Compiled By:
Rebecca S. Thompson
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
This publication contains selected resources on emu and ostrich farming and is intended to be a starting point for information seekers. Topics covered include: animal husbandry; reproduction (breeding techniques, fertility, hatching, genetics, etc.); housing and care in captivity; diet and nutritional requirements; feeds and feeding; rearing techniques; identification, treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders; farm management; slaugh ter and processing; markets and marketing; commercial products (feathers, leather, meat, emu oil, decorative eggs); and recipes and nutrient values of meat.
Resources were identified from searches of numerous databases, including the National Agricultural Library's (NAL) AGRICOLA and ISIS systems, and by searching the Internet. The inclusion or omission of a publication or resource is not meant as endorsement or disapproval.
Ostriches
References to ostriches are found in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman literature and in the Bible. They may have existed mil lions of years ago in the Southern parts of the Euro-Asiatic continent.(1) In ancient times, ostrich feathers or plumes were often worn as a sign of nobility. Today, ostriches are native to South Africa where they have been commercially bred for more than 100 years. In the late 1800's, South African farmers raised almost a million ostriches to meet fashion industry needs.(2)
The Ratite Encyclopedia describes three separate ventures, beginning in 1882, in which ostriches were brought from Africa to the United States.(3) In the 1880's, ostrich farms were created in the United States in response to the increasing demand, and resulting high prices, for ostrich feathers used in the fashion industry.(4) Changes in the fashion industry and the tough eco nomic times of World War I led to a declining market for ostrich products. In the 1980's, raising ostriches for profit again became popular when a growing demand for ostrich products, including leather, and a U.S. ban on trade with South Africa resulted in higher prices.(4)
Ostriches breed between three and four years of age. Several hens mate with one male, and in the Spring, each lays her eggs in the same shallow nest. For six weeks, the male incubates the eggs at night, alternating with the dominant female during the day. Chicks reach their full height within six months. Depend ing on the subspecies, an adult ostrich may weigh 200-350 pounds and stand seven to 10 feet tall. With strong, muscular legs, the ostrich can run up to 40 mph. Domestic birds may have a 50-year life span; wild ostriches live 20-30 years.
Ostrich meat, hides (leather), and feathers have commercial value. The meat, with a texture and color similar to beef, is low in fat, calories, and sodium. It has fewer calories, less fat, and less cholesterol than beef, emu, chicken, or turkey. It also is a good source of iron and protein. Egg shells are carved into ornaments, used as containers, or made into decorative jewelry. The ostrich farmer may breed young stock for resale or sell eggs for hatching.
Emus
Emus are native to Australia. The original inhabitants consumed emu meat and used the oil for medicinal purposes. Wild emus in Australia are considered a threat competing with other livestock for resources such as food and water. They also trample and destroy wheat and other crops.(5) In the early 1900's, Western Australia's government set a bounty on emus and, in 1932, even attempted to exterminate the bird. To protect crops and live stock, the government built hundreds of miles of fencing, suc cessfully restricting the migrating birds to the open forests and plains. Until the early 1990's, the Australian government prohibited commercial emu farming. It has now licensed a few farms. The United States first imported emus between 1930 and 1950. However, commercial emu farming in the U.S. did not begin until the late 1980's.
The female begins to breed between 18 months and three years of age, and may continue to produce eggs for more than 15 years. It is the male who incubates the eggs which hatch in about 50 days. The emu grows to full size within two years standing five to six feet tall and weighing as much as 150 pounds. With powerful legs similar to the ostrich, it can run up to 40 mph. An emu lives about 30 years.
Emu products include leather, meat, and decorative egg shells. Emu oil is sold for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. Young stock also may be bred for resale, and eggs can be sold for hatching. Emu meat, like ostrich meat, is similar in texture and color to beef. Compared to beef, it has more iron, protein, and vitamin C. The low fat meat has less sodium than beef, chicken, or turkey.
The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC) is one of several Information Centers at the NAL that provide in-depth coverage of specific subject areas relating to the food and agricultural sciences. AFSIC focuses on alternative farming systems and crops that aim to maintain agricultural productivity and profitability, while protecting natural resources. Support for the Center comes to the Library from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Sustainable Agriculture Research and Educa tion (SARE) program which is under the jurisdiction of the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES).
This publication is available in hardcopy, or electronically on computer diskette, or via AFSIC's Internet Web Site: http://afsic.nal.usda.gov. Please send comments and corrections regarding this publication, or requests for additional copies to:
==========
Notes:
1)
Vandervoodt, Claire. The Dasana Ostrich Guide: A Practical
Handbook. Devonport: Nova Creative Publishing, 1995.
2)
Batty, Joseph. Ostrich Farming. Midhurst: Beech
Publishing House, 1995.
3)
Drenowatz, Claire. The Ratite Encyclopedia: Ostrich, Emu,
Rhea. San Antonio, TX: Ratite Records, 1995. p. 19-20.
4)
Wiley, C.B. "Dinosaurs to Ratites in Only 250 Million Years."
Live Animal Trade & Transport Magazine V(2):5-16. June
1993.
5)
Minnaar, Phillip and Maria Mannaar. The Emu Farmer's Handbook.
Groveton, TX: Induna Company, 1992. 178 pp.
American Ostrich Association (AOA)
12180 Clint Parker Road
Conroe, TX 77303
Phone: 405-799-4095
FAX: 405-799-3977
E-mail: ostriches@mindspring.com
http://www.ostriches.org/ or http://www.ostriches.org/standardbodypage.htm
Publication: American Ostrich
Contact the American Ostrich Association or American Emu Association to request a list of their state or regional affliates. The following Internet sites also include listings of related associations or organizations:
Food Safety and Inspection Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250-3700
Associació Catalana de Criadors d'Estruços (Spanish
Ostrich Association)
A.C.C.E., Avda. Jaume I,3, 5A
17001 Girona, Spain
Phone: 34-2-210212
FAX: 34-2-208154
Australian Ostrich Association
National Secretariat
45 Settlement Road
Bellarine
Victoria 3223
Australia
Phone: 03 5251 3610
FAX: 03 5251 3820
E-mail: aoaterry@bigpond.com
http://www.aoa.asn.au/
The Australian Ostrich Company Ltd.
P.O. Box 4049
Auburn South
Victoria 3122, Australia
Phone: 61 03 9819 4700
FAX: 61 03 9819 4084
E-mail: aoc@dcscomp.com.au
British Domesticated Ostrich Association
Secretary and Treasurer: Craig Culley
33 Eden Grange
Little Corby, Carlisle, UK CA4 8QW
Phone: + 44 1228 562532
FAX: + 44 1228 562187
E-mail: mailto:info@bdoa.org.uk
Canadian Emu Association
R.R.#1
Stratford, Ontario, Canada N5A 6S2
Phone: 519-271-2659
FAX: 519-271-7548
Canadian Ostrich Association
Box 44109, 2947 Tillicum Road
Victoria, British Columbia, V9A 7K1
Phone/FAX: 250-380-6035
http://www.ostrich.ca/
Complimentary "Producer Info-Pak" available at http://www.ostrich.ca/pages/infopk.htm
Manitoba Ostrich Association
Box 388
Tuelon, Manitoba, Canada R0C 3B0
Phone: 204-886-2342
FAX: 204-886-3969
New England Ratite Association
P.O. Box 578
Williamsburg, MA 01096
Phone: 413-628-3878
North American Ratite Registry
c/o PE ZOOGEN
1756 Picasso Ave.
Davis, CA 95616
Phone: 1-800-995-BIRD
Ostrich Industry Council
4203 Weiland Rd.
Weatherford, TX 76086
Phone: 817-599-5593
Ratite Database (searchable)
Information: http://duke.usask.ca/~ladd/ratdbase.htm
or e-mail Ken Ladd at ken.ladd@usask.ca
Telnet: sklib.usask.ca
Login: Ratite
Contact:
Information Management of WA
P.O. Box 36
Armadale, W.A 6112
Australia
Phone: AUS (09) 399 6974
FAX: AUS (09) 399 6974
E-mail: peter@imwa.com.au
http://imwa.com.au/html/ostfrmr.html
Also available through Ostriches OnLine at
http://www.achiever.com/ostrich/software.html
2.
Ostrich de Mexico Software (in Spanish)
Ostrich de México, S.A. de C.V.
Paloma 512
San Nicol s de los Garza, N.L.
Monterrey, México 66400
Phone: (52-8) 313-45-34, (52-8) 366-65-09
E-mail: ostrich@infosel.net.mx
3.
Ratite Business Plan Software
"The Ratite Business Plan Software consists of over 150
pre-printed and pre-formatted pages and spread-sheets covering
every conceivable aspect of your new farm. The Ratite Business
Plan Software will help you take the guesswork out of all your
business concerns by providing a step by step program from
beginning to end." Software revised April 1997.
Contact:
Ostriches OnLine
2218 N. 75th Ave.
Elmwood Park, IL 60707
Phone: 708-452-7596
FAX: 708-452-7510
1-800-RING-OOL (in U.S. only)
http://www.achiever.com/ostrich/bizplan.html
2.
...And On This Farm: Ostriches and Emus. 30 min.
Athens, GA: University of Georgia Center for Continuing
Education, 1996. Videocassette no. V-F8-002.
