ISSN:1052-5378

Compiled By:
Scott A. Leonard & Raymond Dobert
Biotechnology Information Center,
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

Go to:
About the Quick Bibliography Series
How do I search AGRICOLA to update a Quick Bibliography?
Request Library Materials
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record
Search Strategy
Author Index
Subject Index
Citation no.: 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Leonard, Scott A.

Biotechnology: commercialization and economic aspects: January 1993-June 1996.

(Quick bibliography series ; 96-14)

1. Herbicide resistance--Bibliography. 2 Plant biotechnology--Bibliography. 3. Herbicide safeners--Bibliography. I. Dobert, Raymond. II. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.96-14

Herbicide Tolerance/Resistance in Plants

1.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z34
An acetohydroxy acid synthase mutant reveals a single site involved in multiple herbicide resistance.
Hattori, J.; Brown, D.; Mourad, G.; Labbe, H.; Ouellet, T.; Sunohara, G.; Rutledge, R.; King, J.; Miki, B. MGG,-Mol-gen-genet v.246(4): p.419-425. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus; alleles-; structural-genes; mutants-; oxo-acid-lyases-; herbicide-resistance; chlorsulfuron-; imidazolinone-herbicides; pyrimidines-; herbicides-; gene-expression; transgenic-plants; amino-acid-sequences; binding-site; enzyme-activity; ahas3r-gene; triazolopyrimidine-herbicices; ac-263,499; xrd-489; ahas-gene; ahas1-gene; ahas3-gene

Abstract: Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine. The enzyme is under allosteric control by these amino acids. It is also inhibited by several classes of herbicides, such as the sulfonylureas, imidazolinones and triazolopyrimidines, that are believed to bind to a relic quinone- binding site. In this study, a mutant allele of AHAS3 responsible for sulfonylurea resistance in a Brassica napus cell line was isolated. Sequence analyses predicted a single amino acid change (557 Trp replaced by Leu) within a conserved region of AHAS. Expression in transgenic plants conferred strong resistance to the three classes of herbicides, revealing a single site essential for the binding of all the herbicide classes. The mutation did not appear to affect feedback inhibition by the branched-chain amino acids in plants.

2.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P62
Activity of a maize ubiquitin promoter in transgenic rice.
Cornejo, M. J.; Luth, D.; Blankenship, K. M.; Anderson, O. D.; Blechl, A. E. Plant-mol-biol v.23(3): p.567-581. (1993 Nov.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: zea-mays; oryza-sativa; promoters-; ubiquitin-; exons-; introns-; recombinant-dna; reporter-genes; beta-glucuronidase-; luciferase-; acyltransferases-; genetic-transformation; transgenic-plants; gene-expression; callus-; protoplasts-; histoenzymology-; cell-division; enzyme- activity; herbicide-resistance; bilanafos-; heat-shock; phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase; uida-gene; bar-gene

Abstract: We have used the maize ubiquitin 1 promoter, first exon and first intron (UBI) for rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Taipei 309) transformation experiments and studied its expression in transgenic calli and plants. UBI directed significantly higher levels of transient gene expression than other promoter/intron combinations used for rice transformation. We exploited these high levels of expression to identify stable transformants obtained from callus-derived protoplasts co-transfected with two chimeric genes. The genes consisted of UBI fused to the coding regions of the uidA and bar marker genes (UBI:GUS and UBI:BAR). UBI:GUS expression increased in response to thermal stress in both transfected protoplasts and transgenic rice calli. Histochemical localization of GUS activity revealed that UBI was most active in rapidly dividing cells. This promoter is expressed in many, but not all, rice tissues and undergoes important changes in activity during the development of transgenic rice plants.

3.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Addressing real weed science needs with innovations.
Gressel, J. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.509-525. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Literature review.

Descriptors: weeds-; weed-control; agricultural-research; herbicides-; herbicide-resistance; pest-management; biological-control; biotechnology-; parasitic-weeds; agriculture-; literature-reviews; third-world-agriculture

4.
NAL Call No.: SB123.P55
Advances in achieving the needs for biotechnologically-derived herbicide resistant crops.
Gressel, J. Plant-breed-rev. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1993. v. 11 p. 155-198.
Includes references.

Descriptors: crops-; plant-breeding; herbicide-resistance; genes-; genetic-engineering; biotechnology-; cultivars-; weed-control; genetic-resistance; literature-reviews

5.
NAL Call No.: QK725.P54
Agrobacterium mediated transfer of a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase gene confers resistance to chlorsulfuron in chicory (Chichorium intybus L.).
Vermeulen, A.; Vaucheret, H.; Pautot, V.; Chupeau, Y. Plant-Cell-Rep v.11(5/6): p.243-247. (1992)
Includes references.

Descriptors: cichorium-intybus; genetic-transformation; herbicide-resistance; chlorsulfuron-; kanamycin-; transgenics-; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; arabidopsis-thaliana; gene-transfer

Abstract: Leaf discs of C. intybus were inoculated with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain harboring a neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene for kanamycin resistance and a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (csr1-1) from Arabidopsis thaliana conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. A regeneration medium was optimized which permitted an efficient shoot regeneration from leaf discs. Transgenic shoots were selected on rooting medium containing 100 mg/l kanamycin sulfate. Integration of the csr1-1 gene into genomic DNA of kanamycin resistant chicory plants was confirmed by Southern blot hybridizations. Analysis of the selfed progenies (S1 and S2) of two independent transformed clones showed that kanamycin and chlorsulfuron resistances were inherited as dominant Mendelian trails. The method described here for producing transformed plants will allow new opportunities for chicory breeding.

6.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).
Khan, M. R. I.; Tabe, L. M.; Heath, L. C.; Spencer, D.; Higgins, T. J. V. Plant-physiol v.105(1): p.81-88. (1994 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: trifolium-subterraneum; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; genetic-transformation; gene-transfer; laboratory-methods; transgenic-plants; regenerative-ability; explants-; gene-expression

Abstract: We have developed a rapid and reproducible transformation system for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene delivery. Hypocotyl segments from seeds that had been allowed to imbibe were used as explants, and regeneration was achieved via organogenesis. Glucose and acetosyringone were required in the co-cultivation medium for efficient gene transfer. DNA constructs containing four genes encoding the enzymes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase, beta-glucuronidase (GUS), neomycin phosphotransferase, and an alpha-amylase inhibitor were used to transform subterranean clover. Transgenic shoots were selected on a medium containing 50 mg/L of phosphinothricin. Four commercial cultivars of subterranean clover (representing all three subspecies) have been successfully transformed. Southern analysis revealed the integration of T-DNA into the subterranean clover genome. The expression of the introduced genes has been confirmed by enzyme assays and northern blot analyses. Transformed plants grown in the glasshouse showed resistance to the herbicide Basta at applications equal to or higher than rates recommended for killing subterranean clover in field conditions. In plants grown from the selfed seeds of the primary transformants, the newly acquired gene encoding GUS segregated as a dominant Mendelian trait.

7.
NAL Call No.: 30-Ad9
Agronomic improvement in oilseed brassicas.
Downey, R. K.; Rimmer, S. R. Adv-agron. San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press. 1993. v. 50 p. 1-66.
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-campestris; brassica-carinata; brassica-juncea; brassica-napus; oilseed-plants; macroeconomics-; biotechnology-; crop-yield; cultivars-; genetic-improvement; genome-analysis; hybridization-; disease-resistance; herbicide-resistance; pest-resistance; yield-components; plant-oils; protein-content; seeds-; literature-reviews

8.
NAL Call No.: 64.8-C883
Agronomic performance of sulfonylurea-resistant transgenic flue-cured tobacco grown under field conditions.
Brandle, J. E.; Miki, B. L. Crop-sci v.33(4): p.847-852. (1993 July-1993 Aug.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; transgenic-plants; lines-; herbicide-resistance; sulfonylurea-herbicides; agronomic-characteristics; genetic-resistance; chlorsulfuron-; tribenuron-; phytotoxicity-; crop-yield; crop-damage; gene-expression; genetic-variation; thifensulfuron-

Abstract: Field testing of transgenic crops is an essential step towards commercialization. This study was conducted to assess the agronomic performance of herbicide-resistant transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) lines relative to untransformed controls and to evaluate their sensitivity to sulfonylurea herbicides in a field situation. Two transgenic flue-cured tobacco lines harboring the csr1-1 gene for sulfonylurea resistance were evaluated after application of three rates of two sulfonylurea herbicides [chlorsulfuron (2-chloro-N[(4-methoxy-6-methyl- 1,3,5 triazin-2-yl) aminocarbonyl]-aminosulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylate) R9674, a 2:1 mixture of thifensulfuron (methyl-3-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl- 1,3,5-triazin-2-yl aminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxy- late) and tribenuron (methyl-2[[[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2- yl]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate)]. We show that one of the lines was resistant to 10 g a.i. ha-1 of chlorsulfuron but not to 20 g a.i. ha-1 and that both lines were susceptible to DPX-R9674. Comparison of transgenics to an untransformed control in the absence of herbicide treatment showed that both transgenics were lower yielding than tbe controls. This impairment of agronomic performance could be attributed to any of a number of factors. Resistance to chlorsulfuron was adequate, but margins of safety need to be increased before any farm level use of these transgenic lines can be considered. Selection among lines for maximum expression of the transgene and selection or backcrossing to recover the parental phenotype may further improve agronomic performance.

9.
NAL Call No.: S77.I56
Applications of biotechnology to crop improvement.
Warnes, D. D.; Somers, D. A. Innovations-Univ-Minn-West-Cent-Exp-Stn v.2(1): p.5. (1992 Winter)

Descriptors: plant-breeding; genetic-engineering; genetic-resistance; herbicide-resistance; pest-resistance

10.
NAL Call No.: 79.8-W41
Applications of molecular biology in weed science.
Dyer, W. E. Weed-Sci v.39(3): p.482-488. (1991 July-1991 Sept.)
Paper presented at the "Symposium on New Techniques adn Advances in Weed Physiology and Molecular Biology," February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: weeds-; weed-biology; molecular-biology; transgenics-; laboratory-methods; restriction-mapping; restriction-fragment-length- polymorphism; cloning-; dna-hybridization; gene-transfer; electrophoresis-; gene-expression; genome-analysis; genetic-analysis; gene-cloning

Abstract: Rapid strides are being made in understanding the fundamental regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to the environment due to recent advances in molecular biology. Current questions in weed science such as herbicide mechanisms of action, biodegradation, and mechanisms of weed resistance are equally approachable using such methodology. Efforts to introduce herbicide resistance into agronomically important crops are possible because of successful isolation and transfer of genes. Investigations of weed survival and competitive strategies based on developmental processes, such as seed dormancy, are currently underway using techniques designed to monitor and characterize differential gene expression. Molecular methodology also plays a key role in taxonomic studies of weed populations using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping. The future potential for these and other techniques such as nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene transfer, and the use of transgenic plants is described.

11.
NAL Call No.: SB113.2.S45
Asgrow's genetically engineered soybean has farmers excited.
Cutler, K. Seed-Ind. Cedar Falls, IA : Freiberg Pub. Co. Oct 1991. v. 42 (9) p. 7, 17.

Descriptors: glycine-max; herbicide-resistance; genetic-engineering; patents-; self-pollination; plant-variety-protection-act; asgrow-; agracetus-

12.
NAL Call No.: QP601.M49
The bar gene as selectable and screenable marker in plant engineering.
D'Halluin, K.; Block, M. d.; Denecke, J.; Janssens, J.; Leemans, J.; Reynaerts, A.; Botterman, J. Methods-Enzymol (216): p.397-414. (1992)
In the series analytic: Recombinant DNA (part G) / edited by R. Wu.

Descriptors: plants-; bilanafos-; herbicide-resistance; reporter-genes; marker-genes; genetic-transformation; plant-breeding; molecular-biology; tissue- cultures

13.
NAL Call No.: QH442.B5
Bialaphos treatment of transgenic rice plants expressing a bar gene prevents infection by the sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani).
Uchimiya, H.; Iwata, M.; Nojirl, C.; Samarajeewa, P. K.; Takamatsu, S.; Ooba, S.; Anzai, H.; Christensen, A. H.; Quail, P. H.; Toki, S. Bio/technology-Nat-Publ-Co v.11(7): p.835-836. (1993 July)
Includes references.

