ISSN:1052-5378

Compiled By:
Karl R. Schneider
Reference Section
Reference and User Services Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

Compiled For:

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC)

AFSIC specializes in locating and accessing information related to non-conventional cropping systems including sustainable, organic, low-input, biodynamic, and regenerative agriculture. AFSIC also focuses on alternative crops, new uses for traditional crops, and crops grown for industrial production.

AFSIC staff create and publish Quick Bibliographies (QB), Special Reference Briefs (SRB) and Agri-Topics (AT). These publications focus on specific topics of current interest. Most AFSIC publications are available in ASCII text through this website under "AFSIC Publications". To obtain AFSIC publications on computer diskette, or in hardcopy (limited availability), please make requests by contacting the AFSIC office by phone, mail, or e-mail. A complete list/printable order form of all AFSIC publications and format availability is available under List of AFSIC Publications.

Books, articles, and videocassettes cited in AFSIC bibliographic publications are not available directly from AFSIC. For information on how to obtain these materials, please read NAL Document Delivery Information listed on the AFSIC Homepage.

Specific topics not covered by AFSIC QB’s, SRB’s and AT’s may be addressed, on request, by AFSIC reference staff through brief, complementary database searches.

For further information concerning the services and activities of the Center, contact:

Alternative Farming Systems - Economic Aspects
Compiler’s Notes

Search Strategy

Alternative Farming Systems - Economic Aspects

QB 98-01

1.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.K562--1994
1993-1994 U.C. Cooperative Extension : production practices and sample costs for organic processing tomatoes in the Sacramento Valley. U.C. Cooperative Extension. Production practices and sample costs for organic processing tomatoes in the Sacramento Valley.
Klonsky, K.; Tourte, L.; Chaney, D.; University of California (System). Cooperative Extension. [Oakland, Calif. : The Extension, 1994?] 24 p., Cover title. Includes bibliographical references (p. 16).
Descriptors: Organic-farming-California-Cost-of- operation; Tomatoes-California-Costs; Tomato-growers-California

2.
NAL Call No.: HD1484.A15--1996
1996 CSA Farm Network. CSA Farm Network. Community Supported Agriculture. Community Supported Agriculture Farm Network.
Northeast Organic Farming Association. Stillwater, NY : CSA Farm Network (130 Ruckytucks Rd., Stillwater, NY 12170), c1996. 88 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: CSA-Farm-Network-Northeastern-States; Agriculture,-Cooperative-Northeastern-States; Alternative- agriculture-Northeastern-States; Sustainable-agriculture- Northeastern-States; Organic-farming-Northeastern-States

3.
NAL Call No.: HD9000.1.A17
2020 brief : a 2020 vision for food, agriculture, and theenvironment. 2020 vision. Two thousand twenty brief.
International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C. : IFPRI, [1994- v. : ill.
Title from caption.
Descriptors: Food-supply; Sustainable-agriculture- Economic-aspects; Sustainable-agriculture-Environmental-aspects; Economic-development-Environmental-aspects

4.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5
The ability of barley to compete with weeds.
Doll, H. Biol agric hortic v.14(1): p.43-51. (1997)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hordeum-vulgare; varieties; crop-weed- competition; competitive-ability; weeds; species-diversity; growth; dry-matter-accumulation; sowing-rates; crop-density; plant-density; crop-yield; grain; weed-control; chemical-control; cultural-control; crop-management; alternative-farming; biodynamic-farming; conventional-farming

5.
NAL Call No.: HD9000.5.A33--1997
Adding values to our food system : an economic analysis of sustainable community food systems.
USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. Everson, Wash. : Integrity Systems Cooperative, [1997] 85, [15] p., Cover title. "February, 1997." Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-85).
Descriptors: Farm-produce-Marketing; Alternative- agriculture; Agriculture,-Cooperative

6.
NAL Call No.: HC79.E5S867-1997
The adoption of alternative farming enterprises in Ireland's less favoured areas.
Cawley, M.; Gillmor, D. A.; McDonagh, P. Sustainable rural development. Aldershot ; Brookfield, USA : Ashgate, c1997. p. 93-112.
Paper presented at the Sixteenth Congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology, August 1995, Prague, Czech Republic. Includes references.

7.
NAL Call No.: HD9014.C23S35--1996
Agri-Food Innovation Fund : plans & programs.
Saskatchewan. Agri Food Innovation Fund. [Regina?] : Canada- Saskatchewan Agri-Food Innovation Agreement, [1996] 48 p., Cover title.
Descriptors: Saskatchewan-Agri-Food-Innovation-Fund; Horticultural-products-industry-Saskatchewan; Agricultural- biotechnology-Economic-aspects-Saskatchewan; Sustainable- agriculture-Economic-aspects-Saskatchewan; Food-industry-and- trade-Saskatchewan

8.
NAL Call No.: S475.B6A46--1996
La agricultura sostenible y el medio rural en Bolivia : comentarios a una propuesta.
Inter American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. Agencia de Cooperacion Tecnica en Bolivia. Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales. La Paz, Bolivia : Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacion para la Agricultura, Agencia de Cooperacion Tecnica en Bolivia : Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, [1996] 256 p. : ill., "Junio 1996"-- T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Sustainable-agriculture-Bolivia; Rural- development-Bolivia

9.
NAL Call No.: S471.I3J385--1997
Agricultural development in South Asia : a comparative study in the green revolution experiences. 1st ed.
Jasbir Singh, 1. New Delhi : National Book Organisation, 1997. xxix, 633 p. : maps, Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Descriptors: Green-revolution-South-Asia; Sustainable- agriculture-South-Asia; Rural-development-South-Asia; Agriculture-Environmental-aspects-South-Asia; Agricultural- resources-South-Asia-Management

10.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.A372--1997
Agricultural production and nutrition.
Lockeretz, W.; Tufts University. School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Medford, MA : School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 1997. vi, 213 p. : ill., maps, "September 1997" "Proceedings of a conference held in Boston, Massachusetts, March 19-21, 1997, and organized by the Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy" Includes bibliographical references and index.
Descriptors: Organic-farming-Congresses; Natural-foods- Public-opinion-Congresses; Agricultural-productivity-Congresses; Food-Quality-Congresses; Nutrition-Congresses

11.
NAL Call No.: HD1917.A35--1994
Agricultural restructuring and rural change in Europe.
Symes, D.; Jansen, A. J.; European Congress for Rural Sociology (16th : 1993 : Wageningen, N. Wageningen : Agricultural University, 1994. ix, 324 p. : ill., "The origins of this volume of collected papers lie in the XVIth European Congress of [sic] Rural Sociology, held in Wageningen, The Netherlands, from the 2nd to the 6th of August 1993 under the title Agricultural Change, Rural Society and the State"--P. ix. Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Agriculture-and-state-Europe-Congresses; Rural-development-Europe-Congresses; Agriculture-Environmental- aspects-Europe-Congresses; Sustainable-agriculture-Europe- Congreses; Europe-Rural-conditions-Congresses

12.
NAL Call No.: HD1433.B34--1996
Agriculture and nature protection--from conflict to cooperation. Landwirtschaft und Naturschutz-- vom Konflikt zur Kooperation : eine institutionenokonomische Analyse.
Bahner, T. 1. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, c1996. 288 p. : ill., Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universitat Witten/Hardecke, 1996. Includes bibliographical references (p. 271-288).
Descriptors: Agriculture-Economic-aspects; Conservation-of-natural-resources; Debt-equity-conversion; Public-goods; Institutional-economics

13.
NAL Call No.: HD9000.5.A372--1995
Agriculture and sustainable development. Agricultura y desarrollo sostenible.
Cadenas Marin, A. Madrid : Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Secretaria General Tecnica, [1995?] 480 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Sustainable-agriculture; Sustainable- development; Food-industry-and-trade

14.
NAL Call No.: HF1379.A37--1996
Agriculture, trade, and the environment : discovering and measuring the critical linkages. Agriculture, trade & the environment.
Bredahl, M. E. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, c1996. viii, 311 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: International-trade-Environmental-aspects; Sustainable-agriculture; Environmental-policy; Commercial-policy- Environmental-aspects

15.
NAL Call No.: HC13.I544-1996
An agroecological approach to sustainable agriculture.
Amien, I. Multiple objective decision making for land, water, and environmental management proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiple Objective Decision Support Systems MODSS for Land, Water and Environmental Management: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications / International Conference on Multiple Objective Decision Support Systems for Land, Water and Environmental Management: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications. Boca Raton, Fla. : Lewis Publishers, c1998. p. 465-480.
Meeting held September 1996 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Edited by S.A. El-Swaify and D.S. Yakowitz. Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-development; expert-systems; cropping-systems; tropics; sumatra; java

16.
NAL Call No.: HC10.S63
Agroecology in Mexico: linking environmental and indigenous struggles.
Carruthers, D. V. Soc nat resour v.10(3): p.259-272. (1997 May-1997 June)
Special Issue: The Politics and Policies of Sustainable Agriculture. Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; sustainability; economic-development; traditional-farming; mexico; traditional- ecological-knowledge

17.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.A45A373--1995
Agroforestry for natural resource management and sustainable food production in the Sahel : a research strategy. Agroforesterie pour la gestion des ressources naturelles et une production durable dans le Sahel : une strategie de recherche.
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique (Burkina Faso). Nairobi, Kenya : International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 1995. 25, 27 p. : maps, "A collaborative programme between ICRAF and Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique (CNRST) Burkina Faso ..."
Descriptors: Agroforestry-Sahel; Arid-regions- agriculture-Sahel; Agricultural-resources-Sahel-Management; Sustainable-agriculture-Sahel

18.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76-no.47
Agronomic viability and potential economic performance of three organic four year rotations without livestock, 1988- 1995.
Bulson, H. A. J.; Welsh, J. P.; Stopes, C. E.; Woodward, L. Rotations and cropping systems, 16-18 December 1996, Churchill College, Cambridge. Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK : AAB Office c/o Horticulture Research International, [1996]. p. 277- 286.
Includes references.
Descriptors: organic-farming

19.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
Agrosilvopastoral systems: a practical approach toward sustainable agriculture.
Russo, R. O. J sustain agric v.7(4): p.5-17. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agrosilvopastoral-systems; sustainability; agricultural-production

20
NAL Call No.: QD1.A45-no.582
Allelopathy and sustainable agriculture.
Chou, C. H. Allelopathy organisms, processes, and applications. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1995. p. 211-223.
Developed from a meeting sponsored by the Botanical Society ofAmerica Section of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, August 1-5, 1993, Ames, Iowa. Includes references.
Descriptors: allelopathy; sustainability; weed-control; crop-yield; crop-residues; oxygen; phytotoxins; rotations; flooding; autointoxication
Abstract: Allelopathy, a detrimental biochemical interaction between plants, plays an important role in weed control and crop productivity in Taiwan. The extracts of many dominant plants, such as Delonix regia, Digitaria decumbens, Leucaena leucocephala, and Vitex negundo, contain allelopathic compounds, including phenolic acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. These can be used as natural herbicides, fungicides, etc. which are less disruptive of the global ecosystem than are synthetic agrochemicals. Many important crops, such as rice, sugarcane, and mungbean, are affected by their own toxic exudates or by phytotoxins produced when their residues decompose in the soil. For example, in Taiwan the yield of the second annual rice crop is typically 25% lower than that of the first, due to phytotoxins produced during the fallowing period between crops. Autointoxication can tee minimized by eliminating, or preventing the formation of the phytotoxins through field treatments such as crop rotation, water draining, water flooding, and the polymerization of phytotoxic phenolics into a humic complex. By understanding and applying allelopathy we can sustainably maximize crop yields while minimizing disruptive and costly chemical input.