This segment on ostriches and emus is one in a series of videos
in which professionals discuss how to care for large farm
animals.
Contact: Georgia Center Collection: Books & Videos, Georgia
Center for Continuing Education, The University of Georgia,
Athens, GA 30602-3603. Phone: 1-800-359-4040. FAX:
706-542-6720. For information, see
http://www.gactr.uga.edu/tv/videocatalog/farm.html.
Cost: $19.95.
3.
The Complete Guide to Emu Farming.
Contact: James McDonald, McDonald Bird Farm, R.R. #1, Box 2140-C,
Corsicana, TX 75110. Phone: 903-872-4188.
4.
Emu Farming: A Guide to Hatching and Raising Emu
Contact: Janice Castleberry, Rte. 2, Box 234 B-1, Lampasas, TX
76550. Phone: 512-556-5910.
5.
"How to Handle an Emu," 2000. Demonstrates several handling
techniques.
Contact: American Emu Association, 208-983-7928.
For information, see
http://www.aea-emu.org/.
Cost: $15.00.
6.
Handling, Tattooing and Sexing Emu.
Contact: Janice Castleberry, Rte. 2, Box 234 B-1, Lampasas, TX
76550. Phone: 512-556-5910.
7.
Hatching and Raising Emus. 40 min.
Contact: Triple C Ranch, Inc. Route 2, Box 234-B1, Lampasas,
TX 76550. Phone: 512-556-5910.
8.
Livestock Diversification. 60 min.
Prairie Farm Report. Exotic animals discussed include
ostriches.
Contact: AG-COM Productions Ltd., Box 3069, Bismarck, ND 58502.
Phone: 306-781-2424 or 1-800-667-8888. FAX: 306-781-2849.
E-mail: agcom@sk.sympatico.ca
9.
Livestock Diversification #2. 60 min.
Prairie Farm Report. "Features 14 livestock operators raising
exotic or alternative livestock" including emus.
Contact: AG-COM Productions Ltd., Box 3069, Bismarck, ND 58502.
Phone: 306-781-2424 or 1-800-667-8888. FAX: 306-781-2849.
E-mail: agcom@sk.sympatico.ca
10.
Ostrich Farm Training Videos.
Four videotapes of an international seminar cosponsored by
Blackwing Ostrich Farms, Inc. and Ostriches On Line, Spring
1997.
Contact: Ostriches On Line, 2218 N. 75th Ave., Elmwood Park, IL
60707. Phone: 708-452-7596 or 1-888-RING-OOL. FAX: 708-452-7510.
For information, see
http://www.ostrichesonline.com/reference/korvideo.html.
Cost: $239.00.
11.
Ostrich Farming Video. 40 min.
Contact: Ostriches On Line, 2218 N. 75th Ave., Elmwood Park, IL
60707. Phone: 708-452-7596 or 1-888-RING-OOL. FAX: 708-452-7510.
For information, see
http://www.ostrichesonline.com/seminar/twodayseminarvideo.html.
Cost: $75.00.
12.
Ostrich Meat Processing Video. 50 min.
Developed by Texas A&M University researchers with funding from
the American Ostrich Research Foundation. Number P4-MV.
Contact: AOA, 12180 Clint Parker Road, Conroe, TX 77303. Phone: 405-799-4095.
FAX: 405-799-3977. E-mail: ostriches@mindspring.com.
Cost: $52.00 (AOA members), $102 (non-members).
13.
Ostriches: Still Your Great Opportunity, 1991. 36 min.
Contact: Dale Coody, R.R.#1 BOX 71A, Lawton, Oklahoma 73501.
Phone: 405-353-3078 Cost: $59.95
14.
Processing your Emus for Profit. 60 min.
Contact: Misty Mountain Emu Ranch, P.O Box 367, Gaston, OR
97119. Phone: 1-800-558-2450. FAX: 503-537-9144
15.
Ratite Feeding Methods. 2-part VHS.
Contact: Blue Mountain Feeds, Inc., 2001 Blue Mountain Ave.,
Berthoud, CO 80513. Phone: 303-678-7343. E-mail:
dary@blue-mountain.net. URL:
http://www.blue-mountain.net/. Cost: $16.95.
16.
"USDA Processing Video," 2001.
Contact: American Emu Association, 208-983-7928. For information, see
http://www.aea-emu.org/.
Cost: $30.00.
1.
Acceptability of processed ostrich meat products.
Morris, C. A.; Keeton, J. T.; Miller, R. K.; Hale, D.
S.; Harris, S. D.; Savell, J. W. Journal Of Dairy
Science v.77(Suppl. 1): p.328. (1994).
Descriptors: Meeting abstract; poultry industry; food
industry; processing
2.
AEA News
Note: No longer available
3.
Air transport of adult ostriches.
Hancock, R. State Veterinary Journal (United
Kingdom) v.4(2): p.1-3. (1994). 1 ref.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal welfare; lesions; cages;
air transport; legislation; transport of animals; animal housing;
birds; struthioniformes; transport; trauma
4.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.A65S44--1993
Alternative Agriculture Series: Ostrich.
Sell, R. S.; Aakre, D. G. Fargo, ND : NDSU Extension Service,
North Dakota State University, 1993. 18 v. : illus., map.
Includes bibliographical references. Series no. 11.:
Ostrich.
Descriptors: alternative-agriculture-North-Dakota
5.
NAL Call No.: SF399.A48--1995
Alternative Livestock Conference : July 27-29, 1995,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus.
Alternative Livestock Conference 1995 : University of Minnesota,
St. P. C. [St. Paul, Minn.? : s.n., 1995?] 1 v. (ca. 350 p.) :
illus., maps, Title from cover. Bison -- Elk -- Emu --
Ostrich -- Red deer -- Other animals --
Miscellaneous topics.
Descriptors: livestock-congresses; bison-industry-congresses;
ratite-farming-congresses
6.
NAL Call No.: SF511.O88
American Ostrich : Official Publication of the American
Ostrich Association. Ft. Worth, TX : The American
Ostrich Association, [1994- v. : illus.]. Previously titled
The Ostrich Report.
Descriptors: ostriches-United-States-periodicals;
ostriches-periodicals; ostrich-farms-and-farming-United-States-periodicals;
animal-husbandry-periodicals; birds-periodicals
7.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Anesthetic management of ostriches.
Cornick, J. L.; Jensen, J. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association v.200(11): p.1661-1666. (June
1992). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; anesthesia; anesthetics; heartrate;
respiration-rate; blood-pressure; blood; gases; complications
8.
Animals Exotic & Small Magazine.
Contact: 1320 Mountain Ave., Norco, CA
91760-2852. Phone: 909-371-4307; FAX: 909-371-4307
9.
Are we ready for superbird?
Cole, M. Food Manufacture International
v.10(3): p.16-17. (1993)
Descriptors: meat-specific; birds; ostrich-meat;
Europe; UK
10.
[Artificial incubation of ostrich eggs - Around the
hatching egg]. Kunstbrut bei Strausseneiern - Rund ums
Brutei.
Jost, R. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.46(6): p.14-16. (1994). 3
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; egg-incubation;
veterinary-hygiene; cleaning; fumigation; disinfection;
animal-husbandry-methods; application-methods; birds; hygiene;
struthioniformes
11.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-Av5
Assessment of the ability of ratite-origin influenza
viruses to infect and produce disease in rheas and chickens.
Swayne D.E.; Beck J.R.; Perdue M.L.; Brugh M; Slemons
R.D. Avian Diseases v.40(2): p.438-447. (1996). 47
refs.
Descriptors: experimental-infection; pathogenicity;
host-range; viral-diseases; poultry; rheas
Abstract: Pathobiological characteristics were determined for 3 mildly pathogenic (MP) ratite-origin avian influenzaviruses (AIVs). Ratite-origin AIVs produced respiratory disease in rheas, and virus was reisolated from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs on days 2-6 after inoculation. Inoculation of 2 ratite-origin AIVs in the upper respiratory tract of chickens resulted in viral infection, but the mean chicken infectious dose (CID50) for A/emu/Texas/39924/93 (H5N2) (Emu/Texas) virus was 500-fold lower than the CID50 for the A/rhea/NorthCarolina/39482/93 (H7N1) virus. In ovo and in vivo passage of the MP parent Emu/Texas isolate resulted in emergence of a highly pathogenic (HP) variant that had high plaquing efficiency in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and was highly lethal in chicken pathotyping tests. This variant virus produced gross lesions in chickens similar to those reported for other HP AIVs. These findings show that ratite-origin AIVs can produce significant clinical disease in rheas and have a potential for interspecies transmission to domestic poultry. HP variants can emerge from MP H5 ratite-origin AIVs if introduced and allowed to circulate in chicken populations.
12.
[At last a legal basis for ostrich breeding]. Endlich
rechtliche Basis fuer die Straussenzucht.
Kistner, C. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.46(32): p.13-14. (1994). 1 illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-husbandry; regulations;
Germany; extension-activities; free-range-husbandry; animal-needs;
microclimate-; poultry-housing; training-courses; animal-housing;
animal-husbandry-methods; birds; climate; education;
Europe; extensive-farming; extensive-husbandry; farming-systems;
professional-services; services; struthioniformes; training;
western-Europe
13.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-So8
Avian pox in ostriches.