Descriptors: oryza-sativa; rhizoctonia-solani; transgenic-plants; genetic-transformation; disease-resistance; glyphosate-; herbicide-resistance; disease- resistance; blight-; structural-genes; acyltransferases-; phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase

14.
NAL Call No.: QH442.G4522
Biotech fix for African crops held hostage to profit motive.
Conroy, D. Biotech-Dly. Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group. Feb 17, 1993. v. 2 (124) p. 3.

Descriptors: herbicide-resistance; genetic-engineering; food-crops; food-supply; Africa-

15.
NAL Call No.: SB950.2.A1J58
Biotechnology and agricultural pesticide use: an interaction between genes and poisons.
Cox, C. J-pestic-reform v.13(3): p.4-11. (1993 Fall)
Includes references.

Descriptors: pesticides-; biotechnology-; agriculture-; genetic-engineering; crops-; herbicide-resistance; insecticide-resistance; pest-resistance

16.
NAL Call No.: QH442.B5
Biotechnology in the food industry.
Beck, C. I.; Ulrich, T. Bio/Technol v.11(8): p.895-902. (1993 Aug.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: food-crops; plant-breeding; genetic-engineering; biotechnology-; food-quality; food-processing-quality; genetic-resistance; herbicide- resistance; plant-development

17.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Biotechnology of vegetable crops.
Grierson, D. HortScience v.26(8): p.1025-1028. (1991 Aug.)
Paper presented at the "Colloquium on Biotechnology: Implications for Improved Quality in Horticultural Products," held at the 86th American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Meeting, July 31, 1989, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Descriptors: vegetables-; biotechnology-; gene-transfer; genetic-resistance; herbicide-resistance; disease-resistance; antisense-dna; genes-; genetic- engineering; plant-development; gene-expression

18.
NAL Call No.: A00035
Breakthrough should lead to higher wheat yields.
Biotechnol-News. Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co. June 4, 1992. v. 12 (14) p. 1-2.

Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; genetic-engineering; micromanipulation-; herbicide-resistance

19.
NAL Call No.: A00109
Bromoxynil-tolerant cotton set for large-scale testing.
Gene-Exch v.2(1): p.1, 8. (1991 Mar.)

Descriptors: bromoxynil-; herbicide-resistance; gossypol-; field-tests; USDA-; USA-; US-environmental-protection-agency

20.
NAL Call No.: SB599.C8
Can wild species become problem weeds because of herbicide resistance? Brachypodium distachyon: a case study.
Gressel, J. T. W. I. o. S. R. I.; Kleifeld, Y. Crop-prot v.13(8): p.563-566. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brachypodium-; wild-plants; herbicide-resistance; triazine-herbicides; herbicide-resistant-weeds; weed-competition; mutations-; transgenic- plants; transgenic-crops

21.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P62
The carboxy-terminal extension of the D1-precursor protein is dispensable for a functional photosystem II complex in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Schrader, S.; Johanningmeier, U. Plant-Mol-Biol-Int-J-Mol-Biol-Biochem-Genet-Eng v.19(2): p.251-256. (1992 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: chlamydomonas-reinhardtii; structural-genes; plant-proteins; photosystem-ii; targeted-mutagenesis; induced-mutations; genetic- transformation; photosynthesis-; oxygen-; gas-production; genetic-code; herbicide-resistance; metribuzin-; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid- sequences; psba-gene; d1-protein; stop-codons

Abstract: The D1-precursor protein of the photosystem II reaction centre contains a carboxy-terminal extension whose proteolytic removal is necessary for oxygen-evolving activity. To address the question of the role of the carboxy-terminal extension in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we truncated D1 by converting codon Ser345 of the psbA gene into a stop codon. Particle gun transformation of an in vitro modified psbA gene fragment also carrying mutations conferring herbicide resistance yielded a homoplasmic transformant containing the stop codon. Since oxygen evolution capacity is not affected in this mutant as compared with herbicide-resistant control cells, the carboxy-terminal extension is dispensable for a functional photosystem II complex under normal growth conditions.

22.
NAL Call No.: TP248.27.P55P53-1991
Cell selection.
Loh, W. H. T. Plant biotechnology comprehensive biotechnology, second supplement / volume editors, Michael W Fowler and Graham S Warren; editor-in-chief, Murray Moo-Young. Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1992.. p. 33-44.
Literature review.

Descriptors: plants-; mutants-; induced-mutations; in-vitro-selection; herbicide-resistance; salt-tolerance; metal-tolerance; heavy-metals; disease- resistance; tissue-culture; cell-culture; literature-reviews

23.
NAL Call No.: QD1.A45
Challenges of pest control with enhanced toxicological and environmental safety. An overview.
Duke, S. O.; Menn, J. J.; Plimmer, J. R. A-C-S-Symp-Ser-Am-Chem-Soc (524): p.1-13. (1993)
In the series analytic: Pest control with enhanced environmental safety / edited by S.O. Duke, J.J. Menn, and J.R. Plimmer.

Descriptors: pest-control; plant-protection; legislation-; microbial-pesticides; pesticides-; genetic-engineering; environmental-protection

Abstract: Much of the increase in agricultural productivity over the past half century has been due to more efficacious and economical pest control through the use of synthetic chemical pesticides (SCPs). However, there is continued and growing social and legislative pressure to reduce the toxicological and environmental risks associated with control of agricultural pests with SCPs. Public and private sector research is being conducted to develop biorational pesticides and to replace or reduce the use of SCPs with natural product-based pesticides, biocontrol (including classical biocontrol), genetically-engineered pest resistance, and combinations of these replacement strategies. Nevertheless, these emerging pest control technologies will likely represent only a small percentage of the pest control market by the year 2000. Therefore, methods to reduce use rates of synthetic pesticides and to develop more environmentally and toxicologically benign pesticides are also important in risk abatement. Such strategies as biorational design, development of pesticide synergists, and development of crops resistant to more environmentally safe herbicides, insects, and plant pathogens can improve the environmental quality, food safety, and allay societal fears concerning crop protection technology.

24.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z8
Characterization of transgenic sulfonylurea-resistant flax (Linum usitatissimum).
McSheffrey, S. A.; McHughen, A.; Devine, M. D. Theor-Appl-Genet v.84(3/4): p.480-481. (1992)
Includes references.

Descriptors: linum-usitatissimum; arabidopsis-thaliana; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; genetic-transformation; transgenics-; gene-transfer; ligases-; structural-genes; enzyme-activity; herbicide-resistance; chlorsulfuron-; metsulfuron-; segregation-; inheritance-; line-differences; roots-; growth-; metsulfuron-methyl; acetolactate-synthase

Abstract: Fourteen transgenic flax (Linum usitatissimum) lines, carrying a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene selected for resistance to chlorsulfuron, were characterized for resistance to two sulfonylurea herbicides. Progeny of 10 of the 14 lines segregated in a ratio of 3 resistant to 1 susceptible, indicating a single insertion. Progeny of 1 line segregated in a 15:1 ratio, indicating two insertions of the ALS gene at independent loci. Progeny from 3 lines did not segregate in a Mendelian fashion and were likely the products of chimeric shoots. Resistance to chlorsulfuron was stably inherited in all lines. At the enzyme level, the transgenic lines were 2.5 to more than 60 times more resistant to chlorsulfuron than the parental lines. The transgenic lines were 25-260 times more resistant to chlorsulfuron than the parental lines in root growth experiments and demonstrated resistance when grown in soil treated with 20 g ha-1 chlorsulfuron. The lines demonstrated less resistance to metsulfuron methyl; in root growth experiments, the transgenic lines were only 1.6-4.8 times more resistant to metsulfuron methyl than the parental lines. Resistance was demonstrated in the field at half (2.25 g ha-1) and full (4.5 g ha-1) rates of metsulfuron methyl.

25.
NAL Call No.: TP248.13.S68
Cloning and expression of mutant EPSP-synthetase gene of Escherichia coli in transgenic plants.
Mett, V. L.; Urmeeva, F. I.; Kobets, N. S.; Kolganova, T. V.; Aliev, K. A.; Piruzyan, E. S. Sov-Biotechnol (3): p.27-33. (1991)
Translated from: Biotekhnologiia, (3), 1991, p. 19-22, (TP248.2.B57).

Descriptors: genetic-engineering; escherichia-coli; mutants-; glyphosate-; herbicide-resistance; treatment-; nitroso-compounds; guanidines-; genetic- analysis; phosphates-; ligases-; genetic-code; gene-expression; cloning-; plasmids-; transgenics-; nicotiana-tabacum; n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine-; 5-enol-pyruvylshiki-mate-3-phosphate-synthetase

26.
NAL Call No.: 64.8-C883
A comparison of two genes for sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in transgenic tobacco seedlings.
Brandle, J. E.; Morrison, M. J.; Hattori, J.; Miki, B. L. Crop-sci v.34(1): p.226-229. (1994 Jan.-1994 Feb.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; transgenic-plants; seedlings-; herbicide-resistance; sulfonylurea-herbicides; genetic-resistance; genes-; chlorsulfuron-; genotypes-; comparisons-; dpx-r9694-

Abstract: Previous work in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) showed the csr1-1 gene for sulfonylurea resistance was inadequate for use in conjunction with a new, low residual sulfonylurea herbicide, DPX-R9674 (a mixture of (methyl 2[[[[N-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) methylamino]-carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl] benzoate) and (methyl.

27.
NAL Call No.: QH442.6.T74
Competitiveness of transgenic oilseed rape.
Fredshavn, J. R.; Poulsen, G. S.; Huybrechts, I.; Rudelsheim, P. Transgenic-res v.4(2): p.142-148. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus; transgenic-plants; herbicide-resistance; glufosinate-; reporter-genes; male-sterility; structural-genes; ribonucleases-; enzyme-inhibitors; bacteria-; male-fertility; plant-competition; interspecific-competition; sinapis-alba; hordeum-vulgare; crop-density; monoculture-; crop-mixtures; intercropping-; competitive-ability; crop-yield; harvesting-date; barnase-gene; barster-gene; fertility-restoration

28.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Concerns a weed scientist might have about herbicide-tolerant crops.
Radosevich, S. R.; Ghersa, C. M.; Comstock, G. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.635-639. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; crops-; herbicide-resistance; weed-control; biotechnology-; ethics-

29.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Concerns of seed company officials with herbicide-tolerant cultivars.
Duvick, D. N. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.640-646. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: seed-industry; transgenic-plants; herbicide-resistance; cultivars-; biotechnology-; profitability-; supply-balance; research-

30.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76
Considerations for release of herbicide resistant crops.
Bainton, J. A. Asp-appl-biol (35): p.45-52. (1993)
In the series analytic: Volunteer crops as weeds / edited by R.J. Froud-Williams, C.M. Knott and P.J.W. Lutman.

Descriptors: crops-; herbicide-resistance; low-input-agriculture; crop-plants-as-weeds; volunteer-plants; herbicide-resistant-weeds; herbicides-

31.
NAL Call No.: QR53.B56
Construction of multiple herbicide resistant ammonia excreting strains of cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
Modi, D. R.; Singh, D. R.; Rao, A. K.; Chakravarty, K. S.; Singh, H. N. Biotechnol-Lett v.13(11): p.793-798. (1991 Nov.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nostoc-muscorum; strains-; gloeocapsa-; herbicides-; herbicide-resistance; phenotypes-; dna-; genetic-transformation; gene-transfer; mutations-; ammonia-; excretion-; photosystem-ii; nitrogen-fixation; biofertilizers-

Abstract: Machete resistant (Matr), basalin resistant (Basr), 3(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea resistant (DCMUr), atrazine resistant (Atr(r)) and propanil resistant (Prpr) phenotypes Gloeocapsa sp. were contransformed to Nostoc muscorum at high frequency. Spontaneously occurring mutants of the multiple herbicide resistant transformant containing L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine resistant (Msxr), ethylene diamine resistant (Edar) of phosphinothricin resistant (Pptr) glutamine synthetase (GS) showed extracellular liberation of ammonia resulting from fixation of N2 under photosynthetic conditions. Results suggest a definite role of GS activity in regulation of extracellular ammonia.