21.
NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Alternative agriculture: the basics.
Keller, K. Small farm today v.14(2): p.19-20. (1997 Apr.-1997 May)
Descriptors: alternative-farming; diversification; sustainability

22.
NAL Call No.: aZ5074.A815S36--1987
Alternative farming systems-economic aspects, 1970-1986 : 124 citations.
Schneider, K. 1.; National Agricultural Library (U.S.). Beltsville, Md. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, [1987] 3, 14, 3 p., Cover title. Shipping list no.: 87-202-P. "Database searched: AGRICOLA." "March 1987." Includes index. SUDOCS: A 17.18/4:87-31.
Descriptors: Agriculture-Economic-aspects-United- States-Bibliography

23.
NAL Call No.: aZ5071.N3
Alternative farming systems--economic aspects: March 1993-June 1996.
Schneider, K. Quick-bibliogr-ser. Beltsville, Md. National Agricultural Library. Sept 1996. (96-08) 130 p.
Updates QB 93-17.

24.
NAL Call No.: S451.W6P76-1990
Alternative forages.
Bay, T. Proceedings Progress in Wisconsin sustainable agriculture March 1990. [Wisconsin?] : University of Wisconsin, [1990?]. p. 77-83.

Descriptors: fodder-crops; crop-production; alternative-farming; low-input-agriculture; profitability; dairy-cattle; cattle- feeding; forage; crop-quality; energy-consumption; Wisconsin; alternative-crops

25.
NAL Call No.: Z5074.E4L36--1997
Alternativer Landbau und feministische Naturwissenschaftskritik : eine Bibliographie mit Kommentar.
Landschulze, M. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, 1997. 211 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-105) and index.
Descriptors: Alternative-agriculture-Bibliography; Women-in-agriculture-Bibliography

26.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
Alternatives for nitrogen nutrition of crops in tropical agriculture.
Dobereiner, J.; Urquiaga, S.; Boddey, R. M. Fertil res v.42(1/3): p.339-346. (1995)
In the special issue: Nitrogen economy in tropical soils / edited by N. Ahmad. Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; sustainability; alternative-farming; crop-production; nitrogen-fertilizers; nutrient-sources; nitrogen-fixation; technology; tropical-soils; nitrogen-fixing-bacteria; endophytes; poaceae; fabaceae; nitrogen-fixing-trees; agroforestry; green-manures; pasture- legumes; fuel-crops; soil-fertility; brazil; biological-nitrogen- fixation
Abstract: The development of sustainable agricultural systems for the tropics requires among other technologies, alternatives for nitrogen fertilizers which are often limited in availability for financial reasons and also represent a major source of groundwater and air pollution. There are many new alternatives for the development of agricultural systems which make use of biological processes in soil. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), that is, the biological conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen into mineral N, is the most important alternative among them. Examples are given of the impact of various technologies used in Brazil. Soybean, introduced into the country 30 years ago, is now the second most important export crop, reaching 24 million tons annually with no N fertilizer application. Consequently, Brazil today is the country in the world which uses the lowest amounts of nitrogen fertilizers in relation to phosphate. Alternatives for crop rotations and pastures are also discussed. Possibilities of expanding BNF to cereals and other non-legume crops are gaining new credibility due to the identification of endophytic associations with diazotropic bacteria. The definite proof of substantial BNF in sugar cane with N balance and 15N methods in certain genotypes selected under low N fertilizer applications opens up new alternatives for sustainable agriculture and will be the key to viable big-fuel programmes.

27.
NAL Call No.: HD101.S6
Alternatives for small farm survival: government policies versus the free market.
Tweeten, L. G.; Amponsah, W. A. J agric appl econ v.28(1): p.88-98. (1996 July)
Paper presented at the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Annual Meeting, February 3-7, 1996, Greensboro, North Carolina. Discussion by M.C. Ahearn, p. 95-98. Includes references.
Descriptors: federal-programs; resource-allocation; markets; rural-development; usa
Abstract: This paper briefly outlines a topology of small farms and then considers the role of the government versus the market in key public policies such as commodity income support, environment, stability, research, and rural development. A number of options are explored for public policy to better serve small farms, including drastic alternatives such as graduated property taxes on farmland, with exemptions or lower rates for small farms. These and other alternatives are not necessarily recommended. Improved extension education and human resource development offer some of the most promising public policy opportunities to help small farmers.

28.
NAL Call No.: SB13.I52
Analysis of crop performance in research on inulin, fibre and oilseed crops.
Meijer, W. J. M.; Mathijssen, E. W. J. M. Ind crop prod v.5(4): p.253-264. (1996 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cichorium-intybus; helianthus-tuberosus; inulin; cannabis-sativa; linum-usitatissimum; fiber-plants; crambe-abyssinica; brassica; oilseed-plants; crop-production; alternative-farming; productivity; solar-radiation; use- efficiency; light-relations; dry-matter-accumulation; developmental-stages; vegetative-period; sexual-reproduction; growth-rate; new-crops; novel-crops

29.
NAL Call No.: S601.A34
Analysis of deforestation and economically sustainable farming systems under pressure of population growth and income constraints at the village level in Tanzania.
Kaoneka, A. R. S.; Solberg, B. Agric ecosyst environ v.62(1): p.59-70. (1997 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; sustainability; population-growth; population-pressure; deforestation; land-use; income; food-consumption; linear-models; tanzania

30.
NAL Call No.: 281.9--Io93-no.34
Analysis of some farm program alternatives for the future : farm income and government costs with government land purchase, land rental or easement purchase with and without grazing rights for added beef production.
Heady, E. O. 1.; Madsen, H. C. 1.; Mayer, L. V. [Ames, Iowa] : Center for Agricultural and Economic Development, Iowa State University, [1969] iii, 48 p. : ill., "April 1969." Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Agriculture-and-state-United-States

31.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Annual grass control in corn (Zea mays) with primisulfuron combined with nicosulfuron.
Rabaey, T. L.; Harvey, R. G. Weed technol v.11(1): p.171-175. (1997 Jan.-1997 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; weed-control; eriochloa-villosa; setaria-faberi; panicum-miliaceum; chemical-control; sulfonylurea-herbicides; herbicide-mixtures; efficacy; application-rates; low-input-agriculture; crop-yield; grain; Wisconsin

32.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
Assessing the sustainability of smallholder tree crop production in the tropics: a methodological outline.
Herzog, F.; Gotsch, N. J sustain agric v.11(4): p.13-37. (1998)
Includes references.
Descriptors: theobroma-cacao; crop-production; sustainability; assessment; methodology; intensive-cropping; low- input-agriculture; intensification; shading; economic-indicators; social-indicators; indicators; small-farms; tropics; west-africa; extensive-cropping; ecological-indicators

33.
NAL Call No.: S441.S8554
Assisting resource-poor, small-scale farmers with adoption of low-input technologies through a client participation program of cooperative research and extension at the Rural Development Center near Salinas, California.
Gersper, P. L. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE research projects Western Region. [1988-. 1993. 11 p.
SARE Project Number: LW-91-30. Record includes appendices.
Descriptors: small-farms; farmers; innovation-adoption; low-input-agriculture; sustainability; educational-programs; rural-communities; california; district-of-columbia; resource- poor-farmers; sustainable-farming-practices

34.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
Attitudes and practices of sustainable farmers, with applications to designing a sustainable agriculture extension program.
Hanson, J. C.; Kauffman, C. S.; Schauer, A. J sustain agric v.6(2/3): p.135-156. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; sustainability; farmers'- attitudes; farm-management; diffusion-of-information; extension; educational-programs; program-development; surveys; alternative- farming; low-input-agriculture; usa

35.
NAL Call No.: S589.76.A8M34--1996
Australian agriculture and the environment.
McLennan, W.; Australian Bureau of Statistics. [Canberra] : Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996. viii, 145 p. : ill., maps, Catalogue no. 4606.0. Includes tables. Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Agriculture-Environmental-aspects- Australia-Statistics; Agriculture-Economic-aspects-Australia- Statistics; Environmental-monitoring-Australia-Statistics; Sustainable-agriculture-Australia-Statistics

36.
NAL Call No.: 64.9-Am3-no.60
Balancing agriculture with physical and economic environment in eastern and central Europe with special reference to Poland.
Ragland, J.; Kukula, S. Agriculture and environment bridging food production and environmental protection in developing countries proceedings of an international symposium sponsored by Division A-6 of the American Society of Agronomy in Cincinnati, OH, 7-12 November 1993. Madison, Wis., USA : American Society of Agronomy : Crop Science Society of America : Soil Science Society of America, 1995. p. 181-205.
Includes references.
Descriptors: market-economies; capitalist-countries; subsidies; farm-inputs; crop-yield; crop-production; environmental-impact; pollution; economic-situation; communism; productivity; health-hazards; agricultural-land; sustainability; low-input-agriculture; market-competition; farm-size; private- ownership; poland; central-europe

37.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5
Biodynamic preparations cause opposite yield effects depending upon yield levels.
Raupp, J.; Konig, U. J. Biol agric hortic v.13(2): p.175-188. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crops; agricultural-soils; sprays; soil- amendments; crop-yield; yield-increases; data-analysis; organic- farming; germany; biodynamic-agriculture; horn-manure; horn- silica

38.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Biodynamic vs. conventional farming effects on soil structure expressed by stimulated potential productivity.
Droogers, P.; Bouma, J. Soil Sci Soc Am j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America. Sept/Oct 1996. v. 60 (5) p. 1554-1558.
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; alternative-farming; sustainability; assessment; agricultural-soils; soil-morphology; bulk-density; porosity; soil-organic-matter; hydraulic- conductivity; soil-water-retention; soil-water-content; soil- water-potential; solanum-tuberosum; crop-yield; dry-matter- accumulation; tubers; climatic-factors; simulation-models; production-possibilities; alternative-versus-conventional- farming; water-limited-yield
Abstract: Effects of alternative farming systems on soil structure need to be quantified to judge the sustainability of the systems. This study was conducted to compare two farming systems by converting "static" basic soil properties into a "dynamic" assessment using simulation modeling. Increasingly popular biodynamic farming systems use no commercial fertilizers and pesticides but apply organic manure and compost. Soil conditions on four fields on two farms where biodynamic and conventional soil management had been practiced for about 70 yr were investigated with morphological and physical methods. Soils (loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fluvaquents) were pedologically identical. Four procedures were used to express differences in soil structure as a function of different management: (i) morphological description; (ii) measurement of basic and static soil parameters such as bulk density, organic matter, and porosity; (iii) measurement of soil hydraulic characteristics; and (iv) determination of simulated water-limited yields. The latter procedure provides a criterion that is quantitative, is directly related to a practical aspect of soil behavior, and reflects the highly nonlinear soil-water processes. The WAVE simulation model was used to predict water-limited potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields with climatic data of 30 yr. Basic static soil parameters were not significantly different but simulated yields were significantly different and were 10 200 and 10 300 vs. 9400 and 9700 kg dry matter tuber yield ha-1 yr-1 for the biodynamic and the conventional fields, respectively. Simulation modeling of crop yields thus provides a relevant expression for the production potential of the two different. farming systems.

