TITLE: Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
PUBLICATION DATE: September 1994
ENTRY DATE: April 1995
EXPIRATION DATE:
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ISSN: 1052-5378
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Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
April 1991 - March 1994
QB 94-60
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Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
April 1991 - March 1994
Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-60
Updates QB 91-104
342 citations in English from AGRICOLA
Raymond Dobert
Biotechnology Information Center
September 1994
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Dobert, Raymond
Herbicide tolerance/resistance in plants.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-60)
1. Herbicide resistance--Bibliography. 2. Plants, Effect of
herbicides on--Bibliography. 3. Herbicide resistant crops--
Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.94-60
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Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
SEARCH STRATEGY
SET ITEMS DESCRIPTION
S1 823 HERBICID? (W) (TOLERAN? OR RESISTAN?)
S2 396 S1 AND PY=1991:1999
S3 395 S2/ENG
Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants
1 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX
A 1992 guide for--herbicide use in Nebraska.
Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992.
EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska
(92-130): 51 p.; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nebraska; Weed control; Herbicides; Weeds;
Herbicide resistance; Conservation tillage
2 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Absence of a role for absorption, translocation, and
metabolism in differential sensitivity of hemp dogbane
(Apocynum cannabinum) to two pyridine herbicides.
Orfanedes, M.S.; Wax, L.M.; Liebel, R.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan.
Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 1-6; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Apocynum cannabinum; Clopyralid; Fluroxypyr;
Herbicide resistance; Susceptibility; Absorption; Metabolism;
Translocation; Weeds; Weed control
Abstract: Hemp dogbane is sensitive to fluroxypyr and
tolerant to clopyralid. Absorption, translocation, and
metabolism of clopyralid and fluroxypyr were studied in hemp
dogbane to determine if differences in these processes could
be responsible for differential sensitivity. In addition, the
effect of growth stage on herbicide absorption and
translocation was evaluated. The 14C-herbicides were applied
to the adaxial side of a single leaf located near the midpoint
of hydroponically cultured plants. Uptake of fluroxypyr was
more rapid than clopyralid. At 72 h after treatment (HAT),
fluroxypyr and clopyralid absorption was 62 and 38%,
respectively. Clopyralid was much more mobile than fluroxypyr,
with 75% of the absorbed 14C from 14C-clopyralid recovered
outside the treated leaf compared to only 45% for fluroxypyr
72 HAT. Relative to fluroxypyr, a higher percentage of 14C-
clopyralid recovered outside the treated leaf translocated
acropetally, especially when plants were treated during the
vegetative stage. Treatment during the early reproductive
stage increased basipetal and reduced acropetal translocation
relative to the vegetative stage. Neither herbicide was
metabolized rapidly. Approximately 60 and 90% of the recovered
14C was attributable to unaltered fluroxypyr and clopyralid,
respectively, 72 HAT. Some differences in absorption,
translocation, and metabolism between clopyralid and
fluroxypyr exist, but they cannot fully account for
differential sensitivity of hemp dogbane to these two
herbicides. Differences in activity at the target site may be
responsible for differential activity of these herbicides on
hemp dogbane.
3 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Absorption and metabolism of clomazone by suspension-cultured
cells of soybean and velvetleaf.
Weimer, M.R.; Balke, N.E.; Buhler, D.D.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jan.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 42 (1): p. 43-53;
1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Abutilon theophrasti; Cell
suspensions; Cell cultures; Metabolic detoxification;
Clomazone; Absorption; Metabolism; Oxidation; Metabolites;
Characterization; Herbicide resistance; Species differences;
Phytotoxicity; Selectivity; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: Clomazone uptake and metabolism were compared in
soybean and velvetleaf suspension cultured cells utilizing
either [14C]methylene-clomazone or [14C]carbonyl-clomazone.
Velvetleaf cells absorbed more clomazone than soybean did.
Cells of both species accumulated more metabolites when
treated with [14C]methylene-clomazone than when treated with
[14C]carbonyl-clomazone. Higher amounts of [14C]metabolites
were present in the media of cells treated with [14C]carbonyl-
clomazone than [14C]methylene-clomazone. Differences in uptake
were due to cellular retention of the benzyl moiety and efflux
of the heterocyclic moiety after cleavage of clomazone. All
metabolites produced in soybean and velvetleaf cells were more
polar than clomazone. No qualitative differences in the
metabolites produced by soybean and velvetleaf were
identified. Both soybean and velvetleaf oxidatively cleaved
the clomazone molecule and subsequently conjugated the benzyl
moiety with glucose. One of the aglycones was identified as 2-
chlorobenzylalcohol. Oxidative cleavage of clomazone was a
major metabolic reaction occurring in both the tolerant
(soybean) and susceptible (velvetleaf) species.
4 NAL Call. No.: SD13.C35
Absorption and translocation of [14C]glyphosate in four woody
plant species. Green, T.H.; Minogue, P.J.; Brewer, C.H.;
Glover, G.R.; Gjerstad, D.H. Ottawa, Ont. : National Research
Council of Canada; 1992 Jun. Canadian journal of forest
research; Revue canadienne de recherche forestiere v. 22 (6):
p. 785-789; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Southeastern states of U.S.A.; Pinus taeda; Ilex
vomitoria; Acer rubrum; Quercus rubra; Glyphosate; Tolerance;
Translocation; Absorption; Leaves; Roots; Stems
Abstract: Absorption and translocation patterns of radio-
labelled glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were examined
in four species of woody plants to determine mechanisms of
herbicide tolerance in species common to the southeastern
United States. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and yaupon (Ilex
vomitoria (L.) Ait.), both tolerant to the herbicide, absorbed
significantly less glyphosate than did red maple (Acer rubrum
L.) or white oak (Quercus alba L.), indicating the importance
of foliar absorption as a barrier to glyphosate entry.
Although herbicide absorption was similar between the
sensitive white oak and the tolerant red maple, white oak
accumulated more glyphosate in the roots than did red maple,
indicating that translocation patterns also contribute
significantly to glyphosate tolerance in some woody species.
5 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides bind to the
regulatory site. Subramanian, M.V.; Loney-Gallant, V.; Dias,
J.M.; Mireles, L.C. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant
Physiologists; 1991 May. Plant physiology v. 96 (1): p.
310-313; 1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Gossypium hirsutum; Mutants;
Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Triazole herbicides;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Chlorsulfuron; Imazethapyr;
Imidazolinone herbicides; Ligases; Enzyme inhibitors; Binding
site; Leucine
Abstract: Acetolactate synthase from spontaneous mutants of
tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; KS-43 and SK-53) and cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum; PS-3, PSH-91, and DO-2) selected in
tissue culture for resistance to a triazolopyrimidine
sulfonanilide showed varying degrees of insensitivity to
feedback inhibitor(s) valine and/or leucine. A similar feature
was evident in the enzyme isolated from chlorsulfuron-
resistant weed biotypes, Kochia scoparia and Stellaria media.
Dual inhibition analyses of triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide,
thifensulfuron, and imazethapyr versus feedback inhibitor
leucine revealed that the three herbicides were competitive
with the amino acid for binding to acetolactate synthase from
wild-type cotton cultures. Acetolactate synthase inhibiting
herbicides may bind to the regulatory site on the enzyme.
6 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Acifluorfen tolerance in Lycopersicon.
Ricotta, J.A.; Masiunas, J.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 413-417; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Acifluorfen; Absorption; Foliar uptake; Leaves;
Cuticle; Waxes; Translocation; Metabolism; Ascorbic acid;
Varietal susceptibility; Chlorophyll
Abstract: Studies were conducted to determine the mechanism
of acifluorfen tolerance within the Lycopersicon genus.
Absorption of 14C-acifluorfen was not correlated with
tolerance. There was a negative correlation (r = -0.57)
between absorption 24 h after treatment and wax density. No
other surface characteristic correlated with absorption. Less
than 3% of absorbed 14C was translocated and there was no
metabolism of acifluorfen. All genotypes were susceptible to
paraquat, and acifluorfen-tolerant genotypes had lower levels
of ascorbate than susceptible genotypes, implying that free
radical protectant systems were not involved in tolerance.
Genotypes varied in amounts of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
and total chlorophyll but the differences did not correlate to
acifluorfen tolerance.
7 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Addressing real weed science needs with innovations.
Gressel, J.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 509-525; 1992 Jul. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Weed control; Agricultural research;
Herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Pest management; Biological
control; Biotechnology; Parasitic weeds; Agriculture;
Literature reviews
8 NAL Call. No.: SB123.P55
Advances in achieving the needs for biotechnologically-derived
herbicide resistant crops.
Gressel, J.
New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1993.
Plant breeding reviews v. 11: p. 155-198; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Plant breeding; Herbicide resistance;
Genes; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology; Cultivars; Weed
control; Genetic resistance; Literature reviews
9 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54
Agrobacterium mediated transfer of a mutant Arabidopsis
acetolactate synthase gene confers resistance to chlorsulfuron
in chicory (Chichorium intybus L.). Vermeulen, A.; Vaucheret,
H.; Pautot, V.; Chupeau, Y.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Plant cell reports v. 11 (5/6): p. 243-247; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cichorium intybus; Genetic transformation;
Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Kanamycin; Transgenics;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Arabidopsis thaliana; Gene transfer
Abstract: Leaf discs of C. intybus were inoculated with an
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain harboring a neomycin
phosphotransferase (neo) gene for kanamycin resistance and a
mutant acetolactate synthase gene (csr1-1) from Arabidopsis
thaliana conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. A
regeneration medium was optimized which permitted an efficient
shoot regeneration from leaf discs. Transgenic shoots were
selected on rooting medium containing 100 mg/l kanamycin
sulfate. Integration of the csr1-1 gene into genomic DNA of
kanamycin resistant chicory plants was confirmed by Southern
blot hybridizations. Analysis of the selfed progenies (S1 and
S2) of two independent transformed clones showed that
kanamycin and chlorsulfuron resistances were inherited as
dominant Mendelian trails. The method described here for
producing transformed plants will allow new opportunities for
chicory breeding.
10 NAL Call. No.: 30 Ad9
Agronomic improvement in oilseed brassicas.
Downey, R.K.; Rimmer, S.R.
San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1993.
Advances in agronomy v. 50: p. 1-66; 1993. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica campestris; Brassica carinata; Brassica
juncea; Brassica napus; Oilseed plants; Macroeconomics;
Biotechnology; Crop yield; Cultivars; Genetic improvement;
Genome analysis; Hybridization; Disease resistance; Herbicide
resistance; Pest resistance; Yield components; Plant oils;
Protein content; Seeds; Literature reviews
11 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Agronomic performance of sulfonylurea-resistant transgenic
flue-cured tobacco grown under field conditions.
Brandle, J.E.; Miki, B.L.
Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America, 1961-; 1993
Jul. Crop science v. 33 (4): p. 847-852; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenic plants; Lines;
Herbicide resistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Agronomic
characteristics; Genetic resistance; Chlorsulfuron;
Tribenuron; Phytotoxicity; Crop yield; Crop damage; Gene
expression; Genetic variation
Abstract: Field testing of transgenic crops is an essential
step towards commercialization. This study was conducted to
assess the agronomic performance of herbicide-resistant
transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) lines relative to
untransformed controls and to evaluate their sensitivity to
sulfonylurea herbicides in a field situation. Two transgenic
flue-cured tobacco lines harboring the csr1-1 gene for
sulfonylurea resistance were evaluated after application of
three rates of two sulfonylurea herbicides [chlorsulfuron (2-
chloro-N[(4-methoxy-6-methyl- 1,3,5 triazin-2-yl)
aminocarbonyl]-aminosulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylate) R9674, a
2:1 mixture of thifensulfuron (methyl-3-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-
1,3,5-triazin-2-yl aminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl]-2-
thiophenecarboxy- late) and tribenuron (methyl-2[[[[4-
methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-
yl]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate)]. We show that one of the
lines was resistant to 10 g a.i. ha-1 of chlorsulfuron but not
to 20 g a.i. ha-1 and that both lines were susceptible to DPX-
R9674. Comparison of transgenics to an untransformed control
in the absence of herbicide treatment showed that both
transgenics were lower yielding than tbe controls. This
impairment of agronomic performance could be attributed to any
of a number of factors. Resistance to chlorsulfuron was
adequate, but margins of safety need to be increased before
any farm level use of these transgenic lines can be
considered. Selection among lines for maximum expression of
the transgene and selection or backcrossing to recover the
parental phenotype may further improve agronomic performance.
12 NAL Call. No.: SB193.F59
Alfalfa germplasm with resistance to terbacil.
Caddel, J.L.; Stritzke, J.F.; Anderson, M.P.; Bensch, C.