32.
NAL Call No.: SB951.P49
Correlation of propanil hydrolyzing enzyme activity with leaf morphology in wild rices of genome CCDD.
Jun, C. J.; Matsunaka, S. Pestic-Biochem-Physiol v.40(1): p.80-85. (1991 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: oryza-; wild-plants; hybrids-; leaves-; plant-morphology; amidase-; enzyme-activity; herbicide-resistance; propanil-; phytotoxicity-

Abstract: The propanil hydrolyzing enzyme, aryl acylamidase I (AAI) (arylacylamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.13), was highly correlated (r = - 0.83) with leaf width in three species of genus Oryza with genome CCDD. The specific activity of AAI was lower in the leaves of wide-leafed plants and this was well-reflected in propanil phytotoxicity in those plants. There were no significant differences between conjugation of 3,4- dichloroaniline or the presence of AAI inhibitors in the crude enzyme solutions from the narrow-leafed and wide-leafed strains. The same relationship between AAI activity and leaf width was observed in interspecific F, hybrids involving genome CCDD. In those F1 hybrids the wide- and narrow-leafed strains showed comparable AAI activity per leaf of equal length. It was concluded that the concentration of the enzyme in the CCDD plants was diluted by plant bulk in the wide-leafed strains and the correlation appeared to be the indirect effect of genes altering plant morphology, especially leaf area. The significance of the correlations is discussed in relation to propanil resistance and plant phylogenetics.

33.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z8
The cost of herbicide resistance in white-chicory: ecological implications for its commercial release.
Lavigne, C.; Manac'h, H.; Guyard, C.; Gasquez, J. Theor-appl-genet. Berlin; Springer-Verlag. Dec 1995. v. 91 (8) p. 1301-1308.
Includes references.

Descriptors: cichorium-intybus; herbicide-resistance; chlorsulfuron-; in-vitro-selection; biotypes-; intraspecific-competition; competitive-ability; plant- development; growth-; dry-matter-accumulation; seed-set; pollen-; resistant-biotypes; susceptible-biotypes; pollen-production

Abstract: Applications for the commercial release of herbicide-resistant crops, most of them transgenic, are likely to become more frequent in the coming years. The ecological concerns raised by their large scale use call for risk-assessment studies. One of the major issues in such studies is the relative fitness of the resistant line compared to the susceptible when no herbicide is applied since this will largely determine the long-term fate of the resistance gene outside of the field. Here we report on a comparison of a sulfonylurea-resistant line of white-chicory regenerated from a non-mutagenized cell culture with a supposedly isogenic susceptible biotype. The plants were grown in experimental plots at a range of densities in a replacement series. The reproductive output of the plants decreased with increasing density but no significant difference was found between the two lines for any vegetative or reproductive trait at any density. This suggests that no cost is associated with the mutation causing the resistance and that the resistance gene would not be selected against if it escaped to populations of wild chicories.

34.
NAL Call No.: SB113.2.S45
Cotton meets the biotech challenge: genetic engineering races to the marketplace.
Cutler, K. Seed-Ind. Cedar Falls, IA : Freiberg Pub. Co. Nov 1991. v. 42 (10) p. 4-5, 19.

Descriptors: gossypium-; bromoxynil-; herbicide-resistance; genetic-engineering; field-tests; sulfonylurea-herbicides; USDA-; roundup-resistance; agracetus-

35.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Decrease in activity in glutathione reductase enhances paraquat sensitivity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum.
Aono, M.; Saji, H.; Fujiyama, K.; Sugita, M.; Kondo, N.; Tanaka, K. Plant-physiol v.107(2): p.645-648. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; plasmids-; gene-transfer; antisense-dna; genetic-regulation; transgenic-plants; glutathione-reductase-nadph; enzyme- activity; leaves-; paraquat-; susceptibility-; light-; chlorophyll-; electrolytes-; oxidation-; stress-response

Abstract: Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv SR1) with decreased activity of glutathione reductase exhibited enhanced sensitivity to paraquat in the light as evaluated by chlorophyll destruction and electrolyte leakage from leaf discs. This result indicates the involvement of glutathione reductase in the tolerance of plants to photooxidative stress caused by the herbicide.

36.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P62
Definition and characterization of an artificial En/Spm-based transposon tagging system in transgenic tobacco.
Cardon, G. H.; Frey, M.; Saedler, H.; Gierl, A. Plant-mol-biol v.23(1): p.157-178. (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; zea-mays; transposable-elements; insertional-mutagenesis; transgenic-plants; genetic-transformation; genetic-change; deletions-; beta-glucuronidase-; dihydrofolate-reductase; reporter-genes; marker-genes; bilanafos-; herbicide-resistance; somatic-excision; germinal-excision; bar-gene; transposition-

Abstract: A transposon tagging system for heterologous hosts, based on the maize En/Spm transposable element, was developed in transgenic tobacco. In this system, the two En-encoded trans-acting factors necessary for excision are expressed by fusing their cDNAs to the CaMV 35S promoter. The dSpm receptor component is inserted in the 5'-untranslated leader of the bar gene. Germinal revertants can therefore be selected by seed germination on L-PPT-containing medium or by spraying seedlings with the herbicide Basta. Using this bar-based excision reporter construct, an average frequency of germinal excision of 10.1% was estimated for dSpm-S, an En/Spm native internal deletion derivative. Insertion of En- foreign sequences in a receptor, such as a DHFR selectable marker gene in dSpm-DHFR, does not abolish its capacity to transpose. However, dSpm-DHFR has a lower frequency of somatic and germinal excision than dSpm-S. Revertants carrying a transposed dSpm-DHFR element can be selected with methotrexate. Germinal excision is frequently associated with reinsertion but, as in maize, dSpm has a tendency to integrate at chromosomal locations linked to the donor site. Concerning the timing of excision, independent germinal transpositions are often found within a single seed capsule. All activity parameters analysed suggest that transposon tagging with this system in heterologous hosts should be feasible.

37.
NAL Call No.: SB951.P47
Detoxification and activation of agrochemicals in plants.
Cole, D. J. Pestic-sci v.42(3): p.209-222. (1994 Nov.)
Paper presented at the symposium, "Current Themes In Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals : Principles and Differences", December 7, 1993, London, England.

Descriptors: herbicides-; crops-; weeds-; metabolic-detoxification; mode-of-action; glutathione-transferase; enzyme-activity; herbicide-resistant-weeds; transgenic-plants; genetic-engineering; biotechnology-; herbicide-resistant-crops

Abstract: Plants are able to metabolize agrochemicals and other foreign compounds by a variety of mechanisms and with extraordinary species diversity. Minor structural alterations of these compounds can bring about dramatic and unpredictable changes in the routes of their metabolism. The enzymes responsible for this exist in multiple forms which renders prediction of herbicide metabolism and, therefore, of selectivity, difficult. In some notable instances, pesticides are activated by plant metabolism. In the main, however, mechanisms such as hydroxylation dealkylation and glutathione conjugation bring about detoxification and form the basis of herbicide selectivity. The properties of oxygenating and conjugating enzymes in plants are highlighted, with emphasis on the evident narrow substrate specificities, species differences and physiological roles. The molecular cloning of the genes specifying these enzymes will permit a much better definition of these mechanisms and will illuminate the natural roles of the enzymes involved. The prospects for utilizing recombinant enzymes as tools for the rational design of new selective herbicides are discussed. Herbicide safeners can protect certain crops from herbicide injury by promoting herbicide metabolism. The precise mechanisms of safener action and the reasons for their specificity are attracting much interest but are at present obscure. Natural variation in detoxification abilities of weed populations has allowed the field selection of some biotypes resistant to repeatedly used herbicides. By analogy, the introduction of microbial detoxification genes into major crops through genetic transformation has created new herbicide- resistant crops which will enhance the flexibility.

38.
NAL Call No.: TP248.27.P55P52
Developing herbicide resistance in crops by gene transfer technology.
Stalker, D. M. Plant-Biotechnol. New York, N.Y. : Chapman and Hall. 1991. v. 1 p. 82-104.
In the series analytic: Plant genetic engineering / edited by D. Grierson.

Descriptors: crops-; gene-transfer; herbicide-resistance; genetic-transformation; vectors-; plasmids-; transgenics-; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; agrobacterium-rhizogenes; direct-dna-uptake; literature-reviews

39.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Developing herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars: introduction.
Harrison, H. F. Jr. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.613-614. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; crops-; herbicide-resistance; cultivars-; genotypes-; genetic-engineering; biotechnology-; genetically-engineered-organisms

40.
NAL Call No.: SB319.2.F6F56
Development and breeding of herbicide tolerant lettuce.
Nagata, R. T.; Dusky, J. A.; Torres, A. C.; Cantliffe, D. J.; Ferl, R. J.; Bewick, T. A. Proc-annu-meet-Fla-State-Hort-Soc. [S.l.] : The Society,. May 1993. v. 105 p. 358-361.
Meeting held November 3-5, 1992, Tampa, Florida.

Descriptors: lactuca-sativa; herbicide-resistance; lines-; glyphosate-; genetic-resistance; imazethapyr-; genes-; lactuca-serriola; plant-breeding; backcrossing-; segregation-; dominance-; inheritance-; genetic-transformation; homozygosity-; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; weed-control; chemical-control

41.
NAL Call No.: 64.8-C883
Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line.
Padgette, S. R.; Kolacz, K. H.; Delannay, X.; Re, D. B.; LaVallee, B. J.; Tinius, C. N.; Rhodes, W. K.; Otero, Y. I.; Barry, G. F.; Eichholtz, D. A. Crop-sci v.35(5): p.1451-1461. (1995 Sept.-1995 Oct.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: glycine-max; lines-; genetic-resistance; herbicide-resistance; glyphosate-; transgenic-plants; genetic-transformation; agrobacterium- tumefaciens; plasmid-vectors; gene-expression; inheritance-; genes-; dominance-; stability-; transgenes-

Abstract: Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) is the active ingredient in the nonselective herbicide Roundup. The sensitivity of crop plants to glyphosate has limited its in-season use as a postemergence herbicide. The extension of the use of Roundup herbicide to allow in-season application in major crops such as soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] would provide new weed control options for farmers. A glyphosate- tolerant soybean line, 40-3-2, was obtained through expression of the bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase, EPSPS) enzyme from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4. Line 40-3-2 is highly tolerant to glyphosate, showing no visual injury after application of up to 1.68 kg acid equivalent (a.e.) ha-1 of glyphosate under field conditions. Molecular characterization studies determined that the single genetic insert in line 40-3-2 contains only a portion of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P-E35S), the Petunia hybrida EPSPS chloroplast transit peptide (CTP), the CP4 EPSPS gene, and a portion of the 3' nontranslated region of the nopaline synthase gene (NOS 3') terminator. Inheritance studies have shown that the transgene behaves as a single dominant gene and is stable over several generations.

42.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z34
Development of a transformation system for the thermophilic fungus Talaromyces sp. CL240 based on the use of phleomycin resistance as a dominant selectable marker.
Jain, S.; Durand, H.; Tiraby, G. M-G-G-Mol-Gen-Genet v.234(3): p.489-493. (1992 Sept.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: talaromyces-; genetic-transformation; reporter-genes; genetic-markers; glufosinate-; herbicide-resistance; vectors-; plasmids-; actinomycetales-; promoters-; trichoderma-longibrachiatum; ble-gene; streptoalloteichus-hindustanus

Abstract: A transformation system for the thermophilic cellulolytic fungus Talaromyces sp. CL240 has been developed, using the phleomycin resistance gene from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus (Sh ble) as a dominant selectable marker. The plasmids (pAN8-1 and pUT720) carrying the Sh ble gene under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter, allowed selection of phleomycin-resistant transformants. A new promoter sequence cloned from chromosomal DNA of Trichoderma reesei (pUT737) was also able to drive efficient expression of the Sh ble gene in Talaromyces sp. CL240, resulting in the selection of transformants that were highly resistant to phleomycin.

