizas 27
Egypt 179
Electron transfer 224
Electrophysiology 200
Eleusine indica 102
Emergence 63
Empetraceae 241, 243
Empetrum 27, 28, 160
Emulsions 234
Endophytes 209
Environmental factors 70, 107, 132, 210
Environmental temperature 233
Enzyme activity 84, 100, 109, 123, 140, 148, 163, 237
Epilachna varivestis 213
Epoxides 148
Eragrostis curvula 132
Erosion 92
Essential oils 19, 83, 88, 98, 149
Establishment 164
Esterases 140
Eucalyptus globulus 65, 206
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 65
Eucalyptus maculata 65
Eucalyptus rossii 65
Eucalyptus rubida 65
Eucalyptus tereticornis 30, 31
Eugenia uniflora 19
Eupatorium capillifolium 198
Euphorbia esula 54, 101, 114
Euphorbia prostrata 36
Euphorbiaceae 127
Excretion 176
Extraction 18
Extracts 35, 54, 137, 143, 168
Exudates 173
Fagopyrum esculentum 237
Fallow 95
Fallow systems 187
Farming systems 80
Fat body 144
Fatty acids 16, 134
Feces 176
Fecundity 110, 183, 233
Feeding 135, 140
Feeding behavior 5, 67, 78, 110, 138, 155, 213, 226, 233
Feeding preferences 133
Feeds 15
Ferulic acid 116, 117, 121, 122, 126, 153, 158, 220
Festuca arundinacea 152, 209
Field experimentation 136
Field tests 200
Fire ecology 202
Fixation 33
Flavones 127
Flavonoids 81, 90, 123, 129, 139, 213, 215, 225
Florida 241, 243
Flowers 43, 137
Fodder crops 49
Foliage 110
Food consumption 135
Food crops 189
Forest ecology 8
Forest litter 28, 65
Forest trees 189
Formica 94
Formica fusca 94
Fruit 171
Fruit trees 59
Fruits 195
Fungi 162
Fungicidal properties 146
Fusarium 63, 145
Gallic acid 122
Gene expression 233
Genetic engineering 72
Genetic variation 61, 140, 239
Genista 201
Genotype environment interaction 233
Genotypes 61, 112, 233
Geographical distribution 83
Geographical races 62
Georgia 49
Germination 18, 98
Germination inhibitors 24, 37, 41, 42, 73, 102, 141, 165,
175, 230, 242
Germinationinhibitors 68
Glabromicroplitis croceipes 142
Gleichenia japonica 74
Glomus etunicatum 180
Glomus macrocarpum 209
Glomus mosseae 209
Glucose 33
Glucosinolates 17
Glutathione 163
Glutathione transferase 148, 193
Glycine max 18, 118, 145, 187, 189, 213, 224, 225, 244
Glycoalkaloids 171
Glycosides 38, 74, 140
Glyphosate 95
Golf green soils 136
Gossypium 79, 184
Gossypium arboreum 129
Gossypium hirsutum 98, 115, 119, 204, 244
Gossypol 115, 144
Gramine 51
Gramineae 68
Grasslands 23
Graviperception 215
Green manures 77
Greenhouse culture 60, 159
Growing media 29
Growth 9, 12, 16, 27, 31, 52, 55, 60, 104, 110, 111, 124,
126, 135, 147, 159, 160, 170, 204, 205, 219, 225, 239
Growth analysis 158
Growth inhibitors 37, 41, 53, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 74, 107,
113, 145, 165, 171, 175, 196, 214, 225, 228, 235
Growth rate 6, 21, 24, 25, 47, 128, 131, 146, 152, 215, 216,
233
Growth retardants 205
Growth retardation 146
Growthpromoters 205
Habitats 207
Hawaii 151
Heat stress 233
Height 111
Helianthus annuus 182, 229, 244
Helicoverpa zea 9, 184, 193
Heliothis subflexa 184
Heliothis virescens 79, 84, 100, 115, 129, 184, 193, 204, 208
Heliothis zea 144
Herbicidal properties 21, 46, 181, 214
Herbicides 2, 22, 156
Herbivores 207, 226
Heritability 142
Histopathology 6
Holcus lanatus 152
Honeydew 185
Hordenine 51, 154
Hordeum 70
Hordeum vulgare 51, 113, 239
Host parasite relationships 67, 69, 154, 174, 183, 221, 225
Host plants 167, 192
Host preferences 233
Host range 110
Host-seeking behavior 169
Hosts of plant pests 78
Humus 28
Hybrids 111, 134
Hydrolases 97
Hydrophobicity 224
Hydroquinone 101, 114