Georgetown, Tx. : American Forage and Grassland Council; 1992.
Proceedings of the Forage and Grassland Conference v. 1: p.
162-165; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oklahoma; Medicago sativa; Terbacil; Herbicide
resistance; Germplasm; Selection
13 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Allelic mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase confer
herbicide tolerance in maize.
Marshall, L.C.; Somers, D.A.; Dotray, P.D.; Gengenbach, B.G.;
Wyse, D.L.; Gronwald, J.W.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (4): p. 435-442; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Structural genes; Alleles; Acetyl-coa
carboxylase; Mutants; Mutations; Herbicide resistance;
Haloxyfop; Sethoxydim; Allelism; In vitro selection;
Inheritance; Semidominance; Enzyme activity
Abstract: The genetic relationship between acetyl-coenzyme A
carboxylase (ACCase; EC 6.4.1.2.) activity and herbicide
tolerance was determined for five maize (Zea mays L.) mutants
regenerated from tissue cultures selected for tolerance to the
ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, sethoxydim and haloxyfop.
Herbicide tolerance in each mutant was inherited as a
partially dominant, nuclear mutation. Allelism tests indicated
that the five mutations were allelic. Three distinguishable
herbicide tolerance phenotypes were differentiated among the
five mutants. Seedling tolerance to herbicide treatments
cosegregated with reduced inhibition of seedling leaf ACCase
activity by sethoxydim and haloxyfop demonstrating that
alterations of ACCase conferred herbicide tolerance.
Therefore, we propose that at least three, and possible five,
new alleles of the maize ACCase structural gene (Acc1) were
identified based on their differential response to sethoxydim
and haloxyfop. The group represented by Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and
Acc1-S3 alleles, which had similar phenotypes, exhibited
tolerance to high rates of sethoxydim and haloxyfop. The Acc1-
H1 allele lacked sethoxydim tolerance but was tolerant to
haloxyfop, whereas the Acc1-H2 allele had intermediate
tolerance to sethoxydim but was tolerant to haloxyfop.
Differences in tolerance to the two herbicides among mutants
homozygous for different Acc1 alleles suggested that sites on
ACCase that interact with the different herbicides do not
completely overlap. These mutations in maize ACCase should
prove useful in characterization of the regulatory role of
ACCase in fatty acid biosynthesis and in development of
herbicide-tolerant maize germplasm.
14 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Alternatives for control of paraquat tolerant American black
nightshade (Solanum americana).
Bewick, T.A.; Stall, W.M.; Kostewicz, S.R.; Smith, K.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Jan.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 5 (1): p. 61-65; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Weed control; Solanum
Americanum; Herbicide resistant weeds; Paraquat; Herbicide
resistance; Biotypes; Chemical control; Diquat; Oxyfluorfen;
Acifluorfen; Tridiphane; Pyridate; Chelates; Herbicide
mixtures; Application rates
15 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Alternatives to triazines for weed control in forest
nurseries. Mason, W.L.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1992. Aspects of applied biology (29): p. 149-155; 1992. In
the series analytic: Vegetation management in forestry,
amenity and conservation areas. Paper presented at the
conference of the Association, April 7-9, 1992, University of
York, England. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Great Britain; Forest nurseries; Herbicide
resistance; Herbicides; Metazachlor; Site factors; Triazines;
Weed control
16 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Amitrole, triazine, substituted urea, and metribuzin
resistance in a biotype of rigid ryegras (Lolium rigidum).
Burnet, M.W.M.; Hildebrand, O.B.; Holtum, J.A.M.; Powles, S.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 317-323; 1991 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Herbicide resistance;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Amitrole; Atrazine; Cross
resistance; Simazine; Cyanazine; Propazine; Ametryn;
Prometryn; Chlorotoluron; Isoproturon; Metoxuron; Diuron;
Fluometuron; Metribuzin; Methazole; Resistance mechanisms;
Photosynthesis
Abstract: A biotype of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum G.
LOLRI) has become resistant to amitrole and atrazine after 10
yr of exposure to a mixture of these herbicides. Resistance
has also been demonstrated to the chloro-s-triazines:
simazine, cyanazine, propazine; the
methylthio-s-triazines: ametryn, prometryn; the substituted
ureas: chlortoluron, isoproturon, metoxuron, diuron,
fluometuron, methazole; and the triazinone herbicide
metribuzin. The biotype remains susceptible to chlorsulfuron,
metsulfuron, sulfometuron, sethoxydim, diclofop, fluazifop,
glyphosate, carbetamide, and oxyfluorfen. Inhibition of oxygen
evolution by atrazine, diuron, and metribuzin was similar in
thylakoids isolated from both resistant and susceptible
biotypes. Therefore, resistance to the photosystem II
inhibitors is not caused by an alteration of the target site
of these herbicides. Resistant plants treated with a 3-h pulse
of 0.12 millimoles chlortoluron recover photosynthetic
activity more rapidly than susceptible plants. This suggests
that the basis for resistance is enhanced metabolism or
sequestration of the herbicide within the leaf.
17 NAL Call. No.: QH431.A1G43
Analysis of the effects of herbicides on pea seedlings and
calluses, and the isolation of herbicide-resistant callus
lines and regenerant plants. Ezhova, T.A.; Tikhvinskaya, N.S.;
Petrova, T.V.; Bagrova, A.M.; Vasil'ev, I.R.; Matorin, D.N.;
Gostimskii, S.A.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1991 May.
Soviet genetics v. 26 (11): p. 1317-1322; 1991 May.
Translated from: Genetika, v. 26 (11), 1990, p. 2012-2019.
(QH431.A1G4). Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Mutants; Induced mutations; In
vitro selection; Artificial selection; Seedlings; Callus;
Tissue culture; Herbicide resistance; Atrazine; Dinoseb;
Glyphosate; Diuron; Inheritance; Heritability
Abstract: The effects of atrazine, dinoseb, diuron, and
glyphosate on pea seedlings and prolonged cultures of
photoheterotrophic calluses were compared. Herbicides were
found to have similar effects on the growth of seedlings and
the survival of calluses. Cultivation of calluses on selective
media containing threshold concentrations of herbicide
resulted in the isolation of callus lines resistant to the
herbicide used (42, 13, 10, and 8 lines resistant to atrazine,
dinoseb, diuron, and glyphosate respectively were obtained).
Regenerant plants of the R0 and R1 generations were obtained
from photosynthesis-blocking herbicide-resistant calluses.
Delayed fluorescence analysis showed that resistance to
photosynthesis-blocking herbicide in the callus lines selected
was not only retained when plants were regenerated, but was
also passed on to the subsequent seed generation (R1),
demonstrating its genetic nature. Resistance to atrazine in
two R1 regenerant lines was shown to result from reductions in
the sensitivity of electron transfer to the acceptor component
of photosystem II, which is presumably due to alterations in
the herbicide binding protein D-1.
18 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74
Annual ryegrass: an abundance of resistance, a plethora of
mechanisms. Holtum, J.A.M.; Powles, S.B.
Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 3: p. 1071-1078;
1991. Meeting held November 18-21, 1991, Brighton, England.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Inheritance; Phenoxypropionic herbicides;
Chlorsulfuron
19 NAL Call. No.: 381 B522
Apparent destabilization of the S1 state related to herbicide
resistance in a cyanobacterium mutant.
Kirilovsky, D.; Ducruet, J.M.; Etienne, A.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Sep27.
Biochimica et biophysica acta : International journal of
biochemistry and biophysics v. 1060 (1): p. 37-44; 1991 Sep27.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Metribuzin; Cyanobacteria; Mutants; Photosystem
ii; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: In this work we describe a new phenotype of
herbicide-resistant mutants. We have selected and
characterized several metribuzin resistant mutants from
Synechocystis 6714. We found that an increase in metribuzin
resistance involved a cross-resistance with other herbicides.
Therefore, the mutants could be classified in three groups:
(1) metribuzin resistant; (2) atrazine and metribuzin
resistant; (3) DCMU, atrazine and metribuzin resistant.
Mutants which did not present cross-resistance were up to 25-
fold more resistant to metribuzin than the wild type. We have
studied the electron transfer properties of Photosystem II in
these mutants using several techniques (oxygen emission,
fluorescence, and thermoluminescence measurements). They
presented modifications in the electron transfer between QA
and QB, as was generally observed in most herbicide-resistant
mutants previously studied. However, unexpectedly, one of
these mutants, M30, presented a modified oscillatory pattern
of oxygen emission. After dark adaptation the maximum of the
oscillation was shifted by one flash. The matrix analysis
indicated that the shifted maximum of the oxygen sequence
corresponded to an increased S0 concentration in the dark-
adapted state. In whole cells S0 and S1 are in equilibrium.
This equilibrium is shifted in favor of S0 in the M30 mutant.
The mutation renders the S-states more accessible to cell
reductants.
20 NAL Call. No.: S77.I56
Applications of biotechnology to crop improvement.
Warnes, D.D.; Somers, D.A.
Morris, Minn. : The Station; 1992.
Innovations - University of Minnesota, West Central Experiment
Station v. 2 (1): p. 5; 1992.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Genetic engineering; Genetic
resistance; Herbicide resistance; Pest resistance
21 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Applications of molecular biology in weed science.
Dyer, W.E.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jul.
Weed science v. 39 (3): p. 482-488; 1991 Jul. Paper presented
at the "Symposium on New Techniques adn Advances in Weed
Physiology and Molecular Biology," February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Weeds; Weed biology; Molecular biology;
Transgenics; Laboratory methods; Restriction mapping;
Restriction fragment length polymorphism; Cloning; Dna
hybridization; Gene transfer; Electrophoresis; Gene
expression; Genome analysis; Genetic analysis
Abstract: Rapid strides are being made in understanding the
fundamental regulation of plant growth, development, and
responses to the environment due to recent advances in
molecular biology. Current questions in weed science such as
herbicide mechanisms of action, biodegradation, and mechanisms
of weed resistance are equally approachable using such
methodology. Efforts to introduce herbicide resistance into
agronomically important crops are possible because of
successful isolation and transfer of genes. Investigations of
weed survival and competitive strategies based on
developmental processes, such as seed dormancy, are currently
underway using techniques designed to monitor and characterize
differential gene expression. Molecular methodology also plays
a key role in taxonomic studies of weed populations using
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping. The
future potential for these and other techniques such as
nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
gene transfer, and the use of transgenic plants is described.
22 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
An association between triazine resistance and powdery mildew
resistance in Epilobium ciliatum and Senecio vulgaris.
Clay, D.V.; Nash, C.; Bailey, J.A.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Pesticide science v. 33 (2): p. 189-196; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Uk; Epilobium; Senecio vulgaris; Atrazine;
Herbicide resistance; Disease resistance; Mildews; Erysiphe
cichoracearum; Sphaerotheca; Susceptibility; Relationships;
Types
Abstract: The response of four naturally, occurring biotypes
of Epilobium ciliatum and four sources of Senecio vulgaris to
the herbicide atrazine were compared with their susceptibility
to the powdery mildews Sphaerotheca epilobii and Erysiphe
cichoracearum. Biotypes that were resistant to atrazine were
also resistant to mildew. Mechanisms that night explain the
association between atrazine resistance and mildews resistance
are discussed, along with possible implications of these
findings for farmland ecology, an for the production of
herbicide- and mildew-resistant crop plants.
23 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Atrazine resistance in a velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
biotype due to enhanced glutathione S-transferase activity.
Anderson, M.P.; Gronwald, J.W.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
May. Plant physiology v. 96 (1): p. 104-109; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Maryland; Minnesota; Abutilon theophrasti;
Biotypes; Atrazine; Herbicide resistance; Glutathione
transferase; Enzyme activity; Genetic resistance
Abstract: We previously reported that a velvetleaf (Abutilon
theophrasti Medic) biotype found in Maryland was resistant to
atrazine because of an enhanced capacity to detoxify the
herbicide via glutathione conjugation (JW Gronwald, Andersen
RN, Yee C [1989] Pestic Biochem Physiol 34: 149-163). The
biochemical basis for the enhanced atrazine conjugation
capacity in this biotype was examined. Glutathione levels and
glutathione S-transferase activity were determined in extracts
from the atrazine-resistant biotype and an atrazine-
susceptible or "wild-type" velvetleaf biotype. In both
biotypes, the highest concentration of glutathione
(approximately 600 nanomoles per gram fresh weight) was found
in leaf tissue. However, no significant differences were found
in glutathione levels in roots, stems, or leaves of either
biotype. In both biotypes, the highest concentration of
glutathione S-transferase activity measured with 1-chloro-2,4-
dinitrobenzene or atrazine as substrate was in leaf tissue.