43.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z34
Directed excision of a transgene from the plant genome.
Russell, S. H.; Hoopes, J. L.; Odell, J. T. M-G-G-Mol-Gen-Genet v.234(1): p.49-59. (1992 July)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; arabidopsis-thaliana; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; bacteriophages-; genetic-transformation; transgenics-; recombination- ; deletions-; reporter-genes; beta-glucuronidase-; oxo-acid-lyases-; herbicide-resistance; sulfonylurea-herbicides; genes-; loxp-cre-excision; gene-deletion; cre-gene; bacteriophage-p1; site-specific-recombination; acetolactate-synthase

Abstract: The effectiveness of loxP-Cre directed excision of a transgene was examined using phenotypic and molecular analyses. Two methods of combining the elements of this system, re-transformation and cross pollination, were found to produce different degrees of excision in the resulting plants. Two linked traits, beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and a gene encoding sulfonylurea-resistant acetolactate synthase (ALS(r)), were integrated into the genome of tobacco and Arabidopsis. The ALS(r) gene, bounded by loxP sites, was used as the selectable marker for transformation. The directed loss of the ALS(r) gene through Cre-mediated excision was demonstrated by the loss of resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides and by Southern blot analysis. The beta-glucuronidase gene remained active. The excision efficiency varied in F1 progeny of different lox and Cre parents and was correlated with the Cre parent. Many of the lox X Cre F1 progeny were chimeric and some F2 progeny retained resistance to sulfonylureas. Re-transformation of lox/ALS/lox/GUS tobacco plants with cre led to much higher efficiency of excision. Lines of tobacco transformants carrying the GUS gene but producing only sulfonylurea-sensitive progeny were obtained using both approaches for introducing cre. Similarly, Arabidopsis lines with GUS activity but no sulfonylurea resistance were generated using cross pollinations.

44.
NAL Call No.: 472-N21
Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats.
Crawley, M. J.; Hails, R. S.; Rees, M.; Kohn, D.; Buxton, J. Nature v.363(6430): p.620-623. (1993 June)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus-var; -oleifera; transgenics-; genetic-engineering; ecology-; invasiveness-

Abstract: Concerns about genetically engineered crop plants centre on three conjectural risks: that transgenic crop plants will become weeds of agriculture or invasive of natural habitats; that their engineered genes will be transferred by pollen to wild relatives whose hybrid offspring will then become more weedy or more invasive; or that the engineered plants will be a direct hazard to humans, domestic animals or beneficial wild organisms (toxic or allergenic, for example). Here we describe an experimental protocol for assessing the invasiveness of plants. The object is to determine whether genetic engineering for herbicide tolerance affects the likelihood of oilseed rape becoming invasive of natural habitats. By estimating the demographic parameters of transgenic and conventional oilseed rape growing in a variety of habitats and under a range of climatic conditions, we obtain a direct comparison of the ecological performance of three different genetic lines (control, kanamycin-tolerant transgenics and herbicide-tolerant transgenic lines). Despite substantial variation in seed survival, plant growth and seed production between sites and across experimental treatments, there was no indication that genetic engineering for kanamycin tolerance or herbicide tolerance increased the invasive potential of oilseed rape. In those cases in which there were significant differences (such as seed survival on burial), transgenic lines were less invasive and less persistent than their conventional counterparts.

45.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z8
Effect of oilseed rape genotype on the spontaneous hybridization rate with a weedy species: an assessment of transgene dispersal.
Baranger, A.; Chevre, A. M.; Eber, F.; Renard, M. Theor-appl-genet. Berlin; Springer-Verlag. Nov 1995. v. 91 (6/7) p. 956-963.
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus; raphanus-raphanistrum; transgenic-plants; marker-genes; glufosinate-; herbicide-resistance; outcrossing-; hybrids-; intergeneric-hybridization; flow-cytometry; chromosome-number; seed-size; triploidy-; diploidy-; line-differences; genotypes-; seed-set; male- fertility; bar-gene

Abstract: Spontaneous outcrossing of different male-sterile rapeseed lines and transgenic hybrids with a population of a weedy species, Raphanus raphanistrum L., has led to the harvest of numerous seeds showing a size dimorphism. Flow cytometry analysis correlated with chromosome counts showed that all of the large seeds belonged to rapeseed, whereas the small seeds were a mixture of mostly interspecific triploid hybrids, with some trigenomic amphidiploids, diploid and haploid rapeseed plants. Significant differences were revealed between the rapeseed lines and transgenic hybrids in their ability to form interspecific hybrids with Raphanus raphanistrum under natural conditions. Resistance to the herbicide Basta was properly expressed in the triploid and amphidiploid hybrids. Low male fertility of the interspecific triploid hybrids was not correlated with seed set in the subsequent generation.

46.
NAL Call No.: QK725.P54
Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using the bar gene as selectable marker.
Akama, K.; Puchta, H.; Hohn, B. Plant-cell-rep v.14(7): p.450-454. (1995)
Includes references.

Descriptors: arabidopsis-thaliana; genetic-transformation; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; gene-transfer; marker-genes; reporter-genes; hypocotyls-; roots-; explants-; chimeras-; bilanafos-; herbicide-resistance; genetic-code; glufosinate-; transferases-; culture-media; in-vitro-culture

Abstract: We have established an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation procedure for Arabidopsis thaliana genotype C24 using the chimeric bialaphos resistance gene (bar) coding for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT). Hypocotyl explants from young seedlings cocultivated with agrobacteria carrying a bar gene were selected on shoot-inducing media containing different concentrations of phosphinothricin (PPT) which is an active component of bialaphos. We found that 20 mg/l of PPT completely inhibited the control explants from growing whereas the explants transformed with the bar gene gave rise to multiple shoots resistant to PPT after 3 weeks under the same selection conditions. The transformation system could also be applied to root explants. Resulting plantlets could produce viable seeds in vitro within 3 months after preparation of the explants. The stable inheritance of the resistance trait, the integration and expression of the bar gene in the progeny were confirmed by genetic tests, Southern analysis and PAT enzyme assay, respectively. In addition, the mature plants in soil showed tolerance to the herbicide Basta.

47.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z8
Engineering 2,4-D resistance into cotton.
Bayley, C.; Trolinder, N.; Ray, C.; Morgan, M.; Quesenberry, J. E.; Ow, D. W. Theor-Appl-Genet v.83(5): p.645-649. (1992)
Includes references.

Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; nicotiana-tabacum; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; alcaligenes-; genetic-transformation; transgenics-; gene-transfer; genes-; oxidoreductases-; 2,4-d-; herbicide-resistance; inheritance-; enzyme-activity; 2,4-d-monooxygenase; tfda-gene; alcaligenes-eutrophus

Abstract: To reduce damage by drift-levels of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, we have engineered the 2,4-D resistance trait into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA from Alcaligenes eutrophus plasmid pJP5 was isolated, modified and expressed in transgenic tobacco and cotton plants. Analyses of the transgenic progeny showed stable transmission of the chimeric tfdA gene and production of active 2,4-D monooxygenase. Cotton plants obtained were tolerant to 3 times the field level of 2,4-D used for wheat, corn, sorghum and pasture crops.

48.
NAL Call No.: QD1.A45
Engineering crop resistance to the naturally occurring glutamine synthetase inhibitor phophinothricin.
Mullner, H.; Eckes, P.; Donn, G. A-C-S-Symp-Ser-Am-Chem-Soc (524): p.38-47. (1993)
In the series analytic: Pest control with enhanced environmental safety / edited by S.O. Duke, J.J. Menn, and J.R. Plimmer.

Descriptors: weed-control; herbicide-resistance; genetic-engineering; gene-transfer; glufosinate-

Abstract: Chemical plant protection will be always needed, but the application of gene technology can reduce the impact of agriculture to the environment and offer new attractive systems for weed control to the farmer. The non-selective herbicide glufosinate exhibit desirable properties, which makes it suitable for weed control in crops. By transferring a microbial resistance gene from the producer of the active principle of glufosinate, sensitive crops like corn, oilseed-rape, soy bean and sugarbeet could be made resistant. In comparison to present, on soil herbicides based weed control systems, the flexibility in the application of the post-emergent foliar herbicide glufosinate in resistant crops comes closer to an ideal system. The introduction of this new system will be another important step towards an agriculture with reduced impact on the environment.

49.
NAL Call No.: SB951.P49
Engineering cyanobacterial models resistant to bleaching herbicides.
Windhovel, U.; Geiges, B.; Sandmann, G.; Boger, P. Pestic-biochem-physiol v.49(1): p.63-71. (1994 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: synechococcus-; strains-; herbicide-resistance; genes-; enzymes-; erwinia-uredovora; genetic-transformation; gene-expression; herbicides-; cross-resistance; carotenoids-; biosynthesis-; biochemical-pathways; phytoene-desaturase

Abstract: Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation steps of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway are target sites for bleaching herbicides. We introduced the gene crtI, coding for phytoene desaturase of the nonphotosynthetic bacterium Erwinia uredovora into the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942, using it as a convenient experimental model for higher-plant transformation. The heterologous expression of the foreign gene in the transformants was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. The respective gene product CRTI, the enzyme phytoene desaturase, catalyzes the conversion of phytoene to lycopene via phytofluene, zeta-carotene, and neurosporene. It is highly resistant against various herbicides that affect either phytoene or zeta-carotene desaturase activity. Molar I50 values of carotenoid synthesis caused by various bleaching herbicides and determined at the intact cell revealed that the transformant strains exhibited strong cross-resistance toward the herbicides assayed. Resistance factors were more than 3 orders of magnitude greater than those of the control strain.

50.
NAL Call No.: SB123.57.M64
Engineering microbial herbicide detoxification genes in higher plants.
Lyon, B. R. Molecular approaches to crop improvement / edited by E.S. Dennis and D.J. Llewellyn. p. 79-108.
Literature review.

Descriptors: crops-; nicotiana-tabacum; genetic-engineering; transgenics-; genetic-transformation; herbicide-resistance; herbicides-; 2,4-d-; enzymes-; microbial-degradation; oxygenases-; genes-; alcaligenes-; literature-reviews; alcaligenes-eutrophus; 2,4-d-monooxygenase; tfda-gene

51.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z8
Enhanced oxidative-stress defense in transgenic potato expressing tomato Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases.
Perl, A.; Perl Treves, R.; Galili, S.; Aviv, D.; Shalgi, E.; Malkin, S.; Galun, E. Theor-Appl-Genet v.85(5): p.568-576. (1993 Jan.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; lycopersicon-esculentum; genetic-transformation; transgenics-; gene-transfer; dna-; superoxide-dismutase; copper-; zinc-; gene-expression; enzyme-activity; herbicide-resistance; paraquat-; oxygen-; phototoxicity-; photosynthesis-; stress-; roots-; shoots-; organ- culture; complementary-dna; methyl-viologen

Abstract: The two cDNAs coding for the cytosolic (cyt) and the chloroplast-located (chl) Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases (SODs) of tomato (Perl- Treves et al. 1988) were cloned into respective binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium strains. Potato tuber discs were infected with either of the two agrobacterial strains and cultured on selective medium containing kanaymcin. The integration of either of the cyt or the chl SOD transgenes was verified by Southern-blot hybridization. The enzymatic activity of the additional tomato chl Cu,Zn SOD could be distinguished from endogenous SOD activity since the latter isozyme migrated faster on SOD-activity gels. Several transgenic potato lines harboring either the cyt or the chl SOD genes of tomato showed elevated tolerance to the superoxide-generating herbicide paraquat (methyl viologen). After exposure of shoots to paraquat, tolerance was recorded either by scoring symptoms visually or by measurements of photosynthesis using the photoacoustic method. Root cultures from transgenic lines that harbored the additional cyt Cu,Zn SOD gene of tomato were tolerant to methyl viologen up to 10(-5) M; a lower tolerance was recorded in roots of transgenic lines that expressed the additional chl Cu,Zn SOD of tomato.

