Controls, Preventions
and Vaccines
Abraham, A., V. Sivanandan, D. Karunakaran, D.A.
Halvorson, and J.A. Newman (1988). Comparative serological evaluation of
avian influenza vaccine in turkeys. Avian Diseases 32(4):
659-62. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Four- and six-week-old turkeys were
vaccinated subcutaneously using avian influenza virus (AIV) A/Duck/613/MN/79
(H4N2) killed oil-emulsion vaccine. Sequential serological tests using agar gel
precipitin (AGP), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring antibodies to AIV were performed up
to 4 weeks postvaccination, when birds were challenged intranasally using
A/Turkey/MN/80 (H4N2) live AIV. The ELISA was 25 to 1600 times more sensitive
than the HI test and was able to detect antibody production earlier than the HI
test. All turkeys with an ELISA titer of greater than or equal to 800 were
protected against homologous challenge, as measured by virus recovery 3 days
postchallenge. Four turkeys out of 20 serologically negative by AGP and HI
tests but ELISA-positive were protected.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
sensitivity and specificity, turkeys immunology, viral vaccines immunology,
antibodies, viral analysis, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay veterinary, fowl
plague immunology, fowl plague prevention and control, hemagglutination
inhibition tests veterinary, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
precipitin tests veterinary, vaccines,
inactivated immunology.
Abraham, A.J.S. (1984). Comparative serological
evaluation of avian influenza vaccination in turkeys. Dissertation
Abstracts International, B 45(5): 1381.
NAL
Call Number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: viral diseases, avian influenza.,
turkeys, immunization, ELISA.
Abraham, A.S., V. Sivanadan, D. Karunakaran, and J.A.
Newman (1983). Serological evaluation of avian influenza vaccine in turkeys.
[Abstract]. Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases 64: 39.
NAL
Call Number: SF605.C59
Descriptors: avian influenza, turkeys, vaccine,
serological evaluation, abstract.
Alexander, D.J. (1995). The epidemiology and
control of avian influenza and Newcastle disease. Journal of Comparative
Pathology 112(2): 105-26. ISSN:
0021-9975.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, animal husbandry, animals, domestic, birds, disease outbreaks
prevention and control, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague prevention
and control, fowl plague transmission, influenza A virus avian classification,
Newcastle disease prevention and control, Newcastle disease transmission,
Newcastle disease virus classification, poultry, vaccination veterinary.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). Highly pathogenic avian
influenza. In: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
List A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees, 4th edition, p. 212-220.
ISBN: 92-9044-510-6.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.M36 2000
Descriptors: fowl plague virus, influenza virus A,
immunization, diagnosis, techniques, mortality, pathogenicity, diagnostic
tests, manual of standards, vaccines, Gallus gallus, poultry.
Allan, W.H., C.R. Madeley, and A.P. Kendal (1971). Studies
with avian influenza A viruses: cross protection experiments in chickens. Journal
of General Virology 12(2): 79-84.
ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: antigens, immunization, orthomyxoviridae
immunology, antigens, viral, birds, chickens, cross reactions, erythrocytes
immunology, glycoproteins, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinins
viral analysis, immune sera, injections, intramuscular, neuraminidase analysis,
orthomyxoviridae enzymology, serologic tests, species specificity, turkeys.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza. Epidemiological
Bulletin 25(1): 5-8. ISSN:
0256-1859.
Descriptors: avian influenza virology, Asia, birds
virology, influenza A virus, avian physiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza transmission.
Anonymous (2005). Avian influenza: perfect storm
now gathering? Lancet 365(9462): 820.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza A virus immunology, influenza epidemiology, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, influenza vaccines, avian influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, international cooperation, poultry.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza--the facts from
the WHO. South African Medical Journal; Suid Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir
Geneeskunde 94(3): 158. ISSN:
0256-9574.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, avian
influenza epidemiology, birds, incidence, influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, risk assessment, survival
rate, World Health Organization.
Anonymous (2004). China: towards
"xiaokang", but still living dangerously. Lancet 363(9407): 409. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: public health practice standards, social
change, China epidemiology, communicable disease control standards,
communicable disease control trends, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data, influenza, avian epidemiology,
avian influenza prevention and control, population surveillance methods,
poultry, severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute
respiratory syndrome prevention and control, world health.
Anonymous (2004). Flu: the fowl news. Harvard
Health Letter from Harvard Medical School 29(6): 7. ISSN: 1052-1577.
NAL
Call Number: R11.H3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology, influenza, avian
prevention and control, child, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry.
Anonymous (2004). Fowl flu fuels fears. Nature
Medicine 10(3): 211. ISSN:
1078-8956.
Descriptors: chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines,
influenza prevention and control, influenza, avian epidemiology, zoonoses
epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Getting out into the field, and
forest. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(3): 127. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, poultry diseases transmission, vaccination,
animals, domestic animals, wild birds, disease notification, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, poultry diseases
epidemiology, poultry diseases prevention and control, zoonoses.
Anonymous (2004). World is ill-prepared for
"inevitable" flu pandemic. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization 82(4): 317-8. ISSN:
0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, world health, Asia epidemiology, influenza prevention
and control, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian influenza
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza virology, public health practice.
Apisarnthanarak, A., S. Erb, I. Stephenson, J.M.
Katz, M. Chittaganpitch, S. Sangkitporn, R. Kitphati, P. Thawatsupha, S.
Waicharoen, U. Pinitchai, P. Apisarnthanarak, V.J. Fraser, and L.M. Mundy
(2005). Seroprevalence of anti-H5 antibody among Thai health care workers
after exposure to Avian influenza (H5N1) in a tertiary care center. Clinical
Infectious Diseases 40(2): e16-8.
ISSN: 1537-6591.
NAL
Call Number: RC111.R4
Abstract: After the initial atypical presentation of a
patient with avian influenza (H5N1) infection, paired acute-phase and
convalescent-phase serum samples obtained from 25 health care workers (HCWs)
who were exposed to the patient were compared with paired serum samples
obtained from 24 HCWs who worked at different units in the same hospital and
were not exposed to the patient. There was no serologic evidence of anti-H5 antibody
reactivity or subclinical infection in either of the groups.
Descriptors: H5N1, seroprevalence, anti-H5 antibody,
health care workers, avian influenza, patient, serum samples, exposure.
Bahl, A.K., A. Langston, and R.A. Van Deusen (1979). Prevention
and control of avian influenza in turkeys. Proceedings of the Annual
Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association (83): 355-63. ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, turkeys,
fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague transmission, Minnesota.
Beard, C. (2000). Vaccination can help to control
AI. World Poultry (Special): 18-19.
ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccination, disease
control, disease prevention, poultry.
Beard, C.W. (1981). Immunization approaches to
avian influenza. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on
Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 172-177.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, control,
prevention, immunization, vaccines, symposium.
Beard, C.W. (1981). Turkey influenza vaccination.
Veterinary Record 108(25): 545.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, turkeys,
vaccination veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology, viral vaccines.
Beard, C.W., W.M. Schnitzlein, and D.N. Tripathy
(1992). Effect of route of administration on the efficacy of a recombinant
fowlpox virus against H5N2 avian influenza. Avian Diseases 36(4):
1052-5. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A recombinant fowlpox vaccine virus
containing the H5 hemagglutinin gene of avian influenza virus was administered
to susceptible chickens via wing-web puncture, eye drop, instillation into the
nares, and drinking water. Even though there was a negligible
hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) serologic response, all 10 chickens vaccinated
by wing-web puncture remained without obvious signs of disease and survived
challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of H5N2 avian influenza virus. All
unvaccinated chickens and those vaccinated by nasal and drinking-water routes
died following challenge. Eight of 10 chickens vaccinated with the recombinant
by eyedrop died. All vaccinates were negative on the agar gel precipitin (AGP)
test, and only one chicken had a positive HI titer before challenge. All
chickens that survived challenge had high levels of HI antibody and were
positive on the AGP test, indicating that they were infected by the challenge
virus.
Descriptors: chickens immunology, fowl plague prevention
and control, fowlpox virus immunology, poultry diseases prevention and control,
viral vaccines administration and dosage, evaluation studies, fowl plague
pathology, poultry diseases microbiology, poultry diseases pathology, vaccines,
synthetic administration and dosage, vaccines, synthetic immunology, viral
vaccines immunology.
Beard, C.W., W.M. Schnitzlein, and D.N. Tripathy
(1991). Protection of chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza
virus (H5N2) by recombinant fowlpox viruses. Avian Diseases 35(2): 356-359. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Two recombinant fowlpox viruses containing
the avian influenza H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene were evaluated for their ability
to protect chickens against challenge with a highly pathogenic isolate of avian
influenza virus (H5N2). Susceptible chickens were vaccinated with the parent
fowlpox vaccine virus or recombinant viruses either by wing-web puncture or
comb scarification. Following challenge 4 weeks later with highly pathogenic
avian influenza virus, all birds vaccinated by the wing-web method were
protected by both recombinants, while 50% and 70% mortality occurred in the two
groups of birds vaccinated by comb scarification. Birds vaccinated with the
unaltered parent fowlpox vaccine virus or unvaccinated controls experienced 90%
and 100% mortality, respectively, following challenge.
Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody levels were low, and agar-gel
precipitin results were negative before challenge. Very high HI titers and
positive precipitating antibody responses were observed in all survivors
following challenge.
Descriptors: fowls, avian influenza virus, recombinant
vaccines, fowl pox virus, disease prevention, vaccination, mortality, wing web
puncture, comb scarification.
Belshe, R.B. (1995). A review of attenuation of
influenza viruses by genetic manipulation. American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152(4, Pt. 2): S72-5. ISSN: 1073-449X.
Descriptors: genetic engineering methods, influenza A
virus human genetics, influenza B virus genetics, influenza vaccine genetics,
adult, infant, avian immunology, human immunology, human pathogenicity,
influenza B virus immunology, influenza B virus pathogenicity, influenza
vaccine immunology, vaccines, attenuated genetics, vaccines, attenuated
immunology, vaccines, combined genetics,
vaccines, combined immunology.
Bennink, J.R. and T.N. Palmore (2004). The promise
of siRNAs for the treatment of influenza. Trends in Molecular Medicine
10(12): 571-4. ISSN: 1471-4914.
Abstract: Current WHO reports on the Asian avian
influenza virus outbreaks are poignant reminders of the potential for the
emergence of highly virulent strains of influenza A virus (IAV) and the fact
that it remains a scourge on human health. As IAV drifts and shifts its genetic
and antigenic composition, it presents an ever-changing challenge for vaccines
and antiviral medications. Short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the latest class
of potential antiviral therapeutics to be developed. Recent reports using
siRNAs in mice suggest that they hold great promise for the prevention and
treatment of IAV infections.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, influenza
drug therapy, influenza A virus genetics, small interfering RNA therapeutic
use, mice, RNA interference physiology, short-interfering RNA.
Beyer, R.S. (1996). Avian influenza prevention in
gamebird and ratite facilities. MF, Cooperative Extension Service,
Kansas State University (2114): 2.
Online: www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/LVSTK2/Mf2114.pdf
NAL
Call Number: S544.3.K2K3 no. 2114
Descriptors: avian influenza, prevention, game birds,
Ratites.
Bogdan, J., O.J. Vrtiak, R. Polony, and T. Pauer
(1968). Dynamics of immunomorphological changes in the organs of chickens
after immunization with BPL vaccine and after challenge with fowl plague virus.
Bulletin Office International Des Epizooties 69(5): 725-44. ISSN: 0300-9823.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 OF2
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases immunology, antibody
formation, chickens, lactones, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology,
vaccination, vaccines.
Boyle, D.B. and H.G. Heine (1993). Recombinant
fowlpox virus vaccines for poultry. Immunology and Cell Biology
71(5): 391-397. ISSN: 0818-9641.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.I43
Abstract: The intensive poultry industries rely heavily
upon the use of vaccines for disease control. Viral vector based vaccines offer
new avenues for the development of vaccines for effective disease control in
poultry. Techniques developed for the construction of recombinant vaccinia
viruses have been readily adapted to the construction of recombinant viruses
based on fowlpox virus (rFPV). The ability to insert several genes into the
large genome of fowlpox may enable the development of multivalent vaccines and
vaccines incorporating immune response modifiers such as lymphokines. Newcastle
disease, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease and Marek's disease
antigens expressed by rFPV have been shown to be effective vaccines in poultry.
None appear, however, to provide a substantial improvement in vaccine efficacy.
Recombinant FPV will be a valuable adjunct to conventional vaccines currently
in widespread use. Whether rFPV or other vector based vaccines can circumvent
the problems of vaccination in the presence of high maternally derived
antibodies is yet to be resolved. The observation that avipoxvirus recombinants
may be suitable for the vaccination of non-avian species provides an added
dimension to vaccines based on FPV or other avipoxviruses. Recombinant FPV will
be a valuable adjunct to conventional vaccines currently in widespread use.
Whether rFPV or other find a useful role in poultry disease control when used
in conjunction with conventional vaccines.
Descriptors: genetics, immune system, infection,
microbiology, pharmacology, veterinary medicine, avian influenza virus
biotechnology genetic engineering.
Boyle, D.B., P. Selleck, and H.G. Heine (2000). Vaccinating
chickens against avian influenza with fowlpox recombinants expressing the H7
haemagglutinin. Australian Veterinary Journal 78(1): 44-8. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vaccine efficacy
of a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the H7 haemagglutinin of avian
influenza virus in poultry. PROCEDURE: Specific-pathogen-free poultry were
vaccinated with fowlpox recombinants expressing H7 or H1 haemagglutinins of
influenza virus. Chickens were vaccinated at 2 or 7 days of age and challenged
with virulent Australian avian influenza virus at 10 and 21 days later,
respectively. Morbidity and mortality, body weight change and the development
of immune responses to influenza haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein were
recorded. RESULTS: Vaccination of poultry with fowlpox H7 avian influenza virus
recombinants induced protective immune responses. All chickens vaccinated at 7
days of age and challenged 21 days later were protected from death. Few clinical
signs of infection developed. In contrast, unvaccinated or chickens vaccinated
with a non-recombinant fowlpox or a fowlpox expressing the H1 haemagglutinin of
human influenza were highly susceptible to avian influenza. All those chickens
died within 72 h of challenge. In younger chickens, vaccinated at 2 days of age
and challenged 10 days later the protection was lower with 80% of chickens
protected from death. Chickens surviving vaccination and challenge had high
antibody responses to haemagglutinin and primary antibody responses to
nucleoprotein suggesting that although vaccination protected substantially
against disease it failed to completely prevent replication of the challenge
avian influenza virus. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of chickens with fowlpox virus
expressing the avian influenza H7 haemagglutinin provided good protection
against experimental challenge with virulent avian influenza of H7 type.
Although eradication will remain the method of first choice for control of
avian influenza, in the circumstances of a continuing and widespread outbreak
the availability of vaccines based upon fowlpox recombinants provides an
additional method for disease control.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague immunology, fowl plague
prevention and control, fowlpox virus immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, vaccines, synthetic, viral vaccines, antibodies, viral blood, DNA
primers, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, fowl plague blood, fowlpox virus
classification, fowlpox virus genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus immunology,
influenza A virus avian genetics, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction, specific pathogen free organisms.
Bright, R.A., T.M. Ross, K. Subbarao, H.L. Robinson,
and J.M. Katz (2003). Impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of a
DNA-based influenza H5 HA vaccine. Virology 308(2): 270-278. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from
humans in Hong Kong in 1997 were divided into two antigenic groups based on the
presence or absence of a potential glycosylation site at amino acid residues
154-156 in the HA1 region of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein.
To assess the impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of an HA-expressing
DNA vaccine, a series of plasmid vaccine constructs that differed in the
presence of potential glycosylation sites at amino acid residues 154-156,
165-167, and 286-288 were used to immunize BALB/c mice. Postvaccination serum
IgG, hemagglutination inhibition, and neutralizing antibody titers as well as
the morbidity and mortality following a lethal H5N1 viral challenge did not
vary significantly among any of the experimental groups. We conclude that the
glycosylation pattern of the influenza virus HA1 domain has little impact on
the murine antibody response raised to a DNA vaccine encoding the H5 HA,
thereby minimizing the concern that the pattern of glycosylation sites encoded
by the vaccine match those of closely related H5 viruses.
Descriptors: immune system, pharmacology, antibody
response glycosylation.
Brooks, M.J., J.J. Sasadeusz, and G.A. Tannock (
2004). Antiviral chemotherapeutic agents against respiratory viruses: where
are we now and what's in the pipeline? Current Opinion in Pulmonary
Medicine 10(3): 197-203. ISSN:
1070-5287.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The emergence of severe
acute respiratory syndrome in late 2002 and the recent outbreaks of avian
influenza in Asia are timely reminders of the ever present risks from
respiratory viral diseases. Apart from influenza, there are no vaccines and
very few antiviral chemotherapeutic agents available for the prevention and
treatment of respiratory viral infections-the most common cause of human illness.
If the current H5N1 avian influenza outbreak ever assumes the role of a
pandemic, formidable technical difficulties relating to the properties of the
agent, itself, will ensure that vaccines will only become available after a
significant lead time and then only to a relatively small percentage of the
population. The use of existing antivirals could be critical in limiting the
initial spread of a pandemic, although their use in the control of epidemics
caused by nonpandemic viruses has not been evaluated. It is against this
background that a review of recent developments in respiratory antivirals has
been undertaken. RECENT FINDINGS: The late 1990s were a period of unprecedented
activity in the development of new and much superior antivirals for the treatment
of influenza infections. However, during the past 2 to 3 years and largely for
commercial reasons, there has been a decline in interest in their further
development by major drug companies. This situation may soon change with the
possible advent of new pandemic viruses, and moves are afoot in several
countries to consider the stockpiling of antivirals. The neuraminidase
inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir, and the M2 inhibitors amantadine and
rimantadine, remain the only options for controlling respiratory disease caused
by influenza viruses, although the latter two could not be used against very
recent H5N1 strains. There are several other neuraminidase inhibitors in
development. Compounds with activity against other respiratory viruses, notably
rhinoviruses, are also in development, many based on a newer knowledge of viral
protein structure and function (rational drug design). SUMMARY: The following
is an overview of recent papers on the further development of neuraminidase
inhibitors against influenza viruses and on recent development of newer
antivirals against RSV and rhinoviruses. Where possible, comparisons are made
with existing antivirals. For considerations of space, this review has been
structured around stages in the replication cycle of significant respiratory
viruses that have been traditionally used as targets for inhibition.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, respiratory
tract infections drug therapy, respiratory tract infections virology, virus
diseases drug therapy, antiviral agents pharmacology, drugs investigational
pharmacology, drugs investigational therapeutic use, enzyme inhibitors
pharmacology, enzyme inhibitors therapeutic use, ion channels antagonists and
inhibitors.
Brower, V. (2005). Variability is its specialty.
Influenza vaccine shortages and the spectre of an avian influenza epidemic.
EMBO Reports 6(1): 13-6. ISSN:
1469-221X.
NAL
Call Number: QH506.E46
Descriptors: influenza, vaccine, variability, avian
influenza, epidemic, shortages.
Brown, D.W., Y. Kawaoka, R.G. Webster, and H.L.
Robinson (1992). Assessment of retrovirus-expressed nucleoprotein as a
vaccine against lethal influenza virus infections of chickens. Avian
Diseases 36(3): 515-20. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AV5
Abstract: Hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccines
stimulate protection in chickens that is limited to the serotype of the
expressed hemagglutinin. To evaluate whether a more highly conserved influenza
virus protein might stimulate a broader protective response, the influenza virus
nucleoprotein (NP) was introduced into a retroviral vector (mRCAS/NP). NP is an
internal influenza virus protein that has been shown to stimulate cytotoxic
T-cell responses in influenza-virus-infected mice. Cells infected with mRCAS/NP
expressed approximately 10% of the level of NP observed in
influenza-virus-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Immunocompetent chicks
were vaccinated intramuscularly with approximately 1 x 10(5) NP-expressing
units of mRCAS/NP. Four weeks later, chicks were bled and challenged with a
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (A/Chicken/Victoria/1/85). The
NP-expressing vector stimulated an influenza-virus-specific response, as
indicated by the presence of antibody to NP, but failed to protect against the
lethal challenge.
Descriptors: chickens immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, nucleoproteins immunology, poultry
diseases immunology, viral core proteins immunology, antibodies, viral blood,
fowl plague immunology, genetic vectors immunology, influenza vaccine
biosynthesis, leukosis virus, avian metabolism, nucleoproteins biosynthesis,
poultry diseases microbiology, vaccines, synthetic biosynthesis, vaccines,
synthetic immunology, viral core proteins biosynthesis.
Brugh, M., C.W. Beard, and H.D. Stone (1979). Immunization
of chickens and turkeys against avian influenza with monovalent and polyvalent
oil emulsion vaccines. American Journal of Veterinary Research
40(2): 165-9. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Chickens and turkeys vaccinated with
inactivated virus oil-emulsion vaccines containing different concentrations of
either 1 (monovalent) or 4 (polyvalent) strains of avian influenza virus (AIV)
were challenged-exposed with virulent AIV A/chicken/Scotland/59 or
A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66. Four of 6 vaccines protected completely against
postexposure mortality. Vaccine valency did not alter the serologic and
challenge-exposure responses of chickens vaccinated with AIV
A/turkey/Wisconsin/68, which was the virus component common to both monovalent
and polyvalent vaccines. The magnitude of the serologic responses and
protection against challenge-exposure were dependent on the concentration of
virus in the vaccines. These data indicate that control of virulent AIV in
chickens and turkeys by vaccination with inactivated vaccines may be feasible.
Descriptors: chickens, influenza veterinary, influenza
vaccine administration and dosage, poultry diseases prevention and control,
turkeys, vaccination veterinary, antigens,
viral immunology, emulsions, hemagglutinins viral analysis, immunity, influenza
immunology, influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus immunology,
oils, poultry diseases immunology.
Butterfield, W.K. and C.H. Campbell (1978). Vaccination for fowl plague. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 39(4): 671-4. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 virus has
antigenic characteristics of fowl plague virus but is avirulent for chickens.
The virus was inoculated intratracheally in chickens at several dosage levels
and resulted in the formation of antibody and immunity against fowl plague. The
avirulent virus replicated in chickens and was recoverable by tracheal swab
specimens up to 4 days after inoculation. Although the virus was transmitted to
contact controls at the time when their cagemates were inoculated, it was not
transmitted to contact controls placed with chickens inoculated 24 hours
earlier. After 10 passages in chickens, the virus remained avirulent for
chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague prevention and control,
vaccination veterinary, antibodies, viral analysis, influenza A virus avian
growth and development, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification,
trachea microbiology, viral vaccines, virulence.
Butterfield, W.K. and C.H. Campbell (1978). Vaccination of chickens with influenza
A/Turkey/Oregon/71 virus and immunity challenge exposure to five strains of
fowl plague virus. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United
States Animal Health Association (82): 320-4. ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian growth and development, immunology, chickens, cloaca
microbiology, fowl plague immunology, vaccination.
Canada. Health Canada (2004). Statement on
influenza vaccination for the 2004-2005 season. Canada Communicable
Disease Report; Releve Des Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada 30(ACS-3):
1-32. ISSN: 1188-4169.
Descriptors: human diseases, immunization, influenza,
occupational hazards, infected poultry.