39.
NAL Call No.: S473.Z55W66--1995
Biotechnology and sustainable crop production in Zimbabwe.
Woodend, J. J.; Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development. Development Centre. Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, [1995] 79 p., "December 1995"--Cover. "General distribution." "OCDE/GD(95)137." Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-74).
Descriptors: Sustainable-agriculture-Zimbabwe; Plant- biotechnology-Zimbabwe

40.
NAL Call No.: HD1033.R63--1997
Call of the country : collected papers on land use.
Roberts, B. R. Toowoomba, Qld. : USQ Press, c1997. 357 p. : ill., maps, Includes bibliographical references (p. 329- 342).
Descriptors: Land-use,-Rural-Planning; Land-use,-Rural- Environmental-aspects; Sustainable-agriculture; Conservation-of- natural-resources

41.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
Can biotechnology contribute to sustainable agriculture.
Mannion, A. M. J sustain agric v.11(4): p.51-75. (1998)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-production; farming-systems; sustainability; intensification; world; land-use; biodiversity; biotechnology; applications; social-impact; economic-impact

42.
NAL Call No.: 64.8-C883
Canopy light interception, gas exchange, and biomass in reduced height isolines of winter wheat.
Gent, M. P. N. Crop sci v.35(6): p.1636-1642. (1995 Nov.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; winter-wheat; lines; plant-height; light; interception; gas-exchange; canopy; photosynthesis; leaf-area-index; biomass-production; dry-matter- accumulation; dwarfing; stems; height; crop-yield; yield- components; harvest-index; connecticut
Abstract: A reduction in stem height may reduce light interception and thus reduce canopy gas exchange and biomass accumulation of winter wheat. This hypothesis was tested with 16 reduced height isolines in a hard red winter wheat background (Triticum aestivum L. cv Itana). These isolines were grown in the field in Hamden, CT, in 1991, 1992, and 1993, and biomass accumulation, leaf area index, light interception, and canopy gas exchange were measured throughout plant development. Comparisons were made between the four height classes: dwarf (Rht1Rht2), semidwarf Rht1 (Rht1rht2), semidwarf Rht2 (rht1Rht2), and tall (rht1rht2). Biomass of tall isolines was more than 20% greater than that of dwarf isolines early in development in each year and at maturity in 1991. Light interception of tall isolines was 20% greater than that of dwarf isolines during stem elongation in 1992 and at boot stage in 1993. Canopy photosynthesis of tall isolines was also more than 20% greater than that of dwarf isolines early in stem elongation in 1991 and 1992. After spike emergence, canopy light interception and photosynthesis did not differ among height classes. The low biomass of dwarf isolines was attributed to reduced light interception and canopy photosynthesis before spike emergence, compared with the taller isolines. Semidwarf isolines did not differ consistently from tall isolines in either biomass, light interception, or canopy photosynthesis, but semidwarf isolines had greater harvest index. Averaged across the three years, wheat plants of semidwarf stature yielded more than those with either tall or dwarf stature.

43.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Carrot (Daucus carota) and weed response to linuron and metribuzin applied at different crop stages.
Bellinder, R. R.; Kirkwyland, J. J.; Wallace, R. W. Weed technol v.11(2): p.235-240. (1997 Apr.-1997 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: daucus-carota; weed-control; chemical- control; chenopodium-album; amaranthus-retroflexus; linuron; metribuzin; application-date; timing; crop-growth-stage; application-rates; low-input-agriculture; abiotic-injuries; crop- yield; yield-losses; new-york; daucus-carota-var; -sativa

44.
NAL Call No.: 281.8-C16
A case study approach to comparing weed management strategies under alternative farming systems in Ontario.
Stonehouse, D. P.; Weise, S. F.; Sheardown, T.; Gill, R. S.; Swanton, C. J. Can j agric econ v.44(1): p.81-99. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cash-crops; weed-control; alternative- farming; farm-surveys; farm-management; decision-making; crop- yield; resource-utilization; productivity; profitability; linear- programming; case-studies; ontario

45.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86C45
CGIAR news. CGIAR news (1994 : Online). CGIAR newsletters. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research news.
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. [Washington, D.C.] : The Group, 1994.
Title from caption.
Descriptors: Consultative-Group-on-International- Agricultural-Research-Periodicals; Sustainable-agriculture- Developing-countries-Periodicals; Agriculture-International- cooperation-Periodicals

46.
NAL Call No.: HD9000.1.F665--no.21
Challenges to the 2020 vision for Latin America : food and agriculture since 1970.
Garrett, J. L. Washington, D.C. : International Food Policy Research Institute, 1997. viii, 39 p., "June 1997." Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-39).
Descriptors: Food-supply-Latin-America; Sustainable- agriculture-Latin-America

47.
NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Changing market dynamics for small-scale vegetable producers.
Zimet, D. Small farm today v.14(1): p.44. (1997 Feb.- 1997 Mar.)
Descriptors: vegetables; marketing; vegetable-growing; organic-farming; small-farms

48.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A3N6
Choosing between alternative farming systems: an application of the analytic hierarchy process.
Mawampanga, M. N.; Debertin, D. L. Rev agric econ v.18(3): p.385-401. (1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; farming-systems; farm-management; decision-making; decision-analysis; data- collection; farm-surveys
Abstract: Sustainable development, (development that enhances the environment), is an issue that affects all aspects of life. This issue has great significance for farmers. In choosing between conventional farming systems and alternative, more environmentally-friendly farming systems, farmers must weigh and prioritize different objectives. In addition to profitability, these objectives include issues related to the health of the farmer and the farm family and consumer concerns. To choose the most appropriate farming system (conventional or alternative), farmers must not only assign weights to each farming system, but also assign individual weights to the underlying objectives related to profitability, health concerns, and environmental issues. This study uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to analyze farmer's opinions on how they compare different objectives in choosing a farming system from a set of three alternatives. These alternatives are: a conventional farming system that relies heavily on agricultural chemicals; an organic farming system that does not use any purchased agricultural chemicals at all; and a biological farming system in which commercial fertilizers are replaced primarily, but not exclusively, by natural nutrients and where biological controls are favored over chemical pesticides. A mail survey of selected farmers provided data for this analysis. The farmers interviewed for this study ranked biological farming first, conventional farming second, and organic farming last. The surveyed farmers did not assign the top rank to the profit maximization objective. Instead, health concerns received the highest rank (weight) followed by profit maximization. sustainability and concern for the environment.

49.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.A43
Combining alternative and conventional systems for environmental gains.
Painter, K. M.; Young, D. L.; Granatstein, D. M.; Mulla, D. J. Am J altern agric. Greenbelt, MD : Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. Spring 1995. v. 10 (2) p. 88- 96.
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; rotations; low-input- agriculture; sustainability; cropping-systems; comparisons; environmental-impact; erosion; leaching; pesticides; nitrate; losses-from-soil; triticum-aestivum; winter-wheat; pisum-sativum; elymus-hispidus; green-manures; medicago-sativa; poa-pratensis; economic-evaluation; profitability; costs; returns; agricultural- policy; federal-programs; linear-programming; mathematical- models; washington; conventional-cropping-systems; profit- maximizing-cropping-systems
Abstract: Two conventional cropping systems (winter wheat/dry peas and winter wheat/spring barley/dry peas) in the dryland grain region of southeastern Washington were compared with several alternative systems regarding profitability and environmental impacts. Two of the alternative systems use green manure crops and have low fertilizer and pesticide requirements. The remaining two are otherwise conventional rotations modified to include soil-building crops, bluegrass seed and rapeseed. Estimates of annual off-site erosion damage ranged from $6.56 to $20.50 per rotational acre, while on-site damage estimates ranged from $0.50 to $1.55 per rotational acre. Estimated leaching losses of pesticides to a water table 3.6 feet deep were negligible, but significant leaching losses of nitrate-N were predicted to occur from fall-applied inorganic fertilizer. Including bluegrass in a conventional grain rotation increased estimated net returns over variable costs by 16% and decreased soil loss by 33% compared with the most profitable conventional rotation. The next most profitable alternative system, rapeseed plus a conventional grain rotation, had slightly higher net returns over variable costs than the second most profitable conventional rotation, with slightly less soil loss. When fixed costs of machinery depreciation and land are included, the alternative systems fared relatively better. An experimental wheat/pea/medic system had higher projected net returns over total costs than the most profitable conventional rotation, while averaging just one-third as much soil loss per year. A wheat/barley/sweetclover green manure rotation was similar in profitability to the less profitable conventional rotation, but had. only two-thirds as much soil loss. We constructed a mixed- integer linear programming model to determine the profit maximizing combination of conventional and alternative rotations under 1990 farm bill provisions. Planting all or nearly all land to the bluegrass plus conventional grain rotation maximized returns over total costs for high, medium, and low program crop price scenarios. Farmers maximized profit by participating in both the wheat and barley programs under the low price scenario, only in the wheat program with moderate prices, and in neither the wheat nor the barley program under the high price scenario.