52.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Environmental concerns with the development of herbicide-tolerant plants.
Goldburg, R. J. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.647-652. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; crops-; forest-trees;herbicide-resistance; herbicides-; weed-control; environmental-impact; groundwater-pollution; public-health; food-safety; nontarget-effects; private-sector; public-sector; policy-

53.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
EPA's response to resistance management and herbicide--tolerant crop issues.
Horne, D. M. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.657-661. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; herbicide-resistance; public-agencies; biotechnology-; regulation-; legislation-; USA-; US-environmental-protection-agency

54.
NAL Call No.: SB123.P535
Evaluating the effectiveness of isolation distances for field plots of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) using a herbicide-resistance transgene as a selectable marker.
Scheffler, J. A.; Parkinson, R.; Dale, P. J. Plant-breed v.114(4): p.317-321. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus; transgenic-plants; herbicide-resistance; glufosinate-; structural-genes; acyltransferases-; hybridization-; cross-pollination; pollen-; dispersal-; spatial-distribution; fields-; experimental-plots; hybrids-; pollinators-; non-transgenic-plants; bar-gene; phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase

55.
NAL Call No.: 100-L939
Evaluation of roundup ready transgenic soybean in Louisiana.
Griffin, J. L.; Reynolds, D. B.; Jordan, D. L.; Prochaska, L. M.; Rogers, R. L. La-agric v.37(3): p.23. (1994 Summer)

Descriptors: glycine-max; transgenics-; glyphosate-; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; weed-control; herbicide-resistance; Louisiana-

56.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P62
Expression of a bacterial gene in transgenic plants confers resistance to the herbicide phenmedipham.
Streber, W. R.; Kutschka, U.; Thomas, F.; Pohlenz, H. D. Plant-mol-biol v.25(6): p.977-987. (1994 Sept.)
In the special issue: Molecular breeding.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; arthrobacter-; gene-transfer; esterases-; herbicide-resistance; phenmedipham-; transgenic-plants; recombinant-dna; arthrobacter-oxidans; phenmedipham-hydrolase; phenmedipham-carbamate-hydrolase

Abstract: Tobacco plants were genetically engineered to express a detoxifying pathway for the herbicide phenmedipham. A gene from Arthrobacter oxidans strain P52 that encodes an enzyme catalysing the hydrolytic cleavage of the carbamate compound phenmedipham has recently been cloned and sequenced. The coding sequence was fused with a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and introduced into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic plants expressing high levels of phenmedipham hydrolase exhibited resistance when sprayed with the herbicide at up to ten times the usual field application rate.

57.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Expression of a maize ubiquitin gene promoter-bar chimeric gene in transgenic rice plants.
Toki, S.; Takamatsu, S.; Nojiri, C.; Ooba, S.; Anzai, H.; Iwata, M.; Christensen, A. H.; Quail, P. H.; Uchimiya, H. Plant-physiol v.100(3): p.1503-1507. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: oryza-sativa; promoters-; introns-; exons-; structural-genes; ubiquitin-; recombinant-dna; reporter-genes; marker-genes; acyltransferases-; genetic-transformation; direct-dna-uptake; electroporation-; transgenic-plants; bilanafos-; herbicide-resistance; streptomyces-; gene-expression; callus-; regenerative-ability; ubi1-gene; bar-gene; phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase; streptomyces-hygroscopicus

Abstract: We have constructed a chimeric gene consisting of the promoter, first exon, and first intron of a maize ubiquitin gene (Ubi-1) and the coding sequence of the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. This construct was transferred into rice (Oryza sativa L.) protoplasts via electroporation, and 10 plants were regenerated from calli that had been selected for resistance to exogenously supplied bialaphos. Transgenic plants grown in a greenhouse were resistant to both bialaphos and phosphinothricine at a dosage lethal to untransformed control plants. Evidence of stable integration of the transferred gene into the genome of the regenerated primary transformant plants was obtained from Southern blot analysis. In addition, northern blot analysis indicated expression and proper splicing of the maize ubiquitin gene first intron from the primary chimeric transcript in these transgenic rice plants, and western blot analysis and enzymic assays verified expression of the active bar gene product. Apparent mendelian segregation for bialaphos resistance in T1 progeny of primary transformants was confirmed.

58.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P68
Expression of an Erwinia phytoene desaturase gene not only confers multiple resistance to herbicides interfering with carotenoid biosynthesis but also alters xanthophyll metabolism in transgenic plants.
Misawa, N.; Masamoto, K.; Hori, T.; Ohtani, T.; Boger, P.; Sandmann, G. Plant-j v.6(4): p.481-489. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; erwinia-uredovora; oxygenases-; structural-genes; gene-transfer; herbicide-resistance; norflurazon-; carotenoids-; xanthophyll-; biosynthesis-; transgenic-plants; xanthophylls-; crtl-gene

59.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Expression of engineered nuclear male sterility in Brassica napus. Genetics, morphology, cytology, and sensitivity to temperature.
Denis, M.; Delourme, R.; Gourret, J. P.; Mariani, C.; Renard, M. Plant-physiol v.101(4): p.1295-1304. (1993 Apr.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus; male-sterility; recombinant-dna; ribonucleases-; structural-genes; anthers-; linkage-; marker-genes; reporter-genes; bilanafos-; glufosinate-; herbicide-resistance; genetic-transformation; transgenic-plants; segregation-; stamens-; pollen-; gametogenesis-; temperature-; tapetum-; barnase-; microsporogenesis-

Abstract: A dominant genetic male sterility trait obtained through transformation in rapeseed (Brassica napus) was studied in the progenies of 11 transformed plants. The gene conferring the male sterility consists of a ribonuclease gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter. Two ribonuclease genes, RNase T1 and barnase, were used. The chimaeric ribonuclease gene was linked to the bialophos-resistance gene, which confers resistance to the herbicide phosphinotricine (PPT). The resistance to the herbicide was used as a dominant marker for the male sterility trait. The study presented here concerns three aspects of this engineered male sterility: genetics correlated with the segregation of the T-DNA in the progenies; expression of the male sterility in relation to the morphology and cytology of the androecium; and stability of the engineered male sterility under different culture conditions. Correct segregation, 50% male-sterile, PPT-resistant plants, and 50% male-fertile, susceptible plants were observed in the progeny of seven transformants. The most prominent morphological change in the male-sterile flowers was a noticeable reduction in the length of the stamen filament. The first disturbances of microsporogenesis were observed from the free microspore stage and were followed by a simultaneous degeneration of microspore and tapetal cell content. At anthesis, the sterile anthers contained only empty exines. In some cases, reversion to fertility of male-sterile plants has been observed. Both ribonuclease genes are susceptible to instability. Instability of the RNase T1-male sterility trait increased at temperatures higher than 25 degrees C. Our results do not allow us to confirm this observation for the barnase male-sterile plants. However, the male-sterile.

60.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Expression of Erwinia uredovora phytoene desaturase in Synechococcus PCC7942 leading to resistance against a bleaching herbicide.
Windhovel, U.; Geiges, B.; Sandmann, G.; Boger, P. Plant-physiol v.104(1): p.119-125. (1994 Jan.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: synechococcus-; erwinia-uredovora; genetic-transformation; structural-genes; oxygenases-; recombinant-dna; promoters-; gene-expression; herbicide-resistance; norflurazon-; carotenoids-; biosynthesis-; phytoene-; crti-gene; psba-gene

Abstract: The gene coding for phytoene desaturase of the bacterium Erwinia uredovora (crtI) was inserted into the chromosome of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 strain R2-PIM8. For expression of crtI in the heterologous host, two constructs with different promoters were introduced into Synechococcus. In the first, crtI was fused to the 5' region of the psbA gene of the xanthophycean microalga Bumilleriopsis filiformis. The second construct carried crtI inserted downstream of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (nptII) from the transposon Tn5. Expression of crtI under the control of the respective promoter was shown by immunodetection of the gene product. The functionality of the heterologously expressed phytoene desaturase CRTI in the transformants was demonstrated by enzymic assays. The transformants acquired very strong resistance toward the bleaching herbicide norflurazon.

61.
NAL Call No.: QK725.P54
Expression of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase from the root specific par promoter in transgenic tobacco plants is sufficient for herbicide tolerance.
Hoeven, C. v. d.; Dietz, A.; Landsmann, J. Plant-cell-rep v.14(2/3): p.165-170. (1994)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; gene-transfer; genes-; transgenic-plants; gene-expression; roots-; glufosinate-; transferases-; enzyme-activity; herbicide- resistance; phytotoxicity-; restriction-mapping; pat-genes; parasponia-andersonii

Abstract: The pat gene, coding for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) from Streptomyces viridochromogenes, was cloned behind the par promoter of the hemoglobin gene from Parasponia andersonii. Introduction into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) resulted in predominantly root specific PAT expression. Application of 5 l/ha BASTA (herbicidal component: phosphinothricin) did not effect growth morphology and vigor of the plants. After application of 20 l/ha BASTA the plants showed herbicide damage. Nevertheless, they all recovered by forming new undamaged leaves and resumed full growth despite virtually non-detectable expression of the PAT enzyme in the leaves.

62.
NAL Call No.: QK725.P54
Expression of the hydromycin B phosphotransferase gene confers tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate.
Penaloza Vazquez, A.; Oropeza, A.; Mena, G. L.; Bailey, A. M. Plant-cell-rep v.14(8): p.482-487. (1995)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; escherichia-coli; genetic-transformation; gene-transfer; genetic-code; hygromycin-b; phosphotransferases-; gene- expression; glyphosate-; herbicide-resistance; transgenic-plants; in-vitro-culture; callus-; cell-growth; culture-media; enzyme-activity; substrates- ; kanamycin-

Abstract: Escherichia coli cells and tobacco (cv. Xanthi) plants transformed with the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene were able to grow in culture medium containing glyphosate at 2.0 mM. The growth of tobacco calli in media containing increasing glyphosate concentrations was measured. The ID50 for glyphosate was 1.70 +/- 0.03 mM for hygromycin-B resistant plants, and 0.45 +/- 0.02 mM for control plants. Regenerated plants and progeny selected for resistance to hygromycin B were tested for glyphosate tolerance by spraying them with Faena herbicide (formulated glyphosate with surfactant) at a dose equal to 0.24 kg/ha. This was two times the dose required to kill 100 percent of the control plants. Phosphotransferase activity was measured in the extracts of the transformed leaves by the incorporation of 32p from [gamma- 32P]ATP and it was observed that hygromycin B phosphotransferase was able to recognize the molecule of glyphosate as substrate.

63.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-G28
Expression of the maize MnSod (Sod3) gene in MnSOD-deficient yeast rescues the mutant yeast under oxidative stress.
Zhu, D.; Scandalios, J. G. Genetics v.131(4): p.803-809. (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: zea-mays; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; structural-genes; superoxide-dismutase; manganese-; genetic-transformation; gene-transfer; gene- expression; mitochondria-; enzyme-activity; oxygen-; free-radicals; paraquat-; herbicide-resistance; stress-; mutants-; induced-mutations; complementation-; deficient-mutants

Abstract: Superoxide dismutases (SOD) are ubiquitous in aerobic organisms and are believed to play a significant role in protecting cells against the toxic, often lethal, effect of oxygen free radicals. However, direct evidence that SOD does in fact participate in such a protective role is scant. The MnSOD-deficient yeast strain (Sod2d) offered an opportunity to test the functional role of one of several SOD isozymes from the higher plant maize in hopes of establishing a functional bioassay for other SODs. Herein, we present evidence that MnSOD functions to protect cells from oxidative stress and that this function is conserved between species. The maize Sod3 gene was introduced into the yeast strain Sod2d where it was properly expressed and its product processed into the yeast mitochondrial matrix and assembled into the functional homotetramer. Most significantly, expression of the maize Sod3 transgene in yeast rendered the transformed yeast cells resistant to paraquat-induced oxidative stress by complementing the MnSOD deficiency. Furthermore, analyses with various deletion mutants of the maize SOD-3 transit peptide in the MnSOD-deficient yeast strain indicate that the initial portion (about 8 amino acids) of the maize transit peptide is required to direct the protein into the yeast mitochondrial matrix in vivo to function properly. These findings indicate that the functional role of maize MnSOD is conserved and dependent on its proper subcellular location in the mitochondria of a heterologous system.

