TITLE: Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
PUBLICATION DATE: September 1994
ENTRY DATE: April 1995
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ISSN: 1052-5378
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Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
April 1991 - March 1994
QB 94-60
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Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
April 1991 - March 1994
Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-60
Updates QB 91-104
342 citations in English from AGRICOLA
Raymond Dobert
Biotechnology Information Center
September 1994
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Dobert, Raymond
Herbicide tolerance/resistance in plants.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-60)
1. Herbicide resistance--Bibliography. 2. Plants, Effect of
herbicides on--Bibliography. 3. Herbicide resistant crops--
Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.94-60
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Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
SEARCH STRATEGY
SET ITEMS DESCRIPTION
S1 823 HERBICID? (W) (TOLERAN? OR RESISTAN?)
S2 396 S1 AND PY=1991:1999
S3 395 S2/ENG
Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
1 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX
A 1992 guide for--herbicide use in Nebraska.
Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992.
EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska
(92-130): 51 p.; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nebraska; Weed control; Herbicides; Weeds;
Herbicide resistance; Conservation tillage
2 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Absence of a role for absorption, translocation, and
metabolism in differential sensitivity of hemp dogbane
(Apocynum cannabinum) to two pyridine herbicides.
Orfanedes, M.S.; Wax, L.M.; Liebel, R.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan.
Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 1-6; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Apocynum cannabinum; Clopyralid; Fluroxypyr;
Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility; Absorption; Metabolism;
Translocation; Weeds; Weed control
Abstract: Hemp dogbane is sensitive to fluroxypyr and
tolerant to clopyralid. Absorption, translocation, and
metabolism of clopyralid and fluroxypyr were studied in hemp
dogbane to determine if differences in these processes could
be responsible for differential sensitivity. In addition, the
effect of growth stage on herbicide absorption and
translocation was evaluated. The 14C-herbicides were applied
to the adaxial side of a single leaf located near the midpoint
of hydroponically cultured plants. Uptake of fluroxypyr was
more rapid than clopyralid. At 72 h after treatment (HAT),
fluroxypyr and clopyralid absorption was 62 and 38%,
respectively. Clopyralid was much more mobile than fluroxypyr,
with 75% of the absorbed 14C from 14C-clopyralid recovered
outside the treated leaf compared to only 45% for fluroxypyr
72 HAT. Relative to fluroxypyr, a higher percentage of 14C-
clopyralid recovered outside the treated leaf translocated
acropetally, especially when plants were treated during the
vegetative stage. Treatment during the early reproductive
stage increased basipetal and reduced acropetal translocation
relative to the vegetative stage. Neither herbicide was
metabolized rapidly. Approximately 60 and 90% of the recovered
14C was attributable to unaltered fluroxypyr and clopyralid,
respectively, 72 HAT. Some differences in absorption,
translocation, and metabolism between clopyralid and
fluroxypyr exist, but they cannot fully account for
differential sensitivity of hemp dogbane to these two
herbicides. Differences in activity at the target site may be
responsible for differential activity of these herbicides on
hemp dogbane.
3 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Absorption and metabolism of clomazone by suspension-cultured
cells of soybean and velvetleaf.
Weimer, M.R.; Balke, N.E.; Buhler, D.D.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jan.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 42 (1): p. 43-53;
1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Abutilon theophrasti; Cell
suspensions; Cell cultures; Metabolic detoxification;
Clomazone; Absorption; Metabolism; Oxidation; Metabolites;
Characterization; Herbicide resistance; Species differences;
Phytotoxicity; Selectivity; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: Clomazone uptake and metabolism were compared in
soybean and velvetleaf suspension cultured cells utilizing
either [14C]methylene-clomazone or [14C]carbonyl-clomazone.
Velvetleaf cells absorbed more clomazone than soybean did.
Cells of both species accumulated more metabolites when
treated with [14C]methylene-clomazone than when treated with
[14C]carbonyl-clomazone. Higher amounts of [14C]metabolites
were present in the media of cells treated with [14C]carbonyl-
clomazone than [14C]methylene-clomazone. Differences in uptake
were due to cellular retention of the benzyl moiety and efflux
of the heterocyclic moiety after cleavage of clomazone. All
metabolites produced in soybean and velvetleaf cells were more
polar than clomazone. No qualitative differences in the
metabolites produced by soybean and velvetleaf were
identified. Both soybean and velvetleaf oxidatively cleaved
the clomazone molecule and subsequently conjugated the benzyl
moiety with glucose. One of the aglycones was identified as 2-
chlorobenzylalcohol. Oxidative cleavage of clomazone was a
major metabolic reaction occurring in both the tolerant
(soybean) and susceptible (velvetleaf) species.
4 NAL Call. No.: SD13.C35
Absorption and translocation of [14C]glyphosate in four woody
plant species. Green, T.H.; Minogue, P.J.; Brewer, C.H.;
Glover, G.R.; Gjerstad, D.H. Ottawa, Ont. : National Research
Council of Canada; 1992 Jun. Canadian journal of forest
research; Revue canadienne de recherche forestiere v. 22 (6):
p. 785-789; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Southeastern states of U.S.A.; Pinus taeda; Ilex
vomitoria; Acer rubrum; Quercus rubra; Glyphosate; Tolerance;
Translocation; Absorption; Leaves; Roots; Stems
Abstract: Absorption and translocation patterns of radio-
labelled glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were examined
in four species of woody plants to determine mechanisms of
herbicide tolerance in species common to the southeastern
United States. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and yaupon (Ilex
vomitoria (L.) Ait.), both tolerant to the herbicide, absorbed
significantly less glyphosate than did red maple (Acer rubrum
L.) or white oak (Quercus alba L.), indicating the importance
of foliar absorption as a barrier to glyphosate entry.
Although herbicide absorption was similar between the
sensitive white oak and the tolerant red maple, white oak
accumulated more glyphosate in the roots than did red maple,
indicating that translocation patterns also contribute
significantly to glyphosate tolerance in some woody species.
5 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides bind to the
regulatory site. Subramanian, M.V.; Loney-Gallant, V.; Dias,
J.M.; Mireles, L.C. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant
Physiologists; 1991 May. Plant physiology v. 96 (1): p.
310-313; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Gossypium hirsutum; Mutants;
Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Triazole herbicides;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Chlorsulfuron; Imazethapyr;
Imidazolinone herbicides; Ligases; Enzyme inhibitors; Binding
site; Leucine
Abstract: Acetolactate synthase from spontaneous mutants of
tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; KS-43 and SK-53) and cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum; PS-3, PSH-91, and DO-2) selected in
tissue culture for resistance to a triazolopyrimidine
sulfonanilide showed varying degrees of insensitivity to
feedback inhibitor(s) valine and/or leucine. A similar feature
was evident in the enzyme isolated from chlorsulfuron-
resistant weed biotypes, Kochia scoparia and Stellaria media.
Dual inhibition analyses of triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide,
thifensulfuron, and imazethapyr versus feedback inhibitor
leucine revealed that the three herbicides were competitive
with the amino acid for binding to acetolactate synthase from
wild-type cotton cultures. Acetolactate synthase inhibiting
herbicides may bind to the regulatory site on the enzyme.
6 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Acifluorfen tolerance in Lycopersicon.
Ricotta, J.A.; Masiunas, J.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 413-417; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Acifluorfen; Absorption; Foliar uptake; Leaves;
Cuticle; Waxes; Translocation; Metabolism; Ascorbic acid;
Varietal susceptibility; Chlorophyll
Abstract: Studies were conducted to determine the mechanism
of acifluorfen tolerance within the Lycopersicon genus.
Absorption of 14C-acifluorfen was not correlated with
tolerance. There was a negative correlation (r = -0.57)
between absorption 24 h after treatment and wax density. No
other surface characteristic correlated with absorption. Less
than 3% of absorbed 14C was translocated and there was no
metabolism of acifluorfen. All genotypes were susceptible to
paraquat, and acifluorfen-tolerant genotypes had lower levels
of ascorbate than susceptible genotypes, implying that free
radical protectant systems were not involved in tolerance.
Genotypes varied in amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
and total chlorophyll but the differences did not correlate to
acifluorfen tolerance.
7 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Addressing real weed science needs with innovations.
Gressel, J.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 509-525; 1992 Jul. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Weed control; Agricultural research;
Herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Pest management; Biological
control; Biotechnology; Parasitic weeds; Agriculture;
Literature reviews
8 NAL Call. No.: SB123.P55
Advances in achieving the needs for biotechnologically-derived
herbicide resistant crops.
Gressel, J.
New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1993.
Plant breeding reviews v. 11: p. 155-198; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Plant breeding; Herbicide resistance;
Genes; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology; Cultivars; Weed
control; Genetic resistance; Literature reviews
9 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Agrobacterium mediated transfer of a mutant Arabidopsis
acetolactate synthase gene confers resistance to chlorsulfuron
in chicory (Chichorium intybus L.). Vermeulen, A.; Vaucheret,
H.; Pautot, V.; Chupeau, Y.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Plant cell reports v. 11 (5/6): p. 243-247; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cichorium intybus; Genetic transformation;
Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Kanamycin; Transgenics;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Arabidopsis thaliana; Gene transfer
Abstract: Leaf discs of C. intybus were inoculated with an
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain harboring a neomycin
phosphotransferase (neo) gene for kanamycin resistance and a
mutant acetolactate synthase gene (csr1-1) from Arabidopsis
thaliana conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. A
regeneration medium was optimized which permitted an efficient
shoot regeneration from leaf discs. Transgenic shoots were
selected on rooting medium containing 100 mg/l kanamycin
sulfate. Integration of the csr1-1 gene into genomic DNA of
kanamycin resistant chicory plants was confirmed by Southern
blot hybridizations. Analysis of the selfed progenies (S1 and
S2) of two independent transformed clones showed that
kanamycin and chlorsulfuron resistances were inherited as
dominant Mendelian trails. The method described here for
producing transformed plants will allow new opportunities for
chicory breeding.
10 NAL Call. No.: 30 Ad9
Agronomic improvement in oilseed brassicas.
Downey, R.K.; Rimmer, S.R.
San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1993.
Advances in agronomy v. 50: p. 1-66; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica campestris; Brassica carinata; Brassica
juncea; Brassica napus; Oilseed plants; Macroeconomics;
Biotechnology; Crop yield; Cultivars; Genetic improvement;
Genome analysis; Hybridization; Disease resistance; Herbicide
resistance; Pest resistance; Yield components; Plant oils;
Protein content; Seeds; Literature reviews
11 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Agronomic performance of sulfonylurea-resistant transgenic
flue-cured tobacco grown under field conditions.
Brandle, J.E.; Miki, B.L.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-; 1993
Jul. Crop science v. 33 (4): p. 847-852; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenic plants; Lines;
Herbicide resistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Agronomic
characteristics; Genetic resistance; Chlorsulfuron;
Tribenuron; Phytotoxicity; Crop yield; Crop damage; Gene
expression; Genetic variation
Abstract: Field testing of transgenic crops is an essential
step towards commercialization. This study was conducted to
assess the agronomic performance of herbicide-resistant
transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) lines relative to
untransformed controls and to evaluate their sensitivity to
sulfonylurea herbicides in a field situation. Two transgenic
flue-cured tobacco lines harboring the csr1-1 gene for
sulfonylurea resistance were evaluated after application of
three rates of two sulfonylurea herbicides [chlorsulfuron (2-
chloro-N[(4-methoxy-6-methyl- 1,3,5 triazin-2-yl)
aminocarbonyl]-aminosulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylate) R9674, a
2:1 mixture of thifensulfuron (methyl-3-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-
1,3,5-triazin-2-yl aminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl]-2-
thiophenecarboxy- late) and tribenuron (methyl-2[[[[4-
methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-
yl]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate)]. We show that one of the
lines was resistant to 10 g a.i. ha-1 of chlorsulfuron but not
to 20 g a.i. ha-1 and that both lines were susceptible to DPX-
R9674. Comparison of transgenics to an untransformed control
in the absence of herbicide treatment showed that both
transgenics were lower yielding than tbe controls. This
impairment of agronomic performance could be attributed to any
of a number of factors. Resistance to chlorsulfuron was
adequate, but margins of safety need to be increased before
any farm level use of these transgenic lines can be
considered. Selection among lines for maximum expression of
the transgene and selection or backcrossing to recover the
parental phenotype may further improve agronomic performance.
12 NAL Call. No.: SB193.F59
Alfalfa germplasm with resistance to terbacil.
Caddel, J.L.; Stritzke, J.F.; Anderson, M.P.; Bensch, C.
Georgetown, Tx. : American Forage and Grassland Council; 1992.
Proceedings of the Forage and Grassland Conference v. 1: p.
162-165; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Medicago sativa; Terbacil; Herbicide
resistance; Germplasm; Selection
13 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Allelic mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase confer
herbicide tolerance in maize.
Marshall, L.C.; Somers, D.A.; Dotray, P.D.; Gengenbach, B.G.;
Wyse, D.L.; Gronwald, J.W.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (4): p. 435-442; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Structural genes; Alleles; Acetyl-coa
carboxylase; Mutants; Mutations; Herbicide resistance;
Haloxyfop; Sethoxydim; Allelism; In vitro selection;
Inheritance; Semidominance; Enzyme activity
Abstract: The genetic relationship between acetyl-coenzyme A
carboxylase (ACCase; EC 6.4.1.2.) activity and herbicide
tolerance was determined for five maize (Zea mays L.) mutants
regenerated from tissue cultures selected for tolerance to the
ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, sethoxydim and haloxyfop.
Herbicide tolerance in each mutant was inherited as a
partially dominant, nuclear mutation. Allelism tests indicated
that the five mutations were allelic. Three distinguishable
herbicide tolerance phenotypes were differentiated among the
five mutants. Seedling tolerance to herbicide treatments
cosegregated with reduced inhibition of seedling leaf ACCase
activity by sethoxydim and haloxyfop demonstrating that
alterations of ACCase conferred herbicide tolerance.
Therefore, we propose that at least three, and possible five,
new alleles of the maize ACCase structural gene (Acc1) were
identified based on their differential response to sethoxydim
and haloxyfop. The group represented by Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and
Acc1-S3 alleles, which had similar phenotypes, exhibited
tolerance to high rates of sethoxydim and haloxyfop. The Acc1-
H1 allele lacked sethoxydim tolerance but was tolerant to
haloxyfop, whereas the Acc1-H2 allele had intermediate
tolerance to sethoxydim but was tolerant to haloxyfop.
Differences in tolerance to the two herbicides among mutants
homozygous for different Acc1 alleles suggested that sites on
ACCase that interact with the different herbicides do not
completely overlap. These mutations in maize ACCase should
prove useful in characterization of the regulatory role of
ACCase in fatty acid biosynthesis and in development of
herbicide-tolerant maize germplasm.
14 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Alternatives for control of paraquat tolerant American black
nightshade (Solanum americana).
Bewick, T.A.; Stall, W.M.; Kostewicz, S.R.; Smith, K.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Jan.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 5 (1): p. 61-65; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Weed control; Solanum
Americanum; Herbicide resistant weeds; Paraquat; Herbicide
resistance; Biotypes; Chemical control; Diquat; Oxyfluorfen;
Acifluorfen; Tridiphane; Pyridate; Chelates; Herbicide
mixtures; Application rates
15 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Alternatives to triazines for weed control in forest
nurseries. Mason, W.L.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1992. Aspects of applied biology (29): p. 149-155; 1992. In
the series analytic: Vegetation management in forestry,
amenity and conservation areas. Paper presented at the
conference of the Association, April 7-9, 1992, University of
York, England. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Great Britain; Forest nurseries; Herbicide
resistance; Herbicides; Metazachlor; Site factors; Triazines;
Weed control
16 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Amitrole, triazine, substituted urea, and metribuzin
resistance in a biotype of rigid ryegras (Lolium rigidum).
Burnet, M.W.M.; Hildebrand, O.B.; Holtum, J.A.M.; Powles, S.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 317-323; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Herbicide resistance;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Amitrole; Atrazine; Cross
resistance; Simazine; Cyanazine; Propazine; Ametryn;
Prometryn; Chlorotoluron; Isoproturon; Metoxuron; Diuron;
Fluometuron; Metribuzin; Methazole; Resistance mechanisms;
Photosynthesis
Abstract: A biotype of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum G.
LOLRI) has become resistant to amitrole and atrazine after 10
yr of exposure to a mixture of these herbicides. Resistance
has also been demonstrated to the chloro-s-triazines:
simazine, cyanazine, propazine; the
methylthio-s-triazines: ametryn, prometryn; the substituted
ureas: chlortoluron, isoproturon, metoxuron, diuron,
fluometuron, methazole; and the triazinone herbicide
metribuzin. The biotype remains susceptible to chlorsulfuron,
metsulfuron, sulfometuron, sethoxydim, diclofop, fluazifop,
glyphosate, carbetamide, and oxyfluorfen. Inhibition of oxygen
evolution by atrazine, diuron, and metribuzin was similar in
thylakoids isolated from both resistant and susceptible
biotypes. Therefore, resistance to the photosystem II
inhibitors is not caused by an alteration of the target site
of these herbicides. Resistant plants treated with a 3-h pulse
of 0.12 millimoles chlortoluron recover photosynthetic
activity more rapidly than susceptible plants. This suggests
that the basis for resistance is enhanced metabolism or
sequestration of the herbicide within the leaf.
17 NAL Call. No.: QH431.A1G43
Analysis of the effects of herbicides on pea seedlings and
calluses, and the isolation of herbicide-resistant callus
lines and regenerant plants. Ezhova, T.A.; Tikhvinskaya, N.S.;
Petrova, T.V.; Bagrova, A.M.; Vasil'ev, I.R.; Matorin, D.N.;
Gostimskii, S.A.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1991 May.
Soviet genetics v. 26 (11): p. 1317-1322; 1991 May.
Translated from: Genetika, v. 26 (11), 1990, p. 2012-2019.
(QH431.A1G4). Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Mutants; Induced mutations; In
vitro selection; Artificial selection; Seedlings; Callus;
Tissue culture; Herbicide resistance; Atrazine; Dinoseb;
Glyphosate; Diuron; Inheritance; Heritability
Abstract: The effects of atrazine, dinoseb, diuron, and
glyphosate on pea seedlings and prolonged cultures of
photoheterotrophic calluses were compared. Herbicides were
found to have similar effects on the growth of seedlings and
the survival of calluses. Cultivation of calluses on selective
media containing threshold concentrations of herbicide
resulted in the isolation of callus lines resistant to the
herbicide used (42, 13, 10, and 8 lines resistant to atrazine,
dinoseb, diuron, and glyphosate respectively were obtained).
Regenerant plants of the R0 and R1 generations were obtained
from photosynthesis-blocking herbicide-resistant calluses.
Delayed fluorescence analysis showed that resistance to
photosynthesis-blocking herbicide in the callus lines selected
was not only retained when plants were regenerated, but was
also passed on to the subsequent seed generation (R1),
demonstrating its genetic nature. Resistance to atrazine in
two R1 regenerant lines was shown to result from reductions in
the sensitivity of electron transfer to the acceptor component
of photosystem II, which is presumably due to alterations in
the herbicide binding protein D-1.
18 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74
Annual ryegrass: an abundance of resistance, a plethora of
mechanisms. Holtum, J.A.M.; Powles, S.B.
Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 3: p. 1071-1078;
1991. Meeting held November 18-21, 1991, Brighton, England.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Inheritance; Phenoxypropionic herbicides;
Chlorsulfuron
19 NAL Call. No.: 381 B522
Apparent destabilization of the S1 state related to herbicide
resistance in a cyanobacterium mutant.
Kirilovsky, D.; Ducruet, J.M.; Etienne, A.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Sep27.
Biochimica et biophysica acta : International journal of
biochemistry and biophysics v. 1060 (1): p. 37-44; 1991 Sep27.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Metribuzin; Cyanobacteria; Mutants; Photosystem
ii; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: In this work we describe a new phenotype of
herbicide-resistant mutants. We have selected and
characterized several metribuzin resistant mutants from
Synechocystis 6714. We found that an increase in metribuzin
resistance involved a cross-resistance with other herbicides.
Therefore, the mutants could be classified in three groups:
(1) metribuzin resistant; (2) atrazine and metribuzin
resistant; (3) DCMU, atrazine and metribuzin resistant.
Mutants which did not present cross-resistance were up to 25-
fold more resistant to metribuzin than the wild type. We have
studied the electron transfer properties of Photosystem II in
these mutants using several techniques (oxygen emission,
fluorescence, and thermoluminescence measurements). They
presented modifications in the electron transfer between QA
and QB, as was generally observed in most herbicide-resistant
mutants previously studied. However, unexpectedly, one of
these mutants, M30, presented a modified oscillatory pattern
of oxygen emission. After dark adaptation the maximum of the
oscillation was shifted by one flash. The matrix analysis
indicated that the shifted maximum of the oxygen sequence
corresponded to an increased S0 concentration in the dark-
adapted state. In whole cells S0 and S1 are in equilibrium.
This equilibrium is shifted in favor of S0 in the M30 mutant.
The mutation renders the S-states more accessible to cell
reductants.
20 NAL Call. No.: S77.I56
Applications of biotechnology to crop improvement.
Warnes, D.D.; Somers, D.A.
Morris, Minn. : The Station; 1992.
Innovations - University of Minnesota, West Central Experiment
Station v. 2 (1): p. 5; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Genetic engineering; Genetic
resistance; Herbicide resistance; Pest resistance
21 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Applications of molecular biology in weed science.
Dyer, W.E.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 482-488; 1991 Jul. Paper presented
at the "Symposium on New Techniques adn Advances in Weed
Physiology and Molecular Biology," February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Weed biology; Molecular biology;
Transgenics; Laboratory methods; Restriction mapping;
Restriction fragment length polymorphism; Cloning; Dna
hybridization; Gene transfer; Electrophoresis; Gene
expression; Genome analysis; Genetic analysis
Abstract: Rapid strides are being made in understanding the
fundamental regulation of plant growth, development, and
responses to the environment due to recent advances in
molecular biology. Current questions in weed science such as
herbicide mechanisms of action, biodegradation, and mechanisms
of weed resistance are equally approachable using such
methodology. Efforts to introduce herbicide resistance into
agronomically important crops are possible because of
successful isolation and transfer of genes. Investigations of
weed survival and competitive strategies based on
developmental processes, such as seed dormancy, are currently
underway using techniques designed to monitor and characterize
differential gene expression. Molecular methodology also plays
a key role in taxonomic studies of weed populations using
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping. The
future potential for these and other techniques such as
nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
gene transfer, and the use of transgenic plants is described.
22 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
An association between triazine resistance and powdery mildew
resistance in Epilobium ciliatum and Senecio vulgaris.
Clay, D.V.; Nash, C.; Bailey, J.A.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Pesticide science v. 33 (2): p. 189-196; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uk; Epilobium; Senecio vulgaris; Atrazine;
Herbicide resistance; Disease resistance; Mildews; Erysiphe
cichoracearum; Sphaerotheca; Susceptibility; Relationships;
Types
Abstract: The response of four naturally, occurring biotypes
of Epilobium ciliatum and four sources of Senecio vulgaris to
the herbicide atrazine were compared with their susceptibility
to the powdery mildews Sphaerotheca epilobii and Erysiphe
cichoracearum. Biotypes that were resistant to atrazine were
also resistant to mildew. Mechanisms that night explain the
association between atrazine resistance and mildews resistance
are discussed, along with possible implications of these
findings for farmland ecology, an for the production of
herbicide- and mildew-resistant crop plants.
23 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Atrazine resistance in a velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
biotype due to enhanced glutathione S-transferase activity.
Anderson, M.P.; Gronwald, J.W.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
May. Plant physiology v. 96 (1): p. 104-109; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Maryland; Minnesota; Abutilon theophrasti;
Biotypes; Atrazine; Herbicide resistance; Glutathione
transferase; Enzyme activity; Genetic resistance
Abstract: We previously reported that a velvetleaf (Abutilon
theophrasti Medic) biotype found in Maryland was resistant to
atrazine because of an enhanced capacity to detoxify the
herbicide via glutathione conjugation (JW Gronwald, Andersen
RN, Yee C [1989] Pestic Biochem Physiol 34: 149-163). The
biochemical basis for the enhanced atrazine conjugation
capacity in this biotype was examined. Glutathione levels and
glutathione S-transferase activity were determined in extracts
from the atrazine-resistant biotype and an atrazine-
susceptible or "wild-type" velvetleaf biotype. In both
biotypes, the highest concentration of glutathione
(approximately 600 nanomoles per gram fresh weight) was found
in leaf tissue. However, no significant differences were found
in glutathione levels in roots, stems, or leaves of either
biotype. In both biotypes, the highest concentration of
glutathione S-transferase activity measured with 1-chloro-2,4-
dinitrobenzene or atrazine as substrate was in leaf tissue.
Glutathione S-transferase measured with 1-chloro-2,4-
dinitrobenzene as substrate was 40 and 25% greater in leaf and
stem tissue, respectively, of the susceptible biotype compared
to the resistant biotype. In contrast, glutathione S-
transferase activity measured with atrazine as substrate was
4.4- and 3.6-fold greater in leaf and stem tissue,
respectively, of the resistant biotype. Kinetic analyses of
glutathione S-transferase activity in leaf extracts from the
resistant and susceptible biotypes were performed with the
substrates glutathione, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and
atrazine. There was little or no change in apparent Km values
for glutathione, atrazine, or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
However, the Vmax for glutathione and atrazine were
approximately 3-fold higher in the resistant biotype than in
the susceptible biotype. In contrast, the Vmax for 1-
chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was 30% lower in the resistant
biotype. Leaf glutathione S-transferase isozymes that exhibit
activity with atrazine and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were
separated by fast protein liquid (anion-exchange)
chromatography. The susceptible biotype, had three peaks
exhibiting activity with atrazine and the resistant biotype
had two. The two peaks of glutathione S-transferase activity
with atrazine from the resistant biotype coeluted with two of
the peaks from the susceptible biotype, but peak height was
three- to fourfold greater in the resistant biotype, in both
biotypes, two of the peaks that exhibit glutathione S-
transferase activity with atrazine also exhibited activity
with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, with the peak height being
greater in the susceptibele biotype. The resulsts indicated
that atraine glutathionse S-trasferase activity for atrazine
resistant in the velvetleaf biotype from Maryland is due to
enhanced glutathione S-transferase activity foratrazine in
leaf and stem tissue which results in an enhanced capacity to
detoxify the herbicide via glutathione conjugation.
24 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412
Attempts to transfer paraquat resistance from barley grass
(Hordeum glaucum Steud.) to barley and wheat.
Islam, A.K.M.R.; Australia; Powles, S.B.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Dec.
Weed research v. 31 (6): p. 395-399; 1991 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; Selection
criteria; Herbicide resistance; Paraquat; Hybridization;
Hordeum glaucum; Transfer
25 NAL Call. No.: QP601.M49
The bar gene as selectable and screenable marker in plant
engineering. D'Halluin, K.; Block, M. de; Denecke, J.;
Janssens, J.; Leemans, J.; Reynaerts, A.; Botterman, J.
San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1992.
Methods in enzymology (216): p. 397-414; 1992. In the series
analytic: Recombinant DNA (part G) / edited by R. Wu.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Bilanafos; Herbicide resistance; Reporter
genes; Marker genes; Genetic transformation; Plant breeding;
Molecular biology; Tissue cultures
26 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Basis of differential tolerance of two corn hybrids (Zea mays)
to metolachlor. Cottingham, C.K.; Hatzios, K.K.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 359-363; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Hybrids; Herbicide resistance;
Metolachlor; Varietal susceptibility; Enzyme activity;
Glutathione transferase; Metabolic detoxification; Absorption;
Translocation; Pharmacokinetics; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage
Abstract: Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to
determine the basis of differential response of two corn
hybrids to the chloroacetanilide herbicide metolachlor. In
greenhouse experiments, metolachlor at 6.7 kg ha-1 reduced the
height of the susceptible 'Northrup-King 9283' corn by 53%
relative to untreated controls and caused extensive visible
injury 14 d after treatment. Under the same conditions, the
height of metolachlor-treated 'Cargill 7567' corn seedlings
was reduced by only 18% without any visible herbicide injury.
The 14C-metolachlor was more rapidly absorbed by the emerging
shoot of the metolachlor-susceptible hybrid, Northrup-King
9283. Thus, differential metolachlor tolerance may be due in
part to processes at the level of herbicide uptake. Metabolism
experiments revealed that both hybrids were able to conjugate
14C-metolachlor with glutathione at similar rates. However,
glutathione S-transferase activity increased earlier during
seedling development and reached higher activities in the
metolachlor-tolerant hybrid, Cargill 7567.
27 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Bialaphos treatment of transgenic rice plants expressing a bar
gene prevents infection by the sheath blight pathogen
(Rhizoctonia solani). Uchimiya, H.; Iwata, M.; Nojirl, C.;
Samarajeewa, P.K.; Takamatsu, S.; Ooba, S.; Anzai, H.;
Christensen, A.H.; Quail, P.H.; Toki, S.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing,; 1993 Jul.
Bio/technology v. 11 (7): p. 835-836; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Rhizoctonia solani; Transgenic
plants; Genetic transformation; Disease resistance;
Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance; Blight; Structural genes;
Acyltransferases
28 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B58
Biochemcial characterization of tobacco mutants resistant to
azole fungicides and herbicides.
Schaller, H.; Maillot-Vernier, P.; Gondet, L.; Belliard, G.;
Benveniste, P. London : Portland Press; 1993 Nov.
Transactions v. 21 (4): p. 1052-1057; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Mutants; Conazole fungicides;
Imidazolinone herbicides; Fungicide tolerance; Herbicide
resistance
29 NAL Call. No.: SB950.9.C44
Biochemical basis of herbicide resistance.
Vaughn, K.C.; Duke, S.O.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1991.
Chemistry of plant protection v. 7: p. 141-169; 1991. In the
series analytic: Herbicide resistance--brassinosteroids,
gibberellins, plant growth regulators / edited by W. Ebing.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Resistance mechanisms; Glyphosate; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Imidazolinone herbicides; Glufosinate; Triazine
herbicides; Paraquat; Dinitroaniline herbicides; Mcpa; 2,4-d;
Mode of action; Biochemical pathways; Enzyme inhibitors;
Biosynthesis; Amino acids; Photosynthesis; Mitosis; Cell
walls; Literature reviews
30 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R474 1991
Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to photosystem II
herbicides. Rensen, J.J.S. van; Vos, O.J. de
London : Published for SCI by Elsevier Applied Science; 1991.
Resistance '91, Achievement and Developments in Combating
Pesticide Resistance / edited by Ian Denholm, Alan L.
Devonshire, and Derek W. Hollomon. p. 251-261; 1991.
Proceedings of the SCI Symposium "Resistance '91: Achievements
and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance," 15-17
July 1991, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Photosystem ii; Herbicide resistance;
Photoinhibition
31 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522
Biotech fix for African crops held hostage to profit motive.
Conroy, D.
Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Feb17.
Biotech daily v. 2 (124): p. 3; 1993 Feb17.
Language: English
Descriptors: Africa; Herbicide resistance; Genetic
engineering; Food crops; Food supply
32 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Biotechnology in the food industry.
Beck, C.I.; Ulrich, T.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1993 Aug.
Bio/technology v. 11 (8): p. 895-902; 1993 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Food crops; Plant breeding; Genetic engineering;
Biotechnology; Food quality; Food processing quality; Genetic
resistance; Herbicide resistance; Plant development
33 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
A biotype of hare barley (Hordeum leporinum) resistant to
paraquat and diquat. Tucker, E.S.; Powles, S.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr.
Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 159-162; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Victoria; Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum;
Biotypes; Herbicide resistance; Paraquat; Diquat; Sethoxydim;
Fluazifop; Glyphosate; Cross resistance; Dry matter
accumulation; Growth rate; Survival; Weed biology
Abstract: A biotype of the annual grass weed hare barley
infesting an alfalfa field with a 24-yr history of the use of
the bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat, was
investigated for resistance to these herbicides. Rates of up
to 800 g ai ha-1 of each herbicide caused no mortality in the
hare barley plants from this field. The same species,
collected from an adjacent pasture field with no history of
bipyridylium herbicide application, exhibited LD50's of 57 and
160 g ai ha-1 for paraquat and diquat, respectively. Tiller
numbers and dry matter production in the biotype from the
alfalfa field were not affected by the normal rate recommended
for both herbicides. These results clearly show that hare
barley from the alfalfa field is resistant to paraquat and
diquat. Both biotypes were equally sensitive to fluazifop,
glyphosate, and sethoxydim.
34 NAL Call. No.: A00035
Breakthrough should lead to higher wheat yields.
Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Jun04.
Biotechnology news v. 12 (14): p. 1-2; 1992 Jun04.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering;
Micromanipulation; Herbicide resistance
35 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Buffalograss tolerance to postemergence herbicides.
McCarty, L.B.; Colvin, D.L.
Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science;
1992 Aug. HortScience v. 27 (8): p. 898-899; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Buchloe dactyloides; Lawns and turf; Weed
control; Chemical control; 2,4-d; Dicamba; Bentazone;
Mecoprop; Metsulfuron; Quinclorac; Imazaquin; Diclofop;
Triclopyr; Atrazine; Asulam; Sethoxydim; Msma; Sulfometuron;
Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.]
is a turfgrass species traditionally adapted to low-rainfall
areas that may incur unacceptable weed encroachment when grown
in higher rainfall areas such as Florida. An experiment was
performed to evaluate the tolerance of two new buffalograss
cultivars, 'Oasis' and 'Prairie', to postemergence herbicides
commonly used for grass, broadleaf, and sedge weed control.
Twenty to 40 days were required for each cultivar to recover
from treatment with asulam, MSMA, and sethoxydim (2.24, 2.24,
and 0.56 kg.ha-1, respectively). Other herbicides used for
postemergence grass weed control (metsulfuron, quinclorac, and
diclofop at 0.017, 0.56, and 1.12 kg.ha-1, respectively) did
not cause unacceptable buffalograss injury. Herbicides used
for postemergence broadleaf weed control, triclopyr, 2,4-D,
sulfometuron, dicamba (0.56, 1.12, 0.017, and 0.56 kg.ha-1,
respectively), and a three-way combination of 2,4-D + dicamba
+ mecoprop (1.2 + 0.54 + 0.13 kg.ha-1), caused 20 to 30 days
of unacceptable or marginally acceptable turfgrass quality,
while 20 days were required for 'Prairie' buffalograss to
recover from atrazine treatments. 'Oasis' buffalograss did not
fully recover from 2,4-D or 2,4-D + dicamba + mecoprop through
40 days after treatment. Herbicides used for postemergence
sedge control, bentazon and imazaquin, caused slightly
reduced, but acceptable, levels of turf quality in both
cultivars throughout the experiment.
36 NAL Call. No.: TP248.27.P55P53 1991
Cell selection.
Loh, W.H.T.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Plant biotechnology : comprehensive biotechnology, second
supplement / volume editors, Michael W. Fowler & Graham S.
Warren; editor-in-chief, Murray Moo-Young. p. 33-44; 1992.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Mutants; Induced mutations; In vitro
selection; Herbicide resistance; Salt tolerance; Metal
tolerance; Heavy metals; Disease resistance; Tissue culture;
Cell culture; Literature reviews
37 NAL Call. No.: SB123.P535
Characterization of a spontaneous rapeseed mutant tolerant to
sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides.
Magha, M.I.; Guerche, P.; Bregeon, M.; Renard, M.
Berlin : P. Parey, 1986-; 1993 Sep.
Plant breeding; Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenzuchtung v. 111 (2):
p. 132-141; 1993 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Mutants; Mutations; Structural
genes; Oxo-acid-lyases; Dominance; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Triasulfuron; Metsulfuron; Imazamethabenz
38 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Characterization of acifluorfen tolerance in selected
somaclones of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum).
Yu, C.Y.; Masiunas, J.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 408-412; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanum; Herbicide resistant weeds; Acifluorfen;
Somaclonal variation; Herbicide resistance; Absorption;
Translocation; Metabolism; Metabolic detoxification; Cross
resistance; Diquat; Oxyfluorfen; Paraquat
Abstract: Acifluorfen tolerance in eastern black nightshade
somaclones was characterized in two experiments. One
experiment determined the involvement of absorption,
translocation, and metabolism in acfiluorfen tolerance. Less
than 6% of the applied 14C-acifluorfen was absorbed. There
were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between
susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More 14C-acifluorfen was
translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones.
The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while
some somaclones (i.e., EBN-3A) metabolized 14C-acifluorfen. A
second experiment determined the tolerance of the somaclones
to oxyfluorfen, diquat, and paraquat. Most acifluorfen-
tolerant somaclones were tolerant to oxyfluorfen but were
susceptible to diquat and paraquat. One somaclone, EBN-3A, was
extremely tolerant to acifluorfen, paraquat, and diquat.
39 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R47
Characterization of resistance to atrazine in a velvetleaf
(Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) biotype from Wisconsin.
Gray, J.A.; Stoltenberg, D.E.; Balke, N.E.
East Lansing, Mich. : Pesticide Research Center, Michigan
State University,; 1993.
Resistant pest management v. 5 (2): p. 17; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wisconsin; Cabt; Abutilon theophrasti; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Biotypes; Atrazine; Herbicide resistance
40 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Characterization of transgenic sulfonylurea-resistant flax
(Linum usitatissimum).
McSheffrey, S.A.; McHughen, A.; Devine, M.D.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 (3/4): p. 480-481;
1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Linum usitatissimum; Arabidopsis thaliana;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic transformation;
Transgenics; Gene transfer; Ligases; Structural genes; Enzyme
activity; Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Metsulfuron;
Segregation; Inheritance; Line differences; Roots; Growth
Abstract: Fourteen transgenic flax (Linum usitatissimum)
lines, carrying a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase
(ALS) gene selected for resistance to chlorsulfuron, were
characterized for resistance to two sulfonylurea herbicides.
Progeny of 10 of the 14 lines segregated in a ratio of 3
resistant to 1 susceptible, indicating a single insertion.
Progeny of 1 line segregated in a 15:1 ratio, indicating two
insertions of the ALS gene at independent loci. Progeny from 3
lines did not segregate in a Mendelian fashion and were likely
the products of chimeric shoots. Resistance to chlorsulfuron
was stably inherited in all lines. At the enzyme level, the
transgenic lines were 2.5 to more than 60 times more resistant
to chlorsulfuron than the parental lines. The transgenic lines
were 25-260 times more resistant to chlorsulfuron than the
parental lines in root growth experiments and demonstrated
resistance when grown in soil treated with 20 g ha-1
chlorsulfuron. The lines demonstrated less resistance to
metsulfuron methyl; in root growth experiments, the transgenic
lines were only 1.6-4.8 times more resistant to metsulfuron
methyl than the parental lines. Resistance was demonstrated in
the field at half (2.25 g ha-1) and full (4.5 g ha-1) rates of
metsulfuron methyl.
41 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Chlorsulfuron inhibition of phloem translocation in
chlorsulfuron-resistant and -susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana.
Hall, L.M.; Devine, M.D.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Feb.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 45 (2): p. 81-90;
1993 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlorsulfuron; Phloem loading; Inhibition;
Arabidopsis thaliana; Types; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Uptake mechanisms; Sucrose; Plasma membranes;
Microsomes; Enzymes; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity;
Protein content
Abstract: The herbicide chlorsulfuron is not translocated
readily in plants because of an inhibitory effect on phloem
translocation. More chlorsulfuron was translocated in a
chlorsulfuron-resistant (R) biotype of Arabidopsis thaliana
than in a susceptible (S) biotype, indicating that the effect
on translocation is secondary to inhibition of ALS, the
primary site of action of the herbicide. The R biotype did not
different from the S biotype in its ability, to translocate
exogenously applied sucrose: however, translocation of
exogenously applied sucrose following chlorsulfuron treatment
was greater in the R biotype than in the S biotype.
Chlorsulfuron pretreatment inhibited rapid sucrose uptake into
leaf discs by 41% in the S biotype but by only 17% in the R
biotype. This result suggests that chlorsulfuron inhibits
phloem transport by restricting sucrose uptake into the
phloem. Purified plasma membrane preparations extracted from
the two biotypes following chlorsulfuron treatment did not
differ in H+ -ATPase activity or total plasmalemma protein
content. Possible alternative mechanisms by which
chlorsulfuron may inhibit phloem transport are discussed.
42 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Chlorsulfuron-resistant sugarbeet: cross-resistance and
physiological basis of resistance.
Hart, S.E.; Saunders, J.W.; Penner, D.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 378-383; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Beta vulgaris; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Cross resistance; Chlorimuron; Imidazolinone
herbicides; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Enzyme inhibitors; Oxo-
acid-lyases; Enzyme activity; Absorption; Metabolism
Abstract: Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to
determine the extent of cross-resistance of chlorsulfuron-
resistant sugarbeet (CR1-B) to other herbicides that inhibit
acetolactate synthase (ALS) and to determine the physiological
basis of resistance. Cross-resistance to metsulfuron,
imazaquin, and imazethapyr was not evident, while only
marginal cross-resistance was observed to triasulfuron, DPX-
L5300, and nicosulfuron. CR1-B was moderately resistant to
chlorsulfuron and chlorimuron and was highly cross-resistant
to thifensulfuron and primisulfuron. Further greenhouse
studies demonstrated that CR1-B was not significantly injured
by thifensulfuron and primisulfuron applied at or exceeding
the field use rate. Studies with 14C-primisulfuron showed that
differential absorption or metabolism of primisulfuron could
not account for the observed resistance. ALS enzyme assays
showed that the CR1-B ALS enzyme activity was 66, 26, and 13
times less sensitive to chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and
primisulfuron inhibition, respectively, compared to ALS enzyme
extracted from sensitive sugarbeets. An altered ALS enzyme,
which is less sensitive to sulfonylurea herbicide inhibition,
appears to be the physiological basis of resistance.
43 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67
Clonal variation in tolerance to hexazinone.
Borough, C.; Jamieson, D.
Rotorua : The Institute; 1991.
FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest
Service (160): p. 139-141; 1991. Paper presented at the
"FRI/NZFP Forest Ltd., Clonal Forestry Workshop, May 1-2,
1989, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Language: English
Descriptors: Forest trees; Clones; Hexazinone; Herbicide
resistance; Genetic variation
44 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.S68
Cloning and expression of mutant EPSP-synthetase gene of
Escherichia coli in transgenic plants.
Mett, V.L.; Urmeeva, F.I.; Kobets, N.S.; Kolganova, T.V.;
Aliev, K.A.; Piruzyan, E.S.
New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991.
Soviet biotechnology (3): p. 27-33; 1991. Translated from:
Biotekhnologiia, (3), 1991, p. 19-22, (TP248.2.B57). Includes
references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Genetic engineering; Escherichia coli; Mutants;
Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance; Treatment; Nitroso
compounds; Guanidines; Genetic analysis; Phosphates; Ligases;
Genetic code; Gene expression; Cloning; Plasmids; Transgenics;
Nicotiana tabacum
45 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Cole crop (Brassica oleracea) tolerance to clomazone.
Scott, J.E.; Weston, L.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jan.
Weed science v. 40 (1): p. 7-11; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica oleracea; Herbicide resistance;
Clomazone; Bioassays; Chlorophyll; Biosynthesis; Application
rates; Metabolic inhibitors; Mode of action; Metabolic
detoxification; Source sink relations; Metabolites; Roots;
Uptake; Translocation
Abstract: A laboratory bioassay was conducted to determine
the differential tolerance of cole crops to clomazone as
measured by extractable total chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Clomazone concentrations causing 50% inhibition (I50) in the
biosynthesis of total chlorophyll in broccoli, cauliflower,
and green and red cabbage cotyledons were 16, 11, 3, and 11
micromolar respectively, while I50 values for carotenoid
levels were 20, 10, 4, and 8 micromolar clomazone,
respectively. Therefore, broccoli was the most tolerant to
clomazone based upon extractable chlorophyll and carotenoid
concentrations. Further laboratory studies were performed to
investigate the basis for differential clomazone tolerance in
3-wk-old cole crop seedlings. No differences in total root
uptake of 14C-clomazone were observed between these crops
after 24 h. There were no differences in rate of metabolism of
14C-clomazone to methanol-soluble metabolites in roots of
these crops. Percentage of polar metabolites in roots remained
fairly constant over time. There were also no differences
between crops in percentage of methanol-soluble 14C-clomazone
metabolites formed in shoots between 24 and 96 h. In all
crops, levels of 14C-clomazone decreased in a similar manner
over time in methanolic extracts of roots and shoots while
nonextractable 14C levels increased, indicating a conversion
of clomazone to insoluble, nonextractable forms. Differential
uptake, translocation, and metabolism do not appear to account
for clomazone selectivity differences between cole crop
seedlings.
46 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Comparative uptake, translocation, and metabolism of paraquat
in tolerant Kwangkyo and susceptible Hood soybean.
Kim, S.; Hatzios, K.K.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Oct.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 47 (2): p. 149-158;
1993 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Susceptibility; Herbicide
resistance; Paraquat; Uptake; Deposition; Leaves; Waxes;
Absorption; Spatial distribution; Plant tissues;
Translocation; Metabolism; Mode of action
Abstract: The "Kwangkyo" and "Hood" cultivars of soybean
[Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are differentially sensitive to the
herbicide paraquat. The margin of this intraspecific
differential herbicide tolerance is narrow and Kwangkyo is
about 10-fold more tolerant to paraquat than Hood soybean. The
deposition of epicuticular wax on the surface of the first
fully expanded trifoliolate was similar in both soybean
cultivars and treatment with 1 millimole paraquat did not
influence the epicuticular wax content in any cultivar.
Seedlings of Kwangkyo and Hood soybean absorbed comparable
amounts of radioactivity following exposure to root-applied
14C-labeled paraquat for 24 hr. Most of the absorbed
radioactivity remained in the roots of seedlings of both
cultivars, but a greater amount of the recovered radioactivity
translocated from roots to stems and leaves of the sensitive
Hood soybean. Following feeding of the cut ends of their
petioles with [14C]paraquat for 12 and 24 hr, excised
trifoliolates of Kwangkyo soybean retained a greater portion
of absorbed radioactivity in their petioles and translocated a
smaller amount of radioactivity into the interveinal regions.
By contrast, excised trifoliolates of Hood soybean retained a
smaller portion of absorbed radioactivity in their petioles
and released a higher amount of absorbed radioactivity into
the interveinal regions. Extractable paraquat was not
metabolized to any extent by tissues of either of the two
cultivars and differential metabolism does not appear to play
a role in the observed differential response of Kwangkyo and
Hood soybean to paraquat. Overall, the results of the present
study suggest that restricted mobility or a delayed release of
paraquat into the mesophyll region is a likely basis for the
observed tolerance of Kwangkyo soybean to the herbicide
paraquat.
47 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Concerns a weed scientist might have about herbicide-tolerant
crops. Radosevich, S.R.; Ghersa, C.M.; Comstock, G.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 635-639; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Weed control; Biotechnology; Ethics
48 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Concerns of seed company officials with herbicide-tolerant
cultivars. Duvick, D.N.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 640-646; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Seed industry; Transgenic plants; Herbicide
resistance; Cultivars; Biotechnology; Profitability; Supply
balance; Research
49 NAL Call. No.: QR53.B56
Construction of multiple herbicide resistant ammonia excreting
strains of cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
Modi, D.R.; Singh, D.R.; Rao, A.K.; Chakravarty, K.S.; Singh,
H.N. Middlesex : Science and Technology Letters; 1991 Nov.
Biotechnology letters v. 13 (11): p. 793-798; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nostoc muscorum; Strains; Gloeocapsa; Herbicides;
Herbicide resistance; Phenotypes; Dna; Genetic transformation;
Gene transfer; Mutations; Ammonia; Excretion; Photosystem ii;
Nitrogen fixation
Abstract: Machete resistant (Matr), basalin resistant (Basr),
3(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea resistant (DCMUr),
atrazine resistant (Atr(r)) and propanil resistant (Prpr)
phenotypes Gloeocapsa sp. were contransformed to Nostoc
muscorum at high frequency. Spontaneously occurring mutants of
the multiple herbicide resistant transformant containing L-
methionine-DL-sulfoximine resistant (Msxr), ethylene diamine
resistant (Edar) of phosphinothricin resistant (Pptr)
glutamine synthetase (GS) showed extracellular liberation of
ammonia resulting from fixation of N2 under photosynthetic
conditions. Results suggest a definite role of GS activity in
regulation of extracellular ammonia.
50 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) in Kentucky bluegrass
(Poa pratensis) turf with linuron.
Hall, J.C.; Carey, C.K.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 6 (4): p. 852-857; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ontario; Cabt; Poa pratensis; Cultivars;
Herbicide resistance; Linuron; Application rates; Poa annua;
Weed control; Chemical control; Plant density; Quality;
Seedling emergence; Injuries; Temperate climate
51 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52R
Control of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass.