Allwright, D. M.; Burger, W. P.; Geyer, A.; Wessels, J.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
v.65(1): p.23-25. (March 1994). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; chicks; avipoxvirus;
histopathology; outbreaks; cytoplasmic-inclusions; vaccination;
South-Africa
14.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-R3224
Behavioral problems of farmed ostriches in Canada.
Samson, J. Canadian Veterinary Journal
v.37(7): p.412-414. (1996). 6 refs.
Descriptors: animal-behaviour; aggressive-behaviour;
anorexia; abnormal-behaviour; adipsia
15.
(Behaviour of ostriches: get to know your ostriches
better). Verhalten von Straussen: Lernen Sie Ihre Strausse noch
besser kennen.
Reiner, G. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.47(4): p.35-38. (1995). 3
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; social-behaviour;
sexual-behaviour; feeding-habits; maternal-behaviour; behaviour;
birds; struthioniformes
16.
(Behaviour of ostriches: in this way you feed them
correctly). Verhalten von Straussen: So fuettern Sie
richtig.
Reiner, G. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.47(9): p.51-53. (1995). 2
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; abnormal-behaviour;
feed-intake; feathers; feeding-level; animal-learning;
young-animals; animal-morphology; behaviour; birds; feeding;
feeding-habits;
integument; struthioniformes
17.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
B45
Behavioural disorders in the food intake of
ostriches.
Sambraus, H. H. Berliner und Munchener
Tierarztliche Wochenschrift v.108(9): p.344-346. 2 refs.
(1995).
Descriptors: food-intake; disorders; animal-behaviour;
animal-welfare; feather-pecking; feeding-behaviour; abnormal-behaviour
Abstract: Results are given from observation of 3 groups of male and female ostriches 19-46 months of age on an ostrich farm in Namibia. The individual groups were kept in a paddock of about 1.4 ha, which contained no vegetation, and the ostriches were fed ad lib. with feed pellets 3 times a week. The pellets contained 12% protein, 30% crude fibre, 2.5% fat and 1.5% Ca. The behaviour of the ostriches was observed over a total of 96 h. The most striking behavioural disorder was feather pecking. The animals showed 4 other behaviour patterns, which were regarded as behaviour disorders: pecking sand, pecking wire, pecking their own feathers and pecking into the air; these occurred in a random succession. This behaviour was attributed to the nutrition, which differs from the natural feeding situation, as the animals are fed exclusively on pellets so that the food consumption is completed within a very short time. This results in an accumulation of action specific energy within the functional circle of nutrition. Therefore in the husbandry of ostriches in Central Europe not only the necessary energy and sufficient composition of nutrition should be considered. It is necessary as well, that the food be of a consistency which guarantees food intake of appropriate satisfactory duration.
18.
The blood chemistry of ostriches feding in an artificial
environment.
Lien, TuFa; Lu, JinJenn; Lien, T. F.; Lu, J. J.
Taiwan Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Husbandry. 1994, (no. 63): p.25-29. (1994). 6 refs.
Descriptors: normal-values; alanine-aminotransferase;
aspartate-aminotransferase; blood-chemistry
19.
Botulism in an ostrich farm (France). Des cas de
botulisme dans un elevage d' autruches (France).
Bouisset, S. Point Veterinaire (France)
[Veterinary Viewpoint] v.27(170): p.75-78 (August 1995 -
September 1995). 14 illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-husbandry; botulism;
paralysis; clostridium-botulinum; disease-control; vaccination;
poitou-charentes; bacillaceae; bacteria; bacterioses; birds;
clostridium; disease-control; Europe; france; immunization;
immunostimulation; immunotherapy; infectious-diseases;
mediterranean-countries; nervous-system-diseases; organic-diseases;
struthioniformes; therapy; western-Europe
21.
Botulism on an ostrich farm.
Bouisset, S. Summa v.13(1): p.87-90. (1996).
1 ref.
Descriptors: case-reports; botulism
22.
NAL Call No.: QL671.A9
Bow leg syndrome in ratite birds.
Guittin, P. Avicultural magazine v.92(2):
p.70-79. illus. (1986)
Descriptors: domaius novaehollandiae; rhea Americana;
struthio camelus; diet-in-captivity; hand-rearing; bow leg
syndrome relations with nutrition, growth & survival;
survival-in-captivity; hindlimb-skeleton; growth-rate; bow leg syndrome
relationships in hand rearing; developmental-disorders; bow leg
syndrome; relations with nutrition, environment, growth &
survival in hand rearing
23.
Breeding and Production of Ratites. [Les
ratites. Elevage et Productions.]
Campodonico, P.; Masson, C. Departement Elevage et Medecine
Veterinaire, 10 rue Pierre Curie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France,
1992. 98 p. 117 refs.
Descriptors: plumage; body-weight; reproduction;
meat-production; behaviour; management; tropics; breeding;
animal-production; production; cassowaries; rheas
24.
Breeding of ostriches and their reproduction, slaughter
and meat nutritional value.
Paleari, M. A.; Corsico, P.; Beretta, G.
Fleischwirtschaft v.75(9): p.1100-1105, 1120-1123.
(1995). 17 refs.
Descriptors: animal-nutrition; meat; meat-characteristics;
organoleptic-traits; hides-and-skins; feathers;
slaughter; nutritive-value; meat-production; meat-quality;
carcass-composition; incubation
25.
Breeding ostriches.
Bertram, B. Proceedings of Symposium of the
Association of British Wild Animal Keepers 9. Bristol, U.K.
: the Association, 1984. p.28-32. illus.
Descriptors: struthio camelus australis; care-in-captivity;
farming methods; Cape-Province; oudtshoorn; farming techniques
26.
Breeding ostriches at the Cotswold Wildlife Park.
Fountain, C. Proceedings of Symposium of the
Association of British Wild Animal Keepers 9. Bristol, U.K.
: the Association, 1984. p.37-43. illus.
Descriptors: struthio camelus massaicus;
captive-breeding-records; wildlife park; England; Oxfordshire, Burford,
Cotswold Wildlife Park; breeding records
27.
[Breeding planning in ostrich husbandry]. Zuchtplanung
in der Straussenhaltung.
Reiner, G. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.46(2): p.13-15. (1994). 3
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-breeding;
planning; Germany; selection-criteria; performance-testing;
marking; identification; animal-husbandry-methods; birds; Europe;
evaluation; struthioniformes; testing; western-Europe
28.
Breeding seasons and laying patterns of the southern
African ostrich Struthio camelus.
Jarvis, M. J. F.; Jarvis, C.; Keffen, R. H.
IBIS 127(4) p.442-449. (1985). illus.
Descriptors: Struthio camelus; size; eggs; egg;
breeding-season; egg-laying; patterns & season, rainfall effect;
clutches; seasonal-activity; south Africa & Zimbabwe;
climate-and-weather; rainfall effect on laying season & patterns,
wild & captive, africa; South-Africa; Bophuthatswana, sun city;
comparison to wild; Zimbabwe; central; laying season & patterns,
effect of rainfall, egg & clutch sizes
29.
Breeding system and strategies of ostriches.
Bertram, B. C. R. Acta Congressus Internationalis
Ornithologici 2(1980). p.890-894. (1980).
Descriptors: struthio camelus massaicus; size; body,
influence on communal nesting system evolution, Africa;
food-availability; colonial-breeding; nesting system & adaptive
strategies; nesting; communal system & adaptive strategies;
evolutionary-adaptation; communal nesting system & strategies;
population-sex-ratio; predators; temperature; communal nesting
system evolution, relationships, East Africa; Kenya; Tsavo West
National Park; Tanzania; Serengeti National park; communal
nesting system evolution & adaptive strategies
30.
Breeding the emus, Dromaius novaehollandiae, in
captivity.
Fukuda, T.; Kanemitsu, H.; Matsuo, Y.; Nakaoka, M.;
Yonezawa, A. Journal of Japanese Association of Zoological
Gardens and Aquariums v.31(4):108-111. (1989).
illus.
Descriptors: dromaius novaehollandiae; reproductive-behaviour;
hatching-success; failure causes; growth-rate; chicks, zoo; Japan;
Kobe Oji Zoo; breeding, hatching success & chick growth
31.
[Breedings of ostrichs in South-Africa]. Allevamenti di
struzzi in Sud Africa.
Luttitz, H. v. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy)
v.31(7): p.988-989. (July 1990)
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-production; animal-feeding;
South-Africa; Africa; Africa-South-of-Sahara; anglophone-Africa; birds;
production; southern-Africa; struthioniformes
32.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
A buyer's guide for ostrich meat.
Stadelman, W. J.; Schmieder, H.; Grant, A. L.; Ghiselli,
R. F.; Adams, R. L.; Mcmillin, K. W. Poultry Science
v.74(suppl. 1): p.120. (1995).
Descriptors: poultry industry; flavor; food products
33.
California Ostrich.
California Ostrich Association. Official publication of the
California Ostrich Association, 945 12th St., Ste. G., Paso
Robles, CA 93446. Phone: 805-227-4436.
Descriptors: ostriches-United-States-periodicals
34.
Canadian Ostrich Magazine.
Contact: Canadian Ostrich Magazine, Suite 204, 2915 19 St. N.W.,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2E 7A2. Phone: 403-250-1128.
