Compiled By:
Karl R. Schneider
Reference Section
Reference and User Services Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
| SET | DESCRIPTION |
| 1 | (((SOIL or SOILS) near5 (TEST* or ANAL* or (NUTRIENT*
near3 (LEVEL or LEVELS)))) or ((PLANT or PLANTS or FOLIA*) near ANAL*))/TI,DE |
| 2 | (NUTRIENT* near6 (LEVEL or LEVELS)) or ((TISSUE or TISSUES)
near2 TEST* |
| 3 | FERTILISER or FERTILIZER or FERTILISERS or FERTILIZERS or FERTILITY)
near10 (ADD* or NEED* or NECESS* or RECOM* or APPL*) |
| 4 | ((#1 or #2) and #3) or DRIS |
| 5 | #4 and (UD>9306) [to include only updates since June 1993] |
Abstract: A national series of rates X forms of phosphate fertilizer trials has provided a large amount of data on patterns of response of pasture production and soil P tests to forms, rates and frequencies of P fertilizer application over time. A simple mechanistic model of P in pastoral systems has been developed in an attempt to account for the observed patterns. The model considers active P in the soil to be in one of two compartments: undissolved fertilizer P (PF) and a pool of labile, plant-available P (PA). P dissolving from PF enters PA, and P is lost from PA by immobilisation in the soil and by net removal above ground through non- recycled uptake by plants. Both these transfers are taken to follow first order kinetics, with rate constants designated K1 and K2 respectively. Pasture dry matter (DM) production in any year is related to the mid-year value of PA by the diminishing-returns Mitscherlich equation, with nil pasture yield being associated with nil PA. Data from different sites with the same design were combined to give generalised response patterns with which to assess the model. Only the control treatment and treatments receiving triple superphosphate (TSP) and Sechura phosphate rock (SPR) were considered. With a value for K1 corresponding to almost immediate dissolution, the model accounted well for the Olsen soil P test patterns from TSP when K2 corresponded to an annual loss of 16.3% of P in PA and a factor of 10 was used to convert Olsen P to kg P/ha in PA. Pasture DM yield response curves to rates of TSP in individual years were well accounted for when the mid-year value of PA required for 90% relative yield was taken as 130 kg P/ha. The model also accounted well for the difference between response. controls were less than model predictions: this could be due to unfertilised pasture making more use of P from greater soil depth or less available forms. Olsen P tests with the higher rates of SPR were always lower than model predictions using a value for K1 derived from chemical measurement of SPR dissolution rates in the trials. However, DM yields from SPR were generally close to model predictions. These divergent results support independent data suggesting that available soil P from reactive phosphate rocks (RPRs) is underestimated by the Olsen P test. The relative success of this simple compartmental model in accounting for generalised response patterns in such a large body of data suggests that it could be a useful starting point for a dynamic P fertilizer recommendation model.
2.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Agricultural BMPs for phosphorus reduction in south
Florida.
Izuno, F. T.; Bottcher, A. B.; Coale, F. J.; Sanchez, C. A.;
Jones, D. B. Trans-ASAE v.38(3): p.735-744 (1995 May-
1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: water; water-quality; water-management;
soil-fertility; phosphorus; drainage; rotations; crops;
filtration; florida
Abstract: Four sets of eight or twelve 0.7 ha plots, designed for soil and hydraulic uniformity, were used to screen potential "Best Management Practices" (BMPs) for reducing total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and loadings in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of south Florida. The four production systems and their alternatives (treatments) studied were: (1) sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum sp.) versus drained fallow plots; (2) fast versus slow drainage rates for sugarcane; (3) rice (Oryza sativa L.) in rotation following radishes to serve as a P filter crop versus traditional flooding fallow; and (4) banding phosphorus (P) fertilizer at 50% of the soil-test recommendation rate for cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) versus full-rate broadcast applications. The study showed that there were no differences in P concentrations in drainage water between sugarcane and drained fallow fields. Annual P loading to the plots in rainfall and irrigation water (0.63 kg TP ha-1) exceeded the P loading of drainage waters (0.52 kg TP ha-1 for sugarcane and 0.59 kg TP ha-1 for drained fallow plots). Slow drained sugarcane plots exhibited significantly higher TP concentrations than the fast drained plots. However, TP loads were significantly higher (0.97 kg ha-1) for fast drained plots than for the slow drained plots (0.67 kg ha-1). Rice as a P filter crop following radishes reduced TP concentrations and loadings. Finally, banding P fertilizer at a reduced rate for cabbage reduced TP concentrations compared to those for broadcasted P at the full recommended level. Total phosphorus loadings in drainage water were 1.17 kg ha-1 for banded and 1.38 kg ha-1 for broadcast treatments. A total of 1.30 kg TP ha-1 entered the plots. heavy fertilization. This indicates that the EAA system is currently a net assimilator of P.
3.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Agronomic effectiveness of partially acidulated rock
phosphate and fused calcium-magnesium phosphate compared with
superphosphate.
Bolland, M. D. A.; Glencross, R. N.; Gilkes, R. J.; Kumar, V.
Fertil-res v.32(2): p.169-183 (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: avena-sativa; triticum-x-secale;
triticale; partially-acidulated-rock-phosphate; fused-calcium-
magnesium-phosphate; superphosphate; comparisons; crop- yield;
phosphorus; nutrient-content; plant-composition; nutrient-
availability; soil-test-values
Abstract: The agronomic effectiveness of two partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) fertilizers, made from either North Carolina or Moroccan apatite rock phosphate, and a fused calcium-magnesium phosphate (thermal phosphate or TP), was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in two glasshouse experiments. A different lateritic soil from Western Australia was used for each experiment. Oats (Avena sativa) were grown in one experiment and triticale (X Triticosecale) in the other. Fertilizer effectiveness was measured using (i) yield of dried tops, (ii) P content (P concentration in tissue multiplied by yield) of dried tops, and (iii) bicarbonate-extractable soil P (soil test value). The following relationships differed for the different fertilizers: (i) yield of dried tops and P content in the dried tops; (ii) yield and soil test values. Consequently the fertilizer effectiveness values calculated using yield data differed from those calculated using P content or soil test data. Freshly-applied superphosphate was always the most effective fertilizer regardless of the method used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness values. For one of the soils, as calculated using yield data, relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the PARP and TP fertilizers were 15 to 30% as effective for the first crop, and 20 to 50% as effective for the second crop. The second soil was more acidic, and for the first crop the PARP and TP fertilizers were 80 to 90% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate, but all fertilizers. fertilizer was more effective than the PARP fertilizers.
4.
NAL Call No.: S451.M9M9
Alfalfa fertilizer recommendations by plant
analysis.
Graham, D. Mont-agresearch v.1(1): p.22-26 (1984
Spring)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; fertilizer-requirement-
determination
5.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
An alternative rationale for corn nitrogen fertilizer
recommendations.
Vanotti, M. B.; Bundy, L. G. J-prod-agric v.7(2): p.243-
249 (1994 Apr.-1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-fertilizers;
application-rates; optimization; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; edaphic-factors; nitrate-nitrogen; nitrogen-
content; soil- test-values; wisconsin
6.
NAL Call No.: TD172.W36
Application of leaf, soil, and tree ring chemistry to
determine the nutritional status of sugar maple on sites of
different levels of decline.
Cote, B.; Camire, C. Water-air-soil-pollut v.83(3/4):
p.363-373 (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: acer-saccharum; forest-decline; nutrient-
content; mineral-content; plant-composition; leaves; growth-
rings; soil-chemistry; soil-fertility; forest-soils; plant-
nutrition; dris; mineral-nutrition; nutritional-state; potassium;
calcium; magnesium; aluminum; exchangeable-potassium;
exchangeable-aluminum; quebec
7.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Assessing risk associated with N fertilizer
recommendations in the absence of soil tests.
Barreto, H. J.; Bell, M. A. Fertil-res v.40(3): p.175-
183 (1194)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; crop-production;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; methodology; comparisons;
risk; assessment; probability; crop-yield; grain; nitrogen-
fertilizers; application-rates; economic-evaluation;
mathematical-models; probability-analysis; field-experimentation;
mexico; on-farm-research
Abstract: In many developing countries, fertilizer recommendations must be made in the absence of plant and soil analyses. When the region is variable in terms of soils, weather, and magnitude of response to fertilizer, a recommendation is likely to involve a high degree of risk for the farmer. Quantification of such risk is key to developing appropriate recommendations for the farmer. However, most methodologies generally used in analyzing fertilizer trials do not allow adequate quantification, especially as a continuous function, of the risk associated with a given recommendation. Three years of on-farm trials conducted in the High Valley of Mexico were used to evaluate different methodologies for generating N fertilization recommendations and their associated risk for wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in the absence of soil tests. When the traditional approach, using average yield responses or separate trial results, was used, an economic optimum was identified, but it was not possible to quantify the associated risk. In contrast, however, by using a combination of response surface methodology and simple probability analysis, the risk associated with any given recommendation was developed, even under the highly variable conditions of the study zone. The approach uses a treatment difference matrix (developed using average yield differences between a treatment and the zero N (0N) check) and its associated standard deviation over locations. From the matrix, an equation (being a function of N rate and relative grain:N price ratios) was developed that shows the probability of outperforming the 0N check for the economic optimum rate.
8.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Assessment of fertilizer P residues in a calcareous
Vertisol.
Warren, G. P.; Sahrawat, K. L. Fertil-res v.34(1): p.45-
53 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vertisols; calcareous-soils; phosphorus;
residues; nutrient-availability; assessment; soil-testing;
analytical-methods; comparisons; soil-test-values; extraction;
exchangeable-cations; desorption; ion-exchange; ion-exchange-
resins; extractants; nutrient-uptake; crop-yield; correlation;
residual-effects; diammonium-phosphate; application-rates;
seasonal-variation; sorghum; andhra-pradesh
Abstract: The amounts of available P in a Typic Pellustert containing different levels of residual fertilizer P were assessed in a field experiment and chemically with cation- anion-exchange resin, using: (i) P desorbed after 1 extraction, (ii) cumulative P from 8 extractions [Resin8-P] and (iii) the asymptote of the extraction curve. P exchangeable to 32P, Olsen- P and P extracted by dilute salt solution (0.03 M KCl) were also measured. P available to sorghum in 1989 was strongly influenced by fertilizer P applied in 1988, but not by P applied in 1987. Olsen-P and Resin8-P both reflected well the effects of residual P on yield and P uptake and could therefore be used to predict available residual P. The amounts of Resin8-P were much larger than Olsen-P, so it was easier to observe the differences between soil treatments, but Olsen-p gave the better correlations with grain yield and P uptake. Multiple regressions of crop yield or P uptake with amounts of P applied in 1987 and 1988 gave the best correlations, without the need for practical work. Thus, the development of an appropriate model based on records of P fertilization is seen as the most effective way to predict availability of residual P. Assessments related to the P intensity and desorption rate using resin were not able to improve predictions of available P, indicating that within one soil the quantity of residual P is most important, but for comparisons between soils, account will need to be taken of differences in soil characteristics.
9.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of
phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil. I. An
isotopic method.