Brewster, B.D.; Donaldson, W.S.; Appleby, A.P.
S.l. : The Society; 1992.
Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. p.
III/128; 1992. Meeting held on March 9-12, 1992, Salt Lake
City, Utah.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oregon; Lolium multiflorum; Diclofop; Herbicide
resistance; Weed control
52 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7
Controlling weeds in ornamental grasses.
Whitwell, T.
Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1993
Aug. Grounds maintenance v. 28 (8): p. 26-30; 1993 Aug.
Language: English
Descriptors: Grasses; Ornamental herbaceous plants; Weed
control; Herbicides; Herbicide resistance
53 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Correlation of propanil hydrolyzing enzyme activity with leaf
morphology in wild rices of genome CCDD.
Jun, C.J.; Matsunaka, S.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 May.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 40 (1): p. 80-85;
1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza; Wild plants; Hybrids; Leaves; Plant
morphology; Amidase; Enzyme activity; Herbicide resistance;
Propanil; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: The propanil hydrolyzing enzyme, aryl acylamidase I
(AAI) (arylacylamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.13), was highly
correlated (r = -0.83) with leaf width in three species of
genus Oryza with genome CCDD. The specific activity of AAI was
lower in the leaves of wide-leafed plants and this was well-
reflected in propanil phytotoxicity in those plants. There
were no significant differences between conjugation of 3,4-
dichloroaniline or the presence of AAI inhibitors in the crude
enzyme solutions from the narrow-leafed and wide-leafed
strains. The same relationship between AAI activity and leaf
width was observed in interspecific F, hybrids involving
genome CCDD. In those F1 hybrids the wide- and narrow-leafed
strains showed comparable AAI activity per leaf of equal
length. It was concluded that the concentration of the enzyme
in the CCDD plants was diluted by plant bulk in the wide-
leafed strains and the correlation appeared to be the indirect
effect of genes altering plant morphology, especially leaf
area. The significance of the correlations is discussed in
relation to propanil resistance and plant phylogenetics.
54 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
The cost of herbicide resistance measured by a competition
experiment. Reboud, X.; Till-Bottraud, I.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 82 (6): p. 690-696; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Setaria italica; Herbicide resistance; Atrazine;
Plant competition; Shoots; Dry matter; Plant height; Seed set;
Seeds; Line differences; Plant density
Abstract: The cost of resistance has been measured by a
competition experiment over a ranee of densities, in the
absence of herbicide treatment, on two nearly isogenic lines
of Foxtail millet, differing in a chloroplastic resistance to
herbicide. Three characters have been measured: shoot height,
shoot weight, and seed production. Sensitive individuals were
better competitors despite a larger decrease in production
under within-biotype competition. The cost of resistance was
density dependent and increased with density. The cost was
higher when measured on seed production and reached 65% at the
higher density for resistant individuals. This is compatible
with the low frequency or the absence of that gene in natural
populations. This work illustrates that the cost is easiest to
observe when high levels of constraints are used.
55 NAL Call. No.: SB113.2.S45
Cotton meets the biotech challenge: genetic engineering races
to the marketplace.
Cutler, K.
Cedar Falls, IA : Freiberg Pub. Co; 1991 Nov.
Seed industry v. 42 (10): p. 4-5, 19; 1991 Nov.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Bromoxynil; Herbicide resistance;
Genetic engineering; Field tests; Sulfonylurea herbicides;
Usda
56 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium
rigidum). II. Chlorsulfuron resistance involves a wheat-like
detoxification system. Christopher, J.T.; Powles, S.B.;
Liljegren, D.R.; Holtum, J.A.M. Rockville, Md. : American
Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991 Apr. Plant physiology v.
95 (4): p. 1036-1043; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Triticum aestivum; Biotypes;
Chlorsulfuron; Herbicide resistance; Cross resistance;
Metabolism; Ligases; Translocation; Phytotoxicity; Metabolic
detoxification; Biochemical pathways
Abstract: Lolium rigidum Gaud. biotype SLR31 is resistant to
the herbicide diclofop-methyl and cross-resistant to several
sulfonylurea herbicides. Wheat and the cross-resistant
ryegrass exhibit similar patterns of resistance to
sulfonylurea herbicides, suggesting that the mechanism of
resistance may be similar. Cross-resistant ryegrass is also
resistant to the wheat-selective imidazolinone herbicide
imazamethabenz. The cross-resistant biotype SLR31 metabolized
[phenyl-U-14C]chlorsulfuron at a faster rate than a biotype
which is susceptible to both diclolop-methyl and
chlorsulfuron. A third biotype which is resistant to diclofop-
methyl but not to chlorsulfuron metabolized chlorsulfuron at
the same rate as the susceptible biotype. The increased
metabolism of chlorsulfuron observed in the cross-resistant
biotype is, therefore, correlated with the patterns of
resistance observed in these L. rigidum biotypes. During high
performance liquid chromatography analysis the major
metabolite of chlorsulfuron in both susceptible and cross-
resistant ryegrass coeluted with the major metabolite produced
in wheat. The major product is clearly different from the
major product in the tolerant dicot species, flax (Linium
usitatissimum). The elution pattern of metabolites of
chlorsulfuron was the same for both the susceptible and cross-
resistant ryegrass but the cross-resistant ryegrass
metabolized chlorsulfuron more rapidly. The investigation of
the dose response to sulfonylurea herbicides at the whole
plant level and the study of the metabolism of chlorsulfuron
provide two independent sets of data which both suggest that
the resistance to chlorsulfuron in cross-resistant ryegrass
biotype SLR31 involves a wheat-like detoxification system.
57 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium
rigidum). III. On the mechanism of resistance to diclofop-
methyl.
Holtum, J.A.M.; Matthews, J.M.; Hausler, R.E.; Lijegren, D.R.;
Powles, S.B. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant
Physiologists; 1991 Nov. Plant physiology v. 97 (3): p.
1026-1034; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Leaves; Diclofop;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Metabolism; Uptake;
Translocation; Genetic variation; Weed control; Weed biology
Abstract: Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) biotype SLR 31 is
resistant to the postemergent graminicide methyl-2-[4-(2,4-
dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]-propanoate (diclofop-methyl). Uptake
of [14C](Uphenyl)diclofop-methyl and root/shoot distribution
of radioactivity in susceptible and resistant plants were
similar. In both biotypes, diclofop-methyl was rapidly
demethylated to the biocidal metabolite diclofop acid which,
in turn, was metabolized to ester and aryl-O-sugar conjugates.
Susceptible plants accumulated 5 to 15% more radioactivity in
diclofop acid than did resistant plants. Resistant plants had
a slightly greater capacity to form nonbiocidal sugar
conjugates. Despite these differences, resistant plants
retained 20% of 14C in the biocidal metabolite diclofop acid
192 hours after treatment, whereas susceptible plants, which
were close to death, retained 30% in diclofop acid. The small
differences in the pool sizes of the active and inactive
metabolites are by themselves unlikely to account for a 30-
fold difference in sensitivity to the herbicide at the whole
plant level. Similar highpressure liquid chromatography
elution patterns of conjugates from both susceptible and
resistant biotypes indicated that the mechanisms and the
products of catabolism in the biotypes are similar. It is
suggested that metabolism of diclofop-methyl by the resistant
biotype does not alone explain resistance observed at the
whole-plant level. Diclofop acid reduced the electrochemical
potential of membranes in etiolated coleoptiles of both
biotypes; 50% depolarization required 1 to 4 micromole
diclofop acid. After removal of diclofop acid, membranes from
the resistant biotype recovered polarity, whereas membranes
from the susceptible biotype did not. Internal concentrations
of diclofop acid 4 h after exposing plants to herbicide were
estimated to be 36 to 39 micromolar in a membrane fraction and
16 to 17 micromolar in a soluble fraction. Such concentrations
should be sufficient to fully depolarize membranes. It is
postulated that differences in the ability of membranes to
recover from depolarization are correlated with the resistance
response of biotype SLR 31.
58 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium
rigidum). IV. Correlation between membrane effects and
resistance to graminicides. Hausler, R.E.; Holtum, J.A.M.;
Powles, S.B.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Nov. Plant physiology v. 97 (3): p. 1035-1043; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Weed control; Cross resistance; Diclofop;
Fluazifop; Herbicides; Weed biology; Cell membranes; Polarity;
Membrane potential
Abstract: The herbicidally active aryloxyphenoxypropionates
diclofop acid, haloxyfop acid, and fluazifop acid and the
cyclohexanedione sethoxydim depolarized membranes in
coleoptiles of eight biotypes of herbicide-susceptible and
herbicide-resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Membrane
polarity was reduced from -100 millivolts to -30 to -50
millivolts. Membranes repolarized after removal of the
compounds only in biotypes with resistance to the compound
added. Repolarization was not observed in herbicide-
susceptible L. rigidum, nor was it observed in biotypes
resistant to triazine, triazole, triazinone, phenylurea, or
sulfonylurea herbicides but not resistant to
aryloxyphenoxypropionates and cyclohexanediones.
Chlorsulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, at a saturating
concentration of 1 micromolar, reduced membrane polarity in
all biotypes studied by only 15 millivolts. The recovery of
membrane potential following the removal of chlorsulfuron was
restricted to chlorsulfuron-susceptible and -resistant
biotypes that did not exhibit diclofop resistance. These
differences in membrane responses are correlated with
resistance to diclofop rather than with resistance to
chlorsulfuron. It is suggested that the differences may
reflect altered membrane properties of diclofop-resistant
biotypes. Further circumstantial evidence for dissimilarity of
properties of membranes from diclofop-resistant and diclofop-
susceptible ryegrass is provided by observations that K+/Na+
ratios were significantly higher in coleoptiles from diclofop-
resistant biotypes than in coleoptiles from susceptible
plants. Intact and excised roots from susceptible biotypes
were capable of acidifying the external medium, whereas roots
from resistant biotypes were unable to do so. The ineluctable
conclusion is that in L. rigidum the phenomena of membrane
repolarization and resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and
cyclohexanedione herbicides are correlated.
59 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 B5236
Dark adapted leaves of paraquat-resistant tobacco plants emit
less ultraweak light than susceptible ones.
Hideg, E.; Inaba, H.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul31.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications v. 178
(2): p. 438-443; 1991 Jul31. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Leaves; Paraquat; Herbicide
resistance; Biotypes; Superoxide dismutase; Dark; Light;
Emission; Light intensity
Abstract: Long term light emission was compared from leaves
of paraquat-resistant and -susceptible tobacco plants. In the
minutes time scale, delayed light emission of the two biotypes
was similar both in kinetics and in intensity. However, after
several hours in the dark, ultraweak light emission from
leaves of resistant plants was about one third of the light
emitted by susceptible samples, We suggest, that this
difference is due to the higher activity of superoxide
dismutase in resistant biotypes, earlier reported by Tanaka et
al. (1988) (Plant Cell Physiol. 29, 743-746), and propose a
model for the mechanism of ultraweak light emission from these
samples.
60 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
Deamination of metribuzin in tolerant and susceptible soybean
(Glycine max) cultivars.
Fedtke, C.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Pesticide science v. 31 (2): p. 175-183; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Metribuzin; Carbon; Deamination; Isotope
labeling; Metabolites; Herbicide residues
Abstract: The deamination of metribuzin was studied in vitro
in peroxisomes isolated from the leaves of soybean cultivars
which were either metribuzin tolerant, intermediate, or
sensitive. The deamination rate observed with peroxisomes from
tolerant leaves was about twice the rate observed with
peroxisomes from sensitive leaves. The intermediate group was
also intermediate with respect to the in-vitro deamination
rate. Tolerant and sensitive intact soybean plants were pulse-
labeled with [14C]metribuzin via the roots for 5 h. The
extractable radioactivity in roots, stems and leaves was
measured and separated into metabolites after the 5 h pulse
and after an additional 24 h growth in water. The level of DA
(deaminated metribuzin) was always significantly higher in the
stems and leaves of tolerant soybean plants (4.8-10.0% of the
extracted radioactivity) than in sensitive stems and leaves
(1.8-2.9%). Conjugates were rapidly formed in tolerant as well
as in sensitive soybean tissues. More conjugates were found in
the tolerant cultivars, especially after the 5 + 24 h
incubation time. Labeled [14C]DA fed to soybean plants via the
roots was conjugated two to four times faster than
[14C]metribuzin. Tolerant soybean tissue conjugated [14C]DA
two to three times faster than sensitive tissue. The results
are interpreted as showing that, in tolerant soybean plants,
metribuzin is metabolized via deamination and subsequent
conjugation, in addition to the well-known direct conjugation
of metribuzin parent compound.
61 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.I3I4
Developing herbicide resistance in corn.
Schoper, J.; Armstrong-Gustafson, P.; McBratney, B.
Urbana, Ill. : Cooperative Extension Service, Univ of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign; 1991.
Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference summaries of
presentations January 8, 9, 10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois / Univ
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Coop Ext Serv, in coop with
the Illinois Natural History Survey. p. 59-60; 1991.
"Proceedings of the 1991 Illinois Agricultural Pesticides
Conference," January 8-10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Herbicide resistance
62 NAL Call. No.: TP248.27.P55P52
Developing herbicide resistance in crops by gene transfer
technology. Stalker, D.M.
New York, N.Y. : Chapman and Hall; 1991.
Plant biotechnology v. 1: p. 82-104; 1991. In the series
analytic: Plant genetic engineering / edited by D. Grierson.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Gene transfer; Herbicide resistance;
Genetic transformation; Vectors; Plasmids; Transgenics;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Direct
DNAuptake; Literature reviews
63 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Developing herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars: introduction.
Harrison, H.F. Jr
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 613-614; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Cultivars; Genotypes; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology
64 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Development of herbicide tolerance in peas. I. Tissue culture
and in vitro selection.
Van Roggen, P.M.; Kirkwood, R.C.; Boyd, P.A.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1991. Aspects of applied biology (27): p. 267-270; 1991. In
the series analytic: Production and protection of legumes /
edited by R.J. Froud-Williams, P. Gladders, M.C. Heath, J.F.
Jenkyn, C.M. Knott, A. Lane and D. Pink. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Callus; Growth; Growth inhibitors;
Herbicides; Resistance; Glyphosate; Metsulfuron; Tissue
culture
65 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Development of herbicide tolerance in peas. II. Regeneration
via somatic embryogenesis.
Van Doorne, L.E.; Marshall, G.; Kirkwood, R.C.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1991. Aspects of applied biology (27): p. 271-274; 1991. In
the series analytic: Production and protection of legumes /
edited by R.J. Froud-Williams, P. Gladders, M.C. Heath, J.F.
Jenkyn, C.M. Knott, A. Lane and D. Pink. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Cultivars; Culture media;
Genotypes; Herbicide resistance; Diflufenican; Glyphosate;
Metsulfuron; Somatic embryogenesis
66 NAL Call. No.: QK600.M82
Development of resistance in Bipolaris oryzae against
edifenphos. Annamalai, P.; Lalithakumari, D.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 Jun.
Mycological research v. 96 (pt.6): p. 454-460; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Bipolaris; Plant pathogenic fungi;
Edifenphos; Herbicide resistance; Mutants; Adaptation;
Virulence; Pathogenicity; Strain differences
67 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32
Development of shade-type appearance-light intensity
adaptation and regulation of the D1 protein Synechococcus.
Koenig, F.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992.
NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 226: p. 545-550;
1992. In the series analytic: Regulation of chloroplast
biogenesis / edited by J.H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou. Proceedings
of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, July 28-August 3, 1991,
Crete, Greece. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Synechococcus; Biological development; Light
intensity; Photosynthesis; Plant proteins; Protein synthesis;
Shade; Herbicide resistance; Mutants
68 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
The development of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant birdsfoot
trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) plants from in vitro selection.
Pofelis, S.; Le, H.; Grant, W.F.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (4): p. 480-488; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lotus corniculatus; In vitro selection; Herbicide
resistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Callus; Tissue culture;
Shoots; Regeneration; Inheritance; Oxo-acid-lyases; Enzyme
activity; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: Herbicide-resistant lines of birdsfoot trefoil
(Lotus corniculatus L. cv 'Leo') were isolated after
sequential selection at the callus, shoot, and whole plant
levels to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide Harmony [DPX-M6316;
3-[[[(4-methoxy-6methyl-1,3,5, triazine-2-yl) amino] carbonyl]
amino] sulfonyl-2-thiophenecarboxylate]. In field and growth
chamber tests the Harmony regenerant lines displayed an
increased tolerance as compared to control plants from tissue
culture and controls grown from seed. Results of evaluation of
callus cultures of regenerated mutant lines signify stability
of the resistance. Outcrossed seeds collected from field
trials, and tested in vitro for herbicide resistance, indicate
that the trait is heritable and that resistance may be due to
reduced sensitivity of acetolactate synthase to SU inhibition.
Genetically stable herbicide-resistant lines of birdsfoot
trefoil were successfully isolated using in vitro selection.
69 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Development of sulfonylurea-resistant rapeseed using chemical
mutagenesis. Tonnemaker, K.A.; Auld, D.L.; Thill, D.C.;
Mallory-Smith, C.A.; Erickson, D.A. Madison, Wis. : Crop
Science Society of America; 1992 Nov. Crop science v. 32 (6):
p. 1387-1391; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Metsulfuron; Screening; Induced mutations;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Cultivars; Mutants; Varietal
susceptibility; Genotypes
Abstract: Residual levels of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides in
the soil have limited rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. napus)
production in the Pacific Northwest. In a greenhouse screening
procedure, the test herbicide suppressed the growth of
susceptible rapeseed plants but allowed normal growth of
resistant plants. Mutant (M2) populations of 'Cascade',
'Bridger', and 'Cathy' winter rapeseed, 'R-500' spring
rapeseed (B. rapa L. subsp. rapa), and 'Tilney' spring mustard
(Sinapis alba L.; syn F. hirta Moench.) were screened with
DPX-G8311, a 5:1 mixture of the SU herbicides chlorsulfuron
(2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-
yl)amino]carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide) and metsulfuron
[(methyl
1-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-
amino]carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl)benzoate]], applied
preemergence at 7.5 g a.i. ha-1. Approximately 243 000 M2
seedlings were screened and 178 were selected for additional
tests. In progeny tests, several M3 and M4 families were
identified that survived 6.5 g a.i. ha-1 DPX-G8311 applied
preemergence but failed to survive the same rate of DPX-G8311
applied postemergence. DPX-G8311 was applied preemergence at 0
to 64 g a.i. ha-1, to one M3 and six M4 families to determine
a dose X family response relationship. Calculated 50% growth
reduction (GR(50)) values for both number of nodes produced
and dry weight accumulation were up to 25 times greater for
the selected M3 and M4 families than for the susceptible
cultivar Cascade. Rapeseed lines resistant to soil residual
levels of SU herbicides but susceptible to SU herbicide foliar
applied would allow rapeseed to be planted after a small-grain
cereal to which a SU herbicide had been applied.
70 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Developmental variability of photooxidative stress tolerance
in paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Amsellem, Z.; Jansen, M.A.K.; Driesenaar, A.R.J.; Gressel, J.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Dec. Plant physiology v. 103 (4): p. 1097-1106; 1993
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Egypt; Cabt; Conyza bonariensis; Oxidants;
Detoxification; Stress response; Regulation; Enzyme activity;
Light; Temperature; Paraquat; Herbicide resistance; Weed
biology; Growth stages; Enzymes; Photoinhibition
Abstract: Paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza
bonariensis L. Cronq.) has been extensively studied, with some
contention. A single, dominant gene pleiotropically controls
levels of oxidant-detoxifying enzymes and tolerance to many
photooxidants, to photoinhibition, and possibly to other
stresses. The weed forms a rosette on humid short days and
flowers in dry long days and, thus, needs plasticity to
photooxidant stresses. In a series of four experiments over 20
months, the resistant and susceptible biotypes were cultured
in constant 10-h low-light short days at 25 degrees C.
Resistance was measured as recovery from paraquat. The
concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition of the
resistant biotype was about 30 times that of the susceptible
one just after germination, increased to > 300 times that of
the susceptibles at 10 weeks of growth, and then decreased to
20-fold, remaining constant except for a brief increase while
bolting. Resistance increased when plants were induced to
flower by long days. The levels of plastid superoxide
dismutase and of glutathione reductase were generally highest
in resistant plants compared to those of the susceptibles at
the times of highest paraquat resistance, but they were
imperceptibly different from the susceptible type at the times
of lower paraquat resistance. Photoinhibition tolerance
measured as quantum yield of oxygen evolution at ambient
temperatures was highest when the relative amounts of enzymes
were highest in the resistant biotype. Resistance to
photoinhibition was not detected by chlorophyll a
fluorescence. Enzyme levels, photoinhibition tolerance, and
paraquat resistance all increased during flowering in both
biotypes. Imperceptibly small increases in enzyme levels would
be needed for 20-fold resistance, based on the moderate enzyme
increases correlated with 300-fold resistance. Thus, it is
feasible that either these enzymes play a role in the first
line of defense against photooxidants, or another, yet unknown
mechanism(s) facilitate(s) the lower level of resistance, or
the enzymes and unknown mechanisms act together.
71 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Diclofop and fenoxaprop resistance in wild oats is associated
with an altered effect on the plasma membrane electrogenic
potential.
Devine, M.D.; Hall, J.C.; Romano, M.L.; Marles, M.A.S.;
Thomson, L.W.; Shimabukuro, R.H.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Mar.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 45 (3): p. 167-177;
1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Avena fatua; Varietal susceptibility;
Diclofop; Fenoxaprop; Insecticide resistance; Resistance
mechanisms; Plasma membranes; Acetyl-coa carboxylase;
Inhibition; Membrane potential; Electrical activity; Wild
plants
Abstract: We have examined the mechanism of herbicide
resistance in a biotype of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) that is
resistant to diclofop-methyl and many other acetyl-coenzyme A
carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors. Resistance to diclofop-methyl
and fenoxaprop-ethyl was not based on reduced uptake nor on
enhanced metabolism of the herbicides to inactive products. In
in vitro assays of crude or partially purified preparations,
ACCase from the resistant (UM-1) and susceptible (UM-5)
biotypes was equally sensitive to diclofop, with I50 values of
6.1 and 7.3 micromolar for UM-1 and UM-5, respectively.
Corresponding values for fenoxaprop were 2.5 and 1.0
micromolar. These results suggest that the high level of
resistance observed toward these herbicides is not based on an
altered target enzyme. Root tissue from both UM-1 and UM-5
acidified an unbuffered bathing solution. Addition of 100 KM
diclofop or fenoxaprop prevented acidification of the bathing
medium by UM-1, but alkalinization occurred rapidly with UM-5.
When diclofop was removed from the treatment solution, UM-1
resumed acidification of the solution, whereas the pH of the
UM-5 bathing solution continued to increase. Diclofop (50
micromolar) rapidly depolarized the cell membrane in peeled
coleoptile sections, with no difference between UM-1 and UM-5.
However, when diclofop was removed from the treatment
solution, the electrogenic membrane potential was quickly
reestablished in UM-1, but remained collapsed in UM-5. These
results provide support for the hypothesis that the effect of
diclofop on the plasma membrane potential is an important
component of its herbicidal activity. The reversibility of the
effect of diclofop and fenoxaprop on transmembrane proton flux
in UM-1 appears to be associated with resistance to these
herbicides.
72 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential bentazon response in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).
Harrison, H.F. Jr; Fery, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jul. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (3): p. 756-758; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vigna unguiculata; Cultivars; Germplasm;
Screening; Herbicide resistance; Bentazone; Tolerance;
Phytotoxicity; Varietal susceptibility; Crop damage; Abiotic
injuries; Application
73 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential competitiveness of sulfonylurea resistant and
susceptible prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola).
Alcocer-Ruthling, M.; Thill, D.C.; Shafii, B.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Apr.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (2): p. 303-309; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Triticum aestivum; Crop weed competition;
Lactuca serriola; Herbicide resistant weeds; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Biotypes; Growth rate; Competitive ability
74 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792
Differential tolerance of annual medics, Nungarin subterranean
clover and hedge mustard to broadleaf herbicides.
Young, R.R.; Morthorpe, K.J.; Croft, P.H.; Nicol, H.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1992.
Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 32 (1): p.
49-57; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Medicago; Trifolium
subterraneum; Crop damage; Herbicide resistance;
Phytotoxicity; Sisymbrium; Weed control; 2,4-db; Bromoxynil;
Diuron; Mcpa; Terbutryn
75 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential tolerance of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
clones to metribuzin. Motsenbocker, C.E.; Monaco, T.J.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (2): p. 349-354; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Ipomoea batatas;
Metribuzin; Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Clones;
Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility; Crop damage; Crop yield;
Yield losses; Application date; Timing; Application rates;
Genetic variation
76 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential toxicity of tralkoxydim in Hordeum species.
Tal, A.; Benyamini, Y.; Rubin, B.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (4): p. 946-948; 1993 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Hordeum glaucum; Hordeum
spontaneum; Triticum aestivum; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage;
Abiotic injuries; Tralkoxydim; Application rates; Selectivity;
Wild plants; Species differences; Herbicide resistance
77 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Direct demonstration of binding-site competition between
photosystem II inhibitors at the QB niche of the D1 protein.
Jansen, M.A.K.; Mattoo, A.K.; Malkin, S.; Edelman, M.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 May.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 46 (1): p. 78-83;
1993 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Photosystem ii; Membranes; Proteins; Binding
site; Electron transfer; Diuron; Inhibitors; Protein
degradation; Inhibition; Solanum nigrum; Spirodela oligorhiza;
Biotypes; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Inhibitors of photosystem II function have been
shown to block electron flow in vitro by competitively
displacing plastoquinone from the Q(B) niche on the D1
protein. Few studies have tested this well-accepted concept in
vivo and none in higher plants. The D1 protein degradation
assay was used to directly demonstrate, in vivo, the
displacement of diuron by bromonitrothymol (BNT) at the level
of the Q(B) niche. We show that diuron blocks D1 degradation
less effectively in the presence of BNT, and that this effect
of BNT can be nullified by increasing the diuron
concentration. These data directly demonstrate binding-site
competition at the level of the Q(B) niche, under the complex
physiological conditions of the intact higher plant.
78 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Distribution and characteristics of triazine-resistant powell
amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) in Idaho.
Eberlein, C.V.; Al-Khatib, K.; Guttieri, M.J.; Fuerst, E.P.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992.
Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 507-512; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Amaranthus powellii; Herbicide resistance;
Atrazine; Metribuzin; Diuron; Binding site; Thylakoids;
Resistance mechanisms; Genetic analysis; Chloroplast genetics;
Genes; Mutations; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Biotypes; Geographical distribution
Abstract: A triazine-resistant (TR) biotype of Powell
amaranth was discovered in 1989 in a potato field treated with
metribuzin. A survey of all agricultural counties in Idaho
showed that the TR Powell amaranth infestation was localized
in the southeastern corner of Gooding county in southern
Idaho. To determine the mechanism of triazine resistance, I50
values for inhibition of photosystem II were determined for
atrazine, metribuzin, and diuron using thylakoids isolated
from TR and triazine-susceptible (TS) biotypes. TR/TS ratios
based on I50 values were 134 for atrazine, 62 for metribuzin,
and 1.9 for diuron. Results of binding studies with atrazine
and metribuzin were consistent with the I50 studies,
indicating that resistance was due to reduced binding of
triazines to the thylakoid membrane D1 protein. Sequencing the
chloroplast psbA gene from TR and TS biotypes revealed a
serine 264 to glycine change in the TR biotype. The mutation
presumably resulted in reduced hydrogen bonding between
triazine herbicides and the D1 protein.
79 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
DNA sequence variation in domain A of the acetolactate
synthase genes of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weed
biotypes.
Guttieri, M.J.; Eberlein, C.V.; Mallory-Smith, C.A.; Thill,
D.C.; Hoffman, D.L.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992.
Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 670-676; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kochia scoparia; Lactuca serriola; Salsola
iberica; Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Chlorsulfuron;
Herbicide resistance; Genes; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid
sequences; Genetic variation; Weed biology
Abstract: The DNA sequence of a 196 base pair (bp) region of
the acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes of three weed species,
kochia, prickly lettuce, and Russian thistle was determined.
This region encompasses the coding sequence for Domain A, a
region of the amino acid sequence previously demonstrated to
play a pivotal role in conferring resistance to herbicides
that inhibit ALS. The Domain A DNA sequence from a
chlorsulfuron-resistant (R) prickly lettuce biotype from Idaho
differed from that of a chlorsulfuron-susceptible (S) biotype
by a single point mutation, which substituted a histidine for
a proline. The Domain A DNA sequence from an R kochia biotype
from Kansas also differed from that of an S biotype by a
single point mutation in the same proline codon. This point
mutation, however, conferred substitution of threonine for
proline. Two different ALS-homologous sequences were isolated
from an R biotype of Russian thistle. Neither sequence encoded
amino acid substitutions in Domain A that differed from the
consensus S sequence. The DNA sequence variation among the R
and S kochia biotypes was used to characterize six Ada County,
Idaho, kochia collections for correlation between phenotypic
chlorsulfuron susceptibility and restriction digest patterns
(RFLPs) of polymerase chain reaction amplification products.
Most collections showed excellent correspondence between the
RFLP patterns and the phenotypic response to chlorsulfuron
application. However, one entirely R collection had the RFLP
pattern of the S biotype, suggesting that resistance was not
due to mutation in the proline codon.
80 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6
Documentation of graminicide-resistant johnsongrass in cotton.
Snipes, C.E.; Barrentine, W.L.; Smeda, R.J.
Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-;
1993. Proceedings / v. 3: p. 1508; 1993. Meeting held January
10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sorghum halepense; Gossypium; Herbicide
resistance
81 NAL Call. No.: 472 N21
Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats.
Crawley, M.J.; Hails, R.S.; Rees, M.; Kohn, D.; Buxton, J.
London : Macmillan Magazines Ltd; 1993 Jun.
Nature v. 363 (6430): p. 620-623; 1993 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus var. oleifera; Transgenics;
Genetic engineering; Ecology
Abstract: Concerns about genetically engineered crop plants
centre on three conjectural risks: that transgenic crop plants
will become weeds of agriculture or invasive of natural
habitats; that their engineered genes will be transferred by
pollen to wild relatives whose hybrid offspring will then
become more weedy or more invasive; or that the engineered
plants will be a direct hazard to humans, domestic animals or
beneficial wild organisms (toxic or allergenic, for example).
Here we describe an experimental protocol for assessing the
invasiveness of plants. The object is to determine whether
genetic engineering for herbicide tolerance affects the
likelihood of oilseed rape becoming invasive of natural
habitats. By estimating the demographic parameters of
transgenic and conventional oilseed rape growing in a variety
of habitats and under a range of climatic conditions, we
obtain a direct comparison of the ecological performance of
three different genetic lines (control, kanamycin-tolerant
transgenics and herbicide-tolerant transgenic lines). Despite
substantial variation in seed survival, plant growth and seed
production between sites and across experimental treatments,
there was no indication that genetic engineering for kanamycin
tolerance or herbicide tolerance increased the invasive
potential of oilseed rape. In those cases in which there were
significant differences (such as seed survival on burial),
transgenic lines were less invasive and less persistent than
their conventional counterparts.
82 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822
Economic and environmental implications of herbicide-tolerant
corn and processing tomatoes.
Hayenga, M.; Thompson, L.C.; Chase, C.; Kaaria, S.
Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America;
1992 Sep. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 47 (5): p.
411-417; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Lycopersicon esculentum; Hybrid
varieties; Herbicide resistance; Crop production; Economic
impact; Production costs; Environmental impact; Weed control
83 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16
Effect of diclofop and HOE-6001 on amylolytic enzyme
activities of malt. McMullan, P.M.; Noll, J.; Therrien, M.C.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Apr.
Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de
phytotechnie v. 72 (2): p. 435-438; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Hordeum vulgare; Genotypes; Alpha-
amylase; Alpha-glucosidase; Diclofop; Fenoxaprop; Herbicide
resistance; Avena fatua; Setaria viridis; Weed control
84 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effect of diclofop on the membrane potentials of herbicide-
resistant and -susceptible annual ryegrass root tips.
Shimabukuro, R.H.; Hoffer, B.L.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
Apr. Plant physiology v. 98 (4): p. 1415-1422; 1992 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Root tips;
Plasmalemma; Membrane potential; Diclofop; Herbicide
resistance; Susceptibility; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: Electrophysiological measurements were made on root
tip cells in the elongation zone of diclofop-methyl-resistant
(SR4/84) and -susceptible (SRS2) biotypes of annual ryegrass
(Lolium rigidum Gaud.) from Australia. The phytotoxic action
of diclofop-methyl (methyl
2-[4-(2',4'-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate) on susceptible
whole plants was completely reversed by a simultaneous
application of
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (dimethylamine salt). The
phytotoxic acid metabolite, diclofop (50 micromolar),
depolarized membrane potentials of both biotypes to a steady-
state level within 10 to 15 minutes. Repolarization of the
membrane potential occurred only in the resistant biotype
following removal of diclofop. The resistant biotype has an
intrinsic ability to reestablish the electrogenic membrane
potential, whereas the susceptible biotype required an
exogeneous source of IAA to induce partial repolarization.
Both biotypes were susceptible to depolarization by
carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and their
membrane potentials recovered upon removal of CCCP. A 15-
minute pretreatment with p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid
(PCMBS) blocked the depolarizing action of diclofop in both
biotypes. However, PCMBS had no effect on the activity of
CCCP. The action of diclofop appears to involve a site-
specific interaction at the plasmalemma in both Lolium
biotypes to cause the increased influx of protons into
sensitive cells. The differential response of membrane
depolarization and repolarization to diclofop treatment may be
a significant initial reaction in the eventual phytotoxic
action of the herbicide.
85 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Effect of ethalfluralin and other herbicides on trifluralin-
resistant green foxtail (Setaria viridis).
Beckie, H.J.; Morrison, I.N.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (1): p. 6-14; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Cabt; Setaria viridis; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Trifluralin; Herbicide resistance; Biotypes;
Weed control; Chemical control; Ethalfluralin; Dinitroaniline
herbicides; Oryzalin; Isopropalin; Pendimethalin; Prodiamine;
Propyzamide; Pyridine herbicides; Mitosis; Metabolic
inhibitors; Propanil; Diclofop; Fenoxaprop; Fluazifop;
Dalapon; Sethoxydim; Linuron; Eptc; Cross resistance;
Phytotoxicity; Triticum aestivum; Brassica napus
86 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Effect of field violet (Viola arvensis) growth stage on
uptake, translocation, and metabolism of terbacil.
Doohan, D.J.; Monaco, T.J.; Sheets, T.J.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Apr.
Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 180-183; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Viola arvensis; Seedling stage; Maturity stage;
Terbacil; Absorption; Translocation; Metabolic detoxification;
Metabolism; Herbicide resistant weeds; Metabolites; Herbicide
resistance; Variation
Abstract: Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-
terbacil was investigated in 12-leaf (tolerant) and 3-leaf
(susceptible) field violet plants. Field violets with 12
leaves absorbed less 14C-terbacil g-1 of fresh weight from
solution culture than did plants with three leaves. Plants
with three leaves translocated twice as much radioactivity to
foliage than did plants with 12 leaves. Most 14C in roots
(77%) and foliage (57%) of field violet plants with 12 leaves
was in polar metabolites. Metabolism studies indicated that
most 14C (79%) in foliage extracts from field violet plants
with three leaves was 14C-terbacil. Polar metabolites were not
detected in roots of field violet plants with three leaves.
87 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Effect of four classes of herbicides on growth and
acetolactate-synthase activity in several variants of
Arabidopsis thaliana.
Mourad, G.; King, J.
Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Planta v. 188 (4): p. 491-497; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Ligases; Enzyme activity;
Inhibition; Chlorsulfuron; Sulfonamides; Imazapyr; Benzoic
acid herbicides; Mutants; Mutations; Loci; Alleles; Herbicide
resistance; Binding site; Cross resistance
Abstract: We have isolated a triazolopyrimidine-resistant
mutant csr1-2, of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Here, we
compare csr1-2 with the previously isolated mutants csr1 and
csr1-1, and with wild-type Arabidopsis for responses to
members of four classes of herbicides, namely, sulfonylureas,
triazolopyrimidines, imidazolinones, and pyrimidyl-oxy-
benzoates. Two separable herbicide-binding sites have been
identified previously on the protein of acetolactate synthase
(ALS). Here, the mutation giving rise to csr1, originating in
a coding sequence towards the 5' end of the ALS gene, and that
in csr1-2, affected the inhibitory action on growth and ALS
activity of sulfonylurea and triazolopyrimidine herbicides but
not that of the imidazolinones or pyrimidyl-oxybenzoates. The
other mutation, in csr1-1, originating in a coding sequence
towards the 3' end of the ALS gene, affected the inhibitory
action of imidazolinones and pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoates but not
that of the sulfonylureas or triazolopyrimidines. Additional,
stimulatory effects of some of these herbicides on growth of
seedlings was unrelated to their effect on their primary
target, ALS. The conclusion from these observations is that
one of the two previously identified herbicide-binding sites
may bind sulfonylureas and triazolopyrimidines while the other
may bind imidazolinones and pyrimidyl-oxybenzoates within a
herbicide-binding domain on the ALS enzyme. Such a comparative
study using near-isogenic mutants from the same species allows
not only the further definition of the domain of herbicide
binding on ALS but also could aid investigation of the
relationship between herbicide-, substrate-, and allosteric-
binding sites on this enzyme.
88 NAL Call. No.: 511 P444AE
Effect of treating plants with abscisic acid on its
concentration in leaves and resistance of three pea cultivars
to the herbicide 2,4-D. Melekhov, E.I.; Lavrent'ev, A.A.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1992.
Doklady : botanical sciences - Akademiia nauk SSSR v. 319/321:
p. 79-82; 1992. Translated from: Akademiia Nauk SSSR.
Doklady. v. 319/321, 1991, p. 1273-1277, (511 P444A).
Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Cultivars; Herbicide resistance;
2,4-d; Plants; Treatment; Abscisic acid; Growth chambers;
Survival
89 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Effective kill of trifluralin-susceptible and -susceptible
agreen foxtail (Setaria viridis).
Beckie, H.J.; Morrison, I.N.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (1): p. 15-22; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Cabt; Triticum aestivum; Brassica
napus; Weed control; Setaria viridis; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Trifluralin; Herbicide resistance; Biotypes;
Application rates; Chemical control; Application methods;
Phytotoxicity; Susceptibility
90 NAL Call. No.: 450 J8224
Effects of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxypropionate (an auxin
analogue) on plasma membrane ATPase activity in herbicide-
resistant and herbicide-susceptible biotypes of Stellaria
media L.
Coupland, D.; Cooke, D.T.; James, C.S.
Oxford : Oxford University Press; 1991 Aug.
Journal of experimental botany v. 42 (241): p. 1065-1071; 1991
Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Stellaria media; Mecoprop; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Herbicide resistance; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme
activity; Plasma membranes; Atp; Hydrolysis; Biotypes; Proton
pump; Phospholipids; Sterols
Abstract: ATPase activity was examined in plasma membrane
(PM) fractions prepared from mecoprop-resistant and -
susceptible biotypes of Stellaria media L. (chickweed).
Treatment with the herbicide caused an 18% increase in ATP
hydrolysis, but this was not significantly different from
control plants and was similar for both biotypes. However,
there was an overall significant biotype effect, herbicide-
resistant plants having greater enzyme activity than
susceptible ones. Proton-pumping was readily demonstrated in
PM fractions obtained from both biotypes using the fluorescent
probe
amino-chloro-methoxyacridine (ACMA), indicating a relatively
large proportion of 'inside-out' vesicles. Proton-pumping was
significantly greater in PM preparations obtained from the
resistant compared with susceptible plants. The differences in
ATPase activity between the two biotypes could not be
attributed to differences in the main sterol or phospholipid
components of the PM. There were no effects of the herbicide
on ATP hydrolysis in vitro, but proton-pumping was affected in
a herbicide concentration-dependent manner. At 1.0 mol m-6
mecoprop caused an increase in the rate of proton-pumping,
whereas at 10 and 100 mol m-6, an inhibition in this rate was
observed. Both biotypes behaved similarly, irrespective of
mecoprop concentration. These data indicate that mecoprop
resistance in chickweed is unlikely to be due to a direct
effect of the herbicide on PM H+ -ATPase activity.
91 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effects of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors on root
cell transmembrane electric potentials in graminicide-tolerant
and -susceptible corn (Zea mays L.).
Dotray, P.A.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Gronwald, J.W.; Wyse, D.L.;
Kochian, L.V. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant
Physiologists, 1926-; 1993 Nov. Plant physiology v. 103 (3):
p. 919-924; 1993 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Lines; Herbicides; Tolerance;
Susceptibility; Membrane potential; Soil ph
Abstract: Herbicidal activity of aryloxyphenoxypropionate and
cyclohexanedione herbicides (graminicides) has been proposed
to involve two mechanisms: inhibition of acetyl-coenzyme A
carboxylase (ACCase) and depolarization of cell membrane
potential. We examined the effect of aryloxyphenoxypropionates
(diclofop and haloxyfop) and cyclohexanediones (sethoxydim and
clethodim) on root cortical cell membrane potential of
graminicide-susceptible and -tolerant corn (Zea mays L.)
lines. The graminicide-tolerant corn line contained a
herbicide-insensitive form of ACCase. The effect of the
herbicides on membrane potential was similar in both corn
lines. At a concentration of 50micromolar, the
cyclohexanediones had little or no effect on the membrane
potential of root cells. At pH 6, 50 micromolar diclofop, but
not haloxyfop, depolarized membrane potential, whereas both
herbicides (50 micromolar) dramatically depolarized membrane
potential at pH 5. Repolarization of membrane potential after
removal of haloxyfop and diclofop from the treatment solution
was incomplete at pH 5. However, at pH 6 nearly complete
repolarization of membrane potential occurred after removal of
diclofop. In graminicide-susceptible corn, root growth was
significantly inhibited by a 24-h exposure to 1 micromolar
haloxyfop or sethoxydim, but cell membrane potential was
unaffected. In gramincide-tolerant corn, sethoxydim treatment
(1 micromolar, 48 h) had no effect on root growth, whereas
haloxyfop (1 micromolar, 48 h) inhibited root growth by 78%.
However, membrane potential was the same in roots treated with
1 micromolar haloxyfop or sethoxydim. The results of this
study indicate that graminicide tolerance in the corn line
used in this investigation is not related to an altered
response at the cell membrane level as has been demonstrated
with other resistant species.
92 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Effects of isoxaben on sensitive ant tolerant plant cell
cultures. I. Metabolic fate of isoxaben.
Corio-Costet, M.F.; Dall'Agnese, M.; Scalla, R.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 40 (3): p. 246-254;
1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Cell suspensions;
Cell cultures; Isoxaben; Phytotoxicity; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Line differences; Metabolic detoxification;
Metabolites
Abstract: A soybean cell line tolerance to isoxaben was
isolated by callus selection in herbicide-containing medium.
The growth of tolerant suspension cells was not affected by 10
micromoles isoxaben, which prevented the growth of wild-type
cultures. The growth of a wheat cell culture was little
affected by isoxaben, in accordance to the tolerance of wheat
plants to the herbicide. The metabolic fate of labeled
isoxaben in the three types of cultures was examined. By
comparison with the sensitive, wild-type soybean cell culture,
the tolerance of the selected soybean cell culture and that of
wheat cell culture cannot be explained by either quantitative
or qualitative differences of herbicide metabolism. These
results favor the hypothesis that the sensitivity or tolerance
of the cell cultures is determined at the level of the
cellular target of the herbicide.
93 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Effects of isoxaben on senstitive and tolerant plant cell
cultures. II. Cellular alterations and inhibition on the
synthesis of acid-insoluble cell wall material.
Corio-Costet, M.F.; Lherminier, J.; Scalla, R.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 40 (3): p. 255-265;
1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Cell suspensions;
Cell cultures; Lines; Line differences; Susceptibility;
Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Isoxaben; Dichlobenil;
Mode of action; Cell walls; Biosynthesis; Metabolic
inhibitors; Cell wall components; Cellulose; Glucose; Plasma
membranes; Cell ultrastructure
Abstract: The herbicide isoxaben is selectively phytotoxic to
dicotyledonous plants, whereas most monocots are tolerant. We
previously selected a soybean cell culture tolerant to
isoxaben. Some effects of the herbicide on wild-type soybean
cells, tolerant soybean cells, and wheat cells were compared.
Cytological observations showed that isoxaben induced some
disorganization of sensitive soybean cells, especially at the
plasma membrane-cell wall interface. Tolerant soybean cells
appeared normal in the presence of isoxaben. The growth of
wild-type soybean cells was roughly equally sensitive to
isoxaben as to dichlobenil, a cellulose synthesis inhibitor.
By comparison, the selected soybean line and a wheat cell
culture were less sensitive to isoxaben than to dichlobenil.
Glucose incorporation into acid-insoluble cell wall material
was more inhibited by isoxaben than by dichlobenil in the
wild-type soybean cell culture. In the tolerant soybean cell
culture, the incorporation was slightly inhibited by isoxaben,
but remained sensitive to dichlobenil. In the wheat cell
culture, dichlobenil was also more inhibitory but only at high
concentrations. Other compounds, inhibitors of cellulose
biosynthesis, of glycosylation of lipids or protein, or of
cell division, either had no effect on the synthesis of acid-
insoluble cell wall material or exerted apparently unspecific
inhibitions. The results are consistent with isoxaben
inhibiting the synthesis of a cell wall polysaccharide, which
could be cellulose.
94 NAL Call. No.: 450 AN7
Effects of mecoprop (an auxin analogue) on ethylene evolution
and epinasty in two biotypes of Stellaria media.
Coupland, D.; Jackson, M.B.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Aug.
Annals of botany v. 68 (2): p. 167-172; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Stellaria media; Lycopersicon esculentum;
Mecoprop; Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Ethylene
production; Epinasty; Biotypes; Genetic variation
Abstract: Petiolar epinasty and the production of ethylene
(ethene) were studied in chickweed biotypes, Stellaria media,
treated with the herbicide and auxin analogue (RS)-2-(4-
chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid, potassium salt, common name
mecoprop. This compound caused severe epinasty and stimulated
the production of ethylene from shoot explants. However, when
intact plants were treated with ethylene, the leaves became
only slightly epinastic. The ethylene precursor, 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), at concentrations
which stimulated the release of ethylene, was equally
ineffective in causing epinasty. Furthermore, 2,5-
norbornadiene, a specific, competitive inhibitor of ethylene
action, only partly alleviated mecoprop-induced epinasty. The
responses observed in chickweed were compared with those
produced in tomato plants. ACC induced epinasty in tomato
within 2 h and these symptoms were completely inhibited by
norbornadiene. However, as in chickweed, the inhibitor gave
only partial reversal of mecoprop-induced epinasty, implying
that the epinastic response caused by the herbicide was not
attributable to ethylene alone. We therefore suggest that
mecoprop-induced epinasty is a result of the combined
ethylene-stimulating and growth-promoting properties of the
herbicide. Mecoprop-stimulated ethylene evolution was
initially significantly greater in a herbicide-resistant,
compared with a more susceptible biotype of chickweed. The
significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the
mechanism of mecoprop resistance in chickweed.
95 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effects on photosystem II function, photoinhibition, and plant
performance of the spontaneous mutation of serine-264 in the
photosystem II reaction center D1 protein in triazine-
resistant Brassica napus L.
Sundby, C.; Chow, W.S.; Anderson, J.M.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Sep. Plant physiology v. 103 (1): p. 105-113; 1993 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Mutations; Photoinhibition;
Photosystem ii; Serine; Triazine herbicides; Weed control;
Yield losses; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Wild-type and an atrazine-resistant biotype of
Brassica napus, in which a glycine is substituted for the
serine-264 of the D1 protein, were grown over a wide range of
constant irradiances in a growth cabinet. In the absence of
serine-264, the function of photosystem II (PSII) was changed
as reflected by changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters
and in photosynthetic oxygen-evolving activity. The
photochemical quenching coefficient was lower, showing that a
larger proportion of the primary quinone acceptor is reduced
at all irradiances. At low actinic irradiances, the
nonphotochemical quenching coefficient was higher, showing a
greater tendency for heat emission. Decreased rates of light-
limited photosynthesis (quantum yield) and lower oxygen yields
per single-turnover flash were also observed. These changes
were observed even when the plants had been grown under low
irradiances, indicating that the changes in PSII function are
direct and not consequences of photoinhibition. In spite of
the lowered PSII efficiency under light-limiting conditions,
the light-saturated photosynthesis rate of the atrazine-
resistant mutant was similar to that of the wild type. An
enhanced susceptibility to photoinhibition was observed for
the atrazine-resistant biotype compared to the wild type when
plants were grown under high and intermediate, but not low,
irradiance. We conclude that the replacement of serine by
glycine in the D1 protein has a direct effect on PSII
function, which in turn causes increased photoinhibitory
damage and increased rates of turnover of the D1 protein. Both
the intrinsic lowering of light-limited photosynthetic
efficiency and the increased sensitivity to photoinhibition
probably contribute to reduced crop yields in the field, to
different extents, depending on growth conditions.