50.
NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Commercial experience in developing ley farming systems for the Katherine-Darwin region, Northern Territory.
Price, T. P.; O'Gara, F. O.; Smith, E. S. C.; Pitkethley, R.; Hausler, P. Aust j exp agric v.36(8): p.1059-1067. (1996)
Paper presented at a Workshop on conservation farming for the semi-arid tropics, July 18-20, 1995, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. Includes references.
Descriptors: ley-farming; crop-production; crops; pastures; animal-production; cattle; innovation-adoption; weeds; insect-pests; plant-diseases; alternative-farming; northern- territory; commercial-adoption

51.
NAL Call No.: SB319.2.F6F56
Commercial organic citrus production in Florida.
Ferguson, J. J.; Swisher, M. E.; Monaghan, P. Proc-annu-meet- Fla-State-Hort-Soc. [S.l.] : The Society,. June 1995. v. 107 p. 26-29.
Meeting held October 30-November 1, 1994, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.
Descriptors: citrus; organic-farming; commercial- farming; farm-surveys; acreage; cultural-methods; florida

52.
NAL Call No.: HD1491.U62C24--1996
Community food systems : sustaining farms and people in the emerging economy : conference proceedings, Davis, California, October 2-3, 1996.
Feenstra, G.; Campbell, D.; Chaney, D. Davis, CA : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, [1997] vi, 104 p., "September 1997." Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Agriculture,-Cooperative-California- Congresses; Sustainable-agriculture-California-Congresses; Alternative-agriculture-California-Congresses

53.
NAL Call No.: HD2131.5.C65--1996
Comparative economic advantage of alternative agricultural production activities in Zambia.
Saasa, O. S.; University of Zambia. Institute for African Studies. [Lusaka] : Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia, [1996] iii, 70 leaves, "November 30, 1996." Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Alternative-agriculture-Economic-aspects- Zambia

54.
NAL Call No.: S441.S8553
Comparative economic and ecological analysis of lower chemical input fruit farms and other fruit farming systems.
Dickinson, J. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE research projects North Central Region. [1988-. 1994. 32 p.
SARE Project Number: LNC 91-37. Reporting period for this report is September 1991 to May 1994. This is a final report.
Descriptors: small-fruits; farming; organic-farming; low-input-agriculture; soil-organic-matter; soil-fertility; biology; microbial-activities; plant-analysis; arthropods; species-diversity; nematoda; insect-pests; demonstration-farms; farming-systems-research; economic-analysis; ohio; conventional- farming

55.
NAL Call No.: SB952.B75I57-1995
Comparative performance of different strawberry cultivars with and without methyl bromide fumigation in field soil naturally infested by Phytophthora spp. and Verticillium sp. and feasibility of using resistance of strawberry cultivars as an alternative to methyl bromide soil fumigation.
Mircetich, J. S. M.; Winterbottom, C. Q.; Wakeman, R. J.; Galper, L.; Gargiulo, N. T.; Welch, N.; Gubler, W. D. 1995 annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions / International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions p.31-1- 31/5. (1995)
Meeting held on November 6-8, 1995, San Diego, California.
Descriptors: fragaria-ananassa; cultivars; verticillium-dahliae; phytophthora; genetic-resistance; root- rots; methyl-bromide; chloropicrin; pesticide-mixtures; fumigation; preplanting-treatment; crop-yield; yield-losses; disease-prevalence; commercial-farming; profitability; california

56.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Comparing mulches, herbicides, and cultivation as orchard groundcover management systems.
Merwin, I. A.; Rosenberger, D. A.; Engle, C. A.; Rist, D. L.; Fargione, M. HortTechnology v.5(2): p.151-158. (1995 Apr.-1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; weed-control; plastic-film; herbicides; mulches; cultural-weed-control; crop-yield; cost- benefit-analysis; microtus; pest-control; growth; soil-fertility; soil-water; leaves; nutrient-content; orchards; low-input- agriculture; new-york

57.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5
Comparison of 32 cover crops in an organic vineyard on the North Coast of California.
Bugg, R. L.; McGourty, G.; Sarrantonio, M.; Lanini, W. T.; Bartolucci, R. Biol agric hortic v.13(1): p.63-81. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vitis; vineyards; organic-farming; trifolium; vicia; medicago; pisum; melilotus; lotus; poaceae; genera; brassica; species; cover-crops; comparisons; phenology; habit; biomass-production; competitive-ability; stand- characteristics; persistence; california

58.
NAL Call No.: SB1.J66
Comparison of conventional and alternative nursery field management systems: tree growth and performance.
Calkins, J. B.; Swanson, B. T. J environ hortic v.14(3): p.142-149. (1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fraxinus-pennsylvanica; malus; gleditsia- triacanthos; acer-rubrum; thuja-occidentalis; picea-glauca; ornamental-woody-plants; trees; nurseries; fields; companion- crops; lotus-corniculatus; secale-cereale; lolium-perenne; festuca-rubra; crop-production; cover-crops; live-mulches; plant- competition; allelopathy; alternative-farming; sustainability; tillage; herbicides; growth-rate; crop-quality; crop-management; minnesota; field-grown-trees; field-grown-ornamental-woody-plants

59.
NAL Call No.: SB320.J68
A comparison of financial returns during early transition from conventional to organic vegetable production.
Sellen, D.; Tolman, J. H.; McLeod, D. G. R.; Weersink, A.; Yiridoe, E. K. J veg crop prod v.1(2): p.11-39. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; phaseolus-vulgaris; brassica- oleracea-var; -capitata; allium-cepa; lycopersicon-esculentum; organic-culture; vegetable-growing; profitability; farm-inputs; crop-yield; production-costs; returns; losses; farm-results; crop-production; low-input-agriculture; ontario; conventional-vs; -organic-production

60.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
A comparison of four processing tomato production systems differing in cover crop and chemical inputs.
Creamer, N. G.; Bennett, M. A.; Stinner, B. R.; Cardina, J. J Am Soc Hortic Sci v.121(3): p.559-568. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; vicia-villosa; secale-cereale; trifolium-incarnatum; hordeum-vulgare; sustainability; live-mulches; cover-crops; cropping-systems; organic-culture; cultural-weed-control; herbicides; insect-pests; plant-diseases; soil-fertility; nitrate; nutrient-balance; nutrient-content; carbon-nitrogen-ratio; fruits; flowers; crop- yield; low-input-agriculture; nitrogen-content; returns; farm- results; economic-analysis; ohio; conventional-production
Abstract: Four tomato production systems were compared at Columbus and Fremont, Ohio: 1) a conventional system; 2) an integrated system [a fall-planted cover-crop mixture of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), rye (Secale cereale L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) killed before tomato planting and left as mulch, and reduced chemical inputs]; 3) an organic system (with cover-crop mixture and no synthetic chemical inputs); and (4) a no-input system (with cover-crop mixture and no additional management or inputs). Nitrogen in the cover-crop mixture above-ground biomass was 220 kg.ha-1 in Columbus and 360 kg.ha-1 in Fremont. Mulch systems (with cover-crop mixture on the bed surface) had higher soil moisture levels and reduced soil maximum temperatures relative to the conventional system. Overall, the cover-crop mulch suppressed weeds as well as herbicide plots, and no additional weed control was needed during the season. There were no differences in the frequency of scouted insect pests or diseases among the treatments. The number of tomato fruit and flower clusters for the conventional system was higher early in the season. In Fremont, the plants in the conventional system had accumulated more dry matter 5 weeks after transplanting. Yield of red fruit was similar for all systems at Columbus, but the conventional system yielded higher than the other three systems in Fremont. In Columbus, there were no differences in economic return above variable costs among systems. In Fremont, the conventional systems had the highest return above variable costs.

61.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Comparison of graminicides applied at equivalent costs in soybean (Glycine max).
Jordan, D. L.; Griffin, J. L.; Vidrine, P. R.; Shaw, D. R.; Reynolds, D. B. Weed technol v.11(4): p.804-809. (1997 Oct.-1997 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: glycine-max; weed-control; sorghum- halepense; perennial-weeds; chemical-control; quizalofop; fluazifop-p; clethodim; sethoxydim; application-rates; production-costs; cost-benefit-analysis; low-input-agriculture; crop-yield; louisiana; quizalofop-p

62.
NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Comparison of no-tillage and conventional tillage in the development of sustainable farming systems in the semi-arid tropics.
Thiagalingam, K.; Dalgliesh, N. P.; Gould, N. S.; McCown, R. L.; Cogle, A. L.; Chapman, A. L. Aust j exp agric v.36(8): p.995-1002. (1996)
Paper presented at a Workshop on conservation farming for the semi-arid tropics, July 18-20, 1995, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. Includes references.
Descriptors: tillage; no-tillage; minimum-tillage; crops; crop-production; crop-yield; farming-systems-research; sustainability; semiarid-zones; northern-territory; queensland

63.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.A43
Comparison of organic and sustainable fed cattle production: a South Dakota case study.
Taylor, D. C.; Feuz, D. M.; Guan, M. Am J altern agric. Greenbelt, MD : Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. 1996. v. 11 (1) p. 30-38.
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; cattle-farming; organic- farming; sustainability; beef-production; indexes; natural- resources; resource-conservation; environmental-protection; economic-evaluation; case-studies; south-dakota; producer- organic-index; producer-sustainability-index
Abstract: Organic and sustainable fed cattle production are compared through development and estimation of two production indexes: a Producer Organic Index (POI) and a Producer Sustainability Index (PSI). The POI reflects current production standards for organically certified beef. The PSI reflects a broader range of concerns, including long-term natural resource conservation and economic staying-power of cattle producers. The study shows there may be only a loose connection between the two. The method used to develop the indexes can provide insights to beef cattle extension specialists and individual cattle producers on the strengths and weaknesses of current feedlot management practices.

64.
NAL Call No.: 56.8-J822
A comparison of potential contamination from conventional and alternative cropping systems in northeast Kansas.
Koo, S.; Diebel, P. L. J soil water conserv v.51(4): p.329-335. (1996 July-1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: water-pollution; point-sources; surface- water; contamination; atrazine; nitrogen; sediment; water- quality; cropping-systems; comparisons; pollution-control; alternative-farming; simulation-models; risk; economic- evaluation; costs; returns; meteorological-factors; kansas; contaminant-loadings; non-point-source-pollution; alternative- versus-conventional-cropping-systems; risk-analysis

65.
NAL Call No.: S451.W6P76-1990
Comparison of rotational to intensive rotational grazing of yearling cattle.
Smith, L. L. Proceedings Progress in Wisconsin sustainable agriculture March 1990. [Wisconsin?] : University of Wisconsin, [1990?]. p. 50-55.
Descriptors: grassland-management; cattle-farming; profitability; low-input-agriculture; sustainability

66.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5
A comparison of strawberry plant development and yield under organic and conventional management on the central California coast.
Gliessman, S. R.; Werner, M. R.; Allison, J.; Cochran, J. Biol agric hortic v.12(4): p.327-338. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fragaria-ananassa; organic-farming; farming; farming-systems-research; comparisons; cropping-systems; plant-development; growth; biomass-production; crop-yield; fruits; yield-components; seasonal-variation; profits; low-input- agriculture; sustainability; california; conventional-farming

67.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76-no.47
A comparison of the profitability of contrasting rotations in the TALISMAN experiment.
Green, M. R.; Young, J. E. B.; Cook, S. K.; Hill, P. Rotations and cropping systems, 16-18 December 1996, Churchill College, Cambridge. Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK : AAB Office c/o Horticulture Research International, [1996]. p. 287- 292.
Includes references.
Descriptors: low-input-agriculture; gross-margins

68.
NAL Call No.: 281.8-C16
Comparison of the profitability of conventional and organic farms in milk production in Quebec. Comparaison de la rentabilite des systemes conventionnels et biologiques en production laitiere au Quebec.
Burgoyne, D.; Levallois, R.; Perrier, J. P.; Pellerin, D.; Paillat, N. Can j agric econ v.43(6): p.435-442. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-farming; milk-production; farm- management; organic-farming; profitability; farm-comparisons; extensive-farming; low-input-agriculture; labor-costs; farm- inputs; mathematical-models; quebec

69.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Comparison of understorey biological nitrogen fixation and biomass production in grassed-down conventional and organic apple orchards in Canterbury, New Zealand.
Goh, K. M.; Ridgen, G. E. Commun soil sci plant anal v.28(13/14): p.1103-1116. (1997)
Includes references.
Descriptors: malus; orchards; trifolium-pratense; lolium-perenne; understory; biomass-production; dry-matter- accumulation; nitrogen-fixation; seasonal-variation; crop- management; organic-farming; comparisons; new-zealand; conventional-orchard-management; grass-legme-understory
Abstract: In a previous study, the understorey biomass production and biological nitrogen (N) fixation of a grassed-down organic apple orchard were presented. The aim of this paper is to report the results of a similar study of two conventional orchards in a nearby location and to compare the present results with those of the organic orchard. Biological N2 fixation was determined in the field using the 15N isotopic dilution technique and the experiments were conducted over a two-year period. Present results showed that substantial amounts of N (112 to 143 kg N ha-1.2 years-1) were fixed in the understorey of the conventional orchard and these were not significantly different from those of the organic orchard. However, the N2 fixation was sustained in the conventional, but not in the organic orchards in the second year, probably due to regular additions of fertilizers in the conventional orchards. In both orchards, N2 fixation was better correlated with clover than total dry matter yield. Seasonal effects found were highest N2 fixation and biomass production occurring during late spring and early summer and lowest during winter. Climatic factors were investigated in one of the conventional orchards and it was found that seasonal effects were related to a combination of temperature and moisture deficit effects.