403-250-1194. Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Descriptors: ostrich-farms-and-farming-periodicals
35.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-Av5
Causes of losses including a Borna disease paralytic
syndrome affecting young ostriches of one breeding organization
over a five-year period (1989-1993).
Ashash, E.; Malkinson, M.; Meir, R.; Perl, S.; Weisman,
Y. Avian Diseases v.40(1): p.240-245. (January 1996 -
March 1996). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; mortality; etiology; young-animals;
paresis; borna-disease-virus; flocks; animal-diseases; case-reports; Israel
Abstract: Necropsy records and causes of mortality of ostriches up to 3 months old over a 5-year period (1989-1993) are presented. The data relate to one ostrich enterprise that comprises 10 breeding flocks, five rearing farms, and one hatchery. Causes of mortality are classified into nine major categories. The annual mortality percentages of all hatched ostriches over the 5-year period were 61%, 58%, 30%, 29%, and 16.6%, and the most significant cause of death was a paresis syndrome that accounted for 20%, 11%, 16%, 10.1%, and 2% mortality, respectively. Limb deformities and gastroenteritis were the other principal specific causes of mortality. The paresis syndrome was caused by an agent serologically related to Borna disease virus. Brain extracts from paralyzed ostriches, when given orally or intramuscularly to 5-week-old birds, reproduced the clinical signs and microscopic lesions. The mean time to death was less than 3 weeks for the intramuscularly infected group and was almost twice as long for the orally infected group.
36.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
Characterization of embryonic development in the emu
(Dromaius novaehollandiae).
Kinder, L. L.; Anthony, N. B.; Bailey, C. F.
Poultry Science v.75(suppl. 1): p.49. (1996).
Descriptors: Dromaius Novaehollandiae; bird; poultry
industry; growth
37.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
Chemiluminescent DNA fingerprinting of ratites using a
PCR-labeled M13 probe.
Petitte, J. N.; Scheideler, S. E. Poultry
Science v.74(suppl. 1): p.211. (1995).
Descriptors: bird; phage; virus; microorganism;
polymerase chain reaction; analytical method; genomic DNA;
genetics; electrophoresis; purification method; breeding programs
38.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Ar2
Cholesterol content, nutrients and fatty acid profiles of
ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs.
Reiner, G.; Dorau, H. P.; Dzapo, V. Archiv fuer
Gefluegelkunde v.59(1): p.65-68. (1995). 23 refs.
Descriptors: eggs; poultry
Abstract: A total of 9 non-fertile ostrich eggs from 3 herds in Germany were analysed. Mean values and ranges are given for egg dimensions, vol., wt., sp. gr., albumen, yolk and shell % and wt., the moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash contents of the albumen and yolk, and cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of yolk lipids. Yolk % was lower than in domestic poultry eggs. Cholesterol content of the yolk lipids was at the upper end of the normal range for poultry eggs; fatty acid composition showed higher % saturated and polyunsaturated but lower % monounsaturated fatty acids than hens' eggs. Apart from these differences, composition was similar to that of hens' eggs.
39.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
B45
Circadian rhythm in the behaviour of ostriches kept in
pens.
Sambraus, H.H. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche
Wochenschrift v.107(10): p.339-341. (1994). 8 refs.
Descriptors: biological-rhythms; movement; feeding-behaviour;
drinking; animal-welfare; circadian-rhythm; behaviour; animal-behaviour
Abstract: 120 ostriches, kept as domestic animals on a farm in Israel, were observed. Three behaviour categories were recorded: standing/walking, sitting/lying and eating/drinking. The animals spent more than 60% of the day standing and walking; activities with a non-life preserving function. The need to determine the behavioural needs of ostriches before any sort of husbandry is envisaged in central Europe in order to determine whether the welfare of ostriches is compatible with husbandry in central Europe.
41.
Comfort behaviour of the African ostrich (Struthio
camelus).
Sambraus, H. H. Deutsche Tierarztliche
Wochenschrift v.101(8): p.307-308. (1994). 4 refs.
Descriptors: plumage; production; diurnal-activity;
behaviour; reviews; animal-behaviour; sand-bathing
Abstract: Comfort behaviour of ostriches consists of caring of plumage and sand bathing. From studies of 120 ostriches in relation to the possibilities for ostrich production in central Europe it is concluded that care of plumage will be possible, but special devices must be constructed to allow sand bathing in every season.
42.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
B77
Commercial incubation of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs
in the UK with particular reference to the hatching process.
Deeming, D. C. British Poultry Science
v.35(5): p.818. (1994).
Descriptors: struthio camelus; bird; poultry industry
43.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
W89
Comparative physical and nutritive characteristics of
ostrich eggs.
Sales, J.; Poggenpoel, D. G.; Cilliers, S.C.
World's Poultry Science Journal v.52(1): p.45-52, 85,
87-88, 91, 94. (1996). 36 refs.
Descriptors: eggs; poultry; ostriches
Abstract: Physical and compositional properties of ostrich eggs are discussed and compared with those of other avian species, with a view to determining the suitability of ostrich eggs for table consumption. The physical appearance of ostrich eggs make them attractive to consumers, while the high shell strength provides resistance to breakage during handling and transportation. The limited data available indicate that composition is similar to that of eggs from other avian species; content of fat tends to be lower and contents of leucine and threonine tend to be higher than in chicken eggs. Market potential for fresh ostrich eggs is currently regarded as limited, however, there appears to be no reason why they cannot be utilized for table consumption. With this in mind, further research into sensory properties, storage stability, processing, etc. is recommended. [From En summ.]
44.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
Comparison of consumer acceptability of ostrich meat
versus beef top loin steak.
Harris, S. D.; Miller, R. K.; Morris, C. A.; Hale, D.
S.; Keeton, J. T.; May, S. G.; Savell, J. W. Poultry
Science v.73(suppl. 1): p.138. (1994).
Descriptors: meeting abstract; meat industry; poultry
industry; food industry; palatability
45.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Am3
Conjunctivitis caused by eye flukes in captive-reared
ostriches.
Greve, J. H.; Harrison, G. J. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association v.177(9): p.909-910.
(1980). illus.
Descriptors: struthio camelus; digenean-parasites;
philophthalmus gralli; associated conjunctivitis & new host
record for struthioniformes; disorders; Florida; Digenean
Parasite Associated Conjunctivitis; new digenean parasite record
for struthioniformes
46.
NAL Call No.: SF511.V36--1995
The Dasana Ostrich Guide : a Practical
Handbook.
Vandervoodt, C. Devonport : Nova Creative Pub., 1995. 224 p.
illus.
Descriptors: ostrich-farming; ostriches-reproduction;
ostriches-diseases-and-pests
47.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
Development of a PCR based diagnosis of sex in the
ostrich.
Ding, Y.; Anthony, N.; Kinder, L.; Rhoads, D.
Poultry Science v.74(suppl. 1): p.91. (1995).
Descriptors: bird; poultry industry; breeding;
genetics; polymerase chain reaction; analytical method
48.
NAL Call No.: SF994
A87
Diet effect on egg nutrients in a high producing
ostrich.
Angel, R. Proceedings Annual Conference Association
of Avian Veterinarians 1994. Orlando, FL: Association of
Avian Veterinarians,1994. p.121-125. illus.
Descriptors: struthio camelus; inorganic-substances;
mineral content of egg, variation & maternal die relationships;
vitamins; egg content; diet; maternal diet composition effects on
egg mineral & vitamin content; egg; mineral & vitamin content,
variation & maternal diet relationships; breeding-season; egg-laying;
season, egg mineral & vitamin content variation relationships
49.
NAL Call No.: HE199.5.L5L58
Dinosaurs to ratites in only 250 million years.
Wiley, C. B. Live Animal Trade and Transport
Magazine v.5(2): p.5-16. (June 1993). Includes
references.
Descriptors: ostriches; rhea; emus; evolution; farming;
history
50.
NAL Call No.: SF995.W4
Disease and reproductive losses in emus.
Shane, S. M.; Tully, T. N. Jr. Proceedings -
Western Poultry Disease Conference (43rd): p.22-24. (1994).
Meeting held on February 27-March 1, 1994, Sacramento,
California.
Descriptors: emus; mortality
51.
Diseases and pathological conditions of ostriches.
Catelli, E; Piazza, V. Rivista di Avicoltura
v.64(9): p.18-34. (1995). refs.
Descriptors: poultry; trauma; lesions; pathology;
disease-transmission; aetiology; viral-diseases; bacterial-diseases;
nutritional-disorders; reproductive-disorders; constipation;
foreign-bodies; stomach-ulcers; spongiform-encephalopathy; neoplasms;
heart-diseases; digestive-system-diseases; reviews; diseases;
parasites; helminths; poultry-diseases; streptococcus-gallinarum;
isospora-struthionis; leucocytozoon-struthionis; balantidium-struthionis;
libyostrongylus-douglassii; houttuynia-struthionis;
codiostomum-struthionis; dicheloinema-spicularia;
struthiofilaria-megalocephala; philophtalmus-gralli; struthiolipeurus;
esthiopterum-struthionis
52.
Diseases of farmed ostriches.