96 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Engineering 2,4-D resistance into cotton.
Bayley, C.; Trolinder, N.; Ray, C.; Morgan, M.; Quesenberry,
J.E.; Ow, D.W. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (5): p. 645-649; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Nicotiana tabacum;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Alcaligenes; Genetic
transformation; Transgenics; Gene transfer; Genes;
Oxidoreductases; 2,4-d; Herbicide resistance; Inheritance;
Enzyme activity
Abstract: To reduce damage by drift-levels of the herbicide
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, we have engineered the 2,4-D
resistance trait into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The 2,4-
D monooxygenase gene tfdA from Alcaligenes eutrophus plasmid
pJP5 was isolated, modified and expressed in transgenic
tobacco and cotton plants. Analyses of the transgenic progeny
showed stable transmission of the chimeric tfdA gene and
production of active 2,4-D monooxygenase. Cotton plants
obtained were tolerant to 3 times the field level of 2,4-D
used for wheat, corn, sorghum and pasture crops.
97 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
Engineering crop resistance to the naturally occurring
glutamine synthetase inhibitor phophinothricin.
Mullner, H.; Eckes, P.; Donn, G.
Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1993.
ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (524): p.
38-47; 1993. In the series analytic: Pest control with
enhanced environmental safety / edited by S.O. Duke, J.J.
Menn, and J.R. Plimmer. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weed control; Herbicide resistance; Genetic
engineering; Gene transfer; Glufosinate
Abstract: Chemical plant protection will be always needed,
but the application of gene technology can reduce the impact
of agriculture to the environment and offer new attractive
systems for weed control to the farmer. The non-selective
herbicide glufosinate exhibit desirable properties, which
makes it suitable for weed control in crops. By transferring a
microbial resistance gene from the producer of the active
principle of glufosinate, sensitive crops like corn, oilseed-
rape, soy bean and sugarbeet could be made resistant. In
comparison to present, on soil herbicides based weed control
systems, the flexibility in the application of the post-
emergent foliar herbicide glufosinate in resistant crops comes
closer to an ideal system. The introduction of this new system
will be another important step towards an agriculture with
reduced impact on the environment.
98 NAL Call. No.: SB123.57.M64
Engineering microbial herbicide detoxification genes in higher
plants. Lyon, B.R.
Molecular approaches to crop improvement / edited by E.S.
Dennis and D.J. Llewellyn. p. 79-108; 1991. (Plant gene
research). Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Nicotiana tabacum; Genetic engineering;
Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Herbicide resistance;
Herbicides; 2,4-d; Enzymes; Microbial degradation; Oxygenases;
Genes; Alcaligenes; Literature reviews
99 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Enhanced oxidative-stress defense in transgenic potato
expressing tomato Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases.
Perl, A.; Perl-Treves, R.; Galili, S.; Aviv, D.; Shalgi, E.;
Malkin, S.; Galun, E.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1993 Jan.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 85 (5): p. 568-576; 1993
Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Lycopersicon esculentum;
Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Gene transfer; Dna;
Superoxide dismutase; Copper; Zinc; Gene expression; Enzyme
activity; Herbicide resistance; Paraquat; Oxygen;
Phototoxicity; Photosynthesis; Stress; Roots; Shoots; Organ
culture
Abstract: The two cDNAs coding for the cytosolic (cyt) and
the chloroplast-located (chl) Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases
(SODs) of tomato (Perl-Treves et al. 1988) were cloned into
respective binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium
strains. Potato tuber discs were infected with either of the
two agrobacterial strains and cultured on selective medium
containing kanaymcin. The integration of either of the cyt or
the chl SOD transgenes was verified by Southern-blot
hybridization. The enzymatic activity of the additional tomato
chl Cu,Zn SOD could be distinguished from endogenous SOD
activity since the latter isozyme migrated faster on SOD-
activity gels. Several transgenic potato lines harboring
either the cyt or the chl SOD genes of tomato showed elevated
tolerance to the superoxide-generating herbicide paraquat
(methyl viologen). After exposure of shoots to paraquat,
tolerance was recorded either by scoring symptoms visually or
by measurements of photosynthesis using the photoacoustic
method. Root cultures from transgenic lines that harbored the
additional cyt Cu,Zn SOD gene of tomato were tolerant to
methyl viologen up to 10(-5) M; a lower tolerance was recorded
in roots of transgenic lines that expressed the additional chl
Cu,Zn SOD of tomato.
100 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Environmental concerns with the development of herbicide-
tolerant plants. Goldburg, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 647-652; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Forest trees; Herbicide
resistance; Herbicides; Weed control; Environmental impact;
Groundwater pollution; Public health; Food safety; Nontarget
effects; Private sector; Public sector; Policy
101 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
EPA's response to resistance management and herbicide--
tolerant crop issues. Horne, D.M.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 657-661; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Transgenic plants; Herbicide resistance;
Public agencies; Biotechnology; Regulation; Legislation
102 NAL Call. No.: HT401.A36
Ethical and environmental consideration in the release of
herbicide resistant crops.
Dekker, J.; Comstock, G.
Gainesville, Fla. : Agriculture and Human Values, Inc; 1992.
Agriculture and human values v. 9 (3): p. 31-43; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistance; Ethics; Risk; Crop
production; Economic viability
103 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Ethylene biosynthesis following foliar application of picloram
to biotypes of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) susceptible
or resistant to auxinic herbicides.
Hall, J.C.; Alam, S.M.M.; Murr, D.P.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Sep.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 47 (1): p. 36-43;
1993 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sinapis arvensis; Biotypes; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Picloram; Biosynthesis; Ethylene production;
Acc; Growth regulators; Enzymes; Enzyme activity; Epinasty
Abstract: Following foliar application of picloram (100 g
a.i. ha(-1)) to biotypes of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)
resistant (R) or susceptible (S) to auxinic herbicides,
ethylene and its precursors, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-
carboxylic acid) and MAAC
(1-malonylaminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), as well as ACC
synthase were quantified. Severe epinasty occurred within 24
hr after picloram was applied to the S biotype with
concomitant increases in ACC synthase, ACC, MACC, and
ethylene. No epinasty occurred in the R biotype, nor was there
an increase above basal levels of ACC synthase, ACC, MACC, and
ethylene in this biotype. Both biotypes became epinastic when
fumigated with 120 microliter liter(-1) of ethylene.
Furthermore, when the tissues from both biotypes were supplied
with exogenous ACC (1 millimole) after pretreatment with
aminooxyacetic acid (1 millimole), an inhibitor of ACC
synthase, both biotypes produced ethylene thereby indicating
that ethylene-forming enzyme was not impaired in the resistant
biotype. These results suggest that picloram-induced ethylene
biosynthesis in the S biotype of wild mustard results from de
novo synthesis of ACC synthase; however, this is not the case
in the R biotype. Furthermore, sensitivity differences between
the two biotypes are related to regulation of picloram-induced
ethylene biosynthesis and resistance may be due to a different
interaction of the herbicide with primary target site(s) such
as the auxin-binding protein(s).
104 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52
Evaluating wild oat seed collections for herbicide resistance.
Trunkle, P.A.; Fay, P.K.; Dyer, W.E.; Davis, E.S.
Reno, Nev. : The Society; 1992.
Proceedings - Western Society of Weed Science v. 45: p. 53-54;
1992. Meeting held March 10-12, 1992, in Salt Lake City,
Utah.
Language: English
Descriptors: Avena sativa; Herbicide resistance
105 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16
Evaluation of oat germplasm for resistance to diclofop-methyl.
Kibite, S.; Harker, K.N.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Apr.
Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de
phytotechnie v. 71 (2): p. 491-495; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alberta; Australia; Avena sativa; Avena fatua;
Genotypes; Variety trials; Germplasm; Selection; Diclofop;
Herbicide resistance; Plant breeding
106 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Evaluation of paraquat resistance mechanisms in Conyza.
Norman, M.A.; Fuerst, E.P.; Smeda, R.J.; Vaughn, K.C.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 46 (3): p. 236-249;
1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Conyza bonariensis; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Susceptibility; Paraquat; Resistance mechanisms;
Enzymes; Glutathione reductase (nad(p)h); Superoxide
dismutase; Enzyme activity; Metabolic detoxification;
Photosystem i
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine the
mechanism(s) of paraquat 1,1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridinium ion)
resistance in a biotype of hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis
(L.) Cronq.). Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of leaf
extracts indicated that paraquat is not metabolized in either
the resistant (R) or the sensitive (S) biotype. Three in vitro
studies demonstrated that electron transfer from the
photosystem I (PSI) donor FA/FB) to paraquat is similar in
both biotypes as was the amount and character of the two FA/FB
iron-sulfur clusters. The relative activities of the stromal
enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and
glutathione reductase, which can detoxify paraquat-generated
noxious oxygen species, were determined following separation
by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of these enzymes, only
an increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity (28%) was
observed in stromal extracts of the R (relative to S) biotype.
These data indicate that the 100-fold level of paraquat
resistance observed in leaves of the R biotype of Conyza is
not due to metabolic detoxification, an altered insensitive)
site of action. and/or enhanced activities of stromal enzymes.
Paraquat-induced chlorosis (an indicator of sensitivity) was
similar in illuminated chloroplast preparations of both
biotypes indicating that the resistance factor is located
outside of the chloroplast's envelope. Similar rates of
paraquat-induced chlorosis were also observed in illuminated
protoplast preparations of both biotypes; however, leaf
sections (1 mm width) of the R biotype exhibited a degree of
paraquat resistance (81-fold) very similar to that exhibited
by whole leaves. These data suggest that resistance is due to
a sequestration mechanism that prevents paraquat from
diffusing to PSI, the site of paraquat action. The
sequestration mechanism appears to require a structurally
intact cell wall to be functional.
107 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Evaluation of post-emergence herbicides for forestry seedbeds.
Clay, D.V.; Goodall, J.S.; Williamson, D.R.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1992. Aspects of applied biology (29): p. 139-148; 1992. In
the series analytic: Vegetation management in forestry,
amenity and conservation areas. Paper presented at the
conference of the Association, April 7-9, 1992, University of
York, England. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: England; Betula pendula; Larix leptolepis; Picea
sitchensis; Alnus glutinosa; Forest nurseries; Seedbeds; Field
experimentation; Herbicide resistance; Herbicides; Injuries;
Phytotoxicity; Pot experimentation
108 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Evaluations and correlated responses for resistance to
chloramben herbicide in cucumber.
Staub, J.E.; Knerr, L.D.; Weston, L.A.
Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science;
1991 Jul. HortScience v. 26 (7): p. 905-908; 1991 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wisconsin; Cucumis sativus; Germplasm;
Collections; Screening; Herbicide resistance; Chloramben; Crop
damage; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: The U.S. cucumber germplasm collection (753
accessions) and U.S. adapted processing cucumber (Cucumis
sativus L.) inbreds and hybrids were surveyed for response to
6.7 kg ae/ha of chloramben. Nine plant introductions (PI
165952, 173892, 179676, 275411, 277741, 279464, 279465,
436609, and 482464) were classified as tolerant to chloramben,
based on percentage and rate of field emergence and seedling
vigor. All adapted strains evaluated were susceptible to
chloramben injury. The chloramben-tolerant accessions (C0)
were subjected to two cycles of recurrent half-sib family
selection that resulted in 11 C2 families. These families, a
susceptible adapted line (WI 2870), and the resistant PI
436609 were evaluated in the field (6.7 kg ae/ha) and
laboratory (0.0, 0.01, and 0.0001 M) for response to
chloramben challenge. Significant (P = 0.05) differences
between families were observed for percentage emergence and
phytotoxicity ratings. Correlations between emergence and
phytotoxicity ratings at two dates were low (r2 = -0.32 and
-0.05). Significant (P = 0.05) interfamily differences were
also recorded for percentage germination, hypocotyl length,
primary root length, and number of lateral roots in the
laboratory. Correlated responses between these growth
variables were high (r2 = 0.78 to 0.84), but correlations
between field and laboratory observations were low (r2 = -
0.31 to 0.24). We hypothesize that the genetic response to
chloramben challenge under laboratory conditions depends on
the concentration of the chemical administered. Chemical name
used: 3-amino-2, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben).
109 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Expression and stability of amplified genes encoding
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in glyphosate-
tolerant tobacco cells.
Wang, Y.; Jones, J.D.; Weller, S.C.; Goldsbrough, P.B.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Dec.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 17
(6): p. 1127-1138; 1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Genes; Ligases; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Amplification; Glyphosate;
Herbicide resistance; Gene expression; Messenger RNA; Cell
lines; Regeneration
Abstract: Two distinct cDNAs for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-
phosphate synthase (EPSPS) were obtained from a glyphosate-
tolerant tobacco cell line. The cDNAs were 89% identical and
the predicted sequences of the mature proteins were greater
than 83% identical with EPSPS proteins from other plants.
Tobacco EPSPS proteins were more similar to those from tomato
and petunia than Arabidopsis. One cDNA clone, EPSPS-1,
represented a gene that was amplified in glyphosate-tolerant
cells, while the gene for EPSPS-2 was unaltered in these
cells. Consequently, EPSPS-1 mRNA was more abundant in
tolerant than unselected cells, whereas EPSPS-2 mRNA was at
relatively constant levels in these cell lines. Exposure of
unselected cells and tobacco leaves to glyphosate produced a
transient increase in EPSPS mRNA. However, glyphosate-tolerant
cells containing amplified copies of EPSPS genes did not show
a similar response following exposure to glyphosate. A
significant proportion of the EPSPS gene amplification was
maintained when tolerant cells were grown in the absence of
glyphosate for eight months. Plants regenerated from these
cells also contained amplified EPSPS genes.
110 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Expression of Erwinia uredovora phytoene desaturase in
Synechococcus PCC7942 leading to resistance against a
bleaching herbicide.
Windhovel, U.; Geiges, B.; Sandmann, G.; Boger, P.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1994 Jan. Plant physiology v. 104 (1): p. 119-125; 1994 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Synechococcus; Erwinia uredovora; Genetic
transformation; Structural genes; Oxygenases; Recombinant
DNA; Promoters; Gene expression; Herbicide resistance;
Norflurazon; Carotenoids; Biosynthesis; Phytoene
Abstract: The gene coding for phytoene desaturase of the
bacterium Erwinia uredovora (crtI) was inserted into the
chromosome of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 strain
R2-PIM8. For expression of crtI in the heterologous host, two
constructs with different promoters were introduced into
Synechococcus. In the first, crtI was fused to the 5' region
of the psbA gene of the xanthophycean microalga Bumilleriopsis
filiformis. The second construct carried crtI inserted
downstream of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (nptII)
from the transposon Tn5. Expression of crtI under the control
of the respective promoter was shown by immunodetection of the
gene product. The functionality of the heterologously
expressed phytoene desaturase CRTI in the transformants was
demonstrated by enzymic assays. The transformants acquired
very strong resistance toward the bleaching herbicide
norflurazon.
111 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 G28
Expression of the maize MnSod (Sod3) gene in MnSOD-deficient
yeast rescues the mutant yeast under oxidative stress.
Zhu, D.; Scandalios, J.G.
Baltimore, Md. : Genetics Society of America; 1992 Aug.
Genetics v. 131 (4): p. 803-809; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Structural
genes; Superoxide dismutase; Manganese; Genetic
transformation; Gene transfer; Gene expression; Mitochondria;
Enzyme activity; Oxygen; Free radicals; Paraquat; Herbicide
resistance; Stress; Mutants; Induced mutations;
Complementation
Abstract: Superoxide dismutases (SOD) are ubiquitous in
aerobic organisms and are believed to play a significant role
in protecting cells against the toxic, often lethal, effect of
oxygen free radicals. However, direct evidence that SOD does
in fact participate in such a protective role is scant. The
MnSOD-deficient yeast strain (Sod2d) offered an opportunity to
test the functional role of one of several SOD isozymes from
the higher plant maize in hopes of establishing a functional
bioassay for other SODs. Herein, we present evidence that
MnSOD functions to protect cells from oxidative stress and
that this function is conserved between species. The maize
Sod3 gene was introduced into the yeast strain Sod2d where it
was properly expressed and its product processed into the
yeast mitochondrial matrix and assembled into the functional
homotetramer. Most significantly, expression of the maize Sod3
transgene in yeast rendered the transformed yeast cells
resistant to paraquat-induced oxidative stress by
complementing the MnSOD deficiency. Furthermore, analyses with
various deletion mutants of the maize SOD-3 transit peptide in
the MnSOD-deficient yeast strain indicate that the initial
portion (about 8 amino acids) of the maize transit peptide is
required to direct the protein into the yeast mitochondrial
matrix in vivo to function properly. These findings indicate
that the functional role of maize MnSOD is conserved and
dependent on its proper subcellular location in the
mitochondria of a heterologous system.
112 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Fertile, transgenic oat plants.
Somers, D.A.; Rines, H.W.; Gu, W.; Kaeppler, H.F.; Bushnell,
W.R. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Dec.
Bio/technology v. 10 (12): p. 1589-1594; 1992 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Avena sativa; Transgenics; Genetic
transformation; Callus; Direct DNAuptake; Reporter genes;
Beta-glucuronidase; Phosphotransferases; Glufosinate;
Herbicide resistance; Regenerative ability; Fertility;
Inheritance; Histoenzymology
113 NAL Call. No.: 470 SCI24
First gene-splice wheat.
Washington, D.C. : Science Service :.; 1992 Jun06.
Science news v. 141 (23): p. 379; 1992 Jun06.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering; Herbicide
resistance
114 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Flurtamone for wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) control in
canola (Brassica napus and B. campestris).
Wall, D.A.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 6 (4): p. 878-883; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Canada; Cabt; Brassica napus; Brassica
campestris; Cultivars; Herbicide resistance; Flurtamone;
Application rates; Crop density; Crop yield; Sinapis arvensis;
Weed control; Chemical control
115 NAL Call. No.: SB1.J66
Frequency of iron application influences bermudagrass
tolerance to herbicides. Carrow, R.N.; Johnson, B.J.
Washington, D.C. : Horticultural Research Institute; 1992 Dec.
Journal of environmental horticulture v. 10 (4): p. 228-231;
1992 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cynodon dactylon; Cynodon; Hybrids; Iron
fertilizers; Lawns and turf; Crop damage; Weed control;
Chemical control; Herbicide resistance; Imazaquin; Metribuzin;
Msma
116 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Fun with mutants: applying genetic methods to problems of weed
physiology. Christianson, M.L.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 489-496; 1991 Jul. Paper presented
at the "Symposium on New Techniques adn Advances in Weed
Physiology and Molecular Biology," February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Weed biology; Mutants; Herbicide
resistance; Mode of action; Chlorsulfuron; Mutagens; Induced
mutations; Mutagenesis; Pollen; Seeds; Screening; Selection
criteria; Molecular genetics
Abstract: Genetics can be a powerful adjunct to just about
any kind of physiological study, including weed physiology or
weed/herbicide interactions. Making, mapping, and reverting
mutations is simple and straightforward. Making mutants can be
as simple as isolating variant individuals from the "wild", as
uncomplicated as doing seed mutagenesis in your laboratory, or
as sneaky as recovering mutants as sectors in whole plants.
The overall principles for successful development of a
protocol for seed mutagenesis of weeds are described and
potential problem areas noted. These generalities are
illustrated with a specific case history, that of
chlorsulfuron. Although chlorsulfuron is accurately described
as an inhibitor of the synthesis of branched chain amino
acids, careful physiological examination suggests that it
kills plant cells, not by starvation for amino acids, but by
active toxicity of a metabolite, alpha-amino butyric acid,
produced from a precursor available for diversion in cells
with inhibited acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18, ALS). The
story of dominant resistance due to an altered ALS enzyme is
well known; analysis using additional mutants fleshes out the
story of how chlorsulfuron works. Such analysis has the
potential to help unravel other problems in weed physiology.
117 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Functional analysis of the two homologous psbA gene copies in
Synechocystis PCC 6714 and PCC 6803.
Bouyoub, A.; Vernotte, C.; Astier, C.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993 Jan.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 21
(2): p. 249-258; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cyanobacteria; Multiple genes; Structural genes;
Proteins; Photosystem ii; Mutations; Herbicide resistance;
Thylakoids; Photosynthesis; Gene mapping; Restriction mapping;
Light intensity
Abstract: The cyanobacteria Synechocystis 6803 and 6714
contain three genes (psbA) coding for the D1 protein. This
protein is an essential subunit of photosystem II (PSII) and
is the target for herbicides. We have used herbicide-resistant
mutants to study the role of the two homologous copies of the
psbA genes in both strains (the third copy is not expressed).
Several herbicide resistance mutations map within the psbAI
gene in Synechocystis 6714 (G. Ajlani et al., Plant Mol. Biol.
13 (1989): 469-479). We have looked for mutations in copy II.
Results show that in Synechocystis 6714, only psbAI contains
herbicide resistance mutations. Relative expression of psbAI
and psbAII has been measured by analysing the proportions of
resistant and sensitive D1 in the thylakoid membranes of the
mutants. In normal growth conditions, 95% resistant D1 and 5%
sensitive D1 were found. In high light conditions, expression
of psbAII was enhanced, producing 15% sensitive D1. This
enhancement is specifically due to high light and not to the
decrease of D1 concentration caused by photoinhibition. Copy I
of Synechocystis 6714 corresponds to copy 2 of Synechocystis
6803 since it was always psbA2 which was recombined in
Synechocystis 6803 transformants. PSII of the transformant
strains was found to be 95% resistant to herbicides as in
resistant mutants of Synechocystis 6714.
118 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P68
Functional expression of the Erwinia uredovora carotenoid
biosynthesis gene crtl in transgenic plants showing an
increase of beta-carotene biosynthesis activity and resistance
to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. Misawa, N.; Yamano,
S.; Linden, H.; Felipe, M.R. de; Lucas, M.; Ikenaga, H.;
Sandmann, G.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS Scientific
Publishers in association with the Society for Experimental
Biology, c1991-; 1993 Nov. The Plant journal : for cell and
molecular biology v. 4 (5): p. 833-840; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenics; Biosynthesis;
Carotenoids; Herbicide resistance; Norflurazon
119 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Future impact of crops with modified herbicide resistance.
Wyse, D.L.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 665-668; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Biotechnology; Weed control; Development plans
120 NAL Call. No.: QD341.A2N8
Gene rescue in plants by direct gene transfer of total genomic
DNA into protoplasts.
Gallois, P.; Lindsey, K.; Malone, R.; Kreis, M.; Jones, M.G.K.
Oxford : IRL Press; 1992 Aug11.
Nucleic acids research v. 20 (15): p. 3977-3982; 1992 Aug11.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Arabidopsis thaliana; Beta
vulgaris; Gene transfer; Protoplasts; Genes; Isolation;
Mutants; Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; In vitro
selection; Electroporation; Genetic transformation; Plasmids;
Kanamycin; Drug resistance; Direct DNAuptake; Transgenic
plants; Segregation
Abstract: To study the possibility of gene rescue in plants
by direct gene transfer we chose the Arabidopsis mutant GH50
as a source of donor DNA. GH50 is tolerant of chlorsulfuron, a
herbicide of the sulfonylurea class. Tobacco protoplasts were
cotransfected with genomic DNA and the plasmid pHP23 which
confers kanamycin resistance. A high frequency of
cointegration of the plasmid and the genomic DNA was expected,
which would allow the tagging of the plant selectable trait
with the plasmid DNA. After transfection by electroporation
the protoplasts were cultivated on regeneration medium
supplemented with either chlorsulfuron or kanamycin as a
selective agent. Selection on kanamycin yielded resistant
calluses at an absolute transformation frequency (ATF) of 0.8
X 10(-3). Selection on chlorsulfuron yielded resistant
calluses at an ATF of 4.7 X 10(-6). When a selection on
chlorsulfuron was subsequently applied to the kanamycin
resistant calluses, 8% of them showed resistance to this
herbicide. Southern analysis carried out on the herbicide
resistant transformants detected the presence of the herbicide
resistance gene of Arabidopsis into the genome of the
transformed tobacco. Segregation analysis showed the presence
of the resistance gene and the marker gene in the progeny of
the five analysed transformants. 3 transformants showed
evidence of genetic linkage between the two genes. In addition
we show that using the same technique a kanamycine resistance
gene from a transgenic tobacco could be transferred into sugar
beet protoplasts at a frequency of 0.17% of the transformants.
121 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Gene SNQ2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which confers
resistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and other chemicals,
encodes a 169 kDa protein homologous to ATP-dependent
permeases.
Servos, J.; Haase, E.; Brendel, M.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1993 Jan.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 236 (2/3): p.
214-218; 1993 Jan. The accession number 66732 does not conform
to standard format. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Structural genes; Plant
proteins; Resistance; Mutagens; Quinolines; Aromatic
compounds; Sulfometuron; Herbicide resistance; Nucleotide
sequences; Amino acid sequences; Gene expression; Atp; Binding
site
Abstract: The yeast gene SNQ2 confers hyper-resistance to the
mutagens 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) and Triaziquone, as
well as to the chemicals sulphomethuron methyl and
phenanthroline when present in multiple copies in
transformants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Subcloning and
sequencing of a 5.5 kb yeast DNA fragment revealed that SNQ2
has an open reading frame of 4.5 kb. The putative encoded
polypeptide of 1501 amino acids has a predicted molecular
weight of 169 kDa and has several hydrophobic regions.
Northern analysis showed a transcript of 5.5 kb. Haploid cells
with a disrupted SNQ2 reading frame are viable. The SNQ2-
encoded protein has domains believed to be involved in ATP
binding and is likely to be membrane associated. It most
probably serves as an ATP-dependent permease.
122 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Genes of jeans: biotechnological advances in cotton.
John, M.E.; Stewart, J.M.
New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 May.
Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (5): p. 165-170; 1992 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Biotechnology; Genetic engineering;
Selection criteria; Agronomic characteristics; Crop
management; Improvement; Fiber quality; Modification; Genes
Abstract: Cotton is a crop of global economic importance. The
impact of advances in cotton genetic engineering will
therefore go beyond just altering the patterns of agronomic
practice to have a major effect on both economic and social
structures. Although the majority of characteristics currently
being engineered into cotton (i.e. insect- and herbicide-
tolerance) relate to improved crop management, the longer-term
goals of modifying fiber are to improve and develop novel
properties for the product.
123 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 G28
Genetic interactions among Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutations
that confer resistance to anti-microtubule herbicides.
James, S.W.; Lefebvre, P.A.
Baltimore, Md. : Genetics Society of America; 1992 Feb.
Genetics v. 130 (2): p. 305-314; 1992 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Loci; Recessive genes;
Alleles; Mutations; Herbicide resistance; Amiprofos-methyl;
Oryzalin; Microtubules; Complementation; Gene interaction;
Flagella; Deuterium oxide; Genetic change
Abstract: We previously described two types of genetic
interactions among recessive mutations in the APM1 and APM2
loci of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that may reflect a physical
association of the gene products or their involvement in a
common structure/process: (1) allele-specific synthetic
lethality, and (2) unlinked noncomplementation, or dominant
enhancement. To further investigate these interactions, we
isolated revertants in which the heat sensitivity caused by
the apm2-1 mutation is lost. The heat-insensitive revertants
were either fully or partially suppressed for the drug-
resistance caused by the apm2-1 allele, In recombination tests
the revertants behaved as if the suppressing mutation mapped
within the APM2 locus; the partial suppressors of apm2-1
herbicide resistance failed to complement apm2-1, leading to
the conclusion that they were likely to be intragenic
pseudorevertants. The apm2-1 partial suppressor mutations
reversed apm1-apm2-1 synthetic lethality in an allele-specific
manner with respect both to apm1-alleles and apm2-1 suppressor
mutations. Those apm1- apm2-1rev strains that regained
viability also regained heat sensitivity characteristic of the
original apm2-1 mutation, even though the apm2-1 suppressor
strains were fully heat-insensitive. The Hs+ phenotypes of
apm2-1 partial suppressors were also reversed by treatment
with the microtubule-stabilizing agent deuterium oxide (D2O).
In addition to the above interactions, we observed
interallelic complementation and phenotypic enhancement of
temperature conditionality among apm1- alleles. Evidence of a
role for the products of the two genes in microtubule-based
processes was obtained from studying flagellar assembly in
apm1- and apm2- mutants.
124 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 G28
Genetic interactions at the FLA10 locus: suppressors and
synthetic phenotypes that affect the cell cycle and flagellar
function in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Lax, F.G. III; Dutcher, S.K.
Baltimore, Md. : Genetics Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Genetics v. 128 (3): p. 549-561; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Induced mutations;
Mutants; Loci; Gene interaction; Flagella; Motility;
Temperature; Inhibitor genes; Cell division; Phenotypes;
Herbicide resistance; Amiprofos-methyl; Oryzalin; Alleles
Abstract: Through the isolation of suppressors of
temperature-sensitive flagellar assembly mutations at the
FLA10 locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we have identified
six other genes involved in flagellar assembly. Mutations at
these suppressor loci, termed SUF1-SUF6, display allele
specificity with respect to which fla10- mutant alleles they
suppress. An additional mutation, apm1-122, which confers
resistance to the plant herbicides amiprophos-methyl and
oryzalin, was also found to interact with mutations at the
FLA10 locus. The apm1-122 mutation in combination with three
fla10- mutant alleles results in synthetic cold-sensitive cell
division defects, and in combination with an additional
pseudo-wild-type fla10- allele yields a synthetic temperature-
sensitive flagellar motility phenotype. Based upon the genetic
interactions of these loci, we propose that the FLA10 gene
product interacts with multiple components of the flagellar
apparatus and plays a role both in flagellar assembly and in
the cell cycle.
125 NAL Call. No.: QH442.J69
Genetic manipulation of crop plants.
Lindsey, K.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.; 1992 Oct.
Journal of Biotechnology v. 26 (1): p. 1-28; 1992 Oct. In the
special issue: Plant cell culture / edited by A.H. Scragg.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Genetic
transformation; Genetic resistance; Plant development;
Herbicide resistance; Literature reviews; Pest resistance
126 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Genetic study and further biochemical characterization of a
tobacco mutant that overproduces sterols.
Maillot-Vernier, P.; Gondet, L.; Schaller, H.; Benveniste, P.;
Belliard, G. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991
Dec.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 231 (1): p. 33-40;
1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Mutants; Mutations; Dominance;
Segregation; Phytosterols; Sterol esters; Lipogenesis; Lipids;
Droplets; Cytoplasm; Herbicide resistance; Triazole
herbicides; Callus
Abstract: A genetic and biochemical characterization is
presented of a tobacco mutant that was previously shown to
have an increased sterol content with an accumulation of
biosynthetic intermediates. We first show that a precise
regulation of the membrane sterol composition occurs in this
mutant, via a selective esterification process. Indeed,
sterols representing the usual end-products of the
biosynthetic pathway are preferably integrated into the
membranes as free sterols, whereas most of the intermediates
pool is esterified and stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets.
It is further demonstrated that overproduction of sterols by
the LAB1-4 mutant is due to a single nuclear and semi-dominant
mutation. Finally, increase of biosynthesis and esterification
of unusual sterols are shown to be responsible for the
resistance of LAB1-4 calli to LAB170 250F, the triazole
pesticide used to select this mutant. However, differentiated
LAB1-4 tissues do not express the resistance trait, suggesting
that sterol biosynthesis might not be the only site of action
for the triazole at the plant level.
127 NAL Call. No.: 472 N42
Genetic weeding and feeding for tobacco plants.
Bradley, D.
London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jan04.
New scientist v. 133 (1802): p. 11; 1992 Jan04.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Myrothecium verrucaria;
Genetic engineering; Herbicide resistance
128 NAL Call. No.: 61.8 SE52
Genetically altered seed & how it will be distributed.
Grooms, L.
Des Plains, Ill. : Scranton Gillette Communications, Inc; 1992
Nov. Seed world v. 130 (12): p. 8-9, 11-13; 1992 Nov.
Language: English
Descriptors: Seeds; Genetic engineering; Distribution;
Herbicide resistance; Pest resistance
129 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554
Genetically engineered plants for herbicide resistance.
Mullineaux, P.M.
Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.
Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 75-107; 1992. In the
series analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for crop
protection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder and
Boulter, D. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Gene
expression; Genetic engineering; Genetic transformation;
Vectors; Biochemical pathways; Amino acid metabolism; Protein
synthesis; Enzyme activity; Genes; Amplification; Structure
activity relationships; Detoxification; Glutathione
transferase; Herbicide safeners; Chimerism; Plant protection;
Amino acid sequences; Mutations
130 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563A382
Genetically-engineered herbicide-resistant crops--a moral
imperative for world food production.
Gressel, J.
Milan, Italy : Teknoscienze,; 1992 Nov.
Agrofoodindustry hi-tech v. 3 (6): p. 3-7; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Herbicide resistance; Genetic engineering;
Weed control; Herbicides
131 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Glyphosate selected amplification of the 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene in cultured
carrot cells.
Shyr, Y.Y.J.; Hepburn, A.G.; Widholm, J.M.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Apr.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 232 (3): p. 377-382;
1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Daucus carota; Structural genes; Transferases; In
vitro selection; Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance;
Amplification; Gene expression; Messenger RNA; Gene dosage;
Tissue culture; Cell suspensions
Abstract: CAR and C1, two carrot (Dacus carota L.) suspension
cultures of different genotypes, were subjected to stepwise
selection for tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate [(N-
phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The specific activity of the target
enzyme, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS),
as well as the mRNA level and copy number of the structural
gene increased with each glyphosate selection step. Therefore,
the tolerance to glyphosate is due to stepwise amplification
of the EPSPS genes. During the amplification process, DNA
rearrangement did not occur within the EPSPS gene of the CAR
cell line but did occur during the selection step from 28 to
35 mM glyphosate for the C1 cell line, as determined by
Southern hybridization of selected cell DNA following EcoRI
restriction endonuclease digestion. Two cell lines derived
from a previously selected glyphosate-tolerant cell line (PR),
which also had undergone EPSPS gene amplification but have
been maintained in glyphosate-free medium for 2 and 5 years,
have lost 36 and 100% of the increased EPSPS activity,
respectively. Southern blot analysis of these lines confirms
that the amplified DNA is relatively stable in the absence of
selection. These studies demonstrate that stepwise selection
for glyphosate resistance reproducibly produces stepwise
amplification of the EPSPS genes. The relative stability of
this amplification indicates that the amplified genes are not
extrachromosomal.
132 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Glyphosate tolerance of cultured Corydalis sempervirens cell
is acquired by an increased rate of transcription of 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase as well as by a
reduced turnover of the enzyme.
Hollander-Czytko, H.; Sommer, I.; Amrheim, N.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Dec.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 20
(6): p. 1029-1036; 1992 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Corydalis; Transcription; Gene expression;
Ligases; Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance; Messenger RNA;
Enzyme activity; Genetic regulation; Cell culture
Abstract: Cell cultures of Corydalis sempervirens, tolerant
to the herbicide glyphosate, have a 30-40-fold increased level
of the herbicide's target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-
phosphate (EPSP) synthase, a ten-fold enhanced level of the
corresponding mRNA but no amplification of the gene
(Hollander-Czytko et al., Plant Mol Biol 11 (1988) 215-220).
The increase at the transcriptional level is due to a higher
rate of transcription of the gene, which was observed in run-
off transcription assays with isolated nuclei. The further
amplification at the protein level is the result of
stabilization of the enzyme by the herbicide. In the presence
of glyphosate the half-life of EPSP synthase was doubled
leading to higher levels of both protein and enzyme activity.
Overproduction of the enzyme in adapted cultures is stable at
the transcriptional level, as cells from adapted cultures
grown in the absence of glyphosate for three years still
display an about ten-fold higher enzyme activity and
transcript level than non-adapted cultures.
133 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74
Glyphosate-tolerant crops for the future: development, risks
and benefits. Waters, S.
Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 1: p. 165-170;
1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Weed control; Herbicide resistance;
Tolerance; Glyphosate
134 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Graminicide resistance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from
ornamental grasses. Catanzaro, C.J.; Burton, J.D.; Skroch,
W.A.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Feb.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 45 (2): p. 147-153;
1993 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Festuca ovina; Festuca; Cultivars; Erianthus;
Pennisetum alopecuroides; Panicum virgatum; Sethoxydim;
Fluazifop; Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility; Acetyl-coa
carboxylase; Enzyme activity; Atp; Weed control
Abstract: Blue fescues [Festuca ovina var. glauca (Lam.)
Koch. and F. amethystina L.] are resistant to graminicides,
whereas fountain grass [Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.]
and most other grasses are sensitive. Evidence suggests that
selective control of grasses by the graminicides fluazifop (an
aryloxyphenoxypropionate) and sethoxydim (a cyclohexanedione)
is often due to differential resistance at the primary site of
action, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). ACCase activity was
obtained from fountain grass and four cultivars of blue fescue
to determine whether resistance at the whole plant level
correlated with ACCase resistance in vitro. ACCase activity
was represented by in vitro incorporation of radioactive
bicarbonate into an acid-and heat-stable product. Enzyme
activity was dependent on acetyl-CoA and ATP and was inhibited
in the presence of avidin, suggesting that activity was due to
ACCase. Compared to ACCase from fountain grass, ACCase from
fescues was 70 to 88 times more resistant to fluazifop and 216
to 422 times more resistant to sethoxydim. Differences of this
magnitude at the enzyme level may be sufficient to explain
differential response between blue fescues (resistant) and
fountain grass (sensitive) at the whole plant level.
135 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52R
Grass tolerance to imazethapyr.
Ferrell, M.A.; Koch, D.W.; Ogg, P.J.; Hruby, F.
S.l. : The Society; 1992.
Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. p.
III/97-III/98; 1992. Meeting held on March 9-12, 1992, Salt
Lake City, Utah.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wyoming; Grasses; Herbicide resistance;
Imazethapyr
136 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Growth response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) callus to
imazapyr and in vitro selection for resistance.
Heering, D.C.; Guenzi, A.C.; Peeper, T.F.; Claypool, P.L.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Apr.
Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 174-179; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Herbicide resistance;
Mutations; Callus; In vitro selection; Imazapyr; Application
rates; Growth rate; Isoleucine; Leucine; Valine; Amino acid
metabolism; Enzyme inhibitors
Abstract: Intact wheat plants and wheat calli responded
similarly to varying concentrations of imazapyr. Fifty percent
growth inhibition of wheat callus occurred with 0.05
micromolar imazapyr after 70 d. As imazapyr concentration
increased from 0 to 10 micromolar, the free isoleucine,
leucine, and valine decreased from 160 to 35, 260 to 49, and
310 to 59 pmol mg-1, respectively. Resistant calli, which had
relative growth rates exceeding a calculated upper prediction
interval, were obtained by in vitro selection at 2 and 5
micromolar imazapyr. Resistant calli growing on 2 micromolar
imazapyr had free isoleucine, leucine, and valine
concentrations intermediate to the control and susceptible
callus.
137 NAL Call. No.: 450 AN7
Haploid culture and UV mutagenesis in rapid-cycling Brassica
napus for the generation of resistance to chlorsulfuron and
Alternaria brassicola. Ahmad, I.; Day, J.P.; MacDonald, M.V.;
Ingram, D.S.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Jun.
Annals of botany v. 67 (6): p. 521-525; 1991 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Plant breeding; Selection;
Haploids; Mutagenesis; Ultraviolet radiation; Chlorsulfuron;
Herbicide resistance; Alternaria brassicicola; Plant
pathogenic fungi; Disease resistance
Abstract: The effect of ultra violet (UV) irradiation on
cultured isolated microspores of rapid cycling Brassica napus
was investigated. The microspores were highly sensitive to UV,
with the calculated LD50 being an exposure of 20 s. Viability
tests suggested that death of the microspores was not
immediate, but occurred during subsequent incubation (7 d).
None of the embryos produced following UV-irradiation of
microspores showed gross morphological variation. A large
number of regenerants was established from embryoids and grown
to flowering. These plants set fertile seed after selfing. The
progenies were assessed for resistance to Alternaria
brassicicola and a small number showed increased resistance to
the pathogen, suggesting the generation of novel heritable
resistance to this pathogen. In vitro selection revealed
heritable resistance to the herbicide 'Glean' (active
ingredient chlorsulfuron).
138 NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15
Hardy crops yield herbicide controversy.
Nazario, S.L.
New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1991 Aug01.
The Wall Street journal. p. B1, B4; 1991 Aug01.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Herbicide resistance; Genetic
engineering; Bromoxynil; Environmental impact
139 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16
Harovinton soybean.
Buzzell, R.I.; Anderson, T.R.; Hamill, A.S.; Welacky, T.W.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Apr.
Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de
phytotechnie v. 71 (2): p. 525-526; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ontario; Glycine max; Cultivars; Protein content;
Tofu; Disease resistance; Phytophthora megasperma; Herbicide
resistance; Metribuzin
140 NAL Call. No.: S544.N6
Herbicide mode of action and injury symptoms.
Gunsolus, J.L.; Curran, W.S.
East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992.
North Central regional extension publication, Cooperative
Extension Service v.): 17 p.; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicides; Mode of action; Application methods;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Phototoxicity; Injuries; Symptoms
141 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563A382
Herbicide resistance.
Howard, J.; Baszczynski, C.
Milan, Italy : Teknoscienze; 1992 Sep.
Agrofoodindustry hi-tech v. 3 (5): p. 3-6; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Herbicide resistance; Biotechnology; Uses;
Applications
142 NAL Call. No.: S79.E37
Herbicide resistance confirmed in johnsongrass biotypes.
Barrentine, W.L.; Snipes, C.E.; Smeda, R.J.
Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1992 Aug.
Research report - Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry
Experiment Station v. 17 (5): 5 p.; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mississippi; Sorghum halepense; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Biotypes; Herbicides; Weed control; Trails
143 NAL Call. No.: S397.M57 no.93/10
Herbicide resistance coordination and communication in Western
Australia. Martin, R. J.
Western Australia : Dept. of Agriculture,; 1993.
17 p. : ill., map ; 30 cm. (Miscellaneous publication (Western
Australia. Dept. of Agriculture) ; no. 93/10.). Cover title.
March 17, 1993. Agdex 640.
Language: English
144 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Herbicide resistance due to amplification of a mutant
acetohydroxyacid synthase gene.
Harms, C.T.; Armour, S.L.; DiMaio, J.J.; Middlesteadt, L.A.;
Murray, D.; Negrotto, D.V.; Thompson-Taylor, H.; Weymann, K.;
Montoya, A.L.; Shillito, R.D.; Jen, G.C.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Jun.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 233 (3): p. 427-435;
1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Amplification; Structural
genes; Multiple genes; Oxo-acid-lyases; Herbicide resistance;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Imazaquin; In vitro selection; Enzyme
activity; Mutants; Mutations; Genetic transformation;
Transgenics; Protoplasts; Cell suspensions
Abstract: We have selected a tobacco cell line, SU-27D5, that
is highly resistant to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone
herbicides. This line was developed by selection first on a
lethal concentration of cinosulfuron and then on increasing
concentrations of primisulfuron, both sulfonylurea herbicides.
SU-27D5 was tested against five sulfonylureas and one
imidazolinone herbicide and was shown, in every case, to be
two to three orders of magnitude more resistant than wild-type
cells. The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) of SU-27D5 was 50-
to 780-fold less sensitive than that of wild-type cells to
herbicide inhibition. The specific activity of AHAS in the
SU-27D5 cell lysate was 6 to 7 times greater than that in
wild-type cells. Using Southern analysis, we showed that cell
line SU-27D5 had amplified its SuRB AHAS gene about 20-fold
while maintaining a normal diploid complement of the SuRA AHAS
gene. Genomic clones of both AHAS genes were isolated and used
to transform wild-type tobacco protoplasts. SuRB clones gave
rise to herbicide-resistant transformants, whereas SuRA clones
did not. DNA sequencing showed that all SuRB clones contained
a point mutation at nucleotide 588 that converted amino acid
196 of AHAS from proline to serine. In contrast, no mutations
were found in the SuRA clones. The stability of SuRB gene
amplification was variable in the absence of selection. In one
experiment, the withdrawal of selection reduced the copy
number of the amplified SuRB gene to the normal level within
30 days. In another experiment, amplification remained stable
after extended cultivation on herbicide-free medium. This is
the first report of amplification of a mutant herbicide target
gene that resulted in broad and strong herbicide resistance.
145 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Herbicide resistance in Datura innoxia. Kinetic
characterization of acetolactate synthase from wild-type and
sulfonylurea-resistant cell variants. Rathinasabapathi, B.;
King, J.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
May. Plant physiology v. 96 (1): p. 255-261; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Datura fastuosa; Cell cultures; Mutants;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Imidazolinone
herbicides; Ligases; Genetic variation; Cross resistance;
Binding site; Amino acids; Biosynthesis
Abstract: Acetolactate synthase (ALS, EC 4.1.3.18), the first
enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, was
isolated from wild-type and sulfonylurea-resistant Datura
innoxia cell variants and characterized. Apparent Km values of
the ALS for pyruvate from three sulfonylurea-resistant
variants (CSR2, CSR6, and CSR10) were manyfold greater than
that of the wild type. The inhibition of wild-type and
herbicide-resistant ALS activity by chlorsulfuron (CS), a
sulfonylurea herbicide, and L-leucine (L-Leu), one of the
feedback inhibitors of the enzyme, was examined. ALS from two
CS-resistant variants exhibited severalfold greater resistance
to CS than did the wild-type enzyme. Inhibition of ALS by L-
Leu fitted a partially competitive pattern most closely. It is
proposed that the herbicide resistance mutation accentuated
the partial inhibition characteristics of ALS by L-Leu. ALS
from one of the two CS-resistant variants (CSR6) had a Ki for
L-Leu an order of magnitude greater than that of the wild-type
enzyme. The alterations in kinetic properties observed in the
ALS from sulfonylurea-resistant variants are discussed in
relation to the possible evolutionary significance of the
herbicide binding site of this enzyme, the physiological
effects of such biochemical alterations, and their practical
utility in genetic studies.
146 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Herbicide resistance in Setaria viridis conferred by a less
sensitive form of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase.
Marles, M.A.S.; Devine, M.D.; Hall, J.C.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 May.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 46 (1): p. 7-14; 1993
May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Setaria viridis; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Susceptibility; Aryloxyphenoxypropionic
herbicides; Cyclohexene oxime herbicides; Mode of action;
Uptake; Metabolism; Acetyl-coa carboxylase; Enzyme activity;
Inhibition
Abstract: The mechanism of resistance was investigated in a
biotype of Setaria viridis resistant to
aryloxyphenoxypropanoate and cyclohexanedione herbicides.
Uptake of fenoxaprop-ethyl and diclofop-methyl was equal in
the resistant and susceptible biotypes. In addition,
metabolism of these two herbicides was similar in the
resistant and susceptible biotypes, indicating that resistance
is not based on altered herbicide metabolism. Fenoxaprop,
diclofop, quizalofop, clethodim, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim
inhibited acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) extracted
from the susceptible biotype, with I(50) values ranging from
0.078 to 1.7 micromolar. ACCase from the resistant biotype was
much less sensitive to all herbicides, with I(50) values 31 to
60 times higher than for the susceptible biotype. These
results indicate that herbicide resistance in this S. viridis
biotype is conferred by an altered form of ACCase that is much
less sensitive to a wide range of aryloxyphenoxypropanoate and
cyclohexanedione herbicides.
147 NAL Call. No.: SB951.4.H443 1991
Herbicide resistance in weeds and crops.
Caseley, J. C.; Cussans, G. W.; Atkin, R. K.
Long Ashton International Symposium 11th : 1989.
Oxford ; Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann,; 1991.
xii, 513 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. "Papers and poster abstracts
presented at the Eleventh Long Ashton International Symposium
in September 1989"--Pref. Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistance; Herbicide-resistant crops
148 NAL Call. No.: QH540.A55
Herbicide resistance in weedy plants: physiology and
population biology. Warwick, S.I.
Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1991.
Annual review of ecology and systematics v. 22: p. 95-114;
1991. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Herbicide resistant weeds; Herbicide
resistance; Gene flow; Genetic variation; Selection pressure;
Natural selection; Triazines; Metabolic detoxification; Plant
ecology; Reviews
149 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M68Ext
Herbicide resistance: prevention and detection.
Byrd, J.D. Jr; Barrentine, W.L.; Shaw, D.R.
State College, Miss. : Cooperative Extension Service,
Mississippi State University; 1993 Sep.