Capua, I., G. Cattoli, and S. Marangon (2004). DIVA--a
vaccination strategy enabling the detection of field exposure to avian
influenza. Developmental Biology (Basel) 119: 229-33. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Abstract: The present paper reports on the development,
validation and field application of a control strategy for avian influenza
infections in poultry. The "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from
Vaccinated Animals) strategy is based on the use of an inactivated oil emulsion
vaccine containing the same haemagglutinin (H) subtype as the challenge virus,
but a different neuraminidase (N). The possibility of using the heterologous N
subtype, to differentiate between vaccinated and naturally infected birds, was
investigated through the development of an "ad hoc" serological test
based on the detection of specific anti-N antibodies. This test is based on an
indirect fluorescent antibody assay, using as an antigen a baculovirus expressing
recombinant N proteins. The vaccination strategy has been tested in the
laboratory and shown to be efficacious both against challenge with highly
pathogenic AI viruses and with low pathogenicity AI viruses, ensuring clinical
protection, reduction of duration and titre of shedding. In addition,
vaccination resulted in an increased resistance to infection. The companion
diagnostic tests directed to the detection of anti-N1 and anti-N3 antibodies
have been validated in the laboratory and using field samples. The serological
assay showed an "almost perfect agreement" (Kappa value) with the HI
test, with relative sensitivity and specificity values of 98.1 and 95.7,
respectively. The results of the present investigation suggest that the
"DIVA" control strategy may represent a tool to support the
eradication of avian influenza infections in poultry.
Descriptors: animals, viral blood antibodies, viral
immunology antibodies, genetic engineering, avian influenza A virus enzymology,
avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza prevention and control,
neuraminidase genetics, poultry, sensitivity and specificity, veterinary
serologic tests, marker vaccines, viral vaccines immunology, virus shedding.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2002). "DIVA"
was a successful strategy to eradicate avian influenza in Italy. World
Poultry 18(7): 44-45. ISSN:
1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: poultry, disease control, epidemics, immune
response, immunization, avian influenza virus, DIVA, Italy.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2004). Novel
perspectives for the control of avian influenza. Zootecnica
International (2): 48-57. ISSN:
0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, vaccination, regulations, fowl.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2003). Vaccination in
the control of avian influenza in the EU. Veterinary Record 152(9):
271. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: avian influenza, control, distribution,
prevalence, European Union, Italy, outbreaks, poultry, vaccination.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon. (2003). Vaccination
policy applied for the control of avian influenza in Italy. In: Vaccines
for OIE list A and emerging animal diseases. Proceedings of a symposium, Ames,
Iowa, USA, Developments in Biologicals, p. 213-219. ISBN: 3-8055-7577-7
NAL
Call Number:
QR180.3.D4 v. 114
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, control
programs, disease control, immunization, poultry, Italy.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, M. Dalla Pozza, and U.
Santucci (2000). Vaccination for avian influenza in Italy. Veterinary Record 147(26): 751. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus avian immunology, vaccination veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, Italy epidemiology, poultry.
Capua, I., C. Terregino, G. Cattoli, and A. Toffan
(2004). Increased resistance of vaccinated turkeys to experimental infection
with an H7N3 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Pathology
33(2): 158-163. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
disease prevention, disease resistance, experimental infection, immune
response, vaccination, turkeys.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2003). The use of
vaccination as an option for the control of avian influenza. Avian
Pathology 32(4): 335-343. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Recent epidemics of highly contagious animal
diseases included in list A of the Office International des Epizooties, such as
foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza (AI), have
led to the implementation of stamping-out policies resulting in the
depopulation of millions of animals. The enforcement of a control strategy
based on culling animals that are infected, suspected of being infected or
suspected of being contaminated, which is based only on the application of
sanitary restrictions on farms, may not be sufficient to avoid the spread of
infection, particularly in areas that have high animal densities, thus
resulting in mass depopulation. In the European Union, the directive that
imposes the enforcement of a stamping-out policy (92/40/EC) for AI was adopted
in 1992 but was drafted in the 1980s. The poultry industry has undergone
substantial changes in the past 20 years, mainly resulting in shorter
production cycles and in higher animal densities per territorial unit. Due to
these organizational changes, infectious diseases are significantly more
difficult to control because of the greater number of susceptible animals
reared per given unit of time and due to the difficulties in applying adequate
biosecurity measures. The slaughter and destruction of great numbers of animals
is also questionable from an ethical point of view. For this reason, mass
depopulation has raised serious concerns for the general public and has
recently led to very high costs and economic losses for national and federal
governments, stakeholders and, ultimately, for consumers. In the past, the use
of vaccines in such emergencies has been limited by the impossibility of
differentiating vaccinated/infected from vaccinated/noninfected animals. The
major concern was that through trade or movement of apparently uninfected
animals or products, the disease could spread further or might be exported to
other countries. For this reason, export bans have been imposed on countries
enforcing a vaccination policy. This review considers the possible strategies
for the control of avian influenza infections, bearing in mind the new proposed
definition of AI, including the advantages and disadvantages of using
conventional inactivated (homologous and heterologous) vaccines and recombinant
vaccines. Reference is made to the different control strategies, including the
restriction measures to be applied in case of the enforcement of a vaccination
policy. In addition, the implications of a vaccination policy on trade are
discussed. It is concluded that if vaccination is accepted as an option for the
control of AI, vaccine banks, including companion diagnostic tests, must be
established and made available for immediate use.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health,
veterinary medicine, avian influenza, epidemiology, infectious disease,
prevention and control, respiratory system disease, viral disease, vaccination,
clinical techniques, biosecurity, disease control strategies, disease control
vaccination policy, epizootics, slaughter and destruction, disease control.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2004). Vaccination for
avian influenza in Asia. Vaccine 22(31-32): 4137-4138. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Descriptors: avian influenza, infection, vaccination, prevention and control, Food and Agriculture
Organization, Asia.
Capua, I., C. Terregino, G. Cattoli, F. Mutinelli,
and J.F. Rodriguez (2003). Development of a DIVA (Differentiating Infected
from Vaccinated Animals) strategy using a vaccine containing a heterologous
neuraminidase for the control of avian influenza. Avian Pathology
32(1): 47-55. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The present paper reports of the development
and validation of a control strategy for avian influenza infections in poultry.
The "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals)
strategy is based on the use of an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine containing
the same haemagglutinin (H) subtype as the challenge virus, but a different
neuraminidase (N). The possibility of using the heterologous N subtype, to
differentiate between vaccinated and naturally infected birds, was investigated
through the development of an "ad hoc" serological test based on the
detection of specific anti-N1 antibodies. This was achieved using a baculovirus
expressing a recombinant N1 protein. The A/ck/Pakistan/H7N3 virus was used as a
vaccine and birds were challenged with the HPAI A/ty/Italy/4580/V99/H7N1
strain. The homologous H group ensured a clinical protection of 93% regardless
of the vaccination scheme used, and was able to prevent viraemia and muscle
colonization in the clinically healthy challenged birds. However, it was not
able to prevent viral shedding. The "ad hoc" serological assay was
developed as an indirect immunofluorescence test, and was validated using 608
field sera, and showed an "almost perfect agreement" (Kappa value)
with the HI test, with relative sensitivity and specificity values of 98.1 and
95.7, respectively. The results of the present investigation suggest that the
"DIVA" control strategy may represent a tool for the control of avian
influenza infections in poultry.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, pharmacology, avian
influenza, infectious disease, viral disease, differentiating infected from
vaccinated animals strategy (DIVA strategy) clinical techniques, laboratory
techniques, poultry vaccination clinical techniques, therapeutic and
prophylactic techniques, serological assay clinical techniques, diagnostic
techniques, laboratory techniques, viral challenge clinical techniques.
Capua, l., G. Cattoli, S. Marangon, L. Bortolotti,
and G. Ortali (2002). Strategies for the control of avian influenza in
Italy. Veterinary Record 150(7): 223. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian isolation and purification, birds, Italy.
Ceron H, M., H. Rodriguez Velazco, D. Garcia L, R.
Palacios Miguel, T. Mickle R, E. Montiel N, H. Tinoco G, and J. Garcia Garcia.
(1996). Estudios de evaluacion de una vacuna recombinante para prevenir la
influenza aviar. III. Interferencia de la inmunidad pasiva con la vacunacion.
[Studies on fowl pox-avian influenza recombinant vaccine. III. Passive immunity
to vaccination]. In: Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p. 134.
Abstract: En virtud de la sero-conversion observada,
en pollos centinelas, al virus de Influenza Aviar (IA) en ciertas zonas
avicolas del pais, los productores de pollo introducen en sus granjas pollos
con anticuerpos maternos como una medida de prevencion. El objeto del presente
trabajo fue el de determinar si los pollos con anticuerpos maternos, como una
medida de la inmunidad pasiva, tenian una respuesta diferencial con respecto a
los pollos sin anticuerpos, al ser vacunados al primer dia de edad con la
vacuna recombinante de Viruela-Influenza Aviar. Se realizaron 2 estudios en los
que grupos de 15 y 30 pollos respectivamente para cada estudio, se siguieron
serologicamente despues de vacunarlos al dia de edad. Se realizaron desafios a
los 7, 21, 35 y 49 dias post-vacunacion para el primer estudio y a los 7, 21 y
49 dias para el segundo. En todos los casos, los pollos a los 49 dias
post-vacunacion fueron serologicamente negativos en la prueba de inhibicion de
la hemoaglutinacion. comparados con pollos que fueron vacunados con vacuna
emulsionada en que mostraron el 100% de sero-conversion en este periodo. En
cuanto a la proteccion al desafio tanto los pollos con anticuerpos como los sin
anticuerpos maternos estuvieron protegidos con la vacuna recombinante al
momento de los desafios. Los resultados indican que la vacuna recombinante aqui
probada induce una buena proteccion al ser aplicada en pollos comerciales de
engorda tanto aquellos que tienen inmunidad pasiva como a los que no la tienen.
De tal manera que este estado no limita la utilizacion de la vacuna.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, synthetic vaccines, immune response, maternal immunity, birds, chickens,
domestic animals, Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat
animals, orthomyxoviridae, passive immunity, poultry, useful animals, vaccines,
viruses.
Chambers, T.M. and R.G. Webster (1991). Protection
of chickens from lethal influenza virus infection by influenza
A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83 virus: characterization of the protective effect.
Virology 183(1): 427-32. ISSN:
0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: The influenza A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83
(H5N2) virus is the first known example of an influenza virus isolated from a
natural infection which contained primarily defective interfering particles (T.
M. Chambers and R. G. Webster, J. Virol. 61, 1517-1523, 1987). In chickens,
coinoculation of this virus together with the closely related but highly
virulent influenza A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 virus results in reduced
mortality compared to virulent virus infection alone (Bean et al., J. Virol.
54, 151-160, 1985). The biological basis of this protective effect has not been
established. Protective activity required greater than or equal to 100-fold
excess input of protecting virus over virulent virus, functioned effectively
during the first generations of virulent virus multiplication, and also
functioned against an antigenically heterologous (H7N7) virulent influenza
virus. Protection was correlated with the complete inhibition of virulent virus
spread to the brain of infected chickens. Plaque-purified
chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83 virus depleted of defective interfering particles,
and beta-propiolactone-inactivated virus, had no protective effect. These
characteristics are consistent with the hypothesis that protection was the
result of defective interfering particle-mediated interference with virulent
virus multiplication within the respiratory tract of the chicken.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian pathogenicity, viral vaccines therapeutic use, chickens, disease
outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, avian growth and development, propiolactone
pharmacology, United States epidemiology, virulence, virus activation.
Chen, H., Y. Matsuoka, Q. Chen, N.J. Cox, B.R.
Murphy, and K. Subbarao (2003). Generation and characterization of an H9N2
cold-adapted reassortant as a vaccine candidate. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1127-1130. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses have
been identified in avian species worldwide, and infections in pigs were
confirmed in Hong Kong in 1998. Subsequently, H9N2 viruses were isolated from
two children in Hong Kong in 1999, and five human infections were reported from
China, raising the possibility that H9N2 viruses pose a potential pandemic
threat for humans. These events prompted us to develop a vaccine candidate to
protect humans against this subtype of influenza A viruses. Reassortant H1N1
and H3N2 human influenza A viruses with the six internal gene segments of A/Ann
Arbor/6/60 (H2N2)(AA) cold-adapted (ca) virus have been tested extensively in
humans and have proved to be attenuated and safe as live virus vaccines. Using
classical genetic reassortment, we generated a reassortant that contains the
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) and
six internal gene segments from the AAca virus. The G9/AAca reassortant virus
exhibits the ca phenotype and the temperature-sensitive phenotypes of the AAca
virus and was attenuated in mice. The reassortant virus was immunogenic and
protected mice from wild-type H9N2 virus challenge. The G9/AAca virus bears the
in vitro and in vivo phenotypes specified by the AAca virus and will be
evaluated as a potential vaccine candidate in humans.
Descriptors: infection, pharmaceuticals, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, candidate
vaccine strains, genetic reassortment, temperature sensitive phenotypes.
Chen Hua Lan, Yu Kang Zhen, Tian Guo Bin, Tang Xiu
Ying, and Lu Jing Liang (1998). Protective
immune response against avian influenza virus in chicken induced by DNA
inoculation. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 31(5): 63-68. ISSN: 0578-1752.
NAL
Call Number: S471.C6N89
Descriptors: immune response, DNA vaccines, vaccine
development, avian influenza virus, chickens.
Chen, H., K. Subbarao, D. Swayne, Q. Chen, X. Lu, J.
Katz, N. Cox, and Y. Matsuoka (2003). Generation and evaluation of a
high-growth reassortant H9N2 influenza A virus as a pandemic vaccine candidate.
Vaccine 21(17-18): 1974-1979.
ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs)
are widely distributed in avian species and were isolated from humans in Hong
Kong and Guangdong province, China in 1999 raising concern of their potential
for pandemic spread. We generated a high-growth reassortant virus (G9/PR8) that
contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from the H9N2
avian influenza virus A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (G9) and six internal genes
from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) by genetic reassortment, for evaluation as a
potential vaccine candidate in humans. Pathogenicity studies showed that the
G9/PR8 reassortant was not highly pathogenic for mice or chickens. Two doses of
a formalin-inactivated G9/PR8 virus vaccine induced hemagglutination inhibiting
antibodies and conferred complete protection against challenge with G9 and the
antigenically distinct H9N2 A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (G1-like) virus in a mouse
model. These results indicate that the high growth G9/PR8 reassortant has
properties that are desirable in a vaccine seed virus and is suitable for
evaluation in humans for use in the event of an H9 pandemic.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, influenza A virus
infection, prevention and control, viral disease.
Chen Yi Ping, Wu Li Li, Wan Hong Quan, Xu Yi Min,
Wang Bao An, and Zhu Kun Xi (2002). Effect
of experimental infection with H9 avian influenza virus on the immune system of
chicken. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science 22(2): 153-154. ISSN: 1005-4545.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: immune system, leokocytes, lymphocytes,
avian influenza virus, experimental infection, chicken.
Chen, Z.E. (2004). Influenza DNA vaccine: an
update. Chinese Medical Journal Beijing 117(1): 125-132. ISSN: 0366-6999.
Descriptors: DNA vaccines, genes, human diseases, immune
response, immunization, influenza A, influenza B, reviews, influenza virus A,
influenza virus B.
Cheng Jian, Liu Xiu Fan, Peng Da Xin, Liu Hong Qi, Wu Yan Tao, and Zhang Ru Kuang
(2003). Recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing HA from subtype H9N2
of avian influenza virus and chicken type II interferon and its protective
efficacy against homologous challenge in chickens. Chinese Journal of
Virology 19(1): 52-58. ISSN:
1000-8721.
Descriptors: recombinant vaccines, avian influenza virus,
fowl pox virus, hemagglutinins, interferon, chickens.
Cheng, J., X. Liu, D. Pen, and H. Liu (2002). Recombinant fowlpox virus expressing HA from
subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus and its protective immunity against
homologous challenge in chickens. Weishengwu Xuebao 42(4):
442-447. ISSN: 0001-6209.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ac83
Abstract: The hemagglutinin (HA) gene from the AIV,
A/Chicken/China/F/1998 (H9N2) was amplified with the RT-PCR technique and
directionally inserted into transferring vector 1175, resulted in recombinant
transferring vector 1175HA. In order to generate recombinant fowlpox virus
expressing HA (rFPV-HA), the recombinant transferring vector 1175HA was used to
transfect the chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) pre-infected with wide type
fowlpox virus. Then, by selection of blue plaques on the CEF overlaid with agar
containing X-gal, rFPV-HA was obtained and purified. The expression of HA by
rFPV-HA was detected in the recombinant virus-infected CEF by indirect
immunofluorescence. Experiments on chickens demonstrated that rFPV-HA could
induce detectable HI antibodies 7 days post-vaccination and those HI antibodies
of relatively high titers could persist 55 days. rFPV-HA also had the same
protective efficacies to suppress SPF chickens or commercial broiler chickens
with antibodies against FPV from shedding challenged virus from intestine as
inactivated vaccine in oil emulsion.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, methods and
techniques, avian influenza, viral disease, protective immunity.
Cherbonnel, M., J. Rousset, and V. Jestin (2003). Strategies
to improve protection against low-pathogenicity H7 avian influenza virus
infection using DNA vaccines. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1181-1186. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Eukaryotic expression plasmids encoding
either the avian influenza hemagglutinin or matrix genes (pCMV-HA and pCMV-M,
respectively) were constructed. The viral genes were derived from a
low-pathogenicity H7N1 strain, A/Chicken/Italy/1067/99, isolated during the
1999-2001 epizootic in Italy. The plasmid was administered to 4-to-5-wk-old
specific-pathogen-free chickens by several different injection methods. For the
initial studies comparing methods of vaccine injection, results were compared
based on hemagglutination inhibition (HI) response following immunization with
pCMV-HA. Additional studies with coadministration of both pCMV-HA and pCMV-M
was evaluated based on HI response and viral isolation after homologous
challenge. Preliminary results indicate that a device intended to inject
insulin in humans (Medijector) and the coadministration of both plasmids
improved protection against H7 infection.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, pharmaceuticals,
public health, avian influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease,
viral disease, immunization clinical techniques, therapeutic and prophylactic
techniques, epizootic.
Clough, J.D. (2004). Birds, viruses, and history:
the current 'genuine adventure'. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
71(4): 270. ISSN: 0891-1150.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, virus
diseases epidemiology, birds, communicable diseases epidemiology, incidence,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, risk assessment, severe
acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome
prevention and control, virus diseases prevention and control, world health.
Colby, M.M., Y.J. Johnson, N.L. Tablante, and W.H.
Hueston (2003). Evaluation of two systems for managing emergency poultry
diseases in intensive poultry production regions. International Journal
of Poultry Science 2(3): 234-241.
ISSN: 1682-8356.
Descriptors: disease control, disease surveys,
geographical information systems, intensive production, monitoring, outbreaks,
poultry diseases, risk factors, avian influenza virus, Delmarva Peninsula,
United States.
Cowen, B.S., R.A. Wilson, S.K. Harris, R.L. Hyde, and
J.E. Pearson (1996). Avian influenza vaccine (H5N2) studies in light and
heavy breeds of chickens. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 45: 30-31.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, vaccines, avian influenza virus,
birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza virus,
livestock, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Crawford, J., B. Wilkinson, A. Vosnesensky, G. Smith,
M. Garcia, H. Stone, and M.L. Perdue (1999). Baculovirus-derived
hemagglutinin vaccines protect against lethal influenza infections by avian H5
and H7 subtypes. Vaccine 17(18): 2265-74. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Baculoviruses were engineered to express
hemagglutinin (HA) genes of recent avian influenza (AI) isolates of the H5 and
H7 subtypes. The proteins were expressed as either intact (H7) or slightly
truncated versions (H5). In both cases purified HA proteins from insect cell
cultures retained hemagglutination activity and formed rosettes in solution,
indicating proper folding. Although immunogenic in this form, these proteins
were more effective when administered subcutaneously in a water-in-oil
emulsion. One or two-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) White Rock chickens,
free of maternal AI antibodies, responded with variable serum HI titers, but in
some cases the titers were comparable to those achieved using whole virus
preparations. Vaccination of three-week-old chickens with 1.0 microg of protein
per bird generated a more consistent serum antibody response with an average
geometric mean titer (GMT) of 121 (H5) and 293 (H7) at 21 days postvaccination.
When challenged with highly pathogenic strains of the corresponding AI
subtypes, the vaccinated birds were completely protected against lethal
infection and in some cases exhibited reduced or no cloacal shedding at 3 days
postinfection. Vaccine protocols employing these recombinant HA proteins will
not elicit an immune response against internal AI proteins and thus will not
interfere with epidemiological surveys of natural influenza infections in the
field.
Descriptors: baculoviridae immunology, fowl plague
immunology, fowl plague prevention and control, hemagglutinins viral
immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, amino acid sequence, chickens, cloning, molecular, hemagglutinins
viral chemistry, hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza A virus avian
immunology, molecular sequence data, recombinant proteins chemistry,
recombinant proteins genetics, recombinant proteins immunology, turkeys.
Crawford, J.M., M. Garcia, H. Stone, D. Swayne, R.
Slemons, and M.L. Perdue (1998). Molecular characterization of the
hemagglutinin gene and oral immunization with a waterfowl-origin avian
influenza virus. Avian Diseases 42(3): 486-496. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Vaccination against highly pathogenic (HP)
subtypes of avian influenza (AI) virus in poultry has been prohibited in the
United States. Recently, policy has been changed to potentially allow use of
inactivated vaccines in emergency programs to control HP H5 and H7 AI.
Vaccination with inactivated virus against non-highly pathogenic AI viruses has
been allowed in the U.S. turkey industry since 1979 (1) but requires expensive
handling of individual birds for parenteral inoculation. Oral immunization
would provide a less expensive method to protect commercial poultry from AI.
Prime candidates for oral vaccines are waterfowl-origin (WFO) isolates, which
have a tropism for the alimentary tract. One WFO isolate,
A/mallard/Ohio/556/1987 (H5N9) (MOh87), was characterized by determining the
complete nucleotide sequence of its hemagglutinin (HA) gene. The HA protein of
this isolate possessed a deduced amino acid sequence nearly identical to the
consensus amino acid sequence for all published H5 genes, indicating that it
has potential as a broadly effective vaccine. Experimental results demonstrated
measurable serum antibody responses to orally delivered live and inactivated
preparations of MOh87. Oral vaccination also protected chickens from diverse,
lethal H5 AI virus challenge strains and blocked cloacal shedding of challenge
virus.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, chickens,
hemagglutinins, immunization, oral administration, genes, oral vaccination,
virulence, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, experimental infections, strain
differences, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, immune response,
molecular sequence data, GENBANK u67783.
Curran, R. (2004). Asian bird flu. Emergency
Medical Services 33(5): 38-9. ISSN:
0094-6575.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, isolation and
purification, Japan epidemiology, respiratory protective devices, zoonoses
epidemiology, zoonoses transmission.
D'Aprile, P.N., J.B. McFerran (ed.), and M.S. McNulty
(ed.) (1986). Current situation of avian influenza in Italy and approaches
to its control. Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
- Acute Virus Infections of Poultry 37: 29-35.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, control, outbreaks,
Italy.
D' Yakonova, E.V., Y.U.V. Rodin, and M.S. Gribov.
(1983). Effectiveness of control measures against avian influenza on poultry
farms. In: Patologiya organov dykhaniya i pishchevareniya
sel'skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh. [Pathology of the organs of respiration and
digestion in farm animals], p. 69-72.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry,
disease control, disinfection, immunization, farm animals, pathology.
Davison, S., C.E. Benson, A.F. Ziegler, and R.J.