64.
NAL Call No.: QH442.B5
Fertile, transgenic oat plants.
Somers, D. A.; Rines, H. W.; Gu, W.; Kaeppler, H. F.; Bushnell, W. R. Bio/Technol v.10(12): p.1589-1594. (1992 Dec.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: avena-sativa; transgenics-; genetic-transformation; callus-; direct-dna-uptake; reporter-genes; beta-glucuronidase-; phosphotransferases-; glufosinate-; herbicide-resistance; regenerative-ability; fertility-; inheritance-; histoenzymology-; microprojectile-bombardment; uida-gene; bar-gene

65.
NAL Call No.: 100-L93-3
Field evaluation of genetically engineered glufosinate-resistant rice lines.
Linscombe, S. D.; Christou, P.; Braverman, M. P.; Jodari, F. Annu-res-rep-La-State-Univ-Baton-Rouge,-La, (85th): p.96-100. (1993)

Descriptors: oryza-sativa; crop-plants-as-weeds; oryza-sativa; genetic-resistance; glufosinate-; herbicide-resistance; cultivars-; Louisiana-

66.
NAL Call No.: 100-L939
Field evaluation of genetically engineered glufosinate resistant rice lines.
Braverman, M. P.; Linscombe, S. D. La-agric v.37(3): p.29. (1994 Summer)

Descriptors: oryza-sativa; glufosinate-; herbicide-resistance; transgenics-; field-experimentation; Louisiana-

67.
NAL Call No.: 470-SCI24
First gene-splice wheat.
Sci-News-Washington v.141(23): p.379. (1992 June)

Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; genetic-engineering; herbicide-resistance

68.
NAL Call No.: QH442.B5
From pots to plots: genetically modified plants on trial.
Goy, P. A.; Duesing, J. H. Bio/technology-Nat-Publ-Co v.13(5): p.454-458. (1995 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: crops-; genetic-engineering; transgenic-plants; field-experimentation; herbicide-resistance; disease-resistance; agronomic-characteristics

69.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P68
Functional expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYP51A1 encoding lanosterol-14-demethylase in tobacco results in bypass of endogenous sterol biosynthetic pathway and resistance to an obtusifoliol-14-demethylase herbicide inhibitor.
Grausem, B.; Chauber, N.; Gigot, C.; Loper, J. C.; Benveniste, P. Plant-j v.7(5): p.761-770. (1995 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; genetic-transformation; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene-transfer; gene-expression; genetic- code; lanosterol-; methylation-; enzymes-; enzyme-activity; biosynthesis-; biochemical-pathways; sterols-; biochemical-pathways; sterols-; herbicide-resistance; enzyme-inhibitors; transgenic-plants; callus-; plant-composition

Abstract: Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts have been transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a T-DNA in which the gene CYP51A1 encoding lanosterol-14-demethylase (LAN14DM) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Two transformants strongly expressed the LAN14DM as shown by Northern and Western experiments. These transgenic calli were killed by LAB 170250F (LAB) (a phytotoxic fungicide inhibiting both plant obtusifoliol-14-demethylase (OBT14DM and LAN14DM) but were resistant to gamma-ketotriazole (gamma-kt), a herbicide which has been shown to inhibit OBT14DM but not LAN14DM at a concentration that was lethal to control calli. However, these transgenic calli were killed by mixtures of gamma-kt plus fungicide inhibitors of LAN14DM such as ketoconazole, itraconazole or flusilazole which alone were not effective. Further analysis of the transgenic calli grown in the presence of gamma-kt showed that their delta 5-sterol content was close to that of untreated control calli obtained from protoplasts transformed with control plasmid; this is in agreement with evidence that the LAN14DM expressed from the transgene could bypass the blocked OBT14DM by using the plant substrate obtusifoliol. In contrast, control calli when treated with gamma-kt, displayed a sterol content strongly enriched in 14 alpha-methyl sterols and depressed in physiological delta 5-sterols. When the transgenic calli were cultured in mixtures of gamma-kt and LAN14DM inhibitors sterol compositions enriched in 14 alpha-methyl sterols were obtained, reflecting a strong inhibition of both 'endogenous' OBT14DM and 'exogenous' LAN14DM. Taken together these results show that in tobacco calli transformed. creates a bypass of the sterol biosynthetic pathway at the 14-demethylase level when this latter is blocked by an OBT14DM herbicide inhibitor.

70.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P68
Functional expression of the Erwinia uredovora carotenoid biosynthesis gene crtl in transgenic plants showing an increase of beta-carotene biosynthesis activity and resistance to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon.
Misawa, N.; Yamano, S.; Linden, H.; Felipe, M. R. de.; Lucas, M.; Ikenaga, H.; Sandmann, G. Plant-j v.4(5): p.833-840. (1993 Nov.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; transgenics-; biosynthesis-; carotenoids-; herbicide-resistance; norflurazon-

71.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Future impact of crops with modified herbicide resistance.
Wyse, D. L. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.665-668. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; crops-; herbicide-resistance; biotechnology-; weed-control; development-plans

72.
NAL Call No.: QD341.A2N8
Gene rescue in plants by direct gene transfer of total genomic DNA into protoplasts.
Gallois, P.; Lindsey, K.; Malone, R.; Kreis, M.; Jones, M. G. K. Nucleic-Acids-Res v.20(15): p.3977-3982. (1992 Aug.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; arabidopsis-thaliana; beta-vulgaris; gene-transfer; protoplasts-; genes-; isolation-; mutants-; herbicide-resistance; chlorsulfuron-; in-vitro-selection; electroporation-; genetic-transformation; plasmids-; kanamycin-; drug-resistance; direct-dna-uptake; transgenic-plants; segregation-

Abstract: To study the possibility of gene rescue in plants by direct gene transfer we chose the Arabidopsis mutant GH50 as a source of donor DNA. GH50 is tolerant of chlorsulfuron, a herbicide of the sulfonylurea class. Tobacco protoplasts were cotransfected with genomic DNA and the plasmid pHP23 which confers kanamycin resistance. A high frequency of cointegration of the plasmid and the genomic DNA was expected, which would allow the tagging of the plant selectable trait with the plasmid DNA. After transfection by electroporation the protoplasts were cultivated on regeneration medium supplemented with either chlorsulfuron or kanamycin as a selective agent. Selection on kanamycin yielded resistant calluses at an absolute transformation frequency (ATF) of 0.8 X 10(-3). Selection on chlorsulfuron yielded resistant calluses at an ATF of 4.7 X 10(-6). When a selection on chlorsulfuron was subsequently applied to the kanamycin resistant calluses, 8% of them showed resistance to this herbicide. Southern analysis carried out on the herbicide resistant transformants detected the presence of the herbicide resistance gene of Arabidopsis into the genome of the transformed tobacco. Segregation analysis showed the presence of the resistance gene and the marker gene in the progeny of the five analysed transformants. 3 transformants showed evidence of genetic linkage between the two genes. In addition we show that using the same technique a kanamycine resistance gene from a transgenic tobacco could be transferred into sugar beet protoplasts at a frequency of 0.17% of the transformants.

73.
NAL Call No.: SB218.J67
Gene transfer for herbicide resistance.
Steen, P.; Pedersen, H. C. J-sugar-beet-res v.30(4): p.267-274. (1993 Oct.-1993 Dec.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: beta-vulgaris; transgenic-plants; lines-; gene-transfer; herbicide-resistance; glyphosate-; genetic-transformation; glyphosate-; genetic- transformation; position-effect; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; plasmid-vectors; Denmark-; Belgium-; France-; England-; USA-; positype-

74.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Generation of large numbers of independently transformed fertile barley plants.
Wan, Y.; Lemaux, P. G. Plant-physiol v.104(1): p.37-48. (1994 Jan.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: hordeum-vulgare; genetic-transformation; transgenic-plants; direct-dna-uptake; reporter-genes; beta-glucuronidase-; acyltransferases-; barley-yellow-dwarf-luteovirus; coat-proteins; plant-embryos; callus-; regenerative-ability; organogenesis-; fertility-; phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase; biolistic-transformation; vida-gene; bar-gene

Abstract: A rapid, efficient, and reproducible system to generate large numbers of independently transformed, self-fertile, transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants is described. Immature zygotic embryos, young callus, and microspore-derived embryos were bombarded with a plasmid containing bar and uidA either alone or in combination with another plasmid containing a barley yellow dwarf virus coat protein (BYDVcp) gene. A total of 91 independent bialaphos-resistant callus lines expressed functional phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, the product of bar. Integration of bar was confirmed by DNA hybridization in the 67 lines analyzed. Cotransformation frequencies of 84 and 85% were determined for the two linked genes (bar and uidA) and for two unlinked genes (bar and the BYDVcp gene), respectively. More than 500 green, fertile, transgenic plants were regenerated from 36 transformed callus lines on bialaphos-containing medium; albino plants only were regenerated from 41 lines. T(0) plants in 25 lines (three plants per line) were analyzed by DNA hybridization, and all contained bar. Most contained the same integration patterns for the introduced genes (bar, uidA, and the BYDVcp gene) as their parental callus lines. Transmission of the genes to T(1) progeny was confirmed in the five families analyzed by DNA hybridization. A germination test of immature T(1) embryos on bialaphos-containing medium was useful for selecting individuals that were actively expressing bar, although this was not a good indicator of the. were in soil approximately 7 months after bombardment of the immature embryo.

75.
NAL Call No.: TA166.T72
Genes of jeans: biotechnological advances in cotton.
John, M. E.; Stewart, J. M. Trends-Biotechnol v.10(5): p.165-170. (1992 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: gossypium-; biotechnology-; genetic-engineering; selection-criteria; agronomic-characteristics; crop-management; improvement-; fiber- quality; modification-; genes-; genetic-transformation; hybrid-cotton

Abstract: Cotton is a crop of global economic importance. The impact of advances in cotton genetic engineering will therefore go beyond just altering the patterns of agronomic practice to have a major effect on both economic and social structures. Although the majority of characteristics currently being engineered into cotton (i.e. insect- and herbicide-tolerance) relate to improved crop management, the longer-term goals of modifying fiber are to improve and develop novel properties for the product.

76.
NAL Call No.: QH442.J69
Genetic manipulation of crop plants.
Lindsey, K. J-Biotechnol v.26(1): p.1-28. (1992 Oct.)
In the special issue: Plant cell culture / edited by A.H. Scragg.

Descriptors: crops-; genetic-engineering; genetic-transformation; genetic-resistance; plant-development; herbicide-resistance; literature-reviews; pest- resistance

77.
NAL Call No.: 472-N42
Genetic weeding and feeding for tobacco plants.
Bradley, D. New-Sci v.133(1802): p.11. (1992 Jan.)

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; myrothecium-verrucaria; genetic-engineering; herbicide-resistance

78.
NAL Call No.: 61.8-SE52
Genetically altered seed & how it will be distributed.
Grooms, L. Seed-World v.130(12): p.8-9, 11-13. (1992 Nov.)

Descriptors: seeds-; genetic-engineering; distribution-; herbicide-resistance; pest-resistance; roundup-

79.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.B563A382
Genetically-engineered herbicide-resistant crops--a moral imperative for world food production.
Gressel, J. Agro-Ind-Hi-Tech v.3(6): p.3-7. (1992 Nov.-1992 Dec.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: crops-; herbicide-resistance; genetic-engineering; weed-control; herbicides-

80.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.B563B554
Genetically engineered plants for herbicide resistance.
Mullineaux, P. M. Biotechnol-Agric. Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International. 1992. v. 7 p. 75-107.
In the series analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for crop protection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder and Boulter, D.

Descriptors: crops-; herbicides-; herbicide-resistance; gene-expression; genetic-engineering; genetic-transformation; vectors-; biochemical-pathways; amino-acid-metabolism; protein-synthesis; enzyme-activity; genes-; amplification-; structure-activity-relationships; detoxification-; herbicides-; glutathione-transferase; herbicide-safeners; chimerism-; plant-protection; amino-acid-sequences; gene-expression; mutations-; chimeric-genes; herbicide-detoxifying-genes

81.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-G28
Germinal transpositions of the maize element Dissociation from T-DNA loci in tomato.
Carroll, B. J.; Klimyuk, V. I.; Thomas, C. M.; Bishop, G. J.; Harrison, K.; Scofield, S. R.; Jones, J. D. G. Genetics v.139(1): p.407-420. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: zea-mays; lycopersicon-esculentum; agrobacterium-tumefaciens; transposable-elements; loci-; dna-; genetic-transformation; genetic- change; germ-line; reporter-genes; beta-glucuronidase-; marker-genes; kanamycin-; drug-resistance; spectinomycin-; herbicide-resistance; glufosinate-; transferred-dna; spec-gene; bar-gene; iaah-gene; npt-gene

Abstract: We have analyzed the pattern of germinal transpositions of artificial Dissociation (Ds) transposons in tomato. T-DNA constructs carrying Ds were transformed into tomato, and the elements were trans-activated by crossing to lines transformed with a stabilized Activator (sAc) that expressed the transposase gene. The sAc T-DNA carried a GUS gene to monitor its segregation. The Ds elements were inserted in a marker gene so that excision from the T-DNA could be monitored. The Ds elements also carried a genetic marker that was intended to be used for reinsertion selection of the elements after excision. Unfortunately, this gene was irreversibly inactivated on crossing to sAc. Germinal excision frequencies of Ds averaged 15-40%, but there was large variation between and within plants. Southern hybridization analysis of stable transposed Ds elements indicated that although unique transpositions predominate, early transposition events can lead to large clonal sectors in the germline of developing plants and to sibling offspring carrying the same transposition event. Multiple germinal transpositions from three different loci were examined for uniqueness, and 15 different transpositions were identified from each of three T-DNA loci that carried a single independent Ds. These were mapped relative to the donor T-DNA loci, and for each locus 70-80% of the transposed elements were closely linked to the donor site.