Burlini, F. Informatore Agrario v.50(30):
p.39-44. (1994)
Descriptors: bacterial-diseases; omphalitis;
viral-diseases; foot-diseases; nutrient-deficiencies; tuberculosis;
treatment; drug-therapy; prophylaxis; disease-prevention;
diagnosis; disease-control; anaesthesia; animal-diseases;
diseases; parasites; helminths; houttaymia-struthionis;
libyostrongylus-douglassii; coeliostomum-struthionis
53.
Do emus have to be legless too?
Ullrey, D. E. Proceedings of the Annual Dr Scholl
Conference on the Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals 2
(1983)
Descriptors: dromaius novaehollandiae;
diet-in-captivity; leg disorder relationship; hindlimbs;
hindlimb-skeleton;
developmental-disorders; legs, relationship with diet in
captivity
54.
(Does it pay to pluck an ostrich?). Lohnt es sich, den
Strauss zu "rupfen"? Presserummel um Straussenhaltung.
dlz. Die landwirtschaftliche Zeitschrift fuer
Produktion Technik Management (Germany) v.45(5): p.138-139.
(1994). 5 illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; meat; markets; imports; eggs;
chicks; animal-welfare; extensive-husbandry; Germany;
animal-husbandry-methods; animal-products; birds; chickens;
domestic-animals; domesticated-birds; Europe; extensive-farming;
farming-systems; foreign-trade; galliformes; livestock; poultry;
struthioniformes; trade; useful-animals; western-Europe; young-animals
55.
[Don't give the feeds for the turkeys to the ostriches].
Non date agli struzzi il mangime per tacchini.
Rivista di Avicoltura (Italy) v.62(2): p.21-24
(February 1993)
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-feeding; rations;
nutritive-value; nutritional-requirements; essential-amino-acids;
ingredients; turkeys; amino-acids; birds; feeding; galliformes;
nutrition-physiology; physiological-functions;
physiological-requirements; quality; struthioniformes
56.
NAL Call No.: S960.I5
Down on the ostrich farm.
Younghusband, P. International Wildlife 14(5)
1984: 52-59. (September-October 1984). illus.
Descriptors: struthio camelus; farming-and-agriculture;
history & importance for conservation; conservation; importance
of domestication & farming; Cape-Province; Oudtshoorn area;
history of domestication & farming, conservation relationship
57.
NAL Call No.: SF1.S6
The effect of diet protein and energy levels on the
growth performance and feather production of slaughter ostriches
under feedlot conditions. Die invloed van dieetproteien-en
energiepeil op die groeiprestasie en veerproduksie van
slagvolstruise onder voerkraaltoestande. Die invloed van
dieetproteien-en energiepeil op die groeiprestasie en
veerproduksie van slagvolstruise onder voerkraaltoestande.
Swart, D.; Kemm, E. H. South African Journal of
Animal Science. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Veekunde
v.15(4): p.146-150. (Decemer 1985)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; concentrates; diets;
growth-rate; feed-intake; feather-production; feed-conversion;
South-Africa
58.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
Effect of egg storage on hatchability and weight loss of
ostrich eggs.
Wilson, H. R.; Eldred, A. R. Poultry Science
v.75(suppl. 1): p.80. (1996).
Descriptors: bird; poultry industry; ostrich; eggs
59.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
The effects of shell quality on embryonic mortality and
hatchability in ostriches (Struthio camelus).
Kinder, L. L.; Anthony, N. B.; Balog, J. M. Poultry
Science v.73(suppl. 1): p.144. (1994).
Descriptors: meeting abstract; struthio camelus; bird;
poultry industry; breeding; ash; calcium; magnesium
61.
[The egg incubation of ostriches]. L' incubazione delle
uova di struzzo.
Anderloni, G. Rivista di Avicoltura (Italy)
v.62(5): p.51-55 (May 1993). 2 tables; 3 graphs.
Descriptors: ostriches; poultry-rearing;
egg-incubation; incubators; eggs; egg-hatchability; temperature;
humidity; weight-losses; animal-husbandry;
animal-husbandry-equipment; animal-husbandry-methods;
animal-products; birds;
chemicophysical-properties; equipment; losses; poultry-equipment;
struthioniformes
62.
NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Elk and ostrich are our specialty--a visit to Hostetler
Wildlife Farm.
Berg, P. Small Farm Today v.12(4): p.25-26.
(August 1995)
Descriptors: cervus-elaphus-canadensis; ostriches; exotics;
livestock; livestock-farming; family-farms; alternative-livestock
63.
The Emu Cook Book.
Saver, M. 3rd ed. Potlatch, ID: Aussey Products, Inc.
Contact:
http://www.pier37.com/aussey/
or
aussey@pier37.com or
Phone: 800-722-5654.
64.
[Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) meat.].
Berge, P.; Lepetit, J.; Renerre, M.; Touraille, C.
Viandes et Produits Carnes v.16(3): p.93-96. (1995).
12 refs.
Descriptors: poultry; poultry-meat; emu-meat; meat-specific
65.
NAL Call No.: SF510.5.M55-1992
The Emu Farmer's Handbook.
Minnaar, P.; Minnaar, M. Groveton, TX: Nyoni Publishing Co.
(Phone: 1-800-722-9353 or 1-800-325-8414). Volume 1, 1994;
Volume 2, 1998. Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: emu-farming-handbooks,-manuals,-etc
Abstract: Topics include: Introduction to commercial emu farming; Farm management; Handling and moving emus; Anatomy of the emu; Sexing the emu; Nutrition; Breeding season; Path of the egg; Care of eggs, pre-incubation; Incubation and hatching; Chick care; Artificial insemination; Problems in the laying hen; Treatment of diseases and injuries; Processing. [Note: NAL owns 1992 edition.]
66.
NAL Call No.: 49.9-AU72
Emu farming in Australia.
Smetana, P. Animal Production in Australia:
Proceedings of the Australian Sociey of Aminal Production.
Sydney : Pergamon Press, 1990. v.18 p.107-109. Meeting held on
July 8-12, 1990 in Adelaide, South Australia.
Descriptors: emus; animal-production; game-farming;
australia
67.
NAL Call No.: S397 M57 no.
94/37
Emu farming [in Western Australia] - background
information.
Smetana, P. Perth, W.A.: (Australia): Department of
Agriculture, Western Australia, June 1994. 157 p. illus.
Descriptors: emus; production-possibilities;
western-australia; australia; birds; casuariiformes; oceania
68.
Emu goes on the menu.
Williams, M. Food Manufacture International
v.11(2): p.25. (1994)
Descriptors: meat-specific; birds; emu-meat; Australia
69.
Emu husbandry.
Padget, D. Journal of the Association of Avian
Veterinarians v.5(1): p.48-49. (1991).
Descriptors: dromaius novaehollandiae;
care-in-captivity; sexing-techniques
70.
An emu in every pot? Australian bird's making inroads as
specialty food, oil has therapeutic potential.
Salerno, Heather. The Washington Post. May
27, 1997, p. E1, E6
Descriptors: emus; market; nutrition-information; oils.
71.
NAL Call No.: HE199.5.L5L58
Emu producers offer red meat.
Live Animal Trade and Transportation Magazine
v.7(2): p.25-30. (June 1995).
Descriptors: emus; meat-production; meat-and-livestock-industry;
marketing; nutrition-information; food-processing
72.
NAL Call No.: SF511.5.E46E482
Emu Today & Tomorrow . Annual Edition.
Nardin, OK: Emu today & tomorrow, 1992-. v. : illus.
Contact: Emu Today & Tomorrow, P.O. Box 7, Nardin, OK 74646-0007.
Phone: 405-628-2933. FAX: 405-628-2011.
Descriptors: emu-farming-United-States-periodicals; emus-United-States-periodicals
73.
NAL Call No.: SF511.5.E468
Emu Today & Tomorrow (monthly periodical). Nardin, OK.
Contact: Emu Today & Tomorrow, P.O. Box 7, Nardin, OK 74646-0007.
Phone: 405-628-2933. FAX: 405-628-2011.
Descriptors: emu-farming-United-States-periodicals;
emus-United-States-periodicals
Abstract: Includes Emu Breeder Directory. August 1996 issue (p.60) lists state Emu Assocation chapter presidents.
74.
NAL Call No.: HD9437.D4D3
[Emus in Danish agriculture]. Strudse i dansk
landbrug.
Soerensen, L. Y. Dansk Erhvervsfjerkrae
(Denmark) [Danish Poultry Industry] v.24(8):
p.214-215. (August 1995).
Descriptors: ostriches; emus; animal-husbandry;
denmark; birds; casuariiformes; Europe; scandinavia;
struthioniformes; western-Europe
75.
[Emus Rearing]. L' Elevage Des Emeus.
Licour, H.; Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes (France).
Nantes (France). September 1993. 109 p., Docteur Veterinaire
(These).
Descriptors: emus; animal-morphology; biology;
reproduction; sexual-behaviour; animal-husbandry;
animal-husbandry-methods; animal-feeding; feeds; chemical-composition;
poultry-meat; hides-and-skins; eggs; oils; feathers; animal-morphology;
animal-products; behaviour; birds; casuariiformes; integument; meat;
physiological-functions; processed-animal-products; processed-products
76.
Erosion problems in ostrich farming.