Hydroxamic acids 18, 25
Hypocotyls 170
Idaho 41
Identification 89
Ilex opaca 14
Illinois 47
Immobilization 32, 33, 91
Imperata cylindrica 166
In vitro 146
Incorporation 47, 60
India 62, 165, 205, 227
Indiana 156
Indigofera 205
Induction 70, 100
Infectivity 209
Ingestion 157, 185
Inhibition 12, 20, 24, 52, 55, 104, 109, 111, 125, 131, 139,
152, 159, 166, 172, 195, 209, 219, 220, 224
Insect attractants 174
Insect control 5, 10, 14, 17, 94, 98, 115, 129, 134, 137,
161, 169, 184, 192, 193, 194, 200, 208, 213, 238
Insect pests 69, 70, 72, 92, 134, 150, 157, 161, 194
Insecticidal action 123, 147, 194
Insecticidal plants 194
Insecticidal properties 76
Insecticide resistance 72
Insecticides 162
Insects 227
Integrated control 91
Integrated pest management 82, 200
Interactions 10, 87, 115, 229, 232
Intercropping 93
Introduced species 141
Inula 7
Invasion 207, 230
Ion transport 220
Ion uptake 220
Ipomoea 75
Ipomoea batatas 26, 86, 102, 131, 172
Ipomoea tRicolor 38
Isoenzymes 100
Isolation 7, 182
Isolation techniques 96
Isoprenoids 5
Isoquercitrin 146
Isothiocyanates 173
Japan 74
Juglans nigra 218
Juglone 118
Juvenile hormones 144
Karnataka 73
Kenya 171
Kernels 32
Ketones 5, 222, 243
Keys 75
Kuwait 230
Laboratory methods 65
Laboratory rearing 135
Lactones 31
Lactuca sativa 6, 19, 39, 41, 55, 60, 68, 74, 197, 206
Larvae 9, 78, 79, 84, 90, 100, 110, 128, 133, 135, 144, 167,
174, 204, 212, 235
Lasioderma serRicorne 90, 97
Lawns and turf 199
Leachates 24, 30, 34, 42, 47, 65, 73, 136, 141, 165, 166,
189, 206, 230 Leaf age 110
Leaf area 120, 158
Leaf water potential 220
Leaves 13, 14, 21, 24, 30, 32, 35, 43, 64, 65, 105, 109, 111,
120, 126, 146, 160, 166, 174, 179, 182, 189, 217, 241
Leguminosae 177
Lemna minor 39, 118
Lepidium sativum 4, 21, 168, 170, 231
Lepidoptera 133, 138
Lespedeza cuneata 125
Leucaena leucocephala 31
Life cycle 147
Light relations 164
Limax maximus 226
Limonoids 235
Lines 204
Linum 239
Linum usitatissimum 239
Liriodendron tulipifera 13
Literature reviews 15, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 87, 92, 96, 161,
162, 177, 178, 221, 227, 238
Litter (plant) 125, 179, 243
Live mulches 77
Lobesia botrana 137
Locusta migratoria 232
Lolium multiflorum 198
Lolium perenne 152
Lycopersicon esculentum 116, 128, 203, 242
Lymantria dispar 13, 14, 140
Macrosiphum rosae 185
Macrotyloma uniflorum 189
Magnesium 179
Maize 111
Mamestra configurata 235
Manduca sexta 66, 67, 84, 123, 154
Maturation period 128, 233
Medicago sativa 29, 47, 89, 95, 152, 175, 198, 216
Medicarpin 175
Medicinal plants 19, 171, 215
Melanoplus sanguinipes 176
Melilotus indica 166
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 179
Metabolic detoxification 28, 71, 101, 114, 124, 176, 193
Metabolism 84, 100, 133, 157, 167, 177, 225
Metabolites 2, 84, 113, 145, 177, 221, 222, 225, 237
Metamorphosis 69
Methoprene 144
Metopolophium 70
Mexico 127
Michigan 95
Microbial activities 3, 52
Microbial degradation 97, 178
Microbial pesticides 223, 238
Microsomes 109
Midgut 66
Mineral content 179
Miscanthus transmorrisonensis 23
Mississippi 204
Missouri 107
Mites 227
Mitochondria 118, 224
Mode of action 43
Molecular conformation 161, 228
Molting hormones 69, 123, 161
Monoterpenes 234
Mortality 90, 147, 154, 194
Mucilages 170
Mutants 61
Mycoherbicides 80
Mycorrhizal fungi 209
Mycorrhizas 180
Mycotoxins 97, 162, 227
Myrcene 144
Mythimna separata 10
Naringin 225
Natural enemies 227
Necroses (plant) 6
Nectar 96
Nematode control 77, 151
Nerium oleander 133
New Jersey 106