Di, H. J.; Harrison, R.; Campbell, A. S. Fertil-res
v.38(1): p.1-9 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: phosphorus-fertilizers; solubility;
phosphates; release; retention; soil-analysis; analytical-
methods; isotope-labeling; ion-exchange; monocalcium- phosphate;
rock-phosphate; partially-acidulated-rock-phosphate; sandy-loam-
soils; silt-loam-soils; phosphorus; nutrient-availability;
application-rates; exchangeable-phosphorus; phosphorus-retention-
capacity
Abstract: An isotopic exchange method, based on tracer kinetic theory, was used to study the dissolution (Fin) and retention (Fout) of Phosphate (P) fertilizers in the soil. This method involves labelling of the soil with carrier-free 32p phosphate ions, and monitoring changes with time of specific activity of isotopically exchangeable phosphate in the soil as extracted by plants, and of the amounts of readily exchangeable P. To assess this method, experiments were carried out to determine the rates of release and retention of phosphate from three fertilizers, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), ground North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR > 150 micrometers), and 30% acidulated (with phosphoric acid) NCPR (NCPAPR), in two soils, Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam. MCP was applied at 75 and 150 micrograms g-1 soil; NCPR was applied at 150 and 750 micrograms g-1 soil; and NCPAPR was applied at 150 micrograms g-1 soil. After 1, 50 and 111 days of incubation, the treated soil samples were labelled with carrier-free 32P-phosphate ions, and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown to sample specific activity in these samples. Results showed that the changing patterns of exchangeable P in the soils as affected by fertilizer solubility and application rate could be clearly explained by the values of Fin and Fout. With increasing period of soil-fertilizer contact, the P added in the form of MCP solution was rapidly transformed into non-exchangeable forms (high Fout value). Exchangeable P in the NCPR and NCPAPR treated soils were maintained at steady concentrations for extended periods due to the continued release of P from the fertilizer material (steady Fin) and lower rates of P retention by the soil (smaller Fout) The.
10.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Banding nitrogen fertilizer influence on inorganic
nitrogen distribution.
Clay, D. E.; Carlson, C. C.; Holman, P. W.; Schumacher, T. E.;
Clay, S. A. J-plant-nutr v.18(2): p.331-341 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; glycine-max; urea-ammonium-
nitrate; band-placement; nitrogen; spatial-distribution; soil-
fertility; clay-loam-soils; rowcrops; south-dakota; silty-clay-
loam-soils
Abstract: Banding nitrogen (N) fertilizer increases inorganic N variability in areas between the corn rows for one or two years. Fertilizer recommendations may be improved by developing sampling systems that account for this variability. If soil samples are routinely taken from one location relative to another, then fertilizer recommendations may be biased. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of banding N fertilizer on N distribution in soil. Urea ammonium nitrate was applied to a Brandt silty clay loam (Fine-silty, mixed Udic Haploboroll) at the six leaf growth stage in 1992. Soil samples were collected from grid points (0, 8, 22, and > 35 cm from fertilizer band) between the corn (Zea mays L.) rows in the fall of 1992. Soil samples were analyzed for inorganic N. In unfertilized plots, inorganic N distribution at all of the sampling locations followed lognormal distributions. However, in band fertilized plots inorganic N distributions were influenced by sampling location. Inorganic N estimated from samples collected 22 cm from the band underestimated residual N by 30 to 40%. Inorganic N was estimated correctly when samples were collected 8 cm from the band, while it was over estimated when samples were collected from the band.
11.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Birdsfoot trefoil response to phosphorus and
potassium.
Russelle, M. P.; McGraw, R. L.; Leep, R. H. J-prod-agric
v.4(1): p.114-120 (1991 Jan.-1991 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lotus-corniculatus; cultivars; silt-loam-
soils; sandy-soils; irrigated-soils; impeded-drainage; seed-
production; forage; crop-production; potassium-fertilizers;
phosphorus-fertilizers; application-rates; stand-establishment;
crop-yield; persistence; nutrients; cycling; michigan; minnesota;
stand-persistence
Abstract: Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a forage legume grown widely in cool-temperate regions, but its forage and seed yield responses to P and K are not well documented. Field experiments were established on a poorly drained Brimley silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Haplaquods) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and on an irrigated Hubbard loamy sand (sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploborolls) in east central Minnesota to determine response of Norcen and Viking cultivars to P and K. Plots were seeded at 2 and 10 lb/acre for seed and forage production, respectively. Factorial combinations of P and K were applied annually at each site, 0 to 13 lb P/acre with 0 to 280 lb K/acre in Minnesota and 0 to 22 lb P/acre with 0 to 80 lb K/acre in Michigan. Added fertilizer improved stands and forage yield in only a few cases. Applied P improved stands of Norcen on the poorly drained soil, but effects did not carry over in production years. Stand establishment was not affected by applied K. Forage yields on the loamy sand were not improved by applied K when soil test levels in August exceeded 126 lb K/acre. Added fertilizer K could be accounted for in exchangeable soil K in the uppermost 6 in., K removed in harvested forage, and estimated K contained in roots. Soil test levels of K increased rapidly (0.73 lb exchangeable soil K/1.0 lb fertilizer K) when K fertilizer additions exceeded removal in forage. Forage yield did not improve with added P, although Bray-1 extractable P was as low as 21 lb/acre in the upper 6 in. of soil. No effects of fertilizer were observed for seed yield or winter survival.
12.
NAL Call No.: S544.3.N9C46
Calculations for fertilizer blends to meet soil test
recommendations.
Fanning, C. NDSU-Ext-Serv-Publ-N-D-State-Univ. Fargo, N.D. :
The University. Oct 1988. (SF-961) 3 p
Descriptors: fertilizers; blending; calculation; soil-testing;
soil-test-values; fertilizer-analysis; cost-analysis
13.
NAL Call No.: S596.7.D4
Can maize cultivars with low mineral nutrient
concentrations in the grains help to reduce the need for
fertilizers in third world countries.
Feil, B.; Thiraporn, R.; Stamp, P. Dev-plant-soil-sci.
Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1993. v. 50 p. 295-
299
In the series analytic: Genetic aspects of plant mineral
nutrition / edited by P.J. Randall, E. Delhaize, R.A. Richards
and R. Munns.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-content; phosphorus;
potassium; mineral-content; nutrient-content; seeds; cultivars;
genotype-nutrition-interaction; nutrient- availability; nitrogen-
fertilizers; plant-nutrition; mineral-nutrition
Abstract: An earlier study revealed considerable genotypic variation in grain N, P and K concentrations (GNC, GPC and GKC, respectively) in tropical maize. The expression of varietal differences in GNC, GPC and GKC, however, may depend on environmental conditions such as the N status of the soil. Two tropical maize hybrids (Suwan 2301 and CP 1 ) with comparable yielding capacity, but contrasting GNCs, GPCs and GKCs, were therefore grown at four levels of N in a field experiment at Farm Suwan (Thailand, latitude 14.5 degrees N). Suwan 2301 exhibited a higher GNC than did CP 1 at all rates of N, but large differences in GPC and GKC were found only at high N fertilization. This was obviously due to individual grain yield responses of the cultivars to increasing rates of N fertilizer, demonstrating that grain nutrient concentrations are, at least in part, functions of the amount of grain carbohydrates which dilute a genetically and environmentally fixed amount of grain P and K. As compared to Suwan 2301, CP 1 accumulated less N, P and K in the grains at almost all levels of N fertilization, confirming our hypothesis that the cultivation of maize genotypes with low grain mineral nutrient concentrations may help third-world cash-crop farmers to reduce the need for scarce and costly mineral fertilizers. This finding has to be verified at reduced availability of soil -P, - K, and water.
14.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Carbohydrate content of cotton plants at different growth
periods and the influence of fertilizers.
Ergle, D. R. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.28(10): p.775-786 (1936
Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; crop-yield; growth-
period; crop-growth-stage; npk-fertilizers; sugars;
polysaccharides; monosaccharides; growth-rate; bolls; roots;
shoots; plant-analysis; clay-loam-soils; texas; squares; nodes
Abstract: The data show that the total sugars, representing the soluble carbohydrates, decreased in concentration in the plant tops between the stages of seedling and square formation, after which the trend in concentration was upward and increased rapidly during active boll formation, the rate of increase diminishing as the bolls approached maturity. At maturity, when the cotton bolls began opening, the total sugars began decreasing in concentration. Excepting the period of active boll formation, when the concentration of total sugars in both the tops and roots was rapidly increasing, the course of the changes in concentration of the total sugars in the roots tended to be opposite to that in the plant top. During the period of study, the concentration of total sugars in the roots exceeded the concentrations in the plant tops. The diose sugars of the roots exceeded by a large margin the concentration of monose sugars. In the tops of the cotton plant the difference in concentration of the two sugars was influenced by the stage of plant development and the fertilizer used. In general, during the latter stage of boll formation, July 9 to August 6, the monose sugars exceeded in concentration the diose sugars. The monose sugars in the tops of cotton plants and the diose sugars in the roots were the best indicator of the effects of fertilization on the soluble carbohydrates. The polysaccharoses, representing the insoluble or storage carbohydrates, were found to occur in greater concentration in the roots than in the tops of the cotton plant. In general, the course of the changes in concentration for both the roots and tops of the plant was upward throughout the growth periods studied. The rate of change in concentration was greater in the plant roots than in the tops. Plants fertilized with complete fertilizers had a higher level of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates in both the tops and roots during the latter stages of plant development than did the unfertilized plants or those fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus separately. Phosphorus alone tended towards effecting a higher level in the plant tops. Nitrogen alone had no consistent effect upon the soluble carbohydrates in either the tops or roots but did tend to effect a lower concentration of insoluble carbohydrates near the end of the season. The growth of cotton plants and yields of seed cotton were increased by fertilizer applications, the largest returns resulting from the 9-3-3 followed by the 3-9-3 fertilizer. These mixtures also produced most cotton at the first picking, showing an early stimulating effect on growth and square and boll formation, resulting in earlier maturity of cotton. The greater carbohydrate content of the plants correlates with larger plant growth and larger yields. The total carbohydrate content expressed as percentage of green plant or as grams per plant was greatest in plants grown with 9- 3-3 and 3-9-3 fertilizers, these being the fertilizers giving largest plant growth and greatest yields.
15.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Cation-equivalent constancy in alfalfa.
Bear, F. E.; Prince, A. L. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.37(3):
p.217-222 (1945 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; soil-analysis; soil-
types-textural; crop-yield; exchange-acidity; exchangeable-
cations
Abstract: Consideration has been given to the cation content of alfalfa plants that were grown on 20 very different New Jersey soils under as nearly optimum conditions as our knowledge of these soils at the outset of the study permitted. The data indicate that high yielding-capacity of these soils for alfalfa over a period of sufficient duration to permit of eight cuttings was associated with a high content of available Ca in the soil at the start of the test. Under conditions in which all the fertilizer was applied before seeding, the alfalfa accumulated large amounts of K in the first few crops with the result that most of the soils were rapidly depleted of this element. This tendency toward excessive absorption of K by plants might be expected from the position of this element in the electromotive series. The equivalents of K per 100 grams dry weight of alfalfa tended to decrease from the second to the eighth crop, whereas those of Ca and mg tended to increase. The sum of the equivalents of Ca, Mg, and K per unit of plant material tended to be a constant for the produce of any given harvest, this constant having a value approaching 170 M.E. per 100 grams dry matter in the first crop and 187 M.E. in the eighth. The evidence supports the belief that each of these cations has at least two functions in the plant, one specific and the other or others of the type that can be performed interchangeably by all three cations. Once the supply of each cation is adequate to meet the specific need for it, there can be a wide range in ratios in the remaining quantities that are absorbed by the plant to meet its total cation needs. Whether the problem of growing alfalfa is considered from the. should be fortified with an abundance of Ca and Mg in preparation for seeding, but that the K applications should be governed by the specific annual needs of the plant, a suitable application being made at seeding time and additional quantities being supplied each year the crop is allowed to continue on the same land. Because of alfalfa's tendency to accumulate K in excess of its critical need for it, difficulty is experienced in maintaining an adequate supply of this element in the soil. The annual application of K must be sufficient to maintain the K content of the plant at not less than 1%, but it should not be so large as to effect a substitutlon of K for Ca and Mg in the functions that are common to all three cations in the plant. The Na content of the alfalfa was too small to be of any significance in connection with the conclusions reached in this paper, the largest amount found being 2.04 M.E. per 100 grams dry matter in the produce of the Whippany silt loam soil.