70.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Compatibility and efficiency of in-row cultivation for weed management in corn (Zea mays).
Vangessel, M. J.; Schweizer, E. E.; Lybecker, D. W.; Westra, P. Weed technol v.9(4): p.754-760. (1995 Oct.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; cultural-weed-control; tillage; rotary-hoes; integrated-control; chemical-control; sulfonylurea- herbicides; 2,4-d; dicamba; low-input-agriculture; application- rates; timing; application-date; crop-yield; grain; econometric- models; cost-benefit-analysis; colorado; nicosulfuron

71.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
A computer simulation model to optimize greenhouse size for an integrated (fish production, hydroponics) system.
Singh, S.; Marsh, L. S.; Vaughan, D. H.; Libey, G. S. Trans ASAE v.39(6): p.2241-2248. (1996 Nov.-1996 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fish-culture; crop-production; greenhouse- culture; hydroponics; effluents; waste-water; heat-loss; nutrient-content; heat-recovery; water-temperature; stocking- density; computer-simulation; simulation-models; low-input- agriculture; optimization-methods; floor-area; recirculating- aquaculture-systems; nutrient-recycling
Abstract: Warm and nutrient-rich wastewater discharged from controlled-environment fish production facilities, such as a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), is a loss of heat energy and nutrients in addition to being potentially harmful to the environment. Effluent heat and nutrients can be partially recovered in a greenhouse attached to the RAS facility using hydroponics production of vegetables or aquatic plants. A computer model was used to simulate daily quantity and frequency of wastewater heat discharge from a RAS facility and to determine optimum greenhouse size for a given size of RAS facility. Model application as a management tool for making decisions on optimum greenhouse area for both single-batch and multiple-batch production modes is demonstrated. The optimum greenhouse size varied from 0.35 to 2.09 m2 floor area per m3 of the RAS volume depending upon the production mode, RAS water temperature, greenhouse heat loss factor, and stocking density of fish in the RAS. The effect of fish stocking density in the RAS and greenhouse heat loss factor on the optimum greenhouse size is evaluated.

72.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
Conceptual framework for the transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture.
Hill, S. B.; MacRae, R. J. J sustain agric v.7(1): p.81- 87. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; farming-systems; sustainability; conversion; resource-management; resource- allocation; environmental-protection; diversification; philosophy; efficiency-substitution-redesign-framework; conventional-agriculture

73.
NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia--some economic aspects.
Kirby, G. W. M.; Hristova, V. J.; Murti, S. Aust j exp agric v.36(8): p.1049-1057. (1996)
Paper presented at a Workshop on conservation farming for the semi-arid tropics, July 18-20, 1995, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. Includes references.
Descriptors: ley-farming; conservation-tillage; crop- enterprises; crop-yield; costs; income; economic-analysis; alternative-farming; northern-territory

74.
NAL Call No.: S604.64.Z55V64--1994
Conservation tillage in Zimbabwe : evaluation of several techniques for the development of sustainable crop production systems in smallholder farming.
Vogel, H. Berne, Switzerland : University of Berne, Switzerland, Institute of Geography, 1994. xiii, 150 p. : ill., maps, Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-148).
Descriptors: Agricultural-conservation-Zimbabwe; Conservation-tillage-Zimbabwe; Small-farmers-Zimbabwe; Cropping- systems-Zimbabwe; Sustainable-agriculture-Zimbabwe

75.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Consumers' preference for insecticide-free pumpkins in eastern Kansas.
Olson, D. L.; Nechols, J. R.; Marr, C. W. HortTechnology v.5(3): p.274-276. (1995 July-1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pumpkins; insecticides; consumer- preferences; consumer-prices; crop-quality; insect-control; chemical-control; insect-pests; low-input-agriculture; kansas

76.
NAL Call No.: 241--In86B-no.76
Contents outline for a profile of a specific area designated for alternative agriculture production. Esquema de contenido para un perfil de area especifica destinado al desarrollo de alternativas de produccion agropecuaria.
Velarde Castillo, J.; Inter American Agricultural Documentation, I. a. C. C. Guatemala : Proyecto de Informacion Agropecuaria del Istmo Centroamericano, [1980] 62 p., "Octubre de 1980." At head of title: Instituto Interamericano de Cooperation para la Agriculture, Centro Interamericano de Documentacion e Information Agricolas.

77.
NAL Call No.: HD101.S6
Contingent valuation in food policy analysis: a case study of a pesticide-residue risk reduction.
Buzby, J. C.; Ready, R. C.; Skees, J. R. J agric appl econ v.27(2): p.613-625. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grapefruits; sodium; consumer-attitudes; food-policy; food-safety; residues; regulations; value-theory; risk; cost-benefit-analysis; case-studies; florida
Abstract: This study demonstrates how contingent valuation techniques can be used in a cost-benefit analysis of a food safety policy issue. The analysis focuses on banning a specific postharvest pesticide used in fresh grapefruit packinghouses. Benefits of the ban are measured using consumers' aggregated willingness to pay (WTP) for safer grapefruit. A national contingent valuation survey used the payment card method to obtain WTP data. Costs of the ban stem predominantly from increased postharvest losses and were estimated using a model of the market for Florida grapefruit. Results indicate that benefits of the ban outweigh costs.

78.
NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Contribution of legume nitrogen fixation to sustainable agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa.
Dakora, F. D.; Keya, S. O. Soil biol biochem v.29(5/6): p.809-817. (1997 May-1997 June)
In the special issue: "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable Agriculture for the Tropics: The Role of Biological Nitrogen Fixation, November 26-December 1, 1995, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Includes references.
Descriptors: traditional-farming; cropping-systems; sustainability; food-production; rotations; monoculture; intercropping; agroforestry-systems; nitrogen-fixation; grain- legumes; vegetable-legumes; nitrogen-fixing-trees; green-manures; live-mulches; reviews; africa-south-of-sahara
Abstract: Grain legumes fix about 15-210 kg N ha-1 seasonally in Africa, and therefore feature prominently in the cropping systems of traditional farmers. However, increased exploitation of this biological N is constrained by various environmental and nutritional factors, including the cropping patterns used. An evaluation of traditional cropping systems in Africa shows that crop rotation involving legume and cereal monocultures is by far more sustainable than intercropping, the most dominant cultural practice in the continent. Tree legumes also fix about 43-581 kg N ha-1 y-1, making their leaf prunings an important component of sustainability in agroforestry and alley cropping systems. In a single year, the prunings of Sesbania sesban can provide up to a hectare of cereal crop, up to 448 kg N, 31.4 kg P, 125 kg K, 114 kg Ca and 27.3 kg Mg, thus making the foliage of this legume the "ideal" fertilizer. Clearly, achieving sustainable yields in Sub-Saharan Africa would require a deeper understanding of how fixed N in legume residues is managed in the soil environment, in addition to expanding the use of neglected African food legumes, which exhibit considerable drought resistance and nitrate tolerance. In Africa, where soil moisture often limits yields, research on neglected, symbiotic native legumes with NO3- and drought-tolerant traits would constitute a sound basis for increased sustainable production.

79.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
The contribution of managed grasslands to sustainable agriculture in the Great Lakes Basin.
Clark, E. A. ed.; Poincelot, R. P. ed. J-sustain-agric. Binghamton, NY : Food Products Press, c1990-. 1996. v. 8 (2/3) 172 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; sustainability; grassland-management; pastures; soil-conservation; water- conservation; nutrients; cycling; environmental-management; livestock-farming; grazing; crop-production; reviews; ontario

80.
NAL Call No.: TD796.5.C58
Conventional and organic alternatives to methyl bromide on California strawberries. [Erratum: Summer 1997, v. 5 (3), p. 5.].
Sances, F. V.; Ingham, E. R. Compost sci util v.5(2): p.23-37. (1997 Spring)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fragaria-ananassa; crop-production; alternative-farming; sustainability; pest-management; weed- control; chemical-control; cultural-control; soil-amendments; broccoli; crop-residues; mushroom-compost; mixtures; incorporation; soil-fumigation; metam; chloropicrin; methyl- bromide; dazomet; 1,3-dichloropropene; efficacy; soil-biology; suppressive-soils; economic-viability; break-even-point; california; organic-control

81.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Conversion of cotton production to certified organic management in the northern San Joaquin Valley: Transition phase plant growth and yield (1992-1994).
Swezey, S. L. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 125- 126.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium; organic-farming; crop-yield; plant-density; california

82.
NAL Call No.: 100-C12Cag
Conversion to organic strawberry management changes ecological processes.
Gliessman, S. R.; Werner, M. R.; Swezey, S. L.; Caswell, E.; Cochran, J.; Rosado May, F. Calif agric v.50(1): p.24- 31. (1996 Jan.-1996 Feb.)
Descriptors: fragaria-ananassa; organic-farming; comparisons; farming-systems; crop-management; arthropod-pests; plant-pathogenic-fungi; predators-of-insect-pests; nematoda; soil-fungi; population-dynamics; seasonal-fluctuations; soil- temperature; soil-ph; chemical-composition; crop-yield; growth- rate; production-costs; returns; low-input-agriculture; california

83.
NAL Call No.: aHD1491.U6R87
Cooperating with nature: co-ops lead agriculture into era of environmental stewardship.
Boyle, J. Rural-coop. Washington, DC : Rural Business/Cooperative Development Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture : Supt. of Docs., G.P.O. [distributor], [1996-. May/June 1997. v. 64 (2) p. 16-23.