New South Wales 103, 104
New York 21
New Zealand 186
Nicotiana 154, 184
Nicotine 67, 100, 154
Nigeria 19
Night temperature 164
Nitrate 32, 33, 220
Nitrate nitrogen 32
Nitrification 32, 33, 121
Nitrification inhibitors 32
Nitrites 32, 121
Nitrobacteraceae 121
Nitrogen 27, 33, 91, 159, 183, 217
Nitrogen content 126
Nitrogen fertilizers 91, 125, 132
Nitrogen fixation 32, 215
Nitrosolobus 121
Nitrosomonas 121
No-tillage 16, 156
Noctuidae 10
North Carolina 18, 22
Nuphar lutea 39
Nutrient content 110, 179, 183
Nutrient deficiencies 183
Nutrient solutions 33
Nutrient uptake 27, 179, 215
Nutrients 78
Oats 52
Ocimene 144
Ocimum Americanum 37
Odocoileus hemionus 155
Ohio 52
Oilseeds 17
Oklahoma 88
Old fields 106
Organic compounds 33
Organic sulfur compounds 94
Oryza sativa 183, 233, 244
Osmotic pressure 39
Ostrinia nubilalis 84, 147
Oviposition 10
Oviposition attractants 184
Oviposition deterrents 184
Oxidation 32, 33, 100, 121
Oxidoreductases 84
Oxygen 71
Oxygenases 100, 123, 167
P-coumaric acid 121, 239
Pakistan 194
Palatability 155
Panicum antidotale 34
Panicum coloratum 34
Panicum miliaceum 91, 102
Papilio 163
Papilio polyxenes 71, 212
Papilionidae 85
Parasites of insect pests 67, 69, 154
Parasitic plants 227
Parasitoids 142
Parthenium argentatum 42
Parthenium hysterophorus 31, 73, 227
Paspalum notatum 125
Pastureplants 198
Pastures 49, 152
Pathogens 227
Paxillus involutus 27
Pelargonium 134
Penicillium 145
Perennial weeds 75
Periderm 102, 131, 172
Peridroma saucia 176, 235
Peroxidase 185
Persistence 200
Pest control 76, 77, 211
Pest resistance 9, 14, 70, 72, 76, 79, 115, 128, 129, 134,
150, 183, 192, 204, 217, 233
Pesticide residues 2
Pesticide resistance 97, 148
Pesticides 82, 97, 148
Phagostimulants 5
Phalaris aquatica 152
Pharbitis hederacea 18
Pharbitis purpurea 102, 109
Phaseolus lunatus 189
Phaseolus vulgaris 4, 30, 116
Phenolic acids 18, 81, 120, 187, 239
Phenolic compounds 23, 32, 43, 53, 89, 90, 139, 140, 143,
166, 221, 230
Phenolic content 40
Phenols 185, 217
Pheromones 238
Phloem loading 201
Phosphorus 159, 180, 183
Photosynthesis 118
Phototoxins 150
Phylloplane fungi 113
Physalis 184
Physicochemical properties 7
Phytoalexins 225
Phytophthora 225
Phytotoxicity 6, 21, 29, 40, 42, 43, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57,
64, 81, 89, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104, 114, 122, 130, 141, 160,
168, 175, 188, 189, 191, 206, 214, 216, 219, 222, 225
Phytotoxins 11, 23, 60, 89, 90, 139, 141, 181, 190, 223
Picea engelmannii 41, 217
Pinus banksiana 110
Pinus contorta 41
Pinus strobus 110
Pinus sylvestris 27, 28, 160
Piper guineense 19
Pistia stratiotes 196
Pisum sativum 68
Plant analysis 119
Plant communities 23, 87, 107, 230
Plant competition 45, 46, 87, 106, 132, 177, 186, 207, 226
Plant composition 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 38, 43,
55, 64, 67, 71, 83, 88, 94, 108, 127, 129, 137, 138, 143, 149,
155, 159, 161, 172, 173, 181, 182, 183, 192, 193, 196, 201,
203, 211, 222, 225, 229, 231, 233, 241, 243
Plant density 61, 93
Plant development 30, 198, 225
Plant disease control 77, 113
Plant ecology 106, 226
Plant extracts 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 32, 37, 38, 41, 62, 76,
123, 131, 146, 147, 165, 175, 184, 189, 194, 205, 239
Plant glands 204
Plant growth regulators 76, 119, 221
Plant interaction 45, 61, 96, 205
Plant metabolism 215
Plant morphology 70, 216
Plant nutrition 70, 112
Plant organs 179
Plant pathogenic fungi 127, 225