16.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Celery yield responds to phosphorus rate but not
phosphorus placement on histosols.
Espinoza, L.; Sanchez, C. A.; Schueneman, T. J.
HortScience v.28(12): p.1168-1170 (1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: apium-graveolens; phosphorus-fertilizers;
application-rates; band-placement; broadcasting; histosols; use-
efficiency; fertilizer-requirement-determination; crop-yield;
soil-testing; soil-test-values; plant-analysis; florida; apium-
graveolens-var; -dulce
Abstract: Four field experiments were conducted during two production seasons to evaluate soil-test P fertilizer recommendations for celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) produced on Histosols, which often are linked hydrologically to environmentally sensitive wetlands, and to evaluate band placement as a strategy for improving P fertilizer-use efficiency in celery in such areas. Phosphorus was applied (broadcast or banded) at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg P/ha. Broadcast P was surface applied and disked into the soil approximately 15 cm deep 1 day before planting. Banded P was applied 5 cm below the soil surface and 5 cm to the side of each celery row. Total above- ground mass, marketable trimmed yield of celery, and yield of the larger grade sizes increased with P rate in all experiments. Band P placement was not a viable strategy for improving P fertilizer- use efficiency for celery. However, our results indicate that previous soil-test-based P fertilizer recommendations for celery were too high for the cultivars grown currently, and improved P fertilizer-use efficiency can be obtained with revised soil-test calibrations.
17.
NAL Call No.: QD415.A1B5
Chemical composition of Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae): Do
responses to fertilizer vary with phenological
stage.
Iason, G. R.; Hartley, S. E.; Duncan, A. J. Biochem-syst-
ecol v.21(3): p.315-321 (1993 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: plant-composition; nitrogen-fertilizers;
phenolic-compounds; tannins; nitrogen-content; fiber-content;
nutrient-balance; carbon-nutrient-balance-hypothesis
Abstract: The effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on the content of total nitrogen, acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, total phenolics and condensed tannins of current season's shoots of Calluna vulgaris were measured. Fertilizer applications were either (i) prior to flowering or (ii) after flowering. Samples of green shoots were collected from the pre- flowering fertilizer treatment at the onset of flowering (August) and from both treatments at the end of the growth season (November); all showed increased total nitrogen and decreased ADF, consistent with increased growth, as compared with unfertilized controls. Contrary to the predictions of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis, levels of total phenolics and condensed tannins did not decline significantly with fertilizer additions. However, fertilizer applied prior to flowering tended to reduce total phenolics and condensed tannins whereas fertilizer applications after flowering tended to increase them. There was a strong seasonal increase in condensed tannins and total phenolics between August and September, at the time of flowering. These results are discussed in relation to Calluna's changing demand for and supply of resources at different phenological stages.
18.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Chlorophyll meter estimates leaf area-based nitrogen
concentration of rice.
Peng, S.; Laza, M. R. C.; Garcia, F. V.; Cassman, K. G.
Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.26(5/6): p.927-935 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; genotypes; crop-growth-
stage; plant-analysis; nitrogen-content; leaves; chlorophyll;
meters; weight; leaf-area; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-
rates; fertilizer-requirement-determination; philippines
Abstract: The chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) can be used to diagnose the nitrogen (N) status of rice (Oryza sativa L) plants to determine the need for fertilizer-N topdressing. However, accurate estimation of leaf N concentration on a dry weight basis (Ndw) by SPAD requires the adjustment of SPAD values for specific leaf weight (SLW). The objective of this study was to determine if SPAD estimates of leaf N concentration on a leaf area basis (Na) without correcting for SLW. SPAD values were measured from different genotypes at various growth stages with the chlorophyll meter. Leaf N concentration was determined by micro-Kjeldahl procedure and expressed based on dry weight and leaf area. Specific leaf weight was calculated as the ratio of leaf dry weight to leaf area. At each growth stage, SPAD estimated Na better than Ndw, especially at the middle and later growth stages. When data for all stages were pooled, SPAD values also correlated with Na better than with Ndw (r value of 0.81 versus 0.43). This finding was also true across 80 genotypes. For estimation of Na by SPAD, therefore, no adjustment of SPAD values for SLW is needed.
19.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Commercial snap bean response to fertilization with
broiler litter.
Brown, J. E.; Gilliam, C. H.; Shumack, R. L.; Porch, D. W.
HortScience v.28(1): p.29-31 (1993 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: phaseolus-vulgaris; fertilizers; poultry-
manure; plant-nutrition; nutrient-content; foliar-diagnosis;
nitrogen; calcium; potassium; magnesium; phosphorus; manganese;
soil-ph; application-rates; crop-yield; spring; falls; alabama
Abstract: Commercial snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yields in spring were similar when comparing a commercial fertilizer standard based on soil test recommendations to three application rates of broiler litter. Snap bean yields in the fall were higher on plots that received spring-applied broiler litter than on those receiving the commercial fertilizer standard in the fall. Increasing the application rate of broiler litter generally resulted in a linear yield response during both seasons.
20.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
A comparative study of the DOP and the DRIS methods, for
evaluating the nutritional status of peach trees.
Monge, E.; Montanes, L.; Val, J.; Sanz, M. Acta-hortic
(383): p.191-199 (1995 Apr.)
In the series analytic: Mineral nutrition of deciduous fruit
plants / edited by M. Tagliavini, G.H. Neilsen and P.
Millard.
Descriptors: prunus-persica; nutrient-requirements;
dris; plant-nutrition; mineral-nutrition; foliar-diagnosis;
mineral-content; nitrogen-content; nitrogen; potassium;
phosphorus; calcium; magnesium; leaves; nutritional-state;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; deviation-of-optimum-
percentage
21.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Comparison between two controlled-release fertilizers on
selected foliage plants in an artificial potting
mix.
Rauch, F. D.; Murakami, P. K. Fertil-res v.39(2): p.89-
95 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: impatiens; palmae; genera; species;
spathiphyllum; ornamental-foliage-plants; nitrogen-fertilizers;
nutrient-sources; slow-release-fertilizers; application- rates;
comparisons; growth-rate; nutrient-content; plant-height; dry-
matter-accumulation; pot-culture; hawaii
Abstract: A series of trials compared Osmocote and a recently available controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) product, Nutricote, at the same rates of N per container. Comparable formulations (e.i. 3-4 months) were compared on a variety of tropical foliage plants including: Impatiens, palms (Chamaedorea seifrizii, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Phoenix roebelinii, Rhapis excelsa and Chamaedorea elegans) and Spathiphyllum; at 10 rates of N from 0 to 2-3 times the manufacture's recommended rate in a 1:1 (v:v) peat:perlite mix amended with dolomitic lime and a commercial micronutrient mixture. The plants were grown in a shade house, watered with overhead spray stakes and pest control measures used as required. Growth parameters used were plant height, growth index and top dry weight, along with tissue analysis and NO3(-) concentrations. Overall plant height of the majority of plants tested was found to be comparable for the two CRF sources. However, there were some differences in top dry weight and leaf green color which were species specific. These results suggest that the release rate and availability of specific nutrients during the various plant growth phases may be more important for optimum plant growth and quality than the fertilizer formulation used. In general, both CRF products resulted in satisfactory plant growth and quality under the conditions of these trials. Additional studies are needed on the other factors affecting the use of these fertilizer products, such as water quality, media, media temperature, light, fertilizer placement, and economics. Once these factors are fully understood it will be possible to fully take advantage of this newer fertilizer technology and to customize.
22.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Comparison of amendments and management practices for
long-term reclamation of abandoned mine lands.
Pichtel, J. R.; Dick, W. A.; Sutton, P. J-environ-qual
v.23(4): p.766-772 (1994 July-1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dactylis-glomerata; festuca-arundinacea;
trifolium-hybridum; trifolium-repens; lotus-corniculatus; mine-
spoil; mined-land; reclamation; sewage-sludge; fly- ash;
composts; paper-mill-sludge; bark; topsoil; lime; ammonium-
nitrate; superphosphate; potassium-fertilizers; soil-ph;
nutrient-content; biomass-production; yields; grassland-
management; ohio
Abstract: Abandoned mine lands containing pyritic spoil may become toxic due to production of sulfuric acid and subsequent high levels of heavy metals. A field study was initiated to compare the long-term (10 yr) effectiveness of digested municipal sewage sludge (224 Mg ha-1), powerplant fly ash (448 Mg ha-1), papermill sludge composted with either coarse or fine wood bark (67, 90, and 112 Mg ha-1), and limed topsoil (20-cm depth) in maintaining a grass-legume mixture on toxic abandoned mine spoil (initial pH 3.4). Management of reclaimed plots included an additional one-time application of N, P, and K according to soil test 1 yr after reclamation and annual cutting of vegetation that was either removed from the plot or left on the surface. Soil was sampled at depths of 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm, with the lower sample representing soil (except for the topsoil treatment) to which the amendments had not been mixed. These soil samples were analyzed for pH and plant nutrients. Dry matter production declined sharply after 3 yr and then recovered the last 2 yr due to favorable weather, although to only two- thirds of the initial levels. The topsoil and sewage sludge amendments maintained overall highest yields and highest percent vegetative cover (93 and 91%, respectively). Amended spoil experienced a gradual pH increase over the study period with the topsoil amendment exhibiting the highest pH (7.0) and fly ash the lowest pH (5.1) after 10 yr. The topsoil and sewage sludge amendments generally maintained the highest soil K, Ca, and Mg concentrations, while the sewage sludge and fly ash amendments had the highest P concentrations. pH values and P, K, Ca, and concentrations in the 0- to 10-cm soil horizon. and fertilizer did increase vegetative yields. We conclude that the papermill sludge and sewage sludge amendments were roughly equivalent to limed topsoil for the successful long-term reclamation of toxic mine spoil. The fly ash amendment was least successful due to its inability to provide pH and nutrient levels sufficient for the maintenance of good vegetative growth.
23.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Comparison of diagnosis and recommendation integrated
system and nutrient sufficiency range for corn.
"Soltanpour, P. N.; Malakouti, M. J.; Ronaghi, A. Soil-Sci-
Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America.
Jan/Feb 1995. v. 59 (1) p. 133-139
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; mineral-deficiencies;
diagnostic-techniques; dris; comparisons; nutrient-requirements
Abstract: The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) is a potential method for interpreting plant foliar nutrient composition. The objective of our study was to compare DRIS with the nutrient sufficiency range (NSR) for corn (Zea mays L.). We used published standard DRIS norms and Colorado DRIS norms calculated from ear leaf composition at tasseling to silking of corn yielding 11 Mg grain ha-1 or higher. Our NSR values are based on the minimum and maximum nutrient concentration values found in the literature. We changed the minimum value of 21 g kg-1 for N to 26 g kg-1. For identifying nutrient needs of corn, the NSR was superior to DRIS regardless of the DRIS norms used. Identified flaws of DRIS are: (i) very high levels of one nutrient can cause false relative deficiency (imbalance) diagnosis of other nutrients, and (ii) an optimal ratio between two nutrients produces maximum yields only when both nutrients are in their respective sufficiency ranges. We recommend use of the NSR technique in combination with a soil test to avoid the misdiagnosis of Zn and Cu deficiencies in corn when N is extremely deficient.
24.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Comparison of near-infrared spectroscopy and other soil
nitrogen availability quick tests for corn.