Publication / (1907): 4 p.; 1993 Sep.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mississippi; Cabt; Crops; Weed control;
Herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility; Mode of
action
150 NAL Call. No.: SB950.9.C44 v.7
Herbicide resistance--brassinosteroids, gibberellins, plant
growth regulators. Adam, G.
Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag,; 1991.
176 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Chemistry of plant protection ; 7).
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistance; Gibberellins; Brassinolide;
Plant regulators
151 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
Herbicide resistance--January 1989-March 1991.
Schneider, K.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 May.
Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-104): 41 p.; 1991
May. Updates QB 86-51. Bibliography.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistance; Bibliographies
152 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Herbicide resistant fertile transgenic wheat plants obtained
by microprojectile bombardment of regenerable embryogenic
callus. Vasil, V.; Castillo, A.M.; Fromm, M.E.; Vasil, I.K.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jun.
Bio/technology v. 10 (6): p. 662-674; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic transformation; Direct
DNAuptake; Transgenics; Gene transfer; Structural genes;
Acyltransferases; Plasmids; Herbicide resistance; Glufosinate;
Callus; Regenerative ability; Embryogenesis; Reporter genes
153 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122
Herbicide resistant in weeds current status and future
perspectives. Saari, L.L.
Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1991.
Proceedings - California Weed Conference (43rd): p. 37-40;
1991. Meeting held January 21-23, 1991, Santa Barbara,
California. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistant weeds; Weed control; Chemical
control
154 NAL Call. No.: 443.8 H42
Herbicide response polymorphism in wild populations of emmer
wheat. Snape, J.W.; Nevo, E.; Parker, B.B.; Leckie, D.;
Morgunov, A. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991
Apr.
Heredity v. 66 (pt.2): p. 251-257; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Triticum dicoccoides; Genes; Genetic
resources; Evolution; Herbicide resistance; Difenzoquat;
Metoxuron; Genetic polymorphism; Geographical distribution;
Wild plants
Abstract: The responses of wild populations of emmer wheat
(Triticum dicoccoides), from different ecogeographical areas
of Israel, to three herbicides, difenzoquat, chlortoluron and
metoxuron, commonly used on cultivated wheats, were studied.
Although cultivated wheats are polymorphic for a response to
difenzoquat, all families of all populations of the wild
species were resistant. The species was, however, polymorphic
for response to both chlortoluron and metoxuron. In addition,
there appeared to be differentiation between populations in
the frequencies of resistant and susceptible morphs for these
herbicides. There was also a close correspondence between the
responses of individual families to chlortoluron and
metoxuron, which suggests a common genetic control. The
implications of these findings for understanding the evolution
of herbicide resistance, and for developing strategies for
breeding for resistance in the cultivated species are
discussed.
155 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Herbicide response polymorphisms in wild emmer wheat:
ecological and isozyme correlations.
Nevo, E.; Snape, J.W.; Lavie, B.; Beiles, A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 (1/2): p. 209-216;
1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Israel; Triticum dicoccoides; Genetic resources;
Herbicide resistance; Polymorphism; Metoxuron; Chlorotoluron;
Phenotypes; Marker genes; Genotypes; Isoenzymes; Alloenzymes;
Enzyme polymorphism; Genetic markers; Ecotypes; Geographical
distribution; Gene frequency; Photosynthesis; Plant ecology
Abstract: We demonstrate that the scores and frequencies of
chlortoluron (CT) and metoxuron (MX) resistance and
susceptible phenotypes of wild emmer wheat, Triticum
dicoccoides, are correlated with ecological factors and
allozyme markers. Some isozyme markers located on chromosome
6B (e.g. Adh, Est-4 and Got), which also harbours the CT and
MX resistance gene, provide good genetic markers for herbicide
resistance breeding. Significant correlations between
herbicide and photosynthetic characters suggest that the
evolution of herbicide resistance polymorphisms may be related
to the process of photosynthesis in nature and predated
domestication of cultivated wheat.
156 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563N33
Herbicide tolerance in crops. 1.
Fehr, W.R.
Ithaca, N.Y. : National Agricultural Biotechnology Council;
1991. NABC report / (3): p. 179-198; 1991. In the series
analytic: Agricultural biotechnology at the crossroads:
biological, social and institutional concerns. Proceedings of
the National Agricultural Biotechnology Council's third annual
meeting, May 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicides; Tolerance; Biotechnology
157 NAL Call. No.: QK658.A54 1992
Herbicide tolerance in maize--genetics and pollen selection.
Gorla, M.S.; Ferrario, S.; Gianfranceschi, L.; Villa, M.
New York : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Angiosperm pollen and ovules / E. Ottaviano ... [et al.,
editors]. p. 364-369; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Maize; Plant breeding; Selective breeding;
Genetic resistance; Herbicides
158 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74
Herbicide tolerance in winter oilseed rape.
Lutman, P.J.W.; Dixon, F.L.
Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 1: p. 195-202;
1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Weed control; Metazachlor;
Tolerance; Pyridate; Fluroxypyr
159 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52R
Herbicide tolerance of seedling grasses for erosion control in
a spotted knapweed infested parkland.
Lass, L.W.; Callihan, R.H.
S.l. : The Society; 1991.
Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. p.
24-26; 1991. Meeting held March 12-14, 1991, Seattle,
Washington.
Language: English
Descriptors: Centaurea repens; Gramineae; Stand establishment;
Weed control; Herbicides
160 NAL Call. No.: SB1.J66
Herbicide tolerance of selected ericaceous species.
Skroch, W.A.; Warren, S.L.; Gallitano, L.B.
Washington, D.C. : Horticultural Research Institute; 1991 Dec.
Journal of environmental horticulture v. 9 (4): p. 196-198;
1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ornamental woody plants; Kalmia latifolia;
Leucothoe walteri; Oxydendrum arboreum; Rhododendron;
Rhododendron catawbiense; Rhododendron obtusum; Herbicide
resistance; Herbicide mixtures; Phytotoxicity
161 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.I3I4
Herbicide tolerant crops.
Graham, J.
Urbana, Ill. : Cooperative Extension Service, Univ of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign; 1991.
Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference summaries of
presentations January 8, 9, 10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois / Univ
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Coop Ext Serv, in coop with
the Illinois Natural History Survey. p. 167-169; 1991.
"Proceedings of the 1991 Illinois Agricultural Pesticides
Conference," January 8-10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Herbicide resistance; Genetic engineering
162 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Herbicide-insecticide interaction in maize: malathion inhibits
cytochrome P450-dependent primisulfuron metabolism.
Kreuz, K.; Fonne-Pfister, R.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 43 (3): p. 232-240;
1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Herbicide resistance; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Interactions; Organophosphorus insecticides;
Phytotoxicity; Antagonism; Malathion; Metabolism; Metabolic
detoxification; Cytochrome p-450; Enzyme activity; Microsomes;
Herbicide mixtures; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: Tolerance of maize to sulfonylurea herbicides such
as primisulfuron has recently been reported to be impaired by
the use of some organophosphorus insecticides. In an effort to
elucidate the mechanism of this interaction, the effect of the
insecticide, malathion, on the metabolism of primisulfuron was
studied in whole plants, in excised leaves, and in a
microsomal in vitro system from maize. Foliar application of
malathion to 7-day-old plants had no influence on leaf uptake
and translocation of primisulfuron, but caused a decrease in
the rate of herbicide metabolism. In excised leaves, malathion
increased the metabolic half-life of primisulfuron. In
microsomal preparations, malathion inhibited cytochrome P450-
dependent primisulfuron phenyl- and pyrimidinering
hydroxylation. Loss of primisulfuron phenyl-ring hydroxylase
activity was time-dependent, saturable with respect to
malathion concentration, and attenuated in the absence of
NADPH. The kinetic data suggest a mechanism-based cytochrome
P450 inactivation by malathion. The oxoanalogue of malathion,
malaoxon, did not influence the metabolic half-life of
primisulfuron in excised leaves and was a poor inhibitor of
microsomal primisulfuron hydroxylation. Neither insecticide
had any effect in vitro on total microsomal cytochrome P450
content. From the present results it may be concluded that
malathion affects primisulfuron tolerance of maize due to the
inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in
herbicide metabolism.
163 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
Herbicide-resistant crops focus of biotechnology debate.
Baum, R.M.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1993 Mar08.
Chemical and engineering news v. 71 (10): p. 38-41; 1993
Mar08.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Herbicide resistance; Crops; Genetic
engineering; Usda; Public opinion
164 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Herbicide-resistant Indica rice plants from IRRI breeding line
IR72 after PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts.
Datta, S.K.; Datta, K.; Soltanifar, N.; Donn, G.; Potrykus, I.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Nov.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 20
(4): p. 619-629; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Genetic transformation;
Protoplasts; Direct DNAuptake; Polyethylene glycol; Gene
transfer; Transgenics; Phosphotransferases; Drug resistance;
Hygromycin b; Acyltransferases; Herbicide resistance;
Glufosinate; Regenerative ability; Enzyme activity
Abstract: The commercially important Indica rice cultivar
Oryza sativa cv. IR72 has been transformed using direct gene
transfer to protoplasts. PEG-mediated transformation was done
with two plasmid constructs containing either a CaMV 35S
promoter/HPH chimaeric gene conferring resistance to
hygromycin (Hg) or a CaMV 35S promoter/BAR chimaeric gene
conferring resistance to a commercial herbicide (Basta)
containing phosphinothricin (PPT). We have obtained so far 92
Hg(r) and 170 PPT(r) IR72 plants from protoplasts through
selection. 31 Hg(r) and 70 PPT(r) plants are being grown in
the greenhouse to maturity. Data from Southern analysis and
enzyme assays proved that the transgene was stably integrated
into the host genome and expressed. Transgenic plants showed
complete resistance to high doses of the commercial
formulations of PPT.
165 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622
Herbicide-resistant lines of microalgae: growth and fatty acid
composition. Cohen, Z.; Reungjitchachawali, M.; Siangdung, W.;
Tanticharoen, M.; Heimer, Y.M.
Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-; 1993 Nov.
Phytochemistry v. 34 (4): p. 973-978; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rhodophyta; Spirulina; Algae; Eicosapentaenoic
acid; Fatty acids; Growth; Herbicide resistance; Lines;
Linolenic acid
Abstract: Cell lines of Spirulina platensis and Porphyridium
cruentum resistant to growth inhibition by the herbicide SAN
9785 had a significantly higher growth rate than their
respective wild-type strains. These lines were also shown to
overproduce gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA), respectively, in the presence and absence of the
inhibitor, as compared with wild-type cultures under similar
conditions. The effect was most conspicuous in polar lipids.
Thus, the proportion of GLA in the galactolipid (GL) fraction
of the SAN 9785-resistant strain of S. platensis, SRS-1,
increased in the absence of the inhibitor from 33.3% in the
wild-type to 39.0%. Similarly, the proportion of EPA in the GL
fraction of the resistant strain of P. cruentum, SRP,
increased in the presence of the inhibitor from 29.1 to 45.4%.
166 NAL Call. No.: 10 J822
Herbicide-resistant weeds: a worldwide perspective.
Moss, S.R.; Rubin, B.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Apr.
The Journal of agricultural science v. 120 (pt.2): p. 141-148;
1993 Apr. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistant weeds; Incidence; Literature
reviews; Models; Resistance mechanisms; Herbicides
167 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27Pn
Herbicide-resistant weeds and their management.
Mallory-Smith, C.; Thill, D.; Morishita, D.
Corvallis, Or. : Washington, Oregon, and Idaho State
Universities, Cooperative Extension Service; 1993.
PNW [1993?] (437): 4 p.; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Weed
control; Herbicides
168 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Herbicides that inhibit acetohydroxyacid synthase.
Stidham, M.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 428-434; 1991 Jul. Paper presented
at the "Symposium on Herbicide Mechanism of Action," February
7, 1990, Montreal, Canada. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sulfonylurea herbicides; Imidazolinone
herbicides; Mode of action; Enzyme inhibitors; Ligases;
Herbicidal properties; Protein synthesis inhibitors; Structure
activity relationships; Herbicide resistance; Zea mays;
Resistance mechanisms
Abstract: Acetohydroxyacid synthase was discovered as the
site of action of imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides
over 6 yr ago. In recent years, advances have been made in the
understanding of this enzyme as a herbicide target site.
Derivatives of both imidazolinones and sulfonylureas have
yielded new herbicide chemistry. All of the herbicides display
unusual "slow-binding" behavior with the enzyme, and this
behavior may help explain efficacy of the herbicides.
Resistance to these herbicides has been developed through a
number of different procedures, and the mechanism of
resistance is through changes in sensitivity of the enzyme to
the herbicides. The changes are either selective to only one
class of chemistry, or broad to a number of classes of
chemistry. These data support the idea that binding sites for
the herbicides on the enzyme are only partially overlapping.
Progress in purification of AHAS from corn includes discovery
of the existence of the enzyme in monomer and oligomer
aggregation states. The interaction of the enzyme with the
herbicides is affected by enzyme aggregation state.
169 NAL Call. No.: A00109
Herbicide-tolerant crops dominate testing in the
industrialized world. Washington, DC : National Biotechnology
Policy Center of the National Wildlife Federation; 1993 May.
The gene exchange v. 4 (1): p. 3; 1993 May.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistance; Field tests
170 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
High frequency, heat treatment-induced inactivation of the
phosphinothricin resistance gene in transgenic single cell
suspension cultures of Medicago sativa.
Walter, C.; Broer, I.; Hillemann, D.; Puhler, A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Nov.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 235 (2/3): p.
189-196; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Genetic transformation;
Transgenics; Structural genes; Acyltransferases; Glufosinate;
Herbicide resistance; Gene expression; Cell suspensions;
Genetic regulation; Heat; Callus; Regenerative ability; Enzyme
activity
Abstract: One descendant of the Medicago sativa Ra-3
transformant T304 was analysed with respect to the somatic
stability of the synthetic phosphinothricin-N-
acetyltransferase (pat) gene which was used as a selective
marker and was under the control of the 5'/3' expression
signals of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene VI. In
order to quantify gene instability, we developed a system for
culturing and regenerating individual cells. Single cell
suspension cultures derived from T304 and the ancestral non-
transgenic M. sativa cultivar Ra-3, were established. The
cells were regenerated into monoclonal calli. In transgenic
calli, the phosphinothricin (Pt)-resistance phenotype was
retained after more than 2 months of non-selective growth. In
contrast, up to 12% of the suspension culture cells grown
under non-selective conditions and at constant temperature (25
degrees C) lost the herbicide-resistance phenotype within 150
days. Surprisingly, a heat treatment (37 degrees C), lasting
for 10 days, during the culture period resulted in an almost
complete (95%) loss of the Pt resistance of the suspension
culture cells. However, the frequency of cell division was
identical in cultures grown under normal and heat treatment
conditions. A biochemical test revealed that no
phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase activity was present in
heat treated, Pt-sensitive cells. The resistance level of the
Pt-sensitive transgenic cells was equivalent to that of the
wild-type cells. A PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the
pat gene in heat treated, Pt-sensitive cells. From these
results it is concluded that the Pt resistance gene was heat-
inactivated at a high frequency in the M. sativa suspension
cultures.
171 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
History of herbicide--tolerant crops, methods of development
and current state of the art--emphasis on glyphosate
tolerance.
Kishore, G.M.; Padgette, S.R.; Fraley, R.T.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 626-634; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Glyphosate; Weed control; Chemical control; Gene transfer;
Biotechnology; Research; Literature reviews
172 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
History of identification of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Holt, J.S.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America. p. 615-620; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at the
Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistant weeds; Herbicide resistance;
Detection; Biotypes; Cross resistance; Resistance mechanisms;
Weed control; Chemical control; History
173 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
ID-BR1: sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant lettuce germplasm.
Mallory-Smith, C.; Thill, D.C.; Dial, M.J.
Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science;
1993 Jan. HortScience v. 28 (1): p. 63-64; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lactuca sativa; Lactuca serriola; Germplasm;
Herbicide resistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Plant breeding
174 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Identification and inheritance of metribuzin tolerance in wild
soybean. Kilen, T.C.; He, G.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1992 May.
Crop science v. 32 (3): p. 684-685; 1992 May. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Wild plants; Metribuzin; Herbicide
resistance; Germplasm; Diversity; Genetic regulation; Alleles;
Loci; Gene location; Inheritance; Plant breeding
Abstract: An economically important agronomic trait that has
not been evaluated extensively in the wild soy (Glycine soja
Sieb. & Zucc.) is tolerance to herbicides. Identification and
genetic characterization of tolerance to a widely used
herbicide, metribuzin
[4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-
(methylthio)-1,2,4.triazin-5(4H)-one], in G. soja may help
provide greater diversity in the gene pool for this trait.
This study was conducted to identify tolerance to metribuzin
in the wild soybean and to determine the genetic control of
the trait. Crosses were made from metribuzin-tolerant G. soja
selections and metribuzin-sensitive selections of G. max (L.)
Merr. The F1, F2, and F3 populations from these crosses were
grown hydroponically, and evaluated for reaction to a
concentration of 125 microgram L-1 metribuzin. The F1 plants
were tolerant, the F2 population segregated in a 3 tolerant: 1
sensitive ratio, and the F2 population segregated in 1
tolerant: 2 segregating: 1 sensitive ratio, suggesting a
single dominant gene controlling tolerance. The F2 populations
from crosses between metribuzin-tolerant G. soja accessions
and the metribuzin-tolerant cultivar Tracy-M were all
tolerant. This indicates that tolerance to metribuzin in these
two wild soybean accessions is controlled by alleles at the
same locus as the Hm gene in Tracy-M. Therefore, the
metribuzin tolerance in the wild soybean is probably the same
as that found in most of the cultivated soybean accessions and
in most commercial cultivars. The significance of identifying
tolerance to a currently used herbicide in the wild soybean is
the suggestion that other useful traits needed in modern
agriculture may be found in this primitive gene pool.
175 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Imazaquin absorption, translocation, and metabolism in flue-
cured tobacco. Walls, F.R. Jr; Corbin, F.T.; Collins, W.K.;
Worsham, A.D.; Bradley, J.R. Jr Champaign, Ill. : The Weed
Science Society of America; 1993 Apr. Weed technology : a
journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 7 (2): p.
370-375; 1993 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Nicotiana tabacum;
Herbicide resistance; Imazaquin; Leaves; Absorption;
Translocation; Metabolism; Seedling stage; Source sink
relations; Roots; Shoots; Foliar application; Soil treatment;
Weed control; Chemical control; Phytotoxicity
176 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Increased detoxification is a mechanism of simazine resistance
in Lolium rigidum.
Burnet, M.W.M.; Loveys, B.R.; Holtum, J.A.M.; Powles, S.B.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 46 (3): p. 207-218;
1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Weeds; Herbicide
resistance; Susceptibility; Simazine; Resistance mechanisms;
Metabolic detoxification; Metabolism; Metabolites; Metabolic
inhibitors; Thylakoids; Oxygen; Uptake; Translocation;
Heritability
Abstract: Biotypes of Lolium rigidum Gaud. (annual ryegrass)
resistant to the triazine herbicides were studied to determine
the mechanism of resistance. The resistant biotypes have
different histories of exposure to the herbicide atrazine but
both exhibit greater resistance to the structurally similar
triazine herbicide simazine. Simazine resistance is not due to
a change at the target site, as a similar concentration of
simazine is required for a 50% reduction in electron transport
by thylakoids isolated from resistant and susceptible
biotypes. Uptake of simazine from nutrient solution and
distribution of simazine between the roots and the shoots are
similar in resistant and susceptible biotypes. Following
application to the roots, more than 95% of the absorbed
simazine was translocated to the shoots in both resistant and
susceptible biotypes. Resistant biotypes metabolized
[14C)simazine at a greater rate than susceptible plants when
simazine was supplied as either a 12-hr pulse or continuously
over 7 days. Over a 7-day exposure to simazine (3 micromolar),
susceptible plants accumulated simazine in their shoot
tissues, whereas resistant plants maintained a low and stable
amount of simazine by metabolizing simazine at a greater rate
than the susceptible plants. The primary products of simazine
metabolism were tentatively identified as N-de-ethyl
derivatives. Up to eight other minor metabolites were also
observed. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole
(ABT) (70 micromolar) in combination with simazine (3
micromolar) for 7 days caused a greater reduction in dry
weight of resistant plants than simazine applied alone. ABT
inhibited the metabolism of simazine by all biotypes whether
applied as a 12-hr pulse or over a 7-day period. In the
presence of ABT the amount of simazine in the resistant shoot
tissue was similar to that in susceptible plants treated with
simazine alone. The nature of the metabolites and the
inhibition of metabolism by ABT suggest the involvement of
oxidative enzymes in the mechanism of resistance to simazine.
177 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
Increased resistance to oxidation stress in transgenic plants
that overexpress chloroplastic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase.
Gupta, A.S.; Heinen, J.L.; Holaday, A.S.; Burke, J.J.; Allen,
R.D. Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1993 Feb15.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 90 (4): p. 1629-1633; 1993 Feb15.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenics; Chloroplasts;
Gene expression; Genetic code; Oxidation; Photoinhibition;
Stress; Superoxide dismutase; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Transgenic tobacco plants that express a chimeric
gene that encodes chloroplast-localized Cu/Zn superoxide
dismutase (SOD) from pea have been developed. To investigate
whether increased expression of chloroplast-targeted SOD could
after the resistance of photosynthesis to environmental
stress, these plants were subjected to chilling temperatures
and moderate (500 micromole of quanta per m2 per s) or high
(1500 micromole of quanta per m2 per s) light intensity.
During exposure to moderate stress, transgenic SOD plants
retained rates of photosynthesis approximately 20% higher than
untransformed tobacco plants, implicating active oxygen
species in the reduction of photosynthesis during chilling.
Unlike untransformed plants, transgenic SOD plants were
capable of maintaining nearly 90% of their photosynthetic
capacity (determined by their photosynthetic rates at 25
degrees C) following exposure to chilling at high light
intensity for 4 hr. These plants also showed reduced levels of
light-mediated cellular damage from the superoxide-generating
herbicide methyl viologen. These results demonstrate that SOD
is a critical component of the active-oxygen-scavenging system
of plant chloroplasts and indicate that modification of SOD
expression in transgenic plants can improve plant stress
tolerance.
178 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Increased sterol biosynthesis in tobacco calli resistant to a
triazole herbicide which inhibits demethylation of 14alpha-
methyl sterols. Schaller, H.; Maillot-Vernier, P.; Belliard,
G.; Benveniste, P. Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Planta v. 187 (3): p. 315-321; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Callus; Sterols; Biosynthesis;
Triazole herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Biochemical
pathways; Methylation
Abstract: The gamma-keto triazole derivative
4,4-dimethyl-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-
penten-3-one is toxic to Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi
plants or cell cultures. Analysis of the sterol composition of
treated wild-type plant material demonstrates that this
herbicide is an inhibitor of the C-14 alpha-methyl
demethylation process in sterol biosynthesis. Selection
experiments, consisting of screening large populations of
microcalli derived from UV-mutagenized tobacco protoplasts for
resistance to a lethal dose (1 mg.l-1) of the gamma-keto
triazole, have resulted in the recovery of two groups of
resistant calli. In the first group, selected calli show a
sterol composition in the absence or presence of the inhibitor
very similar to that of wild-type sensitive calli, whereas in
the second group the main feature of the selected calli is a
new sterol profile. These calli present an overproduction of
sterols with a concomitant esterification of overproduced
metabolites, just as it was demonstrated for calli previously
selected in our laboratory for resistance to LAB 170250F, a
triazole fungicide (Maillot-Vernier et al., 1991, Mol. Gen.
Genet. 231, 33-40).
179 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Indiscriminate use of selectable markers--sowing wild oats?.
Gressel, J.
New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Nov.
Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (11): p. 382; 1992 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Avena fatua; Genetic markers; Marker genes;
Herbicide resistance; Glufosinate; Gene transfer; Avena
sativa; Transgenics; Biotechnology
180 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Induced microsomal oxidation of diclofop, triasulfuron,
chlorsulfuron, and linuron in wheat.
Frear, D.S.; Swanson, H.R.; Thalacker, F.W.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Nov.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 41 (3): p. 274-287;
1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Seedlings; Shoots; Metabolic
detoxification; Diclofop; Chlorsulfuron; Triasulfuron;
Linuron; Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Selectivity;
Oxidation; Microsomes; Enzyme activity; Monophenol
monooxygenase; Nadh dehydrogenase; Cytochrome p-450;
Oxygenases; Characterization; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: Microsomal fractions from shoot tissues of
etiolated wheat seedlings catalyzed the oxidation of diclofop,
chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, chlortoluron, and linuron.
Microsomal oxidation products of chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron,
and linuron were isolated and identified by mass spectrometry
and cochromatography with reference standards. Oxidation was
dependent on NADPH and molecular oxygen and was inhibited by
CO in the presence of oxygen. Triasulfuron hydroxylation was
inhibited to varying degrees by other known inhibitors of
cytochrome P-450 enzymes and by several different
postemergence herbicides. Enzyme activity was increased 2- to
3-fold by the removal of endogenous inhibitors and stimulated
an additional 5- to 20-fold by the treatment of germinating
seedlings with naphthalic anhydride, ethanol, or
phenobarbital. In contrast to marked increases in
monooxygenase activities following induction, microsomal
cytochrome P-450 levels and NADPH cytochrome c reductase
activities were not increased to a significant extent. Ethanol
and phenobarbital were more effective than naphthalic
anhydride as inducers of microsomal hydroxylase activity. The
combined effect of naphthalic anhydride and ethanol as
inducers of diclofop and triasulfuron hydroxylases was
additive. Apparent Km values for triasulfuron, chlorsulfuron,
and diclofop with constitutive and induced microsomal
hydroxylases were compared. Differences in the response of
herbicide monooxygenases to selected inhibitors, inducers, and
substrates support the hypothesis that wheat microsomes
contain a number of distinct cytochrome P-450-dependent
monooxygenases with different substrate specificities and
kinetic properties. These enzymes serve as important factors
in the tolerance and selectivity of a broad spectrum of
herbicides used in wheat production systems.
181 NAL Call. No.: SB349.D44 1992
Induced plant cell modifications analysis of herbicide-
resistant tomato cells possessing altered cell wall
composition.. Induces plant cell wall modifications
Delmer, Deborah P.; Lamport, D. T. A.
United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1992.
1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 29 cm. Cover title: Induces
plant cell wall modifications. Final report. Project no.
IS-1386-87. Includes bibliographical references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Tomatoes; Plant cell walls
182 NAL Call. No.: MdULD3231.M70d Bandaranayake, H.A.D.
Induction, transformation and characterization of herbicide
resistance in Nicotiana.
Bandaranayake, Hema Anura Divale
University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Botany
1992; 1992.
vii, 84 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Thesis research directed by
Dept. of Botany. Includes bibliographical references (leaves
70-84).
Language: English
Descriptors: Tobacco; Plants, Effect of herbicides on
183 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
An industry perspective on herbicide-tolerant crops.
Giaquinta, R.T.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 653-656; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Biotechnology; Industry; Weed control
184 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412
Influence of light intensity on growth of triazine-resistant
rapeseed (Brassica napus).
Hart, J.J.; Radosevich, S.R.; Stemler, A.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Oct.
Weed research v. 32 (5): p. 349-356; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Lines; Selection criteria;
Herbicide resistance; Triazines; Crossing; Light intensity;
Growth; Dry matter accumulation; Responses; Greenhouse
culture; Growth chambers; Photosynthesis; Performance
185 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783
Influence of rainfall and temperature on sensitivity of barley
(Hordeum vulgare) to Chlorsulfuron.
Lemerle, D.
Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization; 1993.
Australian journal of agricultural research v. 44 (1): p.
23-32; 1993. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Hordeum vulgare; Cultivars; Crop
damage; Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Chlorsulfuron;
Rain; Temperature
186 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Inheritance of bipyridyl herbicide resistance in Arctotheca
calendula and Hordeum leporinum.
Purba, E.; Preston, C.; Powles, S.B.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1993 Dec.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 87 (5): p. 598-602; 1993
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arctotheca calendula; Hordeum murinum subsp.
leporinum; Inheritance; Herbicide resistance; Paraquat;
Diquat; Segregation; Biotypes; Genes; Dominance; Herbicide
resistant weeds
Abstract: The mode of inheritance of resistance to bipyridyl
herbicides in bipyridyl-resistant biotypes of Arctotheca
calendula and of Hordeum leporinum was investigated. F1 plants
from reciprocal crosses between diquat-resistant and -
susceptible plants of A. calendula showed an intermediate
response to diquat application that was nuclearly inherited.
Treatment of F2 plants with 100 g ai ha-1 of diquat or 800 g
ai ha-1 of paraquat killed all homozygous-susceptible plants,
caused severe injury to heterozygous plants but only slight or
no injury to homozygous-resistant plants. Back crosses of F1
to susceptible plants exhibited intermediate and susceptible
phenotypes. The observed segregation ratios in F2 and test-
cross populations fitted predicted segregation ratios, 1:2:1
(R:I:S) and 1:1 (I:S) respectively, showing that bipyridyl
resistance is conferred by a single incompletely-dominant
gene. Biotypes of paraquat-resistant and -susceptible H.
leporinum were crossed reciprocally. F1 plants from reciprocal
crosses showed an intermediate response to paraquat
application. The F2 progeny showed segregation ratios that
fitted the predicted segregation ratio of 1:2:1 (R:I:S) for
inheritance of resistance being governed by a single
partially-dominant gene.
187 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C
Inheritance of two mutations conferring glyphosate tolerance
in the fern Ceratopteris richardii.
Chun, P.T.; Hickok, L.G.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 May.
Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v.
70 (5): p. 1097-1099; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ceratopteris; Genotypes; Herbicide resistance;
Inheritance; Mutations; Glyphosate
188 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
Inhibition of acetolactate synthase in susceptible and
resistant biotypes of Stellaria media.
Devine, M.D.; Marles, M.A.S.; Hall, L.M.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Pesticide science v. 31 (3): p. 273-280; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alberta; Stellaria media; Lyases; Biotypes; Cross
resistance; Enzyme inhibitors; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Chlorsulfuron; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Weed
control
Abstract: Acetolactate synthase (ALS) from one susceptible
and two chlorsulfuron-resistant biotypes of Stellaria media
(L.) Vill. was assayed in the presence of eight known ALS
inhibitors. As expected, ALS from the chlorsulfuron-resistant
biotypes (R1 and R2) showed reduced sensitivity to
chlorsulfuron and other sulfonylurea herbicides. The patterns
of cross-resistance varied, however, indicating that the
alteration in ALS that confers chlorsulfuron resistance does
not confer the same level of resistance to other sulfonylurea
herbicides. The resistant biotypes were highly cross-resistant
to sulfometuron-methyl and DPX-A7881, but less cross-resistant
to triasulfuron. Both R1 and R2 were highly cross-resistant to
DTPS (N-[2,6-dichlorophenyl]-5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-
triazolo[1,5a]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide), but only slightly
cross-resistant to imazamethabenz, an imidazolinone herbicide.
The differences in the patterns of cross-resistance observed
presumably reflect differences in the binding affinity of the
herbicides for the altered ALS. The data presented suggest,
but do not confirm, that R1 and R2 contain the same ALS
mutation.
189 NAL Call. No.: SB123.57.I55 1992
Instability of herbicide resistance in transgenic suspension
cultures and plants.
Broer, I.; Droge, W.; Hillemann, D.; Neumann, K.; Walter, C.;
Puhler, A. Braunschweig, Germany : Biologische Bundesanstalt
fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft; 1992.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the
Biosafety Results of Field Tests of Genetically Modified
Plants and Microorganisms : May 11-14, 1992, Goslar, Germany :
edited by R. Casper and J. Landsmann. p. 230-238; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Transgenics; Genetic engineering;
Herbicide resistance
190 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
International organization for resistant pest management
(IOPRM)-- a step toward rational resistance management
recommendations.
Lebaron, H.M.; Gressel, J.; Smale, B.C.; Horne, D.M.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 765-770; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: International organizations; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Weed control; Pest management; Pest resistance
191 NAL Call. No.: QH431.G452
Interspecific hybrids between a transgenic rapeseed (Brassica
napus) and related species: cytogenetical characterization and
detection of the transgene.
Kerlan, M.C.; Chevre, A.M.; Eber, F.
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : National Research Council Canada;
1993 Dec. Genome / v. 36 (6): p. 1099-1106; 1993 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Brassica oleracea; Brassica
oleracea var. capitata; Brassica; Brassica nigra; Sinapis
arvensis; Raphanus raphanistrum; Interspecific hybridization;
Hybrids; Transgenic plants; Introgression; Reporter genes;
Acyltransferases; Cytogenetics; Chromosome pairing; Meiosis;
Glufosinate; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: In interspecific hybrids produced between a
transgenic rapeseed, an allotetraploid species, resistant to
herbicide, phosphinotricin, and five diploid related species.
the risk for gene introgression in weed genomes was explored
through cytogenetic and bar gene characterizations. Among the
75 hybrids studied, most had the expected triploid structure,
with the exception of B. napus--B. oleracea amphidiploid
plants and one B. napus--S. arvensis amphidiploid plant. In
triploid hybrid plants, the reciprocal hybrids did not exhibit
any difference in their meiotic behavior. The comparison of
the percentage of chromosome pairing in the hybrids with that
of haploid rapeseed permit to conclude that allosyndesis
between AC genomes and related species genomes took place.
This possibility of recombination was confirmed by the
presence of multivalent associations in all the interspecific
hybrids. Nevertheless, in B. napus--B. adpressa hybrids a
control of chromosome pairing seemed to exist. The possibility
of amphidiploid plant production directly obtained in the F1
generation increased the risk of gene dispersal. The B. napus-
-B. oleracea amphidiploid plant presented a meiotic behavior
more regular than that of the B. napus--S. arvensis
amphidiploid plant. Concerning the herbicide bar gene
characterization, the presence of the gene detected by DNA
amplification was correlated with herbicide resistance, except
for two plants. Different hypotheses were proposed to explain
these results. A classification of the diploid species was
established regarding their gene dispersal risk based on the
rate of allosyndesis between chromosomes of AC genomes of
rapeseed and the genomes of the related species.
192 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1003
Introduction to genetics and biotechnology DNA technology by
Paul J. Bottino ; directed/recorded by Ron Young.. NAL
genetics lecture DNA technology Bottino, P. J.
National Agricultural Library (U.S.)
Beltsville, Md.? : National Agricultural Library,; 1991.
2 videocassettes (190 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. (NAL lecture
series ; series no. 1). VHS. June 17, 1991. Title on
cassette label: NAL genetics lecture. Susan McCarthy,
Coordinator, Plant Genome Data and Information Center.
Language: English
Descriptors: Genetics; Restriction enzymes, DNA; Plant genetic
engineering
Abstract: Discusses restriction enzymes and how they are used
to cut DNA, restriction sites, enzyme recognition, bacterial
plasmids, use of complementary base pairing, enzymology, and
gel electrophoresis. Also discusses how DNA technology is use
for plant disease, virus and herbicide resistance and for gene
therapy.
193 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Investigation of the mechanism of diclofop resistance in two
biotypes of Avena fatua.
Devine, M.D.; MacIsaac, S.A.; Romano, M.L.; Hall, J.C.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jan.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 42 (1): p. 88-96;
1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Avena fatua; Biotypes; Physiological races;
Herbicide resistance; Diclofop; Absorption; Translocation;
Metabolism; Metabolic detoxification; Pharmacokinetics;
Metabolites; Phytotoxicity; Enzyme activity; Acetyl-coa
carboxylase
Abstract: The mechanism of diclofop resistance was
investigated in two biotypes of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) that
show approximately 12-fold resistance to diclofop compared to
a typical susceptible biotype. Absorption and translocation of
14C following application of [14C]diclofop-methyl did not
differ among the three biotypes; approximately 95% of the
applied diclofop-methyl was absorbed into the foliage 48 hr
after application, and most of this (> 80%) was retained in
the treated area in all biotypes. Metabolism of diclofop-
methyl, examined by TLC and HPLC, did not differ among the
three biotypes. Although results of the TLC and HPLC analyses
differed slightly, the amount of free diclofop (acid) was
generally consistent among the three biotypes. There were no
apparent differences in the nature of the polar metabolites
formed in the susceptible and tolerant biotypes. Wheat, which
is tolerant of diclofop-methyl, metabolized the herbicide
considerably faster than the three wild oat biotypes. Acetyl-
coenzyme A carboxylase extracted from the resistance and
susceptible biotypes was equally sensitive to diclofop in the
range 10(-7) to 10(-4) M, indicating that diclofop resistance
is not due to differences at the herbicide target site.
Further research is required to explain diclofop resistance in
these wild oat biotypes.
194 NAL Call. No.: S79 .E3
Kenaf tolerance to various postemergence herbicides registered
for other crops grown in the delta of Mississippi.
Kurtz, M.E.; Weill, S.W.
State College, Miss. : Mississippi State University,
Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, 1970-; 1993 May.
Bulletin (997): 7 p.; 1993 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mississippi; Cabt; Hibiscus cannabinus; Herbicide
resistance; Herbicides; Weed control; Phytotoxicity; Growth
effects; Field tests
195 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74
Kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence decay in triazine-
resistant and -susceptibile weeds.
Benyamini, Y.; Schonfeld, M.; Rubin, B.
Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 3: p. 1103-1110;
1991. Meeting held November 18-21, 1991, Brighton, England.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Chlorophyll; Fluorescence; Herbicide
resistance; Susceptibility; Weed biology
196 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Lack of cross-resistance of imazaquin-resistant Xanthium
strumarium acetolactate synthase to flumetsulam and
chlorimuron.
Schmitzer, P.R.; Eilers, R.J.; Cseke, C.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Sep. Plant physiology v. 103 (1): p. 281-283; 1993 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Xanthium strumarium; Cross resistance; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Imazaquin; Lyases; Weed control; Chlorimuron;
Herbicides
Abstract: Acetolactate synthase (ALS) was isolated from a
field population of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) that
developed resistance to the herbicide Scepter following three
consecutive years of application. The active ingredient of
Scepter, imazaquin, gave an inhibitor concentration required
to produce 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity that was more
than 300 times greater for the resistant enzyme than for the
wild-type cocklebur ALS. Tests with flumetsulam and
chlorimuron show that the resistant ALS was not cross-
resistant to these two other classes of ALS inhibitors.
197 NAL Call. No.: A00109
The latest on transgenic herbicide-tolerant crops.
Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the
National Wildlife Federation; 1991 Jun.
The gene exchange v. 2 (2): p. 10; 1991 Jun.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Herbicide resistance; Transgenics; Crops;
Usda; Field tests
198 NAL Call. No.: 10 J822
The location and effects of genes modifying the response of
wheat to the herbicide difenzoquat.
Leckie, D.; Snape, J.W.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 Feb.
The Journal of agricultural science v. 118 (pt.1): p. 9-15;
1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum; Polyploidy; Gene transfer; Genotypes;
Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility; Difenzoquat
199 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P55
Magnesium deficiency enhances resistance to paraquat toxicity
in bean leaves. Cakmak, I.; Marschner, H.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Oct.
Plant, cell and environment v. 15 (8): p. 955-960; 1992 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Paraquat; Phytotoxicity;
Magnesium; Mineral deficiencies; Herbicide resistance; Leaves;
Light intensity; Oxygen; Free radicals; Chlorophyll;
Degradation
200 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Mechanism of diclofop resistance in an Italian ryegrass
(Lolium multiflorum Lam.) biotype.
Gronwald, J.W.; Eberlein, C.V.; Betts, K.J.; Baerg, R.J.;
Ehlke, N.J.; Wyse, D.L.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Oct.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 44 (2): p. 126-139;
1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oregon; Lolium multiflorum; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Diclofop; Haloxyfop; Sethoxydim; Quizalofop;
Cyclohexene oxime herbicides; Herbicide resistant weeds;
Enzyme activity; Acetyl-coa carboxylase; Resistance
mechanisms; Pharmacokinetics; Translocation; Metabolism
Abstract: The biochemical basis for diclofop resistance in an
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) biotype discovered
in Oregon was examined. Herbicide rates that inhibited shoot
growth by 50% (GR50 values) were determined for two
aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides (diclofop, haloxyfop)
and one cyclohexanedione herbicide (sethoxydim). As compared
to a wild type Italian ryegrass biotype, the GR50 values for
diclofop, haloxyfop, and sethoxydim were approximately 130-,
22-, and 2-fold greater, respectively, for the resistant
biotype. There were little or no differences in the retention,
absorption, translocation, or metabolism of diclofop-methyl in
resistant and susceptible biotypes. The susceptibility of
acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) to inhibition by selected
graminicide herbicides was evaluated in extracts from
etiolated shoots of both resistant and susceptible biotypes.
The herbicide concentrations that inhibited ACCase activity by
50% (I50 values) for diclofop, haloxyfop, and quizalofop were
approximately 28-, 9-, and 10-fold greater, respectively, for
the enzyme from the resistant biotype. For the
cyclohexanedione herbicides, sethoxydim and clethodim, the I50
values for ACCase were similar for both biotypes. It is
concluded that resistance to diclofop and other
aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides in the Italian
ryegrass biotype from Oregon is due to the presence of a
tolerant form of ACCase. This modification confers tolerance
to the aryloxyphenoxypropionic acids but little or no
tolerance to the cyclohexanediones.
201 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Mechanism of inheritance of diclofop resistance in Italian
ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum).
Betts, K.J.; Ehlke, N.J.; Wyse, D.L.; Gronwald, J.W.; Somers,
D.A. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Apr. Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 184-189; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oregon; Lolium multiflorum; Herbicide resistance;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Diclofop; Biotypes; Inheritance;
Maternal effects; Phenotypes; Susceptibility; Enzyme activity;
Acetyl-coa carboxylase
Abstract: A diclofop-methyl-resistant biotype of Italian
ryegrass was characterized to determine the expression and
inheritance of herbicide resistance and whether this trait was
due to the presence of a diclofop-insensitive form of acetyl-
coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase). At the whole plant level, the
resistant biotype was > 93-fold more resistant to diclofop-
methyl than the susceptible biotype. Crosses of diclofop-
resistant and -susceptible plants were performed to produce F1
plants. No maternal effects were evident in responses of
reciprocal F1 plants to diclofop. GR50 diclofop rates
determined for resistant, F1, and susceptible plants were 15,
6.3, and 0.16 kg ha-1, respectively. F2 populations treated
with a 7.5 kg ha-1 rate of diclofop exhibited three injury
response phenotypes 3 wk after treatment: a susceptible (S)
phenotype which was killed, an intermediate resistance (I)
phenotype with severe injury, and a resistant (R) phenotype
with little or no injury. Testcross progeny exhibited only I
and S phenotypes. Observed segregation of phenotypes in F2 and
testcross populations conformed to segregation ratios
predicted for a trait with inheritance controlled by a single
partially dominant nuclear gene. ACCase activity determined in
crude cell-free extracts of resistant, F1, and susceptible
biotypes exhibited I50 values of 50, 20, and 0.7 micromolar
diclofop, respectively. A positive relationship between the
injury response phenotype and site of action (ACCase) response
to diclofop was evident in both F1 and F2 populations. In
extracts from R, I, and S phenotype F2 plants, 20 micromolar
diclofop acid inhibited ACCase-mediated incorporation of 14C
by 27.1, 45.1, and 78.9%, respectively. The ACCase data are
consistent with the hypothesis that diclofop resistance in
Italian ryegrass is conferred by a diclofop-insensitive form
of ACCase.
202 NAL Call. No.: 450 J8224
Mechanism of isoxaben tolerance in Agrostis palustris var.
Penncross. Heim, D.R.; Bjelk, L.A.; James, J.; Schneegurt,
M.A.; Larrinua, I.M. Oxford : Oxford University Press; 1993
Jul.
Journal of experimental botany v. 264 (44): p. 1185-1189; 1993
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris; Arabidopsis
thaliana; Isoxaben; Herbicide resistance; Cellulose;
Carbohydrate metabolism; Uptake; Binding site; Interactions;
Metabolism; Cell wall components
Abstract: Previous work has demonstrated that isoxaben
tolerant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia are
most likely altered at the site of isoxaben binding. The
salient question becomes whether or not species selectivity to
this herbicide might also be a result of differential target
site binding. Grasses are generally more tolerant to isoxaben
than dicots. In this communication we show that Agrostis
palustris var. Penncross, a grass, is 83-fold more tolerant in
a soil incorporation test and 170-fold more tolerant to
inhibition of glucose incorporation into cellulose than is
Arabidopsis, a dicot. Cell wall fractionation of Agrostis
shows a specific effect on cellulose biosynthesis. At most, 5-
fold of the 170-fold tolerance exhibited by Agrostis in terms
of cellulose biosynthesis can be attributed to decreased
isoxaben uptake under the test conditions. Furthermore,
Agrostis is unable to metabolize isoxaben to any significant
degree. Therefore, we suggest that the major portion of the
tolerance in Agrostis might be due to differences in isoxaben
binding.
203 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A57
Mechanisms and agronomic aspects of herbicide resistance.
Holt, J.S.; Powles, S.B.; Holtum, J.A.M.
Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1993.
Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology
v. 44: p. 203-209; 1993. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Herbicide resistance; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Reviews; Plant physiology
204 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6
Mechanisms for resistance of weeds to herbicides.
Duke, S.O.
Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-;
1993. Proceedings / v. 3: p. 1509-1511; 1993. Meeting held
January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Herbicide resistance
205 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52
Mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate
synthase/acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitors.
Shaner, D.L.
Reno, Nev. : The Society; 1991.
Proceedings - Western Society of Weed Science v. 44: p.
122-125; 1991. Meeting held March 12-14, 1991, Seattle
Washington. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistance; Herbicides; Mode of action;
Enzyme inhibitors; Ligases; Resistance mechanisms
206 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R474 1991
Mechanisms of resistance to herbicides.
Dodge, A.D.
London : Published for SCI by Elsevier Applied Science; 1991.
Resistance '91, Achievement and Developments in Combating
Pesticide Resistance / edited by Ian Denholm, Alan L.
Devonshire, and Derek W. Hollomon. p. 203-217; 1991.
Proceedings of the SCI Symposium "Resistance '91: Achievements
and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance," 15-17
July 1991, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weed control; Herbicide resistance; Metabolism
207 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Membrane response to diclofop acid is pH dependent and is
regulated by the protonated form of the herbicide in roots of
pea and resistant and susceptible rigid ryegrass.
DiTomaso, J.M.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Aug. Plant physiology v. 102 (4): p. 1331-1336; 1993
Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Lolium rigidum; Diclofop; Organic
acids; Herbicidal properties; Ph; Electrophysiology; Plasma
membranes; Membrane potential; Roots; Cell walls; Herbicide
resistance; Biotypes
Abstract: Electrophysiological studies in roots of pea (Pisum
sativum L.) and rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.)
seedlings were conducted to elucidate the mechanism involved
in the membrane response to the herbicide diclofop. In pea, a
dicotyledonous plant insensitive to diclofop, membrane
depolarization at varying pH values and herbicide
concentrations increased at higher concentrations of the
protonated form of diclofop acid (pKa 3.57). In unbuffered
nutrient solution (pH 5.7), diclofop acid (50 micromolars)
depolarized the membrane potential (Em) in roots of both
resistant and susceptible biotypes of rigid ryegrass, whereas
recovery of Em occurred only in the resistant biotype
following removal of the herbicide. This differential response
was correlated with an increase (450%) in the rate of
acidification of the external solution by the susceptible
biotype, and the Em differences between biotypes were
eliminated in solutions buffered at pH 5.0 or 6.0. In
addition, p-chloromercuribenzene-sulfonic acid did not prevent
the depolarization of Em by 50 micromolars diclofop acid. It
is concluded that the differential membrane response to
diclofop acid in herbicide-resistant and -susceptible biotypes
of rigid ryegrass is due to pH differences at the cell
wall/plasmalemma interface. Although the membrane response is
probably not involved in the primary inhibitory effect of
diclofop on plant growth, it could reduce the concentration of
the permeant protonated form of the herbicide and possibly
could contribute to increased tolerance to diclofop and other
weak acid herbicides.
208 NAL Call. No.: 500 N813
Metabolism of metribuzin in somaclonal variants of tomato.
Breiland, K.; Davis, D.G.; Swanson, H.R.; Frear, D.S.; Secor,
G. Grand Forks, N.D. : The Academy; 1991 Apr.
Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science v. 45: p.
36; 1991 Apr. Paper presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting,
April 25-26, 1991, Minot, North Dakota. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Somaclonal variation;
Cultivars; Herbicide resistance; Metribuzin
209 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
Metabolism of sulfometuron-methyl in wheat and its possible
role in wheat intolerance.
Anderson, J.J.; Swain, R.S.
Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Nov.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (11): p.