84.
NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Corn and soybeans--but organic.
Berg, P. Small farm today v.14(2): p.46-48. (1997 Apr.- 1997 May)
Descriptors: zea-mays; glycine-max; crop-production; organic-farming; small-farms

85.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Corn hybrid response to starter fertilizer in a no- tillage, dryland environment.
Gordon, W. B.; Fjell, D. L.; Whitney, D. A. J prod agric v.10(3): p.401-404. (1997 July-1997 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; hybrid-varieties; nitrogen- fertilizers; phosphorus-fertilizers; starter-dressings; crop- yield; vegetative-period; maturity; dry-matter-accumulation; nitrogen; phosphorus; nutrient-uptake; plant-composition; no- tillage; dry-farming; sowing-date; kansas; early-sowing
Abstract: A dryland corn (Zea mays L.) production system that has gained popularity in Kansas involves planting as early in the spring as possible so that pollination occurs under more favorable moisture and temperature conditions. Cool soils that occur with early planting in high-residue production systems can reduce nutrient uptake. Starter fertilizer applications have been effective in enhancing nutrient uptake even on soils high in available nutrients. Corn hybrids may differ in their response to starter fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate corn hybrid response to starter fertilizer in a no-tillage, dryland environment. This field experiment was conducted from 1993 to 1995 at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Belleville, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic Arguistoll). Treatments consisted of five corn hybrids and two starter treatments. Fertilizer treatments were starter fertilizer (30 lb N and 30 lb P2O5/acre) or no starter fertilizer. Starter fertilizer was applied 2 in. to the side of and 2 in. below the seed at planting. In all 3 yr of the experiment, grain yield, maturity, and total P uptake (grain plus stover at maturity) were affected by a hybrid x starter fertilizer interaction. Starter fertilizer consistently increased yields, reduced the number of thermal units needed from emergence to midsilk, and increased total P uptake of Pioneer 3346, Dekalb 636, and Dekalb 591, but had no effect on ICI 8599 and Pioneer 3563. When averaged over the 3 yr of the experiment, starter fertilizer increased grain yield of responding hybrids (hybrids in which the 3-yr averaged yield was increased by the use of starter fertilizer) by 13. bu/acre. Starter fertilizer increased V6 stage above ground dry matter production and N and P uptake of all hybrids evaluated. Ear leaf N and P concentrations also were increased by starter fertilizer, regardless of hybrid. Results of this work show that starter fertilizer can increase grain yield and be feasible for some hybrids, whereas yields of other hybrids are not affected.

86.
NAL Call No.: SB245.2.I58--1994
Cotton connection : towards sustainable cotton production : proceedings of the International Conference "Cotton Connection- -for Ecologically, Socially and Economically Sustainable Cotton Production", 25th-26th November 1994, Hamburg, Germany.
Parusel, D.; International Conference "Cotton Connection for Ecologically, Socially and Economically Sustainable Cotton Production." 1994. Hamburg, Germany. Pesticide Action Network, Germany and A.K. Cotton PAN International and the Pesticides Trust. Hamburg : The Network, 1996. 98 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Cotton-Congresses; Cotton-Environmental- aspects-Congresses; Sustainable-agriculture-Congresses

87.
NAL Call No.: A281.9--Ag8A-no.212
Cotton production and farm income estimates under selected alternative farm programs.
Strickland, P. L.; United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Washington, D.C. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1971. vi, 33 p. : ill., SUDOCS: A 93.28:212.
Descriptors: Cotton-growing-United-States; Farm-income- United-States

88.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (zea mays).
Yenish, J. P.; Worsham, A. D.; York, A. C. Weed technol v.10(4): p.815-821. (1996 Oct.-1996 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; no-tillage; conservation; conservation-tillage; cultural-weed-control; cover-crops; secale- cereale; trifolium-incarnatum; vicia-villosa; trifolium- subterraneum; efficacy; chenopodium-album; amaranthus- retroflexus; amaranthus-hybridus; brachiaria-platyphylla; allelopathy; crop-yield; grain; north-carolina

89.
NAL Call No.: S441.S8558
Cover crops incorporated with reduced tillage on semi- permanent beds: impacts on nitrate leaching, soil fertility, pests, and farm profitability.
Jackson, L. E. Agriculture in Concert with the Environment ACE research projects Western Region. [1991-. 1995. 14 p.
SARE Project Number: AW92-6. Record includes 3 1/2 floppy disk. Date of report is December 1995. This is a final report.
Descriptors: cover-crops; rowcrops; minimum-tillage; nitrate-nitrogen; leaching; soil-fertility; insect-pests; crop- management; plant-disease-control; low-input-agriculture; vegetables; crop-yield; profitability; economic-analysis; sustainability; california

90.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Crop and nitrogen yield in legume-based rotations practiced with zero tillage and low-input methods.
Izaurralde, R. C.; Choudhary, M.; Juma, N. G.; McGill, W. B.; Haderlein, L. Agron j v.87(5): p.958-964. (1995 Sept.- 1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hordeum-vulgare; pisum-sativum; vicia- faba; rotations; intercropping; continuous-cropping; monoculture; no-tillage; low-input-agriculture; tillage; deep-tillage; weed- control; chemical-control; cultural-weed-control; crop-yield; nitrogen; nutrient-sources; alberta; short-term-legume-based- rotations; cropping-sequences; conventional-tillage; nitrogen- fertilizer-value
Abstract: Though legumes are beneficial in crop rotations, there is limited information on how tillage system- crop sequence interactions influence crop yield and N production. To see if biomass and N yields in short-term legume-based rotations under zero tillage (ZT) and low-input (LI) production methods can equal those in cereal monocultures under ZT and conventional tillage (CT), field experiments were conducted in Alberta, Canada, from 1989 to 1992 at Ellerslie (Typic Cryoboroll soil) and Breton (Typic Cryoboralf). Treatments at each site consisted of (i) two 4-yr rotations, each with the same crop sequence but different tillage methods, and (ii) four continuous barley treatments in 2 x 2 factorial combination of tillage and fertilizer N. The crop sequence was barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)- barley and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) intercrop-barley-fababean (Vicia faba L.). At Ellerslie, tillage for weed control and seedbed preparation was either CT-LI or ZT. At Breton, one rotation used the LI approach; the second used deep tillage (DT). Weeds on CT and ZT were controlled with either pre- or postemergence herbicides. No herbicides were applied to LI treatments at either site or to the DT treatment at Breton. Yields of barley following legumes under ZT were similar to those of fertilized continuous barley. With nonchemical weed-control methods, weed competition reduced yields of barley following legumes by 24% compared with fertilized continuous barley. The increased fababean yield measured under DT was associated with improved rooting conditions and water extraction. The equivalent N-fertilizer value of legume residues with similar weed-control levels averaged 19 kg ha-1. Except for the LI system, legume- based. rotations produced, over the 4-yr cycle, amounts of N equivalent to continuous cereal systems. Resource use efficiency of legume-based rotations, as measured by net-N yields, was equivalent to continuous systems at Breton, but somewhat reduced at Ellerslie.

91.
NAL Call No.: S601.A34
Crop protection and its integration within sustainable farming systems.
Atkinson, D.; McKinlay, R. G. Agric ecosyst environ v.64(2): p.87-93. (1997 July)
In the special issue: Integrated crop protection: Towards sustainability? / edited by R.G. McKinlay and D. Atkinson. Includes references.
Descriptors: crop-production; plant-protection; integrated-control; weed-control; pest-control; plant-disease- control; sustainability; alternative-farming; food-production

92.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
Crop rotation patterns among New York potato growers: insights from conventional and sustainable agricultural theory.
Gillespie, G. W. Jr.; Lyson, T. A.; Power, A. J sustain agric v.7(1): p.5-18. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; rotations; sustainability; production-functions; factors-of-production; social-structure; cultural-environment; political-attitudes; environmental-factors; farmers'-attitudes; regional-surveys; new- york

93.
NAL Call No.: HT401.A36
Cuba: ethics, biological control, and crisis.
Rosset, P. M. Agric human values v.14(3): p.291-302. (1997 Sept.)
In the special issue: Ethical Issues in Biological Control / edited by J.A. Lockwood. Includes references.
Descriptors: pest-control; biological-control; environmental-policy; bioethics; alternative-farming; agricultural-crises; trade-relations; low-input-agriculture; innovation-adoption; cuba

94.
NAL Call No.: S451.W6P76-1990
Demonstration of low input strategies for potato/vegetable production on irrigated sands.
Curwen, D. Proceedings Progress in Wisconsin sustainable agriculture March 1990. [Wisconsin?] : University of Wisconsin, [1990?]. p. 23-26.
Descriptors: vegetable-growing; crop-production; sandy- soils; irrigated-conditions; low-input-agriculture; crop- management; farm-inputs; feasibility-studies; sustainability; Wisconsin; best-management-practices

95.
NAL Call No.: S601.A34
Designing the future: sustainable agriculture in the US.
Francis, C. A.; Madden, J. P. Agric ecosyst environ v.46(1/4): p.123-134. (1993 Sept.)
In the special issue: Agriculture and the environment / edited by C.A. Edwards, M.K. Wali, D.J. Horn and F. Miller. Paper presented at the International Conference on Agriculture and the Environment held November 10-13, 1991, Columbus, Ohio. Includes references.
Descriptors: usa
Abstract: Global agriculture is entering a challenging and difficult period with an increasing human population and an accelerating need for food, fiber, feed, and raw materials for other industries. This challenge will need to be met on fewer hectares of available land and a reduced supply of the fossil fuel inputs that have catalyzed the increased productivity of the past five decades. Agriculture in some forms has negative and lasting effects on the environment. The research and education community is seeking a more resource-efficient, sustainable system of food production that has less negative impact on the environment. This system is characterized by increased resource use efficiency, greater reliance on internal or renewable resources, increased short- and long-term profitability, enhancement of soil productivity, minimal negative environmental impact, and social viability for families and communities. Agricultural research over the last half century has contributed many components to sustainable productivity, but its focus in the future will be more on systems, interactions among components, and the impact of the activity on the broader environment and community. Education in agriculture is moving from a concentration on memorizing detail and cook-book approaches to a development of creative thinking and problem solving skills. We are building the capacity to access and apply a wide range of information resources. There is a growing congruence of classroom teaching and adult education in extension, an evolution that will lead to better curriculum planning for a life-long educational and learning experience. All the key players in US agriculture will take greater responsibility for their own learning in this system. being empowered to conduct both on-station and on-farm research, design learning activities, and evaluate progress and applications of information to real world challenges. This paper describes what is happening in the US in research, in teaching, and in extension. We also envision a new paradigm for education in the future. Instead of preparing to react or adjust to a predictable future, an empowered rural populace can begin to design a more desirable future. With increased focus on scarce resources, fragility of the environment, and the lessons of nature, we can take creative approaches to systems design and begin to make decisions today to create a more sustainable future for tomorrow.