Fox, R. H.; Shenk, J. S.; Piekielek, W. P.; Westerhaus, M. O.;
Toth, J. D.; Macneal, K. E. Agron-j v.85(5): p.1049-1053
(1993 Sept.-1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; prediction; nutrient-
availability; nitrogen; soil-testing; infrared-spectroscopy;
crop-yield; grain; fertilizer-requirement-determination;
sampling; soil-test-values; nitrogen-fertilizers; mathematical-
models; pennsylvania
Abstract: Our ability to predict N fertilizer needs for corn (Zea mays L.) is improving, but more accurate and convenient tests are still needed. This work compared a new quick test for soil N availability using a near-infrared spectrophotometer (NIRS) with three published quick tests for predicting soil N-supplying capability (NSC) and relative corn grain yield. The other tests were the pre-sidedress nitrate test (PSNT), nitrate concentration (at-plant NO3), and absorbance at 200 nm of a 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract (UV-200 test) of 0- to 20-cm soil samples taken at planting. Soil samples taken at planting from 95 field experiments in Pennsylvania were analyzed at reflectance wavelengths from 400 nm to 2500 nm with NIRS. The coefficients of determination were the same (R2 = 0.49) for both linear and quadratic regressions of NSC and NIRS test values. The abilities of the four tests to predict NSC and relative corn grain yield were compared using data from 90 of the 95 experiments. The R2 values for linear and quadratic regressions between soil test values and NSC ranged from 0.49 to 0.58 for the NIRS, PSNT, and UV-200 tests; for the at-plant NO3 test, R2 was lower (approximately 0.40). Eliminating sites where corn directly followed a legume, R2 values for quadratic regressions between test values and NSC increased to approximately 0.60 for the NIRS, PSNT, and UV-200 tests. The PSNT test was slightly better than the other tests in predicting a grain yield response to N fertilizer, but this advantage lessened when. The NIRS test offers a convenient, rapid, and inexpensive alternative to the PSNT for predicting whether humid-region corn fields will respond to N fertilizer.
25.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
A comparison of various methods for determining the
fertilizer needs of certain soils.
Smith, F. B.; Brown, P. E.; Neal, O. R. J-Am-Soc-Agron
v.25(6): p.383-391 (1933 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: avena-sativa; crop-yield; fertilizer-
requirement-determination; soil-testing; loam-soils; aspergillus-
niger; weight; nutrient-availability; nitrate-fertilizers;
superphosphate; potassium-fertilizers
Abstract: The fertilizer needs of Carrington loam were studied by means of biological, chemical, and greenhouse tests. Applications of sodium nitrate alone gave slight increases in the crop yield and brought about an increase in solubility of the soil phosphates. Twenty per cent superphosphate gave increases in crop yields which varied directly with the amount of the application. Applications of muriate of potash had no significant effect on crop yields on this particular soil. The growth of A. niger was closely correlated with the amount of available phosphate as measured by the Truog method. There was also a direct relationship between the amount of available phosphate and the crop yield. The Carrington loam, under the conditions of this experiment, seemed to be adequately supplied with available nitrogen and potassium but showed a deficiency in readily available phosphate for maximum plant growth. In general, the results secured with the A. niger method, the Neubauer test, and the Truog method for available phosphate agreed rather closely with the crop yields obtained in both greenhouse experiments. That is, increased crop yields were secured on those soils containing the larger amounts of available phosphate.
26.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Compositional nutrient diagnosis of the greenhouse
tomato.
Parent, L. E.; Karam, A.; Visser, S. A. HortScience
v.28(10): p.1041-1042 (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; plant-
composition; crop-growth-stage; foliar-diagnosis; nutrient-
content; integrated-systems; plant-analysis; principal-component-
analysis; multivariate-analysis; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; diagnosis-and-recommendation-integrated-system;
compositional-nutrient-diagnosis
Abstract: Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) norms were computed from a diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) databank as means and sds of CND multinutrient ratios and CND factors characterizing the high-yielding subpopulation of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants during the 3- to 8-cluster developmental stages. A CND multinutrient ratio is a row-centered logratio corrected for the bounded-sum constraint to 100% of all components, including a filling value between known components and 100%. CND multinutrient ratios for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were reduced to three dimensions by principal component analysis (PCA). Varimax- rotated factors-(N-K-Ca+), (Ca+Mg-), and (P-)-were designated as contrasts describing nutrient status and equilibria in diagnostic tissues. CND nutrient indexes for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were highly correlated with their DRIS counterparts (r = 0.964 to 0.987), using 20 independent observations. Since CND is compatible with PCA, CND could expand DRIS to a multivariate diagnostic approach projecting structured information on nutrient data into a Euclidean space. A critical sphere specific to a developmental stage could delineate the high-yielding subpopulation for diagnostic purposes. The critical radius defined using a probabilistic approach to capture the high yielders should be validated with independent fertilizer experiments.
27.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Corn and soybean yields during 11 years of phosphorus and
potassium fertilization on a high-testing soil.
Mallarino, A. P.; Webb, J. R.; Blackmer, A. M. J-prod-
agric v.4(3): p.312-317 (1991 July-1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; glycine-max; rotations;
phosphorus-fertilizers; potassium-fertilizers; application-rates;
crop-yield; phosphorus; potassium; soil-test-values; nutrient-
content; leaves; long-term-experiments; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; profitability; iowa
Abstract: Fertilization during the past two decades has increased the number of soils testing high in P and K; this increase has created the need for more information concerning how these soils should be fertilized. A study was conducted from 1979 to 1989 on a high-testing (28 ppm for P, 170 ppm for K) Kenyon loam (fine- loamy, mixed, mesic, Typic Hapludoll) soil in northeastern Iowa to determine the effects of P and K fertilization on soil test values and yields of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in rotation. Factorial combination of 0, 20, and 40 lb P/acre and 0, 60, and 120 lb K/acre were applied annually to each crop. For both nutrients, the greatest rates of application caused increases in soil test values, and the smallest rates caused decreases in these values. Analyses of variance showed that 11-yr means for yields of corn and soybean were not significantly affected by either P or K fertilization. Occasional positive yield responses to fertilization were observed in individual years, but these responses often did not pay fertilizer costs. The results at this site suggest that corn and soybean producers could increase their profits by not applying P or K fertilizers to high-testing soils.
28.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Corn yield response to varied producer controlled factors
and weather in high yield environments.
Polito, T. A.; Voss, R. D. J-prod-agric v.4(1): p.51-57
(1991 Jan.-1991 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; hybrid-varieties; crop-
management; crop-yield; crop-density; row-spacing; fertilizers;
application-rates; timing; split-dressings; sidedressing;
preplanting-treatment; climatic-zones; climatic-factors; iowa
Abstract: Much of the corn (Zea mays L.) yield increases in the past five decades can be attributed to the identification and adjustment of controllable factors that limit production. This process must continue if we are to meet the food requirements of the future. The objectives of these experiments were to determine what combination of the producer controlled variables (e.g., N, P, and K fertilization, plant density, row spacing, hybrid, and timing of N application) would give maximum yields under the prevailing climatic conditions in the western Corn Belt. Eight field experiments were conducted in eastern and central Iowa from 1982 through 1984. Treatments varied with location but the treatment ranges were as follows: plant density- 20000 to 36000 plants/acre; row spacing-20 and 30 in.; N rate-60 to 333 lb/acre; fertilizer P rate-0 to 99 lb/acre; fertilizer K rate-0 to 249 lb/acre; N timing-preplant vs. split (preplant and side dress); plus four different hybrids. Weather had a moderating effect on all but one experiment by either delaying planting or providing severe moisture stress. Mean experiment grain yields ranged from 103 to 178 bu/acre, with the combination of controlled variables giving maximum yields varying with site- year. Grain yields did not respond to fertilizer N rates above the initial rate. Soil P levels were sufficient to produce maximum yields with or without added fertilizer P, and in 1983, added P resulted in a negative yield response. Grain yields responded to fertilizer K rates of 166 and 249 lb/acre in 1982 on plots with soil tests averaging 67 and 91 ppm K, respectively. The rate of 166 lb/acre resulted in grain yield increases in 1984 on plots with soil tests averaging. resulted in a grain yield difference only in 1982 when 20-in. rows showed an advantage over 30-in. rows. Hybrid had a significant effect on yield in all but one experiment. These experiments demonstrate the increased risk to the producer who is striving for high yields but who cannot control or predict the weather.
29.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Critical nutrient concentrations and DRIS analysis of
leaf and grain from high-yielding corn.
Roberts, S.; Rhee, J. K. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal
v.24(19/20): p.2679-2687 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; high-yielding-varieties; leaves;
grain; plant-composition; nutrient-content; dris; fertilizers;
application-date; nutrient-sources; fertilizer- requirement-
determination
30.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Deriving fertilizer recommendations with a flexible
functional form.
Sain, G. E.; Jauregui, M. A. Agron-j v.85(4): p.934-937
(1993 July-1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; growth-models;
simulation-models; climatic-factors; soil-test-values; crop-
yield; grain; yield-response-functions; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; economic-analysis; econometric-models; argentina
Abstract: General fertilizer response models are useful to derive robust recommendations for farmers who face different circumstances. This paper shows that a flexible functional form such as the transcendental can be applied to develop both agronomically and economically sound recommendation tables using a set of soil test, climate, and management variables. Data from thirty-eight experiments on wheat response to N and P in the Humid Pampa, Argentina, were used to build a general response model that incorporates the initial levels of soil test measures (NO3-N and Bray-1 P), rainfall from sowing to maturity, and previous crop. The economic analysis was performed for relevant nutrient/grain price ratios r(n) = 8.0 and r(p) = 18.3 for N and P, respectively. A table of fertilizer recommendations for wheat was derived for different combinations of rainfall expectations, previous crop, and soil test values. The following results were
31.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Determination of wheat nitrogen status with a hand-held
chlorophyll meter: influence of management
practices.
Reeves, D. W.; Mask, P. L.; Wood, C. W.; Delaney, D. P. J-
Plant-Nutr v.16(5): p.781-796 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; nitrogen-content;
foliar-diagnosis; crop-growth-stage; chlorophyll; measurement;
meters; fertilizer-requirement-determination
Abstract: The nitrogen (N) status of wheat at specific growth stages has potential in predicting yield goals and supplemental N fertilizer requirements but there is a need for a simple and reliable method for field determination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N status under different management schemes. This field study was conducted for two seasons (1989-90 and 1990-91) on a Norfolk sl (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic Typic Kandiudults) in east-central Alabama. Treatment variables were tillage, fungicide and N rate. Tillage treatments were disk/harrow or paraplow. Fungicide treatments were no fungicide or propiconazole (Tilt) applied at Feekes growth stage (GS) 8. Nitrogen rates were a 0-N control and 45, 90, 134, or 179 kg N/ha applied in a two-way split with 22.5 kg N/ha applied at planting and the remainder applied in mid-February. Whole plant samples at GS 3 and 5, and flag leaf samples at GS 10.51 were analyzed for N; a hand-held meter was used to measure chlorophyll concentrations at these sampling times also. The most consistent yield response was to fungicide, especially at higher N rates, with increases ranging from 15 to 62%. Paraplowing also affected grain yield response to N application. Leaf chlorophyll meter readings were significantly correlated to tissue N concentration and grain yield. The best predictor of grain yield was N uptake at GS 5, however, multiple regression models that included chlorophyll meter readings and dry matter at GS 5 were comparable to N uptake as predictors of yield. Chlorophyll meter readings have potential to be combined with other simple measurements, e.g., dry matter determination and/or soil nitrate tests, to develop quick and reliable methods for predicting N fertilizer requirements for winter wheat.
32.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Development and testing of preliminary foliar DRIS norms
for onions.
O'N Caldwell, J.; Sumner, M. E.; Vavrina, C. S.