Eckroade (1999). Evaluation of disinfectants with the addition of
antifreezing compounds against nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases 43(3): 533-537. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In the winter of 1997 and 1998, in the midst
of the H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania, producers added
antifreeze or windshield washer fluid to disinfectant solutions in wash
stations to prevent freezing. The purpose of this study was to determine if the
addition of these products to the disinfectant solutions would have deleterious
effects. Four disinfectants (two phenols, one quarternary ammonium, and one
combination product: quarternary ammonium and formaldehyde) and one sodium
hypochlorite detergent product currently used in the poultry industry were
studied. Each product was diluted according to the manufacturer's
recommendation in sterile distilled water and compared with dilutions of the
disinfectants with the addition of antifreeze products (ethylene glycol or
propylene glycol) or windshield washer fluid for their effectiveness in killing
nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus. All products diluted according to the
manufacturer's recommendation killed the nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza
virus in this test system. The phenol products and the quaternary ammonium
product were still efficacious with the addition of the antifreeze containing
ethylene glycol. Both the combination product and the sodium hypochlorite detergent
had decreased efficacy when the ethylene glycol product was added. When the
propylene glycol product was added, the efficacy of all disinfectants remained
unaffected, whereas the efficacy of the sodium hypochlorite detergent
decreased. With the addition of the windshield washer fluid (methyl alcohol),
all products remained efficacious except for the combination product.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disinfectants,
efficacy, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, fluids, methanol, freezing point,
windshield washer fluid.
De, B.K., M.W. Shaw, P.A. Rota, M.W. Harmon, J.J.
Esposito, R. Rott, N.J. Cox, and A.P. Kendal (1988). Protection against
virulent H5 avian influenza virus infection in chickens by an inactivated
vaccine produced with recombinant vaccinia virus. Vaccine 6(3):
257-61. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: A cloned cDNA copy of the haemagglutinin (HA)
gene of A/Chicken/Scotland/59 (H5N1) influenza virus has been expressed in
vaccinia virus. This pox virus is poorly infectious or non-infectious for
chickens. However, immunization of chickens with lysates of cell cultures
infected with the recombinant vaccinia virus, that had been emulsified with
adjuvant and which contained an estimated 0.5 microgram influenza HA, elicited
a substantial neutralizing antibody response to influenza virus. Challenges of
immunized and non-immunized adult chickens with virulent A/Chicken/Scotland/59
influenza virus showed that the immunized animals were highly protected while
the non-immunized controls died. Immunized birds were also protected against
infection with the recent virulent H5 avian influenza virus,
A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2).
Descriptors: antigens immunology, fowl plague prevention
and control, influenza A virus avian immunology, vaccines, synthetic
immunology, vaccinia virus immunology, viral vaccines immunology, chickens,
fluorescent antibody technique, hemagglutinins viral analysis, immunochemistry,
immunoenzyme techniques, neutralization
tests.
De Clercq, K. and N. Goris (2004). Extending the
foot-and-mouth disease module to the control of other diseases. Developmental
Biology (Basel) 119: 333-40. ISSN:
1424-6074.
Abstract: During the recent devastating epidemics of
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), the highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) and New Castle disease, more than 115 million animals were
culled. The mass slaughter of animals raised serious ethical questions. These
epidemics showed that the use of emergency vaccination is an essential element
in disease control. During the last decade the FMD antigen banks have proved to
be effective and this module should be extended. An international vaccine stock
should be considered for classical swine fever and HPAI. Agreements with
vaccine producers should be made easily available, with instant access to a
vaccine reserve for rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, BT, African horse
sickness and Rift valley fever. These vaccines should meet international
standards and should allow distinction between vaccinated and infected animals.
Information should be gathered proactively on the use of vaccines for lumpy
skin disease, sheep and goat pox and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
Descriptors: animals, Australia, communicable disease
control methods, disease outbreaks prevention and control, veterinary disease
outbreaks, drug storage, emergency treatment methods, veterinary emergency
treatment, animal euthanasia, foot-and-mouth disease prevention and control,
international cooperation, viral vaccines immunology, viral vaccines supply and
distribution.
Desheva, J.A., L.G. Rudenko, G.I. Alexandrova, X. Lu,
A.R. Rekstin, J.M. Katz, N.J. Cox, and A.I. Klimov (2004). Reassortment
between avian apathogenic and human attenuated cold-adapted viruses as an
approach for preparing influenza pandemic vaccines. International
Congress Series 1263: 724-727.
Abstract: To prepare candidate influenza pandemic
vaccines, we are developing an approach based on reassortment of antigenically
appropriate nonpathogenic avian viruses of different subtypes (H5, H9, H7) with
the cold-adapted master strain (MS) A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (Len/17) that is
currently used in Russia for preparing licensed live attenuated vaccines for
adults and children. In the present study, reassortants between
A/Duck/Potsdam/1402-6/86(H5N2) (H5N2-wt) and Len/17 were obtained. One of the
clones, A/17/Duck/Potsdam/86-92(H5N2) (Len17/H5), was chosen for further
detailed genetic and antigenic analysis. Len17/H5 inherited the HA gene from
the H5N2-wt and all other genes from Len/17 (7:1 genome composition). The HA
gene sequence of Len17/H5 was identical to that of the parent H5N2-wt virus.
The antigenic profile of the reassortant virus was similar to that of the
H5N2-wt parent strain in the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test with a panel
of antisera to different avian and human H5 viruses. The reassortant
demonstrated high growth ability (9.3+0.3 lg EID50/ml) in embryonated hens'
eggs (CE) at optimal (34 [deg]C) temperature, comparable with that of the parent
Len/17 MS. Also, Len17/H5 demonstrated cold-adapted (ca) and
temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotypes similar to those of Len/17 and was
attenuated for mice.
Descriptors: avian influenza, live attenuated reassortant
vaccine.
Di, T.L., P. Cordioli, E. Falcone, G. Lombardi, A.
Moreno, G. Sala, and M. Tollis (2003). Standardization of an inactivated
H7N1 avian influenza vaccine and efficacy against A/chicken/Italy/13474/99
high-pathogenicity virus infection. Avian Diseases 47(Special
Issue): 1042-1046. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The minimum requirements for assessing the
immunogenicity of an experimental avian influenza (AI) vaccine prepared from
inactivated A/Turkey/Italy/2676/99 (H7N1) low-pathogenicity (LP) AI (LPAI)
virus were determined in chickens of different ages. A correlation between the
amount of hemagglutinin (HA) per dose of vaccine and the protection against
clinical signs of disease and infection by A/Chicken/Italy/13474/99 highly
pathogenic (HP) AI (HPAI) virus was established. Depending on the vaccination
schedule, one or two administrations of 0.5 mug of hemagglutinin protected
chickens against clinical signs and death and completely prevented virus
shedding from birds challenged at different times after vaccination.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
epidemiology, infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system
disease, transmission, viral disease, vaccination clinical techniques,
immunogenicity, viral shedding.
Dragun, M., B. Rada, L. Novotny, and J. Beranek
(1990). Antiviral activities of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues: some
structure--activity relationships. Acta Virologica 34(4): 321-9
. ISSN: 0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: Seventeen nucleoside derivatives (derived
from arabinosylcytosine, resp. cytidine, 5-fluorouracil and uracil) were tested
by agar-diffusion plaque-inhibition test for their antiviral activity with
herpes simplex, vaccinia, fowl plague, Newcastle disease and western equine
encephalomyelitis viruses. The highest antiviral activity against DNA viruses
exhibited arabinosylcytosine, N4-acylarabinosylcytosines, arabinosylthiouracil,
cyclocytidine and its 5'-chloroderivative. RNA viruses were inhibited by
5-fluorouridine only, whereas other tested compounds were ineffective or
showing marginal activity only. By search for relationship between chemical
structure and antiviral activity a tendency was found of higher antiviral
activity at lower lipophilicity. This is probably due to better transport of
the studied compounds into cell. The chemical structure, however, is the main
reason of antiviral activity.
Descriptors: antiviral agents chemistry, pyrimidine
nucleosides pharmacology, encephalitis virus, western equine drug effects,
encephalitis virus, western equine growth and development, influenza A virus
avian drug effects, avian growth and development, Newcastle disease virus drug
effects, Newcastle disease virus growth and development, plaque assay,
pyrimidine nucleosides chemistry, simplexvirus drug effects, simplexvirus
growth and development, structure activity relationship, vaccinia virus drug
effects, vaccinia virus growth and
development.
Easterday, B.C. (1975). Antigens (and
recombinants) and immune response to avian influenza. American Journal
of Veterinary Research 36(4 Pt. 2): 503-4.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: antibody formation, antigens, viral, bird
diseases immunology, influenza veterinary, orthomyxoviridae immunology, birds
microbiology, chickens microbiology, cross reactions, ducks microbiology,
hemagglutinins viral, immunization, influenza immunology, influenza A virus
avian immunology, influenza vaccine, neuraminidase metabolism, orthomyxoviridae
enzymology, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, poultry diseases
immunology, turkeys microbiology.
Easterday, B.C., M. E. Rose, L. N. Payne (ed.), and
B. M. Freeman (ed.). (1981). Immunity to Newcastle disease and avian
influenza. In: Avian immunology. Proceedings of the 16th Poultry Science
Symposium, p. 179-185.
NAL
Call Number:
SF481.2.P68 no.16
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, avian influenza
virus, immunity, immunization, reviews, poultry.
Ebrahimi, M.M., M. Moghaddampour, A. Tavassoli, and
S. Shahsavandi (2000). Vaccination of chicks with experimental Newcastle
disease and avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines by in ovo inoculation.
Archives of Razi Institute (51): 15-25.
ISSN: 0365-3439.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.A73
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease
virus, chicks, embryos, immunization, inactivated vaccines.
Eckroade, R.J. and H.M. Acland (1985). Serological
and challenge response in chickens vaccinated with inactivated H5N2 avian
influenza virus--a preliminary report. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 34: 21-22.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: fowls, avian influenza virus, vaccines,
vaccination, USDA, disease control, Pennsylvania.
Ellis, T.M., C.Y. Leung, M.K. Chow, L.A. Bissett, W.
Wong, Y. Guan, and J.S. Malik Peiris (2004). Vaccination of chickens against
H5N1 avian influenza in the face of an outbreak interrupts virus transmission.
Avian Pathology 33(4): 405-12.
ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry diseases prevention and
control, vaccination, agriculture methods, chickens, disease outbreaks
prevention and control, Hong Kong epidemiology, prevention and control,
transmission, poultry diseases epidemiology, poultry diseases transmission,
poultry diseases virology.
Erokhina, L.M., N.I. Arkhipov, N.A. Lagutkin, M.M.
Zubairov, N.I. Mitin, and VP Shishkov (ed.). (1980). Morfologicheskaya otsenka
xhimioterapevticheskogo deistviya Midantana i preparata C-4. [Morphological
assessment of the chemotherapeutic activity of the antiviral agents Midantan
and C-4 (amantadine-1-boradamantine) in avian influenza]. In: Patomorfologiya,
patogenez i diagnostika boleznei s. kh. zhivotnykh, Nauchnye Trudy VASKNIL,
p. 168-169.
NAL
Call Number:
SF769.P36
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
chemotherapy, antiviral agents.
Escamilla J, J.A., R. Palacios Miguel, J.L. Garcia
Martinez, J. Quezada F, M.L. Calderon Hernandez, M.A. Rico Gaytan, J.A. Lopez
Perez, T. Mickle R, E. Montiel N, R. Fernandez T, H. Tinoco G, and J. Garcia
Garcia. (1996). Estudios de evaluacion de una vacuna recombinante para
prevenir la influenza aviar. IV. Prueba de campo 1b. [[Studies on fowl
pox-avian influenza recombinant vaccine. IV. 2nd. field trial]. In: Reunion
Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria, Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p. 135.
Abstract: La vacuna recombinante de
Viruela-Influenza Aviar ha sido evaluada en el laboratorio y en el campo, en
pollos comerciales de engorda con anticuerpos maternos para el virus de
Influenza Aviar (IA). En este estudio se pretendio evaluar los parametros
productivos incluyendo la mortalidad observada durante las 4 primeras semanas
despues de la vacunacion en pollos sin y con anticuerpos maternos para el virus
de IA. Se vacunaron 36,000 pollos en la incubadora, al dia de edad, los cuales
fueron divididos en 2 casetas en una granja localizada en el estado de
Queretaro. Estudios serologicos semanales fueron conducidos en 50 pollos
vacunados y elegidos arbitrariamente en cada muestreo. Asi como en 25 pollos
sin vacunar de cada caseta. Se realizo un desafio a las 3 semanas
post-vacunacion Los resultados indicaron al igual que en un estudio anterior,
que la vacunacion no tuvo ningun efecto adverso en los indices de produccion de
la parvada ni tampoco se observaron lesiones en la mortalidad atribuibles al
producto. Los indices de produccion asi como los datos de necropsias de los
pollos vacunados con el producto recombinante, fueron comparados con los datos
obtenidos del resto de las casetas de la seccion y de la granja. La reciproca
de las medias geometricas de anticuerpos para IA, detectados en los muestreos,
fueron despresiables al compararse con los titulos observados en pollos
vacunados con vacuna inactivada, aplicada a los 10 dias de edad en los pollos
de otras casetas. La mortalidad al desafio, realizado a las 3 semanas de edad,
indicaron un 100% de proteccion obtenido en los pollos originalmente libres de
anticuerpos, con un 80% de proteccion en los pollos que provenian de
reproductoras vacunadas para IA. Los resultados de este estudio senalan que la
vacuna recombinante de Viruela-IA es confiable, no afecta los indices
productivos y es eficaz para evitar la mortalidad causada por virus de IA de
alta patogenicidad y que puede ser usada como un producto adicional en la
campana de erradicacion, ya que esta no contiene el genoma completo de virus de
IA, por lo que es incapaz de causar la enfermedad en aves vacunadas.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, synthetic vaccines, immune response, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, vaccines, viruses.
Eskelund, K.H. (1984). Use of inactivated vaccine
to control avian influenza outbreaks. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 33: 8-10.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, inactivated vaccine,
immunization, control, outbreaks.
Fatunmbi, O.O., J.A. Newman, D.A. Halvorson, and V.
Sivanandan (1993). Effect of temperature on the stability of avian influenza
virus antigens under different storage conditions. Avian Diseases
37(3): 639-646. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The combined effect of time and temperature
on the stability of two avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates concentrated with
polyethylene glycol (PEG), stored at different temperatures, and used in the
preparation of avian influenza vaccine was evaluated in turkeys at 24 hr and at
12, 24, 30, 36, and 42 months of storage. The differences detected between
antibodies raised in turkeys by vaccines made from isolates under different
storage conditions, times, and temperatures were not significant (P > 0.05),
especially with vaccines prepared from one isolate. Virus recovery rates
following challenge studies of vaccinated birds were similar. However, birds
that were vaccinated twice had lower rates of virus recovery from the trachea,
lungs, pancreas, and fecal samples following challenge infection. The results
suggest that if stable isolates of AIV can be identified, such isolates can be
rapidly concentrated with PEG and stored at -20 C or -196 C for at least 42
months without any loss of potency in the vaccine prepared from these isolates.
This would reduce the costs associated with vaccine storage and subsequent
expiration dates.
Descriptors: turkeys, avian influenza virus, antigens,
vaccines, freezing, storage, temperature, time, alcohols, polyethylene,
vaccination, birds, disease control, Galliformes, immunization, immunological
factors, immunology, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, influenza virus,
polymers, processing, therapy, viruses, viral antigens, potency, polyethylene
glycol.
Fatunmbi, O.O., J.A. Newman, V. Sivanandan, and D.A.
Halvorson (1992). Enhancement of antibody response of turkeys to trivalent
avian influenza vaccine by positively charged liposomal avridine adjuvant. Vaccine
10(9): 623-6. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Trivalent avian influenza (AIV) antigens
(H4N8, H5N2 and H7N3), mixed with positively charged, negatively charged and
neutral avridine-containing liposomes, and oil-emulsion were subcutaneously
administered to 6-week-old turkeys. Charged liposomal avridine adjuvant, either
positive or negative, produced a better antibody response than uncharged
liposomal avridine or oil-emulsion adjuvants when used in a trivalent avian
influenza vaccine. The antibody response to the different antigens was
generally greater to the positively charged adjuvanted vaccine compared with
the negatively or neutral charged or oil-emulsion adjuvanted vaccines and these
differences were significant (P less than 0.05) with the three antigens. The
results suggest that the positively charged liposomal avridine plays a
significant role as adjuvant to the AIV antigens.
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian immunology, influenza vaccine administration and dosage,
adjuvants, immunologic administration and dosage, antibodies, viral
biosynthesis, antigens, viral administration and dosage, diamines
administration and dosage, electrochemistry, liposomes, surface properties,
turkeys.
Fatunmbi, O.O. (1991). Development and Improvement
of Avian Influenza Vaccines in Turkeys, p. xiv, 165 leaves, [2] leaves of
plates, ill.
NAL
Call Number: DISS 91-25,801
Descriptors: turkeys, avian influenza vaccines,
improvements, developments.
Fleck, W.F., D.G. Strauss, and H. Prauser (1980). Naphthochinon-Antibiotica
aus Streptomyces lateritius I. Fermentation, Isolierung und Charakterisierung
der Granatomycine A, C und D. [Naphthoquinone antibiotics from Streptomyces
lateritius. I Fermentation, isolation and characterization of granatomycins A,
C, and D]. Zeitschrift Fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 20(9):
543-51. ISSN: 0044-2208.
NAL
Call Number: QR1.Z4
Abstract: The fermentation and isolation procedures of
the antibiotic granatomycin produced by Streptomyces lateritius are described.
Furthermore, the producing strain ZIMET 43 627 and the main constituents of
granatomycin will be characterized. Granatomycin is a red-violet pigment
antibiotic of the naphthoquinone type. The physicochemical properties of
granatomycin resemble those of granaticin. The antibiotic can be isolated from
culture filtrates and from the mycelium by extraction with lower aliphatic
alcohols. It can be purified by gel filtration methods. Granatomycin displays
antimicrobial activity, particularly against grampositive and gramnegative
bacteria, and antiviral activity against fowl-plaque-virus in mammalian cells.
Granatomycin is useful in selection of resistant mutants of bacteria and
viruses with decreased virulence but high immunogenity suitable for use as life
vaccines against infection diseases. The physicochemical properties of the main
constituents of granatomycin studied confirm the identity of granatomycin C
with granaticin and the identity of granatomycin D with dihydrogranaticin
Granatomycin A is identical with the well-known semisynthetic methylester of
dihydrogranaticin. Therefore, the production of granatomycin A is the first
possibility to produce this derivative of granaticin biosynthetically.
Descriptors: anti bacterial agents isolation and purification,
naphthoquinones isolation and purification, Streptomyces metabolism,
anti bacterial agents analysis, anti bacterial agents pharmacology, bacteria
drug effects, chemistry, influenza A virus avian drug effects.
Frame, D. (2000). H7N3 outbreak halted by vaccine.
World Poultry (Special): 20-21.
ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, vaccines,
disease control, poultry.
Frame, D.D., B.J. McCluskey, R.E. Buckner, and F.D.
Halls (1996). Results of an H7N3 avian influenza vaccination program in
commercial meat turkeys. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 45: 32.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza, vaccination program,
turkeys, results.
Fynan, E.F., H.L. Robinson, and R.G. Webster (1993). Use
of DNA encoding influenza hemagglutinin as an avian influenza vaccine. DNA
and Cell Biology 12(9): 785-9. ISSN:
1044-5498.
NAL
Call Number: QH443.D5
Abstract: Recently, we demonstrated that direct
inoculation of a hemagglutinin 7 (H7)-expressing DNA could vaccinate chickens
against a lethal H7 influenza virus challenge. These experiments used a
defective-retroviral-based vector to express H7 (p188) (Robinson et al., 1993).
Here, we report protective immunizations using a non-retroviral-based vector
for H7 expression (pCMV/H7). Unlike the previously used retroviral-based
vector, this vector cannot be transmitted as an infectious agent (as a
consequence of phenotypic mixing with exogenous or endogenous virus proteins).
Vaccination was accomplished by inoculating young, immunocompetent chickens by
each of three routes (intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular) with 100
micrograms of cesium chloride-purified pCMV/H7 DNA in saline. After two
immunizations, birds were challenged via the nares with a lethal dose of a
highly virulent chicken influenza virus of the H7 subtype. The results of five
independent vaccine trials demonstrated protective immunizations in
approximately 60% of the pCMV/H7 DNA-inoculated chickens. By contrast, only 3%
of the chickens inoculated with control DNA survived the lethal challenge.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza A
virus avian immunology, influenza vaccine genetics, poultry diseases prevention
and control, vaccines, synthetic immunology, antibodies, viral biosynthesis,
chickens, DNA, viral genetics, gene expression, genes, structural, viral,
genetic vectors, hemagglutinins viral genetics, neutralization tests.
Fynan, E.F., R.G. Webster, D.H. Fuller, J.R. Haynes,
J.C. Santoro, and H.L. Robinson (1993). DNA vaccines: protective
immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90(24):
11478-82. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: Plasmid DNAs expressing influenza virus
hemagglutinin glycoproteins have been tested for their ability to raise
protective immunity against lethal influenza challenges of the same subtype. In
trials using two inoculations of from 50 to 300 micrograms of purified DNA in
saline, 67-95% of test mice and 25-63% of test chickens have been protected
against a lethal influenza challenge. Parenteral routes of inoculation that
achieved good protection included intramuscular and intravenous injections.
Successful mucosal routes of vaccination included DNA drops administered to the
nares or trachea. By far the most efficient DNA immunizations were achieved by
using a gene gun to deliver DNA-coated gold beads to the epidermis. In mice,
95% protection was achieved by two immunizations with beads loaded with as
little as 0.4 micrograms of DNA. The breadth of routes supporting successful
DNA immunizations, coupled with the very small amounts of DNA required for
gene-gun immunizations, highlight the potential of this remarkably simple
technique for the development of subunit vaccines.
Descriptors: DNA, viral administration and dosage, fowl
plague prevention and control, hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza
prevention and control, influenza A virus avian immunology, human immunology,
cell line, chickens, DNA, viral immunology, fowl plague immunology, genes viral, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral biosynthesis, influenza immunology, avian
genetics, human genetics, injections, injections, intramuscular, injections,
intravenous, mice, mice inbred BALB c, mucous membrane, restriction mapping,
transfection, viral envelope proteins biosynthesis, viral envelope proteins
genetics.
Garcia, A., H. Johnson, D.K. Srivastava, D.A.
Jayawardene, D.R. Wehr, and R.G. Webster (1998). Efficacy of inactivated
H5N2 influenza vaccines against lethal A/chicken/Queretaro/19/95 infection.
Avian Diseases 42(2): 248-256.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The control and eventual eradication of H5N2
influenza virus from domestic poultry in Mexico is dependent on the use of
avian influenza (AI) vaccine strategies. This study was performed to determine
the amount of hemagglutinin (HA) antigen required to control the signs of
disease from a highly pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus
(A/Chicken/Queretaro/19/95) and the amount of antigen required to prevent
shedding of virus from vaccinated birds. Six commercial inactivated water in
oil H5N2 vaccines available in Mexico were compared with standardized vaccines
to assess their efficacy. The amount of HA required to prevent the signs of
disease from A/Chicken/Queretaro/19/95 influenza virus was approximately 0.4
microgram per dose. Each of the six commercially available vaccines prevented
disease signs, and half of the vaccines significantly reduced viral shedding
from vaccinated birds. There is a need for standardization of AI virus vaccine,
and the antigen content should be increased in some of the commercially
available AI vaccines in Mexico.