2279-2283; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Sulfonylurea herbicides;
Metabolism; Metabolic detoxification; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: [phenyl-(U)-(14)C]Sulfometuron-methyl was
metabolized in excised wheat (sensitive to sulfometuron-
methyl) to [(14)C]methyl 2-[[[[(4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-
methylpyrimindin-2-yl)amino]
carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate (HM-SM) and its carbohydrate
conjugate. This metabolic pathway is consistent with
sulfometuron-methyl metabolism in tolerant species such as
Bermuda grass. Sulfometuron-methyl was metabolized at a slower
rate than metsulfuron-methyl in wheat. When plantswere exposed
to [(14)C]methyl 4-hydroxy-2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-
triazin-2-yl)ami no]carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl]benzoate (HP-MM)
and [(14)C]HM-SM the primary hydroxylated wheat metabolites of
metsulfuron-methyl and sulfometuron-methyl, respectively), the
rate of glucose conjugation of HP-MM was much faster than the
rate of glucose conjugation of HM-SM. Along with their parent
compounds, both HM-SM and HP-MM are potent inhibitors of wild
mustard acetolactate synthase. These results indicate that
wheat intolerance to sulfometuron-methyl but tolerance to the
structurally closely related (metsulfuron-methyl) reflects not
only a reduced ability to hydroxylate the parent molecule but
also a reduced ability to conjugate the primary toxic
metabolite to a nontoxic moiety.
210 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P55
Mode of action of paraquat in leaves of paraquat-resistant
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.
Lehoczki, E.; Laskay, G.; Gaal, I.; Szigeti, Z.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Jun.
Plant, cell and environment v. 15 (5): p. 531-539; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Conyza canadensis; Paraquat; Herbicidal
properties; Herbicide resistance; Herbicide resistant weeds;
Biotypes; Phytotoxicity; Photosynthesis; Chlorophyll;
Fluorescence; Ethanol production; Oxygen; Gas production;
Light; Leaves; Light intensity
211 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R474 1991
Modelling herbicide resistance--a study of ecological fitness.
Mortimer, A.M.; Ulf-Hansen, P.F.; Putwain, P.D.
London : Published for SCI by Elsevier Applied Science; 1991.
Resistance '91, Achievement and Developments in Combating
Pesticide Resistance / edited by Ian Denholm, Alan L.
Devonshire, and Derek W. Hollomon. p. 148-164; 1991.
Proceedings of the SCI Symposium "Resistance '91: Achievements
and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance," 15-17
July 1991, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Alopecurus myosuroides; Herbicide resistance
212 NAL Call. No.: 472 N42
Modified wheat paves the way to bumper harvest.
Coghlan, A.
London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jul27.
New scientist v. 134 (1827): p. 19; 1992 Jul27.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering;
Herbicide resistance
213 NAL Call. No.: LU378.76 L930d 1991 sath
The molecular basis of imidazolinone herbicide resistance in
arabidopsis thalian var. columbia.
Sathasivan, Kanagasabapathi,
1991; 1991.
x, 67 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Vita. Abstract. Includes
bibliographical references (leaves 60-62).
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants, Effect of herbicides on; Herbicides;
Imidazoline
214 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Molecular basis of imidazolinone herbicide resistance in
Arabidopsis thaliana var Columbia.
Sathasivan, K.; Haughn, G.W.; Murai, N.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Nov. Plant physiology v. 97 (3): p. 1044-1050; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Imidazolinone herbicides;
Herbicide resistance; Plant breeding; Genetic transformation;
Gene transfer; Mutants; Genetic variation
Abstract: Acetolactate synthase (ALS), the first enzyme in
the biosynthetic pathway of leucine, isoleucine, and valine,
is inhibited by imidazolinone herbicides. To understand the
molecular basis of imidazolinone resistance, we isolated the
ALS gene from an imazapyr-resistant mutant GH90 of Arabidopsis
thaliana. DNA sequence analysis of the mutant ALS gene
demonstrated a single-point mutation from G to A at nucleotide
1958 of the ALS-coding sequence. This would result in Ser to
Asn substitution at residue 653 near the carboxyl terminal of
the matured ALS. The mutant ALS gene was introduced into
tobacco using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
Imidazolinone-resistant growth of transformed calli and leaves
of transgenic plants was 100-fold greater than that of
nontransformed control plants. The relative levels of
imidazolinone-resistant ALS activity correlated with the
amount of herbicide-resistant growth in the leaves of
transgenic plants. Southern hybridization analysis confirmed
the existence of transferred ALS gene in the transformant
showing high imazapyr resistance. The results demonstrate that
the mutant ALS gene confers resistance to imidazolinone
herbicides. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of the
molecular basis of imidazolinone resistance in plants.
215 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
The molecular basis of resistance to the herbicide
norflurazon. Chamovitz, D.; Pecker, I.; Hirschberg, J.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Jun.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
fundamental research and genetic engineering v. 16 (6): p.
967-974; 1991 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Synechococcus; Genes; Cloning; Nucleotide
sequences; Enzymes; Norflurazon; Herbicide resistance; Amino
acid sequences; Models; Plants; Restriction mapping; Mutations
Abstract: We have cloned and sequenced a gene, pds, from the
cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 that is responsible for
resistance to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. A point
mutation in that gene, leading to an amino acid substitution
from valine to glycine in its polypeptide product, was found
to confer this resistance. Previous studies with herbicide-
resistant mutants have indicated that this gene encodes
phytoene desaturase (PDS), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of
carotenoids. A short amino acid sequence that is homologous to
conserved motifs in the binding sites for NAD(H) and NADP(H)
was identified in PDS, suggesting the involvement of these
dinucleotides as cofactors in phytoene desaturation.
216 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Monitoring the occurrence of sulfonylurea-resistant prickly
lettuce (Lactuca serriola).
Alcocer-Ruthling, M.; Thill, D.C.; Mallory-Smith, C.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Apr.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (2): p. 437-440; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Lactuca serriola; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Herbicide resistance;
Metsulfuron; Sulfometuron; Surveys; Biotypes; Population
dynamics
217 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Monogenic dominant sulfonylurea resistance in sugarbeet from
somatic cell selection.
Saunders, J.W.; Acquaah, G.; Renner, K.A.; Doley, W.P.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1992 Nov.
Crop science v. 32 (6): p. 1357-1360; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Beta vulgaris; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Inheritance; Cell culture; Culture media;
Somatic mutations; Dominance; Genes; Somaclonal variation
Abstract: Injury to sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L., from
sulfonylurea herbicide residues from preceding cropping years
has kindled interest in developing resistant cultivars. This
study was conducted to obtain chlorsulfuron (2-chloro-N-[[(4-
methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]
benzenesulfonamide) resistance from cell cultures and to
determine its inheritance and magnitude. Utilizing annual
diploid sugarbeet clone REL-1, dispersed suspension cultures
were initiated from callus induced on leaf disks cultured on a
modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium + 1.0 mg L-1 N6-
benzyladenine (BA) and placed in the liquid form of the same
medium. Unmutagenized cell clusters were plated on solid
medium containing 2.8 micromolar chlorsulfuron in MS + 1.0 mg
L-1 BA. A single colony arose, from which shoots were
regenerated. Shoots were resistant to 28 nM chlorsulfuron, a
concentration that killed similar shoots of REL-1. Resistance
(designated Sur) was inherited as a monogenic dominant. In
vitro shoot resistance to chlorsulfuron was 300 to 1000-fold
greater than in REL-1. Resistance was also expressed in leaf
disk expansion in vitro with MS + 1.0 mg L-1 BA.
218 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Multiple resistance to sulfonylureas and imidazolinones
conferred by an acetohydroxyacid synthase gene with separate
mutations for selective resistance.
Hattori, J.; Rutledge, R.; Labbe, H.; Brown, D.; Sunohara, G.;
Miki, B. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Mar.
M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 232 (2): p. 167-173;
1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Nicotiana tabacum; Genetic
transformation; Transgenics; Genes; Oxo-acid-lyases; Alleles;
Mutants; Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Imidazolinone
herbicides; Nucleotide sequences; Enzyme activity; Amino acid
sequences; Induced mutations
Abstract: The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene from the
Arabidopsis thaliana mutant line GH90 carrying the
imidazolinone resistance allele imr1 was cloned. Expression of
the AHAS gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter in
transgenic tobacco resulted in selective imidazolinone
resistance, confirming that the single base-pair change found
near the 3' end of the coding region of this gene is
responsible for imidazolinone resistance. A chimeric AHAS gene
containing both the imr1 mutation and the csr1 mutation,
responsible for selective resistance to sulfonylurea
herbicides, was constructed. It conferred on transgenic
tobacco plants resistance to both sulfonylurea and
imidazolinone herbicides. The data illustrate that a multiple-
resistance phenotype can be achieved in an AHAS gene through
combinations of separate mutations, each of which individually
confers resistance to only one class of herbicides.
219 NAL Call. No.: Q11.J68
Mutant weeds of Iowa. V. S-triazine resistant Setaria faberi
Herrm. Thornhill, R.; Dekker, J.
Cedar Falls, Iowa : The Academy; 1993 Mar.
The Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science : JIAS v. 100 (1):
p. 13-14; 1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Iowa; Setaria faberi; Herbicide resistant weeds;
Mutants; Triazine herbicides
220 NAL Call. No.: QH301.J6
A mutation in the alpha 1-tubulin gene of Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii confers resistance to anti-microtubule herbicides.
James, S.W.; Silflow, C.D.; Stroom, P.; Lefebvre, P.A.
Cambridge : The Company of Biologists Limited; 1993 Sep.
Journal of cell science v. 106 (pt.1): p. 209-218; 1993 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Induced mutations;
Tubulin; Structural genes; Alleles; Gene mapping; Linkage
groups; Herbicide resistance; Amiprofos-methyl; Oryzalin;
Microtubules; Semidominance; Segregation; Nucleotide sequences
221 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Mutations in corn (Zea mays L.) conferring resistance to
imidazolinone herbicides.
Newhouse, K.; Singh, B.; Shaner, D.; Stidham, M.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (1): p. 65-70; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Induced mutations; Oxo-acid-lyases;
Alleles; Semidominant genes; Enzyme activity; Herbicide
resistance; Imazethapyr; Imazaquin; Sulfometuron; Inheritance;
Crossing; Inbred lines
Abstract: Three corn (Zea mays L.) lines resistant to
imidazolinone herbicides were developed by in vitro selection
and plant regeneration. For all three lines, resistance is
inherited as a single semidominant allele. The resistance
alleles from resistant lines XA17, XI12, and QJ22 have been
crossed into the inbred line B73, and in each case homozygotes
are tolerant of commercial use rates of imidazolinone
herbicides. All resistant selections have herbicide-resistant
forms of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), the known site of
action of imidazolinone herbicides. The herbicide-resistant
phenotypes displayed at the whole plant level correlate
directly with herbicide insensitivity of the AHAS activities
of the selections. The AHAS activities from all three
selections have normal feedback regulation by valine and
leucine, and plants containing the mutations display a normal
phenotype.
222 NAL Call. No.: 450 N42
Natural tolerance of cyanobacteria to the herbicide
glyphosate. Powell, H.A.; Kerby, N.W.; Rowell, P.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1991 Nov.
The New phytologist v. 119 (3): p. 421-426; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Anabaena variabilis; Glyphosate; Phytotoxicity;
Herbicide resistance
223 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R474 1991
The needs for new herbicide-resistant crops.
Gressel, J.
London : Published for SCI by Elsevier Applied Science; 1991.
Resistance '91, Achievement and Developments in Combating
Pesticide Resistance / edited by Ian Denholm, Alan L.
Devonshire, and Derek W. Hollomon. p. 283-294; 1991.
Proceedings of the SCI Symposium "Resistance '91: Achievements
and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance," 15-17
July 1991, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Genetic resistance; Herbicide
resistance
224 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
Negative cross-resistance to bentazone and pyridate in
atrazine-resistant Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hybridus
biotypes.
Prado, R. de; Sanchez, M.; Jorrin, J.; Dominguez, C.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Pesticide science v. 35 (2): p. 131-136; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spain; Amaranthus cruentus; Amaranthus hybridus;
Herbicide resistance; Cross resistance; Atrazine; Cyanazine;
Acetochlor; Alachlor; Bentazone; Propachlor; Pyridate; Mcpa;
Phytotoxicity; Photosynthesis; Inhibition; Chloroplasts;
Chlorophyll
Abstract: Plants of Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus
hybridus resistant to atrazine and cyanazine were found in
maize fields in north-eastern Spain. Both resistant biotypes
survived doses of 5 kg ha-1 of atrazine and 2-4 kg ha-1 of
cyanazine but were controlled by lower doses of bentazone and
pyridate than were susceptible biotypes. Such a negative
cross-resistance was not found for chloroacetamides and MCPA.
Chlorophyll fluorescence studies revealed that atrazine,
bentazone, cyanazine and pyridate (10 mg litre-1) caused
inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in susceptible
leaves, while in resistant plants, atrazine and cyanazine had
no effect. Conversely, bentazone and pyridate inhibited
photosynthesis to a greater extent in resistant than in
susceptible biotypes. Isolated chloroplast membranes from
resistant biotypes showed resistance factors of 366 and 501 to
atrazine and 39 and 60 to cyanazine for A. hybridus and A.
cruentus, respectively. Bentazone and pyridate were found to
be more effective in chloroplasts of the resistant biotypes
than those of the susceptible plants. It is suggested that
enhanced susceptibility to bentazone and pyridate in triazine-
resistant A. cruentus and A. hybridus biotypes may be
associated with the alteration of the D-1 polypeptide subunit
of photosystem II, as found in triazine-resistant plants.
225 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74
Nitrodiphenyl ether and phenylimide resistance of a tobacco
biotype is due to enhanced inducibility of its antioxidant
systems.
Gullner, G.; Kiraly, L.; Komives, T.
Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 3: p. 1111-1118;
1991. Meeting held November 18-21, 1991, Brighton, England.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana; Antioxidants; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance
226 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
A novel pattern of herbicide cross-resistance in a
trifluralin-resistant biotype of green foxtail [Setaria
viridis (L.) Beauv.].
Smeda, R.J.; Vaughn, K.C.; Morrison, I.N.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Mar.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 42 (3): p. 227-241;
1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Setaria viridis; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Herbicide resistant weeds; Cross resistance;
Trifluralin; Herbicides; Dinitroaniline herbicides; Resistance
mechanisms; Propyzamide; Terbucarb; Amiprofos-methyl; Propham;
Chlorthal-dimethyl; Barban; Chlorpropham
Abstract: A trifluralin-resistant (R) biotype of Setaria
viridis is found in areas of Manitoba, Canada where
trifluralin is utilized its the principal or sole herbicide.
In this study, we examine the cross-resistance pattern of this
biotype to other mitotic disrupter herbicides utilizing growth
measurements and electron microscopy to monitor the
resistance. Compared to a trifluralin-susceptible (S) biotype,
the R biotype is cross-resistant to all dinitroaniline
herbicides tested, with I50 R/S ratios [the concentration of
herbicide required to inhibit root growth of the R biotype by
50% divided by the concentration which induces the same effect
for the S biotype] ranging from 1.6 to 14.8. This R biotype is
also cross-resistant at about the same level to
amiprophosmethyl and dithiopyr, but exhibits no resistance to
pronamide, sindone B, barban, or the microtubule stabilizer
taxol. The highest level of resistance is to the structurally
unrelated herbicides DCPA (I50, R/S > 50) and terbutol (I50
R/S = 13.4). This is the first reported incidence of
resistance to these two herbicides. Ultrastructural
observations show herbicide-induced abnormalities are either
reduced or absent in the R biotype. The S biotype is actually
less susceptible to chlorpropham and propham (R/S I50) = 0.7)
than the R biotype. The high level of resistance to the
phragmoplast-disrupting microtubule herbicide DCPA, as well as
terbutol, and a lower level of resistance to a number of other
tubulin-interacting microtubule disrupters, indicate that the
R biotype may contain an alteration in a cytoskeletal protein
that stabilizes phragmoplast microtubule arrays.
227 NAL Call. No.: QD435.D57
Nucleotide sequence of a 2kb plasmid from Pseudomonas cepacia
implicated in the degradation of phenylcarbamate herbicides.
Gaubier, P.; Vega, D.; Cooke, R.
Chur ; New York : Harwood Academic Publishers, 1990-; 1992.
DNA sequence : the journal of DNA sequencing and mapping v. 2
(4): p. 269-271; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pseudomonas cepacia; Plasmids; Nucleotide
sequences; Herbicide resistance; Carbamate herbicides;
Microbial degradation; Amino acid sequences
Abstract: The complete nucleotide sequence of a very small
plasmid whose presence and level in Pseudomonas cepacia have
been linked to herbicide resistance is presented. The
structural features of the plasmid are discussed.
228 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Nucleotide sequence of the phytoene desaturase gene from
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and characterization of a new
mutation which confers resistance to the herbicide
norflurazon.
Martinez-Ferez, I.M.; Vioque, A.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Mar.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18
(5): p. 981-983; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cyanobacteria; Genes; Enzymes; Nucleotide
sequences; Mutations; Herbicide resistance; Norflurazon; Amino
acid sequences
229 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
On the mechanism of resistance to paraquat in Hordeum glaucum
and H. leporinum: Delayed inhibition of photosynthetic O2
evolution after paraquat application.
Preston, C.; Holtum, J.A.M.; Powles, S.B.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1992 Oct. Plant physiology v. 100 (2): p. 630-636; 1992 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum glaucum; Hordeum murinum subsp.
leporinum; Paraquat; Herbicide resistance; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Photosynthesis; Oxygen; Gas production; Biotypes;
Translocation; Leaves; Diquat
Abstract: The mechanism of resistance to paraquat was
investigated in biotypes of Hordeum glaucum Steud. and H.
leporinum Link. with high levels of resistance. Inhibition of
photosynthetic O2 evolution after herbicide application was
used to monitor the presence of paraquat at the active site.
Inhibition of photosynthetic O2 evolution after paraquat
application was delayed in both resistant biotypes compared
with the susceptible biotypes; however, this differential was
more pronounced in the case of H. glaucum than in H.
leporinum. Similar results could be obtained with the related
herbicide diquat. Examination of the concentration dependence
of paraquat-induced inhibition of evolution showed that the
resistant H. glaucum biotype was less affected by herbicide
compared with the susceptible biotype 3 h after treatment at
most rates. The resistant H. leporinum biotype, in contrast,
was as inhibited as the susceptible biotype except at the
higher rates. In all cases photosynthetic evolution was
dramatically inhibited 24 h after treatment. Measurement of
the amount of paraquat transported to the young tissue of
these plants 24 h after treatment showed 57% and 53%
reductions in the amount of herbicide transported in the case
of the resistant H. glaucum and H. leporinum biotypes,
respectively, compared with the susceptible biotypes. This was
associated with 62% and 66% decreases in photosynthetic
evolution of young leaves in the susceptible H. glaucum and H.
leporinum biotypes, respectively, a 39% decrease in activity
for the resistant H. leporinum biotype, but no change in the
resistant H. glaucum biotype. Photosynthetic evolution of leaf
slices from resistant H. glaucum was not as inhibited by
paraquat compared with the susceptible biotype; however, those
of resistant and susceptible biotypes of H. leporinum were
equally inhibited by paraquat. Paraquat resistance in these
two biotypes appears to be a consequence of reduced movement
of the herbicide in the resistant plants; however, the
mechanism involved is not the same in H. glaucum as in H.
leporinum.
230 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
The origin and evolution of weed beets: consequences for the
breeding and release of herbicide-resistant transgenic sugar
beets.
Boudry, P.; Morchen, M.; Saumitou-Laprade, P.; Vernet, P.; Van
Dijk, H. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1993 Dec.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 87 (4): p. 477-478; 1993
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: France; Cabt; Beta vulgaris; Beta vulgaris var.
saccharifera; Weeds; Biotypes; Evolution; Mitochondrial DNA;
Chloroplasts; Dna; Restriction fragment length polymorphism;
Annual habit; Alleles; Dominance; Pollination; Hybridization;
Cultivars; Life cycle; Weed biology; Maternal effects;
Chloroplast genetics; Genotypes; Mitochondrial genetics;
Cytoplasmic male sterility
Abstract: Populations of weed beets have expanded into
European sugar beet production areas since the 1970s, thereby
forming a serious new weed problem for this crop. We sampled
seeds in different French populations and studied
mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA and life-cycle variability.
Given the maternal inheritance of the mitochondrial and
chloroplastic genomes and the nuclear determinism of the
annual habit, we were able to determine the maternal origin
and evolution of these weed beet populations. Our study shows
that they carry the dominant allele "B" for annual habit at
high frequency. The main cytoplasmic DNA type found in
northern weed beet populations is the cytoplasmic male-sterile
type characteristic of sugar beets. We were able to determine
that these populations arise from seeds originating from the
accidental pollinations of cultivated beets by adventitious
beets in the seed production area, which have been transported
to the regions where sugar beets are cultivated. These seeds
are supposedly the origin of the weed forms and a frequently
disturbed cultivated environment has selected for annual habit
and early flowering genotypes. We discuss the consequences of
the weed beet populations for the breeding, seed production
and release of herbicide-resistant transgenic sugar beets.
231 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Ornamental grass tolerance to postemergence grass herbicides.
Hubbard, J.; Whitwell, T.
Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural
Science; 1991 Dec. HortScience : a publication of the American
Society for Horticultural Science v. 26 (12): p. 1507-1509;
1991 Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Grasses; Ornamental herbaceous plants; Herbicide
resistance; Calamagrostis; Cortaderia; Eragrostis; Erianthus;
Miscanthus; Sorghastrum; Spartina; Panicum; Sethoxydim;
Fenoxaprop; Fluazifop-p; Phytotoxicity; Application rates;
Abiotic injuries
Abstract: Twelve ornamental grasses from the genera
Calamagrostis, Cortaderia, Eragrostis, Erianthus, Miscanthus,
Sorghastrum, Spartina, Panicum, and Pennisetum were evaluated
for tolerance to the postemergence herbicides fenoxaprop-
ethyl, fluazifop-P, and sethoxydim at 0.4 kg a.i./ha.
Calamagrostis was uninjured by fenoxaprop-ethyl as measured by
visual injury ratings, height, and foliage dry weight.
Greenhouse studies evaluated the tolerance of three
Calamagrostis cultivars to fenoxaprop-ethyl rates of 0.4 to
3.2 kg a.i./ha with no observed visual injury from any
treatment. However, the expansion rate of the youngest
Calamagrostis leaf was reduced linearly with increasing
herbicide rates each day after application. The highest rate
(3.2 kg a.i./ha) reduced the leaf expansion rate by 1 day and
all other rates by 3 days after treatment. Leaf expansion rate
differed between Calamagrostis cultivars at different times
after herbicide treatment. Dry weight of Calamagrostis
arundinacea 'Karl Foerster' was reduced at 4 weeks after
treatment but not at 10 weeks after treatment.
232 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34
Overproduction by gene amplification of the multifunctional
arom protein confers glyphosate tolerance to a plastid-free
mutant of Euglena gracilis. Reinbothe, S.; Ortel, B.;
Parthier, B.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1993 Jun.
Molecular & general genetics : MGG v. 239 (3): p. 416-424;
1993 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Euglena gracilis; Amplification; Genes; Plant
proteins; Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance; Enzyme activity;
Alkyl (aryl) transferases; Alcohol oxidoreductases; Kinases;
Messenger RNA; Plastids; Mutants; Amino acid metabolism;
Amino acids
Abstract: Cells of the plastid-free mutant line of Euglena
gracilis var. bacillaris, W10BSmL, can be adapted to
glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] by gradually
increasing the concentration of the herbicide in the culture
medium. The molecular basis of glyphosate tolerance is the
selective ca. ten-fold overproduction of the multifunctional
arom protein catalyzing steps 2-6 in the pre-chorismate
pathway. Determination of 5-enolpyru-vylshikimate-3-phosphate
(EPSP) synthase (E.C.2.5.1.19), shikimate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(E.C.1.1.1.25) and shikimate kinase (E.C.2.7.1.71) activities
after non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, in combination with
two-dimensional separations, revealed an increase in all three
enzyme activities associated with overproduction of a 165 kDa
protein in cells adapted to 6 mM glyphosate. Further evidence
for an involvement of the multifunctional arom protein in
aromatic amino acid synthesis in the plastid-free W10BSmL
cells was obtained by Northern hybridization with ARO1-, aroA-
, aroL- and aroE-specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene probes
encoding the entire arom protein or parts of the EPSP
synthase, shikimate: NADP+ oxidoreductase and shikimate kinase
domains, respectively. Overproduction in adapted relative to
control cells of a 5.3 kb transcript that cross-hybridized
with all of the different probes could be demonstrated. The
elevated content of the arom transcript correlated with a
selective amplification of two out of five genomic sequences
that hybridized with the S. cerevisiae ARO1 gene probe in
Southern blots. One of the amplified genomic fragments is
assumed to encode the previously identified monofunctional 59
kDa EPSP synthase, which is thought to be an organellar
protein, that accumulates to a certain extent in its
enzymatically active precursor form of 64.5 kDa in the
plastid-free W10BSmL cells.
233 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Overproduction of gamma-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids
by algae. Cohen, Z.; Didi, S.; Heimer, Y.M.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
Feb. Plant physiology v. 98 (2): p. 569-572; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spirulina; Algae; Biosynthesis; Linolenic acid;
Eicosapentaenoic acid; Genetic regulation; Cell lines;
Herbicide resistance; Plant breeding; Selection; High yielding
varieties
Abstract: The pharmaceutical interest and limited
availability of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) prompted the search for genetic
means for increasing the production of these fatty acids from
algal sources. Cell lines of Spirulina platensis and
Porphyridium cruentum resistant to the growth inhibition of
the herbicide Sandoz 9785 were selected by serial transfers of
the culture in the presence of increasing concentrations of
the herbicide. The resistant cell lines of S. platensis
overproduced GLA and those of P. cruentum overproduced EPA and
were stable for at least 50 generations in the absence of the
inhibitor.
234 NAL Call. No.: 100 L939
Overtop applications of Buctril controls broadleaf weeds in
transgenic cotton. Crawford, S.H.
Baton Rouge, La. : The Station; 1993.
Louisiana agriculture - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
Station v. 36 (1): p. 23; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium hirsutum; Weed control;
Bromoxynil; Transgenics; Herbicide resistance; Field tests
235 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3
Oxyflurofen tolerance and weed control in young papaya.
Nishimoto, R.K.
London : Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1993-; 1993 Jul.
International journal of pest management v. 39 (3): p.
366-369; 1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hawaii; Cabt; Carica papaya; Herbicide
resistance; Age of trees; Plant height; Susceptibility;
Chemical control; Weed control; Bidens pilosa; Oxyfluorfen;
Phytotoxicity; Abiotic injuries
236 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Paraquat resistance and its inheritance in seed germination of
the foliar-resistant biotypes of Erigeron canadensis L. and E.
sumatrensis Retz. Yamasue, Y.; Kamiyama, K.; Hanioka, Y.;
Kusanagi, T.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Sep.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 44 (1): p. 21-27;
1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Erigeron sumatrensis; Conyza canadensis;
Biotypes; Herbicide resistant weeds; Paraquat; Herbicide
resistance; Inheritance; Seed germination; Foliar application;
Genes; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: Seeds of the foliar-resistant biotypes of Erigeron
canadensis L. and E. sumatrensis Retz. to paraquat (1,1'-
dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium ion) were studied with respect to
resistance at germination. Threshold concentrations of the
herbicide in foliar susceptibility of seedlings were 10(-4)
and 10(-6) M for the resistant and susceptible biotypes of E.
canadensis, respectively. The concentrations in seed
susceptibility at germination were 10(-5) and 10(-7) M for the
respective biotypes. Seeds of the resistant biotype of E.
sumatrensis showed less resistance at seed germination than
those of E. canadensis. The resistant and susceptible biotypes
of E. canadensis were reciprocally crossed to make a
comparison in inheritance between the foliar resistance and
seed resistance at germination. In the F2 generation, the
ratios of foliar-resistant and susceptible seedlings at 10(-5)
M fitted well to a 3:1 ratio, indicating that the resistance
was controlled by a single nuclear gene. In seed resistance,
three-fourths of the F2 seeds were resistant at 10(-5) M,
suggesting that a single gene also controlled the resistance.
These results suggested the possibility that a common
mechanism of paraquat resistance exists between the
photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organs.
237 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Paraquat tolerance in a photomixotrophic culture of
Chenopodium rubrum. Bhargava, S.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1993.
Plant cell reports v. 12 (4): p. 230-232; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chenopodium rubrum; Cell cultures; Paraquat;
Herbicide resistance; Weed biology; Growth; Chemical
composition; Chlorophyll; Photosystem i; Enzyme activity;
Superoxide dismutase; Peroxidase; Catalase; Lines; Genetic
variation; Metabolic detoxification
Abstract: A paraquat tolerant line of Chenopodium rubrum has
been compared with paraquat susceptible cultures, in terms of
growth, chlorophyll content, photosystem I partial reactions,
and the activities of some enzymes involved in detoxification
of harmful oxygen radicals. Results indicate that paraquat
tolerance is manifested through increased activity of
superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, in the tolerant
line, only in the presence of paraquat. The behaviour of the
paraquat tolerant and susceptible cultures in the absence of
paraquat is quite similar.
238 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Photoacoustic spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring herbicide
effects on triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of
black nightshade (Solanum nigrum).
Fuks, B.; Homble, F.; Van Eycken, F.; Figeys, H.; Lannoye,
R.L. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Jul. Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 371-377; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanum nigrum; Biotypes; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Atrazine; Diuron; Herbicide resistance; Detection;
Monitoring; Spectroscopy; Photosynthesis
Abstract: Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to study
effects of atrazine and diuron on excised leaves of triazine-
susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes of black
nightshade. Changes of oxygen and photothermal components were
compared to photochemical fluorescence quenching obtained by
fluorimetry. After 1 h incubation in an aqueous solution of
atrazine (0 to 200 micromole), oxygen component of the
photoacoustic signal was strongly decreased in the S biotype
while the R biotype was not affected. Also, reoxidation of the
primary quinone acceptor (QA(-1)) of photosystem (PS) II of
the S biotype was lower than that of the R biotype. With
diuron treatments, changes in the characteristics of these
biophysical signals were the same in both R and S biotypes.
Both oxygen component and photochemical fluorescence quenching
were decreased in treated leaves of the R and S biotypes. By
using modulated oxygen and heat emissions, and the ratio of
the initial inflection point (I) to the fluorescence maximum
(P) as herbicide bioassay indicators, we showed that the
photoacoustic spectroscopy was also a reliable technique for
whole plant studies. Inhibition of photosynthesis was maximal
2 d after onset of treatment with atrazine (200 micromole).
Inhibitors of PSII did not induce a significant increase of
heat emission in leaves which otherwise showed phytotoxic
symptoms after treatment. By using the photoacoustic
technique, it was possible to obtain useful information on
photosynthetic activity under herbicide stress, suggesting
that pulsed oxygen emitted by leaves could be used to quantify
susceptibility or to detect resistance to many types of
photosynthetic inhibitors in weeds and crop plants.
239 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Physiological basis for differential sensitivities of plant
species to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides.
Sherman, T.D.; Becerril, J.M.; Matsumoto, H.; Duke, M.V.;
Jacobs, J.M.; Jacobs, N.J.; Duke, S.O.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Sep. Plant physiology v. 97 (1): p. 280-287; 1991 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Abutilon theophrasti; Cucumis sativus; Brassica
hirta; Chenopodium album; Amaranthus retroflexus; Medicago
sativa; Fagopyrum tataricum; Ipomoea lacunosa; Cassia
obtusifolia; Datura stramonium; Spinacia oleracea; Herbicide
resistance; Porphyrins; Biosynthesis; Acifluorfen;
Phytotoxicity; Weed control; Herbicidal properties
Abstract: With a leaf disc assay, 11 species were tested for
effects of the herbicide acifluorfen on porphyrin accumulation
in darkness and subsequent electrolyte leakage and
photobleaching of chlorophyll after exposure to light.
Protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) was the only porphyrin that was
substantially increased by the herbicide in any of the
species. However, there was a wide range in the amount of
Proto IX accumulation caused by 0.1 millimolar acifluorfen
between species. Within species, there was a reduced effect of
the herbicide in older tissues. Therefore, direct quantitative
comparisons between species are difficult. Nevertheless, when
data from different species and from tissues of different age
within a species were plotted, there was a curvilinear
relationship between the amount of Proto IX caused to
accumulate during 20 hours of darkness and the amount of
electrolyte leakage or chlorophyll photobleaching caused after
6 and 24 hours of light respectively, following the dark
period. Herbicidal damage plateaued at about 10 nanomoles of
Proto IX per gram of fresh weight. Little difference was found
between in vitro acifluorfen inhibition of protoporphyrinogen
oxidase (Protox) of plastid preparations of mustard, cucumber,
and morning glory, three species with large differences in
their susceptibility at the tissue level. Mustard, a highly
tolerant species, produced little Proto IX in response to the
herbicide, despite having a highly susceptible Protox.
Acifluorfen blocked carbon flow from delta-aminolevulinic acid
to protochlorophyllide in mustard, indicating that it inhibits
Protox in vivo. Increasing delta-aminolevulinic acid
concentrations (33-333 micromolar) supplied to mustard with
0.1 millimolar acifluorfen increased Proto IX accumulation and
herbicidal activity, demonstrating that mustard sensitivity to
Proto IX was similar to other species. Differential
susceptibility to acifluorfen of the species examined in this
study appears to be due in large part to differences in Proto
IX accumulation in response to the herbicide. In some cases,
differences in Proto IX accumlation appear to be due to
differences in activity of the porphyrin pathway.
240 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Phytoene desaturase, the essential target for bleaching
herbicides. Sandmann, G.; Schmidt, A.; Linden, H.; Boger, P.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 474-479; 1991 Jul. Paper presented
at the "Symposium on Herbicide Mechanism of Action," February
7, 1990, Montreal, Canada. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Fluridone; Norflurazon; Flurtamone; Herbicides;
Mode of action; Herbicidal properties; Enzyme inhibitors;
Phytoene; Biosynthesis; Biochemical pathways; Herbicide
resistance; Molecular genetics; Genes; Cyanobacteria; Cloning;
Mutants
Abstract: Many bleaching herbicides with different core
structures inhibit phytoene desaturase (PD), a membrane-bound
enzyme in the carotenogenic pathway catalyzing the hydrogen
abstraction step at the first C40 precursor of beta-carotene.
Prospects are good that new PD-active herbicides will be
discovered by screening for bleaching activity. Accordingly,
interest in PD enzymology and molecular genetics has
increased. Although active carotenogenic cell-free systems are
available, no isolation of PD has been achieved since the
enzyme cannot be detected in its isolated form due to complete
loss of activity. A portion of the Rhodobacter PD gene was
incorporated into an appropriate plasmid which could be
expressed in E. coli. This system was used to produce an
antibody specific against PD from higher plants as well as
Rhodobacter. All PDs assayed had an apparent molecular weight
of 52 to 55 kDa. A Rhodobacter gene probe hybridized with a
3.1 kbBamHI fragment from Aphanocapsa which allowed us to
sequence the PD gene from this cyanobacterium. Its DNA
sequence matched with the apparent molecular weight of the PD
band in the western blot, and a fusion-gene product was found
to be immunoreactive with the Rhodobacter PD antibody,
Anacystis mutants were produced exhibiting cross-resistance
against nornurazon and fluorochloridone. Apparently, this
resistance is due to an altered PD with concurrent decrease of
inhibitor binding affinity. Cloning of the resistant gene into
the wild type is in progress.
241 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Plant cell and tissue culture techniques for weed science
research. Smeda, R.J.; Weller, S.C.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 497-504; 1991 Jul. Paper presented
at the "Symposium on New Techniques adn Advances in Weed
Physiology and Molecular Biology," February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Weed biology; Laboratory methods; Tissue
culture; Cell culture; Screening; Herbicide resistance;
Metabolism; Herbicides; Mode of action; Uptake; Translocation;
In vitro selection
Abstract: Tissue and cell culture offer weed scientists many
opportunities to research herbicide effects on plants. This
review will discuss examples in which plant cells grown in
vitro have been used to study herbicide action. Plant cell and
tissue culture have many advantages over the use of whole
plants; however, several disadvantages that exist are
discussed. Cell cultures can be established for most plant
species and provide a relatively homogeneous system for
studying herbicide action. Responses of plant cells to
herbicides are usually correlated with responses at the whole
plant level, and cells have the advantage of posing fewer
physical barriers to herbicide uptake and translocation. Cell
culture techniques discussed include: screening candidate
herbicide compounds; investigating herbicide efficacy,
mechanism of action, metabolism, and uptake; and ascertaining
mechanisms of herbicide resistance, selecting for resistance,
and regenerating crops.
242 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
A plant selectable marker gene based on the detoxification of
the herbicide dalapon.
Buchanan-Wollaston, V.; Snape, A.; Cannon, F.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Plant cell reports v. 11 (12): p. 627-631; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia; Leaves; Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Genetic transformation; Gene transfer; Marker
genes; Selective breeding; Dalapon; Herbicide resistance;
Phytotoxicity; Enzymes; Degradation; Plasmids; Pseudomonas
putida
Abstract: A gene from Pseudomonas putida coding for a
dehalogenase capable of degrading 2,2 dichloropropionic acid
(2,2DCPA). the active ingredient of the herbicide dalapon, has
been isolated and characterised. In plant transformation
experiments the gene was shown to confer resistance to 2,2DCPA
at a tissue culture level where 2,2DCPA could be used to
select for transformants. At the whole plant level,
transformed plants showed resistance to 2,2DCPA at
concentrations up to 5 times the recommended dose rate of
dalapon when it was sprayed on their leaves. At lower
concentrations, the herbicide caused a non-lethal yellowing of
sensitive plants which clearly distinguished them from
resistant plants. The mode of action of chlorinated aliphatic
acids is not known but they probably affect many enzyme
pathways. The results described here are the first example of
engineering a plant resistant to a herbicide that does not
have one specific enzyme as its target site. This gene has
several advantages as a marker in plant breeding and genetic
studies. For example, the herbicide is readily available and
has low toxicity, transformants can be selected at both the
tissue culture and the whole plant level, a large number of
transformed plants can easily be screened even in the field,
and there is a very low probability of selecting spontaneous
mutants.
243 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Pleiotropy in triazine-resistant Brassica napus. Ontogenetic
and diurnal influences on photosynthesis.
Dekker, J.H.; Burmester, R.G.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1992 Dec. Plant physiology v. 100 (4): p. 2052-2058; 1992
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Pleiotropy; Mutations; Structural
genes; Herbicide resistance; Triazine herbicides;
Photosynthesis; Chloroplast genetics; Diurnal variation; Crop
growth stage; Biotypes
Abstract: Studies were conducted that supported the
hypothesis that the mutation to the psbA plastid gene that
confers S-triazine resistance (R) in Brassica napus also
results in an altered diurnal pattern of photosynthetic carbon
assimilation (A) relative to that of the susceptible (S) wild
type, and that these patterns change over the ontogeny of a
plant. Photosynthetic photon flux density, under closely
controlled environmental conditions, was incrementally
increased and decreased on either side of the midday maxima of
1150 to 1300 micromoles quanta m-2 s-1. In all experiments, A
approximately tracked the increasing and decreasing diurnal
light levels. Younger (3- to 4-leaf) R plants had greater
photosynthetic rates early and late in the diurnal light
period, whereas those of S plants were greater during midday
as well as during the photoperiod as a whole. These relative
photosynthetic characteristics of R and S plants changed in
several ways with ontogeny. As the plants aged during the
vegetative phase of development, S plants gradually
assimilated more carbon in the early, and then in the late,
part of the day. At the end of the vegetative phase of
development, R plant carbon assimilation was less relative to
S plants at most times of the day, and was never greater. This
relationship between the two biotypes dramatically changed
with the onset of the reproductive phase (8 1/2 to 9 1/2 leaf)
of plant development: R plants assimilated more carbon than S
plants during all periods of the diurnal light period with the
exception of the late part of the day. In addition to these
differences in A, R plant stomatal function differed from that
in S plants. R plant leaves were always cooler than S plant
leaves under the same environmental and diurnal conditions.
Correlated with this difference in leaf temperature were equal
or greater total conductances to water vapor and intercellular
CO2 partial pressures in R compared to S leaves in most
instances. These studies indicate a more complex pattern of
photosynthetic carbon assimilation than previously observed.
The photosynthetic superiority of one biotype relative to the
other was a function of the time of day and the age of the
plant. These studies also suggest that R plants may have an
adaptive advantage over S plants in certain unfavorable
ecological niches independent of the presence of S-triazine
herbicides, such as cool, low-light environments early and
late in the day, as well as late in the plants' development.
This advantage could result in R biotypes appearing in
populations of a species in greater numbers than plastidic
mutation alone could cause.
244 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Pollen expression of herbicide target site resistance genes in
annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum).
Richter, J.; Powles, S.B.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Jul. Plant physiology v. 102(3): p. 1037-1041; 1993
Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Herbicide resistant weeds;
Herbicide resistance; Sulfometuron; Triasulfuron; Imazapyr;
Diclofop; Haloxyfop; Sethoxydim; Pollen; Screening; Gene
expression; Structural genes; Oxo-acid-lyases; Acetyl-coa
carboxylase; Bitypes; Pollen germination
Abstract: Herbicide resistance can occur either through
target-site insensitivity or by nontarget site-based
mechanisms. Two herbicide-resistant biotypes of Lolium rigidum
Gaud., one resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting
herbicides (biotype WLR1) and the other resistant to acetyl
CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides (biotype WLR96)
through target-site insensitivity at the whole plant and
enzymic levels, were found to express this resistance in the
pollen. Pollen produced by resistant biotypes grew uninhibited
when challenged with herbicide, whereas that from a
susceptible biotype was inhibited. A third biotype, SLR31,
resistant to ACCase-inhibiting and certain ALS-inhibiting
herbicides at the whole plant level through nontarget site-
based mechanisms, did not exhibit this expression in the
pollen. The technique described may form the basis for a rapid
screen for certain nuclear-encoded, target site-based
herbicide-resistance mechanisms.
245 NAL Call. No.: SB317.5.H6
Potential benefits and risks of herbicide-resistant crops
produced by biotechnology.
Dyer, W.E.; Hess, F.D.; Holt, J.S.; Duke, S.O.
New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Press; 1993.
Horticultural reviews v. 15: p. 367-408; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistance; Crops; Biotechnology;
Detoxification; Selection; Screening; Hybridization; Gene
transfer; Environmental protection; Economic impact; Reviews
246 NAL Call. No.: 100 T31P
'Prairie' buffalograss response to selected pre-and post-
emergence herbicides--update.
Marcum, K.B.; Engelke, M.C.
College Station, Tex. : The Station; 1992 Sep.
PR - Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (5002): p. 65-66;
1992 Sep. In the series analytic: Texas turfgrass research-
-1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Texas; Buchloe dactyloides; Herbicide resistance;
Herbicides; Application rates; Crop damage
247 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32
Producing herbicide tolerant populus using genetic
transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58: a
summary of recent research. Riemenschnedier, D.E.; Haissig,
B.E.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991.
NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 210: p. 247-263;
1991. In the series analytic: Woody plant biotechnology /
edited by M.R. Ahuja. Proceedings of a Workshop at the
Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA Forest Service, October
15-19, 1989, Placerville, California. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Populus alba; Populus grandidentata; Crosses;
Cultivars; Genetic transformation; Glyphosate; Herbicide
resistance; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Literature reviews
248 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Production and characterization of asymmetric somatic hybrids
between Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus.
Bauer-Weston, B.; Keller, W.; Webb, J.; Gleddie, S.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1993 Apr.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 86 (2/3): p. 150-158; 1993
Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Brassica napus; Somatic
hybridization; Intergeneric hybridization; Protoplast fusion;
X radiation; Gene transfer; In vitro selection; Herbicide
resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Hybrids; Plant morphology; Plant
breeding
Abstract: Cell suspension-derived protoplasts of a
chlorsulfuron-resistant (GH50) strain of Arabidopsis thaliana
cv Columbia were X-irradiated at 60 or 90 krad, to facilitate
the elimination of GH50 donor chromosomes in fusion products.
Irradiated GH50 protoplasts were fused, with polyethylene
glycol, to protoplasts derived from stem epidermal strips of
Brassica napus cv Westar. Chlorsulfuron-resistant colonies
were selected in vitro and then transferred to shoot and root
regeneration medium. Seventeen hybrid lines were regenerated
in vitro, and eight were successfully established in the
greenhouse, where they flowered. These eight asymmetric
hybrids were intermediate in vegetative morphology between
Arabidopsis and Brassica. The flowers from these hybrids were
male-sterile with abnormal petal and pistil structures.
Zymograms for phosphoglucomutase, esterase, and peroxidase
showed the presence of all parental isozymes in each of the
hybrids tested. Nuclear hybridity was also confirmed for the
ribosomal RNA genes using a wheat rDNA probe; however, the
chloroplast genome in each of the hybrids was derived solely
from the Brassica parent. All selected somatic hybrids were
capable of rooting at levels of chlorsulfuron which were
inhibitory to unfused Brassica plantlets. The degree of
herbicide resistance in the hybrid shoots is presently being
evaluated.
249 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554
Promoting crop protection by genetic engineering and
conventional plant breeding: problems and prospects.
Woolhouse, H.W.
Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.
Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 249-256; 1992. In the
series analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for crop
protection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder and
Boulter, D.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Genetic improvement;
Plant breeding; Defense mechanisms; Insect control; Varietal
resistance; Plant viruses; Herbicide resistance; Mixed
cropping; Gene mapping; Breeding programs
250 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 IN82
Properties and uses of photoautotrophic plant cell cultures.
Widholm, J.M.
San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1992.
International review of cytology v. 132: p. 109-175; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Cell cultures; Growth; Photosynthesis;
Cell differentiation; Metabolism; Molecular biology; Genetic
engineering; Herbicide resistance
251 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32
PS II inhibitor binding, Q(B)-mediated electron flow and rapid
degradation are separable properties of the D1 reaction centre
protein.
Jansen, M.A.K.; Driesenaar, A.R.J.; Kless, H.; Malkin, S.;
Mattoo, A.K.; Edelman, M.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992.
NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 226: p. 303-311;
1992. In the series analytic: Regulation of chloroplast
biogenesis / edited by J.H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou. Proceedings
of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, July 28-August 3, 1991,
Crete, Greece. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Spirodela oligorhiza; Mutants; Herbicide
resistance; Light; Photosystem ii; Plant proteins;
Biodegradation; Cytochromes; Electron transfer
252 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Purification and properties of a glyphosate-tolerant 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase from the
cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Powell, H.A.; Kerby N.W.;
Rowell, P.; Mousdale, D.M.; Coggins, J.R. Berlin : Springer-
Verlag; 1992.
Planta v. 188 (4): p. 484-490; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Anabaena variabilis; Alkyl (aryl) transferases;
Purification; Enzyme activity; Glyphosate; Herbicide
resistance; Tolerance
Abstract: 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase
(3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase; EC 2.5.1.9)
from the glyphosate-tolerant cyanobacterium Anabaena
variabilis (ATCC 29413) was purified to homogeneity. The
enzyme had a similar relative molecular mass to other EPSP
synthases and showed similar kinetic properties except for a
greatly elevated K(i) for the herbicide glyphosate
(approximately ten times higher than that of enzymes from
other sources). With whole cells, the monoisopropylamine salt
of glyphosate was more toxic than the free acid but the
effects of the free acid and monoisopropylamine salt on
purified EPSP synthase were identical.
253 NAL Call. No.: S51.E2
Purple nutsedge control with imazaquin in bermudagrass turf.
Johnson, B.J.; Murphy, T.R.
Athens, Ga. : The Stations; 1992 Feb.
Research bulletin - University of Georgia, Agricultural
Experiment Stations (408): 12 p.; 1992 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Georgia; Cynodon dactylon; Cyperus rotundus;
Imazaquin; Lawns and turf; Weed control; Field tests;
Herbicides; Herbicide resistance
254 NAL Call. No.: 100 F663
Pursuit: advantages and disadvantage in lettuce production.
Dusky, J.A.; Al-Henaid, J.
Belle Glade, Fla. : The Center; 1993 Feb.
Belle Glade EREC research report EV - Florida University
Agricultural Research and Education Center (1993-2): p.
127-132; 1993 Feb. Paper presented at the Lettuce Research
Workshop, February 4, 1993, Belle Glade, Florida.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Lactuca sativa; Imazethapyr; Weed
control; Amaranthus spinosus; Amaranthus lividus; Herbicide
resistance; Application rates; Bioassays; Soil analysis;
Rotations; Application date; Crop yield
255 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Pyridate is not a two-site inhibitor, and may be more prone to
evolution of resistance than other phenolic herbicides.