HortScience v.29(12): p.1501-1504 (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: allium-cepa; dris; nutrient-requirements;
phosphorus; potassium; sulfur; nitrogen; trace-elements;
nutrient-content; mineral-content; nutrient-nutrient-
interactions; yield-response-functions
Abstract: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was developed to incorporate the importance of nutrient balance into plant analysis. Yield and plant analysis data from five fertilizer trials conducted in the field during 2 years, using 'Granex 33' onions (Allium cepa L.), were entered into a data bank. The trials consisting of a N4 X P4 X K4 X S4, a N4 X P4 X K4 X plant density4, two N4 X P4 X K and a 4N X 6S factorial were conducted on sandy Ultisols in Georgia Significant yield responses resulted from the addition of P and N. Leaf samples were analyzed for N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B. Nutrient data were expressed in ratio form, and the population with yields >45 Mg.ha-1 were used to calculate the DRIS norms. The proposed norms for N, P, K, Mg, and Cu were tested using published data from independently conducted field and greenhouse studies. By accurately diagnosing the most limiting nutrients, these norms successfully predicted yield responses to treatment. Preliminary norms for S, Ca, Mn, Zn, and B were determined but not tested.
33.
NAL Call No.: S590.S68
Development of a rapid field test for soil mineral
nitrogen and its application to grazed grassland.
Scholefield, D.; Tichen, N. M. Soil-use-manage v.11(1):
p.33-43 (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-testing; ammonium; nitrogen; nitrate-
nitrogen; nitrogen-content; determination; rapid-methods;
reflectometry; evaluation; comparisons; laboratory- methods;
grassland-soils; pastures; fertilizer-requirement-determination
Abstract: The efficiency with which fertilizer nitrogen (N) is used in agricultural systems might be improved if the amounts applied at each top dressing were adjusted to avoid the accumulation of mineral-N in the soil profile to levels in excess of the growth requirements of the crop. Such tactical application of fertilizer would be feasible if soil mineral-N could be determined rapidly in the field with sufficient accuracy. This paper describes a rapid field test for both the ammonium and nitrate components of soil mineral-N based on reading paper test strips with a reflectometer, recalibrated for use with KCl solution. The new test is volumetric and also accounts for the effects of fluctuations in soil water content by means of a standard dilution procedure to provide an absolute measure of soil mineral-N in about one hour. Measurements of ammonium and nitrate in a clay loam soil sampled from grazed pasture were compared with those made by conventional laboratory based methods; they generally differed by less than 5%. The proportion of mineral-N as ammonium averaged about 50% overall and typically exceeded 70% in spring. Ammonium and nitrate were not well correlated. The use of a filter-press to expel soil solution increased the sensitivity of the test five-fold to enable application in studies of soil N transformations in unfertilized and semi-natural environments.
34.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Development of DRIS norms for potato in the calcareous
soils of Iran.
Navvabzdeh, M.; Malakouti, M. J. J-plant-nutr v.16(8):
p.1409-1416 (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; dris; plant-nutrition;
mineral-nutrition; nutrient-requirements; crop-growth-stage;
leaves; nutrient-content; mineral-content; calcareous- soils;
crop-yield; fertilizer-requirement-determination; potassium;
foliar-diagnosis; iran
Abstract: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has been proposed to determine nutrient balance in plants at different stages of growth. The DRIS index for each nutrient allows ranking of nutrients in order of their deficiency. Preliminary DRIS norms for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were developed during the 1991 growing season in Damavand area located 70 km northeast of Tehran. The soil and leaf samples at flowering stage (early tuber development stage) were collected from 50 different farms. Average concentrations of nutrients in both high- and low-yielding populations were calculated. The following average foliar nutrient concentration were obtained from the high-yielding populations: N = 5.22, P = 0.38, K = 4.20, Ca = 1.50, and Mg = 0.65 percent; and Fe = 150, Mn = 50, Zn = 40, Cu = 11, and B = 38 ppm. The average nutrient concentrations for the low-yielding population were close to those in high-yielding ones except for K which was 3.23 in contrast to 4.20-percent. There was no significant relationship between different soil nutrient availability indices and yield except for K. The DRIS indices ranked K as the most limiting nutrient in the low yielding farms with only one exception. It seems high rates of N and P fertilization have created a lack of balance between these nutrients and K.
35.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Displacement of soil solubles through plant roots by
means of air pressure as a method of studying soil fertility
problems.
Lauritzen, C. W. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.26(10): p.807-819
(1934 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-fertility; methodology; soil-testing;
apparatus; laboratory-equipment; pressure; phosphorus; potassium;
calcium; roots; soil-water; dry-matter; shoots
Abstract: The exact nature of the solution forced from the cut stem stubs of the plants by the application of air pressure is not known. There can be no doubt that it is not unaltered soil solution, nor can it be entirely root sap squeezed out by the pressure applied, inasmuch as the amount obtained in many cases is equivalent in weight to several times the weight of the green plant top cut from the root. To say that the solution obtained is soil solution which is altered as a result of being forced through the plant roots is probably as complete and accurate a statement as can be made. The solution is altered more by living than by dead roots if it can be assumed that a dilute acid extract of the soil is an index of the soil solution. This can be seen by comparing the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in the soil extract (Table 5) with the concentrations of these elements in the solutions obtained by means of living roots (Tables 1 and 3) and in solutions obtained by means of dead roots (Tables 2 and 4). The fact that the concentrations of phosphorus and potassium are much higher and that the concentration of calcium is much lower in the solutions obtained by means of living roots than the concentrations of these elements in the solutions obtained by means of dead roots would lead one to believe that the condition of the roots as to whether or not they are alive is in some way responsible for the marked differences in concentration in the solutions obtained. Again, since the concentrations of these nutrient elements in the solutions obtained by means of dead roots approach much more closely the concentrations of these elements in the soil extract, it would appear that the living root under the conditions of this experiment retains, to some extent at least, the power of selective intake of nutrients which some believe to be and inherent property of the roots of growing plants. The better correlation of phosphorus in the solution with fertilizer application than was obtained with potassium and calcium was to be expected inasmuch as the fertilizer application increased the concentration of the phosphorus in the soil extract to a much more marked degree than it did the concentration of potassium and calcium. The use of air pressure as a means of forcing solution from the soil through plant roots appears to offer a profitable means of investigating soil-plant nutritional problems, although the investigation using this method has not been sufficient to prove its value conclusively or to define its scope and limitations. Thus far the method has been applied only to plants grown in potted soil, but there appears to be no reason why it cannot be applied to plants grown in the field if the soil containing the roots is removed intact and placed in a pressure chamber. The method could be applied equally well to plants growing is sand or water cultures, and it appears that this procedure offers an opportunity for studying the effects of the various solubles common to nutrient media in regard to their individual and relative concentrations on the intake of the separate elements from solution.
36.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
DRIS diagnosis of soybean nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium status are unsatisfactory.
Beverly, R. B. J-plant-nutr v.16(8): p.1431-1447
(1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: glycine-max; dris; nitrogen; potassium;
phosphorus; nutrient-requirements; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; errors; foliar-diagnosis; diagnostic- techniques;
modified-dris; soy-dris; sufficiency-range-approach
Abstract: Previous research has shown that the Diagnosis and Recommendation integrated System (DRIS) is useful to identify the nutrient most likely to limit yield of soybean (Glycine max). However, recent work with other crops has shown that DRIS diagnoses are sometimes unsatisfactory due to large numbers of false positive (F+) diagnoses, which would lead to recommendation of unnecessary fertilizer application. This paper reports a reconsideration using the prescient diagnostic analysis approach of data previously used to establish the diagnostic utility of DRIS for soybean. In addition to previously-published evaluation criteria, the approach is extended by defining an efficiency rating which accounts for differences in the incidence of sufficient and deficient cases. Using this evaluation approach, DRIS phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) diagnoses of soybean using numerous sources of norms and methods to calculate function values and nutrient indices led to unacceptable efficiency ratings (< 67%), even though accuracies often exceeded 90%. In one test, diagnoses of nitrogen (N), P, and K by both DRIS and sufficiency ranges were low in accuracy and efficiency ratings. In several other tests, poor ratings for P diagnoses often followed from low accuracy among deficient cases; i.e. false negative (F-) diagnoses were excessive. In contrast, K diagnoses were often poor due to low accuracy among cases of
37.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A3N6
An economic analysis of the pre-sideress nitrogen test
for Pennsylvania corn production.
Musser, W. N.; Shortle, J. S.; Kreahling, K.; Roach, B.; Huang,
W. C.; Beegle, D. B.; Fox, R. H. Rev-agric-econ v.17(1):
p.25-35 (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen; soil-testing; crop-
production; economic-analysis; fertilizers; environmental-impact;
water-quality; equations; profits; pennsylvania
Abstract: The impact of agriculture on water quality is increasing attention to management practices that decrease pollution while increasing farm profits. The pre- sidedress nitrogen test (PSNT) is a new management practice that increases the feasibility of nitrogen tests in humid production regions. This article evaluates the impacts on profits and excess nitrogen of adoption of the PSNT by Pennsylvania corn producers. Three data sources are used in this study. A 1990 survey of Pennsylvania dairy producers provided data on PSNT use, corn yields, and nutrient management practices. A 1989 to 1991 field evaluation provided data on changes in PSNT fertilizer recommendations compared to traditional recommendations. Fertilizer response and nitrogen uptake functions were estimated from fertilizer response experiments. These data were limited to a few years and reflected the behavior of early adopters and agronomy research results. However, the similarity of results from separate analyses validates the procedures. Statistical analysis of the farmer survey data found no changes in yields, but did find an approximately 42 pound per acre decrease in nitrogen fertilizer and total nitrogen from using the PSNT. The average decrease in recommended nitrogen applications in the field test study ranged from 15 to 60 pounds per acre. Profit increases from PSNT use are $3.78 per acre for the farmer survey and $13.65 per acre for the field test. Excess nitrogen decreases are 42.51 and 38.06 pounds per acre from the farmer survey and field evaluation, respectively. The modest increase in profits and large decreases in excess nitrogen indicate that the PSNT is a desirable practice, but that policy incentives may be necessary.
38.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Ecosystem nutrient responses to chronic nitrogen inputs
at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia.
Gilliam, F. S.; Adams, M. B.; Yurish, B. M. Can-j-for-res.
Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. Feb 1996. v. 26 (2)
p. 196-205
Includes references.
Descriptors: forests; ecosystems; nitrogen; ammonium-
sulfate; aerial-spraying; watersheds; saturation; nitrates;
calcium; stream-flow; soil-chemistry; forest-litter; leaves;
nutrient-content; mineral-soils; nitrification; mineralization;
acid-deposition; west-virginia
Abstract: Among the current environmental concerns for forests of the eastern United States is nitrogen (N) saturation, a result of excessive inputs of N associated with acidic deposition. We studied nutrient responses on N-treated and untreated watersheds of the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, to test for evidence of N saturation on the treated watershed. The watersheds were WS7 (23-year-old even-aged control), WS4 (mature mixed-aged control), and WS3 (23- year-old even-aged treatment). WS3 has received aerial applications of (NH4)2SO4 from 1989 to the present (a total of 4 years for the study period) at 3X ambient inputs of N and S (54 and 61 kg.ha- 1.year-1, respectively). Base-flow stream samples were collected weekly from each watershed and analyzed for NO3- and Ca2+. Mineral soil was incubated in situ, placed in bags, and buried about every 30 days during the growing season in each of seven sample plots within each watershed. Moist samples of soil from the bags were analyzed for extractable NH4+ and NO3-. In addition, forest floor material and leaves of an herbaceous species (Viola rotundifolia Michx.) from each plot were analyzed for N and other nutrients. Viola rotundifolia was present on all 21 plots and used as an additional indicator of N availability and soil fertility. Foliage tissue was sampled from overstory tree species (Liriodendron tulipifera L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Betula lenta L., and Acer rubrum L.) from WS3 and WS7 and analyzed for nutrient content. Results from the 1993 growing season showed few, if any, differences among watersheds for (1) N content and C/N ratio of the mineral soil and forest floor and (2) relative proportion of NH4+. of overstory tree species and of V. rotundifolia in the treatment versus control watersheds; plant tissue Ca was significantly lower for the treatment watershed than for the control watersheds. Our results support the conclusions of earlier studies that high amounts of ambient N deposition have brought about N saturation on untreated watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest. This is suggested by minimal differences among watersheds in N mineralization and nitrification and soil and forest floor N. However, aggravated N saturation on our treated watershed can be seen in differences in plant tissue nutrients among watersheds and streamflow data, indicating increased losses of NO3- with accompanying losses of Ca2+ in response to further N additions to a N-saturated system.