Descriptors: Mexico, chickens, avian influenza virus,
vaccines, vaccination, disease control, symptoms, pathogenicity, agglutinins,
antigens, disease transmission, dosage, mortality, America, biological properties, birds, domestic
animals, Galliformes, immunization, immunological factors, immunostimulation,
immunotherapy, influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties, North
America, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, poultry, proteins, therapy, useful
animals, viruses, inactivated vaccines, virulence, hemagglutinins, shedding.
Garcia L, D., H. Rodriguez Velazco, M. Ceron H, R.
Palacios Miguel, T. Mickle R, E. Montiel N, H. Tinoco G, and J. Garcia Garcia.
(1996). Estudios de evaluacion de una vacuna recombinante para prevenir la
influenza aviar. II. Inocuidad y transmision horizontal. [Studies on fowl
pox-avian influenza recombinant vaccine. II. Safety test and horizontal
transmission]. In: Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p. 133.
Abstract: El virus de viruela aviar es
miembro de la familia Poxviridae, y afecta solo a ciertas especies de aves. El
objeto del presente estudio fue determinar que el virus de viruela aviar
utilizado, en la vacuna recombinante, como vector para acarrear el DNA
complementario del gene de la hemoaglutinina 5 del virus de Influenza Aviar
(I.A) no causara reacciones adversas al aplicarse una dosis mayor que la
recomendada en pollos y que este virus no se trasmite en forma horizontal de
pollos vacunados a pollos susceptibles. Para lo cual grupos de 20 pollos fueron
vacunados mediante puncion en el ala y por via subcutanea con 10 dosis de la
vacuna recombinante. 2 dias despues de la vacunacion se introdujeron a la jaula
20 pollos de la misma edad, sin vacunar. Ambos grupos fueron observados
diariamente durante 21 dias. Se realizaron estudios serologicos y al final del
periodo de observacion se desafiaron tanto a los pollos vacunados como a los
contactos, con una cepa de virus de I.A. de alta patogenicidad. Ninguno de los
pollos vacunados con 10 dosis del producto, por cualquiera de las vias
utilizadas, mostraron signos de enfermedad o lesiones patologicas durante el
periodo de observacion. Serologicamente los pollos en contacto fueron negativos
a la prueba de inhibicion de la hemoaglutinacion (IH) para IA y ambos grupos
negativos en las pruebas de inmunodifusion. La seropositividad por IH fue de 1
a 3 pollos con titulos de 1:10 a 1:40 en los grupos de pollos vacunados con la
recombinante. Posterior al desafio todos los pollos vacunados mostraron titulos
serologicos con medias geometricas mayores a 1:40. Los pollos en contacto
fueron susceptibles al desafio y en todos los casos no se demostro la presencia
de anticuerpos para el virus de I.A. Se concluye que la vacuna es segura, ya
que no causo reacciones adversas inclusive al aplicar 10 veces la dosis
recomendada, que la insercion no modifica el tropismo del virus de viruela a
otros organos y que no se transmite en forma horizontal por contacto directo.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, synthetic vaccines, immune response, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, vaccines, viruses.
Goncharskaia, T.I.A., S.M. Navashin, S.L.
Grokhovskii, and A.L. Zhuze (1977). Izuchenie protivovirusnykh svoistv
analogov distamitsina A. [Antiviral properties of analogs of distamycin A].
Antibiotiki 22(11):
998-1002. ISSN: 0003-5637.
NAL
Call Number: 396.8 An84
Abstract: The effect of 9 analogues of distamycin A was
studied in a tissue culture with respect to the virus of a smallpox vaccine and
classical avian plague. Three analogues of distamycin A (I, VI, VII) were
studied in chick embryos with respect to the smallpox and influenza viruses.
The analogues were characterized by a loss or decrease of the activity against
the smallpox vaccine virus as compared to distamycin A. In contrast to
distamycin A analogue VII had an inhibitory effect on influenza infection in
chick embryos.
Descriptors: antiviral agents, distamycins pharmacology,
influenza A virus avian drug effects, orthomyxoviridae drug effects, pyrroles
pharmacology, variola virus drug effects.
Gordon, S. (2004). Avian influenza: a wake-up call
from birds to humans. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 71(4):
273-4. ISSN: 0891-1150.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, avian influenza epidemiology, birds, influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza prevention and control, primary prevention
organization and administration, risk assessment, vaccination methods, world
health.
Gough, R.E., W.H. Allan, D.J. Knight, and J.W. Lieper
(1975). Further studies on the adjuvant effect of an interferon inducer (BRL
5907) on Newcastle disease and avian influenza inactivated vaccines. Research
in Veterinary Science 19(2): 185-8.
ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Vaccination of fowls with inactivated
Newcastle disease (ND) virus and avian influenza (AI) virus oil emulsion
vaccines containing an interferon inducer (BRL 5907) produced an enhanced
immunological response. The Newcastle disease vaccine containing BRL 5907
induced earlier protection to challenge than Newcastle disease vaccine by
itself and also produced an increase immune response when administered to
day-old maternally immune and susceptible chicks.
Descriptors: adjuvants, immunologic, chickens immunology,
influenza vaccine, interferon inducers, Newcastle disease virus immunology, RNA
viral pharmacology, viral vaccines, antibody formation, influenza immunology,
influenza veterinary, Newcastle disease immunology, orthomyxoviridae
immunology, poultry diseases immunology.
Govorkova, E.A., I.A. Leneva, K. Bush, and R.G.
Webster (2000). Efficacy of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201 against
avian influenza viruses including H5N1 and H9N2. Abstracts of the
Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40: 271.
Descriptors: infection, pharmacology, respiratory system,
influenza, respiratory system disease, treatment, viral disease, ELISA
analytical method, detection, labeling techniques, viral disease transmission,
viral replication, inhibition, meeting abstract, meeting slide.
Govorkova, E.A., I.A. Leneva, O.G. Goloubeva, K.
Bush, and R.G. Webster (2001). Comparison of efficacies of RWJ-270201,
zanamivir, and oseltamivir against H5N1, H9N2, and other avian influenza
viruses. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45(10): 2723-32. ISSN: 0066-4804.
NAL
Call Number: RM265.A5132
Abstract: The orally administered neuraminidase (NA)
inhibitor RWJ-270201 was tested in parallel with zanamivir and oseltamivir
against a panel of avian influenza viruses for inhibition of NA activity and
replication in tissue culture. The agents were then tested for protection of
mice against lethal H5N1 and H9N2 virus infection. In vitro, RWJ-270201 was
highly effective against all nine NA subtypes. NA inhibition by RWJ-270201 (50%
inhibitory concentration, 0.9 to 4.3 nM) was superior to that by zanamivir and
oseltamivir carboxylate. RWJ-270201 inhibited the replication of avian
influenza viruses of both Eurasian and American lineages in MDCK cells (50%
effective concentration, 0.5 to 11.8 microM). Mice given 10 mg of RWJ-270201
per kg of body weight per day were completely protected against lethal
challenge with influenza A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) and A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97
(H9N2) viruses. Both RWJ-270201 and oseltamivir significantly reduced virus
titers in mouse lungs at daily dosages of 1.0 and 10 mg/kg and prevented the
spread of virus to the brain. When treatment began 48 h after exposure to H5N1
virus, 10 mg of RWJ-270201/kg/day protected 50% of mice from death. These
results suggest that RWJ-270201 is at least as effective as either zanamivir or
oseltamivir against avian influenza viruses and may be of potential clinical
use for treatment of emerging influenza viruses that may be transmitted from
birds to humans.
Descriptors: antiviral agents pharmacology, influenza
prevention and control, influenza A virus avian drug effects, virus replication
drug effects, acetamides pharmacology, acetamides therapeutic use, antiviral
agents therapeutic use, body weight drug effects, brain drug effects, brain
virology, cyclopentanes pharmacology, cyclopentanes therapeutic use, disease
models, animal, dogs, influenza A virus avian enzymology, influenza A virus
avian physiology, lung drug effects, lung virology, mice, mice inbred BALB
c, neuraminidase antagonists and
inhibitors, sialic acids pharmacology,
sialic acids therapeutic use, treatment outcome.
Govorkova, E.A. and Y.U.A. Smirnov (1997). Cross-protection
of mice immunized with different influenza A (H2) strains and challenged with
viruses of the same HA subtype. Acta Virologica 41(5): 251-7. ISSN: 0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: Cross-protection of mice immunized with
inactivated preparations of human and avian influenza A (H2) viruses was
determined after lethal infection with mouse-adapted (MA) variants of human
A/Jap x Bell/57 (H2N1) and avian A/NJers/78 (H2N3) viruses. The MA variants
differed from the original strains by acquired virulence for mice and changes
in the HA antigenicity. These studies indicated that mice vaccinated with human
influenza A (H2) viruses were satisfactorily protected against challenge with A/Jap
x Bell/57-MA variant; the survival rate was in the range of 61%-88.9%.
Immunization of mice with the same viral preparations provided lower levels of
protection against challenge with A/NJers/78-MA variant. Vaccination of mice
with the avian influenza A (H2) viruses induced better protection than with
human strains against challenge with both MA variants. Challenge with
A/NJers/78-MA variant revealed that 76.2%-95.2% of animals were protected when
vaccinated with avian influenza virus strains isolated before 1980, and that
the protection reached only 52.4%-60.0% in animals vaccinated with strains
isolated in 1980-1985. The present study revealed that cross-protection
experiments in a mouse model could provide necessary information for the
development of appropriate influenza A (H2) virus vaccines with a potential for
these viruses to reappear in a human population.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian immunology, influenza A virus human immunology, influenza vaccine immunology,
cross reactions, disease models, animal, influenza mortality, influenza A
virus avian classification, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, influenza A
virus human classification, influenza A virus human pathogenicity, mice,
vaccination, vaccines, attenuated immunology.
Hafez, H.M. (2004). European perspective on the
control of some poultry diseases. Praxis Veterinaria (Zagreb)
52(1/2): 7-18. ISSN: 0350-4441.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease,
Salmonellosis, antibiotics, disease control, drug resistance, EU regulations,
poultry, public health, reviews.
Hafez, H.M. (2003). Geflugelpest: Alte Krankheit
mit standiger Gefahr fur Geflugel. [Fowl plague: an old disease that is a
continuing danger to poultry]. Tierarztliche Umschau 58(7):
343-351. ISSN: 0049-3864.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, fowl plague virus,
disease control, European Union, poultry, zoonoses.
Halvorson, D.A. (1989). Avian influenza: a
Minnesota Cooperative Control Program. Minnesota Extension Service
Folders : p. 1-5.
NAL
Call Number: S451.M6M582
Descriptors: poultry, Minnesota, avian influenza virus,
disease transmission, hosts, disease control, monitoring, vaccination, America,
disease control, domestic animals, domesticated birds, immunization,
immunostimulation, immunotherapy, influenza virus, lake states United States,
livestock, North America, north central states United States,
orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, therapy, United States, useful animals,
viruses, reservoir hosts, disease prevention.
Halvorson, D.A. (1998). Avian influenza control in
a new era. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference
47: 72-73.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, turkeys, chickens,
disease control.
Halvorson, D.A. (1995). Avian influenza control in
Minnesota. Poultry Digest 54(9): 12-9. ISSN: 0032-5724.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 N219
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, immunization, disease
control, prevention, turkeys, United States, Minnesota.
Halvorson, D.A. (2002). The control of H5 or H7
mildly pathogenic avian influenza: a role for inactivated vaccine. Avian
Pathology 31(1): 5-12. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Biosecurity is the first line of defence in
the prevention and control of mildly pathogenic avian influenza (MPAI). Its use
has been highly successful in keeping avian influenza (AI) out of commercial
poultry worldwide. However, sometimes AI becomes introduced into poultry
populations and, when that occurs, biosecurity again is the primary means of
controlling the disease. There is agreement that routine serological
monitoring, disease reporting, isolation or quarantine of affected flocks,
application of strict measures to prevent the contamination of and movement of
people and equipment, and changing flock schedules are necessities for controlling
AI. There is disagreement as to the disposition of MPAI-infected flocks: some
advocate their destruction and others advocate controlled marketing. Sometimes
biosecurity is not enough to stop the spread of MPAI. In general, influenza
virus requires a dense population of susceptible hosts to maintain itself. When
there is a large population of susceptible poultry in an area, use of an
inactivated AI vaccine can contribute to AI control by reducing the
susceptibility of the population.Does use of inactivated vaccine assist,
complicate or interfere with AI control and eradication? Yes, it assists MPAI
control (which may reduce the risk of highly pathogenic AI (HPAI)) but, unless
steps are taken to prevent it, vaccination may interfere with sero-epidemiology
in the case of an HPAI outbreak.Does lack of vaccine assist, complicate or
interfere with AI control and eradication? Yes, it assists in identification of
sero-positive (convalescent) flocks in a HPAI eradication program, but it
interferes with MPAI control (which in turn may increase the risk of emergence
of HPAI).A number of hypothetical concerns have been raised about the use of
inactivated AI vaccines. Infection of vaccinated flocks, serology complications
and spreading of virus by vaccine crews are some of the hypothetical concerns.
The discussion of these concerns should take place in a scientific framework
and should recognize that control of MPAI reduces the risk of HPAI. That
inactivated vaccines have reduced a flock's susceptibility to AI infection,
have reduced the quantity of virus shed post-challenge, have reduced
transmission and have markedly reduced disease losses, are scientific facts.
The current regulations preventing vaccination against H5 or H7 MPAI have had
the effect of promoting circulation of MPAI virus in commercial poultry and
live poultry markets. In the absence of highly pathogenic avian influenza,
there is no justification for forbidding the use of inactivated vaccine.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus avian immunology, poultry virology, poultry diseases
immunology, poultry diseases virology, vaccines, inactivated immunology,
influenza immunology, influenza transmission, poultry immunology, poultry
diseases epidemiology, poultry diseases transmission.
Halvorson, D.A. (1995). Experience with avian
influenza control in Minnesota. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 44: 15-19.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Minnesota, America, influenza virus, lake states United States,
North America, north central states United States, orthomyxoviridae, United
States, viruses.
Halvorson, D.A. (2000). The importance of
biosecurity. World Poultry (Special): 26-27. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
prevention, transmission, biosecurity.
Harley, V.R., P.J. Hudson, B.E. Coupar, P.W. Selleck,
H. Westbury, and D.B. Boyle (1990). Vaccinia virus expression and sequence
of an avian influenza nucleoprotein gene: potential use in diagnosis. Archives
of Virology 113(1-2): 133-41. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: The nucleoprotein (NP) gene from avian
influenza strain A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 (H6N5) was cloned, sequenced, and
expressed in vaccinia virus for the production of potent sera in immunised
rabbits. The NP gene is 1565 bp and shares greater than 95% amino acid sequence
identity with other NPs of the avian subtype. The recombinant NP expressed by vaccinia
virus comigrated with endogenous A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 NP by Western blot
analysis. Polyclonal rabbit sera raised against recombinant NP was evaluated in
an antigen capture ELISA system as a potential diagnostic tool for the
detection of avian influenza. All type A strains, comprising several HA and NA
subtypes, but not type B nor other avian viruses, were detected.
Descriptors: fowl plague diagnosis, genes viral, influenza
A virus avian genetics, nucleoproteins genetics, vaccinia virus genetics, viral
core proteins, viral proteins genetics, amino acid sequence, antibodies, viral
immunology, base sequence, blotting, southern, cloning, molecular, DNA, viral,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, avian immunology, molecular sequence data,
nucleoproteins immunology, predictive value of tests, thymidine kinase
genetics, vaccinia virus immunology, viral proteins immunology.
Heckert, R.A., M. Best, L.T. Jordan, G.C. Dulac, D.L.
Eddington, and W.G. Sterritt (1997). Efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide
against exotic animal viruses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology
63(10): 3916-3918. ISSN: 0099-2240.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ap5
Abstract: The efficacy of vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide
in a pass-through box for the decontamination of equipment and inanimate
materials potentially contaminated with exotic animal viruses was evaluated.
Tests were conducted with a variety of viral agents, which included
representatives of several virus families (Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae,
Flaviviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae,
and Rhabdoviridae) from both avian and mammalian species, with particular
emphasis on animal viruses exotic to Canada. The effects of the gas on a
variety of laboratory equipment were also studied. Virus suspensions in cell
culture media, egg fluid, or blood were dried onto glass and stainless steel.
Virus viability was assessed after exposure to vaporphase hydrogen peroxide for
30 min. For all viruses tested and under all conditions (except one), the
decontamination process reduced the virus titer to 0 embryo-lethal doses for
the avian viruses (avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses) or less than
10 tissue culture infective doses for the mammalian viruses (African swine
fever, bluetongue, hog cholera, pseudorabies, swine vesicular disease,
vesicular exanthema, and vesicular stomatitis viruses). The laboratory
equipment exposed to the gas appeared to suffer no adverse effects. Vaporphase
hydrogen peroxide decontamination can be recommended as a safe and efficacious
way of removing potentially virus-contaminated objects from biocontainment
level III laboratories in which exotic animal disease virus agents are handled.
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics,
methods and techniques, microbiology, pharmacology, veterinary medicine,
biocontainment level III laboratories, disinfectant, disinfection efficacy,
equipment decontamination, hydrogen peroxide, methodology, microbiology, pass
through box, vaporized virus, titer reduction, virus viability.
Henzler, D.J., D.C. Kradel, S. Davison, A.F. Ziegler,
D. Singletary, P. DeBok, A.E. Castro, H. Lu, R. Eckroade, D. Swayne, W. Lagoda,
B. Schmucker, and A. Nesselrodt (2003). Epidemiology, production losses, and
control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in
Pennsylvania (1996-98). Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1022-1036. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An outbreak of H7N2 low-pathogenicity (LP)
avian influenza (AI) occurred in a two-county area in Pennsylvania from
December of 1996 through April of 1998. The outbreak resulted in infection of
2,623,116 commercial birds on 25 premises encompassing 47 flocks. Twenty-one
(one premise with infection twice) of the twenty-five infected premises housed
egg-laying chickens and one premise each had turkeys, layer pullets, quail, and
a mixed backyard dealer flock. Despite close proximity of infected flocks to
commercial broiler flocks, no infected broilers were identified.
Experimentally, when market age broilers were placed on an influenza-infected
premise they seroconverted and developed oviduct lesions. The outbreak was
believed to have originated from two separate introductions into commercial
layer flocks from premises and by individuals dealing in sales of live fowl in
the metropolitan New York and New Jersey live-bird markets. Source flocks for
these markets are primarily in the northeast and mid-Atlantic areas, including
Pennsylvania. Mixed fowl sold include ducks, geese, guinea hens, quail, chukar
partridges, and a variety of chickens grown on perhaps hundreds of small farms.
Infections with the H7N2 AI virus were associated with variable morbidity and
temporary decreases in egg production ranging from 1.6% to 29.1% in commercial
egg-laying chickens. Egg production losses averaged 4.0 weeks duration.
Mortality ranged from 1.5 to 18.3 times normal (mean of 4.3 times normal).
Duration of mortality ranged from 2 to 13 weeks (average of 3.9 weeks) in
flocks not depopulated. Lesions observed were primarily oviducts filled with a
mucous and white gelatinous exudates and atypical egg yolk peritonitis.
Quarantine of premises and complete depopulation were the early measures
employed in control of this outbreak. Epidemiological studies suggested that
depopulation furthered the spread of influenza to nearby flocks. Thereafter,
later control measures included quarantine, strict biosecurity, and controlled
marketing of products.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, epidemiology, infection,
biosecurity, disease control measures, disease outbreak, live fowl markets,
production losses, quarantine.
Hernandez Magdaleno, A., H.M. Ceron, V.H. Rodriguez,
and G.J. Garcia (1996). Proteccion por cuatro vacunas de influenza aviar
(H5N2) en codornices (Coturnix coturnix japonica). [Protection of quail
(Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 4 avian influenza (H5N2) vaccines].
Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 296-298.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: quails, vaccines, birds, Galliformes.
Hernandez Magdaleno, A., M.T. Casaubon Hugening, and
J. Garcia Garcia. (1998). Patogenia del virus de influenza aviar (h5n2)
altamente patogeno en aves susceptibles y en aves inmunizadas. [Pathogenesis
study of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n2) on susceptible and
immunized chickens]. In: 34 Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Queretaro, Qro. (Mexico), p. 252.
Abstract: El objetivo de la presente
investigacion fue estudiar la patogenia del virus de influenza aviar (H5N2)
altamente patogeno (AP) en aves susceptibles (Av-Susc) y en aves inmunizadas
(Av-Inm), durante las primeras 72 horas post-inoculacion (hpi). Se formaron dos
grupos de 100 aves libres de patogenos especificos. A los 8 dias de edad, uno
de los grupos fue inmunizado con una vacuna emulsionada contra influenza aviar
(IA) y el otro grupo permanecio sin inmunizar. A las cuatro semanas de edad,
ambos grupos fueron inoculados por via intranasal con 1 x 103 DLEP50 del virus
A/Chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2) altamente patogeno. Se tomaron
aleatoriamente 3 aves de cada grupo a las 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36,
40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68 y 72 hpi. De cada ave se tomo una muestra de
sangre para el aislamiento y titulacion viral; posteriormente, fueron
sacrificadas humanitariamente y se tomaron muestras para histopatologia e
inmunohistoquimica de los siguientes organos: cresta, timo, cornetes nasales,
laringe, traquea, pulmon, proventriculo, duodeno, pancreas, tonsilas cecales,
ileon y bolsa de Fabricio. Se realizaron seis diferentes procedimientos de la
tecnica de inmunohistoquimica. Al examen microscopico, las lesiones fueron
calificadas con un metodo numerico para calcular la media histologica de
lesiones (MHL). Las Av-Susc mostraron signos clinicos, mortalidad y fue
detectado virus circulante en la sangre, a partir de las 28 hpi. En las Av-Inm,
a pesar de que hubo lesiones a nivel microscopico, estas fueron generalmente
menos severas e incluso en la cresta no se observaron lesiones, a diferencia de
las Av-Susc, en que la cresta fue el tejido mas afectado tal como se reflejo en
la MHL. Las diferencias en la manifestacion de la enfermedad entre ambos grupos
fueron marcadas y a pesar de que no se pudo demostrar mediante
inmunohistoquimica la presencia del virus en los tejidos, en las Av-Susc hubo
viremia, situacion que no sucedio en las Av-Inm. En las Av-Sus el dano al
endotelio capilar producido por el virus pudo ser uno de los mecanismos
responsables de la muerte de los animales, al desencadenar un colapso vascular
generalizado. Asi mismo, el virus AP produjo apoptosis linfoide severa. La
inmunidad conferida por la vacuna emulsionada contra la IA, protegio a las aves
de la presentacion de signos clinicos y mortalidad, debido a que evito la
viremia, con lo que el virus no pudo causar dano en los centros vitales de las
aves.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, pathogenicity, immunity, biological properties, birds, chickens,
domestic animals, Galliformes, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Hinshaw, V.S., M.G. Sheerar, and D. Larsen (1990). Specific
antibody responses and generation of antigenic variants in chickens immunized
against a virulent avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases 34(1): 80-6. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: To examine the specificity of the antibody
response to the influenza hemagglutinin and the generation of antigenic
variants, chickens were immunized against the highly virulent H5 virus A/Ty/Ont/7732/66
(H5N9) and then challenged with a lethal dose of the virus. The antibody
responses of these chickens to the hemagglutinin (HA) were examined with an
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which their sera were titrated for
the ability to block the binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to five
distinct neutralizing epitopes on the viral HA. Based on the ELISA results, a
majority (5/6) of the chickens produced antibodies to three of the five
neutralizing epitopes on the viral HA. After challenge, two of six immunized
chickens shed virus and died; antigenic comparisons of isolates from these two
chickens indicated the presence of an antigenic variant; i.e., there was a
change in one neutralizing epitope on the HA of virus shed by one chicken. None
of the chickens had produced antibodies to this particular epitope on the viral
HA. Inoculation of chickens with this variant resulted in 100% mortality,
demonstrating that a change in this particular epitope did not alter the
virulence of the virus. These studies indicate that chickens immunized against
highly virulent influenza viruses may excrete virulent variants following
challenge with live virus.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral biosynthesis, antigens,
viral immunology, chickens, fowl plague immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, antibodies, monoclonal immunology, antigenic variation, enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay, epitopes immunology, fowl plague prevention and
control, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinins viral immunology,
avian pathogenicity, nucleoproteins immunology, virulence.