Glutathione S-transferase measured with 1-chloro-2,4-
dinitrobenzene as substrate was 40 and 25% greater in leaf and
stem tissue, respectively, of the susceptible biotype compared
to the resistant biotype. In contrast, glutathione S-
transferase activity measured with atrazine as substrate was
4.4- and 3.6-fold greater in leaf and stem tissue,
respectively, of the resistant biotype. Kinetic analyses of
glutathione S-transferase activity in leaf extracts from the
resistant and susceptible biotypes were performed with the
substrates glutathione, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and
atrazine. There was little or no change in apparent Km values
for glutathione, atrazine, or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
However, the Vmax for glutathione and atrazine were
approximately 3-fold higher in the resistant biotype than in
the susceptible biotype. In contrast, the Vmax for 1-
chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was 30% lower in the resistant
biotype. Leaf glutathione S-transferase isozymes that exhibit
activity with atrazine and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were
separated by fast protein liquid (anion-exchange)
chromatography. The susceptible biotype, had three peaks
exhibiting activity with atrazine and the resistant biotype
had two. The two peaks of glutathione S-transferase activity
with atrazine from the resistant biotype coeluted with two of
the peaks from the susceptible biotype, but peak height was
three- to fourfold greater in the resistant biotype, in both
biotypes, two of the peaks that exhibit glutathione S-
transferase activity with atrazine also exhibited activity
with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, with the peak height being
greater in the susceptibele biotype. The resulsts indicated
that atraine glutathionse S-trasferase activity for atrazine
resistant in the velvetleaf biotype from Maryland is due to
enhanced glutathione S-transferase activity foratrazine in
leaf and stem tissue which results in an enhanced capacity to
detoxify the herbicide via glutathione conjugation.
24 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412
Attempts to transfer paraquat resistance from barley grass
(Hordeum glaucum Steud.) to barley and wheat.
Islam, A.K.M.R.; Australia; Powles, S.B.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Dec.
Weed research v. 31 (6): p. 395-399; 1991 Dec. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; Selection
criteria; Herbicide resistance; Paraquat; Hybridization;
Hordeum glaucum; Transfer
25 NAL Call. No.: QP601.M49
The bar gene as selectable and screenable marker in plant
engineering. D'Halluin, K.; Block, M. de; Denecke, J.;
Janssens, J.; Leemans, J.; Reynaerts, A.; Botterman, J.
San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1992.
Methods in enzymology (216): p. 397-414; 1992. In the series
analytic: Recombinant DNA (part G) / edited by R. Wu.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Bilanafos; Herbicide resistance; Reporter
genes; Marker genes; Genetic transformation; Plant breeding;
Molecular biology; Tissue cultures
26 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Basis of differential tolerance of two corn hybrids (Zea mays)
to metolachlor. Cottingham, C.K.; Hatzios, K.K.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 359-363; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Hybrids; Herbicide resistance;
Metolachlor; Varietal susceptibility; Enzyme activity;
Glutathione transferase; Metabolic detoxification; Absorption;
Translocation; Pharmacokinetics; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage
Abstract: Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to
determine the basis of differential response of two corn
hybrids to the chloroacetanilide herbicide metolachlor. In
greenhouse experiments, metolachlor at 6.7 kg ha-1 reduced the
height of the susceptible 'Northrup-King 9283' corn by 53%
relative to untreated controls and caused extensive visible
injury 14 d after treatment. Under the same conditions, the
height of metolachlor-treated 'Cargill 7567' corn seedlings
was reduced by only 18% without any visible herbicide injury.
The 14C-metolachlor was more rapidly absorbed by the emerging
shoot of the metolachlor-susceptible hybrid, Northrup-King
9283. Thus, differential metolachlor tolerance may be due in
part to processes at the level of herbicide uptake. Metabolism
experiments revealed that both hybrids were able to conjugate
14C-metolachlor with glutathione at similar rates. However,
glutathione S-transferase activity increased earlier during
seedling development and reached higher activities in the
metolachlor-tolerant hybrid, Cargill 7567.
27 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Bialaphos treatment of transgenic rice plants expressing a bar
gene prevents infection by the sheath blight pathogen
(Rhizoctonia solani). Uchimiya, H.; Iwata, M.; Nojirl, C.;
Samarajeewa, P.K.; Takamatsu, S.; Ooba, S.; Anzai, H.;
Christensen, A.H.; Quail, P.H.; Toki, S.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing,; 1993 Jul.
Bio/technology v. 11 (7): p. 835-836; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Rhizoctonia solani; Transgenic
plants; Genetic transformation; Disease resistance;
Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance; Blight; Structural genes;
Acyltransferases
28 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B58
Biochemcial characterization of tobacco mutants resistant to
azole fungicides and herbicides.
Schaller, H.; Maillot-Vernier, P.; Gondet, L.; Belliard, G.;
Benveniste, P. London : Portland Press; 1993 Nov.
Transactions v. 21 (4): p. 1052-1057; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Mutants; Conazole fungicides;
Imidazolinone herbicides; Fungicide tolerance; Herbicide
resistance
29 NAL Call. No.: SB950.9.C44
Biochemical basis of herbicide resistance.
Vaughn, K.C.; Duke, S.O.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1991.
Chemistry of plant protection v. 7: p. 141-169; 1991. In the
series analytic: Herbicide resistance--brassinosteroids,
gibberellins, plant growth regulators / edited by W. Ebing.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistance; Resistance mechanisms; Glyphosate; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Imidazolinone herbicides; Glufosinate; Triazine
herbicides; Paraquat; Dinitroaniline herbicides; Mcpa; 2,4-d;
Mode of action; Biochemical pathways; Enzyme inhibitors;
Biosynthesis; Amino acids; Photosynthesis; Mitosis; Cell
walls; Literature reviews
30 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R474 1991
Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to photosystem II
herbicides. Rensen, J.J.S. van; Vos, O.J. de
London : Published for SCI by Elsevier Applied Science; 1991.
Resistance '91, Achievement and Developments in Combating
Pesticide Resistance / edited by Ian Denholm, Alan L.
Devonshire, and Derek W. Hollomon. p. 251-261; 1991.
Proceedings of the SCI Symposium "Resistance '91: Achievements
and Developments in Combating Pesticide Resistance," 15-17
July 1991, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Photosystem ii; Herbicide resistance;
Photoinhibition
31 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522
Biotech fix for African crops held hostage to profit motive.
Conroy, D.
Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Feb17.
Biotech daily v. 2 (124): p. 3; 1993 Feb17.
Language: English
Descriptors: Africa; Herbicide resistance; Genetic
engineering; Food crops; Food supply
32 NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
Biotechnology in the food industry.
Beck, C.I.; Ulrich, T.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1993 Aug.
Bio/technology v. 11 (8): p. 895-902; 1993 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Food crops; Plant breeding; Genetic engineering;
Biotechnology; Food quality; Food processing quality; Genetic
resistance; Herbicide resistance; Plant development
33 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
A biotype of hare barley (Hordeum leporinum) resistant to
paraquat and diquat. Tucker, E.S.; Powles, S.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr.
Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 159-162; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Victoria; Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum;
Biotypes; Herbicide resistance; Paraquat; Diquat; Sethoxydim;
Fluazifop; Glyphosate; Cross resistance; Dry matter
accumulation; Growth rate; Survival; Weed biology
Abstract: A biotype of the annual grass weed hare barley
infesting an alfalfa field with a 24-yr history of the use of
the bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat, was
investigated for resistance to these herbicides. Rates of up
to 800 g ai ha-1 of each herbicide caused no mortality in the
hare barley plants from this field. The same species,
collected from an adjacent pasture field with no history of
bipyridylium herbicide application, exhibited LD50's of 57 and
160 g ai ha-1 for paraquat and diquat, respectively. Tiller
numbers and dry matter production in the biotype from the
alfalfa field were not affected by the normal rate recommended
for both herbicides. These results clearly show that hare
barley from the alfalfa field is resistant to paraquat and
diquat. Both biotypes were equally sensitive to fluazifop,
glyphosate, and sethoxydim.
34 NAL Call. No.: A00035
Breakthrough should lead to higher wheat yields.
Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Jun04.
Biotechnology news v. 12 (14): p. 1-2; 1992 Jun04.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering;
Micromanipulation; Herbicide resistance
35 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6
Buffalograss tolerance to postemergence herbicides.
McCarty, L.B.; Colvin, D.L.
Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science;
1992 Aug. HortScience v. 27 (8): p. 898-899; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Buchloe dactyloides; Lawns and turf; Weed
control; Chemical control; 2,4-d; Dicamba; Bentazone;
Mecoprop; Metsulfuron; Quinclorac; Imazaquin; Diclofop;
Triclopyr; Atrazine; Asulam; Sethoxydim; Msma; Sulfometuron;
Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.]
is a turfgrass species traditionally adapted to low-rainfall
areas that may incur unacceptable weed encroachment when grown
in higher rainfall areas such as Florida. An experiment was
performed to evaluate the tolerance of two new buffalograss
cultivars, 'Oasis' and 'Prairie', to postemergence herbicides
commonly used for grass, broadleaf, and sedge weed control.
Twenty to 40 days were required for each cultivar to recover
from treatment with asulam, MSMA, and sethoxydim (2.24, 2.24,
and 0.56 kg.ha-1, respectively). Other herbicides used for
postemergence grass weed control (metsulfuron, quinclorac, and
diclofop at 0.017, 0.56, and 1.12 kg.ha-1, respectively) did
not cause unacceptable buffalograss injury. Herbicides used
for postemergence broadleaf weed control, triclopyr, 2,4-D,
sulfometuron, dicamba (0.56, 1.12, 0.017, and 0.56 kg.ha-1,
respectively), and a three-way combination of 2,4-D + dicamba
+ mecoprop (1.2 + 0.54 + 0.13 kg.ha-1), caused 20 to 30 days
of unacceptable or marginally acceptable turfgrass quality,
while 20 days were required for 'Prairie' buffalograss to
recover from atrazine treatments. 'Oasis' buffalograss did not
fully recover from 2,4-D or 2,4-D + dicamba + mecoprop through
40 days after treatment. Herbicides used for postemergence
sedge control, bentazon and imazaquin, caused slightly
reduced, but acceptable, levels of turf quality in both
cultivars throughout the experiment.
36 NAL Call. No.: TP248.27.P55P53 1991
Cell selection.
Loh, W.H.T.
Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992.
Plant biotechnology : comprehensive biotechnology, second
supplement / volume editors, Michael W. Fowler & Graham S.
Warren; editor-in-chief, Murray Moo-Young. p. 33-44; 1992.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Plants; Mutants; Induced mutations; In vitro
selection; Herbicide resistance; Salt tolerance; Metal
tolerance; Heavy metals; Disease resistance; Tissue culture;
Cell culture; Literature reviews
37 NAL Call. No.: SB123.P535
Characterization of a spontaneous rapeseed mutant tolerant to
sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides.
Magha, M.I.; Guerche, P.; Bregeon, M.; Renard, M.
Berlin : P. Parey, 1986-; 1993 Sep.
Plant breeding; Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenzuchtung v. 111 (2):
p. 132-141; 1993 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Mutants; Mutations; Structural
genes; Oxo-acid-lyases; Dominance; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Triasulfuron; Metsulfuron; Imazamethabenz
38 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Characterization of acifluorfen tolerance in selected
somaclones of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum).
Yu, C.Y.; Masiunas, J.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 408-412; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Solanum; Herbicide resistant weeds; Acifluorfen;
Somaclonal variation; Herbicide resistance; Absorption;
Translocation; Metabolism; Metabolic detoxification; Cross
resistance; Diquat; Oxyfluorfen; Paraquat
Abstract: Acifluorfen tolerance in eastern black nightshade
somaclones was characterized in two experiments. One
experiment determined the involvement of absorption,
translocation, and metabolism in acfiluorfen tolerance. Less
than 6% of the applied 14C-acifluorfen was absorbed. There
were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between
susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More 14C-acifluorfen was
translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones.
The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while
some somaclones (i.e., EBN-3A) metabolized 14C-acifluorfen. A
second experiment determined the tolerance of the somaclones
to oxyfluorfen, diquat, and paraquat. Most acifluorfen-
tolerant somaclones were tolerant to oxyfluorfen but were
susceptible to diquat and paraquat. One somaclone, EBN-3A, was
extremely tolerant to acifluorfen, paraquat, and diquat.
39 NAL Call. No.: SB957.R47
Characterization of resistance to atrazine in a velvetleaf
(Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) biotype from Wisconsin.
Gray, J.A.; Stoltenberg, D.E.; Balke, N.E.
East Lansing, Mich. : Pesticide Research Center, Michigan
State University,; 1993.
Resistant pest management v. 5 (2): p. 17; 1993.