96.
NAL Call No.: TD195.A34S33--1995
Determination of exteral ecological effects of agriculture and economic and ecological effects of measures on their internalization. Ermittlung externer okologischer Effekte der Landwirtschaft und okonomische und okologische Auswirkungen von Massnahmen zu deren Internalisierung : dargestellt am Beispiel der Ackerbauregion Kraichgau.
Schanzenbacher, B. 1. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, c1995. 245 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-230).
Descriptors: Agricultural-pollution-Environmental- aspects-Germany-Kraichgau; Agricultural-pollution-Economic- aspects-Germany-Kraichgau; Agricultural-ecology-Germany- Kraichgau; Agriculture-Economic-aspects-Germany-Kraichgau

97.
NAL Call No.: SB191.W5R44--1993
Developing sustainable wheat production systems : Eight Regional Workshop for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Kampala, Uganda, June 7-10, 1993.
Tanner, D. G.; Regional Wheat Workshop (8th : 1993 : Kampala, [Mexico?] : CIMMYT, 1993. vii, 327 p. : map, Sponsored by Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Included bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Wheat-Africa-Congresses; Alternative- agriculture-Congresses; Sustainable-agriculture-Congresses

98.
NAL Call No.: 281.8--Ag826-Suppl.147
Development of a computeraided coding system for economic and ecological evaluation of agricultural cultivation forms. Entwicklung eines rechnergestutzten Kennzahlensystems zur okonomischen und okologischen Beurteilung von agrarischen Bewirtschaftungsformen : dargestellt an einem Beispiel.
Reitmayr, T. Frankfurt : Buchedition Agrimedia, [1995?] xi, 302 p. : ill., map, Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-272).

99.
NAL Call No.: HT401.J68
The development of alternative farm enterprises: a study of family labour farms in the northern Pennines of England.
Bowler, I.; Clark, G.; Crockett, A.; Ilbery, B.; Shaw, A. J rural stud v.12(3): p.285-295. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: family-farms; farm-enterprises; family- labor; farm-comparisons; farm-indebtedness; decision-making; farm-families; traditional-farming; ancillary-enterprises; less- favored-areas; discriminant-analysis; england
Abstract: This paper offers an empirical test of a middle-order theorisation of business change on family labour farms. The concept of 'paths of farm business development' is examined in the northern Pennines of England using discriminant analysis and 34 variables drawn from the published literature on the dynamics of the family farm. Farm indebtedness is shown to be the dominant variable discriminating between farms in the different pathways, although the exact role of farm debt varies between pathways. Farm families selecting the alternative farm enterprise (AFE) pathway can be divided between those that display 'accumulation' (principal AFE) end 'survival' (marginal AFE) behaviours. The findings are contextualised to the U.K. and an era of historically high interest rates and farm indebtedness.

100.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
Development of cotton germplasm for reduced insecticide use production systems.
May, O. L.; Durant, J. A. J sustain agric v.11(4): p.39- 49. (1998)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; germplasm; lines; helicoverpa-zea; heliothis-virescens; pest-resistance; genetic- resistance; genetic-improvement; selection-responses; plant- breeding

101.
NAL Call No.: S441.S8556
Development of sustainable cropping systems for New York cash crop producers.
Cox, W. J. Agriculture in Concert with the Environment ACE research projects Northeast Region. [1991-. 1995. 21 p.
SARE Project Number: ANE 92-8. Record includes floppy disk. Reporting period for this report is January 1, 1995 to November 30, 1995.
Descriptors: cash-crops; zea-mays; glycine-max; triticum-aestivum; trifolium; avena-sativa; brassica; cropping- systems; profitability; sustainability; low-input-agriculture; demonstration-farms; new-york

102.
NAL Call No.: S441.S8554
Development of sustainable potato production systems for the Pacific Northwest.
Stark, J. C. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE research projects Western Region. [1988-. 1995. 13 p.
SARE Project Number: LW-91-29. Reporting period for this report is September 1991 to March 1995. This is a final report.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; crop-production; rotations; crop-management; green-manures; crop-quality; crop- yield; economic-analysis; alternative-farming; sustainability; idaho; washington

103.
NAL Call No.: S441.S8554
Development of winter wheat cover crop systems for weed control in potatoes.
Eberlein, C. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE research projects Western Region. [1988-. 1995. 16 p.
SARE Project Number: LW91-27. Reporting period for this report is September 1991 to December 1994. This is a final report.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; crop-yield; seedling- emergence; winter-wheat; triticum-aestivum; hybrids; cover-crops; herbicides; necroses; weed-control; chemical-control; cultural- control; efficacy; economic-analysis; low-input-agriculture; idaho; washington

104.
NAL Call No.: S601.A34
Difficulties in measuring adoption of apple IPM: a case study.
McDonald, D. G.; Glynn, C. J. Agric ecosyst environ v.48(3): p.219-230. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; integrated-pest- management; innovation-adoption; assessment
Abstract: This research investigates the process of measuring integrated pest management (IPM) and the implications of particular measurement in understanding IPM adoption. Data collected from apple growers in New York State in 1991 were used to develop a measurement of IPM adoption based on nine subscales combining 35 IPM components. Three factors or dimensions of IPM were found: scouting/monitoring, cultural controls and biological controls. Scouting and monitoring practices were associated with beliefs about costs and benefits of IPM; the use of cultural controls was related to economic factors, and the use of biological controls was negatively related to perceived credibility of chemical fieldmen.

105.
NAL Call No.: S1.W6
Diversification and sustainable agricultural production-- the case of soil erosion.
Goetz, R. U. Work-pap-ser-Univ-Calif-Berkeley,-Dep-Agric- Resour-Econ. Berkeley : California Agricultural Experiment Station : Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics,. May 1995. (749) 30 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: erosion; sustainability; soil-management; agricultural-production; diversification; dynamic-models; equations; profitability; dynamic-economic-models

106.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5
Diversity of personal and enterprise characteristics among organic growers in the northeastern United States.
Lockeretz, W. Biol agric hortic v.14(1): p.13-24. (1997)
Includes references.
Descriptors: organic-farming; interviews; regional- surveys; farmers'-attitudes; opinions; problem-analysis; farmers; characterization; massachusetts; vermont

107.
NAL Call No.: S601.A34
Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation by three leguminous green manure species and the yield of a following wheat crop in an organic production system.
Stopes, C.; Millington, S.; Woodward, L. Agric ecosyst environ v.57(2/3): p.189-196. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: trifolium-pratense; trifolium-repens; medicago-lupulina; lolium; green-manures; growth; temporal- variation; dry-matter-accumulation; plant-composition; nitrogen- content; nitrogen-fixation; organic-farming; triticum-aestivum; crop-production; nitrate; leaching; losses-from-soil

108.
NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Earthworms as indicators of sustainable production in dryland cropping in southern Australia.
Buckerfield, J. C.; Lee, K. E.; Davoren, C. W.; Hannay, J. N. Soil biol biochem v.29(3/4): p.547-554. (1997 Mar.-1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: ISEE 5 / edited by C.A. Edwards. Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on earth ecology, held July 5-9, 1994, Columbus, Ohio. Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; sustainability; land- productivity; arable-soils; earthworms; biological-indicators; soil; quality; biological-activity-in-soil; correlation; crop- production; crop-management; soil-management; edaphic-factors; environmental-factors; australia; aporrectodea-rosea
Abstract: Crop-monitoring by farmer groups has been established to identify agronomic and soil factors limiting crop yields and to promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices in South Australia. The use of earthworms as a potential indicator of sustainability has been investigated with a survey of 95 paddocks sown to wheat, barley or peas, within an area of about 3500 km2. Mean annual rainfall ranged from less than 350 mm to more than 500 mm, and soils varied from coarse sands through lighter loams to heavy clays. The dryland cropping soils in South Australia have been colonized by four immigrant earthworm species, Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Duges), Microscolex dubius (Fletcher) and Microscolex phosphoreus (Duges); populations are generally dominated by A. rosea. Population differences, such as the higher numbers of A. rosea recorded under barley than peas and more juveniles under peas than wheat, and the occasional abundance of other species in some paddocks may be used to indicate changes in soil conditions associated with management. Conservation tillage, retaining plant-residues and reducing cultivation, is being promoted as desirable in developing sustainable farming systems and the inverse relationship between earthworm abundance and intensity of tillage (r = -0.69...) provides support for earthworms as a potential indicator of sustainability. Earthworm abundance showed a small but significant correlation between earthworm activity and grain yields (r = 0.44...) and grain protein content (r = 0.52...). A positive correlation between nitrogen fertilizer levels and earthworm numbers (r = 0.48...) and biomass (r = 0.43...). may be related to increased soil organic matter, derived from increased plant growth. The distribution and abundance of earthworms is dependent not only on management related to crop production, but also on local soil and climatic factors. Density and biomass were significantly higher in paddocks with higher annual rainfall and inversely correlated with levels of coarse sand. The soils, crops, climate, management and history of a region of the geographic scale surveyed here is probably too diverse to provide simple relationships between earthworms and plant productivity. It is important to distinguish the broad concept of sustainable productivity on a regional basis from the reality of productivity and sustainability on the spatial and temporal scales of activity of the organisms studied and the production and management process involved. At an appropriate scale, ecological data on both the species composition and on functional groups within earthworm communities, may be useful indicators of crop production and its sustainability.

109.
NAL Call No.: S441.S855
Ecological management of potato cropping systems.
Porter, G. A. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE research projects Northeast Region. [1988-. 1995. 12 p.
SARE Project Number: LNE93-36/ANE93-18. Record includes floppy disk. Date of report is December 1995. Record includes several attachments about the project.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; leptinotarsa- decemlineata; perillus-bioculatus; coleomegilla-maculata; bacillus-thuringiensis; beauveria-bassiana; green-manures; composts; cattle-manure; soil-physical-properties; nitrate- nitrogen; leaching; growth; plant-water-relations; crop-yield; low-input-agriculture; maine

110.
NAL Call No.: S451.W6P76-1990
Economic analysis of low-input and conventional dairy cropping systems.
Ennis, J.; Klemme, R.; Rajhandary, B. Proceedings Progress in Wisconsin sustainable agriculture March 1990. [Wisconsin?] : University of Wisconsin, [1990?]. p. 41-47.
Descriptors: dairy-farming; alternative-farming; sustainability; low-input-agriculture; cropping-systems; Wisconsin; conventional-versus-low-input-agriculture

111.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A2N6
Economic and water quality impacts of reducing nitrogen and pesticide use in agriculture.
Randhir, T. O.; Lee, J. G. Agric resour econ rev v.26(1): p.39-51. (1997 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrogen; atrazine; water-quality; environmental-policy; economic-impact; cropping-systems; farm- inputs; pollution; farm-income; risk; utility-functions; simulation-models; equations; taxes; regulations; environmental- impact; crop-production; watersheds; acreage; erosion; multiyear- regional-risk-programming-model; nonpoint-source-pollution; regulating-the-aggregate; regulating-per-acre; pollutant-loads

112.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A3N6
An economic comparison of conventional and alternative cropping systems for a representative northeast Kansas farm.
Diebel, P. L.; Williams, J. R.; Llewelyn, R. V. Rev agric econ v.17(3): p.242, 323-335. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: clovers; alfalfa; cropping-systems; comparisons; farming-systems; nitrogen; nutrient-uptake; profitability; crop-mixtures; alternative-farming; returns; kansas
Abstract: Alternative agriculture studies are important to producers developing production plans to meet the increasing demands of agricultural and environmental policies. However, the profitability of these systems is sensitive to several factors, including the type and length of rotations, yields, crop prices, and government commodity program provisions. An analysis of net returns and costs for a conventional farming system and three alternative farming systems for a typical northeast Kansas farm is performed with and without the basic government commodity provisions. Initially, constant crop yields are assumed across all production systems. Price, break-even, and equivalent net- return yield sensitivity analyses are used to determine how sensitive the initial results are to forage price changes and yield reductions in corn, soybean, wheat, and grain sorghum. A unique analysis is used in order to address the possibility of reduced yields under the alternative systems compared to the conventional system. The reduction in yield for the crops in the alternative systems is estimated based on reduced nitrogen uptake simulated by the Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management System (GLEAMS) model. The highest net return is from an alternative cropping system of wheat/clover-sorghum-soybean when the ideal of each respective crop is equivalent across systems. This occurs both with and without government commodity program participation. When the analysis is re-examined using yields based upon estimated nitrogen uptake and alternative forage prices, all alternative and transitional systems are less profitable than the conventional system. This analysis shows that under the combination of lower yields from reduced. nitrogen uptake and likely reduced forage prices, the alternative systems are less profitable than the conventional farming system.