Gressel, J.; Evron, Y.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Oct.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 44 (2): p. 140-146;
1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lactuca sativa; Pyridate; Mode of action;
Pharmacodynamics; Photosynthesis; Herbicide resistance;
Photosystem ii; Inhibitors; Binding site
Abstract: Target site resistance has evolved to only those
herbicides affecting a single system. Extensive resistance has
evolved to photosystem II inhibitors, especially atrazine, but
not to the phenolic-type herbicides (e.g., dinoseb), which
both affect photosystem II and purportedly uncouple
mitochondrial phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
Pyridate, which has been classified as a "phenolic"-type
herbicide, is highly effective in controlling triazine-
resistant weeds. We demonstrate here that the active de-S-
octyl derivative of pyridate does not have this second target
site; photophosphorylation was only affected at 100 times
greater concentration than photosystem II activity. From this
point of view, pyridate may be more prone to evolution of
resistance than phenolic-type herbicides with two sites of
action.
256 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783
Radiometry accurately measures chlorsulfuron injury to barley.
Lemerle, D.; Fisher, J.A.; Hinkley, R.B.
Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization; 1993.
Australian journal of agricultural research v. 44 (1): p.
13-21; 1993. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Hordeum vulgare; Cultivars; Crop
damage; Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Chlorsulfuron
257 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P63
A rapid assay for chloroplast-encoded triazine resistance in
higher plants. Cheung, W.Y.; Cote, J.C.; Benoit, D.L.; Landry,
B.S.
Athens, Ga. : International Society for Plant Molecular
Biology, University of Georgia; 1993 Jun.
Plant molecular biology reporter - ISPMB v. 11 (2): p.
142-155; 1993 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Genetic analysis; Chloroplasts;
Genetic code; Triazine herbicides; Herbicide resistance;
Laboratory methods; Rapid methods; Polymerase chain reaction;
Dna amplification
258 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds.
Gerwick, B.C.; Mireles, L.C.; Eilers, R.J.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (2): p. 519-524; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Detection;
Assays; Herbicide resistance; Mode of action; Ligases; Enzyme
inhibitors; Imazaquin; Abutilon theophrasti; Xanthium
strumarium; Amaranthus retroflexus; Chenopodium album; Sorghum
bicolor; Isomerases; Acetoin; Plant composition
259 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Rapid germination of sulfonylurea-resistant Kochia seoparia L.
accessions is associated with elevated seed levels of branched
chain amino acids. Dyer, W.E.; Chee, P.W.; Fay, P.K.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan.
Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 18-22; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kochia scoparia; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Seed germination;
Soil temperature; Free amino acids; Isoleucine; Valine;
Leucine; Enzymes; Enzyme activity
Abstract: Field observations indicate that sulfonylurea-
resistant kochia may germinate at lower soil temperatures
and/or germinate more rapidly than susceptible kochia in the
absence of herbicide. To investigate this possibility, seeds
from three resistant and two susceptible kochia accessions
were germinated at temperatures ranging from 4.6 to 13.2
degrees C on thermal gradient plates. At 4.6 and 13.2 degrees
C, germination rates of all resistant accessions were higher
than susceptible accessions, while germination rates of one
resistant accession were higher than susceptible accessions at
7.2 and 10.5 degrees C. Percent germination of all resistant
accessions was significantly higher than susceptible
accessions after 48 h at 4.6 degrees C. At higher
temperatures, percent germination of some resistant accessions
was higher after 12 or 24 h, but germination of all accessions
was similar at later times. HPLC analysis revealed that seeds
from resistant accessions contained about 2-fold higher free
levels of branched chain amino acids than seeds from
susceptible accessions. The results indicate that mutations
conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides in these
kochia accessions may concomitantly reduce or abolish
acetolactate synthase sensitivity to normal feedback
inhibition patterns, resulting in elevated levels of branched
chain amino acids available for cell division and growth
during early germination.
260 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Rapid metabolic inactivation is the basis for cross-resistance
to chlorsulfuron in diclofop-methyl-resistant rigid ryegrass
(Lolium rigidum) biotype SR4/84.
Cotterman, J.C.; Saari, L.L.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 43 (3): p. 182-192;
1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Herbicide resistance; Diclofop; Cross resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Metabolism; Metabolic detoxification;
Pharmacokinetics; Oxo-acid-lyases; Enzyme activity;
Metabolites
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine the
mechanism of cross-resistance to chlorsulfuron
(2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-
yl)amino]carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide) in diclofop-methyl
(methyl
(+/-)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid)-
resistant rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin). In excised
shoots and roots, [14C]chlorsulfuron was metabolized with a
half-life of 1 and 3 hr, respectively, in the resistant
biotype (SR4/84) versus 4 and 13 hr respectively, in the
susceptible biotype (SRS2). Based on coelution with standards
in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and treatment
with beta-glucosidase followed by HPLC, the major
chlorsulfuron metabolite in shoots and roots of both biotypes
was identified as the herbicidally-inactive glucose conjugate
of hydroxy-chlorsulfuron. Acetolactate synthase (ALS, the
target enzyme of chlorsulfuron) isolated from both biotypes
was inhibited to the same degree by chlorsulfuron. The glucose
conjugate of hydroxy-chlorsulfuron was inactive at the enzyme
level, as it required greater than or equal to 36-fold higher
concentrations compared to chlorsulfuron to inhibit the ALS
from both biotypes. When [14C]chlorsulfuron was applied to the
leaf surface, approximately 50% was absorbed within 48 hr by
both biotypes. Of the radioactivity absorbed, less than 10%
was translocated out of the treated leaf in either biotype.
Based on these results, chlorsulfuron resistance in SR4/84 is
due to enhanced metabolic inactivation of the herbicide,
specifically to the glucose conjugate, compared to the
sensitive biotype. Resistance is not due to reduced
sensitivity of ALS or increased uptake or translocation in
SR4/84.
261 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Rapid production of transgenic wheat plants by direct
bombardment of cultured immature embryos.
Vasil, V.; Srivastava, V.; Castillo, A.M.; Fromm, M.E.; Vasil,
I.K. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing,; 1993 Dec.
Bio/technology v. 11 (13): p. 1553-1558; 1993 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic transformation; Plant
embryos; Transgenic plants; Reporter genes; Beta-
glucuronidase; Acyltransferases; Herbicide resistance; Plasmid
vectors; Inheritance; Segregation; Glufosinate; Callus;
Embryogenesis; In vitro selection
262 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Rationale for developing herbicide-resistant crops.
Burnside, O.C.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 621-625; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Genotypes; Biotechnology; Weed control; Risk
263 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Recurrent selection for glyphosate tolerance in birdsfoot
trefoil. Boerboom, C.M.; Ehlke, N.J.; Wyse, D.L.; Somers, D.A.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Sep.
Crop science v. 31 (5): p. 1124-1129; 1991 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lotus corniculatus; Weed control; Cirsium
arvense; Chemical control; Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance;
Selection criteria; Recurrent selection; Enzyme activity;
Ligases
Abstract: Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] tolerant
birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) would allow
selective herbicide control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense
(L.) Scop.] and other dicot weeds in seed production fields.
The objectives of this research were to determine if recurrent
selection can increase the level of glyphosate tolerance in
birdsfoot trefoil and if increased glyphosate tolerance is
associated with increased 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate
(EPSP) synthase activity. Two cycles of selection for
glyphosate tolerance were made in three birdsfoot trefoil
germplasms, Leo', Norcen', and MU-81' by selecting seedlings
following treatment with 0.56 kg ae/ha (kg acid equivalents
per hectare) of glyphosate. To evaluate tolerance, seedings
with eight leaves of the selected and parental populations
were either untreated or treated with 0.56 kg ae/ha of
glyphosate plus surfactant in a greenhouse. Shoot fresh
weights were measured 14 days after treatment (DAT) and
regrowth was measured 35 DAT. Treated shoot weights of the
three C2 populations were from 44 to 85% greater than their C0
populations, indicating increased glyphosate tolerance. The
evaluation of regrowth weights also showed 44 to 127%
increases in the C0 populations. Tolerant plants from C2
populations had greater EPSP synthase-specific activity (the
primary site of action of glyphosate) than susceptible C0
plants. This suggested that tolerance was at least partially
conferred by increased EPSP synthase activity. Genetic
variance should allow continued progress from selection for
increased glyphosate tolerance in birdsfoot trefoil.
264 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Regeneration of herbicide resistant transgenic rice plants
following microprojectile-mediated transformation of
suspension culture cells. Cao, J.; Duan, X.L.; McElroy, D.;
Wu, R.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Plant cell reports v. 11 (11): p. 586-591; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Cell suspensions; Genetic
transformation; Dna; Gene transfer; Plasmids; Herbicide
resistance; Glufosinate; Gene expression; Selection; Gene
mapping; Nucleotide sequences
Abstract: Suspension cells of Oryza sativa L. (rice) were
transformed, by microprojectile bombardment, with plasmids
carrying the coding region of the Streptomyces hygroscopicus
phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene (bar) under the
control of either the 5' region of the rice actin 1 gene
(Act1) or the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter.
Subsequently regenerated plants display detectable PAT
activity and are resistant to BASTA, a phosphinothricin (PPT)-
based herbicide. DNA gel blot analyses showed that PPT
resistant rice plants contain a bar-hybridizing restriction
fragment of the expected size. This report shows that
expression of the bar gene in transgenic rice plants confers
resistance to PPT-based herbicide by suppressing an increase
of ammonia in plants after spraying with the herbicide.
265 NAL Call. No.: QK882.P5577 1993
Regulation of electron transport at the acceptor side of
photosystem II by herbicides, bicarbonate and formate.
Rensen, J.S. van
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993.
Photosynthesis : photoreactions to plant productivity / edited
by Yash Pal Abrol, Prasanna Mohanty, Govindjee. p. 157-180;
1993. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Photosynthesis; Photosystem ii; Electron
transfer; Quinones; Herbicides; Herbicidal properties; Formic
acid; Organic anions; Carbon; Anions; Herbicide resistance;
Binding site; Literature reviews; Plant proteins
Abstract: The photosystem II reaction center can be
considered as a water-plastoquinone oxido-reductase. Using
four photons it transfers four electrons from two molecules of
water to plastoquinone producing molecular oxygen and two
molecules of doubly reduced plastoquinone. Our understanding
of the structure and function of this complex has greatly
increased during the recent years. The basis of the reaction
center of photosystem II is formed by the D1 and D2 proteins,
both having a molecular mass of about 32 kDa. The D1 protein
contains not only the binding site for the physiological
electron carrier QB, but also the binding sites for several
classes of herbicides and for bicarbonate and formate. Both
the diuron-type and the phenol-type herbicides act by
replacing the physiological electron carrier QB from its
binding site at the D1 protein. Because the herbicides cannot
be reduced, the electron flow is interrupted between the
primary electron acceptor of photosystem II QA, and the
plastoquinone pool. There appears a relation between the
residence time of a herbicide at the D1 protein and its
activity as an inhibitor of electron flow. Incubation of
isolated chloroplasts with formate, while flushing them with
nitrogen gas, results in full inhibition of electron flow
activity, which can be restored by addition of bicarbonate.
This antagonistic action of formate and bicarbonate is located
at the D1 protein and affects electron flow between QA and the
plastoquinone pool. The advances in this field should
encourage future work on the mechanism of the action of
formate and bicarbonate at the molecular level as well as on
their action in vivo. The study of triazine-resistance in
weeds and herbicide-resistance in algae and photosynthetic
bacteria has resulted in the recognition of a common binding
niche for QB, herbicides, formate and bicarbonate at the D1
protein including the hydrophobic transmembrane helices IV and
V and the parallel helix connecting these on the matrix side
of the D1 protein.
266 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Regulation of photosynthesis in trizaine-resistant and -
susceptible Brassica napus.
Dekker, J.H.; Sharkey, T.D.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
Mar. Plant physiology v. 98 (3): p. 1069-1073; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Photosynthesis; Regulation;
Triazines; Net assimilation rate; Chlorophyll; Fluorescence;
Temperature; Biotypes; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: The response of photosynthetic carbon assimilation
and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching to changes in
intercellular CO2 partial pressure (C(i)), O2 partial
pressure, and leaf temperature (15-35 degrees C) in triazine-
resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Brassica napus were
examined to determine the effects of the changes in the
resistant biotype on the overall process of photosynthesis in
intact leaves. Three categories of photosynthetic regulation
were observed. The first category of photosynthetic response,
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)-
limited photosynthesis, was observed at 15, 25, and 35 degrees
C leaf temperatures with low C(i). When the carbon
assimilation rate was Rubisco-limited, there was little
difference between the resistant and susceptible biotypes, and
Rubisco activity parameters were similar between the two
biotypes. A second category, called feedback-limited
photosynthesis, was evident at 15 and 25 degrees C above 300
microbars C(i). The third category, photosynthetic electron
transport-limited photosynthesis, was evident at 25 and 35
degrees C at moderate to high CO2. At low temperature, when
the response curves of carbon assimilation to C(i) indicated
little or no electron transport limitation, the carbon
assimilation rate was similar in the resistant and susceptible
biotypes. With increasing temperature, more electron
transport-limited carbon assimilation was observed, and a
greater difference between resistant and susceptible biotypes
was observed. These observations reveal the increasing
importance of photosynthetic electron transport in controlling
the overall rate of photosynthesis in the resistant biotype as
temperature increases. Photochemical quenching of chlorophyll
fluorescence (q(p)) in the resistant biotype never exceeded
60%, and triazine resistance effects were more evident when
the susceptible biotype had greater than 60% q(p), but not
when it had less than 60% q(p).
267 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Relationship of leaf surface characteristics to acifluorfen
tolerance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and related
species.
Ricotta, J.A.; Masiunas, J.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 402-407; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Weed control; Solanum;
Genotypes; Herbicide resistance; Screening; Acifluorfen;
Leaves; Cuticle; Waxes; Trichomes; Density; Stomata
Abstract: Fourteen tomato genotypes, eastern black
nightshade, and 35 Lycopersicon accessions were screened for
tolerance to acifluorfen. Tolerant and susceptible genotypes
occurred in most species. Fifteen genotypes were chosen for
further study depending on their fresh weight after
acifluorfen treatment. Over all 15 genotypes, there was no
correlation between trichome density and acifluorfen
tolerance; however, in L. esculentum, cultivars with the most
trichomes were the most tolerant. There was an inverse
relationship between stomata density and tolerance. Amount and
composition of epicuticular wax and cuticle thickness did not
correlate to acifluorfen tolerance.
268 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Relationships among the herbicide and functional sites of
acetohydroxy acid synthase from Chlorella emersonii.
Landstein, D.; Arad, S.M.; Barak, Z.; Chipman, D.M.
Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag, 1925-; 1993.
Planta v. 191 (1): p. 1-6; 1993. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlorella; Oxo-acid-lyases; Enzyme activity;
Inhibition; Sulfometuron; Mutants; Herbicide resistance;
Anilide herbicides; Imidazolinone herbicides; Binding site;
Amino acid sequences
Abstract: The properties of acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS,
EC 4.1.3.18) from wild-type Chlorella emersonii (var.
Emersonii, CCAP-211/11n) and two spontaneous sulfometuron
methyl (SMM)-resistant mutants were examined. The AHAS from
both mutants was resistant to SMM and cross-resistant to
imazapyr (IM) and the triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide
herbicide XRD-498 (TP). The more-SMM-resistant mutant had AHAS
with altered catalytic parameters (Km, specificity), but
unchanged sensitivity to the feedback inhibitors valine and
leucine. The second mutant enzyme was less sensitive to the
feedback inhibitors, but had otherwise unchanged kinetic
parameters. Inhibition-competition experiments indicated that
the three herbicides (SMM, IM, TP) bind in a mutually
exclusive manner, but that valine can bind simultaneously with
SMM or TP. The three herbicide classes apparently bind to
closely overlapping sites. We suggest that the results with C.
emersonii and other organisms can all be explained if there
are separate binding sites for herbicides, feedback inhibitors
and substrates.
269 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Residual herbicides for newly planted farm woodlands: efficacy
and tree tolerance.
Britt, C.P.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1992. Aspects of applied biology (29): p. 211-218; 1992. In
the series analytic: Vegetation management in forestry,
amenity and conservation areas. Paper presented at the
conference of the Association, April 7-9, 1992, University of
York, England. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: England; Acer pseudoplatanus; Fraxinus excelsior;
Prunus avium; Survival; Weed control; Weeds; Farm woodlands;
Herbicide mixtures; Herbicide residues; Herbicide resistance
270 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R47
Resistance of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) and large
crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] biotypes to
acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors.
Wiederholt, R.J.; Stoltenberg, D.E.
East Lansing, Mich. : Pesticide Research Center, Michigan
State University,; 1993.
Resistant pest management v. 5 (2): p. 17-18; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wisconsin; Cabt; Setaria faberi; Digitaria
sanguinalis; Biotypes; Herbicide resistant weeds; Herbicide
resistance; Enzyme inhibitors; Acetyl coenzyme a
271 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Resistance of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to the
dinitroaniline herbicides.
Gossett, B.J.; Murdock, E.C.; Toler, J.E.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 587-591; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: South Carolina; Amaranthus palmeri; Biotypes;
Trifluralin; Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility; Cross
resistance; Herbicides; Application rates; Weed control;
Chemical control
272 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Resistance of selected ornamental grasses to graminicides.
Catanzaro, C.J.; Skroch, W.A.; Burton, J.D.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (2): p. 326-330; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ornamental plants; Panicum virgatum; Festuca
ovina; Pennisetum alopecuroides; Festuca; Erianthus; Herbicide
resistance; Fenoxaprop; Fluazifop-p; Quizalofop; Sethoxydim;
Phytotoxicity
273 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in
annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) involves at least two
mechanisms.
Christopher, J.T.; Powles, S.B.; Holtum, J.A.M.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1992 Dec. Plant physiology v. 100 (4): p. 1909-1913; 1992
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Herbicide resistant weeds;
Chlorsulfuron; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Imidazolinone
herbicides; Oxo-acid-lyases; Enzyme activity; Cross
resistance; Diclofop; Herbicidal properties; Metabolism;
Biotypes
Abstract: WLR1, a biotype of Lolium rigidum Gaud. that had
been treated with the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron in
7 consecutive years, was found to be resistant to both the
wheat-selective and the nonselective sulfonylurea and
imidazolinone herbicides. Biotype SLR31, which became cross-
resistant to chlorsulfuron following treatment with the
aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide diciofop-methyl, was
resistant to the wheat-selective, but not the nonselective,
sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The concentrations
of herbicide required to reduce in vitro acetolactate synthase
(ALs) activity 50% with respect to control assays minus
herbicide for biotype WLR1 was greater than those for
susceptible biotype VLR1 by a factor of >30, >30, 7, 4, and 2
for the herbicides chlorsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl,
imazapyr, imazathapyr, and imazamethabenz, respectively. ALS
activity from biotype SLR31 responded in a similar manner to
that of the susceptible biotype VLR1. The resistant biotypes
metabolized chlorsulfuron more rapidly than the susceptible
biotype. Metabolism of 50% of [phenyl-U-14C] chlorsulfuron in
the culms of two-leaf seedlings required 3.7 h in biotype
SLR31, 5.1 h in biotype WLR1, and 7.1 h in biotype VLR1. In
all biotypes the metabolism of chlorsulfuron in the culms was
more rapid than that in the leaf lamina. Resistance to ALS
inhibitors in L. rigidum may involve at least two mechanisms,
increased metabolism of the herbicide and/or a herbicide-
insensitive ALS.
274 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides in two wild
oat species (Avena fatua and Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana).
Mansooji, A.M.; Holtum, J.A.; Boutsalis, P.; Matthews, J.M.;
Powles, S.B. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of
America; 1992.
Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 599-605; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Avena fatua; Avena sterilis subsp.
ludoviciana; Herbicide resistant weeds; Herbicide resistance;
Cross resistance; Diclofop; Biotypes; Fluazifop; Haloxyfop;
Fenoxaprop; Quizalofop; Propaquizafop; Sethoxydim; Cycloxydim;
Tralkoxydim
Abstract: Resistance to the methyl ester of diclofop, an
aryloxyphenoxypropionate graminicide, was shown for a wild oat
(Avena fatua) population from Western Australia, and marked
resistance to a range of aryloxyphenoxypropionate and
cyclohexanedione graminicides was detected in a winter wild
oat (Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana) population from South
Australia. The A. sterilis biotype exhibited high levels of
resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides
diclofop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop,
propaquizafop, and quinfurop and low levels of resistance to
the cyclohexanedione herbicides sethoxydim, tralkoxydim, and
cycloxydim. Ratios of LD50 values for responses of resistant
and susceptible A. sterilis to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate
herbicides were between 20 for propaquizafop and > 1,000 for
fluazifop, and were between 2.5 and 3 for the cyclohexanedione
herbicides. The LD50 value for diclofop for the A. fatua
biotype was 442 g ai ha-1 which was 2.7-fold that of a
susceptible control. Thirty-three percent of the plants
survived at the registered rate of application.
275 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Resistance to the herbicide paraquat and increased tolerance
to photoinhibition are not correlated in several weed species.
Preston, C.; Holtum, J.A.M.; Powles, S.B.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
May. Plant physiology v. 96 (1): p. 314-318; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Hordeum glaucum; Conyza bonariensis;
Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum; Arctotheca calendula;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Paraquat; Biotypes;
Photoinhibition; Resistance
Abstract: Photoinhibition was examined in paraquat-resistant
and paraquat-susceptible biotypes of Hordeum glaucum Steud.,
Hordeum leporinum Link., Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns.,
and Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Plants were photoinhibited
at low temperature, and the extent of photoinhibition
determined by O2 evolution and 77 K fluorescence. No
difference in the degree of photoinhibition was detected
between paraquat-resistant and paraquat-susceptible biotypes
for any of the species examined. C. bonariensis plants were
also photoinhibited by treatment without CO2 at either 21%
(volume/volume) O2 or 4% (volume/volume) O2, and again no
difference was observed between the paraquat-resistant and
paraquat-susceptible biotypes in reduction of the ratio of
variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence. This is in
contrast to a recent report (MAK Jansen, Y Shaaltiel, D
Kazzes, 0 Canaani, S Malkin, J Gressel, [1989] Plant Physiol
91: 1174-1178 in which it was claimed that a paraquat-
resistant biotype of C. bonariensis was more tolerant of
photoinhibition than a paraquat-susceptible biotype. We
conclude that paraquat-resistant biotypes of these plant
species are not more tolerant of photoinhibition when compared
with the paraquat-susceptible biotypes.
276 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Resistance to the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron,
amidosulfuron, and DPX-R9674 in transgenic flue-cured tobacco.
Brandle, J.E.; Labbe, H.; Zilkey, B.F.; Miki, B.L.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Crop science v. 32 (4): p. 1049-1053; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Canada; Nicotiana tabacum; Herbicide resistance;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Transgenics; Agrobacterium; Genetic
transformation; Genotypes; Application rates; Seedlings;
Treatment; Selection criteria; Gene expression; Genetic
analysis
Abstract: Only one herbicide is currently available for
preemergence broadleaf weed control in flue-cured tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum L.) grown in Canada. The high cost of
registration, coupled with the small crop size, has resulted
in few new products becoming available. Herbicide resistance
introduced into tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation formation may allow the use of products with
existing or impending registrations. We used two new, low-
residual sulfonylurea herbicides: amidosulfuron (3-(4, 6-
dimethoxyprymidin-2-yl)-l-(N-methyl-N-methylsulfonyl-
aminosulfonylurea) and DPX-R9674, which is a mixture of
thifensulfuron
(methyl-3-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)
carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylate) and
tribenuron (methyl
2[[[[N-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) methylaminol
carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoate). These two and
chlorsulfuron
(2-chloro-N-[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)
aminocarbonyl] benzenesulfonamide) were applied to two
transgenic tobacco genotypes harboring the csr1-1 gene for
chlorsulfuron resistance and compared with an untransformed
control. Our purpose was to determine if transgenic seedlings
were resistant to DPX-R9674 and amidosulfuron. The experiment
was a factorial in a completely randomized design with 25
replications. The three herbicides were applied to the
transgenic and control seedlings at three rates. The
transgenic seedlings had significantly higher leaf area, top
dry weight, and root dry weight than the untransformed control
when sprayed with any of the three herbicides. Seedlings were
highly resistant to amidosulfuron and chlorsulfuron.
Resistance to DPX-R9674 in the transgenic seedlings was
minimal, which was unexpected, considering that an analysis of
AHAS activity revealed high levels of cross-resistance to
chlorsulfuron, DPX-R9674, and amidosulfuron. It is possible
that DPX-R9674 is metabolized into products that are
herbicidally active at different AHAS binding sites. One of
transgenic lines was more resistant to herbicide application
than the other indicating that selection for maximum gene
expression among transgenic lines is necessary part of
transgenic cultivar development. It was conclued that DPX-
R9674 would not be suitable for use with transgenic crops
harboring the csr1-1 gene for chlorsulfuron resistance. The
other low-residual sulfonylurea, amidosulfuron, was more
promising.
277 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Response of a chlorsulfuron-resistant biotype of Kochia
scoparia to sulfonylurea and alternative herbicides.
Friesen, L.F.; Morrison, I.N.; Rashid, A.; Devine, M.D.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan.
Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 100-106; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Cabt; Kochia scoparia; Biotypes;
Chlorsulfuron; Herbicide resistance; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Cross resistance; Susceptibility; Herbicides; Weed
control
Abstract: Kochia growing on an industrial site where
chlorsulfuron was applied repeatedly over several seasons was
confirmed to be resistant to chlorsulfuron and several other
acetolactate synthase (ALS) -inhibiting herbicides. In growth
room experiments, resistant (R) plants were 2 to > 180 times
more resistant to five sulfonylurea herbicides and one
imidazolinone herbicide (imazethapyr) than susceptible (S)
plants, as measured by the ratio of dosages required to
inhibit shoot dry matter accumulation by 50% (GR50 R/S).
Similarly, in vitro assays of ALS activity indicated that from
3 to 30 times more herbicide was required to inhibit the
enzyme from R plants than from S plants. Results of ALS enzyme
assays indicated that R kochia was approximately equally
resistant to metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and thifensulfuron,
and 2.5 times more resistant to tribenuron than
thifensulfuron. However, the response of R kochia growing in a
spring wheat crop in the field was not consistent with results
of the ALS enzyme assays. In field experiments, thifensulfuron
at 32 g ai ha-1 had little effect on R kochia. In contrast,
metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and tribenuron at 8 g ha-1 did not
reduce R kochia seedling densities, but caused severe stunting
such that 2 mo after treatment the shoot biomass of plants in
untreated plots was four times greater than in sprayed plots.
Herbicides with alternative modes of action including
fluroxypyr, bromoxynil/MCPA ester, dichlorprop/2,4-D ester,
and 2,4-D ester provided good control of R kochia in the
field. Quinclorac did not reduce kochia densities, but
surviving plants were stunted. To delay or avoid development
of ALS inhibitor-resistant kochia populations, these
alternative herbicides applied alone or in tank mixtures could
be incorporated into a herbicide rotation.
278 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars to
metobromuron. Park, S.J.; Hamill, A.S.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (1): p. 70-75; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ontario; Cabt; Phaseolus vulgaris; Cultivars;
Varietal susceptibility; Metobromuron; Herbicide resistance;
Screening; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage; Seedling stage;
Application rates
279 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Response of corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds and hybrids to
sulfonylurea herbicides. Green, J.M.; Ulrich, J.F.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jul.
Weed science v. 41 (3): p. 508-516; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Inbred lines; Hybrids; Herbicide
resistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Chlorimuron; Metsulfuron;
Tribenuron; Sulfometuron; Phytotoxicity; Varietal
susceptibility; Recessive genes; Plant breeding
Abstract: Extensive field and greenhouse studies were done to
characterize varietal response of three recently
commercialized sulfonylurea corn herbicides: nicosulfuron,
primisulfuron, and thifensulfuron. Most of the 94 varieties
tested were highly tolerant to these herbicides. The 37
inbreds represented all major inbred families now used in
hybrid seed production as well as several sensitive
experimentals. Twenty-one defined hybrids from these inbreds
as well as 36 commercially coded hybrids were also tested.
Sensitive inbreds produced tolerant hybrids when crossed with
tolerant inbreds. Sensitive hybrids occurred when both parents
were sensitive. Genetic analysis of sensitive by tolerant
crosses showed that sensitivity is controlled by a single
recessive gene. Nicosulfuron had the widest corn safety margin
and fewest sensitive varieties. Dose response analysis showed
varieties can vary more than 40 000-fold in sensitivity. Only
corn varieties with the AHAS-modified XA-17 gene showed any
change in enzyme sensitivity. This gene overcame sensitivity
to sulfonylureas, even when the organophosphate insecticide
terbufos was present. Thus, breeders have three options to
eliminate sulfonylurea sensitivity: backcross sensitive
inbreds with tolerant, always use at least one tolerant hybrid
parent, or use the XA-17 gene.
280 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Response of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) biotypes to
primisulfuron. Gillespie, G.R.; Vitolo, D.B.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (2): p. 411-416; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New York; Cabt; Ohio; Cabt; Pennsylvania; Cabt;
Minnesota; Cabt; Massachusetts; Cabt; North Dakota; Cabt;
Elymus repens; Biotypes; Weed biology; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Provenance; Herbicide resistance; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Weed control; Chemical control; Application rates;
Additives
281 NAL Call. No.: 500 T25A
Response of several cucumber cultivar seedlings to
ethalfluralin and pendimethalin in vitro.
Kennedy, J.M.; Caponetti, J.D.; Jeffery, L.S.
Hixson, Tenn. : The Academy; 1991 Jul.
Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science v. 66 (3): p.
111-114; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Cultivars; Seedlings; Injuries;
Herbicide resistance; Ethalfluralin; Pendimethalin
282 NAL Call. No.: ArUSB608.R5B42 1991
Rice response to rotational crop herbicides.
Beaty, Jackie Dwayne
1991; 1991.
x, 47 leaves ; 28 cm. May 1991. Includes bibliographical
references (leaf 16).
Language: English
Descriptors: Rice; Herbicide resistance; Crop rotation
283 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Role of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase in the
selectivity of acetochlor in maize and wheat.
Jablonkai, I.; Hatzios, K.K.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Nov.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 41 (3): p. 221-231;
1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Roots; Shoots; Plant
composition; Chemical composition; Glutathione; Enzyme
activity; Glutathione transferase; Metabolic detoxification;
Acetochlor; Selectivity; Hybrid varieties; Cultivars; Varietal
susceptibility; Genotypes; Genetic variation; Seedlings;
Phytotoxicity; Herbicide resistance; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: The role of shoot and root glutathione (GSH)
content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the
response of the 'A632 X A635' and 'Anjou SC256' hybrids of
maize (Zea mays L.) and of 'Jubilejnaja 50' wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) to the chloroacetanilide herbicide acetochlor was
evaluated. The concentrations of root-applied acetochlor
causing a 50% inhibition of plant shoot height were 20
micromoles for the tolerant 'A632 X A635' maize, 1 micromole
for the sensitive 'Anjou SC256' maize, and 0.1 micromoles for
the very sensitive 'Jubilejnaja 50' wheat. The nonprotein
thiol (mainly GSH) level in the roots of the tolerant 'A632 X
A635' maize hybrid was 2-fold greater than that found in the
roots of the sensitive maize hybrid and of wheat. Pretreatment
with 10 micromoles of acetochlor induced the root nonprotein
thiol levels of all three genotypes. The highest induction of
root thiol content compared to controls was observed at 48 hr
after acetochlor treatment and was 2.23-fold in the tolerant
maize and 1.72-fold for the sensitive wheat. GST activities of
etiolated maize and wheat seedlings were evaluated using both
CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and [14C]-acetochlor as
substrates. GST(CDNB) activity was greater in the roots than
in the shoots of both maize hybrids. The shoot activity of
both maize genotypes was similar, but the tolerant 'A632 X
A635' maize had slightly higher root GST(CDNB) activity. In
the sensitive wheat, similar shoot and root activities were
observed. GST(CDNB) activity in roots of the maize hybrids and
of wheat was enhanced by 70-100% at 48 hr after pretreatment
with 10 micromoles of acetochlor. Shoot GST(CDNB) activity of
maize or wheat was not induced significantly by acetochlor
pretreatment. Root and shoot GST(acetochlor) activities of the
maize hybrids and wheat were much lower than GST(CDNB)
activities. Root GST(acetochlor) activities of the two maize
hybrids were greater and more inducible by acetochlor
pretreatment than those of the sensitive wheat. These results
demonstrate the important role of endogenous levels of GSH and
of GST activity in chloroacetanilide herbicide detoxication
and selectivity.
284 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
S1 destabilization and higher sensitivity to light in
metribuzin-resistant mutants.
Perewoska, I.; Etienne, A.L.; Miranda, T.; Kirilovsky, D.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1994 Jan. Plant physiology v. 104 (1): p. 235-245; 1994 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cyanobacteria; Photosystem ii; Redox potential;
Electron transfer; Quinones; Binding proteins; Herbicide
resistance; Metribuzin; Mutants; Mutations; Photoinhibition;
Light; Stress; Amino acid sequences; Structural genes
Abstract: Mutations in the secondary quinone electron
acceptor pocket of the D1 protein conferring a modification on
the donor side of photosystem II (PSII) have been
characterized by gene cloning and sequencing in two
metribuzin-resistant mutants of Synechocystis PCC 6714. The
mutations induce different herbicide resistances: in M30, a
point mutation at the codon 248, isoleucine to threonine,
results in resistance only to metribuzin; in a single
mutation, Ala251Val, confers metribuzin, atrazine, and ioxynil
resistance. As with other herbicide-resistant mutants, and
present modifications in the electron transfer between the
primary quinone electron acceptor and (QA) and QB. In
addition, they have a modified oscillatory pattern of oxygen
emission: after dark adaptation, the maximum oscillation is
shifted by one flash. Both mutants have a higher concentration
of the redox state in the dark-adapted state than the wild
type. The mutations render the oxygen-evolving system more
accessible to cell reductants. The mutation Ala251Val also
confers to PSII an increased sensitivity to high light. We
have already demonstrated that underlight stress a double
mutant, AzV (Ala251Val, Phe211Ser), lost the ability to
recover the PSII activity sooner than the wild type. Here, we
confirm that the modification of the alanine-251 is
responsible for this specific sensitivity to high light. We
conclude that specific mutations of the QB pocket modify the
behavior of the cells under light stress and have an effect on
the structure of the D1 protein in the other side of the
membrane.
285 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Seed biology of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible
biotypes of prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola).
Alcocer-Ruthling, M.; Thill, D.C.; Shafii, B.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 6 (4): p. 858-864; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Cabt; Lactuca serriola; Biotypes;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility;
Competitive ability; Seed longevity; Seed germination;
Fecundity
286 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Selection of atrazine tolerant soybean calli and expression of
that tolerance in regenerated plants.
Wrather, J.A.; Freytag, A.H.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Plant cell reports v. 10 (1): p. 44-47; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Plant breeding; In vitro selection;
Atrazine; Herbicide resistance; Callus; Regenerative ability;
Phytotoxicity; Selection
Abstract: Lines of soybean [Glycine max (L.)] tolerant of
atrazine were developed by an in vitro and in vivo atrazine
challenge. Cotyledonary node plus epicotyl explants from
mature germinated seed of soybean introduction PI 438489B were
cultured on RV-5 medium containing 48 mg active ingredient
(a.i.)/l atrazine for one month. Most of the explants (66%) on
medium containing atrazine, and 10% on medium without atrazine
died. Explants surviving exposure to atrazine callused and
organogenically regenerated shoots developed. Soil around R0
plants regenerated from atrazine tolerant shoots and
nonatrazine challenged shoots (controls) were subsequently
tested in vivo for atrazine tolerance. All controls died.
Seeds were collected from atrazine tolerant R0 plants. Two
weeks after planting, emerged R1 seedlings were tested in vivo
for atrazine tolerance as the R0 plants were. This procedure
was repeated on the R2 plants. All nonatrazine selected
control plants died when exposed to this herbicide. Atrazine
tolerant R2 plants were maintained in atrazine amended soil
and appeared as healthy and vigorous as the control growing in
atrazine free soil.
287 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P63
Selective agents and marker genes for use in transformation of
monocotyledonous plants.
Wilmink, A.; Dons, J.J.M.
Athens, Ga. : International Society for Plant Molecular
Biology, University of Georgia; 1993 Jun.
Plant molecular biology reporter - ISPMB v. 11 (2): p.
165-185; 1993 Jun. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Monocotyledons; Genetic transformation;
Selection; Marker genes; Antibiotics; Resistance; Herbicide
resistance; Gene expression; Vectors; Literature reviews
288 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Semidominant nature of monogenic sulfonylurea herbicide
resistance in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris).
Hart, S.E.; Saunders, J.W.; Penner, D.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jul.
Weed science v. 41 (3): p. 317-324; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Beta vulgaris; Herbicide resistance; Inheritance;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Chlorimuron; Semidominance;
Semidominant genes; Lines; Homozygosity; Heterozygosity;
Enzyme activity; Enzyme inhibitors
Abstract: Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to
determine the degree of dominance of the monogenic
sulfonylurea herbicide resistance trait in diploid sugarbeet
by comparing the response of homozygous and heterozygous
resistant sugarbeet to primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and
chlorimuron on the whole plant and acetolactate synthase (ALS)
enzyme level. Progeny tests suggested that the monogenic
sulfonylurea herbicide resistance was semidominant.
Subsequently, heterozygous resistant (R-1) and homozygous
resistant (R-2) sugarbeet lines were sprayed with increasing
rates of primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and chlorimuron, and
herbicide rates required for 50% growth reduction (GR50) were
determined. GR50 values were also determined for homozygous
susceptible sugarbeet lines (S-1 and S-2). The GR50 values
indicated that the R-2 sugarbeet was 377, 269, and 144 times
more resistant to primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and
chlorimuron, respectively, than susceptible S-2 sugarbeet. In
contrast, R-1 sugarbeet was only 107, 76, and 57 times more
resistant to primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and chlorimuron,
respectively, than S-1 sugarbeet, indicating at least a
twofold difference in the magnitude of resistance between
homozygous resistant and heterozygous resistant sugarbeet
lines. ALS enzyme activity analysis were consistentwith whole
plant results. Thus, based on these two, maximum crop
resistance can be obtained by developing homozygous resistant
cultivars.
289 NAL Call. No.: 450 M99
Sensitivity of field strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (Fusarium
section Liseola) to benomyl and hygromycin B.
Yan, K.; Dickman, M.B.; Xu, J.R.; Leslie, J.F.
Bronx, N.Y. : The New York Botanical Garden; 1993 Mar.
Mycologia v. 85 (2): p. 206-213; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gibberella fujikuroi; Plant pathogenic fungi;
Benomyl; Hygromycin b; Resistance; Herbicide resistance;
Strain differences; Genetic regulation
290 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
A serine-to-threonine substitution in the triazine herbicide-
binding protein in potato cells results in atrazine resistance
without impairing productivity. Smeda, R.J.; Hasegawa, P.M.;
Goldsbrough, P.B.; Singh, N.K.; Weller, S.C. Rockville, MD :
American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-; 1993 Nov.
Plant physiology v. 103 (3): p. 911-917; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Cells; Selection criteria;
Herbicide resistance; Atrazine; Genes; Mutations; Thylakoids;
Membranes; Proteins; Quinones; Photosystem ii; Photosynthesis;
Electron transfer
Abstract: A mutation of the psbA gene was identified in
photoautotrophic potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Superior X
U.S. Department of Agriculture line 66-142) cells selected for
resistance to
6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3, 5-triazine-2,4-
diamine (atrazine). Photoaffinity labeling with 6-azido-N-
ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3, 5-triazine-2,4-diamine detected
a thylakoid membrane protein with a Mr of 32,000 in
susceptible, but not in resistant, cells. This protein was
identified as the secondary quinone acceptor of photosystem II
(QB) protein. Atrazine resistance in selected cells was
attributable to a mutation from AGT (serine) to ACT
(threonine) in codon 264 of the psbA gene that encodes the QB
protein. Although the mutant cells exhibited extreme levels of
resistance to atrazine, no concomitant reductions in
photosynthetic electron transport or cell growth rates
compared to the unselected cells were detected. This is in
contrast with the losses in productivity observed in atrazine-
resistant mutants that contain a glycine-264 alteration.
291 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
A similar metabolism of chlorotoluron in cell suspension
cultures from near-isogenic susceptible and tolerant lines of
wheat.
Cabanne, F.; Snape, J.W.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Sep.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 47 (1): p. 51-59;
1993 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Lines; Varietal
susceptibility; Herbicide resistance; Metabolism;
Chlorotoluron; Metabolites; Mode of action; Cell culture; In
vitro
Abstract: The metabolism of the herbicide chlorotoluron was
followed in cell suspension cultures of wheat. The cultures
originated from plants of the susceptible variety Corin, the
tolerant variety Clement, and six near-isogenic lines, 9S,
10S, 16S, 17T, 18T, and 24T [susceptible (S) and tolerant (T),
respectively]. The six lines had the genetic background of the
susceptible variety Chinese Spring, but the three lines 17T,
18T, and 24T contained a gene for tolerance (Sul) transferred
from the variety Cappelle-Desprez. The cultures from Corin and
Clement produced identical patterns of metabolites which were
also identical to those found in plants. The rate of
metabolism of the herbicide was slightly higher in the cell
culture of Clement (T) than in Corin (S), as reported for the
corresponding plants. Patterns of metabolites were similar in
the cell cultures from the six isogenic lines. The rate of
metabolism was the same in 9S, 10S, 16S, 18T, and 24T, and
lower in 17T, so that a differential rate of metabolism was
not found between T and S cell cultures. The occurrence of a
differential rate of metabolism as the primary mechanism of
varietal selectivity of wheat to chlorotoluron is discussed.
292 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32
Site directed mutagenesis of a chloroplast encoded protein.
Przibilla, E.; Yamamoto, R.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992.
NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 226: p. 561-565.
ill; 1992. In the series analytic: Regulation of chloroplast
biogenesis / edited by J.H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou. Proceedings
of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, July 28-August 3, 1991,
Crete, Greece. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Genetic engineering;
Mutants; Thylakoids; Herbicide resistance; Phenolic compounds
293 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B56
Somaclonal selection for tolerance to streptomycin and
herbicides through rice cell culture.
Kinoshita, T.; Mori, K.; Mikami, T.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1991.
Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry (14): p. 383-404;
1991. In the series analtyic: Rice / edited by Y.P.S. Bajaj.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Cell culture; Somaclonal variation;
In vitro selection; Herbicide resistance; Streptomycin;
Resistance; Salt tolerance
294 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Soybean (Glycine max) cultivar tolerance to chlorimuron and
imazaquin with varying hydroponic solution pH.
Newsom, L.J.; Shaw, D.R.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Apr.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (2): p. 382-388; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility;
Herbicide resistance; Chlorimuron; Imazaquin; Crop damage;
Phytotoxicity; Ph; Nutrient solutions; Hydroponics
295 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Soybean (Glycine max) response to chlorimuron and imazaquin as
influenced by soil moisture.
Newsom, L.J.; Shaw, D.R.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Apr.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (2): p. 389-395; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mississippi; Glycine max; Cultivars; Varietal
susceptibility; Herbicide resistance; Chlorimuron; Imazaquin;
Phytotoxicity; Environmental factors; Soil water content; Crop
yield; Yield losses; Crop damage
296 NAL Call. No.: S79 .E3
Soybean response to quinclorac and triclopyr.
Barrentine, W.L.; Street, J.E.
State College, Miss. : Mississippi State University,
Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, 1970-; 1993 Mar.
Bulletin (995): 12 p.; 1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mississippi; Cabt; Glycine max; Quinclorac;
Triclopyr; Herbicide resistance; Oryza sativa; Drift; Crop
yield; Field tests; Application rates; Injuries
297 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Stably transformed herbicide resistant callus of sugarcane via
microprojectile bombardment of cell suspension cultures and
electroporation of protoplasts. Chowdhury, M.K.U.; Vasil, I.K.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Plant cell reports v. 11 (10): p. 494-498; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Saccharum; Genetic transformation; Gene transfer;
Cell suspensions; Callus; Protoplasts; Electroporation;
Plasmids; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Stably transformed callus of a hybrid sugarcane
cultivar (Saccharum species hybrid, CP72-1210) was achieved
following high velocity microprojectile bombardment of
suspension culture cells, and electroporation of protoplasts.
A three-day old cell suspension culture (SC88) was bombarded
with gold particles coated with pBARGUS plasmid DNA containing
the B-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and the bar selectable
gene that confers resistance to the herbicide basta. The
pBARGUS plasmid was also electroporated into the protoplasts
of another cell line (SCPP). Colonies resistant to basta were
recovered from both sources. Stable integration of the bar
gene in the resistant cell lines was confirmed by Southern
analysis. In addition, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase
(PAT) activity was also demonstrated in the transformed cell
lines.
298 NAL Call. No.: 100 F663
Strategies in breeding herbicide resistant lettuce.
Nagata, R.T.; Dusky, J.A.; Torres, A.C.; Cantliffe, D.J.;
Feri, R.J.; Bewick, T.A.
Belle Glade, Fla. : The Center; 1993 Feb.
Belle Glade EREC research report EV - Florida University
Agricultural Research and Education Center (1993-2): p.
97-104; 1993 Feb. Paper presented at the Lettuce Research
Workshop, February 4, 1993, Belle Glade, Florida. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Florida; Lactuca sativa; Herbicide resistance;
Plant breeding; Weed control; Glyphosate; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Gene splicing; Backcrossing
299 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
Structure and topological symmetry of the glyphosate target 5-
enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase: A distinctive
protein fold. Stallings, W.C.; Abdel-Meguid, S.S.; Lim, L.W.;
Shieh, H.S.; Dayringer, H.E.; Leimgruber, N.K.; Stegeman,
R.A.; Anderson, K.S.; Sikorski, J.A.; Padgette, S.R.; Kishore,
G.M.
Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1991 Jun01.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 88 (11): p. 5046-5050; 1991 Jun01.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance; Plant
physiology; Lyases; Amino acids; Aromatic acids; Biosynthesis;
Escherichia coli; X radiation
Abstract: 5-enol-Pyruvylshikimate -3-phosphate synthase (EPSP
synthase; phosphoenolpyruvate:3-phosphoshikimate 1-
carboxyvinyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.19) is an enzyme on the
pathway toward the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in
plants, fungi, and bacteria and is the target of the broad-
spectrum herbicide glyphosate. The three-dimensional structure
of the enzyme from Escherichia coli has been determined by
crystallographic techniques. The polypeptide backbone chain
was traced by examination of an electron density map
calculated at 3-A resolution. The two-domain structure has a
distinctive fold and appears to be formed by 6-fold
replication of a protein folding unit comprising two parallel
helices and a four-stranded sheet. Each domain is formed from
three of these units, which are related by an approximate
threefold symmetry axis; in each domain three of the helices
are completely buried by a surface formed from the three beta-
sheets and solvent-accessible faces of the other three
helices. The domains are related by an approximate dyad, but
in the present crystals the molecule does not display pseudo-
symmetry related to the symmetry of point group 32 because its
approximate threefold axes are almost normal. A possible
relation between the three-dimensional structure of the
protein and the linear sequence of its gene will be described.
The topological threefold symmetry and orientation of each of
the two observed globular domains may direct the binding of
substrates and inhibitors by a helix macrodipole effect and
implies that the active site is located near the interdomain
crossover segments. The structure also suggests a rationale
for the glyphosate tolerance conferred by sequence
alterations.
300 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
Structure of an mdr-like gene from Arabidopsis thaliana:
evolutionary implications.
Dudler, R.; Hertig, C.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology; 1992 Mar25.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (9): p. 5882-5888;
1992 Mar25. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Glycoproteins; Structural
genes; Cloning; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Introns; Exons; Evolution; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Multidrug resistance of mammalian tumor cells is
caused by the enhanced expression of P-glycoproteins. These
proteins are encoded by mdr genes and mediate the energy-
dependent efflux of a variety of lipophilic drugs from cells.
To test whether in plants mdr-like genes might be involved in
certain cases of cross-resistance to different herbicides, we
have cloned and characterized a gene from Arabidopsis
thaliana, atpgp1, encoding a putative P-glycoprotein
homologue. Like the mammalian P-glycoproteins, with which it
shares extensive sequence homology and a similar organization
in structural domains, this protein is internally duplicated.
Seven of the nine introns in the atpgp1 gene match introns in
the mammalian mdr genes to within a few nucleotides, and the
positions of these suggest that P-glycoprotein genes evolved
by duplication and subsequent fusion of an intron-containing
primordial gene prior to the evolutionary separation of plants
and mammals. The atpgp1 gene gives rise to transcripts present
in all plant parts but particularly abundant in inflorescence
axes.