39.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Effect of applied fertilizer on Tifton 44
bermudagrass.
Thom, W. O.; Rice, H. B.; Collins, M.; Morrison, R. M. J-
prod-agric v.3(4): p.498-501 (1990 Oct.-1990 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cynodon-dactylon; fertilizers;
application-rates; dry-matter-accumulation; plant-composition;
nutrient-content; crop-quality; nutritive-value; soil-test-
values; fertilizer-requirement-determination; kentucky
Abstract: Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) production in the U.S. transitional climatic zone could potentially supplement cool-season grass production in the summer. Information is needed regarding the effects of fertilizers on yields, nutrient composition, and forage quality as a basis for fertilizer recommendations. 'Tifton 44' bermudagrass was evaluated on a Pope silt loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrept) in eastern Kentucky to determine: (i) yield response to varying rates of fertilizer; (ii) effects of applied fertilizer on forage composition and quality; and (iii) the effects of fertilization on soil test values. Forage dry matter yields averaged more than 14 000 lb/acre for the 5-yr study when N was applied at 240 lb/acre (268 kg/ha) or higher. Forage N and K concentrations were increased by increasing application rates of their respective fertilizer materials. Digestibility estimates were acceptable although fiber content was higher than has been reported for bermudagrass. Measurements made at the end of the first and last years of the study indicated that soil pH decreased over this period with increasing fertilizer rates, soil test P increased with increasing P fertilization, and soil test K was maintained when 896 lb K/acre were applied over 4 yr.
40.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Effect of base cation addition on soil chemistry in a
sugar maple forest of the Lower Laurentians, Quebec.
Hendershot, W. H.; Courchesne, F. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa,
National Research Council of Canada. March 1994. v. 24 (3) p.
609-617
Includes references.
Descriptors: acer-saccharum; soil-chemistry; magnesium-
carbonate; potassium-sulfate; calcium-carbonate; cycling;
nutrient-retention; leaching; soil-fertility; soil-depth;
dieback; quebec
Abstract: Forest fertilization has been adopted as the primary means of controlling sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dieback in southern Quebec. Following foliar analysis, treatments containing appropriate mixtures of K, Ca, Mg, and (or) P have been used on commercial sugar groves. This study was undertaken to identify the impact of base cation additions on nutrient cycling in a sugar maple stand in the Lower Laurentians, Quebec, and to quantify the amounts of added nutrients that were retained in the stand or lost by leaching. In 1988, six 40 X 40 m plots were established; three were kept as controls and the other three received a mixture of 500 kg ha-1 of K2SO4, 250 kg ha-1 of Ca, Mg(CO3)2 and 250 kg ha-1 of CaCO3 applied as fine particulate matter in June 1989. Soil solutions were collected weekly during the spring and fall from October 1988 until November 1992. Soil solution chemistry indicated that there was increased biocycling of both K and Mg as a result of the treatment. The application of appropriate mixtures of base cation will improve the fertility of the soils and decrease nutrient imbalances. The amount of added material lost from the rooting zone was a small proportion of the amount added: over a 4-year period following treatment only 12.1, 9.5, and 1.4% of added Ca, Mg, and K were lost, respectively.
41.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Effect of fertilizers of soil pH and performance of apple
and pear trees. II. Grown in different soils in the
orchard.
Raese, J. T. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.25(9/10):
p.1865-1880 (1994)
Paper presented at the 1993 International Symposium on Soil
Testing and Plant Analysis: Precision Nutrient Management. II.,
August 14-19, 1993, Olympia, Washington.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; pyrus-communis; calcium-
nitrate; monoammonium-phosphate; ammonium-nitrate; npk-
fertilizers; nutrient-sources; application-rates; soil-ph; crop-
production; performance; vigor; growth; plant-development;
fruits; size; crop-yield; plant-analysis; leaves; crop-quality;
washington
42.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Effect of fertilizers on irrigated Ephrata fine sand and
apple tree response in the Wenatchee Orchard
District.
Larson, C. A. J-Am-Soc-Agron v.25(10): p.633-652 (1933
Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; orchards; crop-yield; sand;
application-rates; nitrogen-fertilizers; superphosphate;
potassium-fertilizers; limestone; soil-analysis; leaves; plant-
composition; nutrient-content; calcium; potassium; sodium;
phosphorus; nitrogen; ph; leachates; nutrient-availability;
seasonal-variation; washington
Abstract: 1. The object of these investigations was to attempt to discover the effect of various fertilizer treatments on the absorbing complex of the soil and its relation to tree response and yield of fruit from Jonathan apple trees growing on irrigated Ephrata fine sand in the Wenatchee orchard district. 2. Water extraction of soils treated with different fertilizers gave no reliable indications of relative productivity. 3. Extraction of the plat soils with 0.2 N nitric acid gave results which did not show the fertility conditions of these soils as affected by the fertilizer applications. 4. Electrodialysis of the soils was apparently of no perceptible value in estimating the productivity of these plats. The absence of correlations is attributed to the character of the soil in that it does not fix fertilizer elements to any appreciable degree. 5. The amount of nitrate nitrogen contained in the plat soils during the first half of the growing season was rather closely correlated with the actual production of fruit. After July 1, however, only negligible amounts were found. 6. The H-ion concentration of the various plat soils showed that combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased the acidity of the soil. 7. Apple leaves from trees on fertilizer plats were analyzed each month for 5 months for calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus as P2O5, and potassium as K2O. The variation in percentage of each of the above-mentioned elements when shown graphically for the season reveals a tendency for the elements to be in a definite ratio to each other when production is good. Plats producing leaves with a relatively low percentage of P2O5 and a high percentage of nitrogen gave an increased yield. The most favorable ratios found for apple tree leaves are quite similar to those reported by Lagatu and Maume for grapes. 8. Yields from the fertilizer plats show that where nitrogen has been applied alone or in combination with other fertilizers, yields have been increased. Plats N, NK, NP, and NPK have shown a steady increase in yield since 1928. This condition is reflected in the higher nitrogen content of the leaves produced on these plats.
43.
NAL Call No.: 4-Am34P
Effect of salt index, analysis, rate, and placement of
fertilizer on cotton.
Skinner, J. J.; Nelson, W. L.; Whittaker, C. W. J-Am-Soc-
Agron v.37(9): p.677-688 (1945 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; fertilizers;
application-rates; placement; manures; salts; solubility; roots;
seedling-emergence; crop-yield; plant-height; sowing-rates
Abstract: The effects of salt index, analysis, rate of application, and placement of fertilizer on soluble salts in the soil of the root zone and in the plant, on plant emergence, and on final yields were determined in a series of field tests. High salt index fertilizers regardless of analysis gave a higher amount of soluble salts in the root zone soil than did the low salt index fertilizers. Placement, however, was the most important factor influencing the soluble salt content of the root zone soil. Side band placement, as compared with under seed placement, markedly decreased the soluble salts in the root zone. A high rate of fertilizer application increased the soluble salts to some extent. The effect on the soluble salts in the plant was not as marked although the high salt index fertilizers, the low analysis fertilizers, the 700-pound rate, and the under seed placement did all tend to increase the soluble salt content. There was only a fair correlation between the soluble salts in the plant and the soluble salt in the root zone soil. Plant emergence was retarded and imperfect stands resulted from the use of fertilizers with a high salt index. Fertilizers of the same salt index, whether of low analysis as the 6-8-4 and 6-8-8 fertilizers, or of high analysis as the 9-12-6 or 9-12-12 fertilizers, all had approximately the same effect on emergence and stand when used to supply equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. The relative importance of side-band placement and salt index in influencing plant emergence was demonstrated. While the use of low salt index fertilizers as compared with high salt index fertilizers increased cotton stands, side-band placement increased the stands to a. band placement of the fertilizer as compared to under seed placement markedly increased yields. The 700-pound rate of fertilizer had a tendency to reduce yields when the fertilizer was placed under the seed. In 1944, under favorable environmental conditions, however, with side-band placement the 700-pound rate gave a highly significant increase in yield over the 400-pound rate. No increase in yield from the additional fertilizer was obtained with under seed placement. The potential injurious effect of a given amount of a fertilizer on cotton stands and on injury to surviving seedlings is influenced by the salt index and by placement; as the fertilizer rate is increased the potential injurious effect is increased. The direct injurious effects of fertilizers on cotton are due to the high amounts of soluble salts affecting germinations, rate of emergence, plant survival, and rapidity of growth. The extent of the injury is influenced by the moisture conditions prevailing during the emergence and seedling stages. Conditions favoring the movement of fertilizer salts from the fertilizer band to the root zone increase the injury. If the fertilizer injury is sufficiently severe to result in retarded plant development and in imperfect stands after the cotton is chopped, the yields are affected. Under a given set of environmental conditions the yield is the integrated product of the fertilizer effects. Potential fertilizer salt injury to cotton may be avoided by using high analysis fertilizers with a low salt index and by placing the. a greater efficiency from each unit applied.
44.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Effect of superphosphate and nitrogen on yield and take-
all of wheat.
Brennan, R. F. Fert-Res-Int-J-Fert-Use-Technol v.31(1):
p.43-49 (1992 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; gaeumannomyces-
graminis; fungal-diseases; superphosphate; urea; application-
rates; disease-resistance; incidence; crop-yield; grain;
nutrient-content; nitrogen; phosphorus; shoots; nutrient-
deficiencies; western-australia; gaeumannomyces-graminis-var; -
tritici; disease-severity; disease-incidence
Abstract: Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea. In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%. There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000- kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.
45.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Effect of water supply on the response of wheat and
triticale to applications of rock phosphate and
superphosphate.
Bolland, M. D. A. Fertil-res v.39(1): p.43-57 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; triticum-x-secale;
triticale; rock-phosphate; superphosphate; application-rates;
residual-effects; use-efficiency; water-stress; water-
availability; yields; dry-matter-accumulation; phosphorus;
nutrient-content; nutrient-availability; soil-test-values;
topsoil; subsoil; placement; agronomic-effectiveness
Abstract: The effect of water supply on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (X Triticosecale) to levels of freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate, and the residues of these fertilizers applied 9 years previously in the field, was studied in three glasshouse experiments. The < 2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil was used (1.8 kg soil per pot), and in one experiment, freshly-applied fertilizer was also added to the more acidic subsoil (10 to 20 cm). There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity by watering to weight, either daily (W1, adequate water) or weekly (W2, water stress). Yield of dried tops was used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness. The phosphorus (P) concentration in dried tops was used to determine critical P, which is the P concentration related to 90% of the maximum yield. Just before sowing, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate- extractable (soil test) P which was related to plant yield. Water stress reduced yields and maximum yield plateaus by 20 to 40%. Water stress reduced the effectiveness of all P fertilizers by between 20 to 60%, largely because of a reduction in the maximum yield potentials. In the field, water supply is seasonally dependent and it can affect the yield response of plants to freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate and the residues of these fertilizers applied to the field in previous years. Relative to placing fertilizer in the topsoil, placing fertilizer in the subsoil improved effectiveness by about 26% for rock phosphate and 12% for superphosphate. The relationship between yield and P concentration in dried tops, and critical P, differed for W1 and W2. The soil test P. test P calibrations depend on water supply, which in the field varies within and between growing seasons. This is so for freshly- and previously- applied rock phosphate and superphosphate.