82.
NAL Call No.: 450-C16
Growth of transgenic and standard canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties in response to soil salinity.
Redmann, R. E.; Wi, M. Q.; Belyk, M. Can-j-plant-sci v.74(4): p.797-799. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus; seedling-emergence; seedling-growth; soil-salinity; transgenic-plants; leaf-area; shoots-; roots-; biomass-production; evapotranspiration-; genetic-variation; herbicide-resistance; glufosinate-

83.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Growth, photosynthesis, and herbicide tolerance of genetically modified hybrid poplar.
Donahue, R. A.; Davis, T. D.; Michler, C. H.; Riemenschneider, D. E.; Carter, D. R.; Marquardt, P. E.; Sankhla, N.; Sankhla, D.; Haissig, B. E.; Isebrands, J. G. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. Dec 1994. v. 24 (12) p. 2377-2383.
Includes references.

Descriptors: populus-alba; populus-grandidentata; hybrids-; clones-; genetic-transformation; tolerance-; herbicide-resistance; glyphosate-; growth-rate; photosynthesis-; gene-expression; agrobacterium-; ligases-

Abstract: Hybrid poplar clone NC-5339 (Populus alba X Populus grandidentata cv. Crandon) was genetically modified for glyphosate (N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine) tolerance by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with genetic constructs (pPMG 85/587 and pCGN 1107) that included the mutant aroA gene for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (EC 2.5.1.19) and the neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker gene. pCGN 1107 also harbored the coding sequence for a chloroplast transit peptide and the CaMV 35S promoter fused to the mutant aroA gene. Transformants were selected for kanamycin tolerance, and integration of the aroA gene was verified by Southern blot analysis. Cuttings of NC-5339 and the derived transformants were rooted and grown in glasshouses at separate locations, with maximum photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 and 750 micromoles.m-2.s-1. Productivity was assessed by growth studies and photosynthesis measurements at both locations. Glyphosate tolerance was tested by (i) measurement of chlorophyll concentration in herbicide-treated leaf discs and (ii) whole-plant spray tests. Plants transformed with construct pCGN 1107 were the most herbicide tolerant. Perhaps high-level expression of the aroA gene by the CaMV 35S promoter, transport of mutant EPSP synthase into the chloroplasts, or both facilitated glyphosate tolerance. Plants grown at higher photosynthetic photon flux densities (1600 vs. 750 micromoles.m-2.s-1) had significantly higher maximum net photosynthesis (19.8 vs. 16.2 micromoles.m-2.s-1) and more biomass accumulation (47.6 vs. 33.7 g). However, there were no significant differences between NC-5339 and transformants within location for. affect plant productivity at either location.

84.
NAL Call No.: 450-C16
Growth, yield and quality of canola expressing resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides.
Blackshaw, R. E.; Kanashiro, D.; Moloney, M. M.; Crosby, W. L. Can-j-plant-sci v.74(4): p.745-751. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-napus; crop-production; growth-; crop-yield; crop-quality; herbicide-resistance; weed-control; chlorsulfuron-; genetic-regulation; plant-breeding; cultivars-; gene-transfer; genes-; arabidopsis-thaliana; transgenic-plants; seed-weight; herbicides-; imazamethabenz-; metsulfuron-; imazethapyr-; application-rates; Alberta-; flumetsulam-; crs1-1-genes

85.
NAL Call No.: 284.28-W15
Hardy crops yield herbicide controversy.
Nazario, S. L. Wall-St-J-East-Ed p.B1, B4. (1991 Aug.)

Descriptors: herbicide-resistance; genetic-engineering; bromoxynil-; environmental-impact; USA-; US-environmental-protection-agency; environmental-defense-fund; national-wildlife-federation; calgene-; dekalb-genetics; du-pont; monsanto-; sandoz-; upjohn-

86.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.B563A382
Herbicide resistance.
Howard, J.; Baszczynski, C. Agrofoodindustry-Hi-Tech v.3(5): p.3-6. (1992 Sept.-1992 Oct.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: crops-; herbicide-resistance; biotechnology-; uses-; applications-

87.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z34
Herbicide resistance due to amplification of a mutant acetohydroxyacid synthase gene.
Harms, C. T.; Armour, S. L.; DiMaio, J. J.; Middlesteadt, L. A.; Murray, D.; Negrotto, D. V.; Thompson Taylor, H.; Weymann, K.; Montoya, A. L.; Shillito, R. D.; Jen, G. C. M-G-G-Mol-Gen-Genet v.233(3): p.427-435. (1992 June)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; amplification-; structural-genes; multiple-genes; oxo-acid-lyases-; herbicide-resistance; sulfonylurea-herbicides; imazaquin-; in-vitro-selection; enzyme-activity; mutants-; mutations-; genetic-transformation; transgenics-; protoplasts-; cell-suspensions; cinosulfuron-; primisulfuron-; point-mutation; sura-gene; surb-gene; acetolactate-synthase

Abstract: We have selected a tobacco cell line, SU-27D5, that is highly resistant to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. This line was developed by selection first on a lethal concentration of cinosulfuron and then on increasing concentrations of primisulfuron, both sulfonylurea herbicides. SU-27D5 was tested against five sulfonylureas and one imidazolinone herbicide and was shown, in every case, to be two to three orders of magnitude more resistant than wild-type cells. The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) of SU-27D5 was 50- to 780-fold less sensitive than that of wild-type cells to herbicide inhibition. The specific activity of AHAS in the SU-27D5 cell lysate was 6 to 7 times greater than that in wild-type cells. Using Southern analysis, we showed that cell line SU-27D5 had amplified its SuRB AHAS gene about 20-fold while maintaining a normal diploid complement of the SuRA AHAS gene. Genomic clones of both AHAS genes were isolated and used to transform wild-type tobacco protoplasts. SuRB clones gave rise to herbicide-resistant transformants, whereas SuRA clones did not. DNA sequencing showed that all SuRB clones contained a point mutation at nucleotide 588 that converted amino acid 196 of AHAS from proline to serine. In contrast, no mutations were found in the SuRA clones. The stability of SuRB gene amplification was variable in the absence of selection. In one experiment, the withdrawal of selection reduced the copy number of the amplified SuRB gene to the normal level within 30 days. In another experiment, amplification remained stable after extended cultivation on herbicide-free medium. This is the first report of amplification of a mutant herbicide target gene that resulted in broad and strong herbicide resistance.

88.
NAL Call No.: 60.18-UN33
Herbicide-resistant creeping bentgrass.
Lee, L.; Hartman, C.; Laramore, C.; Tumer, N.; Day, P. USGA-Green-Sect-rec v.33(2): p.16-18. (1995 Mar.-1995 Apr.)

Descriptors: agrostis-stolonifera-var; -palustris; herbicide-resistance; lawns-and-turf; transgenic-plants; golf-courses

89.
NAL Call No.: QK710.C87
Herbicide-resistant crops.
Bright, S. W. J. Curr-topics-plant-physiol. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1989-. 1992. v. 7 p. 184-194.
In the series analytic: Biosynthesis and molecular regulation of amino acids in plants / edited by B.K. Singh, H.E. Flores and J.C. Shannon. 7th Annual Penn State Symposium in Plant Physiology held May 28-30, 1992, University Park, PA.

Descriptors: plant-physiology; amino-acids; biosynthesis-; regulation-; herbicides-; enzyme-inhibitors; herbicide-resistance; kinetics-; literature-reviews

90.
NAL Call No.: 381-J825N
Herbicide-resistant crops focus of biotechnology debate.
Baum, R. Chem-Eng-News v.71(10): p.38-41. (1993 Mar.)

Descriptors: brassica-napus; herbicide-resistance; transgenics-; crops-; roundup-; monsanto-

91.
NAL Call No.: 381-J825N
Herbicide-resistant crops focus of biotechnology debate.
Baum, R. M. Chem-Eng-News v.71(10): p.38-41. (1993 Mar.)

Descriptors: herbicide-resistance; crops-; genetic-engineering; USDA-; public-opinion; USA-

92.
NAL Call No.: QH442.B5
Herbicide resistant fertile transgenic wheat plants obtained by microprojectile bombardment of regenerable embryogenic callus.
Vasil, V.; Castillo, A. M.; Fromm, M. E.; Vasil, I. K. Bio/Technol v.10(6): p.662-674. (1992 June)
Includes references.

Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; genetic-transformation; direct-dna-uptake; transgenics-; gene-transfer; structural-genes; acyltransferases-; plasmids-; herbicide-resistance; glufosinate-; callus-; regenerative-ability; embryogenesis-; reporter-genes; basta-; bar-gene; phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase

93.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P62
Herbicide-resistant Indica rice plants from IRRI breeding line IR72 after PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts.
Datta, S. K.; Datta, K.; Soltanifar, N.; Donn, G.; Potrykus, I. Plant-Mol-Biol-Int-J-Mol-Biol-Biochem-Genet-Eng v.20(4): p.619-629. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: oryza-sativa; genetic-transformation; protoplasts-; direct-dna-uptake; polyethylene-glycol; gene-transfer; transgenics-; phosphotransferases-; drug-resistance; hygromycin-b; acyltransferases-; herbicide-resistance; glufosinate-; regenerative-ability; enzyme-activity; pat-gene; phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase; hph-gene; hygromycin-phosphotransferase; bar-gene

Abstract: The commercially important Indica rice cultivar Oryza sativa cv. IR72 has been transformed using direct gene transfer to protoplasts. PEG-mediated transformation was done with two plasmid constructs containing either a CaMV 35S promoter/HPH chimaeric gene conferring resistance to hygromycin (Hg) or a CaMV 35S promoter/BAR chimaeric gene conferring resistance to a commercial herbicide (Basta) containing phosphinothricin (PPT). We have obtained so far 92 Hg(r) and 170 PPT(r) IR72 plants from protoplasts through selection. 31 Hg(r) and 70 PPT(r) plants are being grown in the greenhouse to maturity. Data from Southern analysis and enzyme assays proved that the transgene was stably integrated into the host genome and expressed. Transgenic plants showed complete resistance to high doses of the commercial formulations of PPT.

94.
NAL Call No.: 450-P692
Herbicide-resistant tobacco plants expressing the fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and yeast NADPH- cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase.
Shiota, N.; Nagasawa, A.; Sakaki, T.; Yabusaki, Y.; Ohkawa, H. Plant-physiol v.106(1): p.17-23. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; genetic-transformation; cauliflower-mosaic-caulimovirus; gene-transfer; transgenic-plants; gene-expression; herbicide- resistance; cytochrome-p-450; oxidoreductases-; enzyme-activity; genome-analysis; dna-; messenger-rna; protein-synthesis; chlorotoluron-

Abstract: Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) plants expressing a genetically engineered fused enzyme between rat cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase were produced. The expression plasmid pGFC2 for the fused enzyme was constructed by insertion of the corresponding cDNA into the expression vector pNG01 under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and nopaline synthase gene terminator. The fused enzyme cDNA was integrated into tobacco genomes by Agrobacterium infection techniques. In transgenic tobacco plants, the fused enzyme protein was localized primarily in the microsomal fraction. The microsomal monooxygenase activities were approximately 10 times higher toward both 7-ethoxycoumarin and benzo[a]pyrene than in the control plant. The transgenic plants also showed resistance to the herbicide chlortoluron.

95.
NAL Call No.: SB951.P47
Herbicide-resistant transgenic tobacco plants expressing CYP1A1/P450 reductase fused enzyme.
Shiota, N.; Ohkawa, H.; Sakaki, T.; Nagasawa, A.; Yabusaki, Y. Pestic-sci v.44(1): p.83-84. (1995 May)
Extended Summaries 8th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry (IUPAC).