Marx, E. Dohne Bulletin (South Africa) v.4(2):
p.4-6. (1995)
Contact: Directorate: Communication, National Department of
Agriculture, Priv. Bag X388, Pretoria 0001 - South Africa. ZA
(South-Africa)
Descriptors: South-Africa; grassland-management;
erosion; ostriches; Africa; Africa-South-of-Sahara;
anglophone-Africa; birds; southern-Africa; struthioniformes
77.
Estimation of the size and value of the B.C. exotic bird
farm industry.
Performer: British Columbia. Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries & Food. Statistical Services Unit, Victoria.
78.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A8E96-1992
Exotic Alternatives : an Insight into Other Farming
Ventures : Deer Farming, Sheep Dairying, Yabby Farming, Ostrich
Farming, Alpaca Farming.
Knox, I. Melbourne, Vic. : Agmedia : Dept. of Agriculture ;
[Geelong] : GOTEC, 1992. 71 p. illus. "Produced jointly by
Agmedia and the Farm & Garden Library"--T.p. verso.
Descriptors: animal-culture-Australia-congresses;
exotic-animals-Australia-congresses;
deer-farming-Australia-congresses;
sheep-Australia-milk-production-congresses;
crayfish-culture-Australia-congresses;
ostrich-farms-and-farming-Australia-congresses
79.
NAL Call No.: SF105.27
I57
Exotic Livestock and Wildlife.
Lowry, M. ed. Manhattan, KS: International Exotic Livestock and
Wildlife, Inc., 1991-. Contact: 714 Poyntz, Ste. B, Manhattan,
KS 66502
Descriptors: exotic-animals
81.
The Exotic News.
Johnson, J. ed. Contact: P.O. Box 902, Lampasas, TX 76550.
Phone: 515-556-3145
Descriptors: exotic-animals
82.
NAL Call No.: aHD1751.A42
The "exotic" sector: ostriches & emus.
Duewer, L.; Madison, M.; Christensen, L.
Agricultural Outlook (AO-208): p.15-17. (June 1994)
Descriptors: exotics; ostriches; emus;
livestock-farming; market-prices; products; uses; USA
83.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
B77
Factors affecting growth of ostrich (Struthio camelus)
chicks.
Deeming, D. C. British Poultry Science
v.36(5): p.838-839. (1995).
Descriptors: struthio camelus; bird; poultry industry
84.
NAL Call No.: 47.8 B77
Factors affecting hatchability during commercial
incubation of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs.
Deeming, D. C. British Poultry Science
v.36(1): p.51-65. (March 1995). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; egg-hatchability; incubation;
environmental-temperature; relative-humidity; embryo-mortality;
weight-losses; egg-mass; water-vapor-movement; microbial-contamination;
egg-fertility
Abstract: 1. A batch of 320 ostrich eggs from 9 different farms in Zimbabwe were incubated in a single stage operation and the fate of each was recorded. 2. Hatchability was only 37.2% and the result of high rates of infertility and contamination (22.2% and 22.8% respectively); it varied between eggs from different farms. 3. Embryonic mortality was high at the start and end of incubation, a pattern similar to that of other domestic birds. 4. Mortality of late stage embryos was related to percentage water loss and mass specific water vapour conductance of the shell, with extremes of the ranges causing the highest mortality. 5. Microbial contamination of the eggs was a significant problem and varied in eggs from different farms indicating that more attention is needed in both breeder bird and nest management.
85.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
Factors affecting hatchability of ostrich eggs.
Satteneni, G.; Satterlee, D. G. Poultry
Science v.73(suppl. 1): p.38. (1994).
Descriptors: meeting abstract; bird; poultry industry;
breeding
86.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-V641
Factors affecting the rate of growth of ostrich (Struthio
camelus) chicks in captivity.
Deeming, D. C.; Ayres, L. The Veterinary Record:
Journal of the British Veterinary Association v.135(26):
p.617-622. (December 1994). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; chicks; growth-rate;
body-weight; environmental-factors; hatching
87.
NAL Call No.: TP368.F662
Farming of emus and processing of emu meat.
Tuckwell, C. Food Australia - Official Journal of
the CAFTA and AIFST v.45(12): p.574-575. (December 1993)
[North Sydney, Australia : Council of Australian Food Technology
Associations, 1988-. December 1993.]. Includes references.
Descriptors: emus; poultry-farming; food-processing;
eggs; poultry-meat; food-composition; nutritive-value;
food-storage; food-industry; trends
88.
[Farming of ostriches]. Wie Strausse gehalten
werden.
Goebbel, T. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.45(13): p.7-8. (1993). 3
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-husbandry;
poultry-rearing; Germany; poultry-housing; equipment; eggs;
egg-incubation; temperature; mortality; animal-feeding;
stocking-density; climatic-requirements; nutritional-requirements;
animal-housing; animal-husbandry; animal-husbandry-methods;
animal-products; birds; Europe; livestock-management;
nutrition-physiology; physiological-functions; physiological-requirements;
struthioniformes; western-Europe
89.
NAL Call No.: TX501.J68
Fat content, caloric value, cholesterol content, and
fatty acid composition of raw and cooked ostrich meat.
Sales, J.; Marais, D.; Kruger, M. Journal of Food
Composition and Analysis v.9(1): p.85-89. (March 1996).
Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; poultry; poultry-meat; dietary-fat;
energy-content; cholesterol; fatty-acids; lipids; nutrient-content;
ostrich meat; food-composition; raw-foods; cooking;
processing-thermal; species-differences; beef; chicken-meat
Abstract: The influence of cooking on the ether-extractable fat content, caloric value, lipid content, cholesterol content, and fatty acid composition of the iliofibularis muscle from the ostrich carcass has been studied. A comparison was also made between values obtained for ostrich and those of beef and chicken. The ether-extractable fat content, caloric value, lipid content, and cholesterol content of ostrich meat were increased (P < 0.05) by cooking due to a decrease (P < 0.05) in moisture content. Cooking did not influence (P > 0.05) the w3/w6 fatty acid ratio (approximately 0.35) of ostrich meat. Although ostrich meat is relatively low in ether-extractable fat content (0.91 g/100 g), cholesterol content (57 mg/100 g) does not differ from that of beef or chicken.
90.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
T445
Feather pecking among ostriches kept in captivity.
Sambraus, H. H. Tierarztliche Umschau v.50(2):
p.108-111. (1995). 8 refs.
Descriptors: vices; cannibalism; nutritional-disorders;
feather-pecking
Abstract: In a flock of 536 ostriches on a farm in Israel, moderate or severe feather loss was observed in 43 of 278 females and 19 of 258 males. The pecked bird did not offer any resistance to pecking. Unsuitable feeding was blamed.
91.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Ar2
Features of ostrich keeping.
Reiner, G. Archiv fuer Gefluegelkunde v.59(1):
p.94-98. (1995).
Descriptors: journal article; struthio camelus;
anatomy; habitat; feeding; breeding; systematics; meat; leather;
slaughtering; Europe; South Africa; Australia; USA; Israel;
Germany
Abstract: This review deals with agricultural keeping of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). With the beginning of the 1990s, following Australia, the USA and Israel, ostrich keeping has started in Europe too. Beginning with the history of ostrich keeping in South Africa, the article gives some insight into systematic and anatomical specialities and shows some biological traits. Then it describes the habitate and the way of life of the ostrich, ostrich keeping in South Africa, linking up to features of enclosures, feeding, breeding and rising of the chickens. Following some statements on slaughtering, meat and leather quality, the article ends with some remarks on the situation of ostrich keeping in Germany.
92.
Feed intake and feather pecking in African ostriches
(Struthio camelus) in Israel.
Sambraus, H. H . KTBL Schrift (361):
p.120-129. (1994). 5 refs.
Descriptors: animal-welfare; feathers; quality;
feeding-behaviour; sex-differences; pelleted-feeds;
International-workshop-on-applied-ethology-in-livestock
93.
NAL Call No.: SF740.A54
Feeding big birds.
Scheideler, S.; Angel, R. Large Animal
Veterinarian v.49(2): p.28, 30. (1994). 5 refs.
Descriptors: vitamin-E; selenium; nutrient-requirements
Abstract: Digestion and nutrient requirements of ratites, such as ostriches, emus, kiwis, rheas and cassowaries, are discussed. Vitamin E and selenium are of primary concern in ratite diets.
94.
NAL Call No.: SF1.S6
Fermentative digestion in the ostrich (Struthio camelus
var. domesticus), a large avian species that utilizes
cellulose.
Swart, D.; Mackie, R. I.; Hayes, J. P. South African Journal
of Animal Science [Pretoria : South African Society of
Animal Science.] v.23 (5/6): p.127-135. December 1993. Includes
references.
Descriptors: ostriches; chicks; volatile-fatty-acids;
fermentation; cellulose-digestion. metabolizable-energy;
acetic-acid; metabolism. radioactive-tracers; carbon;
gas-production; carbon-dioxide; intestinal-microorganisms;
lactic-acid; ammonium.
95.
NAL Call No.: SF487.8.A1P68
A few answers to frequently asked questions about
ostriches.
Bradley, F. A. Poultry Fact Sheet.
Cooperative Extension Service, University of California.
Oakland, CA : The Service. August 1989. (7) 2 p.
Descriptors: ostriches; poultry-farming; exotics;
california
96.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A8E96-1992
Financial considerations.