301 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Structure of the amplified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
synthase gene in glyphosate-resistant carrot cells.
Suh, H.; Hepburn, A.G.; Kriz, A.L.; Widholm, J.M.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993 May.
Plant molecular biology v. 22 (2): p. 195-205; 1993 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Daucus carota; Structural genes; Amplification;
Alkyl (aryl) transferases; Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance;
Cell lines; Nucleotide sequences; Restriction mapping;
Repetitive DNA
Abstract: The structure of amplified 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) DNA of
carrot suspension-cultured cell lines selected for glyphosate
resistance was analysed to determine the mechanism of gene
amplification in this plant system. Southern hybridization of
the amplified DNA digested with several restriction enzymes
probed with a petunia EPSPS cDNA clone showed that there were
differences in fragment sizes in the amplified DNA from one
highly resistant cell line in comparison with the parental
line. Cloning of the EPSPS gene and 5' flanking sequences was
carried out and two different DNA structures were revealed. A
13 kb clone contained only one copy of the EPSPS gene while a
16 kb clone contained an inverted duplication of the gene.
Southern blot analysis with a carrot DNA probe showed that
only the uninverted repeated DNA structure was present in all
of the cell lines during the selection process and the
inverted repeat (IR) was present only in highly amplified DNA.
The two structures were present in about equal amounts in the
highly amplified line, TC 35G, where the EPSPS gene was
amplified about 25-fold. The presence of the inverted repeat
(IR) was further verified by re-sistance to S1 nuclease
hydrolysis after denaturation and rapid renaturation, showing
foldback DNA with the IR length being 9.5 kb. The junction was
also sequenced. Mapping of the clones showed that the size of
the amplified carrot EPSPS gene itself is about 3.5 kb. This
is the first report of an IR in amplified DNA of a target
enzyme gene in selected plant cells.
302 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
Structure-activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on
resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Oettmeier, W.; Hilp, U.; Draber, W.; Fedtke, C.; Schmidt, R.R.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Pesticide science v. 33 (4): p. 399-409; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Amaranthus retroflexus; Chenopodium album;
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Mutants; Herbicide resistance;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Atrazine; Metribuzin; Structure
activity relationships; Photosystem ii; Inhibition; Wild
strains
Abstract: Weeds resistant to the s-triazine herbicide
atrazine also show resistance to the triazinone herbicide
metribuzin. However, with highly lipophilic triazinones,
thylakoids isolated from atrazine-resistant Amaranthus
retroflexus (mutation at position Ser264 of the photosystem II
D-1 reaction centre protein) in general show a higher pI(50)
value in photosystem II electron transport than those from the
wild type (i.e. negative cross-resistance;
'supersensitivity'). A quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR) can be established, wherein the
lipophilicity of the compound plays a major role. In in-vivo
experiments, it was found that the triazinone DRW2698 killed
resistant Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album whereas
the wild type was almost unaffected. Triazinones were further
investigated in five different mutants of Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii (mutations in the D-1 protein at positions Ser264,
Ala251, Leu275, Phe255 and Val219). Inhibitory activity of all
triazinones was generally enhanced in the Phe255 mutant but
decreased in the Val219 mutant. In the other mutants,
biological activity was decreased when position 3 of the
triazinone was substituted by CH3, OCH3, SCH3, NHCH3 or
N(CH3)2. However, negative cross-resistance was again observed
when this position was occupied by free thiol. It is therefore
suggested that these two groups of triazinones orient
themselves differently within the herbicide binding niche of
the photosystem II D-1 protein.
303 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
A sulfonylurea herbicide resistance gene from Arab idopsis
thaliana as a new selectable marker for producti on of fertile
transgenic rice plants. Li, Z.; Hayashimoto, A.; Murai, N.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1992 Oct. Plant physiology v. 100 (2): p. 662-668; 1992 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Oryza sativa; Marker genes;
Oxo-acid-lyases; Mutations; Mutants; Genetic transformation;
Transgenic plants; In vitro selection; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Direct DNAuptake; Protoplasts
Abstract: A mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, csr1-1,
isolated from sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant Arabidopsis
thaliana, was placed under control of a cauliflower mosaic
virus 35S promoter (35S). Rice protoplasts were transformed
with the 35S/ALS chimeric gene and regenerated into fertile
transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants. The 35S/ALS gene was
expressed effectively as demonstrated by northern blot
hybridization analysis, and conferred to transformed calli at
least 200-fold greater chlorsulfuron resistance than
nontransformed control calli. Effective selection of 35S/ALS-
transformed protoplasts was achieved at extremely low
chlorsulfuron concentrations of 10 nm. The results
demonstrated that the 35S/ALS gene is an alternative
selectable marker for rice protoplast transformation and
fertile transgenic rice production. The results also suggest
that the mutant form of Arabidopsis ALS enzyme operates
normally in rice cells. Thus, the mechanism of protein
transport to chloroplast and ALS inhibition by chlorsulfuron
is apparently conserved among plant species as diverse as
Arabidopsis (dicotyledon) and rice (monocotyledon).
304 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in common chickweed,
perennial ryegrass, and Russian thistle.
Saari, L.L.; Cotterman, J.C.; Smith, W.F.; Primiani, M.M.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Feb.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 42 (2): p. 110-118;
1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Stellaria media; Lolium perenne; Salsola iberica;
Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Sulfometuron;
Triasulfuron; Imazapyr; Biotypes; Herbicide resistant weeds;
Dry matter accumulation; Resistance mechanisms; Enzyme
activity; Ligases; Metabolic detoxification; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: Sulfonylurea herbicide resistance was demonstrated
in two broadleaf species, common chickweed (Stellaria media
[L]. Vill.) and Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen &
Pau), and in one grass species, perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne L.), in greenhouse tests by determining the
sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide rates required to
reduce the dry weight accumulation of resistant and
susceptible weed biotypes. The herbicide resistance in each of
the three weed biotypes was due to an acetolactate synthase
(ALS) enzyme that was less sensitive to inhibition by ALS-
inhibiting herbicides, including five sulfonylurea, one
imidazolinone, and one dichlorosulfonanilide herbicides. The
Km (pyruvate) and specific activity values associated with ALS
isolated from the resistant biotypes were similar in magnitude
to those obtained with ALS isolated from susceptible biotypes.
Both susceptible and resistant biotypes of each weed species
metabolized radiolabeled sulfonylurea herbicides at similar
rates, indicating that herbicide metabolism was not
contributing to the differential plant response of the
biotypes to ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
305 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Sweet corn to cultivars respond differentially to the
herbicide nicosulfuron. Stall, W.M.; Bewick, T.A.
Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science;
1992 Feb. HortScience v. 27 (2): p. 131-133; 1992 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Cultivars; Sweetcorn; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Application rates; Herbicide resistance; Varietal
susceptibility; Genes; Phytotoxicity; Herbicide mixtures;
Terbufos; Chlorpyrifos
Abstract: Twelve sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.)
cultivars were tested for response to nicosulfuron at rates of
0, 18, 36, and 72 g a.i./ha. Weight of marketable ears
indicated that five cultivars were intolerant to the
herbicide. Three of the cultivars that were intolerant
contained the shrunken-2 endosperm mutant (sh2) and two
contained the sugary enhancer endosperm mutant (se). Cultivars
that were most tolerant of nicosulfuron contained the sh2
gene. Incorporation of terbufos insecticide before planting
led to decreased marketable yield when nicosulfuron was
applied at 36 g.ha-1 in all cultivars tested. Chlorpyrifos
insecticide incorporated before planting did not affect
tolerance to nicosulfuron. Neither soil-applied insecticide
affected yield when nicosulfuron was not applied.
306 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Sweet corn (Zea mays) hybrid tolerance to nicosulfuron.
Morton, C.A.; Harvey, R.G.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jan.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (1): p. 91-96; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wisconsin; Zea mays; Hybrids; Screening;
Herbicide resistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Phytotoxicity;
Growth rate; Crop damage; Varietal susceptibility
307 NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
Systems approaches to quantify crop-weed interactions and
their application in weed management.
Kropff, M.J.; Lotz, L.A.P.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Agricultural systems v. 40 (1/3): p. 265-282; 1992. In the
special issue: Systems approaches for agricultural development
/ edited by P.S. Teng and F. Penning de Vries. Proceedings of
an international symposium held December 2-9, 1991, Bangkok,
Thailand. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant interaction; Pest management; Crop
management; Integrated control; Yield losses; Plant density;
Systems approach; Simulation models; Growth models; Herbicide
resistance; Weed control; Weed competition; Leaf area
308 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Technology transfer for herbicide-tolerant weeds and
herbicide-tolerant crops. Knake, E.L.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 662-664; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Weeds; Biotechnology; Weed control; Technology transfer
309 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Terbacil and bromacil cross-resistance in powell amaranth
(Amaranthus powellii).
Boydston, R.A.; Al-Khatib, K.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992.
Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 513-516; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Amaranthus powellii; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Triazine herbicides; Cross resistance; Bromacil;
Terbacil; Binding site; Thylakoids
Abstract: A triazine-resistant Powell amaranth biotype
collected in Idaho was approximately six times more resistant
to terbacil and sixteen times more resistant to bromacil than
a normal susceptible biotype when planted into terbacil- or
bromacil-treated soil. The concentration of terbacil required
to reduce photosystem II activity by 50% (I50) in isolated
thylakoids was 0.24 and 13.33 micromolar for the susceptible
and resistant biotypes, respectively. Likewise, the I50 values
for bromacil were 0.33 and 18.4 micromolar for the susceptible
and resistant biotypes, respectively. More 14C-terbacil was
bound to isolated thylakoids of the susceptible than the
resistant biotype with binding constants (Kb) of 0.26 and 12.9
micromolar, respectively, indicating that resistance was at
the chloroplast level.
310 NAL Call. No.: S587.T47
Tolerance of almond to herbicides.
Saavedra, M.; Natera, C.
London : Association of Applied Biologists : c1980-; 1993 Apr.
Tests of agrochemicals and cultivars (14): p. 82-83; 1993 Apr.
Supplement to Annals of applied biology, volume 122. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Prunus dulcis; Herbicides; Tolerance;
Phytotoxicity; Mediterranean climate
311 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Tolerance of apple and peach trees to triclopyr.
Derr, J.F.
Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural
Science; 1993 Oct. HortScience : a publication of the American
Society for Horticultural Science v. 28 (10): p. 1021-1023;
1993 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Virginia; Cabt; Malus pumila; Prunus persica;
Orchards; Fruit trees; Weed control; Chemical control;
Triclopyr; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage; Herbicide resistance;
Application rates; Glyphosate; 2,4-d
Abstract: The tolerance of newly planted apple (Malus
domestica Borkh.) and peach [Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch] trees
to the postemergence herbicide triclopyr was evaluated in
field trials. Apple and peach trees were not injured by
triclopyr applied at rates ranging from 0.28 to 1.12 kg acid
equivalent (a.e.)/ha as a directed spray to soil. No injury
was observed following direct application of 10 ml of a
triclopyr solution at 2 g a.e/liter to the lower bark of
either tree species. Applications of that solution to an
individual branch injured or killed the treated apple or peach
branch but did not affect the rest of the tree. No reduction
in tree growth or injury was noted 1 year after triclopyr
application. Applications of 10 ml of a glyphosate solution at
15 g a.i./liter to an apple branch caused severe injury and a
growth reduction by 1 year after application, and killed all
treated peach trees when applied to one branch. No triclopyr
or 2,4-D treatment had affected apple or peach trunk diameter,
number of branches, or tree size 1 year after application.
312 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52R
Tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass seedlings to three wild oat
herbicides in greenhouse experiments.
Swensen, J.B.; Dial, M.J.; Murray, G.A.; Thill, D.C.
S.l. : The Society; 1993.
Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. p.
III/46-III/48; 1993. Meeting held March 9-11, 1993, Tucson,
Arizona.
Language: English
Descriptors: Poa pratensis; Herbicides; Tolerance
313 NAL Call. No.: 100 L93 (3)
Tolerance of rice varieties and experimental lines to rice
herbicides. Sanders, D.E.; Linscombe, S.D.; Jodari, F.;
Fabacher, A.P. Crowley, La. : The Station, 1986-; 1992.
Annual research report / (84th): p. 89-95; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Varieties; Herbicide resistance;
Application rates; Crop yield
314 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Tolerance of three annual forage legumes to selected
postemergence herbicides. Evers, G.W.; Grichar, W.J.; Pohler,
C.L.; Schubert, A.M.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jul. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (3): p. 735-739; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Texas; Cabt; Trifolium alexandrinum; Trifolium
subterraneum; Trifolium hirtum; Fodder legumes; Weed control;
Chemical control; Tolerance; Bentazone; 2,4-d; Propyzamide;
Phytotoxicity; Crop damage; Abiotic injuries; Herbicide
resistance; Species differences
315 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412
Tolerance of triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes of
three weeds to heat stress: a fluorescence study.
Fuks, B.; Eycken, F. van; Lannoye, R.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Feb.
Weed research v. 32 (1): p. 9-17; 1992 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanum nigrum; Poa annua; Chenopodium album;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Susceptibility; Biotypes; Heat
stress; Heat tolerance; Chlorophyll; Fluorescence; Plant
physiology
316 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides in wheat.
Newhouse, K.E.; Smith, W.A.; Starrett, M.A.; Schaefer, T.J.;
Singh, B.K. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant
Physiologists, 1926-; 1992 Oct. Plant physiology v. 100 (2):
p. 882-886; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Imazethapyr; Herbicide
resistance; Induced mutations; Mutants; Genes; Inheritance;
Segregation; Oxo-acid-lyases; Enzyme activity; Allelism
Abstract: An imidazolinone-tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum
L. em Thell) mutant in the winter wheat cultivar Fidel has
been identified and characterized. The mutant was isolated
from a population derived through seed mutagenesis of the
variety with an aqueous solution containing sodium azide.
Imidazolinone-tolerant wheat seedlings were selected from the
generation of the population in the presence of imazethapyr
herbicide and identified as herbicide-insensitive individuals.
The trait is inherited as a single semidominant gene and
confers high levels of tolerance to imazethapyr.
Acetohydroxyacid synthase activity in extracts from
imidazolinone-tolerant plants was less inhibited by
imazethapyr than the enzyme from the wild type. The herbicide-
tolerant plants have a completely normal phenotype and display
no negative effects on growth and yield in either the absence
or presence of imazethapyr.
317 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792
Tolerances of canola, field pea, lupin and faba bean cultivars
to herbicides. Lemerle, D.; Hinkley, R.B.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1991.
Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 31 (3): p.
379-386; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Brassica campestris; Brassica
napus; Lupinus albus; Lupinus angustifolius; Pisum sativum;
Vicia faba; Cultivars; Herbicide resistance; Herbicides;
Injuries; Phytotoxicity; Site factors; Weed control; Yield
losses; Yield response functions
318 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Transformation and regeneration of two cultivars of pea (Pisum
sativum L.). Schroeder, H.E.; Schotz, A.H.; Wardley-
Richardson, T.; Spencer, D.; Higgins, T.J.V.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Mar. Plant physiology v. 101 (3): p. 751-757; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic
transformation; Transgenic plants; Gene transfer; Reporter
genes; Phosphotransferases; Acyltransferases; Recombinant
DNA; Regenerative ability; Tissue culture; Herbicide
resistance; Glufosinate; Genetic markers; Explants; Plant
embryos
Abstract: A reproducible transformation system was developed
for pea (Pisum sativum L.) using as explants sections from the
embryonic axis of immature seeds. A construct containing two
chimeric genes, nopaline synthase-phosphinothricin acetyl
transferase (bar) and cauliflower mosaic virus 35S-neomycin
phosphotransferase (nptII), was introduced into two pea
cultivars using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated
transformation procedures. Regeneration was via organogenesis,
and transformed plants were selected on medium containing 15
mg/L of phosphinothricin. Transgenic peas were raised in the
glasshouse to produce flowers and viable seeds. The bar and
nptII genes were expressed in both the primary transgenic pea
plants and in the next generation progeny, in which they
showed a typical 3:1 Mendelian inheritance pattern.
Transformation of regenerated plants was confirmed by assays
for neomycin phosphotransferase and phosphinothricin acetyl
transferase activity and by northern blot analyses.
Transformed plants were resistant to the herbicide Basta when
sprayed at rates used in field practice.
319 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B56
Transformation in Linum usitatissimum L. (flax).
Jordan, M.C.; McHughen, A.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1993.
Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry v. 22: p. 244-252;
1993. In the series analytic: Plant protoplasts and genetic
engineering III / edited by Y.P.S. Bajaj. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Linum usitatissimum; Genetic transformation;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Transgenic plants; Herbicide
resistance; Glyphosate; Glufosinate; Gene transfer;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Regenerative ability
320 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Transformation of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) and evaluation
of herbicide resistance in transgenic plants.
D'Halluin, K.; Bossut, M.; Bonne, E.; Mazur, B.; Leemans, J.;
Botterman, J. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992
Mar.
Bio/technology v. 10 (3): p. 309-314; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera; Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Gene
transfer; Genes; Bilanafos; Ligases; Glufosinate; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Acyltransferases
321 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Transgenic herbicide-resistant Atropa belladonna using an Ri
binary vector and inheritance of the transgenic trait.
Saito, K.; Tamazaki, M.; Anzai, H.; Yoneyama, K.; Murakoshi,
I. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Plant cell reports v. 11 (5/6): p. 219-224; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Atropa belladonna; Transgenics; Gene transfer;
Genetic transformation; Herbicide resistance; Bilanafos;
Glufosinate; Inheritance; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Enzyme
activity; Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus; Transferases
Abstract: Transgenic Atropa belladonna conferred with a
herbicide-resistant trait was obtained by transformation with
an Ri plasmid binary vector and plant regeneration from hairy
roots. We made a chimeric construct, pARK5, containing the bar
gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase flanked with
the promoter for cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA and the 3'
end of the nos gene. Leaf discs of A. belladonna were infected
with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring an Ri plasmid,
pRi15834, and pARK5. Transformed hairy roots resistant to
bialaphos (5 mg/l) were selected and plantlets were
regenerated. The integration of T-DNAs from pRi15834 and pARK5
were confirmed by DNA-blot hybridization. Expression of the
bar gene in transformed R0 tissues and in backcrossed F1
progeny with a non-transformant and self-fertilized progeny
was indicated by enzymatic activity of the acetyltransferase.
The transgenic plants showed resistance towards bialaphos and
phosphinothricin. Tropane alkaloids of normal amounts were
produced in the transformed regenerants. These results present
a successful application of transformation with an Ri plasmid
binary vector for conferring an agronomically useful trait to
medicinal plants.
322 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Transgenic plants containing the phosphinothricin-N-
acetyltransferase gene metabolize the herbicide L-
phosphinothricin (glufosinate) differently from untransformed
plants.
Droge, W.; Broer, I.; Puhler, A.
Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Planta v. 187 (1): p. 142-151; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Daucus carota; Agrobacterium
tumefaciens; Transgenics; Glufosinate; Metabolism;
Transferases; Enzyme activity; Genetic code; Nucleotide
sequences
Abstract: L-Phosphinothricin (L-Pt)-resistant plants were
constructed by introducing a modified phosphinothricin-N-
acetyl-transferase gene (pat) via Agrobacterium-mediated gene
transfer into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L), and via direct
gene transfer into carrot (Daucus carota L). The metabolism of
L-Pt was studied in these transgenic, Pt-resistant plants, as
well as in the untransformed species. The degradation of L-Pt,
14C-labeled specifically at different C-atoms, was analysed by
measuring the release of 14CO2 and by separating the labeled
degradation products on thin-layer-chromatography plates. In
untransformed tobacco and carrot plants, L-Pt was deaminated
to form its corresponding oxo acid 4-methylphosphinico-2-oxo-
butanoic acid (PPO), which subsequently was decarboxylated to
form 3-methylphosphinico-propanoic acid (MPP). This compound
was stable in plants. A third metabolite remained
unidentified. The L-Pt was rapidly N-acetylated in herbicide-
resistant tobacco and carrot plants, indicating that the
degradation pathway of L-Pt into PPO and MPP was blocked. The
N-acetylated product, L-N-acetyl-Pt remained stable with
regard to degradation, but was found to exist in a second
modified form. In addition, there was a pH-dependent,
reversible change in the mobility of L-N-acetyl-Pt thin-layer
during chromatography.
323 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)
obtained by direct gene transfer to protoplasts.
Wang, Z.Y.; Takamizo, T.; Iglesias, V.A.; Osusky, M.; Nagel,
J.; Potrykus, I.; Spangenberg, G.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jun.
Bio/technology v. 10 (6): p. 691-696; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Festuca arundinacea; Genetic transformation;
Transgenics; Protoplasts; Gene transfer; Direct DNAuptake;
Reporter genes; Phosphotransferases; Acyltransferases; Cell
suspensions; In vitro selection; Hygromycin b; Glufosinate;
Drug resistance; Herbicide resistance; Callus; Embryogenesis;
Regenerative ability
324 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
Transgenic sorghum plants via microprojectile bombardment.
Casas, A.M.; Kononowicz, A.K.; Zehr, U.B.; Tomes, D.T.;
Axtell, J.D.; Butler, L.G.; Bressan, R.A.; Hasegawa, P.M.
Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences,; 1993 Dec01.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America v. 90 (23): p. 11212-11216; 1993 Dec01.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Transgenics; Cultivars; Gene
transfer; Genetic transformation; Genotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Tissue culture; Transferases; Beta-glucuronidase;
Enzyme activity
Abstract: Transgenic sorghum plants have been obtained after
microprojectile bombardment of immature zygotic embryos of a
drought-resistant sorghum cultivar, P898012. DNA delivery
parameters were optimized based on transient expression of R
and C1 maize anthocyanin regulatory elements in scutellar
cells. The protocol for obtaining transgenic plants consists
of the delivery of the bar gene to immature zygotic embryos
and the imposition of bialaphos selection pressure at various
stages during culture, from induction of somatic embryogenesis
to rooting of regenerated plantlets. One in about every 350
embryos produced embryogenic tissues that survived bialaphos
treatment; six transformed callus lines were obtained from
three of the eight sorghum cultivars used in this research.
Transgenic (T0) plants were obtained from cultivar P898012
(two independent transformation events). The presence of the
bar and uidA genes in the T0 plants was confirmed by Southern
blot analysis of genomic DNA. Phosphinothricin
acetyltransferase activity was detected in extracts of the T0
plants. These plants were resistant to local application of
the herbicide Ignite/Basta, and the resistance was inherited
in T1 plants as a single dominant locus.
325 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Translocation of glyphosate, quizalofop, and sucrose in
quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) biotypes.
Tardif, F.J.; Leroux, G.D.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jul.
Weed science v. 41 (3): p. 341-346; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Elymus repens; Biotypes; Herbicide resistance;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Glyphosate; Quizalofop;
Translocation; Rhizomes; Sucrose; Uptake; Stable isotopes;
Spatial distribution; Systemic action; Perennial weeds; Weed
control; Chemical control
Abstract: The translocation pattern and distribution in
rhizomes of 14C-glyphosate, 14C-quizalofop, and 14C-sucrose
was examined in five quackgrass biotypes. Translocation of
radioactivity in the different plant parts varied among
biotypes. Translocation in the whole plant after treatment
with the three 14C-chemicals varied among biotypes but was not
correlated with their tolerance to herbicides. Detailed
analysis of distribution of radioactivity in the primary
rhizome showed that more 14C was found in the apical sections
after treatment with 14C-sucrose. A similar pattern was
observed after 14C-glyphosate application with all biotypes
except one. Very low radioactivity was found in rhizomes after
14C-quizalofop application, but a preferential accumulation in
apical sections of the primary rhizome was detected in two
biotypes. The tolerance of one biotype to glyphosate was
explained by the absence of radioactivity accumulation in the
apical sections of the rhizome.
326 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Triazine-resistant common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)
control in field corn (Zea mays L.).
Myers, M.G.; Harvey, R.G.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (4): p. 884-889; 1993 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wisconsin; Cabt; Zea mays; Weed control;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Chenopodium album; Triazine
herbicides; Chemical control; Application date; Timing;
Acetochlor; Alachlor; Atrazine; Bentazone; Bromoxynil;
Cyanazine; Dicamba; Metolachlor; Pendimethalin; Pyridate;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Tridiphane; 2,4-d; Amines;
Application rates; Efficacy
327 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Triazine-resistant smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus)
control in field corn (Zea mays L.).
Birschbach, E.D.; Myers, M.G.; Harvey, R.G.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (2): p. 431-436; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wisconsin; Cabt; Zea mays; Weed control; Chemical
control; Amaranthus hybridus; Herbicide resistance; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Atrazine; Metribuzin; Herbicide mixtures;
Dicamba; Alachlor; Acetochlor; Pyridate; Bentazone; Cyanazine;
2,4-d; Linuron; Simazine; Sulfonylurea herbicides;
Pendimethalin; Tridiphane; Application rates; Application
date; Timing
328 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16
Tribute summer rape.
Rakow, G.; Downey, R.K.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Jan.
Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de
phytotechnie v. 73 (1): p. 189-191; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Brassica napus; Breeding methods;
Crop yield; Cultivars; Herbicide resistance
329 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Tubulin-isotype analysis of two grass species-resistant to
dinitroaniline herbicides.
Waldin, T.R.; Ellis, J.R.; Hussey, P.J.
Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Planta v. 188 (2): p. 258-264; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Eleusine indica; Setaria viridis; Trifluralin;
Herbicide resistance; Cross resistance; Dinitroaniline
herbicides; Diagnostic techniques; Tubulin; Chemical
composition; Protein content; Protein composition
Abstract: Trifluralin-resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica
(L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass) and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.
(green foxtail) exhibit cross-resistance to other
dinitroaniline herbicides. Since microtubules are considered
the primary target site for dinitroaniline herbicides we
investigated whether the differential sensitivity of resistant
and susceptible biotypes of these species results from
modified tubulin polypeptides. One-dimensional and two-
dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with
immunoblotting using well-characterised anti-tubulin
monoclonal antibodies were used to display the family of
tubulin isotypes in each species. Seedlings of E. indica
exhibited four beta-tubulin isotypes and one alpha-tubulin
isotype, whereas those of S. viridis exhibited two beta-
tubulin and two alpha-tubulin isotypes. Comparison of the
susceptible and resistant biotypes within each species
revealed no differences in electrophoretic properties of the
multiple tubulin isotypes. These results provide no evidence
that resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides is associated
with a modified tubulin polypeptide in these biotypes of E.
indica or S. viridis.
330 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C
Ultrastructure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following exposure
to paraquat: comparison of wild type and a paraquat-resistant
mutant.
Bray, D.F.; Bagu, J.R.; Nakamura, K.
Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1993 Jan.
Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v.
71 (1): p. 174-182; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Paraquat;
Phytotoxicity; Herbicide resistance; Mutants; Genes;
Inheritance; Ultrastructure; Mitochondria; Thylakoids;
Chloroplasts; Nuclei; Methionine; Resistance
331 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412
Uptake and efflux of chlorimuron ethyl by excised soybean
(Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root tissue.
Nandihalli, U.B.; Bhowmik, P.C.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Oct.
Weed research v. 31 (5): p. 295-300; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Roots; Uptake; Chlorimuron;
Radioactive tracers; Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility
332 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of chlorimuron in
soybean (Glycine max) and morningglory (Ipomoea spp.).
Moseley, C.; Hatzios, K.K.; Hagood, E.S.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (2): p. 343-348; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility;
Ipomoea lacunosa; Pharbitis hederacea; Chlorimuron; Uptake;
Translocation; Metabolism; Herbicide resistance; Growth rate;
Absorption; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage; Weed control; Chemical
control
333 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412
Uptake, translocation and phytotoxicity of root-absorbed
haloxyfop in soybean, Festuca rubra L. and Festuca arundinacea
Schreb.
Aguero-Alvarado, R.; Appleby, A.P.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Oct.
Weed research v. 31 (5): p. 257-263; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Festuca rubra; Festuca arundinacea; Glycine max;
Haloxyfop; Phytotoxicity; Roots; Uptake; Absorption;
Translocation; Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility; Growth
rate; Radioactive tracers
334 NAL Call. No.: A00109
USDA scientist develops herbicide-tolerant potatoes.
Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the
National Wildlife Federation; 1991 Jun.
The gene exchange v. 2 (2): p. 7; 1991 Jun.
Language: English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Field tests; Biotechnology; Usda; Plants
335 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62
Use of bar as a selectable marker gene and for the production
of herbicide-resistant rice plants from protoplasts.
Rathore, K.S.; Chowdhury, V.K.; Hodges, T.K.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993 Mar.
Plant molecular biology : an international journal on
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 21
(5): p. 871-884; 1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Streptomyces; Genetic
transformation; Transgenic plants; Protoplasts; Direct
DNAuptake; Gene transfer; Structural genes; Acyltransferases;
Glufosinate; Herbicide resistance; In vitro selection; Marker
genes; Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase
Abstract: We have used the bar gene in combination with the
herbicide Basta to select transformed rice (Oryza sativa L.
cv. Radon) protoplasts for the production of herbicide-
resistant rice plants. Protoplasts, obtained from regenerable
suspension cultures established from immature embryo callus,
were transformed using PEG-mediated DNA uptake. Transformed
calli could be selected 2-4 weeks after placing the
protoplast-derived calli on medium containing the selective
agent, phosphinothricin (PPT), the active component of Basta.
Calli resistant to PPT were capable of regenerating plants.
Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) assays confirmed the
expression of the bar gene in plants obtained from PPT-
resistant calli. The only exceptions were two plants obtained
from the same callus that had multiple copies of the bar gene
integrated into their genomes. The transgenic status of the
plants was varified by Southern blot analysis. In our system,
where the transformation was done via the protoplast method,
there were very few escapes. The efficiency of co-
transformation with a reporter gene gusA, was 30%. The T0
plants of Radon were self-fertile. Both the bar and gusA genes
were transmitted to progeny as confirmed by Southern analysis.
Both genes were expressed in T1 and T2 progenies. Enzyme
analyses on T1 progeny plants also showed a gene dose response
reflecting their homozygous and heterozygous status. The
leaves of T0 plants and that of the progeny having the bar
gene were resistant to application of Basta. Thus, the bar
gene has proven to be a useful selectable and screenable
marker for the transformation of rice plants and for the
production of herbicide-resistant plants.
336 NAL Call. No.: QK710.A9
The use of the Emu promoter with antibiotic and herbicide
resistance genes for the selection of transgenic wheat callus
and rice plants. Chamberlain, D.A.; Brettell, R.I.S.; Last,
D.I.; Witrzens, B.; McElroy, D.; Dolferus, R.; Dennis, E.S.
Melbourne, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization; 1994. Australian journal of plant physiology v.
21 (1): p. 95-112; 1994. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Oryza sativa; Gene transfer;
Transgenic plants; Callus; Gene expression; Selection; Marker
genes; Leaves; Enzyme activity; Promoters
337 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
Using chlorophyll fluorescence induction for a quantitative
detoxification assay with metribuzin and chlorotoluron in
excised wheat (triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) leaves.
Ducruet, J.M.; Sixto, H.; Garcia-Baudin, J.M.
Sussex : John Wiley and Sons Limited; 1993.
Pesticide science v. 38 (4): p. 295-301; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Metribuzin; Chlorotoluron; Triticum aestivum;
Triticum durum; Cultivars; Susceptibility; Herbicide
resistance; Root treatment; Leaves; Translocation; Metabolic
detoxification; Kinetics; Fluorescence; Induction; Dark;
Incubation; Duration; Temperature; Photosystem ii; Inhibition;
Quantitative techniques
Abstract: Chlorophyll fluorescence induction was used as a
probe to detect herbicide detoxification in tolerant or
susceptible wheat cultivars. Experimental conditions have been
carefully examined for establishing detoxification kinetics of
chlorotoluron and metribuzin, two photosystem-II-inhibiting
herbicides. After a root treatment, leaves were cut, placed in
glass tubes and maintained in the dark. The fluorescence
induction rise was examined repeatedly and detoxification
kinetics were established from these data for the same
position on the individual leaves. The herbicide-dependent
fluorescence rise decreased within hours in chlorotoluron-
tolerant but not in susceptible Triticum aestivum cultivars.
In contrast, no significant reversion could be detected after
metribuzin application in both tolerant and susceptible
cultivars of Triticum durum. Near the fluorescence-determined
half-inhibition of photosystem II, linear detoxification
kinetics were obtained in individual leaves, thus providing an
accurate measurement of relative detoxification rates.
338 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Varietal tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa) to bromoxynil and
triclopyr at different growth stages.
Pantone, D.J.; Baker, J.B.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 6 (4): p. 968-974; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Louisiana; Cabt; Oryza sativa; Cultivars;
Herbicide resistance; Varietal tolerance; Bromoxynil;
Triclopyr; Application rates; Crop growth stage; Crop damage;
Crop yield
339 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Vegetation management during establishment of farm woodlands.
Williamson, D.R.; MacDonald, H.G.; Nowakowski, M.R.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1992. Aspects of applied biology (29): p. 203-210; 1992. In
the series analytic: Vegetation management in forestry,
amenity and conservation areas. Paper presented at the
conference of the Association, April 7-9, 1992, University of
York, England. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: England; Farm woodlands; Trees; Weed control;
Establishment; Ground cover plants; Herbicide residues;
Herbicide resistance; Screening; Survival; Vegetation
management
340 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Weed control in oat (Avena sativa)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
and effect on next year corn (Zea mays) yield.
Moomaw, R.S.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 6 (4): p. 871-877; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nebraska; Cabt; Avena sativa; Medicago sativa;
Zea mays; Herbicide resistance; Rotations; No-tillage; Weed
control; Herbicides; Crop density; Crop yield; Drought
341 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Weed thresholds: the space component and considerations for
herbicide resistance.
Maxwell, B.D.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jan.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (1): p. 205-212; 1992 Jan. Paper presented at
the "Symposium on Ecological Perspectives on Utility of
Thresholds for Weed Management," February 5, 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Economic thresholds; Weed control;
Herbicide resistance; Herbicide resistant weeds; Population
dynamics; Seeds; Dispersal; Weed biology; Crop yield; Yield
losses; Mathematical models; Triticum aestivum; Setaria
viridis; Simulation models
342 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Wildflower tolerance to metolachlor and metolachlor combined
with other broadleaf herbicides.
Derr, J.F.
Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural
Science; 1993 Oct. HortScience : a publication of the American
Society for Horticultural Science v. 28 (10): p. 1023-1026;
1993 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Coreopsis; Leucanthemum vulgare; Echinacea
purpurea; Gaillardia; Stand establishment; Weed control;
Chemical control; Herbicide resistance; Site preparation;
Metolachlor; Herbicide mixtures; Isoxaben; Oxadiazon;
Simazine; Phytotoxicity; Abiotic injuries; Efficacy; Eclipta
alba; Cyperus esculentus
Abstract: The tolerance of transplanted lanceleaf coreopsis
(Coreopsis lanceolata L.), ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum
leucantheum L.), purple coneflower [Echinaea purpurea (L.)
Moench.], and blanket flower (Gaiuardia aristata Pursh) to
metolachlor was determined in field trials.Metolachlor at 4.5
kg.ha-1 (maximum use rate) and 9.0 kg.ha-1 (twice the maximum
use rate) did not reduce stand or flowering of any wildflower
species after one or two applications, although plants
developed transient visible injury. Combining metolachlor with
the broadleaf herbicides simazine or isoxaben resulted in
unacceptable injury and stand reduction, especially in ox-eye
daisy. Metolachlor plus oxadiazon was less injurious to the
wildflowers than metolachlor plus either simazine or isoxaben.
Treatments containing metolachlor controlled yellow nutsedge
(Cyperus escukntus L.) by at least 89% in both experiments.
Treatments containing isoxaben controlled eclipta (Ecupta alba
L.) 100% in both studies.