Language: English
Descriptors: Wisconsin; Cabt; Abutilon theophrasti; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Biotypes; Atrazine; Herbicide resistance
40 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Characterization of transgenic sulfonylurea-resistant flax
(Linum usitatissimum).
McSheffrey, S.A.; McHughen, A.; Devine, M.D.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 (3/4): p. 480-481;
1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Linum usitatissimum; Arabidopsis thaliana;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic transformation;
Transgenics; Gene transfer; Ligases; Structural genes; Enzyme
activity; Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Metsulfuron;
Segregation; Inheritance; Line differences; Roots; Growth
Abstract: Fourteen transgenic flax (Linum usitatissimum)
lines, carrying a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase
(ALS) gene selected for resistance to chlorsulfuron, were
characterized for resistance to two sulfonylurea herbicides.
Progeny of 10 of the 14 lines segregated in a ratio of 3
resistant to 1 susceptible, indicating a single insertion.
Progeny of 1 line segregated in a 15:1 ratio, indicating two
insertions of the ALS gene at independent loci. Progeny from 3
lines did not segregate in a Mendelian fashion and were likely
the products of chimeric shoots. Resistance to chlorsulfuron
was stably inherited in all lines. At the enzyme level, the
transgenic lines were 2.5 to more than 60 times more resistant
to chlorsulfuron than the parental lines. The transgenic lines
were 25-260 times more resistant to chlorsulfuron than the
parental lines in root growth experiments and demonstrated
resistance when grown in soil treated with 20 g ha-1
chlorsulfuron. The lines demonstrated less resistance to
metsulfuron methyl; in root growth experiments, the transgenic
lines were only 1.6-4.8 times more resistant to metsulfuron
methyl than the parental lines. Resistance was demonstrated in
the field at half (2.25 g ha-1) and full (4.5 g ha-1) rates of
metsulfuron methyl.
41 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Chlorsulfuron inhibition of phloem translocation in
chlorsulfuron-resistant and -susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana.
Hall, L.M.; Devine, M.D.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Feb.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 45 (2): p. 81-90;
1993 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Chlorsulfuron; Phloem loading; Inhibition;
Arabidopsis thaliana; Types; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Uptake mechanisms; Sucrose; Plasma membranes;
Microsomes; Enzymes; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity;
Protein content
Abstract: The herbicide chlorsulfuron is not translocated
readily in plants because of an inhibitory effect on phloem
translocation. More chlorsulfuron was translocated in a
chlorsulfuron-resistant (R) biotype of Arabidopsis thaliana
than in a susceptible (S) biotype, indicating that the effect
on translocation is secondary to inhibition of ALS, the
primary site of action of the herbicide. The R biotype did not
different from the S biotype in its ability, to translocate
exogenously applied sucrose: however, translocation of
exogenously applied sucrose following chlorsulfuron treatment
was greater in the R biotype than in the S biotype.
Chlorsulfuron pretreatment inhibited rapid sucrose uptake into
leaf discs by 41% in the S biotype but by only 17% in the R
biotype. This result suggests that chlorsulfuron inhibits
phloem transport by restricting sucrose uptake into the
phloem. Purified plasma membrane preparations extracted from
the two biotypes following chlorsulfuron treatment did not
differ in H+ -ATPase activity or total plasmalemma protein
content. Possible alternative mechanisms by which
chlorsulfuron may inhibit phloem transport are discussed.
42 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Chlorsulfuron-resistant sugarbeet: cross-resistance and
physiological basis of resistance.
Hart, S.E.; Saunders, J.W.; Penner, D.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul.
Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 378-383; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Beta vulgaris; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Cross resistance; Chlorimuron; Imidazolinone
herbicides; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Enzyme inhibitors; Oxo-
acid-lyases; Enzyme activity; Absorption; Metabolism
Abstract: Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to
determine the extent of cross-resistance of chlorsulfuron-
resistant sugarbeet (CR1-B) to other herbicides that inhibit
acetolactate synthase (ALS) and to determine the physiological
basis of resistance. Cross-resistance to metsulfuron,
imazaquin, and imazethapyr was not evident, while only
marginal cross-resistance was observed to triasulfuron, DPX-
L5300, and nicosulfuron. CR1-B was moderately resistant to
chlorsulfuron and chlorimuron and was highly cross-resistant
to thifensulfuron and primisulfuron. Further greenhouse
studies demonstrated that CR1-B was not significantly injured
by thifensulfuron and primisulfuron applied at or exceeding
the field use rate. Studies with 14C-primisulfuron showed that
differential absorption or metabolism of primisulfuron could
not account for the observed resistance. ALS enzyme assays
showed that the CR1-B ALS enzyme activity was 66, 26, and 13
times less sensitive to chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and
primisulfuron inhibition, respectively, compared to ALS enzyme
extracted from sensitive sugarbeets. An altered ALS enzyme,
which is less sensitive to sulfonylurea herbicide inhibition,
appears to be the physiological basis of resistance.
43 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67
Clonal variation in tolerance to hexazinone.
Borough, C.; Jamieson, D.
Rotorua : The Institute; 1991.
FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest
Service (160): p. 139-141; 1991. Paper presented at the
"FRI/NZFP Forest Ltd., Clonal Forestry Workshop, May 1-2,
1989, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Language: English
Descriptors: Forest trees; Clones; Hexazinone; Herbicide
resistance; Genetic variation
44 NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.S68
Cloning and expression of mutant EPSP-synthetase gene of
Escherichia coli in transgenic plants.
Mett, V.L.; Urmeeva, F.I.; Kobets, N.S.; Kolganova, T.V.;
Aliev, K.A.; Piruzyan, E.S.
New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991.
Soviet biotechnology (3): p. 27-33; 1991. Translated from:
Biotekhnologiia, (3), 1991, p. 19-22, (TP248.2.B57). Includes
references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Genetic engineering; Escherichia coli; Mutants;
Glyphosate; Herbicide resistance; Treatment; Nitroso
compounds; Guanidines; Genetic analysis; Phosphates; Ligases;
Genetic code; Gene expression; Cloning; Plasmids; Transgenics;
Nicotiana tabacum
45 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Cole crop (Brassica oleracea) tolerance to clomazone.
Scott, J.E.; Weston, L.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jan.
Weed science v. 40 (1): p. 7-11; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica oleracea; Herbicide resistance;
Clomazone; Bioassays; Chlorophyll; Biosynthesis; Application
rates; Metabolic inhibitors; Mode of action; Metabolic
detoxification; Source sink relations; Metabolites; Roots;
Uptake; Translocation
Abstract: A laboratory bioassay was conducted to determine
the differential tolerance of cole crops to clomazone as
measured by extractable total chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Clomazone concentrations causing 50% inhibition (I50) in the
biosynthesis of total chlorophyll in broccoli, cauliflower,
and green and red cabbage cotyledons were 16, 11, 3, and 11
micromolar respectively, while I50 values for carotenoid
levels were 20, 10, 4, and 8 micromolar clomazone,
respectively. Therefore, broccoli was the most tolerant to
clomazone based upon extractable chlorophyll and carotenoid
concentrations. Further laboratory studies were performed to
investigate the basis for differential clomazone tolerance in
3-wk-old cole crop seedlings. No differences in total root
uptake of 14C-clomazone were observed between these crops
after 24 h. There were no differences in rate of metabolism of
14C-clomazone to methanol-soluble metabolites in roots of
these crops. Percentage of polar metabolites in roots remained
fairly constant over time. There were also no differences
between crops in percentage of methanol-soluble 14C-clomazone
metabolites formed in shoots between 24 and 96 h. In all
crops, levels of 14C-clomazone decreased in a similar manner
over time in methanolic extracts of roots and shoots while
nonextractable 14C levels increased, indicating a conversion
of clomazone to insoluble, nonextractable forms. Differential
uptake, translocation, and metabolism do not appear to account
for clomazone selectivity differences between cole crop
seedlings.
46 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Comparative uptake, translocation, and metabolism of paraquat
in tolerant Kwangkyo and susceptible Hood soybean.
Kim, S.; Hatzios, K.K.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Oct.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 47 (2): p. 149-158;
1993 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Susceptibility; Herbicide
resistance; Paraquat; Uptake; Deposition; Leaves; Waxes;
Absorption; Spatial distribution; Plant tissues;
Translocation; Metabolism; Mode of action
Abstract: The "Kwangkyo" and "Hood" cultivars of soybean
[Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are differentially sensitive to the
herbicide paraquat. The margin of this intraspecific
differential herbicide tolerance is narrow and Kwangkyo is
about 10-fold more tolerant to paraquat than Hood soybean. The
deposition of epicuticular wax on the surface of the first
fully expanded trifoliolate was similar in both soybean
cultivars and treatment with 1 millimole paraquat did not
influence the epicuticular wax content in any cultivar.
Seedlings of Kwangkyo and Hood soybean absorbed comparable
amounts of radioactivity following exposure to root-applied
14C-labeled paraquat for 24 hr. Most of the absorbed
radioactivity remained in the roots of seedlings of both
cultivars, but a greater amount of the recovered radioactivity
translocated from roots to stems and leaves of the sensitive
Hood soybean. Following feeding of the cut ends of their
petioles with [14C]paraquat for 12 and 24 hr, excised
trifoliolates of Kwangkyo soybean retained a greater portion
of absorbed radioactivity in their petioles and translocated a
smaller amount of radioactivity into the interveinal regions.
By contrast, excised trifoliolates of Hood soybean retained a
smaller portion of absorbed radioactivity in their petioles
and released a higher amount of absorbed radioactivity into
the interveinal regions. Extractable paraquat was not
metabolized to any extent by tissues of either of the two
cultivars and differential metabolism does not appear to play
a role in the observed differential response of Kwangkyo and
Hood soybean to paraquat. Overall, the results of the present
study suggest that restricted mobility or a delayed release of
paraquat into the mesophyll region is a likely basis for the
observed tolerance of Kwangkyo soybean to the herbicide
paraquat.
47 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Concerns a weed scientist might have about herbicide-tolerant
crops. Radosevich, S.R.; Ghersa, C.M.; Comstock, G.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 635-639; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Weed control; Biotechnology; Ethics
48 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Concerns of seed company officials with herbicide-tolerant
cultivars. Duvick, D.N.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 640-646; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Seed industry; Transgenic plants; Herbicide
resistance; Cultivars; Biotechnology; Profitability; Supply
balance; Research
49 NAL Call. No.: QR53.B56
Construction of multiple herbicide resistant ammonia excreting
strains of cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
Modi, D.R.; Singh, D.R.; Rao, A.K.; Chakravarty, K.S.; Singh,
H.N. Middlesex : Science and Technology Letters; 1991 Nov.
Biotechnology letters v. 13 (11): p. 793-798; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nostoc muscorum; Strains; Gloeocapsa; Herbicides;
Herbicide resistance; Phenotypes; Dna; Genetic transformation;
Gene transfer; Mutations; Ammonia; Excretion; Photosystem ii;
Nitrogen fixation
Abstract: Machete resistant (Matr), basalin resistant (Basr),
3(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea resistant (DCMUr),
atrazine resistant (Atr(r)) and propanil resistant (Prpr)
phenotypes Gloeocapsa sp. were contransformed to Nostoc
muscorum at high frequency. Spontaneously occurring mutants of
the multiple herbicide resistant transformant containing L-
methionine-DL-sulfoximine resistant (Msxr), ethylene diamine
resistant (Edar) of phosphinothricin resistant (Pptr)
glutamine synthetase (GS) showed extracellular liberation of
ammonia resulting from fixation of N2 under photosynthetic
conditions. Results suggest a definite role of GS activity in
regulation of extracellular ammonia.
50 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) in Kentucky bluegrass
(Poa pratensis) turf with linuron.
Hall, J.C.; Carey, C.K.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 6 (4): p. 852-857; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ontario; Cabt; Poa pratensis; Cultivars;
Herbicide resistance; Linuron; Application rates; Poa annua;
Weed control; Chemical control; Plant density; Quality;
Seedling emergence; Injuries; Temperate climate
51 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52R
Control of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass.
Brewster, B.D.; Donaldson, W.S.; Appleby, A.P.
S.l. : The Society; 1992.
Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. p.
III/128; 1992. Meeting held on March 9-12, 1992, Salt Lake
City, Utah.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oregon; Lolium multiflorum; Diclofop; Herbicide
resistance; Weed control
52 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7
Controlling weeds in ornamental grasses.
Whitwell, T.
Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1993
Aug. Grounds maintenance v. 28 (8): p. 26-30; 1993 Aug.
Language: English
Descriptors: Grasses; Ornamental herbaceous plants; Weed
control; Herbicides; Herbicide resistance
53 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Correlation of propanil hydrolyzing enzyme activity with leaf
morphology in wild rices of genome CCDD.