Lanigan, B. Exotic Alternatives an Insight into
Other Farming Ventures Deer Farming, Sheep Dairying, Yabby
Farming, Ostrich Farming, Alpaca Farming. p.59-68.
Melbourne, Vic. : Agmedia : Department of Agriculture, GOTEC,
1992.
Descriptors: primary-sector; income-tax;
production-costs; farm-accounting; profitability; australia
97.
NAL Call No.: 166.2-N47
The flight of the emu: growers look to cooperatives to
build market for "avian cattle".
Campbell, D. Farmer Cooperatives v.62(2):
p.14-17. (May 1995)
Descriptors: emus; cooperative-marketing;
meat-and-livestock-industry
98.
Focus on - ostrich farming. A new enterprise in the
United Kingdom.
Moody, R. State Veterinary Journal v.2(1):
p.7-10. (1992). 3 refs.
Descriptors: animal-husbandry; physiology; housing;
nutrition; animal-welfare; viral-diseases; food-animals;
artifical-incubation; general-account
99.
NAL Call No.: Q1.A3A53
The good oil on the emu.
Low, T. Australian Natural History (Australia)
v.24(Autumn 1994): p.20-21. illus., 3 refs.
Descriptors: emus; animal-husbandry; animal-oils;
australia; birds; casuariiformes; oceania; oils
101.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Growth curves of ostriches (Struthio camelus) from
Oudtshoorn in South Africa.
Cilliers, S. C.; duPreez, J. J.; Maritz, J. S.; Hayes,
J. P. Animal Science v.61(pt.1): p.161-164. (August
1995). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; growth-curve; sex-differences;
diet; hatching-weight; body-weight; South-Africa
102.
NAL Call No.: SF1.S6
Growth, feed intake and body composition of ostriches
(Struthio camelus) between 10 and 30 kg live mass.
Swart, D.; Siebrits, F. K.; Hayes, J. P. South
African Journal of Animal Science v.23(5/6): p.142-150.
(December 1993). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; chicks; growth-rate;
body-composition; feed-intake; liveweight; growth-models;
metabolizable-energy; protein-content; energy-intake;
protein-composition; body-fat; maize-meal; alfalfa-meal
103.
NAL Call No.: 49-AN55
Growth rate, total body water volume, dry-matter intake
and water consumption of domesticated ostriches (Struthio
camelus).
Degen, A. A.; Kam, M.; Rosenstrauch, A.; Plavnik, I.
Animal Production v.52(pt.1): p.225-232. (February
1991). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; body-condition; body-water;
growth-rate; energy-intake; water-intake; growth-curve; israel
104.
A Guide to Hatching and Raising Emu.
Castleberry, J. Contact: Rte 2, Box 234 B-1. Lampasas, TX
76550. Phone: 512-556-5910
Descriptors: emu-farming; hatching; rearing-techniques
105.
NAL Call No.: SF511.F56-1992
A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Ostrich Incubation.
2nd ed. Ostrich incubation.
Finger, J. Victoria, Australia: Bell South Pty. Ltd., 1992. 63
p. illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; eggs-incubation
106.
Guidelines for Successful Ostrich Farming.
Department of Agriculture, O. S. A. L. K. A. D. C. Pretoria
(South Africa). National Department of Agriculture. 1996. 44
p.
Descriptors: ostriches; farming-systems;
egg-incubation; rearing-techniques; livestock-management;
animal-feeding;
vaccination; parasites; South-Africa; Africa; Africa-South-of-Sahara;
anglophone-Africa; animal-husbandry-methods; birds;
disease-control; immunization; immunostimulation; immunotherapy;
southern-Africa; struthioniformes; therapy
107.
NAL Call No.: QL671.A9
Hand-rearing ostriches Struthio camelus at the Phoenix
Zoo (Arizona, USA).
Spreckels, M. Avicultural magazine v.89(4):
p.229-233. (1983). illus.
Descriptors: struthio camelus; captive-rearing-records;
hand-rearing; Arizona; Phoenix Zoo; captive rearing record
108.
Hatchery management in ostrich production.
Stewart, J. S.; Fowler, M.E. [ed.]. Zoo and Wild
Animal Medicine: Current Therapy. 3rd edition. W.B. Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, London etc., (1993).
Descriptors: struthio camelus; rearing-techniques;
hatchery management; reproductive-techniques; artificial
incubation; diseases-and-disorders; egg incubation & hatching
problems, review
109.
NAL Call No.: SF511.5.E46C37--1997
Hatching & Raising Emu Economically. Book II.
Castleberry, Janice. Available from Triple C Ranch,
Inc., Route 2, Box 234-B1, Lampasas, TX 76550. Phone:
512-556-5910
Descriptors: emu-farming; hatching; rearing-techniques
110.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
B77
The hatching sequence of ostrich (Struthio camelus)
embryos with notes on development as observed by candling.
Deeming, D. C. British Poultry Science
v.36(1): p.67-78. (1995). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; hatching; egg-hatchability;
embryo-mortality; embryonic-development; pipping
Abstract: 1. The hatching sequence of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) was determined by observing embryos during candling, those in the process of hatching and in dead-in-shell eggs. 2. Candling showed that there was a progressive increase in dark shadowing within the egg but fine details were not easily seen. Nevertheless candling is considered to be an important method of assessing development of ostrich eggs during incubation. 3. The ostrich embryo adopts a hatching position and follows a hatching sequence different from that of the fowl. During internal pipping, the air space is pulled towards the beak in the former but the beak moves to the air space in the latter. The right foot has an important role in breaking the shell during hatching. 4. The hatching process is considered to reflect an adaptation to the egg having a hard, brittle shell. 5. Malpositions in the ostrich may have been misinterpreted in the past because of the unusual hatching position. The commonest malposition described here was head-in-the-small-end.
111.
NAL Call No.: SF601.A47
Heavy metal poisoning in ostriches from proventricular
foreign bodies.
Edwards, W. C.; Gregory, D. G.; Vanhooser, S. L.
Veterinary and Human Toxicology v.34(3): p.254-255.
(June 1992). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; heavy-metals; poisoning
112.
High mortality in ostrich eggs and hatchlings due to
egg-washing.
Huchzermeyer, F. W. Journal of the South African
Veterinary Association v.67(1): p.3. (1996). 1 ref.
Descriptors: eggs; washing; disinfection;
potassium-permanganate; yolk-sac; bacterial-diseases; embryos;
mortality
113.
NAL Call No.: SF995.W4
High mortality in young ostriches.
Singh Dhillon, A. Proceedings - Western Poultry
Disease Conference (42nd): p.15-16. (1993). Meeting held
February 28-March 2, 1993, Sacramento, California.
Descriptors: ostriches; mortality
114.
NAL Call No.: 382
So12
Histological, biophysical, physical and chemical
characteristics of different ostrich muscles.
Sales, J. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture v.70(1): p.109-114. (1996). 35 refs.
Descriptors: poultry; physical-properties;
poultry-meat; physicochemical-properties; ostrich-meat;
meat-specific
Abstract: Meat quality characteristics were evaluated in different leg muscles taken from the left leg of 39 ostriches aged 8-14 months. Ostrich meat had a high ultimate pH ( greater than 6.2) and low intramuscular fat content. Although slaughtering procedures involved removal of legs from the carcass within 30 min post mortem, long sarcomere lengths and lack of a linear relationship (P greater than 0.05) between sarcomere length and Warner-Bratzler shear measurements (WBS) showed that no cold shortening occurred in muscles. Means obtained for the iliotibialis lateralis were representative of the mean values of all the individual muscles combined with regard to muscle fibre diam., WBS and pigment content. Overall means for sarcomere length, ultimate pH and collagen content of individual muscles combined could be deduced from determination of these characteristics in the femorotibialis medius. No single muscle was representative of the mean characteristics of all carcass muscles. [From En summ.]
115.
The history and current status of ostrich breeding.
Burlini, F. Informatore Agrario v.50(28):
p.36-38. (1994).
Descriptors: breeding
Abstract: This article gives a brief account of ostrich breeding in South Africa, Australia, the USA, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Israel and Europe.
116.
NAL Call No.: aZ5071.N3
Housing, husbandry, and welfare of selected birds (quail,
pheasant, fincehs, ostrich, dove, parrot): December 1980 -
December 1993.
Kreger, M. D. Quick Bibliography Series.
Beltsville, Md., National Agricultural Library. April 1994. (QB
no. 94-26) 39 p. Updates QB 91-72.
Descriptors: quails; pheasants; fringillidae;
ostriches; parrots; colinus-virginianus; animal-husbandry;
animal-housing; animal-welfare
117.
[How to breed the ostrich in the United States]. Come si
alleva lo struzzo negli Stati Uniti.
Anderloni, G. Informatore Zootecnico (Italy)
v.40(10): p.49-50 (May 1993)
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-husbandry-methods;
farm-management; animal-housing; Texas; Oklahoma; America; birds;
business-management; North-America; southern-plains-states-USA;
southern-states-USA; struthioniformes; USA
118.
NAL Call No.: SF994 A87
How to evaluate a ratite facility to aid in diagnosing
chick mortality.
Raines, A. M. Proceedings Annual Conference
Association of Avian Veterinarians 1994. Orlando, FL:
Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1994. p.97-102. illus.