46.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
Effects of fertilizer type and rate, and liming on banana
squash yield.
Russo, V. M. J-plant-nutr v.16(9): p.1821-1828
(1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cucurbita-maxima; liming; limestone; npk-
fertilizers; ammonium-nitrate; potassium-fertilizers; triple-
superphosphate; application-rates; crop-yield; soil-ph; calcitic-
limestone; muriate-of-potash
Abstract: There is a question whether it is best to use synthetic or alternative materials to fertilize horticultural crops. Levels of applied fertilizer can affect development of crops such as banana squash (Curcubita maxima Duch.). Seed were planted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 into beds treated with sufficient fertilizer to raise the residual nutrient levels to the recommended (base) and twice recommended (2X) rate with a synthetic or an alternative fertilizer. Lime was applied prior to seeding in 1990 and as a treatment was, or was not, applied prior to seeding in 1991 and 1992. Plants grown in beds treated with the synthetic fertilizer consistently produced higher yields than plants grown in beds treated with the alternative fertilizer. In 1990, the base fertilizer rate improved yield. There was no difference in 1991 due to fertilizer level, and in 1992, the 2X fertilizer rate improved yield. Application of fertilizer above the base level is not encouraged. Liming did not affect yield. By the spring of 1992, the soil pH for lime augmented fertilizer treatments was increased above the spring 1991 levels which was maintained through fall 1992. For the no-lime treatments, soil pH by fall 1992 was below spring 1991 levels. Soil pH was not correlated with yield. These data suggest that factors which would include solubility, mineralization, and leaching of materials may be responsible for yield differences between plants fertilized with synthetic or an alternative fertilizer.
47.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
The effects of zinc fertilization on cadmium
concentration in wheat grain.
Oliver, D. P.; Hannam, R.; Tiller, K. G.; Wilhelm, N. S.; Merry,
R. H.; Cozens, G. D. J-environ-qual v.23(4): p.705-711
(1994 July-1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; cadmium; pollutants;
zinc-fertilizers; uptake; concentration; wheat; soil-ph; south-
australia
Abstract: Although the effect of Zn in soil on Cd uptake by plants has been studied extensively, there appears to be no consensus in the literature about the interactions. Furthermore, the majority of investigations have studied soils containing elevated concentrations of Cd or Zn as a result of pollution, e.g., the application of sewage sludge to the soil. The accumulation of Cd by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain grown at nine sites across South Australia was investigated. Applications of low rates of Zn fertilizer (up to 5.0 kg Zn ha-1) were found to markedly decrease the Cd concentration in wheat grain grown in areas of marginal to severe Zn deficiency. No further significant decreases in Cd concentration in grain occurred at higher rates of applied Zn. Effectiveness of applied Zn on grain Cd concentration decreased with time since application. Grain Cd concentrations decreased with fresh and residual applications of Zn fertilizer (up to 5.0 kg Zn ha-1). Soil tests may provide useful guides to situations where Cd concentrations in grain may be beneficially decreased by Zn applications.
48.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Eggplant yield in response to potassium fertilization on
sandy soil.
Hochmuth, G. J.; Hochmuth, R. C.; Donley, M. E.; Hanlon, E. A.
HortScience v.28(10): p.1002-1005 (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-melongena; sandy-soils; potassium-
fertilizers; nutrient-uptake; sap; crop-growth-stage; growth-
rate; crop-yield; fertilizer-requirement- determination; soil-
testing; plant-analysis; florida
Abstract: 'Classic' eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) responses to K fertilization were evaluated in Spring and Fall 1991 at Live Oak, Fla., on soils testing low in Mehlich-1 extractable K. Total season yield leveled off at 51.1 t-ha-1 with 94 kg K/ha fertilization in spring and at 53.3 t.ha-1 with 60 kg K/ha in fall. Critical K concentrations (in grams per kilogram) in whole leaves were approximately 45 at first flowering, 35 at early fruiting, 30 during harvest, and 28 at the end of seven harvests. Fresh petiole-sap K critical concentrations (in milligrams per liter) were approximately 4500 to 5000 before harvest and 4000 to 4500 during harvest. Less than 3500 mg K/liter in fresh sap indicated K deficiency in fruiting plants. The Mehlich-1 soil extractant procedure predicted similar responses at the two sites; however, yield responses showed that the two sites differed in fertilization requirements. Fertilizer recommendations for K at both sites exceeded eggplant K requirements.
49.
NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Environmental impacts of dryland residue management
systems in the Southern High Plains.
Jones, O. R.; Smith, S. J.; Southwick, L. M.; Sharpley, A. N.
J-environ-qual v.24(3): p.453-460 (1995 May-1995
June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; sorghum-bicolor;
fallow; continuous-cropping; no-tillage; stubble-mulching; dry-
farming; herbicides; weeds; weed-control; clay-loam- soils;
runoff; leaching; sediment; nutrients; herbicide-residues;
nitrate-nitrogen; profiles; losses-from-soil; water-pollution;
texas
Abstract: Increased use of agricultural chemicals with no-tillage (NT) may negatively impact the environment through chemical or nutrient loss in runoff or by leaching below the root zone. We compared environmental impacts of NT and the lower chemical input stubble mulch (SM) management methods for dryland crop production on a clay loam soil in a semiarid environment. We measured runoff volume and sediment, nutrient, and triazine concentrations in runoff for 9 yr from seven field-sized watersheds (2-5 ha each) cropped in a dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] fallow sequence with SM or NT management with no N or P fertilizer added. We analyzed soil cores to a 6-m depth for NO3- (-)N and to a 3-m depth for atrazine and propazine content. Adoption of NT management reduced sediment loss by 54% compared with SM, although annual runoff was 15 mm yr-1 greater from NT. Nutrient concentrations and losses (NO3-(-)N, NH4+(-)N, TN, soluble P, biologically available P, TP) in runoff were extremely small from both tillage systems (losses a kg N and <1 kg P ha-1 yr-1) on these unfertilized watersheds. Atrazine [6-chloro-N- ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] did not accumulate in the soil or leach below the root zone. Maximal losses of atrazine and propazine in runoff were 0.26 and 1.5% of total application, respectively. Propazine [6- chloro-N'N'-bis- (1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], applied to both NT and SM sorghum when runoff is probable, appears to have a greater potential for negatively impacting the environment under semiarid conditions than does atrazine, which is applied when runoff probability is small. Propazine accumulated in. depths below the plant root zone as a result of wetter soil and improved water conservation with NT in the semiarid environment.
50.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Evaluating the nutrient status and fertilization response
potential of planted spruce in the interior of British
Columbia.
Swift, K. I.; Brockley, R. P. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa, National
Research Council of Canada. March 1994. v. 24 (3) p. 594-
602
Includes references.
Descriptors: picea-glauca; fertilizers; nitrogen-
fertilizers; plant-nutrition; foliar-nutrition; conifer-needles;
weight; foliar-diagnosis; nutrient-content; forest-plantations;
british-columbia; needle-weight
Abstract: Factorial combinations of nitrogen (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and a "complete" fertilizer (0 and 1170 kg/ha) were applied to 10 spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and hybrids) plantations in the central interior of British Columbia. Postfertilization patterns of foliar nutrient concentration and needle weight were used to evaluate the nutrient status and fertilization response potential of treated stands. When applied alone, N and the complete fertilizer generally had little effect on the weight of needles produced in the first year after treatment. Combined applications, however, often resulted in large responses. In 8 of the 10 installations, combined applications of N + complete fertilizer were significantly more effective than N alone in stimulating first-year needle weight. Which nutrient in the complete fertilizer is responsible for the increased needle-weight response cannot be stated conclusively. However, examination of foliar nutrient concentration data, combined with graphical analyses of relative differences in needle weight and nutrient concentration of added and nonadded nutrients, indicate that sulphur (and possibly potassium) may have a strong controlling influence on the N fertilization response potential of these stands. Systematic testing must be undertaken to verify these tentative diagnoses.
51.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
An evaluation of mineral analysis of 'Verna' lemons by
DRIS.
Cerda, A.; Nieves, M.; Martinez, V. Commun-soil-sci-plant-
anal v.26(11/12): p.1697-1707 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: citrus-limon; dris; evaluation; leaves;
plant-composition; mineral-content; rootstocks; sampling; timing;
irrigation-water; salinity; plant-nutrition; mineral- excess;
mineral-deficiencies
Abstract: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms of 'Verna' lemon [Citrus limon (L) Burm. f.] trees were obtained from field data. DRIS diagnoses agreed with sufficiency range in leaves sampled at a similar period as those of the norms. DRIS determinations were affected by rootstock and sampling date of the leaves. This approach failed to reveal under saline conditions if a nutrient deficiency is induced by an excess of salinity or by a deficient fertilization.
52.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Fall vs. spring soil sampling for calibrating nutrient
applications on individual fields.
Kawalenko, C. G. J-prod-agric v.4(3): p.322-329 (1991
July-1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fields; soil-testing; nutrient-
availability; soil-fertility; determination; sampling; timing;
spring; autumn; soil-test-values; temporal-variation; soil-
variability; soil-depth; british-columbia
Abstract: Historic soil test results have been proposed as a method for adjusting the nutrient applications on specific fields but the method has not been tested. The method requires consistency of sampling and analysis. An assumption that fall or spring soil sampling could be used for this purpose was tested in a field monitoring study. Soils of six production fields at Agassiz Research Station were sampled in the fall (3-8 November) and the subsequent spring (3-10 March) following three successive cropping years (1984-1986) to examine changes in standard soil test analyses over the winter and from year to year. Four of the fields were cropped to a grass-legume mixture and, in most cases, removed as silage or hay, and two were used for silage corn. Management practices were relatively uniform within each crop type and nutrient inputs were recorded. The fields were sampled in triplicate to determine variability and sampled at 0 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 24 in. depth intervals to monitor possible leaching. All samples were immediately air dried and stored until analyses could be done as a batch to ensure uniform analytical conditions. Some soil tests (P, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn) did not change over the winter but others (NO3-N, K, Ca, pH, S, Mn, and B) did. Only B changed from fall to spring independent of field or year of sampling, with a consistent decrease. All the other analyses that changed over the winter were influenced by the field, year, or both. The change in Ca over the winter was consistent over all fields, but was variable over the three years. Sulphur, Mn, and NO3-N tended to decrease, and K and pH tended to increase over the winter, but the changes were not consistent over all fields and all years of the study. The. adequate to assess residual levels of most elements. Subsurface sampling was preferred for residual NO3- assessment. Several of the analyses (Mg, P, Mn, K, and NO3-N) were consistently higher in the corn (Zea mays L.) fields than in the grass fields and frequently increased from year to year, probably reflecting the influence of the crop and application of inorganic fertilizer and manure during the period of study. The other analyses varied from year to year and field to field, but not consistently with respect to differences in general field management during the study period. The results of this study show that the use of soil test records to adjust on-farm field-specific fertilizer practices must be approached with caution and that fall rather than spring soil sampling would be preferable unless local data on the effect of winter on soil test analyses are available to recommend otherwise.
53.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Farming soils, not field: a strategy for increasing
fertilizer profitability.