AUTHOR INDEX
Abdel-Meguid, S.S. 299
Acquaah, G. 217
Adam, G. 150
Aguero-Alvarado, R. 333
Ahmad, I. 137
Al-Henaid, J. 254
Al-Khatib, K. 78, 309
Alam, S.M.M. 103
Alcocer-Ruthling, M. 73, 216, 285
Aliev, K.A. 44
Allen, R.D. 177
Amrheim, N. 132
Amsellem, Z. 70
Anderson, J.J. 209
Anderson, J.M. 95
Anderson, K.S. 299
Anderson, M.P. 12, 23
Anderson, T.R. 139
Annamalai, P. 66
Anzai, H. 27, 321
Appleby, A.P. 51, 333
Arad, S.M. 268
Armour, S.L. 144
Armstrong-Gustafson, P. 61
Astier, C. 117
Atkin, R. K. 147
Auld, D.L. 69
Australia 24
Aviv, D. 99
Axtell, J.D. 324
Baerg, R.J. 200
Bagrova, A.M. 17
Bagu, J.R. 330
Bailey, J.A. 22
Baker, J.B. 338
Balke, N.E. 3, 39
Bandaranayake, Hema Anura Divale 182
Barak, Z. 268
Barrentine, W.L. 80, 142, 149, 296
Baszczynski, C. 141
Bauer-Weston, B. 248
Baum, R.M. 163
Bayley, C. 96
Beaty, Jackie Dwayne 282
Becerril, J.M. 239
Beck, C.I. 32
Beckie, H.J. 85, 89
Beiles, A. 155
Belliard, G. 28, 126, 178
Benoit, D.L. 257
Bensch, C. 12
Benveniste, P. 28, 126, 178
Benyamini, Y. 76, 195
Betts, K.J. 200, 201
Bewick, T.A. 14, 298, 305
Bhargava, S. 237
Bhowmik, P.C. 331
Birschbach, E.D. 327
Bjelk, L.A. 202
Block, M. de 25
Boerboom, C.M. 263
Boger, P. 110, 240
Bonne, E. 320
Borough, C. 43
Bossut, M. 320
Botterman, J. 25, 320
Bottino, P. J. 192
Boudry, P. 230
Boutsalis, P. 274
Bouyoub, A. 117
Boyd, P.A. 64
Boydston, R.A. 309
Bradley, D. 127
Bradley, J.R. Jr 175
Brandle, J.E. 11, 276
Bray, D.F. 330
Bregeon, M. 37
Breiland, K. 208
Brendel, M. 121
Bressan, R.A. 324
Brettell, R.I.S. 336
Brewer, C.H. 4
Brewster, B.D. 51
Britt, C.P. 269
Broer, I. 170, 189, 322
Brown, D. 218
Buchanan-Wollaston, V. 242
Buhler, D.D. 3
Burke, J.J. 177
Burmester, R.G. 243
Burnet, M.W.M. 16, 176
Burnside, O.C. 262
Burton, J.D. 134, 272
Bushnell, W.R. 112
Butler, L.G. 324
Buxton, J. 81
Buzzell, R.I. 139
Byrd, J.D. Jr 149
Cabanne, F. 291
Caddel, J.L. 12
Cakmak, I. 199
Callihan, R.H. 159
Cannon, F. 242
Cantliffe, D.J. 298
Cao, J. 264
Caponetti, J.D. 281
Carey, C.K. 50
Carrow, R.N. 115
Casas, A.M. 324
Caseley, J. C. 147
Castillo, A.M. 152, 261
Catanzaro, C.J. 134, 272
Chakravarty, K.S. 49
Chamberlain, D.A. 336
Chamovitz, D. 215
Chase, C. 82
Chee, P.W. 259
Cheung, W.Y. 257
Chevre, A.M. 191
Chipman, D.M. 268
Chow, W.S. 95
Chowdhury, M.K.U. 297
Chowdhury, V.K. 335
Christensen, A.H. 27
Christianson, M.L. 116
Christopher, J.T. 56, 273
Chun, P.T. 187
Chupeau, Y. 9
Clay, D.V. 22, 107
Claypool, P.L. 136
Coggins, J.R. 252
Coghlan, A. 212
Cohen, Z. 165, 233
Collins, W.K. 175
Colvin, D.L. 35
Comstock, G. 47, 102
Conroy, D. 31
Cooke, D.T. 90
Cooke, R. 227
Corbin, F.T. 175
Corio-Costet, M.F. 92, 93
Cote, J.C. 257
Cotterman, J.C. 260, 304
Cottingham, C.K. 26
Coupland, D. 90, 94
Crawford, S.H. 234
Crawley, M.J. 81
Croft, P.H. 74
Cseke, C. 196
Curran, W.S. 140
Cussans, G. W. 147
Cutler, K. 55
D'Halluin, K. 25, 320
Dall'Agnese, M. 92
Datta, K. 164
Datta, S.K. 164
Davis, D.G. 208
Davis, E.S. 104
Day, J.P. 137
Dayringer, H.E. 299
Dekker, J. 102, 219
Dekker, J.H. 243, 266
Delmer, Deborah P. 181
Denecke, J. 25
Dennis, E.S. 336
Derr, J.F. 311, 342
Devine, M.D. 40, 41, 71, 146, 188, 193, 277
Dial, M.J. 173, 312
Dias, J.M. 5
Dickman, M.B. 289
Didi, S. 233
DiMaio, J.J. 144
DiTomaso, J.M. 91, 207
Dixon, F.L. 158
Dodge, A.D. 206
Doley, W.P. 217
Dolferus, R. 336
Dominguez, C. 224
Donaldson, W.S. 51
Donn, G. 97, 164
Dons, J.J.M. 287
Doohan, D.J. 86
Dotray, P.A. 91
Dotray, P.D. 13
Downey, R.K. 10, 328
Draber, W. 302
Driesenaar, A.R.J. 70, 251
Droge, W. 189, 322
Duan, X.L. 264
Ducruet, J.M. 19, 337
Dudler, R. 300
Duke, M.V. 239
Duke, S.O. 29, 204, 239, 245
Dusky, J.A. 254, 298
Dutcher, S.K. 124
Duvick, D.N. 48
Dyer, W.E. 21, 104, 245, 259
Eber, F. 191
Eberlein, C.V. 78, 79, 200
Eckes, P. 97
Edelman, M. 77, 251
Ehlke, N.J. 200, 201, 263
Eilers, R.J. 196, 258
Ellis, J.R. 329
Engelke, M.C. 246
Erickson, D.A. 69
Etienne, A.L. 19, 284
Evers, G.W. 314
Evron, Y. 255
Eycken, F. van 315
Ezhova, T.A. 17
Fabacher, A.P. 313
Fay, P.K. 104, 259
Fedtke, C. 60, 302
Fehr, W.R. 156
Felipe, M.R. de 118
Feri, R.J. 298
Ferrario, S. 157
Ferrell, M.A. 135
Fery, R.L. 72
Figeys, H. 238
Fisher, J.A. 256
Fonne-Pfister, R. 162
Fraley, R.T. 171
Frear, D.S. 180, 208
Freytag, A.H. 286
Friesen, L.F. 277
Fromm, M.E. 152, 261
Fuerst, E.P. 78, 106
Fuks, B. 238, 315
Gaal, I. 210
Galili, S. 99
Gallitano, L.B. 160
Gallois, P. 120
Galun, E. 99
Garcia-Baudin, J.M. 337
Gaubier, P. 227
Geiges, B. 110
Gengenbach, B.G. 13
Gerwick, B.C. 258
Ghersa, C.M. 47
Gianfranceschi, L. 157
Giaquinta, R.T. 183
Gillespie, G.R. 280
Gjerstad, D.H. 4
Gleddie, S. 248
Glover, G.R. 4
Goldburg, R.J. 100
Goldsbrough, P.B. 109, 290
Gondet, L. 28, 126
Goodall, J.S. 107
Gorla, M.S. 157
Gossett, B.J. 271
Gostimskii, S.A. 17
Graham, J. 161
Grant, W.F. 68
Gray, J.A. 39
Green, J.M. 279
Green, T.H. 4
Gressel, J. 7, 8, 70, 130, 179, 190, 223, 255
Grichar, W.J. 314
Gronwald, J.W. 13, 23, 91, 200, 201
Grooms, L. 128
Gu, W. 112
Guenzi, A.C. 136
Guerche, P. 37
Gullner, G. 225
Gunsolus, J.L. 140
Gupta, A.S. 177
Guttieri, M.J. 78, 79
Haase, E. 121
Hagood, E.S. 332
Hails, R.S. 81
Haissig, B.E. 247
Hall, J.C. 50, 71, 103, 146, 193
Hall, L.M. 41, 188
Hamill, A.S. 139, 278
Hanioka, Y. 236
Harker, K.N. 105
Harms, C.T. 144
Harrison, H.F. Jr 63, 72
Hart, J.J. 184
Hart, S.E. 42, 288
Harvey, R.G. 306, 326, 327
Hasegawa, P.M. 290, 324
Hattori, J. 218
Hatzios, K.K. 26, 46, 283, 332
Haughn, G.W. 214
Hausler, R.E. 57, 58
Hayashimoto, A. 303
Hayenga, M. 82
He, G. 174
Heering, D.C. 136
Heim, D.R. 202
Heimer, Y.M. 165, 233
Heinen, J.L. 177
Hepburn, A.G. 131, 301
Hertig, C. 300
Hess, F.D. 245
Hickok, L.G. 187
Hideg, E. 59
Higgins, T.J.V. 318
Hildebrand, O.B. 16
Hillemann, D. 170, 189
Hilp, U. 302
Hinkley, R.B. 256, 317
Hirschberg, J. 215
Hodges, T.K. 335
Hoffer, B.L. 84
Hoffman, D.L. 79
Holaday, A.S. 177
Hollander-Czytko, H. 132
Holt, J.S. 172, 203, 245
Holtum, J.A. 274
Holtum, J.A.M. 16, 18, 56, 57, 58, 176, 203, 229, 273, 275
Homble, F. 238
Horne, D.M. 101, 190
Howard, J. 141
Hruby, F. 135
Hubbard, J. 231
Hussey, P.J. 329
Iglesias, V.A. 323
Ikenaga, H. 118
Inaba, H. 59
Ingram, D.S. 137
Islam, A.K.M.R. 24
Iwata, M. 27
Jablonkai, I. 283
Jackson, M.B. 94
Jacobs, J.M. 239
Jacobs, N.J. 239
James, C.S. 90
James, J. 202
James, S.W. 123, 220
Jamieson, D. 43
Jansen, M.A.K. 70, 77, 251
Janssens, J. 25
Jeffery, L.S. 281
Jen, G.C. 144
Jodari, F. 313
John, M.E. 122
Johnson, B.J. 115, 253
Jones, J.D. 109
Jones, M.G.K. 120
Jordan, M.C. 319
Jorrin, J. 224
Jun, C.J. 53
Kaaria, S. 82
Kaeppler, H.F. 112
Kamiyama, K. 236
Keller, W. 248
Kennedy, J.M. 281
Kerby N.W. 252
Kerby, N.W. 222
Kerlan, M.C. 191
Kibite, S. 105
Kilen, T.C. 174
Kim, S. 46
King, J. 87, 145
Kinoshita, T. 293
Kiraly, L. 225
Kirilovsky, D. 19, 284
Kirkwood, R.C. 64, 65
Kishore, G.M. 171, 299
Kless, H. 251
Knake, E.L. 308
Knerr, L.D. 108
Kobets, N.S. 44
Koch, D.W. 135
Kochian, L.V. 91
Koenig, F. 67
Kohn, D. 81
Kolganova, T.V. 44
Komives, T. 225
Kononowicz, A.K. 324
Kostewicz, S.R. 14
Kreis, M. 120
Kreuz, K. 162
Kriz, A.L. 301
Kropff, M.J. 307
Kurtz, M.E. 194
Kusanagi, T. 236
Labbe, H. 218, 276
Lalithakumari, D. 66
Lamport, D. T. A. 181
Landry, B.S. 257
Landstein, D. 268
Lannoye, R. 315
Lannoye, R.L. 238
Larrinua, I.M. 202
Laskay, G. 210
Lass, L.W. 159
Last, D.I. 336
Lavie, B. 155
Lavrent'ev, A.A. 88
Lax, F.G. III 124
Le, H. 68
Lebaron, H.M. 190
Leckie, D. 154, 198
Leemans, J. 25, 320
Lefebvre, P.A. 123, 220
Lehoczki, E. 210
Leimgruber, N.K. 299
Lemerle, D. 185, 256, 317
Leroux, G.D. 325
Leslie, J.F. 289
Lherminier, J. 93
Li, Z. 303
Liebel, R.A. 2
Lijegren, D.R. 57
Liljegren, D.R. 56
Lim, L.W. 299
Linden, H. 118, 240
Lindsey, K. 120, 125
Linscombe, S.D. 313
Loh, W.H.T. 36
Loney-Gallant, V. 5
Lotz, L.A.P. 307
Loveys, B.R. 176
Lucas, M. 118
Lutman, P.J.W. 158
Lyon, B.R. 98
MacDonald, H.G. 339
MacDonald, M.V. 137
MacIsaac, S.A. 193
Magha, M.I. 37
Maillot-Vernier, P. 28, 126, 178
Malkin, S. 77, 99, 251
Mallory-Smith, C. 167, 173, 216
Mallory-Smith, C.A. 69, 79
Malone, R. 120
Mansooji, A.M. 274
Marcum, K.B. 246
Marles, M.A.S. 71, 146, 188
Marschner, H. 199
Marshall, G. 65
Marshall, L.C. 13
Martin, R. J. 143
Martinez-Ferez, I.M. 228
Masiunas, J.B. 6, 38, 267
Mason, W.L. 15
Matorin, D.N. 17
Matsumoto, H. 239
Matsunaka, S. 53
Matthews, J.M. 57, 274
Mattoo, A.K. 77, 251
Maxwell, B.D. 341
Mazur, B. 320
McBratney, B. 61
McCarty, L.B. 35
McElroy, D. 264, 336
McHughen, A. 40, 319
McMullan, P.M. 83
McSheffrey, S.A. 40
Melekhov, E.I. 88
Mett, V.L. 44
Middlesteadt, L.A. 144
Mikami, T. 293
Miki, B. 218
Miki, B.L. 11, 276
Minogue, P.J. 4
Miranda, T. 284
Mireles, L.C. 5, 258
Misawa, N. 118
Modi, D.R. 49
Monaco, T.J. 75, 86
Montoya, A.L. 144
Moomaw, R.S. 340
Morchen, M. 230
Morgan, M. 96
Morgunov, A. 154
Mori, K. 293
Morishita, D. 167
Morrison, I.N. 85, 89, 226, 277
Morthorpe, K.J. 74
Mortimer, A.M. 211
Morton, C.A. 306
Moseley, C. 332
Moss, S.R. 166
Motsenbocker, C.E. 75
Mourad, G. 87
Mousdale, D.M. 252
Mullineaux, P.M. 129
Mullner, H. 97
Murai, N. 214, 303
Murakoshi, I. 321
Murdock, E.C. 271
Murphy, T.R. 253
Murr, D.P. 103
Murray, D. 144
Murray, G.A. 312
Myers, M.G. 326, 327
Nagata, R.T. 298
Nagel, J. 323
Nakamura, K. 330
Nandihalli, U.B. 331
Nash, C. 22
Natera, C. 310
National Agricultural Library (U.S.) 192
Nazario, S.L. 138
Negrotto, D.V. 144
Neumann, K. 189
Nevo, E. 154, 155
Newhouse, K. 221
Newhouse, K.E. 316
Newsom, L.J. 294, 295
Nicol, H. 74
Nishimoto, R.K. 235
Nojirl, C. 27
Noll, J. 83
Norman, M.A. 106
Nowakowski, M.R. 339
Oettmeier, W. 302
Ogg, P.J. 135
Ooba, S. 27
Orfanedes, M.S. 2
Ortel, B. 232
Osusky, M. 323
Ow, D.W. 96
Padgette, S.R. 171, 299
Pantone, D.J. 338
Park, S.J. 278
Parker, B.B. 154
Parthier, B. 232
Pautot, V. 9
Pecker, I. 215
Peeper, T.F. 136
Penner, D. 42, 288
Perewoska, I. 284
Perl, A. 99
Perl-Treves, R. 99
Petrova, T.V. 17
Piruzyan, E.S. 44
Pofelis, S. 68
Pohler, C.L. 314
Potrykus, I. 164, 323
Powell, H.A. 222, 252
Powles, S.B. 16, 18, 24, 33, 56, 57, 58, 176, 186, 203, 229,
244, 273, 274, 275
Prado, R. de 224
Preston, C. 186, 229, 275
Primiani, M.M. 304
Przibilla, E. 292
Puhler, A. 170, 189, 322
Purba, E. 186
Putwain, P.D. 211
Quail, P.H. 27
Quesenberry, J.E. 96
Radosevich, S.R. 47, 184
Rakow, G. 328
Rao, A.K. 49
Rashid, A. 277
Rathinasabapathi, B. 145
Rathore, K.S. 335
Ray, C. 96
Reboud, X. 54
Rees, M. 81
Reinbothe, S. 232
Renard, M. 37
Renner, K.A. 217
Rensen, J.J.S. van 30
Rensen, J.S. van 265
Reungjitchachawali, M. 165
Reynaerts, A. 25
Richter, J. 244
Ricotta, J.A. 6, 267
Riemenschnedier, D.E. 247
Rimmer, S.R. 10
Rines, H.W. 112
Romano, M.L. 71, 193
Rowell, P. 222, 252
Rubin, B. 76, 166, 195
Rutledge, R. 218
Saari, L.L. 153, 260, 304
Saavedra, M. 310
Saito, K. 321
Samarajeewa, P.K. 27
Sanchez, M. 224
Sanders, D.E. 313
Sandmann, G. 110, 118, 240
Sathasivan, K. 214
Sathasivan, Kanagasabapathi, 213
Saumitou-Laprade, P. 230
Saunders, J.W. 42, 217, 288
Scalla, R. 92, 93
Scandalios, J.G. 111
Schaefer, T.J. 316
Schaller, H. 28, 126, 178
Schmidt, A. 240
Schmidt, R.R. 302
Schmitzer, P.R. 196
Schneegurt, M.A. 202
Schneider, K. 151
Schonfeld, M. 195
Schoper, J. 61
Schotz, A.H. 318
Schroeder, H.E. 318
Schubert, A.M. 314
Scott, J.E. 45
Secor, G. 208
Servos, J. 121
Shafii, B. 73, 285
Shalgi, E. 99
Shaner, D. 221
Shaner, D.L. 205
Sharkey, T.D. 266
Shaw, D.R. 149, 294, 295
Sheets, T.J. 86
Sherman, T.D. 239
Shieh, H.S. 299
Shillito, R.D. 144
Shimabukuro, R.H. 71, 84
Shyr, Y.Y.J. 131
Siangdung, W. 165
Sikorski, J.A. 299
Silflow, C.D. 220
Singh, B. 221
Singh, B.K. 316
Singh, D.R. 49
Singh, H.N. 49
Singh, N.K. 290
Sixto, H. 337
Skroch, W.A. 134, 160, 272
Smale, B.C. 190
Smeda, R.J. 80, 106, 142, 226, 241, 290
Smith, K. 14
Smith, W.A. 316
Smith, W.F. 304
Snape, A. 242
Snape, J.W. 154, 155, 198, 291
Snipes, C.E. 80, 142
Soltanifar, N. 164
Somers, D.A. 13, 20, 112, 201, 263
Sommer, I. 132
Spangenberg, G. 323
Spencer, D. 318
Srivastava, V. 261
Stalker, D.M. 62
Stall, W.M. 14, 305
Stallings, W.C. 299
Starrett, M.A. 316
Staub, J.E. 108
Stegeman, R.A. 299
Stemler, A. 184
Stewart, J.M. 122
Stidham, M. 221
Stidham, M.A. 168
Stoltenberg, D.E. 39, 270
Street, J.E. 296
Stritzke, J.F. 12
Stroom, P. 220
Subramanian, M.V. 5
Suh, H. 301
Sundby, C. 95
Sunohara, G. 218
Swain, R.S. 209
Swanson, H.R. 180, 208
Swensen, J.B. 312
Szigeti, Z. 210
Takamatsu, S. 27
Takamizo, T. 323
Tal, A. 76
Tamazaki, M. 321
Tanticharoen, M. 165
Tardif, F.J. 325
Thalacker, F.W. 180
Therrien, M.C. 83
Thill, D. 167
Thill, D.C. 69, 73, 79, 173, 216, 285, 312
Thompson, L.C. 82
Thompson-Taylor, H. 144
Thomson, L.W. 71
Thornhill, R. 219
Tikhvinskaya, N.S. 17
Till-Bottraud, I. 54
Toki, S. 27
Toler, J.E. 271
Tomes, D.T. 324
Tonnemaker, K.A. 69
Torres, A.C. 298
Trolinder, N. 96
Trunkle, P.A. 104
Tucker, E.S. 33
Uchimiya, H. 27
Ulf-Hansen, P.F. 211
Ulrich, J.F. 279
Ulrich, T. 32
United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development
Fund 181
University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Botany 182
Urmeeva, F.I. 44
Van Dijk, H. 230
Van Doorne, L.E. 65
Van Eycken, F. 238
Van Roggen, P.M. 64
Vasil'ev, I.R. 17
Vasil, I.K. 152, 261, 297
Vasil, V. 152, 261
Vaucheret, H. 9
Vaughn, K.C. 29, 106, 226
Vega, D. 227
Vermeulen, A. 9
Vernet, P. 230
Vernotte, C. 117
Villa, M. 157
Vioque, A. 228
Vitolo, D.B. 280
Vos, O.J. de 30
Waldin, T.R. 329
Wall, D.A. 114
Walls, F.R. Jr 175
Walter, C. 170, 189
Wang, Y. 109
Wang, Z.Y. 323
Wardley-Richardson, T. 318
Warnes, D.D. 20
Warren, S.L. 160
Warwick, S.I. 148
Waters, S. 133
Wax, L.M. 2
Webb, J. 248
Weill, S.W. 194
Weimer, M.R. 3
Welacky, T.W. 139
Weller, S.C. 109, 241, 290
Weston, L.A. 45, 108
Weymann, K. 144
Whitwell, T. 52, 231
Widholm, J.M. 131, 250, 301
Wiederholt, R.J. 270
Williamson, D.R. 107, 339
Wilmink, A. 287
Windhovel, U. 110
Witrzens, B. 336
Woolhouse, H.W. 249
Worsham, A.D. 175
Wrather, J.A. 286
Wu, R. 264
Wyse, D.L. 13, 91, 119, 200, 201, 263
Xu, J.R. 289
Yamamoto, R. 292
Yamano, S. 118
Yamasue, Y. 236
Yan, K. 289
Yoneyama, K. 321
Young, R.R. 74
Yu, C.Y. 38
Zehr, U.B. 324
Zhu, D. 111
Zilkey, B.F. 276
SUBJECT INDEX
2,4-d 29, 35, 88, 96, 98, 311, 314, 326, 327
2,4-db 74
Abiotic injuries 72, 76, 231, 235, 314, 342
Abscisic acid 88
Absorption 2, 3, 4, 6, 26, 38, 42, 46, 86, 175, 193, 332, 333
Abutilon theophrasti 3, 23, 39, 239, 258
Acc 103
Acer pseudoplatanus 269
Acer rubrum 4
Acetochlor 224, 283, 326, 327
Acetoin 258
Acetyl coenzyme a 270
Acetyl-coa carboxylase 13, 71, 134, 146, 193, 200, 201, 244
Acifluorfen 6, 14, 38, 239, 267
Acyltransferases 27, 152, 164, 170, 191, 261, 318, 320, 323,
335
Adaptation 66
Additives 280
Adenosinetriphosphatase 41, 90
Africa 31
Age of trees 235
Agricultural research 7
Agriculture 7
Agrobacterium 276
Agrobacterium rhizogenes 62, 321
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 9, 40, 62, 96, 242, 247, 318, 319,
320, 322
Agronomic characteristics 11, 122
Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris 202
Alachlor 224, 326, 327
Alberta 105, 188
Alcaligenes 96, 98
Alcohol oxidoreductases 232
Algae 165, 233
Alkyl (aryl) transferases 232, 252, 301
Alleles 13, 87, 123, 124, 174, 218, 220, 221, 230
Allelism 13, 316
Alloenzymes 155
Alnus glutinosa 107
Alopecurus myosuroides 211
Alpha-amylase 83
Alpha-glucosidase 83
Alternaria brassicicola 137
Amaranthus cruentus 224
Amaranthus hybridus 224, 327
Amaranthus lividus 254
Amaranthus palmeri 271
Amaranthus powellii 78, 309
Amaranthus retroflexus 239, 258, 302
Amaranthus spinosus 254
Ametryn 16
Amidase 53
Amines 326
Amino acid metabolism 129, 136, 232
Amino acid sequences 78, 79, 109, 121, 129, 215, 218, 227,
228, 268, 284, 300
Amino acids 29, 145, 232, 299
Amiprofos-methyl 123, 124, 220, 226
Amitrole 16
Ammonia 49
Amplification 109, 129, 131, 144, 232, 301
Anabaena variabilis 222, 252
Anilide herbicides 268
Anions 265
Annual habit 230
Antagonism 162
Antibiotics 287
Antioxidants 225
Apocynum cannabinum 2
Application 72
Application date 75, 254, 326, 327
Application methods 89, 140
Application rates 14, 45, 50, 75, 76, 89, 114, 136, 231, 246,
254, 271, 276, 278, 280, 296, 305, 311, 313, 326, 327, 338
Applications 141
Arabidopsis thaliana 9, 40, 41, 87, 120, 202, 214, 218, 248,
300, 303
Arctotheca calendula 186, 275
Aromatic acids 299
Aromatic compounds 121
Artificial selection 17
Aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides 146
Ascorbic acid 6
Assays 258
Asulam 35
Atp 90, 121, 134
Atrazine 16, 17, 22, 23, 35, 39, 54, 78, 224, 238, 286, 290,
302, 326, 327
Atropa belladonna 321
Australia 18, 57, 58, 84, 105, 274, 275
Avena fatua 71, 83, 105, 179, 193, 274
Avena sativa 104, 105, 112, 179, 340
Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana 274
Backcrossing 298
Barban 226
Benomyl 289
Bentazone 35, 72, 224, 314, 326, 327
Benzoic acid herbicides 87
Beta vulgaris 42, 120, 217, 230, 288
Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera 230, 320
Beta-glucuronidase 112, 261, 324, 335
Betula pendula 107
Bibliographies 151
Bidens pilosa 235
Bilanafos 25, 320, 321
Binding proteins 284
Binding site 5, 77, 78, 87, 121, 145, 202, 255, 265, 268, 309
Bioassays 45, 254
Biochemical pathways 29, 56, 129, 178, 240
Biodegradation 251
Biological control 7
Biological development 67
Biosynthesis 29, 45, 93, 103, 110, 118, 145, 178, 233, 239,
240, 299
Biotechnology 7, 8, 10, 32, 47, 48, 63, 101, 119, 122, 141,
156, 171, 179, 183, 245, 262, 308, 334
Biotypes 14, 16, 18, 23, 29, 33, 39, 56, 57, 58, 59, 73, 77,
78, 79, 85, 89, 90, 94, 103, 106, 142, 146, 167, 172, 176,
186, 188, 193, 200, 201, 207, 210, 216, 225, 226, 229, 230,
236, 238, 243, 258, 260, 266, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 277,
280, 285, 304, 309, 315, 325
Bipolaris 66
Bitypes 244
Blight 27
Brassica 191
Brassica campestris 10, 114, 317
Brassica carinata 10
Brassica hirta 239
Brassica juncea 10
Brassica napus 10, 37, 69, 85, 89, 95, 114, 137, 158, 184,
191, 243, 248, 266, 317, 328
Brassica napus var. oleifera 81
Brassica nigra 191
Brassica oleracea 45, 191
Brassica oleracea var. capitata 191
Brassinolide 150
Breeding methods 328
Breeding programs 249
Bromacil 309
Bromoxynil 55, 74, 138, 234, 326, 338
Buchloe dactyloides 35, 246
Cabt 39, 50, 70, 75, 85, 89, 114, 149, 175, 194, 230, 235,
270, 277, 278, 280, 280, 280, 280, 280, 280, 285, 296, 311,
314, 326, 327, 338, 340
Calamagrostis 231
Callus 17, 64, 68, 112, 126, 136, 152, 170, 178, 261, 286,
297, 323, 336
Canada 114, 276
Carbamate herbicides 227
Carbohydrate metabolism 202
Carbon 60, 265
Carica papaya 235
Carotenoids 110, 118
Cassia obtusifolia 239
Catalase 237
Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus 321
Cell culture 36, 132, 217, 241, 291, 293
Cell cultures 3, 92, 93, 145, 237, 250
Cell differentiation 250
Cell division 124
Cell lines 109, 233, 301
Cell membranes 58
Cell suspensions 3, 92, 93, 131, 144, 170, 264, 297, 323
Cell ultrastructure 93
Cell wall components 93, 202
Cell walls 29, 93, 207
Cells 290
Cellulose 93, 202
Centaurea repens 159
Ceratopteris 187
Characterization 3, 180
Chelates 14
Chemical composition 237, 283, 329
Chemical control 14, 35, 50, 85, 89, 114, 115, 153, 171, 172,
175, 235, 263, 271, 280, 311, 314, 325, 326, 327, 332, 342
Chenopodium album 239, 258, 302, 315, 326
Chenopodium rubrum 237
Chimerism 129
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 123, 124, 220, 292, 302, 330
Chloramben 108
Chlorella 268
Chlorimuron 42, 196, 279, 288, 294, 295, 331, 332
Chlorophyll 6, 45, 195, 199, 210, 224, 237, 266, 315
Chloroplast genetics 78, 230, 243
Chloroplasts 177, 224, 230, 257, 330
Chlorotoluron 16, 155, 291, 337
Chlorpropham 226
Chlorpyrifos 305
Chlorsulfuron 5, 9, 11, 18, 37, 40, 41, 42, 56, 69, 79, 87,
116, 120, 137, 180, 185, 188, 217, 218, 248, 256, 260, 273,
277, 303, 304
Chlorthal-dimethyl 226
Chromosome pairing 191
Cichorium intybus 9
Cirsium arvense 263
Clomazone 3, 45
Clones 43, 75
Cloning 21, 44, 215, 240, 300
Clopyralid 2
Collections 108
Competitive ability 73, 285
Complementation 111, 123
Conazole fungicides 28
Conservation tillage 1
Conyza bonariensis 70, 106, 275
Conyza canadensis 210, 236
Copper 99
Coreopsis 342
Cortaderia 231
Corydalis 132
Crop damage 11, 26, 72, 74, 75, 76, 108, 115, 185, 246, 256,
278, 294, 295, 306, 311, 314, 332, 338
Crop density 114, 340
Crop growth stage 243, 338
Crop management 122, 307
Crop production 82, 102
Crop rotation 282
Crop weed competition 73
Crop yield 10, 11, 75, 114, 254, 295, 296, 313, 328, 338, 340,
341
Crops 8, 47, 62, 63, 98, 100, 119, 125, 129, 130, 133, 141,
149, 161, 163, 171, 183, 197, 203, 245, 249, 262, 308
Cross resistance 16, 33, 38, 42, 56, 58, 85, 87, 145, 172,
188, 196, 224, 226, 260, 271, 273, 274, 277, 309, 329
Crosses 247
Crossing 184, 221
Cucumis sativus 108, 239, 281
Cultivars 8, 10, 46, 48, 50, 60, 63, 65, 69, 72, 75, 88, 114,
134, 139, 185, 208, 230, 247, 256, 278, 281, 283, 294, 295,
305, 317, 324, 328, 332, 337, 338
Culture media 65, 217
Cuticle 6, 267
Cyanazine 16, 224, 326, 327
Cyanobacteria 19, 117, 228, 240, 284
Cyclohexene oxime herbicides 146, 200
Cycloxydim 274
Cynodon 115
Cynodon dactylon 115, 253
Cyperus esculentus 342
Cyperus rotundus 253
Cytochrome p-450 162, 180
Cytochromes 251
Cytogenetics 191
Cytoplasm 126
Cytoplasmic male sterility 230
Dalapon 85, 242
Dark 59, 337
Datura fastuosa 145
Datura stramonium 239
Daucus carota 131, 301, 322
Deamination 60
Defense mechanisms 249
Degradation 199, 242
Density 267
Deposition 46
Detection 172, 238, 258
Detoxification 70, 129, 245
Deuterium oxide 123
Development plans 119
Diagnostic techniques 329
Dicamba 35, 326, 327
Dichlobenil 93
Diclofop 35, 51, 57, 58, 71, 83, 84, 85, 105, 180, 193, 200,
201, 207, 244, 260, 273, 274
Difenzoquat 154, 198
Diflufenican 65
Digitaria sanguinalis 270
Dinitroaniline herbicides 29, 85, 226, 329
Dinoseb 17
Diquat 14, 33, 38, 186, 229
Direct
DNAuptake 62, 112, 120, 152, 164, 303, 323, 335
Disease resistance 10, 22, 27, 36, 137, 139
Dispersal 341
Distribution 128
Diurnal variation 243
Diuron 16, 17, 74, 77, 78, 238
Diversity 174
Dna 49, 99, 230, 264
Dna amplification 257
Dna hybridization 21
Dominance 37, 126, 186, 217, 230
Drift 296
Droplets 126
Drought 340
Drug resistance 120, 164, 323
Dry matter 54
Dry matter accumulation 33, 184, 304
Duration 337
Echinacea purpurea 342
Eclipta alba 342
Ecology 81
Economic impact 82, 245
Economic thresholds 341
Economic viability 102
Ecotypes 155
Edifenphos 66
Efficacy 326, 342
Egypt 70
Eicosapentaenoic acid 165, 233
Electrical activity 71
Electron transfer 77, 251, 265, 284, 290
Electrophoresis 21
Electrophysiology 207
Electroporation 120, 297
Eleusine indica 329
Elymus repens 280, 325
Embryogenesis 152, 261, 323
Emission 59
England 107, 269, 339
Environmental factors 295
Environmental impact 82, 100, 138
Environmental protection 245
Enzyme activity 13, 23, 26, 40, 41, 42, 53, 68, 70, 87, 90,
96, 99, 103, 106, 111, 129, 132, 134, 144, 146, 162, 164, 170,
180, 193, 200, 201, 218, 221, 232, 237, 252, 259, 260, 263,
268, 273, 283, 288, 304, 316, 321, 322, 324, 336
Enzyme inhibitors 5, 29, 42, 136, 168, 188, 205, 240, 258,
270, 288
Enzyme polymorphism 155
Enzymes 41, 70, 98, 103, 106, 215, 228, 242, 259
Epilobium 22
Epinasty 94, 103
Eptc 85
Eragrostis 231
Erianthus 134, 231, 272
Erigeron sumatrensis 236
Erwinia uredovora 110
Erysiphe cichoracearum 22
Escherichia coli 44, 299
Establishment 339
Ethalfluralin 85, 281
Ethanol production 210
Ethics 47, 102
Ethylene production 94, 103
Euglena gracilis 232
Evolution 154, 230, 300
Excretion 49
Exons 300
Explants 318
Fagopyrum tataricum 239
Farm woodlands 269, 339
Fatty acids 165
Fecundity 285
Fenoxaprop 71, 83, 85, 231, 272, 274
Fertility 112
Festuca 134, 272
Festuca arundinacea 323, 333
Festuca ovina 134, 272
Festuca rubra 333
Fiber quality 122
Field experimentation 107
Field tests 55, 169, 194, 197, 234, 253, 296, 334
Flagella 123, 124
Florida 212, 254, 298
Fluazifop 33, 58, 85, 134, 274
Fluazifop-p 231, 272
Fluometuron 16
Fluorescence 195, 210, 266, 315, 337
Fluridone 240
Fluroxypyr 2, 158
Flurtamone 114, 240
Fodder legumes 314
Foliar application 175, 236
Foliar uptake 6
Food crops 31, 32
Food processing quality 32
Food quality 32
Food safety 100
Food supply 31
Forest nurseries 15, 107
Forest trees 43, 100
Formic acid 265
France 230
Fraxinus excelsior 269
Free amino acids 259
Free radicals 111, 199
Fruit trees 311
Fungicide tolerance 28
Gaillardia 342
Gas production 210, 229
Gene dosage 131
Gene expression 11, 21, 44, 99, 109, 110, 111, 121, 129, 131,
132, 170, 177, 244, 264, 276, 287, 336
Gene flow 148
Gene frequency 155
Gene interaction 123, 124
Gene location 174
Gene mapping 117, 220, 249, 264
Gene splicing 298
Gene transfer 9, 21, 40, 49, 62, 96, 97, 99, 111, 120, 152,
164, 171, 179, 198, 214, 242, 245, 248, 264, 297, 318, 319,
320, 321, 323, 324, 335, 336
Genes 8, 78, 79, 96, 98, 109, 120, 122, 129, 154, 186, 215,
217, 218, 228, 232, 236, 240, 290, 305, 316, 320, 330
Genetic analysis 21, 44, 78, 257, 276
Genetic change 123
Genetic code 44, 177, 257, 322
Genetic engineering 8, 20, 31, 32, 34, 44, 55, 63, 81, 97, 98,
113, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 138, 161, 163, 189, 212,
249, 250, 292
Genetic improvement 10, 249
Genetic markers 155, 179, 318
Genetic polymorphism 154
Genetic regulation 132, 170, 174, 233, 289
Genetic resistance 8, 11, 20, 23, 32, 125, 157, 223
Genetic resources 154, 155
Genetic transformation 9, 25, 27, 40, 49, 62, 96, 98, 99, 110,
111, 112, 120, 125, 129, 144, 152, 164, 170, 214, 218, 242,
247, 261, 264, 276, 287, 297, 303, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323,
324, 335
Genetic variation 11, 43, 57, 75, 79, 94, 145, 148, 214, 237,
283
Genetics 192
Genome analysis 10, 21
Genotypes 6, 63, 65, 69, 83, 105, 155, 187, 198, 230, 262,
267, 276, 283, 324
Geographical distribution 78, 154, 155
Georgia 253
Germplasm 12, 72, 105, 108, 173, 174
Gibberella fujikuroi 289
Gibberellins 150
Gloeocapsa 49
Glucose 93
Glufosinate 29, 97, 112, 152, 164, 170, 179, 191, 261, 264,
318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 335
Glutathione 283
Glutathione reductase (nad(p)h) 106
Glutathione transferase 23, 26, 129, 283
Glycine max 3, 46, 60, 92, 93, 139, 174, 286, 294, 295, 296,
331, 332, 333
Glycoproteins 300
Glyphosate 4, 17, 27, 29, 33, 44, 64, 65, 109, 131, 132, 133,
171, 187, 222, 232, 247, 252, 263, 298, 299, 301, 311, 319,
325
Gossypium 55, 80, 122
Gossypium hirsutum 5, 96, 234
Gramineae 159
Grasses 52, 135, 231
Great Britain 15
Greenhouse culture 184
Ground cover plants 339
Groundwater pollution 100
Growth 40, 64, 165, 184, 237, 250
Growth chambers 88, 184
Growth effects 194
Growth inhibitors 64
Growth models 307
Growth rate 33, 73, 136, 306, 332, 333
Growth regulators 103
Growth stages 70
Guanidines 44
Haloxyfop 13, 200, 244, 274, 333
Haploids 137
Hawaii 235
Heat 170
Heat stress 315
Heat tolerance 315
Heavy metals 36
Herbicidal properties 168, 207, 210, 239, 240, 265, 273
Herbicide mixtures 14, 160, 162, 269, 305, 327, 342
Herbicide residues 60, 269, 339
Herbicide resistance 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61,
62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197,
198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223,
224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236,
237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248,
249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272,
274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298,
299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311,
313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 327,
328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341,
342
Herbicide resistant weeds 14, 16, 29, 38, 39, 57, 58, 73, 79,
85, 86, 89, 90, 140, 142, 148, 153, 166, 167, 172, 186, 190,
196, 200, 201, 203, 210, 216, 219, 226, 229, 236, 238, 244,
258, 260, 270, 273, 274, 275, 277, 280, 302, 304, 315, 325,
326, 327, 341
Herbicide safeners 129
Herbicide-resistant crops 147
Herbicides 1, 7, 15, 49, 52, 58, 64, 91, 98, 100, 107, 129,
130, 140, 142, 149, 156, 157, 159, 166, 167, 194, 196, 205,
213, 226, 240, 241, 246, 253, 265, 271, 277, 310, 312, 317,
340
Heritability 17, 176
Heterozygosity 288
Hexazinone 43
Hibiscus cannabinus 194
High yielding varieties 233
Histoenzymology 112
History 172
Homozygosity 288
Hordeum glaucum 24, 76, 229, 275
Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum 33, 186, 229, 275
Hordeum spontaneum 76
Hordeum vulgare 24, 76, 83, 185, 256
Hybrid varieties 82, 283
Hybridization 10, 24, 230, 245
Hybrids 26, 53, 115, 191, 248, 279, 306
Hydrolysis 90
Hydroponics 294
Hygromycin b 164, 289, 323
Idaho 73, 78, 216, 285, 309
Ilex vomitoria 4
Imazamethabenz 37
Imazapyr 87, 136, 244, 304
Imazaquin 35, 115, 144, 175, 196, 221, 253, 258, 294, 295
Imazethapyr 5, 135, 221, 254, 316
Imidazoline 213
Imidazolinone herbicides 5, 28, 29, 42, 145, 168, 214, 218,
268, 273
Improvement 122
In vitro 291
In vitro selection 13, 17, 36, 68, 120, 131, 136, 144, 241,
248, 261, 286, 293, 303, 323, 335
Inbred lines 221, 279
Incidence 166
Incubation 337
Induced mutations 17, 36, 69, 111, 116, 124, 218, 220, 221,
316
Induction 337
Industry 183
Inheritance 13, 17, 18, 40, 68, 96, 112, 174, 186, 187, 201,
217, 221, 236, 261, 288, 316, 321, 330
Inhibition 41, 71, 77, 87, 146, 224, 268, 302, 337
Inhibitor genes 124
Inhibitors 77, 255
Injuries 50, 107, 140, 281, 296, 317
Insect control 249
Insecticide resistance 71
Integrated control 307
Interactions 162, 202
Intergeneric hybridization 248
International organizations 190
Interspecific hybridization 191
Introgression 191
Introns 300
Iowa 219
Ipomoea batatas 75
Ipomoea lacunosa 239, 332
Iron fertilizers 115
Isoenzymes 155
Isolation 120
Isoleucine 136, 259
Isomerases 258
Isopropalin 85
Isoproturon 16
Isotope labeling 60
Isoxaben 92, 93, 202, 342
Israel 154, 155
Kalmia latifolia 160
Kanamycin 9, 120
Kinases 232
Kinetics 337
Kochia scoparia 79, 259, 277
Laboratory methods 21, 241, 257
Lactuca sativa 173, 254, 255, 298
Lactuca serriola 73, 79, 173, 216, 285
Larix leptolepis 107
Lawns and turf 35, 115, 253
Leaf area 307
Leaves 4, 6, 46, 53, 57, 59, 175, 199, 210, 229, 242, 267,
336, 337
Legislation 101
Leucanthemum vulgare 342
Leucine 5, 136, 259
Leucothoe walteri 160
Life cycle 230
Ligases 5, 40, 44, 56, 87, 109, 132, 145, 168, 205, 258, 263,
304, 320
Light 59, 70, 210, 251, 284
Light intensity 59, 67, 117, 184, 199, 210
Line differences 40, 54, 92, 93
Lines 11, 91, 93, 165, 184, 237, 288, 291
Linkage groups 220
Linolenic acid 165, 233
Linum usitatissimum 40, 319
Linuron 50, 85, 180, 327
Lipids 126
Lipogenesis 126
Literature reviews 7, 8, 10, 29, 36, 62, 98, 125, 166, 171,
247, 265, 287
Loci 87, 123, 124, 174
Lolium multiflorum 51, 200, 201
Lolium perenne 304
Lolium rigidum 16, 18, 56, 57, 58, 84, 176, 207, 244, 260, 273
Lotus corniculatus 68, 263
Louisiana 234, 338
Lupinus albus 317
Lupinus angustifolius 317
Lyases 188, 196, 299
Lycopersicon esculentum 6, 14, 82, 94, 99, 208, 267
Macroeconomics 10
Magnesium 199
Maize 157
Malathion 162
Malus pumila 311
Manganese 111
Manitoba 71, 83, 85, 89, 146, 226, 277
Marker genes 25, 155, 179, 242, 287, 303, 335, 336
Maryland 23
Massachusetts 280
Maternal effects 201, 230
Mathematical models 341
Maturity stage 86
Mcpa 29, 74, 224
Mecoprop 35, 90, 94
Medicago 74
Medicago sativa 12, 170, 239, 340
Mediterranean climate 310
Meiosis 191
Membrane potential 58, 71, 84, 91, 207
Membranes 77, 290
Messenger
RNA 109, 131, 132, 232
Metabolic detoxification 3, 26, 38, 45, 56, 86, 92, 106, 148,
162, 176, 180, 193, 209, 237, 260, 283, 304, 337
Metabolic inhibitors 45, 85, 93, 176
Metabolism 2, 3, 6, 38, 42, 46, 56, 57, 86, 146, 162, 175,
176, 193, 200, 202, 206, 209, 241, 250, 260, 273, 291, 322,
332
Metabolites 3, 45, 60, 86, 92, 176, 193, 260, 291
Metal tolerance 36
Metazachlor 15, 158
Methazole 16
Methionine 330
Methylation 178
Metobromuron 278
Metolachlor 26, 326, 342
Metoxuron 16, 154, 155
Metribuzin 16, 19, 60, 75, 78, 115, 139, 174, 208, 284, 302,
327, 337
Metsulfuron 35, 37, 40, 64, 65, 69, 216, 279
Microbial degradation 98, 227
Micromanipulation 34
Microsomes 41, 162, 180
Microtubules 123, 220
Mildews 22
Mineral deficiencies 199
Minnesota 23, 280
Miscanthus 231
Mississippi 142, 149, 194, 295, 296
Mitochondria 111, 330
Mitochondrial
DNA 230
Mitochondrial genetics 230
Mitosis 29, 85
Mixed cropping 249
Mode of action 29, 45, 46, 93, 116, 140, 146, 149, 168, 205,
240, 241, 255, 258, 291
Models 166, 215
Modification 122
Molecular biology 21, 25, 250
Molecular genetics 116, 240
Monitoring 238
Monocotyledons 287
Monophenol monooxygenase 180
Motility 124
Msma 35, 115
Multiple genes 117, 144
Mutagenesis 116, 137
Mutagens 116, 121
Mutants 5, 13, 17, 19, 28, 36, 37, 44, 66, 67, 69, 87, 111,
116, 120, 124, 126, 144, 145, 214, 218, 219, 232, 240, 251,
268, 284, 292, 302, 303, 316, 330
Mutations 13, 37, 49, 78, 87, 95, 117, 123, 126, 129, 136,
144, 187, 215, 228, 243, 284, 290, 303
Myrothecium verrucaria 127
Nadh dehydrogenase 180
Natural selection 148
Nebraska 1, 340
Net assimilation rate 266
New South Wales 74, 185, 256, 317
New York 280
Nicotiana 225
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia 242
Nicotiana tabacum 5, 11, 28, 44, 59, 96, 98, 109, 118, 120,
126, 127, 144, 175, 177, 178, 218, 276, 322
Nitrogen fixation 49
Nitroso compounds 44
No-tillage 340
Nontarget effects 100
Norflurazon 110, 118, 215, 228, 240
North Carolina 75, 175
North Dakota 280
Nostoc muscorum 49
Nuclei 330
Nucleotide sequences 78, 79, 109, 121, 215, 218, 220, 227,
228, 264, 300, 301, 322
Nutrient solutions 294
Ohio 280
Oilseed plants 10
Oklahoma 12
Ontario 50, 139, 278
Orchards 311
Oregon 51, 200, 201
Organ culture 99
Organic acids 207
Organic anions 265
Organophosphorus insecticides 162
Ornamental herbaceous plants 52, 231
Ornamental plants 272
Ornamental woody plants 160
Oryza 53
Oryza sativa 27, 66, 164, 264, 293, 296, 303, 313, 335, 336,
338
Oryzalin 85, 123, 124, 220
Oxadiazon 342
Oxidants 70
Oxidation 3, 177, 180
Oxidoreductases 96
Oxo-acid-lyases 37, 42, 68, 144, 218, 221, 244, 260, 268, 273,
303, 316
Oxydendrum arboreum 160
Oxyfluorfen 14, 38, 235
Oxygen 99, 111, 176, 199, 210, 229
Oxygenases 98, 110, 180
Panicum 231
Panicum virgatum 134, 272
Paraquat 14, 24, 29, 33, 38, 46, 59, 70, 99, 106, 111, 186,
199, 210, 229, 236, 237, 275, 330
Parasitic weeds 7
Pathogenicity 66
Pendimethalin 85, 281, 326, 327
Pennisetum alopecuroides 134, 272
Pennsylvania 280
Perennial weeds 325
Performance 184
Peroxidase 237
Pest management 7, 190, 307
Pest resistance 10, 20, 125, 128, 190
Ph 207, 294
Pharbitis hederacea 332
Pharmacodynamics 255
Pharmacokinetics 3, 26, 162, 180, 193, 200, 236, 260, 283, 304
Phaseolus vulgaris 199, 278
Phenolic compounds 292
Phenotypes 49, 124, 155, 201
Phenoxypropionic herbicides 18
Phloem loading 41
Phosphates 44
Phospholipids 90
Phosphotransferases 112, 164, 318, 323
Photoinhibition 30, 70, 95, 177, 275, 284
Photosynthesis 16, 29, 67, 99, 117, 155, 184, 210, 224, 229,
238, 243, 250, 255, 265, 266, 290
Photosystem i 106, 237
Photosystem ii 19, 30, 49, 77, 95, 117, 251, 255, 265, 284,
290, 302, 337
Phototoxicity 99, 140
Physiological races 193
Phytoene 110, 240
Phytophthora megasperma 139
Phytosterols 126
Phytotoxicity 3, 5, 11, 26, 53, 56, 68, 72, 74, 75, 76, 84,
85, 89, 92, 93, 94, 107, 108, 160, 162, 175, 180, 185, 193,
194, 199, 210, 222, 224, 231, 235, 239, 242, 256, 272, 278,
279, 283, 286, 294, 295, 305, 306, 310, 311, 314, 317, 330,
332, 333, 342
Picea sitchensis 107
Picloram 103
Pinus taeda 4
Pisum sativum 17, 64, 65, 88, 207, 317, 318
Plant breeding 8, 20, 25, 32, 105, 137, 157, 173, 174, 214,
223, 233, 248, 249, 257, 279, 286, 298
Plant cell walls 181
Plant competition 54
Plant composition 258, 283
Plant density 50, 54, 307
Plant development 32, 125
Plant ecology 148, 155
Plant embryos 261, 318
Plant genetic engineering 192
Plant height 54, 235
Plant interaction 307
Plant morphology 53, 248
Plant oils 10
Plant pathogenic fungi 66, 137, 289
Plant physiology 203, 299, 315
Plant protection 129
Plant proteins 67, 121, 232, 251, 265
Plant regulators 150
Plant tissues 46
Plant viruses 249
Plants 25, 36, 88, 189, 215, 250, 334
Plants, Effect of herbicides on 182, 213
Plasma membranes 41, 71, 90, 93, 207
Plasmalemma 84
Plasmid vectors 261
Plasmids 44, 62, 120, 152, 227, 242, 264, 297
Plastids 232
Pleiotropy 243
Poa annua 50, 315
Poa pratensis 50, 312
Polarity 58
Policy 100
Pollen 116, 244
Pollen germination 244
Pollination 230
Polyethylene glycol 164
Polymerase chain reaction 257
Polymorphism 155
Polyploidy 198
Population dynamics 216, 341
Populus alba 247
Populus grandidentata 247
Porphyrins 239
Pot experimentation 107
Private sector 100
Prodiamine 85
Production costs 82
Profitability 48
Prometryn 16
Promoters 110, 336
Propachlor 224
Propanil 53, 85
Propaquizafop 274
Propazine 16
Propham 226
Propyzamide 85, 226, 314
Protein composition 329
Protein content 10, 41, 139, 329
Protein degradation 77
Protein synthesis 67, 129
Protein synthesis inhibitors 168
Proteins 77, 117, 290
Proton pump 90
Protoplast fusion 248
Protoplasts 120, 144, 164, 297, 303, 323, 335
Provenance 280
Prunus avium 269
Prunus dulcis 310
Prunus persica 311
Pseudomonas cepacia 227
Pseudomonas putida 242
Public agencies 101
Public health 100
Public opinion 163
Public sector 100
Purification 252
Pyridate 14, 158, 224, 255, 326, 327
Pyridine herbicides 85
Quality 50
Quantitative techniques 337
Quercus rubra 4
Quinclorac 35, 296
Quinolines 121
Quinones 265, 284, 290
Quizalofop 200, 272, 274, 325
Radioactive tracers 331, 333
Rain 185
Raphanus raphanistrum 191
Rapid methods 257
Recessive genes 123, 279
Recombinant
DNA 110, 318
Recurrent selection 263
Redox potential 284
Regeneration 68, 109
Regenerative ability 112, 152, 164, 170, 286, 318, 319, 323
Regulation 70, 101, 266
Relationships 22
Repetitive
DNA 301
Reporter genes 25, 112, 152, 191, 261, 318, 323, 335
Research 48, 171
Resistance 64, 121, 275, 287, 289, 293, 330
Resistance mechanisms 16, 29, 71, 78, 106, 166, 168, 172, 176,
200, 205, 226, 304
Responses 184
Restriction enzymes, DNA 192
Restriction fragment length polymorphism 21, 230
Restriction mapping 21, 117, 215, 301
Reviews 148, 203, 245
Rhizoctonia solani 27
Rhizomes 325
Rhododendron 160
Rhododendron catawbiense 160
Rhododendron obtusum 160
Rhodophyta 165
Rice 282
Risk 102, 262
Root tips 84
Root treatment 337
Roots 4, 40, 45, 99, 175, 207, 283, 331, 333
Rotations 254, 340
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 111, 121
Saccharum 297
Salsola iberica 79, 304
Salt tolerance 36, 293
Saskatchewan 328
Screening 69, 72, 108, 116, 241, 244, 245, 267, 278, 306, 339
Seed germination 236, 259, 285
Seed industry 48
Seed longevity 285
Seed set 54
Seedbeds 107
Seedling emergence 50
Seedling stage 86, 175, 278
Seedlings 17, 180, 276, 281, 283
Seeds 10, 54, 116, 128, 341
Segregation 40, 120, 126, 186, 220, 261, 316
Selection 12, 105, 137, 233, 245, 264, 286, 287, 336
Selection criteria 24, 116, 122, 184, 263, 276, 290
Selection pressure 148
Selective breeding 157, 242
Selectivity 3, 76, 180, 283
Semidominance 13, 220, 288
Semidominant genes 221, 288
Senecio vulgaris 22
Serine 95
Setaria faberi 219, 270
Setaria italica 54
Setaria viridis 83, 85, 89, 146, 226, 329, 341
Sethoxydim 13, 33, 35, 85, 134, 200, 231, 244, 272, 274
Shade 67
Shoots 54, 68, 99, 175, 180, 283
Simazine 16, 176, 327, 342
Simulation models 307, 341
Sinapis arvensis 103, 114, 191
Sisymbrium 74
Site factors 15, 317
Site preparation 342
Soil analysis 254
Soil ph 91
Soil temperature 259
Soil treatment 175
Soil water content 295
Solanum 38, 267
Solanum Americanum 14
Solanum nigrum 77, 238, 315
Solanum tuberosum 99, 290
Somaclonal variation 38, 208, 217, 293
Somatic embryogenesis 65
Somatic hybridization 248
Somatic mutations 217
Sorghastrum 231
Sorghum bicolor 258, 324
Sorghum halepense 80, 142
Source sink relations 45, 175
South Carolina 271
Southeastern states of U.S.A. 4
Spain 224
Spartina 231
Spatial distribution 46, 325
Species differences 3, 76, 314
Spectroscopy 238
Sphaerotheca 22
Spinacia oleracea 239
Spirodela oligorhiza 77, 251
Spirulina 165, 233
Stable isotopes 325
Stand establishment 159, 342
Stellaria media 90, 94, 188, 304
Stems 4
Sterol esters 126
Sterols 90, 178
Stomata 267
Strain differences 66, 289
Strains 49
Streptomyces 335
Streptomycin 293
Stress 99, 111, 177, 284
Stress response 70
Structural genes 13, 27, 37, 40, 110, 111, 117, 121, 131, 144,
152, 170, 220, 243, 244, 284, 300, 301, 335
Structure activity relationships 129, 168, 302
Sucrose 41, 325
Sulfometuron 35, 121, 216, 221, 244, 268, 279, 304
Sulfonamides 87
Sulfonylurea herbicides 5, 11, 29, 42, 55, 68, 69, 73, 144,
145, 162, 168, 173, 188, 209, 216, 259, 273, 276, 279, 280,
285, 288, 298, 305, 306, 319, 320, 326, 327
Superoxide dismutase 59, 99, 106, 111, 177, 237
Supply balance 48
Surveys 216
Survival 33, 88, 269, 339
Susceptibility 2, 22, 41, 46, 60, 84, 89, 91, 92, 93, 103,
106, 134, 146, 149, 176, 188, 195, 198, 201, 235, 259, 271,
277, 285, 315, 331, 333, 337
Sweetcorn 305
Symptoms 140
Synechococcus 67, 110, 215
Systemic action 325
Systems approach 307
Technology transfer 308
Temperate climate 50
Temperature 70, 124, 185, 266, 337
Terbacil 12, 86, 309
Terbucarb 226
Terbufos 305
Terbutryn 74
Texas 246, 314
Thylakoids 78, 117, 176, 290, 292, 309, 330
Timing 75, 326, 327
Tissue culture 17, 36, 64, 68, 131, 241, 318, 324
Tissue cultures 25
Tobacco 182
Tofu 139
Tolerance 4, 72, 91, 133, 156, 158, 252, 310, 312, 314
Tomatoes 181
Trails 142
Tralkoxydim 76, 274
Transcription 132
Transfer 24
Transferases 131, 321, 322, 324
Transgenic plants 11, 27, 47, 48, 63, 100, 101, 119, 120, 171,
183, 191, 261, 262, 303, 308, 318, 319, 335, 336
Transgenics 9, 21, 40, 44, 62, 81, 96, 98, 99, 112, 118, 144,
152, 164, 170, 177, 179, 189, 197, 218, 234, 276, 320, 321,
322, 323, 324
Translocation 2, 4, 6, 26, 38, 45, 46, 56, 57, 86, 175, 176,
193, 200, 229, 241, 325, 332, 333, 337
Treatment 44, 88, 276
Trees 339
Triasulfuron 37, 180, 244, 304
Triazine herbicides 29, 95, 219, 243, 257, 309, 326
Triazines 15, 148, 184, 266
Triazole herbicides 5, 126, 178
Tribenuron 11, 279
Trichomes 267
Triclopyr 35, 296, 311, 338
Tridiphane 14, 326, 327
Trifluralin 85, 89, 226, 271, 329
Trifolium alexandrinum 314
Trifolium hirtum 314
Trifolium subterraneum 74, 314
Triticum 198
Triticum aestivum 24, 34, 56, 73, 76, 85, 89, 92, 93, 113,
136, 152, 180, 209, 212, 261, 283, 291, 316, 336, 337, 341
Triticum dicoccoides 154, 155
Triticum durum 337
Tubulin 220, 329
Types 22, 41
U.S.A. 101, 138, 163, 197, 334
Uk 22
Ultrastructure 330
Ultraviolet radiation 137
Uptake 45, 46, 57, 146, 176, 202, 241, 325, 331, 332, 333
Uptake mechanisms 41
Usda 55, 163, 197, 334
Uses 141
Valine 136, 259
Variation 86
Varietal resistance 249
Varietal susceptibility 6, 26, 69, 71, 72, 75, 278, 279, 283,
291, 294, 295, 305, 306, 332
Varietal tolerance 338
Varieties 313
Variety trials 105
Vectors 62, 129, 287
Vegetation management 339
Vicia faba 317
Victoria 33
Vigna unguiculata 72
Viola arvensis 86
Virginia 311
Virulence 66
Waxes 6, 46, 267
Weed biology 21, 33, 57, 58, 70, 79, 116, 195, 230, 237, 241,
280, 341
Weed competition 307
Weed control 1, 2, 7, 8, 14, 15, 35, 47, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58,
74, 82, 83, 85, 89, 95, 97, 100, 114, 115, 119, 130, 133, 134,
142, 149, 153, 158, 159, 167, 171, 172, 175, 183, 188, 190,
194, 196, 206, 234, 235, 239, 253, 254, 262, 263, 267, 269,
271, 277, 280, 298, 307, 308, 311, 314, 317, 325, 326, 327,
332, 339, 340, 341, 342
Weeds 1, 2, 7, 21, 116, 148, 176, 195, 204, 230, 241, 269,
308, 341
Wild plants 53, 71, 76, 154, 174
Wild strains 302
Wisconsin 39, 108, 270, 306, 326, 327
Wyoming 135
X radiation 248, 299
Xanthium strumarium 196, 258
Yield components 10
Yield losses 75, 95, 295, 307, 317, 341
Yield response functions 317
Zea mays 13, 26, 61, 82, 91, 111, 162, 168, 221, 279, 283,
305, 306, 326, 327, 340
Zinc 99