113.
NAL Call No.: GE195.E26--1997
Economic democracy and green economics.
Robertson, J. Littleton, CO : Aigis Publications, c1997. xiv, 222 p., Cover title. Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Environmentalism; Green-movement; Social- ecology

114.
NAL Call No.: 100-Al1H
Economic & environmental evaluations of peanut rotations with switchgrass and cotton.
Paudel, K. P.; Martin, N. R. Jr.; Kokalis Burelle, N.; Rodriguez Kabana, R. Highlights agr res v.43(1): p.4-7. (1996 Spring)
Descriptors: arachis-hypogaea; gossypium-hirsutum; panicum-virgatum; rotations; sequential-cropping; low-input- agriculture; economic-evaluation; environmental-impact; costs; returns; profitability; price-support; risk; alabama

115.
NAL Call No.: HC800.N32--1995
Economic growth, sustainability, and agricultural development.
Nana Sinkam, S.; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Addis Ababa : UNECA, [1995] xi, 139 p. : ill., "May 1995." "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"- -Cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-139).
Descriptors: Agriculture-and-state-Africa; Sustainable- development-Africa; Sustainable-agriculture-Africa; Africa- Economic-policy

116.
NAL Call No.: HC107.N9E26--1995
Economic impact of alternative farm program scenarios on the North Dakota economy.
Leistritz, F. L. Fargo, ND : Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, [1995] i, 8 leaves : ill., Cover title. "September 18, 1995."
Descriptors: Labor-supply-North-Dakota; Agriculture- and-state-United-States; North-Dakota-Economic-conditions

117.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.A43
Economic methods for comparing alternative crop production systems: a review of the literature.
Roberts, W. S.; Swinton, S. M. Am J altern agric. Greenbelt, MD : Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. 1996. v. 11 (1) p. 10-17.
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; cropping-systems; comparisons; evaluation; economic-analysis; environmental-impact; stability; profitability; risk; sustainability; north-america; alternative-versus-conventional-cropping-systems
Abstract: New crop production technologies developed in response to growing concern over environmental contamination from agriculture may be neither more profitable nor higher yielding than the systems they replace, but they often reduce environmental contamination or improve soil and water quality. Systems designed with environmental objectives cannot be evaluated fairly just by productivity, which is what often is done in economic studies of alternative systems. We review 58 recent studies comparing alternative crop production systems to identify the key criteria for system comparisons, the system characteristics important in designing the analysis, and the methods most suited for comparing alternative systems. The four key criteria we looked for in system comparisons are expected profit, stability of profits, expected environmental impacts, and stability of environmental impacts. Most economic studies of crop production focus exclusively on profitability, and incorporate neither environmental criteria nor the dynamic characteristics inherent in alternative systems. We identify promising new approaches that take account of specific environmental characteristics and attempt to balance the objectives of profitability and environmental risk management. Balanced environmental-economic analysis is most likely to be achieved by integrating biophysical simulation models with economic optimization methods to model the trade-offs among profitability, environmental impact, and system stability (both financial and environmental).

118.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Economic potential of augmentative releases of boll weevil parasites reared on artificial diet.
Robinson, J. R. C.; Taylor, M. J.; Rojas, M. G.; Morales Ramos, J.; King, E. G. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 412- 415.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references.
Descriptors: anthonomus-grandis; catolaccus; artificial-foods; biological-control-agents; cost-benefit- analysis; integrated-pest-management; organic-farming; gossypium; insecticides; rearing-techniques; texas

119.
NAL Call No.: HD1401.W675--no.304
Economic viability of ecological agriculture for small- scale farmers in southern Brazil : a minor field study.
Helmfrid, G. Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, 1996. 87 p., 10 leaves : ill., 1 map, "ISRN SLU-IRDC-WP--304--SE." Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-85).

120.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
Economics and efficacy of postemergence spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) control in pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Vangessel, M. J.; Westra, P. Weed technol v.11(2): p.329-334. (1997 Apr.-1997 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: phaseolus-vulgaris; weed-control; anoda- cristata; chemical-control; bentazone; imazethapyr; application- rates; low-input-agriculture; application-date; timing; gross- margins; gross-margins-analysis; colorado

121.
NAL Call No.: 100-Id1
The economics of alternative beef cattle management and marketing systems.
Marousek, G. E.; Stodick, L. D.; Schimmel, J. G. Res-bull- Agric-Exp-Stn-Univ-Ida. Moscow, Idaho : Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Idaho, 1922-. May 1992. (153) 15 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; livestock-enterprises; alternative-farming; cattle-husbandry; marketing-techniques; econometric-models; motad; land-resources; public-domain; multiple-land-use; idaho

122.
NAL Call No.: S604.64.A8B68--1997
The economics of landcare.
Brouwer, D. W.; NSW Agriculture. C.B. Alexander Agricultural College. Paterson, NSW : NSW Agriculture, Tocal, 1997. x, 88 p. : ill., "Written by David Brouwer"--P. ii. "Written for the Certificate IV in Landcare"--P. ii.
Descriptors: Agricultural-conservation-Study-and- teaching-Higher-New-South-Wales; Land-degradation-Study-and- teaching-Higher; Sustainable-agriculture-Study-and-teaching- Higher

123.
NAL Call No.: HD1401.A89
Economics of new technologies for sustainable agriculture.
Zilberman, D.; Khanna, M.; Lipper, L. Aust j agric resour econ v.41(1): p.63-80. (1997 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-production; sustainability; environmental-protection; agricultural-development; resource- utilization; technology; entrepreneurship; agricultural-research; innovation-adoption; government; intervention; incentives; taxes; equations

124.
NAL Call No.: 100-T31P
Economics of using high-load single-frequency (HLSF) manure applications with conservation tillage.
Harman, W. L.; Marek, T. H.; Regier, G. C.; Sweeten, J. M. PR-Tex-Agric-Exp-Sta. College Station, Tex. : The Station, 1976-. Oct 1994. (5236) 9 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: feedlot-wastes; application-to-land; crop- production; rotations; irrigated-sites; conservation-tillage; fertilizers; microeconomic-analysis; production-costs; returns; crop-yield; application-rates; economic-thresholds; low-input- agriculture; field-crops; great-plains-states-of-usa

125.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76-no.47
The effect of cropping sequences and rotational management: an economic comparison of conventional, integrated and organic systems.
Leake, A. R. Rotations and cropping systems, 16-18 December 1996, Churchill College, Cambridge. Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK : AAB Office c/o Horticulture Research International, [1996]. p. 185-194.
Includes references.
Descriptors: organic-farming; weed-control

126.
NAL Call No.: TD427.A35A49-1993
Effect of different habitats vs. agricultural practices on breeding birds.
Freemark, K. Agricultural research to protect water quality proceedings of the conference February 21-24, 1993 Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Ankeny, IA : The Society, [1993]. p. 284- 287.
Descriptors: farmland; habitats; organic-farming; organic-fertilizers; agricultural-chemicals; wild-birds; species

127.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5
Effect of manure on crop yield and quality in an organic agricultural system.
Stein Bachinger, K.; Werner, W. Biol agric hortic v.14(3): p.221-235. (1997)
Includes references.
Descriptors: leys; solanum-tuberosum; triticum; winter- wheat; rotations; organic-farming; farmyard-manure; composts; liquid-manures; application-date; timing; nitrogen; application- rates; crop-yield; crop-quality; grain; protein-content; tubers; germany; short-versus-long-composted-manure; nutrient-management

128.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Effect of N-supply on growth and yield of broccoli measured non-destructively by gamma-scanning.
Gutezeit, B. Acta hortic (428): p.45-52. (1996 Aug.)
Paper presented at the workshop "Ecological aspects of Vegetable fertilization in integrated crop production in the field", Sept 25-29, 1995, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany. Includes references.
Descriptors: brassica-oleracea; brassica-oleracea-var; -italica; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; calcium- nitrate; top-dressings; crop-yield; biomass-production; low- input-agriculture; germany

129.
NAL Call No.: S631.F422
The effect of nitrogen source and crop rotation on the growth and yield of processing tomatoes.
Cavero, J.; Plant, R. E.; Shennan, C.; Friedman, D. B. Nutr cycl agroecosyst v.47(3): p.271-282. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; rotations; farming-systems; comparisons; low-input-agriculture; organic- farming; vicia-sativa; green-manures; cover-crops; nitrogen- fertilizers; nutrient-sources; growth; dry-matter-accumulation; leaf-area-index; nitrogen-content; plant-composition; nutrient- uptake; crop-yield; net-assimilation-rate; radiation; use- efficiency; nitrogen; mineralization; nitrate-nitrogen; ammonium- nitrogen; soil-fertility; mediterranean-climate; california; conventional-farming-systems; four-year-rotations; two-year- rotations; organic-versus-inorganic-fertilizers
Abstract: Four crop rotation and management systems were studied in 1994 and 1995 in relation to growth and yield of irrigated processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The four treatments were three four-year rotation systems [conventional (conv-4), low input and organic] and a two-year rotation system [conventional (conv-2)]. The four-year rotation was tomato-safflower-corn-wheat (or oats+vetch)/beans, and the two-year rotation was tomato-wheat. Purple vetch (Vicia sativa L.) was grown as a green manure cover crop preceeding tomatoes in the low input and organic systems. Nitrogen was supplied as fertilizer in the conventional systems, as vetch green manure plus fertilizer in the low input system and as vetch green manure plus turkey manure in the organic system. Tomato cv. Brigade was direct-seeded in the conventional systems and transplanted to the field in the low input and organic systems. In both years the winter cover crop was composed of a mixture of vetch and volunteer oats with N contents of 2.2% in 1994 and 2.7% (low input) or 1.8% (organic) in 1995. In 1994 yields were higher in conventionally grown tomatoes beca