Plant pests 67, 76, 78, 147, 157, 194
Plant physiology 58, 165, 221
Plant pigments 215
Plant products 161
Plant protection 80, 82, 157, 215, 236
Plant residues 29, 42, 60, 64, 125, 132, 178, 219
Plant secretions 28
Plant succession 106, 202, 207
Plantago lanceolata 112
Plantcomposition 119
Plantparasitic nematodes 77
Plants 56, 57, 133
Plowing 95, 156
Pluchea 139, 143, 165
Poa annua 136, 226
Poa pratensis 95
Pollen 96, 188
Pollination 11
Population density 156
Population dynamics 151, 156, 233
Populus 140
Populus tremula 28
Potassium 159, 179, 183, 220
Powders 32, 33
Predator prey relationships 192
Predators of insect pests 157
Predatory arthropods 192
Proboscidea (martyniaceae) 98
Proboscidea louisianica 88
Processing 42
Products 171
Propionic acid 228
Prosopis cineraria 205
Prosopis juliflora 205
Protease inhibitors 86
Protein 232
Protein content 105
Protein digestion 66
Protein synthesis 24
Proteinases 66
Proteolysis 24
Proton pump 109
Pseudoplusia includens 128
Pseudotsuga menziesii 217
Psoralea 195
Psoralea macrostachya 195
Pupae 128
Quantitative analysis 17
Quercetin 100, 212, 225
Quercus 105
Quercus havardii 132
Quercus petraea 32
Quercus robur 32, 33
Quercus rubra 32
Quinolizidine alkaloids 201
Quinones 218
Radicles 21, 51, 63, 189
Radioactive tracers 134
Rangelands 45, 132
Raphanus sativus 122
Ratios 111, 217
Regeneration 160
Research 223
Resistance 90, 100, 208
Resistance mechanisms 100, 208
Resistance to parasites 86
Respiration 118
Responses 80, 105, 135
Reviews 80
Rhizobium 62
Rhizoglyphus robini 148
Rhizomes 166
Rhizosphere 53, 153
Rhizosphere fungi 62, 145
Rhopalosiphum 70
Rhus 202
Root analysis 215
Root exudates 12, 55, 68, 99, 130, 190, 214, 224
Root hairs 216
Root meristems 6
Root nodules 166
Root shoot ratio 27
Root systems 216
Root tips 27
Root treatment 158
Roots 6, 16, 27, 30, 35, 37, 40, 41, 47, 74, 111, 131, 168,
173, 179, 180, 214, 219, 220, 237, 239
Rorippa 173
Rorippa sylvestris 55
Rosa 185
Rotations 47, 92, 93, 111, 156
Rotylenchulus reniformis 151
Rubiaceae 37
Rudbeckia occidentalis 41
Rutoside 154
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 234
Salicylic acid 124, 237
Saliva 185
Sandy soils 159, 230
Sapindaceae 24
Saponins 14
Sasa 53
Scanning electron microscopy 216
Schizachyrium scoparium 159
Schizaphis 70
Screening 200
Scrub 159
Searching behavior 192
Seasonal fluctuations 217
Seasonal variation 21, 179, 218, 241
Secale cereale 2, 3, 4, 99, 222
Secondary metabolites 112, 133, 162
Secretion 66
Seed banks 93, 156, 202
Seed dispersal 202
Seed germination 11, 20, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 41,
42, 47, 51, 52, 55, 73, 75, 102, 122, 125, 139, 141, 143, 166,
170, 172, 175, 189, 191, 195, 203, 205
Seed predation 202
Seedbed preparation 132
Seedgermination 28
Seedling emergence 60, 89, 104, 125, 152, 175
Seedling growth 19, 20, 27, 29, 38, 122
Seedling stage 91
Seedlings 12, 30, 31, 35, 55, 60, 64, 68, 89, 95, 111, 117,
120, 126, 132, 160, 169, 174, 186, 198, 205, 214, 220
Seeds 21, 32, 33, 38, 63, 73, 108, 127, 170, 195, 231
Selenium 81
Semiochemicals 169
Senecio vulgaris 226
Senses 211
Separation 229
Sequential cropping 47
Sesquiterpenes 83, 182
Sesquiterpenoid lactones 7, 13, 191, 197
Setaria (gramineae) 180
Setaria faberi 156
Setaria viridis 164
Sexual reproduction 75
Shade 164
Shoots 30, 40, 47, 89, 111, 124, 216, 239
Sinapis alba 51
Site factors 230
Site types 81
Sitobion 70
Smell 137
Sodium 179
Sodium nitrite 33
Sogatella furcifera 183, 233
Soil 60, 166, 206
Soil amendments 151