Jun, C.J.; Matsunaka, S.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 May.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 40 (1): p. 80-85;
1991 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza; Wild plants; Hybrids; Leaves; Plant
morphology; Amidase; Enzyme activity; Herbicide resistance;
Propanil; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: The propanil hydrolyzing enzyme, aryl acylamidase I
(AAI) (arylacylamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.13), was highly
correlated (r = -0.83) with leaf width in three species of
genus Oryza with genome CCDD. The specific activity of AAI was
lower in the leaves of wide-leafed plants and this was well-
reflected in propanil phytotoxicity in those plants. There
were no significant differences between conjugation of 3,4-
dichloroaniline or the presence of AAI inhibitors in the crude
enzyme solutions from the narrow-leafed and wide-leafed
strains. The same relationship between AAI activity and leaf
width was observed in interspecific F, hybrids involving
genome CCDD. In those F1 hybrids the wide- and narrow-leafed
strains showed comparable AAI activity per leaf of equal
length. It was concluded that the concentration of the enzyme
in the CCDD plants was diluted by plant bulk in the wide-
leafed strains and the correlation appeared to be the indirect
effect of genes altering plant morphology, especially leaf
area. The significance of the correlations is discussed in
relation to propanil resistance and plant phylogenetics.
54 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
The cost of herbicide resistance measured by a competition
experiment. Reboud, X.; Till-Bottraud, I.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 82 (6): p. 690-696; 1991.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Setaria italica; Herbicide resistance; Atrazine;
Plant competition; Shoots; Dry matter; Plant height; Seed set;
Seeds; Line differences; Plant density
Abstract: The cost of resistance has been measured by a
competition experiment over a ranee of densities, in the
absence of herbicide treatment, on two nearly isogenic lines
of Foxtail millet, differing in a chloroplastic resistance to
herbicide. Three characters have been measured: shoot height,
shoot weight, and seed production. Sensitive individuals were
better competitors despite a larger decrease in production
under within-biotype competition. The cost of resistance was
density dependent and increased with density. The cost was
higher when measured on seed production and reached 65% at the
higher density for resistant individuals. This is compatible
with the low frequency or the absence of that gene in natural
populations. This work illustrates that the cost is easiest to
observe when high levels of constraints are used.
55 NAL Call. No.: SB113.2.S45
Cotton meets the biotech challenge: genetic engineering races
to the marketplace.
Cutler, K.
Cedar Falls, IA : Freiberg Pub. Co; 1991 Nov.
Seed industry v. 42 (10): p. 4-5, 19; 1991 Nov.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Bromoxynil; Herbicide resistance;
Genetic engineering; Field tests; Sulfonylurea herbicides;
Usda
56 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium
rigidum). II. Chlorsulfuron resistance involves a wheat-like
detoxification system. Christopher, J.T.; Powles, S.B.;
Liljegren, D.R.; Holtum, J.A.M. Rockville, Md. : American
Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991 Apr. Plant physiology v.
95 (4): p. 1036-1043; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lolium rigidum; Triticum aestivum; Biotypes;
Chlorsulfuron; Herbicide resistance; Cross resistance;
Metabolism; Ligases; Translocation; Phytotoxicity; Metabolic
detoxification; Biochemical pathways
Abstract: Lolium rigidum Gaud. biotype SLR31 is resistant to
the herbicide diclofop-methyl and cross-resistant to several
sulfonylurea herbicides. Wheat and the cross-resistant
ryegrass exhibit similar patterns of resistance to
sulfonylurea herbicides, suggesting that the mechanism of
resistance may be similar. Cross-resistant ryegrass is also
resistant to the wheat-selective imidazolinone herbicide
imazamethabenz. The cross-resistant biotype SLR31 metabolized
[phenyl-U-14C]chlorsulfuron at a faster rate than a biotype
which is susceptible to both diclolop-methyl and
chlorsulfuron. A third biotype which is resistant to diclofop-
methyl but not to chlorsulfuron metabolized chlorsulfuron at
the same rate as the susceptible biotype. The increased
metabolism of chlorsulfuron observed in the cross-resistant
biotype is, therefore, correlated with the patterns of
resistance observed in these L. rigidum biotypes. During high
performance liquid chromatography analysis the major
metabolite of chlorsulfuron in both susceptible and cross-
resistant ryegrass coeluted with the major metabolite produced
in wheat. The major product is clearly different from the
major product in the tolerant dicot species, flax (Linium
usitatissimum). The elution pattern of metabolites of
chlorsulfuron was the same for both the susceptible and cross-
resistant ryegrass but the cross-resistant ryegrass
metabolized chlorsulfuron more rapidly. The investigation of
the dose response to sulfonylurea herbicides at the whole
plant level and the study of the metabolism of chlorsulfuron
provide two independent sets of data which both suggest that
the resistance to chlorsulfuron in cross-resistant ryegrass
biotype SLR31 involves a wheat-like detoxification system.
57 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium
rigidum). III. On the mechanism of resistance to diclofop-
methyl.
Holtum, J.A.M.; Matthews, J.M.; Hausler, R.E.; Lijegren, D.R.;
Powles, S.B. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant
Physiologists; 1991 Nov. Plant physiology v. 97 (3): p.
1026-1034; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Leaves; Diclofop;
Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Metabolism; Uptake;
Translocation; Genetic variation; Weed control; Weed biology
Abstract: Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) biotype SLR 31 is
resistant to the postemergent graminicide methyl-2-[4-(2,4-
dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]-propanoate (diclofop-methyl). Uptake
of [14C](Uphenyl)diclofop-methyl and root/shoot distribution
of radioactivity in susceptible and resistant plants were
similar. In both biotypes, diclofop-methyl was rapidly
demethylated to the biocidal metabolite diclofop acid which,
in turn, was metabolized to ester and aryl-O-sugar conjugates.
Susceptible plants accumulated 5 to 15% more radioactivity in
diclofop acid than did resistant plants. Resistant plants had
a slightly greater capacity to form nonbiocidal sugar
conjugates. Despite these differences, resistant plants
retained 20% of 14C in the biocidal metabolite diclofop acid
192 hours after treatment, whereas susceptible plants, which
were close to death, retained 30% in diclofop acid. The small
differences in the pool sizes of the active and inactive
metabolites are by themselves unlikely to account for a 30-
fold difference in sensitivity to the herbicide at the whole
plant level. Similar highpressure liquid chromatography
elution patterns of conjugates from both susceptible and
resistant biotypes indicated that the mechanisms and the
products of catabolism in the biotypes are similar. It is
suggested that metabolism of diclofop-methyl by the resistant
biotype does not alone explain resistance observed at the
whole-plant level. Diclofop acid reduced the electrochemical
potential of membranes in etiolated coleoptiles of both
biotypes; 50% depolarization required 1 to 4 micromole
diclofop acid. After removal of diclofop acid, membranes from
the resistant biotype recovered polarity, whereas membranes
from the susceptible biotype did not. Internal concentrations
of diclofop acid 4 h after exposing plants to herbicide were
estimated to be 36 to 39 micromolar in a membrane fraction and
16 to 17 micromolar in a soluble fraction. Such concentrations
should be sufficient to fully depolarize membranes. It is
postulated that differences in the ability of membranes to
recover from depolarization are correlated with the resistance
response of biotype SLR 31.
58 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Cross-resistance to herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium
rigidum). IV. Correlation between membrane effects and
resistance to graminicides. Hausler, R.E.; Holtum, J.A.M.;
Powles, S.B.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1991
Nov. Plant physiology v. 97 (3): p. 1035-1043; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Biotypes; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Weed control; Cross resistance; Diclofop;
Fluazifop; Herbicides; Weed biology; Cell membranes; Polarity;
Membrane potential
Abstract: The herbicidally active aryloxyphenoxypropionates
diclofop acid, haloxyfop acid, and fluazifop acid and the
cyclohexanedione sethoxydim depolarized membranes in
coleoptiles of eight biotypes of herbicide-susceptible and
herbicide-resistant annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Membrane
polarity was reduced from -100 millivolts to -30 to -50
millivolts. Membranes repolarized after removal of the
compounds only in biotypes with resistance to the compound
added. Repolarization was not observed in herbicide-
susceptible L. rigidum, nor was it observed in biotypes
resistant to triazine, triazole, triazinone, phenylurea, or
sulfonylurea herbicides but not resistant to
aryloxyphenoxypropionates and cyclohexanediones.
Chlorsulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, at a saturating
concentration of 1 micromolar, reduced membrane polarity in
all biotypes studied by only 15 millivolts. The recovery of
membrane potential following the removal of chlorsulfuron was
restricted to chlorsulfuron-susceptible and -resistant
biotypes that did not exhibit diclofop resistance. These
differences in membrane responses are correlated with
resistance to diclofop rather than with resistance to
chlorsulfuron. It is suggested that the differences may
reflect altered membrane properties of diclofop-resistant
biotypes. Further circumstantial evidence for dissimilarity of
properties of membranes from diclofop-resistant and diclofop-
susceptible ryegrass is provided by observations that K+/Na+
ratios were significantly higher in coleoptiles from diclofop-
resistant biotypes than in coleoptiles from susceptible
plants. Intact and excised roots from susceptible biotypes
were capable of acidifying the external medium, whereas roots
from resistant biotypes were unable to do so. The ineluctable
conclusion is that in L. rigidum the phenomena of membrane
repolarization and resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and
cyclohexanedione herbicides are correlated.
59 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 B5236
Dark adapted leaves of paraquat-resistant tobacco plants emit
less ultraweak light than susceptible ones.
Hideg, E.; Inaba, H.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul31.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications v. 178
(2): p. 438-443; 1991 Jul31. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Leaves; Paraquat; Herbicide
resistance; Biotypes; Superoxide dismutase; Dark; Light;
Emission; Light intensity
Abstract: Long term light emission was compared from leaves
of paraquat-resistant and -susceptible tobacco plants. In the
minutes time scale, delayed light emission of the two biotypes
was similar both in kinetics and in intensity. However, after
several hours in the dark, ultraweak light emission from
leaves of resistant plants was about one third of the light
emitted by susceptible samples, We suggest, that this
difference is due to the higher activity of superoxide
dismutase in resistant biotypes, earlier reported by Tanaka et
al. (1988) (Plant Cell Physiol. 29, 743-746), and propose a
model for the mechanism of ultraweak light emission from these
samples.
60 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47
Deamination of metribuzin in tolerant and susceptible soybean
(Glycine max) cultivars.
Fedtke, C.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Pesticide science v. 31 (2): p. 175-183; 1991. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Metribuzin; Carbon; Deamination; Isotope
labeling; Metabolites; Herbicide residues
Abstract: The deamination of metribuzin was studied in vitro
in peroxisomes isolated from the leaves of soybean cultivars
which were either metribuzin tolerant, intermediate, or
sensitive. The deamination rate observed with peroxisomes from
tolerant leaves was about twice the rate observed with
peroxisomes from sensitive leaves. The intermediate group was
also intermediate with respect to the in-vitro deamination
rate. Tolerant and sensitive intact soybean plants were pulse-
labeled with [14C]metribuzin via the roots for 5 h. The
extractable radioactivity in roots, stems and leaves was
measured and separated into metabolites after the 5 h pulse
and after an additional 24 h growth in water. The level of DA
(deaminated metribuzin) was always significantly higher in the
stems and leaves of tolerant soybean plants (4.8-10.0% of the
extracted radioactivity) than in sensitive stems and leaves
(1.8-2.9%). Conjugates were rapidly formed in tolerant as well
as in sensitive soybean tissues. More conjugates were found in
the tolerant cultivars, especially after the 5 + 24 h
incubation time. Labeled [14C]DA fed to soybean plants via the
roots was conjugated two to four times faster than
[14C]metribuzin. Tolerant soybean tissue conjugated [14C]DA
two to three times faster than sensitive tissue. The results
are interpreted as showing that, in tolerant soybean plants,
metribuzin is metabolized via deamination and subsequent
conjugation, in addition to the well-known direct conjugation
of metribuzin parent compound.
61 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.I3I4
Developing herbicide resistance in corn.
Schoper, J.; Armstrong-Gustafson, P.; McBratney, B.
Urbana, Ill. : Cooperative Extension Service, Univ of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign; 1991.
Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference summaries of
presentations January 8, 9, 10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois / Univ
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Coop Ext Serv, in coop with
the Illinois Natural History Survey. p. 59-60; 1991.
"Proceedings of the 1991 Illinois Agricultural Pesticides
Conference," January 8-10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Herbicide resistance
62 NAL Call. No.: TP248.27.P55P52
Developing herbicide resistance in crops by gene transfer
technology. Stalker, D.M.
New York, N.Y. : Chapman and Hall; 1991.