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; nicotiana-tabacum; herbicide-resistance; chlorotoluron-; metabolism-; gene-expression; oxidoreductases-; biochemical- pathways

96.
NAL Call No.: QH442.B5
Herbicide resistant turfgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) by biolistic transformation.
Hartman, C. L.; Lee, L.; Day, P. R.; Tumer, N. E. Bio/technology-Nat-Publ-Co v.12(9): p.919-923. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: agrostis-stolonifera-var; -palustris; genetic-transformation; structural-genes; bilanafos-; herbicide-resistance; transgenic-plants; gene- expression; messenger-rna; bar-gene

97.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.B563N33
Herbicide tolerance in crops. 1.
Fehr, W. R. NABC-rep (3): p.179-198. (1991)
In the series analytic: Agricultural biotechnology at the crossroads: biological, social and institutional concerns.

Descriptors: herbicides-; tolerance-; biotechnology-

98.
NAL Call No.: aZ5071.N3
Herbicide tolerance/resistance in plants: April 1991-March 1994.
Dobert, R. Quick-bibliogr-ser. Beltsville, Md., National Agricultural Library. Sept 1994. (94-60) 122 p.
Updates QB 91-104.

Descriptors: herbicide-resistance; tolerance-; plants-; bibliographies-

99.
NAL Call No.: SB950.2.I3I4
Herbicide tolerant crops.
Graham, J. Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference summaries of presentations January 8, 9, 10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois / Univ of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Coop Ext Serv, in coop with the Illinois Natural History Survey. [Urbana, Ill.] : Cooperative Extension Service, Univ of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, [1991].. p. 167-169.
"Proceedings of the 1991 Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference," January 8-10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois.

Descriptors: crops-; herbicide-resistance; genetic-engineering

100.
NAL Call No.: A00109
Herbicide-tolerant crops dominate testing in the industrialized world.
Gene-Exch v.4(1): p.3. (1993 May)

Descriptors: herbicide-resistance; field-tests

101.
NAL Call No.: 500-N21P
High-frequency germinal transposition of Ds(ALS) in Arabidopsis.
Honma, M. A.; Baker, B. J.; Waddell, C. S. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A v.90(13): p.6242-6246. (1993 July)
Includes references.

Descriptors: arabidopsis-thaliana; gene-mapping; gene-transfer; genetic-code; genetic-markers; mutagenesis-; transgenics-; transposable-elements; zea- mays

Abstract: We have established an efficient transposon-tagging system in Arabidopsis thaliana using the Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) elements from maize. This system consists of two components, a stable trans-activator, Ac(st), that supplies transposase, and a cis-responsive Ds element. Ds and Ac(st) were constructed with different selectable and screenable markers to facilitate monitoring of Ds excisions and insertions as well as segregation of Ds and Ac(st). Fusions of the 35S, rbcS, or CHS promoters to Ac transposase were used to trans-activate Ds(ALS), a Ds element carrying an herbicide-resistance gene. The ALS gene encoding acetolactase synthase, which confers resistance to chlorsulfuron, functioned as a versatile marker for selection of plants grown in tissue culture as well as in soil. Thirty-five Ac(st) lines were crossed to two Ds(ALS) lines, and the resulting progeny were assayed for germinal transposition of Ds(ALS). Trans-activation of Ds(ALS) by Ac(st) resulted in germinal excision frequencies of up to 64% when using 35S promoter-Ac transposase fusions, up to 67% when using rbcS-transposase fusions, and up to 1% when using CHS-transposase fusions. Amongst progeny bearing terminal excisions, Southern analysis revealed that 45% from 35S-Ac(st) crosses and 29% from rbcS-Ac(st) crosses carried reintegrated Ds(ALS) elements. The Ac/Ds system we have developed should prove to be an effective tool for stable gene tagging in Arabidopsis.

102.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z34
High frequency, heat treatment-induced inactivation of the phosphinothricin resistance gene in transgenic single cell suspension cultures of Medicago sativa.
Walter, C.; Broer, I.; Hillemann, D.; Puhler, A. M-G-G-Mol-Gen-Genet v.235(2/3): p.189-196. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: medicago-sativa; genetic-transformation; transgenics-; structural-genes; acyltransferases-; glufosinate-; herbicide-resistance; gene- expression; cell-suspensions; genetic-regulation; heat-; callus-; regenerative-ability; enzyme-activity; gene-inactivation; pat-gene; phosphinothricin-n-acetyltransferase-

Abstract: One descendant of the Medicago sativa Ra-3 transformant T304 was analysed with respect to the somatic stability of the synthetic phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase (pat) gene which was used as a selective marker and was under the control of the 5'/3' expression signals of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene VI. In order to quantify gene instability, we developed a system for culturing and regenerating individual cells. Single cell suspension cultures derived from T304 and the ancestral non-transgenic M. sativa cultivar Ra-3, were established. The cells were regenerated into monoclonal calli. In transgenic calli, the phosphinothricin (Pt)-resistance phenotype was retained after more than 2 months of non-selective growth. In contrast, up to 12% of the suspension culture cells grown under non-selective conditions and at constant temperature (25 degrees C) lost the herbicide-resistance phenotype within 150 days. Surprisingly, a heat treatment (37 degrees C), lasting for 10 days, during the culture period resulted in an almost complete (95%) loss of the Pt resistance of the suspension culture cells. However, the frequency of cell division was identical in cultures grown under normal and heat treatment conditions. A biochemical test revealed that no phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase activity was present in heat treated, Pt-sensitive cells. The resistance level of the Pt- sensitive transgenic cells was equivalent to that of the wild-type cells. A PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the pat gene in heat treated, Pt- sensitive cells. From these results it is concluded that the Pt resistance gene was heat-inactivated at a high frequency in the M. sativa suspension cultures.

103.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
History of herbicide--tolerant crops, methods of development and current state of the art--emphasis on glyphosate tolerance.
Kishore, G. M.; Padgette, S. R.; Fraley, R. T. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.626-634. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; crops-; herbicide-resistance; glyphosate-; weed-control; chemical-control; gene-transfer; biotechnology-; research-; literature-reviews

104.
NAL Call No.: QK725.P532
Identification of the Arabidopsis CHL3 gene as the nitrate reductase structural gene NIA2.
Wilkinson, J. Q.; Crawford, N. M. Plant-Cell v.3(5): p.461-471. (1991 May)
Includes references.

Descriptors: arabidopsis-thaliana; induced-mutations; mutants-; deletions-; nitrate-reductase; genes-; chlorates-; herbicide-resistance; phenotypic- selection; nucleotide-sequences; complementation-; transgenics-; genetic-transformation; alleles-; allelism-; deletion-mutations; potassium-chlorate; null-mutants; molecular-sequence-data

Abstract: Chlorate, the chlorine analog of nitrate, is a herbicide that has been used to select mutants impaired in the process of nitrate assimilation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations at any one of eight distinct loci confer resistance to chlorate. The molecular identities of the genes at these loci are not known; however, one of these loci--chl3--maps very near the nitrate reductase structural gene NIA2. Through the isolation, characterization, and genetic analysis of new chlorate-resistant mutants generated by gamma irradiation, we have been able to demonstrate that the CHL3 gene and the NIA2 gene are identical. Three new chlorate-resistant mutants were identified that had deletions of the entire NIA2 gene. These nia2 null mutants were viable and still retained 10% of wild-type nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of the plants. All three deletion mutations were found to be new alleles of chl3. Introduction of the NlA2 gene back into these chl3 mutants by Agrobacterium- mediated transformation partially complemented their mutant phenotype. From these data, we conclude that Arabidopsis has at least two functional nitrate reductase genes and that the NIA2 gene product accounts for the majority of the leaf nitrate reductase activity and chlorate sensitivity of Arabidopsis plants.

105.
NAL Call No.: QH442.6.T74
The impact of selection parameters on the phenotype and genotype of transgenic rice callus and plants.
Christou, P.; Ford, T. L. Transgenic-res v.4(1): p.44-51. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: oryza-sativa; transgenic-plants; reporter-genes; hygromycin-b; drug-resistance; beta-glucuronidase-; in-vitro-selection; phenotypes-; genotypes-; callus-; explants-; genetic-transformation; bilanafos-; herbicide-resistance; regeneration-; chimeras-; chimerism-; gus-gene; bar-gene; hmr-gene; particle-bombardment; uida-gene

106.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.B563B56
In vitro selection for herbicide tolerance in maize.
Somers, D. A.; Anderson, P. C. Biotechnol-agricult-for (25): p.293-313. (1994)
In the series analytic: Maize / edited by Y.P.S. Bajaj.

Descriptors: zea-mays; in-vitro-selection; herbicide-resistance; callus-; tissue-culture; mutants-; mutations-; literature-reviews

107.
NAL Call No.: 500-N21P
Increased resistance to oxidation stress in transgenic plants that overexpress chloroplastic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase.
Gupta, A. S.; Heinen, J. L.; Holaday, A. S.; Burke, J. J.; Allen, R. D. Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A v.90(4): p.1629-1633. (1993 Feb.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: nicotiana-tabacum; transgenics-; chloroplasts-; gene-expression; genetic-code; oxidation-; photoinhibition-; stress-; superoxide-dismutase; herbicide-resistance; methyl-viologen

Abstract: Transgenic tobacco plants that express a chimeric gene that encodes chloroplast-localized Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) from pea have been developed. To investigate whether increased expression of chloroplast-targeted SOD could after the resistance of photosynthesis to environmental stress, these plants were subjected to chilling temperatures and moderate (500 micromole of quanta per m2 per s) or high (1500 micromole of quanta per m2 per s) light intensity. During exposure to moderate stress, transgenic SOD plants retained rates of photosynthesis approximately 20% higher than untransformed tobacco plants, implicating active oxygen species in the reduction of photosynthesis during chilling. Unlike untransformed plants, transgenic SOD plants were capable of maintaining nearly 90% of their photosynthetic capacity (determined by their photosynthetic rates at 25 degrees C) following exposure to chilling at high light intensity for 4 hr. These plants also showed reduced levels of light-mediated cellular damage from the superoxide-generating herbicide methyl viologen. These results demonstrate that SOD is a critical component of the active-oxygen-scavenging system of plant chloroplasts and indicate that modification of SOD expression in transgenic plants can improve plant stress tolerance.

108.
NAL Call No.: TA166.T72
Indiscriminate use of selectable markers--sowing wild oats.
Gressel, J. Trends-Biotechnol v.10(11): p.382. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.

Descriptors: avena-fatua; genetic-markers; marker-genes; herbicide-resistance; glufosinate-; gene-transfer; avena-sativa; transgenics-; biotechnology-

109.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
An industry perspective on herbicide-tolerant crops.
Giaquinta, R. T. Weed-Technol-J-Weed-Sci-Soc-Am v.6(3): p.653-656. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Paper presented at the Symposium, "Development of Herbicide-Resistant Crop Cultivars", Weed Science Society of America, February 6, 1991, Louisville, Kentucky.

Descriptors: transgenic-plants; crops-; herbicide-resistance; biotechnology-; industry-; weed-control

110.
NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z8
Inheritance of rapeseed (Brassica napus)-specific RAPD markers and a transgene in the cross B. juncea X (B. juncea X B. napus).
Frello, S.; Hansen, K. R.; Jensen, J.; Jorgensen, R. B. Theor-appl-genet. Berlin; Springer-Verlag. July 1995. v. 91 (2) p. 236-241.
Includes references.

Descriptors: brassica-juncea; brassica-napus; interspecific-hybridization; inheritance-; genetic-markers; transgenic-plants

Abstract: We have examined the inheritance of 20 rapeseed (Brassica napus)-specific RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers from transgenic, herbicide-tolerant rapeseed in 54 plants of the BC, generation from the cross B. juncea X (B. juncea X B. napus). Hybridization between B. juncea and B. napus, with B. juncea as the female parent, was successful both in controlled crosses and spontaneously in the field. The controlled backcrossing of selected hybrids to B. juncea, again with B. juncea as the female parent, also resulted in many seeds. The BC1 plants contained from 0 to 20 of the rapeseed RAPD markers, and the frequency of inheritance of individual RAPD markers ranged from 19% to 93%. The transgene was found in 52% of the plants analyzed. Five synteny groups of RAPD markers were identified. In the hybrids pollen fertility