Soil analysis 2, 18, 36, 139, 218, 243
Soil bacteria 32, 33, 153, 178
Soil biology 222
Soil chemistry 126, 187, 221
Soil fauna 92
Soil fertility 92
Soil flora 28, 92
Soil fungi 153, 166, 178
Soil organic matter 92
Soil properties 165
Soil solarization 77
Soil structure 92
Soil treatment 120
Soil types 104
Soil water 164
Solanaceae 6
Solanine 6
Solanum incanum 171
Solanum nigrum 102
Sorghum 190
Sorghum almum 34
Sorghum bicolor 40, 47, 91, 108, 219, 224
South Carolina 131
Sowing 95
Sowing date 103
Soy straw 52
Soybeans 52
Spain 206
Spatial distribution 179, 226
Species 81
Species diversity 107
Spectral analysis 171
Spectral data 127, 182
Spodoptera eridania 71, 163, 212
Spodoptera exigua 174
Spodoptera frugiperda 5, 193
Sprout inhibition 124
Stemflow 65
Stems 35, 179
Stereochemistry 144, 231
Sterols 1
Strain differences 62
Strains 100
Stress factors 163
Stress response 183, 233
Structure 127, 182, 231
Structure activity relationships 200, 228
Stubble mulching 103, 104
Sturnus vulgaris 211
Substrates 100
Succession 130
Sucrose 114
Superoxide dismutase 212
Suppression 164
Surveys 227
Survival 128, 207, 226
Susceptibility 204
Sustainability 80, 92
Sweden 28
Sweet potato extract 102
Sweet potatoes 86
Symbionts 90, 97
Symbiosis 215, 221
Synergism 4
Synthesis 231
Tagetes patula 151
Taiwan 23, 43, 210
Tamil nadu 40
Tanacetum vulgare 137
Tannins 105, 146, 217, 232
Taro 86
Tassels 9
Taxonomy 75
Temperature 52, 114, 164
Terpenoids 115, 137, 155, 204, 217, 243
Testas 32
Texas 34, 132
Thiocyanates 17
Thiophene 84
Tillage 16, 18, 187
Tolerance 125, 239
Toona ciliata 235
Toxic exudates 40, 79, 209
Toxic substances 148
Toxicity 4, 63, 78, 79, 107, 147, 200, 234, 235
Toxins 176
Transferases 97, 163
Transpiration 124
Triazinoneherbicides 91
Tribulus terrestris 230
Trichoderma 145
Trichomes 134
Trichoplusia ni 71, 193, 212
Trichothecenes 11
Trifolium incarnatum 18
Trifolium pratense 152
Trifolium repens 152
Trifolium subterraneum 152
Triterpenoids 127
Triticum aestivum 16, 18, 91, 99, 103, 104, 187, 214
Triticum durum 25
Triticumaestivum 98
Trophic levels 67
Tropics 210
Trypsin 66
Trypsin inhibitors 86
Tubers 83, 131
Tunnels 174
Turgor 220
Typha latifolia 1
U.S.S.R. 7
Undergrowth 43, 218
Uptake 237
Uttar pradesh 189
Vanillic acid 122, 153
Varietal reactions 111
Varietal susceptibility 125, 183, 233
Varietal tolerance 111
Vegetables 42
Vegetation 121
Vegetation management 223
Vegetative period 179
Vetch 164
Vicia 164
Vicia faba 124, 237
Vigna mungo 24, 40, 189
Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis 165
Vigor 132, 167
Vitis vinifera 137
Volatile compounds 53, 94, 169, 174, 203, 229, 241, 242, 243
Volatilization 33
Washington 226
Water 42
Water uptake 117
Weed biology 75, 93, 156
Weed competition 186, 230
Weed control 1, 4, 12, 18, 22, 25, 38, 46, 51, 53, 55, 73,
75, 77, 80, 99, 114, 131, 139, 143, 152, 156, 164, 172, 173,
187, 199, 223, 224, 227, 238, 240, 244
Weedcontrol 109
Weeds 6, 40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 93, 198
Weight 9, 111
Weight gain 128
Wheat soils 16
Wildlife management 34
Wood 21
X ray diffraction 182
Xanthosoma sagittifolium 86
Yams 86
Yeasts 90, 97
Yield increases 119
Yield response functions 103, 104
Zea mays 9, 52, 91, 95, 111, 122, 144, 156, 164, 169, 174,
188, 224
Zea mexicana 188
The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, afsic@nal.usda.gov
http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/94-56.htm, September 1994
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