Plant biotechnology v. 1: p. 82-104; 1991. In the series
analytic: Plant genetic engineering / edited by D. Grierson.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Crops; Gene transfer; Herbicide resistance;
Genetic transformation; Vectors; Plasmids; Transgenics;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Direct
DNAuptake; Literature reviews
63 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Developing herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars: introduction.
Harrison, H.F. Jr
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (3): p. 613-614; 1992 Jul. Paper presented at
the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop
Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991,
Louisville, Kentucky. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Transgenic plants; Crops; Herbicide resistance;
Cultivars; Genotypes; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology
64 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Development of herbicide tolerance in peas. I. Tissue culture
and in vitro selection.
Van Roggen, P.M.; Kirkwood, R.C.; Boyd, P.A.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1991. Aspects of applied biology (27): p. 267-270; 1991. In
the series analytic: Production and protection of legumes /
edited by R.J. Froud-Williams, P. Gladders, M.C. Heath, J.F.
Jenkyn, C.M. Knott, A. Lane and D. Pink. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Callus; Growth; Growth inhibitors;
Herbicides; Resistance; Glyphosate; Metsulfuron; Tissue
culture
65 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76
Development of herbicide tolerance in peas. II. Regeneration
via somatic embryogenesis.
Van Doorne, L.E.; Marshall, G.; Kirkwood, R.C.
Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists;
1991. Aspects of applied biology (27): p. 271-274; 1991. In
the series analytic: Production and protection of legumes /
edited by R.J. Froud-Williams, P. Gladders, M.C. Heath, J.F.
Jenkyn, C.M. Knott, A. Lane and D. Pink. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Cultivars; Culture media;
Genotypes; Herbicide resistance; Diflufenican; Glyphosate;
Metsulfuron; Somatic embryogenesis
66 NAL Call. No.: QK600.M82
Development of resistance in Bipolaris oryzae against
edifenphos. Annamalai, P.; Lalithakumari, D.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 Jun.
Mycological research v. 96 (pt.6): p. 454-460; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Bipolaris; Plant pathogenic fungi;
Edifenphos; Herbicide resistance; Mutants; Adaptation;
Virulence; Pathogenicity; Strain differences
67 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32
Development of shade-type appearance-light intensity
adaptation and regulation of the D1 protein Synechococcus.
Koenig, F.
New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992.
NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 226: p. 545-550;
1992. In the series analytic: Regulation of chloroplast
biogenesis / edited by J.H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou. Proceedings
of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, July 28-August 3, 1991,
Crete, Greece. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Synechococcus; Biological development; Light
intensity; Photosynthesis; Plant proteins; Protein synthesis;
Shade; Herbicide resistance; Mutants
68 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
The development of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant birdsfoot
trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) plants from in vitro selection.
Pofelis, S.; Le, H.; Grant, W.F.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (4): p. 480-488; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Lotus corniculatus; In vitro selection; Herbicide
resistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Callus; Tissue culture;
Shoots; Regeneration; Inheritance; Oxo-acid-lyases; Enzyme
activity; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: Herbicide-resistant lines of birdsfoot trefoil
(Lotus corniculatus L. cv 'Leo') were isolated after
sequential selection at the callus, shoot, and whole plant
levels to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide Harmony [DPX-M6316;
3-[[[(4-methoxy-6methyl-1,3,5, triazine-2-yl) amino] carbonyl]
amino] sulfonyl-2-thiophenecarboxylate]. In field and growth
chamber tests the Harmony regenerant lines displayed an
increased tolerance as compared to control plants from tissue
culture and controls grown from seed. Results of evaluation of
callus cultures of regenerated mutant lines signify stability
of the resistance. Outcrossed seeds collected from field
trials, and tested in vitro for herbicide resistance, indicate
that the trait is heritable and that resistance may be due to
reduced sensitivity of acetolactate synthase to SU inhibition.
Genetically stable herbicide-resistant lines of birdsfoot
trefoil were successfully isolated using in vitro selection.
69 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883
Development of sulfonylurea-resistant rapeseed using chemical
mutagenesis. Tonnemaker, K.A.; Auld, D.L.; Thill, D.C.;
Mallory-Smith, C.A.; Erickson, D.A. Madison, Wis. : Crop
Science Society of America; 1992 Nov. Crop science v. 32 (6):
p. 1387-1391; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Herbicide resistance;
Chlorsulfuron; Metsulfuron; Screening; Induced mutations;
Sulfonylurea herbicides; Cultivars; Mutants; Varietal
susceptibility; Genotypes
Abstract: Residual levels of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides in
the soil have limited rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. napus)
production in the Pacific Northwest. In a greenhouse screening
procedure, the test herbicide suppressed the growth of
susceptible rapeseed plants but allowed normal growth of
resistant plants. Mutant (M2) populations of 'Cascade',
'Bridger', and 'Cathy' winter rapeseed, 'R-500' spring
rapeseed (B. rapa L. subsp. rapa), and 'Tilney' spring mustard
(Sinapis alba L.; syn F. hirta Moench.) were screened with
DPX-G8311, a 5:1 mixture of the SU herbicides chlorsulfuron
(2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-
yl)amino]carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide) and metsulfuron
[(methyl
1-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-
amino]carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl)benzoate]], applied
preemergence at 7.5 g a.i. ha-1. Approximately 243 000 M2
seedlings were screened and 178 were selected for additional
tests. In progeny tests, several M3 and M4 families were
identified that survived 6.5 g a.i. ha-1 DPX-G8311 applied
preemergence but failed to survive the same rate of DPX-G8311
applied postemergence. DPX-G8311 was applied preemergence at 0
to 64 g a.i. ha-1, to one M3 and six M4 families to determine
a dose X family response relationship. Calculated 50% growth
reduction (GR(50)) values for both number of nodes produced
and dry weight accumulation were up to 25 times greater for
the selected M3 and M4 families than for the susceptible
cultivar Cascade. Rapeseed lines resistant to soil residual
levels of SU herbicides but susceptible to SU herbicide foliar
applied would allow rapeseed to be planted after a small-grain
cereal to which a SU herbicide had been applied.
70 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Developmental variability of photooxidative stress tolerance
in paraquat-resistant Conyza.
Amsellem, Z.; Jansen, M.A.K.; Driesenaar, A.R.J.; Gressel, J.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Dec. Plant physiology v. 103 (4): p. 1097-1106; 1993
Dec. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Egypt; Cabt; Conyza bonariensis; Oxidants;
Detoxification; Stress response; Regulation; Enzyme activity;
Light; Temperature; Paraquat; Herbicide resistance; Weed
biology; Growth stages; Enzymes; Photoinhibition
Abstract: Paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza
bonariensis L. Cronq.) has been extensively studied, with some
contention. A single, dominant gene pleiotropically controls
levels of oxidant-detoxifying enzymes and tolerance to many
photooxidants, to photoinhibition, and possibly to other
stresses. The weed forms a rosette on humid short days and
flowers in dry long days and, thus, needs plasticity to
photooxidant stresses. In a series of four experiments over 20
months, the resistant and susceptible biotypes were cultured
in constant 10-h low-light short days at 25 degrees C.
Resistance was measured as recovery from paraquat. The
concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition of the
resistant biotype was about 30 times that of the susceptible
one just after germination, increased to > 300 times that of
the susceptibles at 10 weeks of growth, and then decreased to
20-fold, remaining constant except for a brief increase while
bolting. Resistance increased when plants were induced to
flower by long days. The levels of plastid superoxide
dismutase and of glutathione reductase were generally highest
in resistant plants compared to those of the susceptibles at
the times of highest paraquat resistance, but they were
imperceptibly different from the susceptible type at the times
of lower paraquat resistance. Photoinhibition tolerance
measured as quantum yield of oxygen evolution at ambient
temperatures was highest when the relative amounts of enzymes
were highest in the resistant biotype. Resistance to
photoinhibition was not detected by chlorophyll a
fluorescence. Enzyme levels, photoinhibition tolerance, and
paraquat resistance all increased during flowering in both
biotypes. Imperceptibly small increases in enzyme levels would
be needed for 20-fold resistance, based on the moderate enzyme
increases correlated with 300-fold resistance. Thus, it is
feasible that either these enzymes play a role in the first
line of defense against photooxidants, or another, yet unknown
mechanism(s) facilitate(s) the lower level of resistance, or
the enzymes and unknown mechanisms act together.
71 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Diclofop and fenoxaprop resistance in wild oats is associated
with an altered effect on the plasma membrane electrogenic
potential.
Devine, M.D.; Hall, J.C.; Romano, M.L.; Marles, M.A.S.;
Thomson, L.W.; Shimabukuro, R.H.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Mar.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 45 (3): p. 167-177;
1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Avena fatua; Varietal susceptibility;
Diclofop; Fenoxaprop; Insecticide resistance; Resistance
mechanisms; Plasma membranes; Acetyl-coa carboxylase;
Inhibition; Membrane potential; Electrical activity; Wild
plants
Abstract: We have examined the mechanism of herbicide
resistance in a biotype of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) that is
resistant to diclofop-methyl and many other acetyl-coenzyme A
carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors. Resistance to diclofop-methyl
and fenoxaprop-ethyl was not based on reduced uptake nor on
enhanced metabolism of the herbicides to inactive products. In
in vitro assays of crude or partially purified preparations,
ACCase from the resistant (UM-1) and susceptible (UM-5)
biotypes was equally sensitive to diclofop, with I50 values of
6.1 and 7.3 micromolar for UM-1 and UM-5, respectively.
Corresponding values for fenoxaprop were 2.5 and 1.0
micromolar. These results suggest that the high level of
resistance observed toward these herbicides is not based on an
altered target enzyme. Root tissue from both UM-1 and UM-5
acidified an unbuffered bathing solution. Addition of 100 KM
diclofop or fenoxaprop prevented acidification of the bathing
medium by UM-1, but alkalinization occurred rapidly with UM-5.
When diclofop was removed from the treatment solution, UM-1
resumed acidification of the solution, whereas the pH of the
UM-5 bathing solution continued to increase. Diclofop (50
micromolar) rapidly depolarized the cell membrane in peeled
coleoptile sections, with no difference between UM-1 and UM-5.
However, when diclofop was removed from the treatment
solution, the electrogenic membrane potential was quickly
reestablished in UM-1, but remained collapsed in UM-5. These
results provide support for the hypothesis that the effect of
diclofop on the plasma membrane potential is an important
component of its herbicidal activity. The reversibility of the
effect of diclofop and fenoxaprop on transmembrane proton flux
in UM-1 appears to be associated with resistance to these
herbicides.
72 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential bentazon response in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).
Harrison, H.F. Jr; Fery, R.L.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jul. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (3): p. 756-758; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Vigna unguiculata; Cultivars; Germplasm;
Screening; Herbicide resistance; Bentazone; Tolerance;
Phytotoxicity; Varietal susceptibility; Crop damage; Abiotic
injuries; Application
73 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential competitiveness of sulfonylurea resistant and
susceptible prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola).
Alcocer-Ruthling, M.; Thill, D.C.; Shafii, B.
Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Apr.
Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of
America v. 6 (2): p. 303-309; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Triticum aestivum; Crop weed competition;
Lactuca serriola; Herbicide resistant weeds; Sulfonylurea
herbicides; Biotypes; Growth rate; Competitive ability
74 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792
Differential tolerance of annual medics, Nungarin subterranean
clover and hedge mustard to broadleaf herbicides.
Young, R.R.; Morthorpe, K.J.; Croft, P.H.; Nicol, H.
East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization; 1992.
Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 32 (1): p.
49-57; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: New South Wales; Medicago; Trifolium
subterraneum; Crop damage; Herbicide resistance;
Phytotoxicity; Sisymbrium; Weed control; 2,4-db; Bromoxynil;
Diuron; Mcpa; Terbutryn
75 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential tolerance of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
clones to metribuzin. Motsenbocker, C.E.; Monaco, T.J.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (2): p. 349-354; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Ipomoea batatas;
Metribuzin; Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Clones;
Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility; Crop damage; Crop yield;
Yield losses; Application date; Timing; Application rates;
Genetic variation
76 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Differential toxicity of tralkoxydim in Hordeum species.
Tal, A.; Benyamini, Y.; Rubin, B.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (4): p. 946-948; 1993 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Hordeum glaucum; Hordeum
spontaneum; Triticum aestivum; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage;
Abiotic injuries; Tralkoxydim; Application rates; Selectivity;
Wild plants; Species differences; Herbicide resistance
77 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Direct demonstration of binding-site competition between
photosystem II inhibitors at the QB niche of the D1 protein.