Descriptors: ratitae; farming-and-agriculture;
care-in-captivity; improper management as cause of chick disease &
mortality, evaluation; diseases-and-disorders; causes of chick
mortality in production facilities, evaluation protocols; mortality;
eggs & chicks in production facilities, evaluation of management causes
119.
How to manage and market the "Italian" Ostrich.
Mengozzi, B. Terra e Sole v.50(640):
p.540-546. (1995).
Descriptors: feeding; nutrient-requirements
121.
Husbandry practices as related to infectious and
parasitic diseases of farmed ratites.
Tully, T. N.; Shane, S. M. Revue Scientifique et
Technique Office International des Epizooties v.15(1):
p.73-89. (1996).
Descriptors: emus; rhea; ostrich; prevention
122.
NAL Call No.: 47.8
Am33P
Identification of a female specific DNA sequence in
ratites.
Chouljenko, V.; Moreau, J. D.; Satteneni, G.; Satterlee,
D. G.; Kousoulas, K. G.; Fioretti, W. C. Poultry
Science v.74(suppl. 1): p.183. (1995).
Descriptors: bird genetics; gender prediction;
polymerase chain reaction; analytical method; blood; DNA;
ostrich; emu; chicken; turkey; quail
123.
Incubation of ostrich eggs.
Anderioni, G. Rivista di Avicoltura v.62(5):
p.51-55. (1993). 2 refs.
Descriptors: incubation; eggs
124.
[Incubation of ostriche eggs. What is the best
environment?]. Kunstbrut von Strausseneiern. Welche Umwelt ist
die beste?
Jost, R. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.46(19): p.13-14 (1994). 3
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; egg-incubation;
eggs;
temperature; air; humidity; gas-exchange; carbon-dioxide;
weight-losses; animal-husbandry-methods; animal-products; birds;
chemicophysical-properties; losses; oxides; physiological-functions;
struthioniformes
125.
NAL Call No.: SF996 Z66
1993
Infectious and parasitic diseases of ratites.
Jensen, J. M.; Fowler, M. E. Zoo and Wild Animal
Medicine. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993, p.200-203.
(1993). 10 refs.
Descriptors: bacterial-diseases; viral-diseases;
parasitoses
126.
NAL Call No.: 286.81-F322
Information on ostrich nutritional needs still
limited.
Vohra, P. Feedstuffs v.64(28): p.16-17, 21.
(July 1992). Includes references.
Descriptors: ostriches; poultry-feeding;
nutrient-requirements; diet-planning; information
127.
NAL Call No.: S544.3.A2C47
Information resources for ostrich, emu, and rhea
producers.
Blake, J. P.; Hess, H. B. Circular ANR - Alabama
Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University. [Auburn]
AL : Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University,.
August 1995. (924, rev.) 6 p.
Descriptors: ostriches; emus; rhea;
production-possibilities; information-services; interest-groups;
publications; videotapes
128.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
V641
Ingestion of metal objects by ostriches (Struthio
camelus).
Deeming, D. C.; Dick, A. C. K. Veterinary
Record v.137(4): p.99-100. (1995). 6 refs.
Descriptors: ingestion; poultry; gizzard;
proventriculus; transport-of-animals; international-trade;
foreign-bodies; digestive-system; poultry-diseases
Abstract: In 1994, several ostriches which had been imported into the UK from Namibia and Zimbabwe were found to have metal foreign objects in their foregut. The objects which had been detected in some birds using a metal detector were found during PM examination of 8 of the birds who died. Up to 200 nails and pieces of metal together with large stones and pieces of wood were found in the proventriculus and gizzard of individual birds. Four birds had nails embedded in their gizzard wall and in one, peritonitis had followed a nail puncture of the proventriculus. Metal was detected in the body of one adult bird which had lost condition rapidly; this bird, whose heterophil count was normal, recovered after 3 months of force-feeding. Details of a treatment protocol to be used on any bird which loses condition after transportation, especially if it has been imported, is provided. Although some of the ingested metal appeared to be of African origin, it is suggested that pasture for ostriches should be checked to ensure all foreign objects are removed.
129.
[Instead of speculative shares ostriches breeding?].
Statt hochspekulativer Aktien Straussenzucht?
Goebbel, T. Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt
Westfalen Lippe, Ausgabe A (Germany) v.150(15): p.32-33.
(1993). 2 illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-breeding;
marketing-channels; production-data; microeconomic-analysis; birds;
economic-analysis; marketing; struthioniformes
130.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
C87
Introduction to health problems in the farming of
ostriches (Struthio camelus).
Migliorati, G.; Capua, I.; Fico, R.; Pezzotti, G.
Veterinaria Italiana v.28(4): p.47-52. (1992). 13
refs.
Descriptors: animal-diseases
131.
Investigations on different factors affecting natural and
induced hatching in the African ostrich (Struthio camelus) and on
other data on ostriches.
Krawinkel, P. Germany: Justus Liebig Universitat
Giessen, 1994. 165 pp. 74 refs. Summary in English.
Descriptors: incubators; egg-fertility;
egg-hatchability; egg-weight; incubation
132.
[Lack of room causes leg damages]. Platzmangel
provoziert Beinschaeden.
Kistner, C. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.46(36): p.17-18. (1994). 1
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; limbs; poultry-rearing;
stabling; movement-disorders; physical-activity;
animal-husbandry; animal-husbandry-methods; animal-morphology;
birds; body-regions; disorders; functional-disorders;
struthioniformes
133.
[Legal questions concerning farming of ostriches].
Rechtliche Fragen bei der Straussenhaltung.
Goebbel, T. Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) [German Poultry Management
and Swine Production] v.45(13): p.8-9. (1993). 2
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-husbandry;
law;
legislation; Germany; free-range-husbandry; slaughtering;
legal-liability; animal-welfare; animal-health; animal-husbandry-
methods; birds; Europe; extensive-farming; extensive-husbandry;
farming-systems; law; processing; struthioniformes;
western-Europe
134.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
V64
Locomotor diseases in captive young ostriches.
Cooper, J. E.; Gimbi, A. A. Veterinary Record
v.134(13): p.336. (1994). 3 refs.
Descriptors: nutritional-disorders; metabolic-disorders;
bone-diseases; fractures; deficiency-diseases; calcium
Abstract: An outbreak of disease in captive ostriches on a farm in Tanzania is reported. In January 1992, 2- to 8-week old ostriches hatched from eggs collected in the wild showed a staggering gait or were found recumbent. Affected birds were unwilling or unable to lift their heads and movement of the neck was sometimes accompanied by tremors. anorexia was a common feature and, in the early stages, diarrhoea was sometimes seen. Dehydration often followed. Spoon feeding was carried out and physiotherapy was applied. A few birds appeared to respond but within 24 to 48 hours relapsed and continued to deteriorate. Of 90 ostriches on the farm, nearly 50 showed clinical signs of disease over a 3-month period. Clinical examination showed the affected birds to be in reasonable condition apart from those individuals that had been recumbent and anorexic for more than 48 hours. Two birds had fractures of the legs. Soft, pliable bones were a feature in the majority of cases. Radiographs of live and dead birds showed poor bone density, thin cortices and fractures. PM findings included soft bones, pressure sores, subcutaneous bruising and impacted stomachs. Histopathological examination revealed minor changes including mononuclear cell infiltration of the kidneys of 2 birds. Analysis of the diet of broiler mash gave the following results: crude protein 16.8%, ether extract 7.12%, dry matter 89.9%, calcium 0.88% and phosphorus 0.39%. The condition was diagnosed as a nutritional and metabolic disorder, primarily attributable to a calcium deficiency. After the diet was supplemented with bonemeal, no new cases occurred. Of the birds already affected, only those with minor clinical signs recovered while the remainder became progressively worse and died. A calcium deficiency appears to have been the prime cause of the problem but this may have been exacerbated by the relatively high protein content of the diet.
135.
[The Main Diseases in Emus]. Principales Maladies
Rencontrees Chez L' Emeu.
Locatelli, V.; Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes (France).
Nantes (France). September 1993. 105 p., Docteur Veterinaire
(These).
Descriptors: emus; biology; animal-husbandry;
pathology; animal-diseases; pathogens; parasites; bacteria;
animal-viruses; birds; casuariiformes
136.
[Making profits with ostrichs?]. Mit Straussen an das
grosse Geld?
Goebbel, T. Deutsche-Gefluegelwirtschaft und
Schweineproduktion (Germany) v.45(11): p.7-9. (1993). 1
illus.
Descriptors: ostriches; animal-husbandry;
profitability; efficiency; netherlands; producer-prices; eggs;
animal-products; birds; Europe; prices; struthioniformes;
western-Europe
137.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Av5
Malaria in a captive emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) from
Florida.
Fox, J. H.; Greiner, E. C.; Bain, P.; Jones, R.
Avian Diseases v.40(2): p.477-479. (1996). 4 refs.
Descriptors: malaria; zoo-animals; morphology;
taxonomy; case-reports; protozoal-infections;
host-parasite-relationship
Abstract: Severe anaemia and intraerythrocytic stages of an unusual Plasmodium sp. were identified in the blood of a 5-month-old female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) that had a 4-week history of malaise. Examination of blood taken 3 days before death of the bird showed a packed cell volume of 10%. Erythrocytes showed a marked regenerative response. Approximately 4% of erythrocytes had intracytoplasmic inclusion