Hoffmann, E., S. Krauss, D. Perez, R. Webby, and R.G.
Webster (2002). Eight-plasmid system for rapid generation of influenza virus
vaccines. Vaccine 20(25-26): 3165-70. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Descriptors: genetic vectors genetics, influenza A virus
avian genetics, human genetics, influenza vaccine biosynthesis, reassortant
viruses genetics, antigenic variation genetics, birds virology, cell line,
chick embryo, China, Czechoslovakia, DNA, recombinant genetics, dogs, genes
viral, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification, human immunology,
human isolation and purification, influenza vaccine genetics, influenza vaccine
immunology, influenza vaccine isolation and purification, New Caledonia,
Panama, phenotype, reassortant viruses immunology, reassortant viruses
isolation and purification, reproducibility of results, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction, transfection, virus cultivation.
Hoffrogge, W., K.P. Linn, J.J. Arnold, J. Bachmeier,
K.P. Behr, U. Lohren, M. Poppel, G. Reetz, and M. Voss (2003). Lessons and
consequences of the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the
Netherlands, Belgium and Germany for the German Poultry Association [Erfahrungen
und Konsequenzen aus dem HPAI-influenza-Geschehen in den Niederlanden, Belgien
und Deutschland]. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 67(6): 264-283. ISSN: 0003-9098.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 Ar2
Descriptors: disease control, consequences, outbreaks,
poultry, vaccination, avian influenza virus, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium.
Huang, C.Y., D.L. Suarez, and H.S. Mason (1999). Expression
of recombinant influenza virus antigens in transgenic plants as an oral vaccine
for poultry. FASEB Journal, Federation of American Societies for
Experimental Biology 13(4, Pt. 1): A290.
ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL
Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, immune
system, infection, pharmacology, influenza, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, functional hemagglutination assay characterization method,
immunoprecipitation technique characterization method, radiolabeling technique
characterization method, agrobacterium mediated technique transformation
method, western blot characterization method, immune responses, microsomal
retention signal, plant expressing, cassettes, vaccine delivery, vaccine
development, viral challenge, viral envelope, meeting, abstract.
Huang ShuJian
(1999). The diagnosis and control of avian influenza. Poultry
Husbandry and Diseases Control (8): 8-10.
Descriptors: disease control, diagnosis, avian influenza
virus, China.
Isaacs, D., D.E. Dwyer, and A.W. Hampson (2004). Avian
influenza and planning for pandemics. Medical Journal of Australia
181(2): 62-3. ISSN: 0025-729X.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, communicable diseases, emerging prevention and control, disease
outbreaks prevention and control, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian, avian influenza prevention and control, antiviral agents therapeutic
use, Australia epidemiology, birds, emerging epidemiology, immunization
programs organization and administration, influenza diagnosis, influenza drug
therapy.
Itamura, S. (2000). Development of influenza
vaccines against newly emerging A/H5N1 virus. Nippon Rinsho Japanese
Journal of Clinical Medicine 58(1): 255-64.
ISSN: 0047-1852.
Abstract: Emergence of highly virulent influenza A/H5N1
viruses in Hong Kong in 1997 posed a threat of pandemic and brought an urgent
need to develop a suitable seed virus for vaccine production. The virulence of
the H5N1 viruses to chicken embryos should hamper the efficient production of
the vaccine. In addition, potential virulence to humans raised safety issue in
manufacturing vaccine. Toward vaccine development, one approach is to use an
avirulent avian influenza virus antigenically similar to the virulent ones as a
surrogate vaccine strain. The other approach is based on the attenuation of
pathogenicity of virulent H5N1 virus by genetic engineering of the
hemagglutinin gene and selection of a gene constellation. The reverse genetics
technique can make the latter approach possible. Candidate strains suitable for
vaccine production could be prepared by using either approach.
Descriptors: influenza transmission, influenza A virus
human genetics, human immunology, influenza vaccine, chick embryo, genes viral,
genetic engineering, hemagglutinins chemistry, hemagglutinins genetics,
vaccines, attenuated, virulence.
Jacotot, H. and A. Vallee (1967). Essais
d'immunisation contre la peste aviaire (fowl pest) par virus inactive. [Trials
of immunization against fowl plague by inactivated virus]. Bulletin De
L'Academie Veterinaire De France 40(7): 333-43. ISSN: 0001-4192.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 R24
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian, orthomyxoviridae
infections veterinary, poultry diseases prevention and control, viral vaccines,
chickens, orthomyxoviridae infections prevention and control, vaccines.
Ji DeJun, Liu HongQi, Peng DaXin, Gao Song, Wu
YanTao, and Liu XiuFan (2002). Immunity of chickens induced by recombinant
fowl pox virus expressing HA gene of an H9-AIV. Journal of Yangzhou
University, Agricultural and Life Sciences Edition, Yangzhou China 23(2):
13-16. ISSN: 1671-4652.
NAL
Call Number: S19.Y36
Descriptors: antibodies, immune response, immunization,
avian influenza virus, fowl pox virus, chickens.
Ji DeJun, Peng DaXin, Liu HongQi, Chen SuJuan, Wu
YanTao, Gao Song, and Liu XiuFan (2003). Genetic stability of a recombinant fowlpox
virus with an avian influenza virus H9 hemaglutinin (HA) gene insert. Chinese
Journal of Veterinary Science 23(4): 347-349. ISSN: 1005-4545.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: antibodies, genetic stability,
hemagglutinins, immunity, avian influenza virus, fowl pox virus, chickens.
Jia LiJun, Zhang YanMei, Li JunWei, Wei DongPing, Liu
HongQi, Chen SuJuan, Peng DaXin, Zhang RuKuan, and Liu XiuFan (2003). Protective
efficacy of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing hemagglutinin gene of H5N1 subtype
avian influenza virus against challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza
virus in chickens. Journal of Yangzhou University, Agricultural and Life
Sciences Edition, Yangzhou China 24(2): 11-13.
ISSN: 1671-4652.
NAL
Call Number: S19.Y36
Descriptors: immunization, potency, recombinant vaccines,
hemagglutinins, avian influenza virus, fowl pox virus, chickens.
Jia LiJun, Zhang YanMei, Peng DaXin, Liu HongQi,
Cheng Jian, Zhang RuKuan, and Liu XiuFan (2004). Influence of dosage and
maternal antibody on responses of chickens to recombinant fowl pox virus
vaccine against H5 subtype avian influenza. Chinese Journal of
Veterinary Science 24(2): 150-152.
ISSN: 1005-4545.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: chicks, immune response, immunization,
dosage, maternal antibodies, mortality, recombinant vaccines, avian influenza,
fowl pox virus.
John, T.J. (2004). Avian influenza: expect the
best but prepare for the worst. Indian Journal of Medical Research
119(2): iii-iv. ISSN: 0971-5916.
Descriptors: birds virology, disease outbreaks prevention
and control, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian influenza transmission,
India, avian influenza pathogenicity, avian influenza diagnosis.
Juan, G.G. (1996). Metodologias requeridas para la
confiable elaboracion y comecializacion de una vacuna reecombinante de
influenza aviar. [Methodologies required for the reliable evaluation and
commercialization of a recombinant avian influenza vaccine]. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 441-442.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: vaccines, avian influenza virus, influenza
virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Juan, G.G., R.V. Humberto, H.M. Alejandro, C.H.J.
Mario, and B.R. Karla (1996). Evaluacion de vacunas inactivadas de ia en
Mexico, pruebas de laboratorio y de campo. [Evaluation of inactivated avian
influenza vaccines in Mexico: laboratory and field trials]. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 40-42.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccines, Mexico,
America, influenza virus, Latin America, North America, orthomyxoviridae,
viruses.
Kalidari, G.A., N. Harzandi, and S.A.D. Moghadam
(2002). Evaluation of the half life of maternal antibodies against Avian
Influenza (AI) in broiler and layer chicks in Mashhad. Journal of the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran 57(1): 47-50. ISSN: 1022-646X.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 T23
Descriptors: hemagglutination, half life, maternal
antibodies, immunity, vaccination, avian influenza virus, Iran, chickens.
Karunakaran, D., J.A. Newman, D.A. Halvorson, and A.
Abraham (1987). Evaluation of inactivated influenza vaccines in market
turkeys. Avian Diseases 31(3): 498-503. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The potency and efficacy of an inactivated
oil-emulsion influenza vaccine against infection, illness, and virus shed was
studied in market turkeys. No undesirable local or systemic reactions occurred
following vaccination. The vaccine induced measurable antibody to nucleocapsid
and hemagglutinin antigens of the virus. Challenged unvaccinated controls
experienced airsacculitis, but none of the vaccinates were affected. The
percent of the birds shedding virus following intranasal challenge was lower in
the vaccinated groups than in the controls, and the quantity of virus shed was
also smaller in vaccinated groups than in the controls.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral biosynthesis, fowl plague
immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, turkeys, viral vaccines
immunology, antigens, viral immunology, capsid immunology, fowl plague
prevention and control, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
hemagglutinins viral immunology, immunodiffusion veterinary, vaccination
veterinary, viral core proteins immunology.
Katz, J.M., J. Plowden, M. Renshaw Hoelscher, X. Lu,
T.M. Tumpey, and S. Sambhara (2004). Immunity to influenza: the challenges
of protecting an aging population. Immunologic Research 29(1-3):
113-24. ISSN: 0257-277X.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.S88
Abstract: Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and
occasional pandemics of acute respiratory disease. Improved vaccines that can
overcome the decline in immune function with aging and/or can induce broader
immunity to novel pandemic strains are a high priority. To design improved
vaccines for the elderly, we need to better understand the effects of age on
both innate and adaptive immunity. In a murine model, we have determined that
defects in antigen-presenting cell (APC) expression of pattern-recognition
molecules, co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokine production may play an
important role in the reduced clonal expansion of T cells in aging. The use of
immunomodulators such as adjuvants may overcome some of the defects of aging
immunity and may also be useful in the development of improved vaccines for
avian influenza A subtypes that pose a pandemic threat. Several novel
strategies including the use of ISCOM-formulated vaccines, mucosal delivery, or
DNA vaccination provided cross-subtype protection that could provide an
important component of immunity in the event of a pandemic.
Descriptors: aging immunology, disease outbreaks
prevention and control, influenza prevention and control, influenza vaccines
immunology, adjuvants, immunologic pharmacology, aged, immunity, active
immunology, immunity, natural, influenza epidemiology, influenza immunology,
influenza A virus, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, membrane
glycoproteins genetics, membrane glycoproteins metabolism, mice,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, receptors, cell
surface genetics, receptors, cell surface metabolism.
Kelly, D.C., R.J. Avery, and N.J. Dimmock (1974). Camptothecin:
an inhibitor of influenza virus replication. Journal of General Virology
25(3): 427-32. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: antiviral agents pharmacology, camptothecin
pharmacology, influenza A virus avian growth and development, virus replication
drug effects, antigens, viral analysis, autoradiography, cell line, dose
response relationship, drug, hamsters, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, avian drug effects, kidney, methionine,
neuraminidase analysis, nucleic acid hybridization, peptides analysis, RNA
biosynthesis, sulfur radioisotopes, tritium, uridine.
Khafizova, E.D. (1976). Dezinfektsiya
poverkhnostei i vozdukha pomeshchenii pri grippe kur. [Disinfection of surfaces
and air of large poultry houses against avian influenza]. Problemy
Veterinarnoi Sanitarii 54: 69-73.
Descriptors: peracetic acid, sodium hydroxide,
formaldehyde, poultry housing, disinfection, air temperature.
King, D.J. (1991). Evaluation of different methods
of inactivation of Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus in egg
fluids and serum. Avian Diseases 35(3): 505-514. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Viruses conveyed in shipments of eggs, viral
diagnostic reagents, or avian serum samples are a potential hazard for
susceptible poultry. Different methods of treatment of those materials to
eliminate the hazard of virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease
virus (NDV) or avian influenza virus (AIV) were evaluated. The NDV strains
tested were more thermostable than the AIV strains. The results suggest that
standard pasteurization methods would not reliably inactivate the
concentrations of NDV used. Beta-propiolactone (BPL) (greater than or equal to
0.025%) inactivated NDV or AIV in allantoic fluid, but higher concentrations
were needed to inactivate virus diluted in serum. Hemagglutination (HA) of NDV
and AIV and hemolysis (HL) activity of NDV were reduced or eliminated by 0.4%
BPL. Formalin (greater than or equal to 0.04%) inactivated either virus but
adversely affected HA and HL activity. NDV or AIV was inactivated by binary
ethylenimine (BEI) (0.01 M) with no adverse effect on HA or HL. Heat (56 C) or
BEI (0.01 M) had no apparent effect on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers
of NDV and AIV antisera, the effect of formalin (0.1%) was variable, and BPL
(greater than or equal to 0.25%) depressed the HI titers of both antisera. The
optimum method should achieve virus inactivation without harming the treated
material.
Descriptors: egg yolk, egg albumen, allantoic fluid, blood
serum, Newcastle disease virus, inactivation, avian influenza virus, virulence.
Kitching, R.P. (2004). Management of exotic
disease outbreaks: learning by example. Medecin Veterinaire Du Quebec
34(1-2): 83-85. ISSN: 0225-9591.
NAL
Call Number: SF602.M8
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, avian influenza, classical
swine fever, foot and mouth disease, vaccination, clinical techniques,
slaughtered, transmission, outbreaks.
Kodihalli, S., H. Goto, D.L. Kobasa, S. Krauss, Y.
Kawaoka, and R.G. Webster (1999). DNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin
provides protective immunity against H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice.
Journal of Virology 73(3): 2094-8.
ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: In Hong Kong in 1997, a highly lethal H5N1
avian influenza virus was apparently transmitted directly from chickens to
humans with no intermediate mammalian host and caused 18 confirmed infections
and six deaths. Strategies must be developed to deal with this virus if it
should reappear, and prospective vaccines must be developed to anticipate a
future pandemic. We have determined that unadapted H5N1 viruses are pathogenic
in mice, which provides a well-defined mammalian system for immunological
studies of lethal avian influenza virus infection. We report that a DNA vaccine
encoding hemagglutinin from the index human influenza isolate A/HK/156/97
provides immunity against H5N1 infection of mice. This immunity was induced
against both the homologous A/HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus, which has no
glycosylation site at residue 154, and chicken isolate A/Ck/HK/258/97 (H5N1),
which does have a glycosylation site at residue 154. The mouse model system
should allow rapid evaluation of the vaccine's protective efficacy in a
mammalian host. In our previous study using an avian model, DNA encoding
hemagglutinin conferred protection against challenge with antigenic variants
that differed from the primary antigen by 11 to 13% in the HA1 region. However,
in our current study we found that a DNA vaccine encoding the hemagglutinin
from A/Ty/Ir/1/83 (H5N8), which differs from A/HK/156/97 (H5N1) by 12% in HA1,
prevented death but not H5N1 infection in mice. Therefore, a DNA vaccine made
with a heterologous H5 strain did not prevent infection by H5N1 avian influenza
viruses in mice but was useful in preventing death.
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
immunology, influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus avian
immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, vaccines, DNA immunology, antibodies,
viral blood, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics,
immunization, mice, mice inbred BALB c.
Kodihalli, S., D.L. Kobasa, and R.G. Webster (2000). Strategies
for inducing protection against avian influenza A virus subtypes with DNA
vaccines. Vaccine 18(23): 2592-9.
ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: The cross-species transfer of a H5N1
influenza virus from birds to humans, and the systemic spread of this virus in
mice, has accelerated the efforts to devise protective strategies against
lethal influenza viruses. DNA vaccination with the highly conserved
nucleoprotein gene appears to provide cross protection against influenza A
viruses in murine models. Whether such vaccines would protect human hosts
against different influenza A viruses, including strains with pandemic
potential, is unclear. Our aim in this study is to evaluate the ability of a
combination DNA vaccine consisting of two plasmids encoding the HA genes from
two different subtypes and a DNA vaccine encoding the viral nucleoprotein gene
from a H5 virus to induce protection against highly lethal infection caused by
H5 and H7 influenza viruses in chickens. Chickens given a single dose of
plasmids expressing H5 and H7 hemagglutinins protected the birds from infection
by either subtype. However, birds immunized with nucleoprotein DNA and
challenged with either A/Ck/Vic/1/85(H7N7) or A/Ty/Ir/1/83 (H5N8) showed
definite signs of infection, suggesting inadequate immunity against viral
infection. Fifty percent of the nucleoprotein DNA immunized birds survived
infection by influenza A/Ty/Ir/1/83 (H5N8) virus (virus of same subtype) while
42% survived infection by influenza A/Ck/Vic/1/85/(H7N7) virus (virus of a
different subtype). These studies demonstrate that immunization with DNA
encoding a type-specific gene may not be effective against either homologous or
heterologous strains of virus, particularly if the challenge virus causes a
highly lethal infection. However, the combination of HA subtype vaccines are
effective against lethal infection caused by viruses expressing any of the HA
subtypes used in the combination preparation.
Descriptors: chickens immunology, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus immunology, influenza veterinary, influenza A
virus avian immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, nucleoproteins, poultry
diseases prevention and control, vaccination veterinary, vaccines, DNA
immunology, viral core proteins immunology, cos cells, Cercopithecus
aethiops, evaluation studies, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, influenza immunology, influenza prevention and control, influenza
transmission, avian genetics, mice, plasmids immunology, poultry diseases
immunology, recombinant fusion proteins immunology, species specificity,
transfection, viral core proteins genetics, zoonoses.
Kodihalli, S., V. Sivanandan, K.V. Nagaraja, D. Shaw,
and D.A. Halvorson (1994). A type-specific avian influenza virus subunit
vaccine for turkeys: induction of protective immunity to challenge infection.
Vaccine 12(15): 1467-72. ISSN:
0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: The fraction NP/HA
(nucleoprotein/haemagglutinin) obtained from
n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside-treated influenza A H5N2 virus was highly
enriched for NP with residual haemagglutinin. This preparation was incorporated
in ISCOMs. This potent 'immunostimulating complex' induced the production of
high antibody titres in turkeys. The NP/HA ISCOMs preparation was found to
protect turkeys from both homologous and heterologous challenge infection as
shown by reduced viral titres in the lung and trachea of vaccinated turkeys.
Clearance of the virus from trachea and lungs was seen at late stages of
infection. The vaccine also induced a cellular immune response as measured by
T-cell proliferation and a delayed-type hypersensitivity response. The results
reported in this study demonstrate that the NP/HA ISCOM vaccine is capable of
inducing type-specific immunity and that it has potential utility as a vaccine
in turkeys.
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, antibodies, viral
biosynthesis, cell division drug effects, cell division immunology, fowl plague
immunology, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral
immunology, hypersensitivity, delayed, immunity, cellular, avian isolation and
purification, lung virology, lymphocytes cytology, lymphocytes drug effects,
lymphocytes immunology, mitogens pharmacology, nucleoproteins isolation and
purification, trachea virology, turkeys.
Kodihalli, S. (1993). Diagnosis and Control of
Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Turkeys, p. viii, 148 leaves, ill.
Descriptors: avian influenza, diagnosis, control, turkeys.
Kouwenhoven, B., A.G. Burger, J.B. McFerran (ed.),
and M.S. McNulty (ed.) (1986). Experimental vaccination of chickens against
avian influenza subtype H5 with an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine. Current
Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Acute Virus Infections of
Poultry 37: 45-51.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: inactivated vaccines, immune response, avian
influenza virus, chickens, experimental infection.
Kreager, K. (1996). Biosecurity and avian
influenza as it relates to the commercial table egg industry. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 19-21.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: disease control, egg production, safety,
animal production, production, disease prevention.
Kujumgiev, A., I. Tsvetkova, Y. Serkedjieva, V.
Bankova, R. Christov, and S. Popov (1999). Antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 64(3): 235-40.
ISSN: 0378-8741.
NAL
Call Number: RS160.J6
Abstract: Propolis samples from different geographic
origins were investigated for their antibacterial (against Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli), antifungal (against Candida
albicans) and antiviral (against Avian influenza virus) activities. All samples
were active against the fungal and Gram-positive bacterial test strains, and
most showed antiviral activity. The activities of all samples were similar in
spite of the differences in their chemical composition. In samples from the
temperate zone, flavonoids and esters of phenolic acids are known to be
responsible for the above mentioned activities of bee glue; tropical samples
did not contain such substances but showed similar activities. Obviously, in
different samples, different substance combinations are essential for the
biological activity of the bee glue. It seems that propolis has general
pharmacological value as a natural mixture and not as a source of new powerful
antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral compounds.
Descriptors: Candida albicans drug effects, Escherichia
coli drug effects, influenza A virus avian drug effects, propolis
pharmacology, Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, anti bacterial agents,
anti infective agents pharmacology, antifungal agents pharmacology, antiviral
agents pharmacology, antiviral agents toxicity, cell culture, chick embryo,
fibroblasts virology, flavonoids analysis, phenols analysis.
Kung, N.Y., Y. Guan, N.R. Perkins, L. Bissett, T.
Ellis, L. Sims, R.S. Morris, K.F.
Shortridge, and J.S.M. Peiris (2003). The impact of a monthly rest day on
avian influenza virus isolation rates in retail live poultry markets in Hong
Kong. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1037-1041. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Retail live poultry markets (LPMs) may act as
a reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIV). In this study we test the
hypothesis that a rest day in the LPMs where the stalls are completely emptied
of poultry, cleansed, and restocked will reduce the isolation rates of avian
influenza viruses. The isolation rate of H9N2 subtype viruses from chicken was
significantly lower after the rest day than prior to it, indicating its impact
in reducing transmission. In contrast, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolation
rates appear unaffected by this intervention, possibly reflecting differences
in herd immunity or virus transmission dynamics.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, herd immunity,
monthly rest day, retail live poultry markets, viral isolation rates, virus
transmission dynamics.
Kutashova, N. and O. Endzina (1972). [Inactivated
avian influenza vaccine as an inducer of non-specific resistance to infection
in chicks]. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov, Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya
Akademiya 62: 25-26.
Descriptors: vaccines, immunity, avian influenza virus,
chicks.
Laddomada, A. (2003). Control and eradication of
O.I.E. List A diseases: the approach of the European Union to the use of
vaccines. Developmental Biology 114:
269-280. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Descriptors: avian influenza, classical swine fever, foot
and mouth disease, diagnostic techniques, vaccination, European Union, O.I.E.
List A diseases, disease control, disease eradication, ethics, legislation.
LaFayette, P.R., S.C. Watkins, J.M. Garren, W.A.