Jansen, M.A.K.; Mattoo, A.K.; Malkin, S.; Edelman, M.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 May.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 46 (1): p. 78-83;
1993 May. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Photosystem ii; Membranes; Proteins; Binding
site; Electron transfer; Diuron; Inhibitors; Protein
degradation; Inhibition; Solanum nigrum; Spirodela oligorhiza;
Biotypes; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Inhibitors of photosystem II function have been
shown to block electron flow in vitro by competitively
displacing plastoquinone from the Q(B) niche on the D1
protein. Few studies have tested this well-accepted concept in
vivo and none in higher plants. The D1 protein degradation
assay was used to directly demonstrate, in vivo, the
displacement of diuron by bromonitrothymol (BNT) at the level
of the Q(B) niche. We show that diuron blocks D1 degradation
less effectively in the presence of BNT, and that this effect
of BNT can be nullified by increasing the diuron
concentration. These data directly demonstrate binding-site
competition at the level of the Q(B) niche, under the complex
physiological conditions of the intact higher plant.
78 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Distribution and characteristics of triazine-resistant powell
amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) in Idaho.
Eberlein, C.V.; Al-Khatib, K.; Guttieri, M.J.; Fuerst, E.P.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992.
Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 507-512; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Idaho; Amaranthus powellii; Herbicide resistance;
Atrazine; Metribuzin; Diuron; Binding site; Thylakoids;
Resistance mechanisms; Genetic analysis; Chloroplast genetics;
Genes; Mutations; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences;
Biotypes; Geographical distribution
Abstract: A triazine-resistant (TR) biotype of Powell
amaranth was discovered in 1989 in a potato field treated with
metribuzin. A survey of all agricultural counties in Idaho
showed that the TR Powell amaranth infestation was localized
in the southeastern corner of Gooding county in southern
Idaho. To determine the mechanism of triazine resistance, I50
values for inhibition of photosystem II were determined for
atrazine, metribuzin, and diuron using thylakoids isolated
from TR and triazine-susceptible (TS) biotypes. TR/TS ratios
based on I50 values were 134 for atrazine, 62 for metribuzin,
and 1.9 for diuron. Results of binding studies with atrazine
and metribuzin were consistent with the I50 studies,
indicating that resistance was due to reduced binding of
triazines to the thylakoid membrane D1 protein. Sequencing the
chloroplast psbA gene from TR and TS biotypes revealed a
serine 264 to glycine change in the TR biotype. The mutation
presumably resulted in reduced hydrogen bonding between
triazine herbicides and the D1 protein.
79 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
DNA sequence variation in domain A of the acetolactate
synthase genes of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weed
biotypes.
Guttieri, M.J.; Eberlein, C.V.; Mallory-Smith, C.A.; Thill,
D.C.; Hoffman, D.L.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992.
Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 670-676; 1992. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kochia scoparia; Lactuca serriola; Salsola
iberica; Herbicide resistant weeds; Biotypes; Chlorsulfuron;
Herbicide resistance; Genes; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid
sequences; Genetic variation; Weed biology
Abstract: The DNA sequence of a 196 base pair (bp) region of
the acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes of three weed species,
kochia, prickly lettuce, and Russian thistle was determined.
This region encompasses the coding sequence for Domain A, a
region of the amino acid sequence previously demonstrated to
play a pivotal role in conferring resistance to herbicides
that inhibit ALS. The Domain A DNA sequence from a
chlorsulfuron-resistant (R) prickly lettuce biotype from Idaho
differed from that of a chlorsulfuron-susceptible (S) biotype
by a single point mutation, which substituted a histidine for
a proline. The Domain A DNA sequence from an R kochia biotype
from Kansas also differed from that of an S biotype by a
single point mutation in the same proline codon. This point
mutation, however, conferred substitution of threonine for
proline. Two different ALS-homologous sequences were isolated
from an R biotype of Russian thistle. Neither sequence encoded
amino acid substitutions in Domain A that differed from the
consensus S sequence. The DNA sequence variation among the R
and S kochia biotypes was used to characterize six Ada County,
Idaho, kochia collections for correlation between phenotypic
chlorsulfuron susceptibility and restriction digest patterns
(RFLPs) of polymerase chain reaction amplification products.
Most collections showed excellent correspondence between the
RFLP patterns and the phenotypic response to chlorsulfuron
application. However, one entirely R collection had the RFLP
pattern of the S biotype, suggesting that resistance was not
due to mutation in the proline codon.
80 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6
Documentation of graminicide-resistant johnsongrass in cotton.
Snipes, C.E.; Barrentine, W.L.; Smeda, R.J.
Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-;
1993. Proceedings / v. 3: p. 1508; 1993. Meeting held January
10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Language: English
Descriptors: Sorghum halepense; Gossypium; Herbicide
resistance
81 NAL Call. No.: 472 N21
Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats.
Crawley, M.J.; Hails, R.S.; Rees, M.; Kohn, D.; Buxton, J.
London : Macmillan Magazines Ltd; 1993 Jun.
Nature v. 363 (6430): p. 620-623; 1993 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus var. oleifera; Transgenics;
Genetic engineering; Ecology
Abstract: Concerns about genetically engineered crop plants
centre on three conjectural risks: that transgenic crop plants
will become weeds of agriculture or invasive of natural
habitats; that their engineered genes will be transferred by
pollen to wild relatives whose hybrid offspring will then
become more weedy or more invasive; or that the engineered
plants will be a direct hazard to humans, domestic animals or
beneficial wild organisms (toxic or allergenic, for example).
Here we describe an experimental protocol for assessing the
invasiveness of plants. The object is to determine whether
genetic engineering for herbicide tolerance affects the
likelihood of oilseed rape becoming invasive of natural
habitats. By estimating the demographic parameters of
transgenic and conventional oilseed rape growing in a variety
of habitats and under a range of climatic conditions, we
obtain a direct comparison of the ecological performance of
three different genetic lines (control, kanamycin-tolerant
transgenics and herbicide-tolerant transgenic lines). Despite
substantial variation in seed survival, plant growth and seed
production between sites and across experimental treatments,
there was no indication that genetic engineering for kanamycin
tolerance or herbicide tolerance increased the invasive
potential of oilseed rape. In those cases in which there were
significant differences (such as seed survival on burial),
transgenic lines were less invasive and less persistent than
their conventional counterparts.
82 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822
Economic and environmental implications of herbicide-tolerant
corn and processing tomatoes.
Hayenga, M.; Thompson, L.C.; Chase, C.; Kaaria, S.
Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America;
1992 Sep. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 47 (5): p.
411-417; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Lycopersicon esculentum; Hybrid
varieties; Herbicide resistance; Crop production; Economic
impact; Production costs; Environmental impact; Weed control
83 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16
Effect of diclofop and HOE-6001 on amylolytic enzyme
activities of malt. McMullan, P.M.; Noll, J.; Therrien, M.C.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Apr.
Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de
phytotechnie v. 72 (2): p. 435-438; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Hordeum vulgare; Genotypes; Alpha-
amylase; Alpha-glucosidase; Diclofop; Fenoxaprop; Herbicide
resistance; Avena fatua; Setaria viridis; Weed control
84 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effect of diclofop on the membrane potentials of herbicide-
resistant and -susceptible annual ryegrass root tips.
Shimabukuro, R.H.; Hoffer, B.L.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
Apr. Plant physiology v. 98 (4): p. 1415-1422; 1992 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Australia; Lolium rigidum; Root tips;
Plasmalemma; Membrane potential; Diclofop; Herbicide
resistance; Susceptibility; Phytotoxicity
Abstract: Electrophysiological measurements were made on root
tip cells in the elongation zone of diclofop-methyl-resistant
(SR4/84) and -susceptible (SRS2) biotypes of annual ryegrass
(Lolium rigidum Gaud.) from Australia. The phytotoxic action
of diclofop-methyl (methyl
2-[4-(2',4'-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate) on susceptible
whole plants was completely reversed by a simultaneous
application of
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (dimethylamine salt). The
phytotoxic acid metabolite, diclofop (50 micromolar),
depolarized membrane potentials of both biotypes to a steady-
state level within 10 to 15 minutes. Repolarization of the
membrane potential occurred only in the resistant biotype
following removal of diclofop. The resistant biotype has an
intrinsic ability to reestablish the electrogenic membrane
potential, whereas the susceptible biotype required an
exogeneous source of IAA to induce partial repolarization.
Both biotypes were susceptible to depolarization by
carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and their
membrane potentials recovered upon removal of CCCP. A 15-
minute pretreatment with p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonic acid
(PCMBS) blocked the depolarizing action of diclofop in both
biotypes. However, PCMBS had no effect on the activity of
CCCP. The action of diclofop appears to involve a site-
specific interaction at the plasmalemma in both Lolium
biotypes to cause the increased influx of protons into
sensitive cells. The differential response of membrane
depolarization and repolarization to diclofop treatment may be
a significant initial reaction in the eventual phytotoxic
action of the herbicide.
85 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Effect of ethalfluralin and other herbicides on trifluralin-
resistant green foxtail (Setaria viridis).
Beckie, H.J.; Morrison, I.N.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (1): p. 6-14; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Cabt; Setaria viridis; Herbicide
resistant weeds; Trifluralin; Herbicide resistance; Biotypes;
Weed control; Chemical control; Ethalfluralin; Dinitroaniline
herbicides; Oryzalin; Isopropalin; Pendimethalin; Prodiamine;
Propyzamide; Pyridine herbicides; Mitosis; Metabolic
inhibitors; Propanil; Diclofop; Fenoxaprop; Fluazifop;
Dalapon; Sethoxydim; Linuron; Eptc; Cross resistance;
Phytotoxicity; Triticum aestivum; Brassica napus
86 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41
Effect of field violet (Viola arvensis) growth stage on
uptake, translocation, and metabolism of terbacil.
Doohan, D.J.; Monaco, T.J.; Sheets, T.J.
Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Apr.
Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 180-183; 1992 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Viola arvensis; Seedling stage; Maturity stage;
Terbacil; Absorption; Translocation; Metabolic detoxification;
Metabolism; Herbicide resistant weeds; Metabolites; Herbicide
resistance; Variation
Abstract: Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-
terbacil was investigated in 12-leaf (tolerant) and 3-leaf
(susceptible) field violet plants. Field violets with 12
leaves absorbed less 14C-terbacil g-1 of fresh weight from
solution culture than did plants with three leaves. Plants
with three leaves translocated twice as much radioactivity to
foliage than did plants with 12 leaves. Most 14C in roots
(77%) and foliage (57%) of field violet plants with 12 leaves
was in polar metabolites. Metabolism studies indicated that
most 14C (79%) in foliage extracts from field violet plants
with three leaves was 14C-terbacil. Polar metabolites were not
detected in roots of field violet plants with three leaves.
87 NAL Call. No.: 450 P693
Effect of four classes of herbicides on growth and
acetolactate-synthase activity in several variants of
Arabidopsis thaliana.
Mourad, G.; King, J.
Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992.
Planta v. 188 (4): p. 491-497; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Ligases; Enzyme activity;
Inhibition; Chlorsulfuron; Sulfonamides; Imazapyr; Benzoic
acid herbicides; Mutants; Mutations; Loci; Alleles; Herbicide
resistance; Binding site; Cross resistance
Abstract: We have isolated a triazolopyrimidine-resistant
mutant csr1-2, of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Here, we
compare csr1-2 with the previously isolated mutants csr1 and
csr1-1, and with wild-type Arabidopsis for responses to
members of four classes of herbicides, namely, sulfonylureas,
triazolopyrimidines, imidazolinones, and pyrimidyl-oxy-
benzoates. Two separable herbicide-binding sites have been
identified previously on the protein of acetolactate synthase
(ALS). Here, the mutation giving rise to csr1, originating in
a coding sequence towards the 5' end of the ALS gene, and that
in csr1-2, affected the inhibitory action on growth and ALS
activity of sulfonylurea and triazolopyrimidine herbicides but
not that of the imidazolinones or pyrimidyl-oxybenzoates. The
other mutation, in csr1-1, originating in a coding sequence
towards the 3' end of the ALS gene, affected the inhibitory
action of imidazolinones and pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoates but not
that of the sulfonylureas or triazolopyrimidines. Additional,
stimulatory effects of some of these herbicides on growth of
seedlings was unrelated to their effect on their primary
target, ALS. The conclusion from these observations is that
one of the two previously identified herbicide-binding sites
may bind sulfonylureas and triazolopyrimidines while the other
may bind imidazolinones and pyrimidyl-oxybenzoates within a
herbicide-binding domain on the ALS enzyme. Such a comparative
study using near-isogenic mutants from the same species allows
not only the further definition of the domain of herbicide
binding on ALS but also could aid investigation of the
relationship between herbicide-, substrate-, and allosteric-
binding sites on this enzyme.