Carr, P. M.; Carlson, G. R.; Jacobsen, J. S.; Nielsen, G. A.;
Skogley, E. O. J-prod-agric v.4(1): p.57-61 (1991 Jan.-
1991 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; fields; soil-
fertility; crop-yield; soil-variability; fertilizers;
application-rates; variation; profitability; montana; precision-
farming
Abstract: Farm fields are traditionally fertilized as one homogeneous soil unit. Most fields, however, contain two or more soils with different crop yield potentials. This study was conducted to (i) measure crop yield differences between contrasting soils within fields, and (ii) compare the economics of "farming soils, not fields," where contrasting soils in a field receive different vs. uniform rates and formulations of fertilizer. Crop yield variability studies were conducted along 1600 ft transects across several soil units in each of four fields during 1987. Grain yield, test weight, and returns over variable costs varied greatly among soil units in each field (P <0.05). Soil fertility studies also revealed differences in grain yield, test weight, and returns among soil units in five fields during 1987 and 1988. Fertility studies indicated yields were similar for small grains when recommended fertilizer treatments were applied as soil unit treatments rather than as a field treatment. Returns were $2.06 to $5.14 greater per acre for the soil treatment than for the field treatment in three of five fields, but overall, the returns were not significantly different. A recommended fertilizer treatment was not always the optimum treatment, however. In two fields, additional returns of $21.68 to $23.51/acre resulted when optimum soil treatments were applied rather than the field treatment. The data reveal the importance of appropriate crop yield goals, accurate soil tests, and reliable fertilizer recommendations when developing a strategy for generating greater returns by farming soil, not fields. Given these caveats, our work suggests that farming soils, not fields will increase fertilizer profitability.
54.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Fertility Analysis and Recommendations Manager
(F.A.R.M.).
Kruger, G. A.; Karamanos, R. E.; Henry, J. L. Commun-soil-
sci-plant-anal v.25(7/8): p.955-965 (1994)
Paper presented at the 1993 International Symposium on Soil
Testing and Plant Analysis: Precision Nutrient Management, August
14-19, 1993, Olympia, Washington. Part 1.
Descriptors: soil-testing; fertilizer-requirement-
determination; sample-processing; computer-software
55.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-SO3
Fertilizer and organic amendment effects on mine soil
properties and revegetation success.
Schoenholtz, S. H.; Burger, J. A.; Kreh, R. E. Soil-Sci-Soc-
Am-J v.56(4): p.1177-1184 (1992 July-1992 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mined-land; reclamation; revegetation;
afforestation; soil-amendments; wood-chips; topsoil; nitrogen-
fertilizers; physicochemical-properties; plant- nutrition;
nitrogen; nutrient-availability; appalachian-states-of-usa
Abstract: Nitrogen deficiency frequently limits mine- soil revegetation in the eastern USA. Application of organic amendments to these systems may provide a long- term source of N and eliminate the need for repeated fertilization. A factorial experiment was conducted using lysimeters to determine the degree to which (i) organic amendments (control, 50 Mg ha-1 of whole- tree wood chips, or 500 Mg ha-1 of native topsoil) and (ii) inorganic N fertilizer (0 or 100 kg N ha-1 as NH4NO3) affected mine-soil properties and establishment of herbaceous vegetation and pitch X loblolly hybrid pine (Pinus rigida L. X P. taeda L.) seedlings on a newly exposed mine soil from the central Appalachian region. Amendments were tilled into the soil surface prior to application of fertilizer and cover-crop seed. After 3 yr, total N, mineralizable N, and organic C in the wood-chip- amended mine soil were 10, 50, and 18% higher, respectively, than the control. Tree growth after 2 yr was highest with wood chips. A lack of wood-chip treatment effect on pine nutrition showed that higher soil moisture levels, resulting from lower evapotranspiration, probably accounted for improved tree growth. Topsoil replacement increased total N and mineralizable N by 23 and 46%, respectively, but did not significantly increase vegetation productivity over that of the control. Nitrogen fertilizer increased herbaceous biomass production by 87% during the first growing season but did not affect herbaceous or pine productivity in two subsequent years or produce lasting effects on soil nutrient levels. Organic amendment X fertilizer interactions were not significantly for any measured parameters. Results show that the organic amendments proved more stable sources of soil N; however, early revegetation success was more a function of moisture than of soil nutrient availability.
56.
NAL Call No.: 275.29-So85
Fertilizer recommendations guide.
Gerwing, J.; Gelderman, R.; Fixen, P. Ext-circ-SD-State-Univ-
Coop-Ext-Serv. Brookings : Cooperative Extension Service, South
Dakota State University,. Jan 1988. (750) 28 p
Descriptors: fertilizers; nutrient-requirements; field-crops;
fodder-crops; fodder-legumes; helianthus-annuus; solanum-
tuberosum; minerals; soil-testing; south-dakota
57.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia:
setting the scene.
Hodgkin, E. P.; Hamilton, B. H. Fertil-res v.36(2):
p.95-103 (1993)
In the special issue: Fertilizers and eutrophication in South-
Western Australia / edited by E.P. Hodgkin and J.S. Yeates.
Descriptors: aquatic-environment; eutrophication;
history; phosphorus-fertilizers; phosphorus; nutrient-sources;
point-sources; losses-from-soil; watershed- management;
pollution-control; water-pollution; problem-solving; water-
quality; western-australia
Abstract: An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarizes other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
58.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So32
Field fertility research with P and K for vegetables--
interpretations and recommendations.
Hochmuth, G.; Hanlon, E.; Hochmuth, B.; Kidder, G.; Hensel, D.
Proc-Soil-Crop-Sci-Soc-Fla. [S.l.] : The Society. 1993. v. 52
p. 95-101
Meeting held September 23-25, 1992, Gainesville, Florida.
Descriptors: horticultural-crops; fertilizer-
requirement-determination; phosphorus; potassium; soil-test-
values; fertilizers; crop-yield; agricultural-research
59.
NAL Call No.: 292.8-J82
Field measurements of water and nitrogen losses under
irrigated maize.
Kengni, L.; Vachaud, G.; Thony, J. L.; Laty, R.; Garino, B.;
Casabianca, H.; Jame, P.; Viscogliosi, R. J-hydrol
v.162(1/2): p.23-46 (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; irrigated-conditions; nitrogen-
fertilizers; nitrogen-balance; nitrogen-cycle; water-balance;
drainage; leaching; losses-from-soil; nitrogen-content; temporal-
variation; spatial-variation; france
Abstract: An intensive multidisciplinary experiment has been conducted over several years at La Cote Saint-Andre, near Grenoble, France. The major objective is to determine an optimal fertilizer application scheme for an irrigated agricultural system. Such a scheme would not degrade the quality of the environment, and yet would maintain a profitable level of crop production. This study is explicitly related to the cultivation of irrigated maize, a major crop in the area. The various terms of the water balance (consumption, drainage, soil storage) and of the nitrogen cycle (mineralization, plant uptake, leaching) were obtained from intensive monitoring in the upper layer of the 0.8 m of soil which corresponds to the root zone of the crop. This entailed the combined use of a neutron moisture meter, tensiometers and soil suction cups. To determine the specific effects of fertilization and crop growth, there were different treatments. These corresponded to a traditional fertilizer application of 260 kg N ha-1, no fertilization, and bare soil, carried out within an area of approximately 2 ha. Several sites were instrumented on each treatment, one of them being specifically for the application and the monitoring of 15N-tagged fertilizer. The results have shown that, in terms of the water balance, irrigation water management is extremely efficient, as drainage losses under the maize culture are negligible during the crop cycle. The situation is totally different, however, during the intercrop period (October-April), owing to rainfall. Then the soil is left bare and evaporation is very small, and now the drainage corresponds to about 90% of total inputs from precipitation. zone during the crop cycle is negligible, regardless of the rate of fertilizer application, as a result of the very small amount of drainage, despite irrigation. A very important contrast was found, however, between the fertilized and unfertilized treatments at harvest, There was a residue of 182 +/- 64 kg N ha-1 in the fertilized sites, but none for the others. The whole quantity remaining in the root zone at harvest was then totally leached by winter rains. To decrease the risk of groundwater pollution, a reduction of about 100 kg N ha-1 from the traditional application rate has been recommended. Finally, the method of estimation of N balance has been successfully validated by a comparison between N uptake determined by direct analysis of the whole plant and the value estimated from the temporal variations of the N content in the soil.
60.
NAL Call No.: 56.8-C162
Field scale fertilizer recommendations: the spatial
scaling problem.
Kachanoski, R. G.; Fairchild, G. L. Can-j-soil-sci
v.76(1): p.1-6 (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-fertilizers;
fertilizer-requirement-determination; soil-fertility; soil-
variability; spatial-variation; fields; soil-test-values;
nutrient-availability; crop-yield; yield-increases; application-
rates; relationships; mathematical-models; equations;
calibration; ontario
61.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Field soil sampling density for variable rate
fertilization.
Franzen, D. W.; Peck, T. R. J-prod-agric v.8(4): p.568-
574 (1995 Oct.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fields; soil-testing; phosphorus;
potassium; nutrient-availability; representative-sampling;
determination; samples; density; soil-variability; soil-
fertility; fertilizers; application-rates; variation;
alternative-farming; precision-farming
Abstract: Variable rate fertilizer application being commercially performed today is most often based on a soil test map. The sampling density used to develop a map is often selected without background information regarding field soil test variability. The objective of this study was to determine how many samples should be taken from a field in order to locate and describe major areas of fertility affecting variable rate fertilizer applications. Two 40 acre fields were sampled in an 82.5 ft grid each fall from 1989 to 1992. Soil pH, Bray P1, and available K levels were determined on each sample and maps were made using inverse distance squared estimates. Data were taken from the samplings to represent a 165 ft and 330 ft grid pattern. Maps were developed from these less dense grids and compared with the 82.5 ft grid values. In 1992, a separate 220 ft grid sampling was taken. The 220 ft grid estimates were more highly correlated with the 82.5 ft grid values than were the 330 ft grid estimates, however, membership of 220 ft and 330 ft grid estimates within soil test categories were similar. Fertilizer P and K applications were made in one field following the 1992 sampling. Spring 1993 sampling showed the success of the 220 ft grid in directing a variable rate application of P and K. Comparisons to theoretical P and K applications directed by a 330 ft grid map showed the superiority of the 220 ft grid compared with the 330 ft grid.
62.
NAL Call No.: QK867.J67
The foliar absorption of urea-N by Kentucky bluegrass
turf.
Bowman, D. C.; Paul, J. L. J-plant-nutr v.12(5): p.659-
673 (1989)
Includes references.
Descriptors: poa-pratensis; urea; foliar-uptake;
foliar-spraying; nitrogen-content; nutrient-uptake
Abstract: The absorption and assimilation of urea applied to the foliage of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. 'Columbia') turf was evaluated under a controlled environment. Urea was spray-applied at 5 g N m-2 in 200 ml m-2 of deionized water to both N-replete and N-deficient turf. Uptake over a 48 hr period was estimated by a washing procedure to measure the urea remaining on the foliage and by 15N analysis. Immediately following application, approximately one third of the urea was located on new leaf blades and two thirds on older leaves and shoots. Compared to the amount of urea absorbed at 48 hr as determined by 15N analysis (43%), the washing method significantly overestimated urea absorption (59%). Approximately 30%, 55%, and 15% of the absorbed 15N-urea was recovered in the new leaves, old leaves/shoots, and roots, respectively. Nitrogen deficiency had very little effect on either urea absorption or partitioning of the absorbed N. Because approximately 40% of the urea remained on leaf blades 48 hr after application, considerable loss of the fertilizer N might occur with mowing and clipping removal.
63.
NAL Call No.: SB327.A1B5
Foliar nutrient testing with the diagnosis and
recommendation integrated system (DRIS) for beans.
Wortmann, C. S. Annu-Rep-Bean-Improv-Coop. Fort Collins, Colo
: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University. 1993. v. 36 p.
91-92<