Parrott, M.W. Jackwood, B.S. Seal, and M.L. Perdue (2000). Engineering
soybeans for the production of edible vaccines for poultry. Plant
Biology (Rockville) : 138.
Descriptors: immune system, molecular genetics, veterinary
medicine, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) genetic techniques, laboratory
techniques, Southern blotting genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, direct
viral antigen gene expression genetic techniques, immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques, genetic engineering genetic techniques, laboratory
techniques, immunization therapeutic and prophylactic techniques, particle
bombardment laboratory techniques, poultry disease management,applied and field
techniques, cost savings, meeting abstract.
Lagutkin, N.A., N.I. Mitin, M.M. Zubairov, L.M.
Erokhina, and N.I. Arkhipov (1984). Chemotherapy of avian influenza. Veterinariia
(8): 39-41.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: chemotherapy, antiviral agents, avian
influenza virus, chickens.
Lang, G. and A.E. Ferguson (1981). The extent and
control of avian influenza in Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal Revue
Veterinaire Canadienne 22(12):
377-81. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, animals, wild microbiology,
Canada, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza A virus classification,
poultry diseases microbiology, poultry diseases prevention and control, turkeys
microbiology.
Lang, G., O. Narayan, and B.T. Rouse (1970). Prevention
of malignant avian influenza by 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride. Archiv
Fur Die Gesamte Virusforschung 32(2): 171-84. ISSN: 0003-9012.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: amantadine administration and dosage,
influenza veterinary, poultry diseases prevention and control, administration,
oral, animal feed, antibodies analysis, body fluids, chick embryo, chlorides,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutination, viral, influenza blood,
influenza immunology, influenza mortality, influenza prevention and control,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, time factors, turkeys.
Laver, G. (2004). From the great barrier reef to a
"cure" for the flu - tall tales, but true. Perspectives in
Biology and Medicine 47(4): 590-596.
ISSN: 0031-5982.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 P43
Descriptors: infection, prevention and control, sea birds,
drug development.
Ledesma, M.N., H.M.T. Casaubon, M.M. Escorcia, G.V.M.
Petrone, and J.C. Del Rio (1996). Resultados de la respuesta inmune humoral
en parvadas comerciales de pollo de engorda ante la vacunacion contra influenza
aviar. [Results of humoral immune response in commercial broiler flocks after
avian influenza vaccination]. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 45: 299-300.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: immune response, vaccination, broiler
chickens, avian influenza virus, birds, chickens, disease control, domestic
animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, immunity, immunization,
immunostimulation, immunotherapy, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, therapy, useful animals, viruses.
Lee, C.W., D.A. Senne, and D.L. Suarez (2003). Development
of hemagglutinin subtype-specific reference antisera by DNA vaccination of
chickens. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1051-1056. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Previously, we have shown that intramuscular
vaccination of chickens with the eukaryotic expression vector (EEV), expressing
the influenza H5 hemagglutinin (H) protein, can stimulate a measurable and
protective antibody response. Based on these results, we cloned other H genes
from Eurasian H5, North American and Eurasian H7, and H15 influenza viruses
into the EEV for use in vaccination of chickens to produce reference antibodies
for diagnostic purposes, such as the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.
Three-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated with 100
mug of EEV mixed with a cationic lipid by intramuscular injection. Then the
birds were boostered twice at monthly intervals after the original vaccination.
Measurable antibody titers were present for most birds after 1 month and
generally increased after each boost. To examine the cross reactivity of the
sera with other subtypes, HI test was conducted with antigens prepared from 15
subtypes of influenza virus. Subtype specificity of the antisera prepared by
DNA vaccination were comparable or better than the antisera prepared by
traditional method using whole virus vaccination. Preparation of reference
antisera by DNA vaccination holds good promise because it is safe and allows
for the production of H specific antibodies without producing antibodies
specific to other influenza viral proteins.
Descriptors: epidemiology, immune system, infection, DNA
vaccination genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, intramuscular
vaccination, clinical techniques, therapeutic and prophylactic techniques,
antibody titers, protective antibody response.
Lee, C.W., D.A. Senne, and D.L. Suarez (2004). Effect
of vaccine use in the evolution of Mexican lineage H5N2 avian influenza virus.
Journal of Virology 78(15): 8372-81.
ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: An outbreak of avian influenza (AI) caused by
a low-pathogenic H5N2 type A influenza virus began in Mexico in 1993 and
several highly pathogenic strains of the virus emerged in 1994-1995. The highly
pathogenic virus has not been reported since 1996, but the low-pathogenic virus
remains endemic in Mexico and has spread to two adjacent countries, Guatemala
and El Salvador. Measures implemented to control the outbreak and eradicate the
virus in Mexico have included a widespread vaccination program in effect since
1995. Because this is the first case of long-term use of AI vaccines in
poultry, the Mexican lineage virus presented us with a unique opportunity to
examine the evolution of type A influenza virus circulating in poultry
populations where there was elevated herd immunity due to maternal and active
immunity. We analyzed the coding sequence of the HA1 subunit and the NS gene of
52 Mexican lineage viruses that were isolated between 1993 and 2002.
Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of multiple sublineages of Mexican
lineage isolates at the time vaccine was introduced. Further, most of the
viruses isolated after the introduction of vaccine belonged to sublineages
separate from the vaccine's sublineage. Serologic analysis using
hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization tests showed major
antigenic differences among isolates belonging to the different sublineages.
Vaccine protection studies further confirmed the in vitro serologic results
indicating that commercial vaccine was not able to prevent virus shedding when
chickens were challenged with antigenically different isolates. These findings
indicate that multilineage antigenic drift, which has not been observed in AI
virus, is occurring in the Mexican lineage AI viruses and the persistence of
the virus in the field is likely aided by its large antigenic difference from
the vaccine strain.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian
pathogenicity, avian immunology, influenza vaccines immunology, amino acid
sequence, chickens, evolution, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, immune sera immunology, molecular
sequence data, phylogeny.
Lee, C.W., D.A. Senne, and D.L. Suarez (2004). Generation
of reassortant influenza vaccines by reverse genetics that allows utilization
of a DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy for the
control of avian influenza. Vaccine 22(23-24): 3175-81. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Vaccination of poultry with inactivated influenza
vaccine can be an effective tool in the control of avian influenza (AI). One
major concern of using inactivated vaccine is vaccine-induced antibody
interference with serologic surveillance and epidemiology. In the United
States, low pathogenicity H5 and H7 subtype AI viruses have caused serious
economic losses in the poultry industry. Most of these viruses also have the
accompanying N2 subtype and no H5N1 or H7N8 subtype AI viruses have been
identified in poultry in the US. In order to allow the Differentiation of
Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) while maintaining maximum efficacy of
the vaccine, we generated reassortant viruses by reverse genetics that
contained the same H5 and H7 hemagglutinin (HA) gene as the challenge virus,
but a heterologous N1 or N8 neuraminidase (NA) gene. In vaccination-challenge
experiments in 2-week-old specific pathogen free chickens, reassortant
influenza vaccines (rH5N1 and rH7N8) demonstrated similar antibody profiles and
comparable protection rates as vaccines prepared with parent H5N2 and H7N2
viruses. Further, we were able to differentiate the sera from infected and
vaccinated birds by neuraminidase inhibition test and indirect
immunofluorescent antibody assay on the basis of different antibodies elicited
by their NA proteins. These results demonstrate the usefulness of a reverse
genetics system for the rapid generation of reassortant AI virus that allows
utilization of the DIVA strategy for the control of AI infections in poultry.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian immunology,
influenza vaccines therapeutic use, avian influenza immunology, avian influenza
prevention and control, poultry diseases immunology, poultry diseases
prevention and control, antibodies, viral analysis, viral biosynthesis,
chickens, fluorescent antibody technique, indirect, avian influenza A virus
genetics, influenza vaccines genetics, plasmids genetics, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction, vaccination, vaccines, DNA genetics, vaccines, DNA
immunology.
Leneva, I.A., O. Goloubeva, R.J. Fenton, M. Tisdale,
and R.G. Webster (2001). Efficacy of zanamivir against avian influenza A
viruses that possess genes encoding H5N1 internal proteins and are pathogenic
in mammals. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45(4):
1216-24. ISSN: 0066-4804.
NAL
Call Number: RM265.A5132
Abstract: In 1997, an avian H5N1 influenza virus,
A/Hong Kong/156/97 (A/HK/156/97), caused six deaths in Hong Kong, and in 1999,
an avian H9N2 influenza virus infected two children in Hong Kong. These viruses
and a third avian virus [A/Teal/HK/W312/97 (H6N1)] have six highly related
genes encoding internal proteins. Additionally, A/Chicken/HK/G9/97 (H9N2) virus
has PB1 and PB2 genes that are highly related to those of A/HK/156/97 (H5N1),
A/Teal/HK/W312/97 (H6N1), and A/Quail/HK/G1/97 (H9N2) viruses. Because of their
similarities with the H5N1 virus, these H6N1 and H9N2 viruses may have the
potential for interspecies transmission. We demonstrate that these H6N1 and
H9N2 viruses are pathogenic in mice but that their pathogenicities are less
than that of A/HK/156/97 (H5N1). Unadapted virus replicated in lungs, but only
A/HK/156/97 (H5N1) was found in the brain. After three passages (P3) in mouse
lungs, the pathogenicity of the viruses increased, with both A/Teal/HK/W312/97
(H6N1) (P3) and A/Quail/HK/G1/97 (H9N2) (P3) viruses being found in the brain.
The neuraminidase inhibitor Zanamivir inhibited viral replication in
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in virus yield assays (50% effective
concentration, 8.5 to 14.0 microM) and inhibited viral neuraminidase activity
(50% inhibitory concentration, 5 to 10 nM). Twice daily intranasal
administration of Zanamivir (50 and 100 mg/kg of body weight) completely
protected infected mice from death. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, Zanamivir completely
protected mice from infection with H9N2 viruses and increased the mean survival
day and the number of survivors infected with H6N1 and H5N1 viruses. Zanamivir,
at all doses tested, significantly reduced the virus titers in the lungs and
completely blocked the spread of virus to the brain. Thus, Zanamivir is
efficacious in treating avian influenza viruses that can be transmitted to
mammals.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, enzyme
inhibitors therapeutic use, influenza drug therapy, influenza A virus avian
drug effects, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors, sialic acids
therapeutic use, administration, intranasal, antiviral agents administration
and dosage, antiviral agents pharmacology, brain virology, cell line, dogs,
enzyme inhibitors administration and dosage, enzyme inhibitors pharmacology,
genes viral, influenza virology, avian genetics, avian pathogenicity, kinetics,
lung virology, mice, mice inbred BALB c, microbial sensitivity tests, sialic
acids administration and dosage, sialic acids pharmacology, species
specificity, virus replication drug effects.
Leneva, I.A., N. Roberts, E.A. Govorkova, O.G.
Goloubeva, and R.G. Webster (2000). The neuraminidase inhibitor GS4104 (oseltamivir
phosphate) is efficacious against A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) and A/Hong
Kong/1074/99 (H9N2) influenza viruses. Antiviral Research 48(2):
101-15. ISSN: 0166-3542.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.A5
Abstract: In 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza A/Hong
Kong/156/97 virus transmitted directly to humans and killed six of the 18
people infected. In 1999, another avian A/Hong/1074/99 (H9N2) virus caused
influenza in two children. In such cases in which vaccines are unavailable,
antiviral drugs are crucial for prophylaxis and therapy. Here we demonstrate
the efficacy of the neuraminidase inhibitor GS4104 (oseltamivir phosphate)
against these H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. GS4071 (the active metabolite of
oseltamivir) inhibited viral replication in MDCK cells (EC(50) values, 7.5-12
microM) and neuraminidase activity (IC(50) values, 7.0-15 nM). When orally
administered at doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg per day, GS4104 prevented death of mice
infected with A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1), mouse-adapted A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97
(H9N2), or human A/Hong Kong/1074/99 (H9N2) viruses and reduced virus titers in
the lungs and prevented the spread of virus to the brain of mice infected with
A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) and mouse-adapted A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2)
viruses. When therapy was delayed until 36 h after exposure to the H5N1 virus,
GS4104 was still effective and significantly increased the number of survivors
as compared with control. Oral administration of GS4104 (0.1 mg/kg per day) in
combination with rimantadine (1 mg/kg per day) reduced the number of deaths of
mice infected with 100 MLD(50) of H9N2 virus and prevented the deaths of mice
infected with 5 MLD(50) of virus. Thus, GS4104 is efficacious in treating
infections caused by H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses in mice.
Descriptors: acetamides pharmacology, antiviral agents
pharmacology, influenza drug therapy, influenza A virus avian drug effects,
human drug effects, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors, acetamides
therapeutic use, antiviral agents therapeutic use, brain virology, cell line,
dogs, enzyme inhibitors pharmacology, enzyme inhibitors therapeutic use,
influenza virology, avian enzymology, avian pathogenicity, human enzymology,
human pathogenicity, kidney, lung virology, mice, mice inbred BALB c,
neuraminidase metabolism, rimantadine therapeutic use, virus replication drug
effects.
Li, S., M.L. Perdue, and E. Patzer (2002). Seed
viruses containing novel avian HA and NA antigens for prevention against
potential influenza pandemic. Developments in Biologicals 110:
135-41. ISSN: 1424-6074.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: An influenza pandemic could arise
unexpectedly with rapid spread across the world. The efficiency of production
of a vaccine and the ability to administer it widely will be among the most
important factors in the ability to protect public health. The current process
for producing inactivated or live attenuated influenza vaccines requires six to
nine months. That reduces considerably the likelihood that the vaccine will be
available during the first wave of the pandemic. Therefore, a key element of
preparedness is to optimize the production process and to reduce the vaccine
development time. During the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong, seed viruses were
prepared for production of inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. We used
the cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 as the donor virus to generate live
attenuated vaccines containing genetically modified HA and NA genes from H5N1
influenza viruses. These reassortants were shown to be safe and protective in
animal models. This study indicates that production of live attenuated avian
influenza vaccines is feasible and that development of a library of
reassortants containing different subtype HA and NA genes may reduce the
vaccine preparation time for future influenza pandemics.
Descriptors: antigens, viral immunology, influenza
prevention and control, influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza
epidemiology, influenza vaccine administration and dosage.
Lipatov, A.S., A.K. Gitelman, and Y.U.A. Smirnov
(1997). Prevention and treatment of lethal influenza A virus
bronchopneumonia in mice by monoclonal antibody against haemagglutinin stem
region. Acta Virologica 41(6): 337-40. ISSN: 0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: The protective properties of monoclonal
antibody (MoAb) C179 directed to the stem region of haemagglutinin (HA) H2 that
possessed fusion-inhibition and unique broad cross-neutralizing activities were
examined in a mouse model. The MoAb efficiently protected mice against a lethal
challenge with pneumovirulent human (H1) and avian (H2) strains of influenza A
virus. Survival rates in mice that received intraperitonealy (i.p.) 1000
micrograms of the MoAb per mouse a day before the virus challenge were 90% for
H1 and 100% for H2 strain. The dose of the MoAb of 100 micrograms per mouse
significantly decreased mortality in mice. Moreover, the MoAb was also
efficient in treatment of lethal bronhopneumonia caused by H2 influenza virus.
The survival rate in mice that received 1000 micrograms of the MoAb per mouse 2
days after the virus challenge was 90%, while that in the control group was 30%
only. These results indicate that the MoAb was effective in protection of
animals against lethal influenza A infection without significant difference
between H1 and H2 subtypes. The MoAb exerted significant effect in treatment of
mice infected with H2 influenza virus. Thus, these data allow to suggest that
the stem region of HA might be a potential target for prevention of influenza
virus infection and antiviral therapy.
Descriptors: antibodies, monoclonal therapeutic use,
bronchopneumonia therapy, hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza therapy,
influenza A virus avian immunology, human immunology, pneumonia, viral therapy,
antibodies, monoclonal immunology, bronchopneumonia prevention and control,
dose response relationship, immunologic, influenza prevention and control,
mice, pneumonia, viral prevention and control, random allocation, time factors.
Liu HongQi, Huang Yong, Cheng Jian, Peng DaXin, Jia
LiJun, Zhang RuKuan, and Liu XiuFan (2002). Genetic mutations of the
hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza
viruses under the selective pressure of vaccination. Chinese Journal of
Virology 18(2): 149-154. ISSN:
1000-8721.
Descriptors: vaccination, avian influenza virus, genetic
mutations, poultry.
Lopez, H.C., E.R. Cruz, and M.I. Enrich (1996). Situacion
y perspectivas del programa de erradicacion de la influenza aviar en Mexico.
[Status and perspective of the avian influenza eradication program in Mexico].
Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 13-16.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Mexico, America,
influenza virus, Latin America, North America, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Lopez Perez, J.A., H. Rodriguez Velazco, M.A. Rico
Gaytan, R. Palacios Miguel, and J. Garcia Garcia. (1996). Evaluacion sobre
la proteccion conferida por una vacuna inactivada de influenza aviar y una
vacuna inactivada, bivalente de influenza aviar-enfermedad de newcastle,
administrada a dosis completa y media dosis en pollos de engorda. [Evaluation
ofthe effectivity of avian influenza inactivated vaccine single or combined
with newcastle disease, administrated as a complete or half dose in broilers].
In: Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria, Cuernavaca, Morelos,
(Mexico), p. 130.
Abstract: El estudio se concreto en evaluar
la respuesta serologica y la resistencia al desafio de una vacuna sola y una
vacuna combinada de I.A-ENC. que contenia 9.2 DIEP50 por ml del virus de IA.
Grupos de 20 pollos fueron vacunados al dia de edad con la dosis completa de
las vacunas y con 0.25 ml del producto, y fueron estudiados serologicamente a
los 0, 3, 7, 10 y 14 dias post-vacunacion (PV), para despues hacerlo cada 8
dias hasta el dia 96. Se realizaron 4 desafios para IA a los 14, 28, 63 y 96
dias PV. Se colocaron pollos en contacto, 3 dias despues del desafio, para
evaluar si el virus de IA replicaba en las aves vacunadas, en cantidad suficiente
para causar morbilidad y/o mortalidad en pollos susceptibles. Los resultados
indican que a los 14 dias PV, un bajo porcentaje de las aves mostraron
anticuerpos para la vacuna de I.A. sola o combinada aplicada a dosis completa.
Las aves vacunadas con media dosis de I.A. permanecieron sero-negativas en este
muestreo. A partir de los 21 dias PV se detectaron anticuerpos para I.A. En
todos los grupos con porcentajes de 83 a 100% de sero-conversion, el ultimo
unicamente fue alcanzado en el grupo de pollos que recibieron la dosis completa
de vacuna de I.A. sola. Porcentajes de proteccion al desafio del 100%, con una
cepa de alta patogenicidad, fueron alcanzados en pollos vacunados con I.A. o
combinada con ENC aplicada en dosis completa. La vacuna bivalente de I.A.- ENC
aplicada a media dosis, gradualmente incremento la proteccion hasta alcanzar el
100% a los 63 dias PV. Sin embargo, es importante senalar de que a pesar de
haberse observado una buena proteccion cuando se aplica la vacuna sola de I.A.
a media dosis, esta en ningun caso alcanzo el 100% de proteccion. En este
estudio se confirma que no hay una relacion que permita asociar la proteccion
con la excrecion viral, de tal manera que las aves vacunadas con dosis completa
de vacuna tanto sola o combinada eliminaron virus en cantidad suficiente para
causar la muerte de las aves en contacto.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, vaccines, application rates, Newcastle disease, birds, chickens,
domestic animals, Galliformes, infectious diseases, influenza virus, livestock,
meat animals, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viroses, viruses.
Lu, B.L., R.G. Webster, and V.S. Hinshaw (1982). Failure
to detect hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies with intact avian influenza
virions. Infection and Immunity 38(2): 530-5. ISSN: 0019-9567.
NAL
Call Number: QR1.I57
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, hemagglutinins
viral immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, orthomyxoviridae
infections immunology, ducks immunology, ferrets immunology, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, avian physiology, mice, mice inbred BALB c immunology, T
lymphocytes, cytotoxic immunology, virus replication.
Lu, X., M. Renshaw, T.M. Tumpey, G.D. Kelly, J. Hu
Primmer, and J.M. Katz (2001). Immunity to influenza A H9N2 viruses induced
by infection and vaccination. Journal of Virology 75(10):
4896-901. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: Avian influenza A H9N2 viruses are widespread
among domestic poultry and were recently isolated from humans with respiratory
illness in China. Two antigenically and genetically distinct groups of H9N2
viruses (G1 and G9) are prevalent in China. To evaluate a strategy for
vaccination, we compared G1 and G9 viruses for their relative immunogenicity
and cross-protective efficacy. Infection of BALB/c mice with representative
viruses of either group protected against subsequent challenge with the
homologous or heterologous H9N2 virus in the absence of detectable
cross-reactive serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody. Mice injected
intramuscularly with inactivated G1 whole virus vaccine were completely
protected from challenge with either H9N2 virus. In contrast, mice administered
inactivated G9 vaccine were only partially protected against heterologous
challenge with the G1 virus. These results have implications for the
development of human vaccines against H9N2 viruses, a priority for pandemic
preparedness.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza
vaccine immunology, cross reactions, disease models, animal, influenza
immunology, influenza prevention and control, avian physiology, mice, inbred
BALB c, vaccination, vaccines, inactivated, virus replication.
Luescher, M.M. (2003). Algae, a possible source
for new drugs in the treatment of HIV and other viral diseases. Current
Medicinal Chemistry Anti Infective Agents 2(3): 219-225. ISSN: 1568-0126.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, pharmacognosy, HIV
infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, blood and lymphatic disease,
drug therapy, immune system disease, viral disease, avian influenza, viral
disease, viral diseases, drug therapy, viral disease, HAART (highly active
antiretroviral therapy) clinical techniques, therapeutic and prophylactic
techniques, drug resistance, drug sources, phagocytic activity synergism, viral
replication cycle.
Luo KaiJian, Liang ZhaoPing, Zhao MingQiu, Liao Ming,
Guo XiaoFeng, Ren Tao, Zhang GuiHong, Cao WeiSheng, and Xin ChaoAn (2004). Studies
on the immunogenicity of avian influenza virus strain A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94
(H9N2) by paraffin section. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 20(3):
196-198, 202. ISSN: 1002-2694.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, histopathology,
immunization, inactivated vaccines, fowl.
Luo KaiJian, Liao Ming, Ren Tao, and Xin ChaoAn
(1999). Investigation of an emulsion preparation to control avian influenza.
Poultry Husbandry and Diseases Control (8): 11.
Descriptors: disease control, avian influenza virus,
emulsion preparation, China.
Luo KaiJian
and Xin ChaoAn (2001). Trivalent
inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine of Avian Influenza Virus, Newcastle Disease
Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Chinese Journal of Veterinary
Science 21(2): 119-121. ISSN:
1005-4545.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis
virus, Newcastle disease virus, immune response, polyvalent vaccines.
Luschow, D., O. Werner, T.C. Mettenleiter, and W.
Fuchs (2001). Protection of chickens from lethal avian influenza A virus
infection by live-virus vaccination with infectious laryngotracheitis virus
recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin (H5) gene. Vaccine 19(30):
4249-59. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: The H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a highly
pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) isolate (A/chicken/Italy/8/98) was
cloned and sequenced, and inserted at the non-essential UL50 (dUTPase) gene
locus of a virulent strain of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV).