88 NAL Call. No.: 511 P444AE
Effect of treating plants with abscisic acid on its
concentration in leaves and resistance of three pea cultivars
to the herbicide 2,4-D. Melekhov, E.I.; Lavrent'ev, A.A.
New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1992.
Doklady : botanical sciences - Akademiia nauk SSSR v. 319/321:
p. 79-82; 1992. Translated from: Akademiia Nauk SSSR.
Doklady. v. 319/321, 1991, p. 1273-1277, (511 P444A).
Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Cultivars; Herbicide resistance;
2,4-d; Plants; Treatment; Abscisic acid; Growth chambers;
Survival
89 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39
Effective kill of trifluralin-susceptible and -susceptible
agreen foxtail (Setaria viridis).
Beckie, H.J.; Morrison, I.N.
Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993
Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society
of America v. 7 (1): p. 15-22; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Manitoba; Cabt; Triticum aestivum; Brassica
napus; Weed control; Setaria viridis; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Trifluralin; Herbicide resistance; Biotypes;
Application rates; Chemical control; Application methods;
Phytotoxicity; Susceptibility
90 NAL Call. No.: 450 J8224
Effects of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxypropionate (an auxin
analogue) on plasma membrane ATPase activity in herbicide-
resistant and herbicide-susceptible biotypes of Stellaria
media L.
Coupland, D.; Cooke, D.T.; James, C.S.
Oxford : Oxford University Press; 1991 Aug.
Journal of experimental botany v. 42 (241): p. 1065-1071; 1991
Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Stellaria media; Mecoprop; Herbicide resistant
weeds; Herbicide resistance; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme
activity; Plasma membranes; Atp; Hydrolysis; Biotypes; Proton
pump; Phospholipids; Sterols
Abstract: ATPase activity was examined in plasma membrane
(PM) fractions prepared from mecoprop-resistant and -
susceptible biotypes of Stellaria media L. (chickweed).
Treatment with the herbicide caused an 18% increase in ATP
hydrolysis, but this was not significantly different from
control plants and was similar for both biotypes. However,
there was an overall significant biotype effect, herbicide-
resistant plants having greater enzyme activity than
susceptible ones. Proton-pumping was readily demonstrated in
PM fractions obtained from both biotypes using the fluorescent
probe
amino-chloro-methoxyacridine (ACMA), indicating a relatively
large proportion of 'inside-out' vesicles. Proton-pumping was
significantly greater in PM preparations obtained from the
resistant compared with susceptible plants. The differences in
ATPase activity between the two biotypes could not be
attributed to differences in the main sterol or phospholipid
components of the PM. There were no effects of the herbicide
on ATP hydrolysis in vitro, but proton-pumping was affected in
a herbicide concentration-dependent manner. At 1.0 mol m-6
mecoprop caused an increase in the rate of proton-pumping,
whereas at 10 and 100 mol m-6, an inhibition in this rate was
observed. Both biotypes behaved similarly, irrespective of
mecoprop concentration. These data indicate that mecoprop
resistance in chickweed is unlikely to be due to a direct
effect of the herbicide on PM H+ -ATPase activity.
91 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effects of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors on root
cell transmembrane electric potentials in graminicide-tolerant
and -susceptible corn (Zea mays L.).
Dotray, P.A.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Gronwald, J.W.; Wyse, D.L.;
Kochian, L.V. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant
Physiologists, 1926-; 1993 Nov. Plant physiology v. 103 (3):
p. 919-924; 1993 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Lines; Herbicides; Tolerance;
Susceptibility; Membrane potential; Soil ph
Abstract: Herbicidal activity of aryloxyphenoxypropionate and
cyclohexanedione herbicides (graminicides) has been proposed
to involve two mechanisms: inhibition of acetyl-coenzyme A
carboxylase (ACCase) and depolarization of cell membrane
potential. We examined the effect of aryloxyphenoxypropionates
(diclofop and haloxyfop) and cyclohexanediones (sethoxydim and
clethodim) on root cortical cell membrane potential of
graminicide-susceptible and -tolerant corn (Zea mays L.)
lines. The graminicide-tolerant corn line contained a
herbicide-insensitive form of ACCase. The effect of the
herbicides on membrane potential was similar in both corn
lines. At a concentration of 50micromolar, the
cyclohexanediones had little or no effect on the membrane
potential of root cells. At pH 6, 50 micromolar diclofop, but
not haloxyfop, depolarized membrane potential, whereas both
herbicides (50 micromolar) dramatically depolarized membrane
potential at pH 5. Repolarization of membrane potential after
removal of haloxyfop and diclofop from the treatment solution
was incomplete at pH 5. However, at pH 6 nearly complete
repolarization of membrane potential occurred after removal of
diclofop. In graminicide-susceptible corn, root growth was
significantly inhibited by a 24-h exposure to 1 micromolar
haloxyfop or sethoxydim, but cell membrane potential was
unaffected. In gramincide-tolerant corn, sethoxydim treatment
(1 micromolar, 48 h) had no effect on root growth, whereas
haloxyfop (1 micromolar, 48 h) inhibited root growth by 78%.
However, membrane potential was the same in roots treated with
1 micromolar haloxyfop or sethoxydim. The results of this
study indicate that graminicide tolerance in the corn line
used in this investigation is not related to an altered
response at the cell membrane level as has been demonstrated
with other resistant species.
92 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Effects of isoxaben on sensitive ant tolerant plant cell
cultures. I. Metabolic fate of isoxaben.
Corio-Costet, M.F.; Dall'Agnese, M.; Scalla, R.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 40 (3): p. 246-254;
1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Cell suspensions;
Cell cultures; Isoxaben; Phytotoxicity; Herbicide resistance;
Susceptibility; Line differences; Metabolic detoxification;
Metabolites
Abstract: A soybean cell line tolerance to isoxaben was
isolated by callus selection in herbicide-containing medium.
The growth of tolerant suspension cells was not affected by 10
micromoles isoxaben, which prevented the growth of wild-type
cultures. The growth of a wheat cell culture was little
affected by isoxaben, in accordance to the tolerance of wheat
plants to the herbicide. The metabolic fate of labeled
isoxaben in the three types of cultures was examined. By
comparison with the sensitive, wild-type soybean cell culture,
the tolerance of the selected soybean cell culture and that of
wheat cell culture cannot be explained by either quantitative
or qualitative differences of herbicide metabolism. These
results favor the hypothesis that the sensitivity or tolerance
of the cell cultures is determined at the level of the
cellular target of the herbicide.
93 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49
Effects of isoxaben on senstitive and tolerant plant cell
cultures. II. Cellular alterations and inhibition on the
synthesis of acid-insoluble cell wall material.
Corio-Costet, M.F.; Lherminier, J.; Scalla, R.
Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul.
Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 40 (3): p. 255-265;
1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Cell suspensions;
Cell cultures; Lines; Line differences; Susceptibility;
Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Isoxaben; Dichlobenil;
Mode of action; Cell walls; Biosynthesis; Metabolic
inhibitors; Cell wall components; Cellulose; Glucose; Plasma
membranes; Cell ultrastructure
Abstract: The herbicide isoxaben is selectively phytotoxic to
dicotyledonous plants, whereas most monocots are tolerant. We
previously selected a soybean cell culture tolerant to
isoxaben. Some effects of the herbicide on wild-type soybean
cells, tolerant soybean cells, and wheat cells were compared.
Cytological observations showed that isoxaben induced some
disorganization of sensitive soybean cells, especially at the
plasma membrane-cell wall interface. Tolerant soybean cells
appeared normal in the presence of isoxaben. The growth of
wild-type soybean cells was roughly equally sensitive to
isoxaben as to dichlobenil, a cellulose synthesis inhibitor.
By comparison, the selected soybean line and a wheat cell
culture were less sensitive to isoxaben than to dichlobenil.
Glucose incorporation into acid-insoluble cell wall material
was more inhibited by isoxaben than by dichlobenil in the
wild-type soybean cell culture. In the tolerant soybean cell
culture, the incorporation was slightly inhibited by isoxaben,
but remained sensitive to dichlobenil. In the wheat cell
culture, dichlobenil was also more inhibitory but only at high
concentrations. Other compounds, inhibitors of cellulose
biosynthesis, of glycosylation of lipids or protein, or of
cell division, either had no effect on the synthesis of acid-
insoluble cell wall material or exerted apparently unspecific
inhibitions. The results are consistent with isoxaben
inhibiting the synthesis of a cell wall polysaccharide, which
could be cellulose.
94 NAL Call. No.: 450 AN7
Effects of mecoprop (an auxin analogue) on ethylene evolution
and epinasty in two biotypes of Stellaria media.
Coupland, D.; Jackson, M.B.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Aug.
Annals of botany v. 68 (2): p. 167-172; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Stellaria media; Lycopersicon esculentum;
Mecoprop; Herbicide resistance; Phytotoxicity; Ethylene
production; Epinasty; Biotypes; Genetic variation
Abstract: Petiolar epinasty and the production of ethylene
(ethene) were studied in chickweed biotypes, Stellaria media,
treated with the herbicide and auxin analogue (RS)-2-(4-
chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid, potassium salt, common name
mecoprop. This compound caused severe epinasty and stimulated
the production of ethylene from shoot explants. However, when
intact plants were treated with ethylene, the leaves became
only slightly epinastic. The ethylene precursor, 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), at concentrations
which stimulated the release of ethylene, was equally
ineffective in causing epinasty. Furthermore, 2,5-
norbornadiene, a specific, competitive inhibitor of ethylene
action, only partly alleviated mecoprop-induced epinasty. The
responses observed in chickweed were compared with those
produced in tomato plants. ACC induced epinasty in tomato
within 2 h and these symptoms were completely inhibited by
norbornadiene. However, as in chickweed, the inhibitor gave
only partial reversal of mecoprop-induced epinasty, implying
that the epinastic response caused by the herbicide was not
attributable to ethylene alone. We therefore suggest that
mecoprop-induced epinasty is a result of the combined
ethylene-stimulating and growth-promoting properties of the
herbicide. Mecoprop-stimulated ethylene evolution was
initially significantly greater in a herbicide-resistant,
compared with a more susceptible biotype of chickweed. The
significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the
mechanism of mecoprop resistance in chickweed.
95 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Effects on photosystem II function, photoinhibition, and plant
performance of the spontaneous mutation of serine-264 in the
photosystem II reaction center D1 protein in triazine-
resistant Brassica napus L.
Sundby, C.; Chow, W.S.; Anderson, J.M.
Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926-
; 1993 Sep. Plant physiology v. 103 (1): p. 105-113; 1993 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Mutations; Photoinhibition;
Photosystem ii; Serine; Triazine herbicides; Weed control;
Yield losses; Herbicide resistance
Abstract: Wild-type and an atrazine-resistant biotype of
Brassica napus, in which a glycine is substituted for the
serine-264 of the D1 protein, were grown over a wide range of
constant irradiances in a growth cabinet. In the absence of
serine-264, the function of photosystem II (PSII) was changed
as reflected by changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters
and in photosynthetic oxygen-evolving activity. The
photochemical quenching coefficient was lower, showing that a
larger proportion of the primary quinone acceptor is reduced
at all irradiances. At low actinic irradiances, the
nonphotochemical quenching coefficient was higher, showing a
greater tendency for heat emission. Decreased rates of light-
limited photosynthesis (quantum yield) and lower oxygen yields
per single-turnover flash were also observed. These changes
were observed even when the plants had been grown under low
irradiances, indicating that the changes in PSII function are
direct and not consequences of photoinhibition. In spite of
the lowered PSII efficiency under light-limiting conditions,
the light-saturated photosynthesis rate of the atrazine-
resistant mutant was similar to that of the wild type. An
enhanced susceptibility to photoinhibition was observed for
the atrazine-resistant biotype compared to the wild type when
plants were grown under high and intermediate, but not low,
irradiance. We conclude that the replacement of serine by
glycine in the D1 protein has a direct effect on PSII
function, which in turn causes increased photoinhibitory
damage and increased rates of turnover of the D1 protein. Both
the intrinsic lowering of light-limited photosynthetic
efficiency and the increased sensitivity to photoinhibition
probably contribute to reduced crop yields in the field, to
different extents, depending on growth conditions.
96 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8
Engineering 2,4-D resistance into cotton.
Bayley, C.; Trolinder, N.; Ray, C.; Morgan, M.; Quesenberry,
J.E.; Ow, D.W. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.
Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (5): p. 645-649; 1992.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Nicotiana tabacum;
Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Alcaligenes; Genetic
transformation; Transgenics; Gene transfer; Genes;
Oxidoreductases; 2,4-d; Herbicide resistance; Inheritance;
Enzyme activity
Abstract: To reduce damage