Northern and Western blot analyses of the obtained ILTV recombinants
demonstrated stable expression of the HA gene under control of the human
cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter. In vitro replication of the
HA-expressing ILTV mutants was not affected, and infection of chickens revealed
a reduced but still considerable virulence, similar to that of a UL50 gene
deletion mutant without foreign gene insertion. The immunized animals produced
specific antibodies against ILTV and AIV HA, and were protected against
challenge infections with either virulent ILTV, or two different highly
pathogenic AIV strains (A/chicken/Italy/8/98, A/chicken/Scotland/59). After
challenge, no ILTV could be reisolated from protected animals, and shedding of
AIV was considerably reduced. Thus, although attenuation remains to be
improved, genetically engineered ILTV live-virus vaccines might be used as
vectors to protect chickens also against other pathogens.
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
immunology, herpesvirus 1, gallid genetics, influenza A virus avian immunology,
influenza vaccine immunology, vaccines, synthetic immunology, chickens,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, vaccination.
Machavariani, A.T. (1970 ). Primenenie zhivykh
vaktsin protiv psevdochumy ptits. [Use of live vaccine against fowl
pseudoplague]. Veterinariia (2): 49-52. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: fowl plague immunology, avian influenza
virus, viral vaccines, aerosols, chickens.
Malogolovkin, S.A., I.M. Surgucheva, and N.M.
Solovkina (1994). Sravnitel' naya otsenka razlichnykh metodov immunizatsii
pri poluchenii gibridom k virusu grippa A ptits. [A comparison of different
methods of immunization when obtaining hybridomas to avian influenza group A
virus]. Biotekhnologiya (Russian
Federation) (9-10): 19-21.
Abstract: An efficiency of various ways of immunization
applied when obtaining hybridomas releasing monoclonal antibodies (mABs)
against avian influenza virus has been estimated. It is shown that the
intraspleen immunization can be successfully used together with routine methods
without decrease of virous specific clones outcome.
Descriptors: laboratory animals, avian influenza virus,
monoclonal antibodies, hybridomas, immunization, mice, animal biotechnology,
veterinary medicine, antibodies, biotechnology, cells, disease control,
immunological factors, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, influenza virus,
mammals, orthomyxoviridae, Rodentia, therapy, useful animals, viruses.
Marangon, S., L. Bortolotti, I. Capua, M. Bettio, and
P.M. Dalla (2003). Low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) in Italy
(2000-01): Epidemiology and control. Avian Diseases 47(Special
Issue): 1006-1009. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In 1999-2000, Italy was affected by the most
severe avian influenza (AI) epidemic that has ever occurred in Europe. The
epidemic was caused by a type A influenza virus of the H7N1 subtype, which
originated from the mutation of a low-pathogenicity (LP) AI virus of the same
subtype. From August to November 2000, 4 months after the eradication of the
highly pathogenic (HP) AI virus, the LPAI strain re-emerged and infected 55
poultry farms mainly located in the southern area of Verona province (Veneto
region). To supplement disease control measures already in force, an emergency
vaccination program against the disease was implemented in the area.
Vaccination was carried out using an inactivated heterologous vaccine
(A/chicken/Pakistan/1995-H7N3). In order to establish whether LPAI infection
was circulating in the area, regular serological testing of sentinel birds in
vaccinated flocks and a discriminatory test able to distinguish the different
types of antineuraminidase antibodies (anti-N1 and anti-N3) were performed.
Shortly after the beginning of the vaccination campaign (December 2000 to March
2001), the H7N1 LPAI virus emerged again, infecting 23 farms. Among these, only
one vaccinated flock was affected, and infection did not spread further to
other vaccinated farms. The data reported in the present paper indicate that
the combination of biosecurity measures, official control, and vaccination can
be considered successful for the control of LPAI infections in densely
populated poultry areas.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health, avian
influenza, epidemiology, infectious disease, prevention and control,
respiratory system disease, transmission, viral disease, serology, clinical
techniques, diagnostic techniques, vaccination, disease control, emergency
vaccination program.
Marangon, S., I. Capua, G. Pozza, and U. Santucci
(2004). Field experiences in the control of avian influenza outbreaks in
densely populated poultry areas. Developmental Biology (Basel) 119:
155-64. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Abstract: From 1997 to 2003, Italy has been affected by
two epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and by several
outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). In 1999-2000 a severe HPAI
epidemic affected the country, causing 413 outbreaks: a total of about 16
million birds died or were stamped out. From August 2000 to March 2001, a H7N1
LPAI strain infected 78 poultry farms. The last affected flock was stamped out
on the 26th of March 2001. In October 2002, another LPAI virus of the H7N3
subtype emerged and infected a total of 388 poultry holdings. Eradication
measures were based on stamping out or controlled marketing of slaughtered
birds on infected farms and on the prohibition of restocking. Restriction
measures on the movement of live poultry, vehicles and staff were also imposed.
To supplement these disease control measures, two emergency vaccination
programmes, based on the "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from
Vaccinated Animals) strategy were implemented. The two vaccination campaigns
(2000-2002 and 2002-2003) both resulted in the eradication of infection.
However, the first campaign appeared to be more successful that the second and
possible explanations are discussed.
Descriptors: animals, disease outbreaks prevention and
control, veterinary disease outbreaks, avian influenza A virus immunology,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, Italy
epidemiology, population density, poultry, veterinary vaccination, viral
vaccines.
McCauley, J.W., L.A. Pullen, M. Forsyth, C.R. Penn,
and G.P. Thomas (1995). 4-Guanidino-Neu5Ac2en fails to protect chickens from
infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Antiviral Research
27(1-2): 179-86. ISSN: 0166-3542.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.A5
Abstract: The effectiveness of the novel sialidase
inhibitor 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en, which is highly effective in mouse and ferret
models of influenza virus infection (von Itzstein et al. (1993) Nature 363,
418-423), has been assessed as a prophylactic agent in the prevention of
infection of chickens with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. At best a
small delay in the onset of pyrexia and death was observed with one strain of
fowl plague virus, but not with two other strains. These results demonstrate
that a locally acting drug may be ineffective if virus can escape from the site
of inoculation and replicate elsewhere.
Descriptors: antiviral agents pharmacology, chickens, fowl
plague prevention and control, sialic acids pharmacology, body temperature,
cell line, fowl plague mortality, influenza A virus avian drug effects, avian
pathogenicity.
McManus, K. (2004). Asian avian influenza--a call
to action. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(3): 135. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary, avian
influenza, prevention and control, southeastern Asia, epidemiology, disease
outbreaks prevention and control, influenza A virus.
McNulty, M.S., G.M. Allan, and B.M. Adair (1986). Efficacy
of avian influenza neuraminidase-specific vaccines in chickens. Avian
Pathology 15(1): 107-115. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, immunization,
vaccines, neuramidase, hemagglutination, poultry.
McNulty, M.S., J.B. McFerran, J.B. McFerran (ed.),
and M.S. McNulty (ed.) (1986). Avian influenza: diagnosis and vaccination.
Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Acute Virus
Infections of Poultry 37: 36-44.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
vaccination.
Meijer, A., J.A. van der Goot, G. Koch, M. van Boven,
and T.G. Kimman (2004). Oseltamivir reduces transmission, morbidity, and
mortality of highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens. International
Congress Series 1263: 495-498.
Abstract: The effect of the neuraminidase inhibitors
zanamivir and oseltamivir on the transmission of highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) in chickens was studied. Per group, five chickens inoculated
with HPAI A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 H5N2 virus were placed 1 day
post-inoculation (p.i.) in one cage with five contact chickens. Inoculated and
contact chickens were treated twice daily from 1 day before inoculation up to
day 7 p.i. All untreated inoculated and contact chickens became infected and
four inoculated and two contact chickens died. Similarly, all of the
zanamivir-treated inoculated and contact chickens became infected and all
inoculated and four contact chickens died. Obviously, locally active zanamivir
has no effect. In contrast, although oseltamivir could not prevent tracheal
infection of the inoculated chickens, none had an infected cloaca and only one died.
More important, only after stopping treatment three contact chickens became
positive, suggesting limited transmission within or after the treatment period.
In conclusion, treatment with systemically active oseltamivir limits to a large
extent a severe outcome and chicken-to-chicken transmission of HPAI virus.
Descriptors: highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,
chicken, transmission, antiviral treatment, antiviral prophylaxis,
neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir, oseltamivir.
Mickle, T.R., N. Kinney, D.E. Page, D.E. Swayne, J.
Beck, J. Taylor, R. Gettig, E. Paoletti, and R.G. Webster (1995). The
development of a recombinant avian influenza-fowl pox vaccine. Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association 99:
546-549.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: recombinant vaccines, recombinant fowl pox
virus gene, immunization, Cox regression model, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, poultry.
Mickle, T.R., N. Kinney, J. Taylor, R. Gettig, E.
Paoletti, D.E. Swayne, J.R. Beck, and R.G. Webster (1996). Actualizacion
sobre el desarrollo de una vacuna recombinante contra la influenza aviar en la
que se utilize como vector al virus de la viruela. [An update on the
development of a recombinant avian influenza-fowlpox vectored vaccine]. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 33-35.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccines, avipoxvirus,
influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae, poxviridae, viruses.
Mitka, M. (2004). Health officials brace for flu
season. JAMA the Journal of the American Medical Association
292(14): 1670-1. ISSN: 1538-3598.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza
vaccines supply and distribution, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian, influenza vaccines administration and dosage, seasons, United States
epidemiology.
Moghadaam, Z.A.K., B.H. Fard, V.M. Marandi, and A.M.
Tabatabaii (2001). Comparative experimental study of immunogenesis of different
inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccines in broiler chickens. Journal
of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran 56(3):
103-107. ISSN: 1022-646X.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 T23
Descriptors: antibodies, disease control, disease prevention,
immunization, inactivated vaccines, hemagglutination inhibition test, immune
response, avian influenza A virus, Iran, poultry, chickens, broilers.
Monti, D.J. (1998). Veterinarians integral in
resolving avian influenza incidents, developing vaccine. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 212(11): 1686-7. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian physiology, influenza vaccine, avian immunology, poultry, swine.
Moreno, A. and R. Ruiz (1983). La influenza aviar.
Epizootiologia, diagnostico y control. [Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of
avian influenza - a review]. Revista Avicultura, Cuba 27(3): 89-108.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.A9
Descriptors: reviews, avian influenza virus, epidemiology,
diagnosis, control.
Moya, P., M.L. Alonso, E. Baixeras, and E. Ronda
(1984). Immunomodulatory activity of isoprinosine on experimental viral
infections in avian models. International Journal of Immunopharmacology
6(4): 339-43. ISSN: 0192-0561.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.I52
Abstract: The immunomodulatory activity of Isoprinosine
treatments have been experimentally verified on chicken infected by three
different viruses: Newcastle disease, fowl plague and avian infectious
bronchitis. In protection tests, positive variations in the mean day of death
rather than in the mortality rate were found depending on the modality of
treatment. A stimulatory influence on primary anti-Newcastle disease virus
antibody response was observed. In the avian model the Isoprinosine antiviral
effect appears as due mainly to the enhancement of interferon production and to
a synergistic interferon-isoprinosine interaction.
Descriptors: adjuvants, immunologic pharmacology, inosine
analogs and derivatives, inosine pranobex pharmacology, virus diseases
immunology, antibodies, viral biosynthesis, chickens, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, infectious bronchitis virus immunology, influenza A virus
avian immunology, interferons therapeutic use, kinetics, Newcastle disease
virus immunology, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus immunology, virus diseases
drug therapy.
Muhmmad, K., P. Das, T. Yaqoob, A. Riaz, and R.
Manzoor (2001). Effect of physico-chemical factors on survival of avian
influenza virus (H7N3 type). International Journal of Agriculture and
Biology 3(4): 416-418. ISSN:
1560-8530.
Descriptors: disease control, disinfectants, formaldehyde,
pH, phenol, evaluation, chemical treatment, ultraviolet radiation, efficacy,
avian influenza virus, poultry.
Mukhtar, M.M., M. Rabbani, K. Muhammad, and S.A. Khan
(2003). Role of passive immunity against avian influenza disease infected
broiler chicks. Pakistan Journal of Science 55(1-2): 10-15. ISSN: 0030-9877.
NAL
Call Number: 475 P172
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, passive immunity,
immunization, disease control, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, chickens,
broilers, poultry.
Mungall, B.A., X. Xu, and A. Klimov (2003). Assaying
susceptibility of avian and other influenza A viruses to zanamivir: Comparison
of fluorescent and chemiluminescent neuraminidase assays. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1141-1144. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Zanamivir has been shown to inhibit both
human and avian influenza viral neuraminidases (NAs) and has been approved in
several countries for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection.
Reliable monitoring of drug resistance is important for assessment of the
impact of drug therapy on circulating virus populations. This study compares
the current fluorometric (FL) method for evaluating zanamivir susceptibility
with a recently developed chemiluminescent (CL) NA activity assay using viruses
representative of all nine NA subtypes. The CL assay displayed signal/noise
ratios that are 50-100 times greater than those associated with the FL assay.
Human H3N2 strains appeared to exhibit greater NA activity relative to avian
subtypes with the FL substrate but not with the CL substrate. Additionally, the
CL assay remained linear over three orders of magnitude compared to only one
order of magnitude for the FL assay. Four of the nine NA subtypes tested in
this study displayed slightly higher inhibitor concentration that inhibits 50%
of neuraminidase activity values by CL than by FL, while four displayed the
opposite effect. Implications for the routine determination of resistance to NA
inhibitors are discussed.
Descriptors: infection, avian influenza, infectious
disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, chemiluminescent
neuraminidase assay bioassay techniques, clinical techniques, diagnostic
techniques, laboratory techniques, antiviral susceptibility, drug resistance.
Munir, Z., M. Rabbani, M.A. Muneer, S. Akhtar, and K.
Saeed (2002). Immune response of broilers to inactivated (Alum precipitated
and oil based) avian influenza H9N2-virus vaccines. Pakistan Journal of
Scientific Research 54(3-4): 84-86.
ISSN: 0552-9050.
NAL
Call Number: 475 P173
Abstract: An epidemic of avian influenza was recorded
in broiler flocks in Karachi area in 1999. Samples were collected for
serosurveillance, isolation, stereotyping, development of inactivated (alum
precipitated and oil based vaccines, to study immune response of broilers to
these vaccines. Results of the project indicated that H9N2-AIV was associated
with the epidemic occurred in the area of Karachi and inactivated alum
precipitated and oil based vaccines developed from local isolate when
inoculated to broilers (primed on day-5 with alum precipitated and boosted with
oil based on day-21) provoked a GM-titer (range) 64-256 in the vaccinates.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza virus,
vaccines, immune response, Pakistan, Asia, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
Galliformes, immunity, livestock, meat animals, poultry, South Asia, useful
animals.
Murphy, B.R., M.L. Clements, E.L. Tierney, R.E.
Black, J. Stienberg, and R.M. Chanock (1985). Dose response of influenza
A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) avian-human reassortant virus in adult volunteers.
Journal of Infectious Diseases 152(1): 225-9. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Descriptors: antibodies, viral biosynthesis, influenza A
virus avian immunology, human immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, adult,
dose response relationship, immunologic, influenza microbiology, influenza
transmission, avian genetics, human genetics, recombination, genetic,
vaccination, vaccines, attenuated.
Myers, T.J., M.D.A. Rhorer, and J. Clifford (2003). USDA
options for regulatory changes to enhance the prevention and control of avian
influenza. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 982-987. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: During the past decade, several examples of
the ability of H5 and H7 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses to
mutate to high-pathogenicity (HP) viruses have been documented worldwide.
During this time, the introduction and persistence of an H7N2 LPAI virus in the
northeast live-bird marketing system in the United States has raised concern on
how to prevent the possibility of such a mutation occurring in this country.
The United States has periodically experienced trade restrictions based on the
occasional introduction of H5 and H7 LPAI viruses into commercial poultry and
based on AI-related changes in the import requirements for poultry and poultry
products of several of our trading partners. Consequently, the U.S. Department
of Agriculture (USDA) is exploring options for how our regulatory response to
H5 and H7 LPAI viruses might be revised to better protect our domestic poultry
flocks from HPAI and to ensure that any interruptions in trade are
scientifically supportable. The options under consideration include mandatory
and voluntary measures to improve the surveillance for and control of H5 and H7
LPAI virus infections.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
epidemiology, infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, influenza control, regulation, live bird markets, trade
restrictions.
Neighbor, N.K., L.A. Newberry, G.R. Bayyari, J.K.
Skeeles, J.N. Beasley, and R.W. McNew (1994). The effect of microaerosolized
hydrogen peroxide on bacterial and viral poultry pathogens. Poultry
Science (USA) 73(10): 1511-1516.
ISSN: 0032-5791.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: The effect of microaerosolized H2O2 on
bacterial and viral poultry pathogens was investigated. Bacterial cultures and
viruses were dried on sterile glass Petri dishes and subjected to direct and
indirect 5% (H2O2) microaerosol mist. In the trials using Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus, there was complete inactivation following
exposure to H2O2. Using Salmonella typhimurium, indirect exposure
resulted in only partial inactivation whereas direct exposure to H2O2 gave
complete inactivation. For the viruses studied, 5% H2O2 microaerosol mist
completely inactivated infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Newcastle disease
virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian influenza virus showed reduced
infectivity but were not completely inactivated. Avian reovirus susceptibility
varied with the method of exposure and infectious bursal disease virus was
highly resistant. The use of 10% H2O2 mist, however, resulted in total
inactivation of infectious bursal disease virus. The effect of 10% H2O2 on
equipment and selected materials representative of a hatcher or poultry house
was investigated. A solar cell calculator, a thermostat containing a
microswitch, and samples of uncoated steel, galvanized steel, and uncoated
aluminum were subjected to 10 fumigation cycles. No damage was detected in the
calculator and the thermostat. Both the uncoated steel and the galvanized steel
showed signs of oxidation. The aluminum did not show signs of oxidation.
Descriptors: aerosols, fumigation, hydrogen peroxide, cell
counting, bacteria, pathogens, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avian
laryngotracheitis virus, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, Salmonella
typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
reoviridae, avian infectious bursitis, corrosion, application methods,
bacteria, biological analysis, colloids, coronaviridae, deterioration,
dispersions, enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, herpetoviridae, infectious
diseases, influenza virus, micrococcaceae, oxides, paramyxoviridae, peroxides,
physical states, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, viroses,
viruses, inactivation, avian reovirus,
infectious bursal disease virus.
Neumann, G., M. Hatta, and Y. Kawaoka (2003). Reverse
genetics for the control of avian influenza. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 882-887. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian influenza viruses are major
contributors to viral disease in poultry as well as humans. Outbreaks of
high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses cause high mortality in poultry,
resulting in significant economic losses. The potential of avian influenza
viruses to reassort with human strains resulted in global pandemics in 1957 and
1968, while the introduction of an entirely avian virus into humans claimed
several lives in Hong Kong in 1997. Despite considerable research, the
mechanisms that determine the pathogenic potential of a virus or its ability to
cross the species barrier are poorly understood. Reverse genetics methods,
i.e., methods that allow the generation of an influenza virus entirely from
cloned cDNAs, have provided us with one means to address these issues. In
addition, reverse genetics is an excellent tool for vaccine production and
development. This technology should increase our preparedness for future
influenza virus outbreaks.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, molecular genetics,
avian influenza, genetics, infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory
system disease, viral disease, disease control, economic losses, global
pandemics, reverse genetics, viral outbreaks, viral pathogenicity.
Neykova, N., D. Simov, G. Galunska, E. Velichkova,
A.S. Galabov, and A. Karparov (1981). Benzoxazolone-5-sulphonanilides,
1-(benzoxazolone-5'-sulphonyl)-benzotriazoles and
4-hydroxy-3,2'-diaminobenzenesulphonanilides with antiviral activity. Arzneimittel
Forschung 31(5): 747-52. ISSN:
0004-4172.
NAL
Call Number: RS1.A7
Abstract: benzoxazolone-5-(2'-nitro)-sulphonanilides
were synthesized by acylation of o-nitroanilines with
benzoxazolone-5-sulphochloride or 3-methylbenzoxazolone-5-sulphochloride. The
nitro group in these compounds was subjected to reduction and the resulting
amino derivatives were cyclysed to yield the corresponding
1-(benzoxazolone-5'-sulphonyl)-benzotriazoles. Decyclization of the oxazolone
cycle of benzoxazolone-5-(2'-amino)-sulphonanilides resulted in
4-hydroxy-3,2'-diaminobenzenesulphonanilides. In vitro testing of the antiviral
activity of the compounds obtained during successive synthetic steps revealed
that some of them exhibited marked antiviral effect against toga, orthomixo,
oncorna and herpes viruses.
Descriptors: antiviral agents chemical synthesis,
benzoxazoles chemical synthesis, sulfanilamides chemical synthesis, antiviral
agents pharmacology, benzoxazoles pharmacology, chemistry, cytopathogenic
effect, viral drug effects, herpesvirus 1, suid drug effects, influenza A virus
avian drug effects, mice, mice inbred BALB c, moloney murine leukemia virus
drug effects, Semliki Forest virus drug effects, sulfanilamides pharmacology,
triazoles chemical synthesis, triazoles pharmacology.
Nicholson, K.G., A.E. Colegate, A. Podda, I.
Stephenson, J. Wood, E. Ypma, and M.C. Zambon (2001). Safety and
antigenicity of non-adjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza
A/Duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccine: A randomised trial of two potential
vaccines against H5N1 influenza. Lancet 357(9272): 1937-1943. ISSN: 0099-5355.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Abstract: Background: In 1997, pathogenic avian
influenza A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses emerged as a pandemic threat to human
beings. A non-pathogenic variant, influenza A/Duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3), was
identified as a leading vaccine candidate. We did an observer-blind, phase I,
randomised trial in healthy volunteers to assess safety, tolerability, and
antigenicity of MF59-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines. Methods: 32
participants were randomly assigned MF59, and 33 non-adjuvanted vaccine. Two
doses were given 3 weeks apart, of 7.5, 15, or 30 mug haemagglutinin
surface-antigen influenza A H5N3 vaccine. Antibody responses were measured by
haemagglutination inhibition, microneutralisation, and single radial haemolysis
(SRH). The primary outcome was geometric mean antibody titre 21 days after
vaccination. Findings: The A/Duck/Singapore vaccines were safe and well
tolerated. Antibody response to non-adjuvanted vaccine was poor, the best
response occurring after two 30 mug doses: one, four, four, and one person of
eleven seroconverted by haemagglutination inhibition, microneutralisation, H5N3
SRH, and H5N1 SRH, respectively. The geometric mean titres of antibody, and
seroconversion rates, were significantly higher after MF59 adjuvanted vaccine.
Two 7.5 mug doses of MF59 adjuvanted vaccine gave the highest seroconversion
rates: haemagglutination inhibition, six of ten; microneutralisation, eight of
ten; H5N3 SRH, ten of ten; H5N1 SRH, nine of ten. Geometric mean titre of
antibody to the pathogenic virus, A/Hong Kong/489/97 (H5N1), was about half
that to A/Duck/Singapore virus. Interpretation: Non-adjuvanted
A/Duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccines are poorly immunogenic and doses of 7.5-30
mug haemagglutinin alone are unlikely to give protection from A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1)
virus. Addition of MF59 to A/Duck/Singapore/97 vaccines boost the antibody
response to protection levels. Our findings have implications for development
and assessment of vaccines for future pandemics.
Descriptors: infection, pharmacology, influenza,
respiratory system disease, viral disease, antigenicity safety.
Normile, D. (2005). Avian flu. Mild illnesses
confound researchers. Science 307(5706): 27. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: agricultural workers' diseases virology,
antibodies, viral blood, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
immunology, acetamides therapeutic use, agricultural workers' diseases
immunology, agricultural workers' diseases prevention and control, antiviral
agents therapeutic use, disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, influenza
immunology, influenza prevention and control, Japan epidemiology, protective
clothing.
Normile, D. (2004). Infectious diseases. WHO ramps
up bird flu vaccine efforts. Science 303(5658): 609. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines, World Health Organization,
cloning, molecular, hemagglutinins, viral genetics, viral immunology, influenza
transmission, influenza virology, avian genetics, neuraminidase genetics,
neuraminidase immunology, patents, vaccines, synthetic.
Normile, D. (2004). Influenza: girding for
disaster. Vaccinating birds may help to curtail virus's spread. Science
306(5695): 398-9. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines immunology, avian influenza
prevention and control, poultry, vaccination veterinary, Asia epidemiology,
chickens, disease outbreaks prevention and control, immunization programs,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, influenza virology,
avian influenza, epidemiology, avian influenza, transmission, risk assessment.
Obrosova Serova, N.P., L.M. Kupryasjina, V.A.
Isachenko, R.M. Vorontsova, and V.G. Utkin (1976). Opyt profilaktiki grippa
kura amantadinom. [Amantadine prophylaxis in avian influenza]. Veterinariia
(11): 62-63.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: chemoprophylaxis, antiviral agents, amantadine,
avian influenza, mortality rate, drinking water, chicks, poultry.
Orr, P. and National Advisory Committee on
Immunization (2004). An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). National
Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on influenza vaccination
for the 2004-2005 season. Canada Communicable Disease Report; Releve Des
Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada 30: 1-32.
ISSN: 1188-4169.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza
vaccines therapeutic use, vaccines, inactivated therapeutic use, adolescent,
adult, advisory committees, child, preschool child, enzyme inhibitors
therapeutic use, immunization programs, infant, influenza epidemiology,
influenza veterinary, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity,
influenza vaccines administration and dosage, influenza vaccines adverse
effects, influenza vaccines immunology, middle aged, neuraminidase antagonists
and inhibitors, Ontario epidemiology, population surveillance, United States
epidemiology, vaccines, inactivated administration and dosage, vaccines,
inactivated adverse effects, vaccines, inactivated immunology.
Osidze, N.G. (1980). Results of using inactivated
avian influenza vaccine in chicks possessing passively acquired antibody. Sbornik
Nauchnykh Trudov Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya Akademiya 113: 54-56.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, maternal immunity,
immune response, inactivated vaccines, results, acquired antibody, chicks.
Osidze, N.G., V.I. Smolenskii, A.I. Kalashnikov, and
V.N. Syrin (1977). Safety, antigenicity and immunogenicity of an
experimental inactivated vaccine against avian influenza serotype GP6G3-N2.
Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov, Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya Akademiya 93: 62-63.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, experimental inactivated
vaccine, safety, antigenicity, immunogenicity.
Pagnini, P., A. Bonaduce, F. Martone, and M.
Compagnucci (1969). Profilassi della pseudo-peste aviaria. Ricerche con
vaccino inattivato in adiuvante oleoso. [Prevention of avian pseudo-plague.
Research with inactivated vaccine in oily adjuvant]. Acta Medica
Veterinaria 15(5): 267-311. ISSN:
0001-6136.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AC84
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, viral
vaccines, influenza A virus avian, vaccination.
Palacios, M.R., V.H. Rodriguez, V.H. Ceron, and J.
Garcia Garcia (1996 ). Evaluacion de 7 vacunas comerciales de influenza
aviar. [Evaluation of 7 commercial avian influenza vaccines]. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 38-40.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccines, influenza
virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Palacios Miguel, R., G. Lugo M, J. Quezada F, M.L.
Calderon Hernandez, M.A. Rico Gaytan, J.A. Escamilla J, J.A. Lopez Perez, T.
Mickle R, E. Montiel N, R. Fernandez T, H. Tinoco G, and J. Garcia Garcia.
(1996). Estudios de evaluacion de una vacuna recombinante para prevenir la
influenza aviar. IV. Prueba de campo 1a. [Studies on fowl pox-avian influenza
recombinant vaccine. IV. 1st. field trial]. In: Reunion Nacional de
Investigacion Pecuaria, Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p. 13.
Abstract: En el laboratorio y bajo
condiciones de confinamiento, los ensayos con la vacuna recombinante de
Viruela-Influenza Aviar, demostraron que el producto no representa riesgos
relativos para los pollos ni para otras especies animales. El presente estudio
tuvo como objetivo determinar si la vacuna tendria un efecto sobre los
parametros productivos del pollo y la mortalidad asociada a la aplicacion del
producto, en pollos comerciales de engorda. Para tal fin se utilizo un granja
comercial localizada en el estado de Guanajuato, en donde fueron instalados
pollos machos, con anticuerpos maternos, vacunadas en la incubadora, al dia de
edad, en 2 casetas, teniendo un total de 48,000 pollos en el tratamiento. Al
resto de las casetas de la granja se les aplico vacuna inactivada, emulsionada,
bivalente de Newcastle (eNC)-Influenza Aviar.(IA) a los 10 dias de edad. Los
pollos recibieron el resto de las vacunas, de acuerdo al calendario de
vacunacion establecido por la empresa de pollos. Los pollos vacunados fueron
observados diariamente por espacio de siete semanas, Se realizo la necropsia a
la mortalidad diaria, Los pollos de la prueba fueron seguidos serologicamente
de tal manera que 50 pollos vacunados y 25 centinelas de las 2 casetas de
pollos vacunados con el producto recombinante, fueron sangrados semanalmente.
Se hicieron 2 desafios, a las 3 y 6 semanas de edad, con el virus de alta
patogenicidad de IA. Los resultados indican que la vacunacion no tuvo efectos
negativos en los indices de produccion de los pollos utilizados, ni tampoco
causo alguna mortalidad asociada a la vacunacion. Los pollos vacunados con el
producto recombinante fueron serologicamente negativos a partir de las 4 semanas
de edad hasta el momento de salir al mercado. Se obtuvo el 95% de proteccion en
los pollos vacunados, cuando estos fueron desafiados experimentalmente en
unidades de aislamiento, y que la mortalidad observada post-desafio estuvo
asociada a la presencia de otros microorganismos involucrados asi como a la
incidencia de ascitis en la parvada. El estudio senala que la vacuna no tuvo
ningun efecto adverso en el campo, que induce una adecuada proteccion al
desafio con cepas de alta patogenicidad del virus de IA a pesar de que, las
aves vacunadas mostraron serologias negativas al final del ciclo de produccion.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, synthetic vaccines, immune response, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, vaccines, viruses.
Palacios Miguel, R., H. Rodriguez Velazco, M. Ceron
H, and J. Garcia Garcia. (1996). Estudios sobre la induccion de anticuerpos
y proteccion al desafio en pollos inmunizados con siete vacunas comerciales
para prevenir la influenza aviar. [Studies on antibody induction and protection
to challenge in chickens vaccinated with seven commercial vaccines against
avian influenza]. In: Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p.
128.
Abstract: En enero de 1995, la DGSA autorizo
la elaboracion de vacunas inactivadas, emulsionadas en aceite para controlar la
Influenza Aviar (I.A) de alta patogenicidad. Los estudios iniciales demostraron
la eficiencia de la vacuna para prevenir los signos y lesiones, asi como la
mortalidad ante el desafio con las cepas de alta patogenicidad, aisladas en
Puebla y Queretaro. Meses despues de haber sido autorizados 6 laboratorios a
elaborar las vacunas, se realizo el siguiente trabajo de evaluacion. Se
seleccionaron en forma aleatoria 3 vacunas inactivadas con formol, 2 vacunas
inactivadas con beta-propiolactona y 2 vacunas bivalentes para prevenir ademas,
la enfermedad de Newcastle, inactivadas con formol. Se vacunaron grupos de 20
pollos SPF con cada uno de los productos, se determino la presencia de
anticuerpos inhibidores de la hemoaglutinacion a los 0, 7,10,14 y 21 dias
pos-vacunacion (PV). A los 21 dias PV grupos de 18 pollos vacunados con cada producto
fueron desafiados con un virus de alta patogenicidad, aislado en Queretaro. Los
resultados serologicos indicaron que cuando menos una vacuna de cada grupo
indujo el 100% de sero conversion al dia 21 PV con medias geometricas (MG) que
variaron de 28 a 264 (reciproca de la MG). No se detecto ninguna asociacion
entre el inactivante utilizado o en la combinacion con otro antigeno, con la
capacidad del producto para inducir la formacion de anticuerpos.
Independientemente de la presencia y del nivel de anticuerpos detectados en el
suero, el 100% de los pollos vacunados estuvieron protegidos cuando de
desafiaron con el virus de alta patogenicidad, lo cual demuestra que los
laboratorios productores de vacuna elaboraron un producto de buena calidad que
permite ayudar en el control de la enfermedad, que a los 21 dias PV encontramos
del 84 al 100% de sero-conversion y el 100% de proteccion al desafio; por lo
que la inmunidad humoral parece no ser la mas importante en la proteccion. La
utilizacion de pollos en contacto con las aves vacunadas y desafiadas permitio
identificar que las aves vacunadas despues del desafio replican y eliminan
virus de progenie,en cantidad suficiente para causar la enfermedad y muerte de
pollos susceptibles.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, vaccines, immune response, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Paoletti, E. (1990). Poxvirus-derived recombinant veterinary
vaccines. In: Risk assessment in agricultural biotechnology. Proceedings
of the international conference, Oakland, California, USA, p. 38-49.
Descriptors: recombinant veterinary vaccines,
fowl pox virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, risk assessment, agricultural
biotechnology, poultry.
Pearson, J.E. (2003). International standards for
the control of avian influenza. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
972-975. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The Office International des Epizooties (OIE)
has developed international standards to reduce the risk of the spread of
high-pathogenicity avian influenza though international trade. These standards
include providing a definition of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI),
procedures for prompt reporting of HPAI outbreaks, requirements that must be
met for a country or zone to be defined as free of HPAI, requirements that
should be met to import live birds and avian products into a HPAI-free country
or zone, and the general provisions that countries should meet to reduce the
risk of spread of HPAI through trade. The goal of these standards is to
facilitate trade while minimizing the risk of the introduction of HPAI.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
epidemiology, infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, disease spread international, influenza control
standards.
Penaredondo, C.C., V. Sivanandan, A.S. Abraham, and
J.A. Newman (1985). Immune response of turkeys to adjuvanted killed avian
influenza virus vaccine. Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases 66(321):
59.
NAL
Call Number: SF605.C59
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccine, turkeys, immune
response.
Pour, M.M., M.A. Akhavizadegan, A.M.T. Shoshtary, N.
Ghodsian, S. Charkhkar, and M.A. Alikhani (2004). The assay of parent flock
antibody vaccinated by two different oil-emulsion influenza vaccines. Iranian
Journal of Veterinary Research 5(1, Ser. 9): 163-167. ISSN: 1728-1997.
Descriptors: antibodies, immune response, immunization,
avian influenza virus, fowl, poultry.
Price, R.J. (1981). Commercial avian influenza
vaccines. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Avian
Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 178-179.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, control,
prevention, commercial vaccines, poultry, symposium.
Puebla, N., E. Lucio, and A. Morales (1996). Evaluacion
de dos vacunas emulsionadas experimentales, inactivadas con formalina y
bromoetilenimina binaria (BEB), para la prevencion de la influenza aviar (IA).
[Evaluation of one formalin-killed, and one binary bromoethylenimine-killed
experimental, oil emulsion vaccine for the prevention of avian influenza]. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 148-151.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccines, evaluation,
influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Qiao, C.L., K.Z. Yu, Y.P. Jiang, Y.Q. Jia, G.B. Tian,
M. Liu, G.H. Deng, X.R. Wang, Q.W. Meng, and X.Y. Tang (2003). Protection of
chickens against highly lethal H5N1 and H7N1 avian influenza viruses with a
recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing H5 haemagglutinin and N1 neuraminidase
genes. Avian Pathology 32(1): 25-31.
ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Inactivated whole avian influenza virus (AIV)
vaccine provides protection against homologous haemagglutinin (HA) subtype
virus, but poor protection against a heterologous HA virus. Moreover, it
induces chickens to produce antibodies to cross-reactive antigens, especially
nucleoprotein, which is limits AIV serological surveillance. In this study, a
recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing HA (H5 subtype) and NA (N1 subtype)
genes of AIV was evaluated for its ability to protect chickens against intramuscular
challenge with a lethal dose of highly pathogenic (HP) AIV. Susceptible
chickens were also vaccinated by wing-web puncture with the parent fowlpox
vaccine virus. Following challenge 4 weeks later with HPAIV, all chickens
vaccinated with recombinant virus were protected, while the chickens vaccinated
with either the unaltered parent fowlpox vaccine virus or unvaccinated controls
experienced 100% mortality following challenge. This protection was accompanied
by the high levels of specific antibody to the respective components of the
recombinant vaccine. The above results showed that rFPV-HA-NA could be a
potential vaccine to replace current inactivated vaccines for preventing AI.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, pharmacology,
intramuscular immune challenge clinical techniques, wing web puncture
vaccination clinical techniques.
Qiao ChuanLing, Jiang YongPing, Yu KangZhen, Tian
GuoBin, and Chen HuaLan (2004). Immune efficacy of a recombinant fowlpox
virus co-expressing HA and NA genes of avian influenza virus in SPF chickens.
Agricultural Sciences in China 3(9): 716-720. ISSN: 1671-2927.
NAL
Call Number: S417.C6Z462
Descriptors: antibodies, experimental infections, gene
expression, immunity, potency, recombinant vaccines, vaccine development, viral
hemagglutinins, avian influenza virus, fowl pox virus, chickens, poultry, fowl,
mortality.
Qiao ChuanLing, Yu KangZhen, Jiang YongPing, Zhang
JianLin, Deng GuoHua, Meng QingWen /Tian GuoBin, and Tang XiuYing (2003). Protection
and construction of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing nucleoprotein gene of
avian influenza virus. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 36(6):
704-708. ISSN: 0578-1752.
NAL
Call Number: S471.C6N89
Descriptors: antibodies, nucleoproteins, avian influenza
virus, fowl pox virus, poultry.
Quirk, M. (2004). USA to manufacture two million
doses of pandemic flu vaccine. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(11):
654. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines supply and distribution, drug
industry, United States, vaccination.
Rassool, G.H. (2004). Unprecedented spread of
avian influenza requires broad collaboration. Journal of Advanced
Nursing 46(5): 567. ISSN: 0309-2402.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza A virus, avian influenza, avian influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, international cooperation, zoonoses transmission.
Ratner, L.S., D. Omirzhanov, G.N. Pershin, and N.S.
Bogdanova (1971). Izuchenie antivirusnogo deistviia khlozameshchennykh
benzokhinona i gidrokhinona. [Study of antiviral effect of chlorine-substituted
benzoquinine and hydroquinine]. Farmakologiia i Toksikologiia 34(1):
80-3. ISSN: 0014-8318.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, chlorides
administration and dosage, DNA viruses drug effects, hydroquinones
administration and dosage, quinones administration and dosage, RNA viruses drug
effects, virus diseases prevention and control, aphthovirus drug effects, chick
embryo, cytopathogenic effect, viral drug effects, depression, chemical,
herpesviridae drug effects, hydroquinones therapeutic use, influenza A virus
avian drug effects, mice, quinones therapeutic use, tissue culture, viruses
pathogenicity.
Ready, T. (2004). Race for pandemic flu vaccine
rife with hurdles. Nature Medicine 10(3): 214. ISSN: 1078-8956.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines, chickens, clinical trials,
influenza virology.
Renegar, K.B. (1992). Influenza virus infections
and immunity: a review of human and animal models. Laboratory Animal
Science 42(3): 222-32. ISSN:
0023-6764.
NAL
Call Number: 410.9 P94
Abstract: Studies of the pathogenesis of influenza
infection have involved the extensive use of animal models. The development of
the current concepts of immunity to influenza and of the contribution the
secretory immune system makes toward the protection of mucosal surfaces against
influenza infection would have been impossible without this use of animals. The
pathology and clinical signs of influenza infection in both natural and
experimental hosts, the advantages and disadvantages of the most common
experimental influenza infection models, and the contribution of animal models
to the understanding of local and systemic immunity to influenza infection are
discussed.
Descriptors: influenza immunology, influenza veterinary,
antibody formation, disease models, animal, ferrets, fowl plague immunology,
hamsters, haplorhini, horse diseases immunology, horses, influenza A virus
avian, influenza A virus human, influenza A virus, porcine, influenza A virus,
influenza vaccine administration and dosage, mice.
Riberdy, J.M., K.J. Flynn, J. Stech, R.G. Webster,
J.D. Altman, and P.C. Doherty (1999). Protection against a lethal avian
influenza A virus in a mammalian system. Journal of Virology 73(2):
1453-9. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: The question of how best to protect the human
population against a potential influenza pandemic has been raised by the recent
outbreak caused by an avian H5N1 virus in Hong Kong. The likely strategy would
be to vaccinate with a less virulent, laboratory-adapted H5N1 strain isolated
previously from birds. Little attention has been given, however, to dissecting
the consequences of sequential exposure to serologically related influenza A
viruses using contemporary immunology techniques. Such experiments with the
H5N1 viruses are limited by the potential risk to humans. An extremely virulent
H3N8 avian influenza A virus has been used to infect both
immunoglobulin-expressing (Ig+/+) and Ig-/- mice primed previously with a
laboratory-adapted H3N2 virus. The cross-reactive antibody response was very
protective, while the recall of CD8(+) T-cell memory in the Ig-/- mice provided
some small measure of resistance to a low-dose H3N8 challenge. The H3N8 virus
also replicated in the respiratory tracts of the H3N2-primed Ig+/+ mice,
generating secondary CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses that may contribute to
recovery. The results indicate that the various components of immune memory
operate together to provide optimal protection, and they support the idea that
related viruses of nonhuman origin can be used as vaccines.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, base sequence, birds, CD4
positive T lymphocytes immunology, CD8 positive T lymphocytes immunology, DNA,
viral, disease models, animal, immunoglobulins immunology, influenza
immunology, mice, mice inbred BALB c, mice, inbred c57bl, molecular sequence
data.
Rico Gaytan, M.A., J.A. Lopez Perez, R. Palacios
Miguel, H. Rodriguez Velazco, and J. Garcia Garcia. (1996). Estudio para
evaluar la presencia de anticuerpos maternos y su interferencia con la
vacunacion de influenza aviar en productos que contienen el virus o se combinan
con otros virus. [Studies for evaluating the interference of maternal
antibodies to avian influenza on vaccination of single or combined inactivated
vaccines]. In: Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria, Cuernavaca,
Morelos, (Mexico), p. 131.
Abstract: La produccion de pollo en areas en
donde se ha observado la sero-conversion de aves centinelas para Influenza
Aviar (I:A:) ha propiciado que los productores introduzcan pollos con
anticuerpos maternos para esta enfermedad. La practica de vacunacion en el
campo es comun hacerla al dia de edad en la incubadora, o bien entre los 8 y 12
dias en la granja. La existencia de otras enfermedades como la enfermedad de
Newcastle (eNC) y la hepatitis con cuerpos de inclusion (HCI) que se previenen
con vacunas oleosas inactivadas, causan que estas se incluyan en el mismo
producto. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo el evaluar en terminos de
sero-conversion y proteccion al desafio de I.A. pollos sin anticuerpos y con
anticuerpos para IA, vacunados al dia y a los 10 dias de edad, con productos
que contienen el virus solo o combinados con eNC y eNC HCI. Los resultados
indican que en aves sin anticuerpos, vacunadas al dia de edad, se logran
porcentajes de proteccion al desafio de I.A. del 67 al 100% a los 14 dias
post-vacunacion (PV). Que concentrar el virus de I.A. En un producto no reditua
en una mejor proteccion. La aplicacion de vacunas a los 10 dias de edad en aves
con anticuerpos maternos brindaron una mejor proteccion al desafio 7 dias PV
que en pollos libres de anticuerpos. En todos los casos las aves sin
anticuerpos vacunadas con cualquier producto, al dia de edad, mostraron una
importante baja proteccion al desafio realizado 7 dias PV; lo anterior
contrasta con la proteccion observada en pollos con anticuerpos maternos
vacunados a los 10 dias de edad, los cuales mostraron el 73% de proteccion con
vacuna sola y el 100% de proteccion con vacuna combinada con eNC. En este
estudio, al igual que otros realizados, es importante senalar que los
resultados serologicos no estuvieron relacionados con el indice de proteccion
observado, ni tampoco con la eliminacion del virus de desafio, el cual en todos
los casos causo morbilidad y mortalidad en pollos susceptibles introducidos a
la jaula 3 dias despues del desafio.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, vaccination, maternal immunity, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
Galliformes, immunity, immunization, immunostimulation, immunotherapy,
influenza virus, livestock, meat animals, orthomyxoviridae, passive immunity,
poultry, therapy, useful animals, viruses.
Rimmelzwaan, G.F., E.C.J. Claas, G. van Amerongen,
J.C. de Jong, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (1999). ISCOM vaccine induced
protection against a lethal challenge with a human H5N1 influenza virus. Vaccine
17(11-12): 1355-1358. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Recently avian influenza A viruses of the
H5N1 subtype were shown to infect humans in the Hong Kong area, resulting in
the death of six people. Although these viruses did not efficiently spread
amongst humans, these events illustrated that influenza viruses of subtypes not
previously detected in humans could be at the basis of a new pandemic. In the
light of this pandemic threat we evaluated and compared the efficacy of a
classical non-adjuvanted subunit vaccine and a vaccine based on immune
stimulating complexes (ISCOM) prepared with the membrane glycoproteins of the
human influenza virus A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) to protect roosters against a
lethal challenge with this virus. The ISCOM vaccine induced protective immunity
against the challenge infection whereas the non-adjuvanted subunit vaccine
proved to be poorly immunogenic and failed to induce protection in this model.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, pharmacology,
lethal viral challenge pandemic protective immunity, induction.
Robinson, H.L., L.A. Hunt, and R.G. Webster (1993). Protection
against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a
haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA. Vaccine 11(9): 957-60. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Direct DNA inoculations have been used to
demonstrate that in vivo transfections can be used to elicit protective immune
responses. The direct inoculation of an H7 haemagglutinin-expressing DNA
protected chickens against lethal challenge with an H7N7 influenza virus.
Three-week-old chickens were vaccinated by inoculating 100 micrograms of plasma
DNA by each of three routes (intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous).
One month later, chickens were boosted with 100 micrograms of DNA by each of
the three routes. At 1-2 weeks postboost, chickens were challenged via the
nares with 100 lethal doses of an H7N7 virus. Low to undetectable levels of
H7-specific antibodies were present postvaccination and boost. High titres of
H7-specific antibodies appeared within 1 week of challenge. In a series of four
experiments, 50% (28/56) of the DNA-vaccinated and < 2% (1/67) of the
control chickens survived the challenge. This exceptionally simple method of
immunization holds high promise for the development of subunit vaccines.
Descriptors: DNA, viral genetics, defective viruses
immunology, genetic vectors, hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza
prevention and control, influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza vaccine
immunology, leukosis virus, avian genetics, plasmids, recombinant fusion
proteins immunology, amantadine pharmacology, chickens immunology, defective
viruses drug effects, defective viruses genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral biosynthesis, hemagglutinins viral
genetics, immunity, active, immunization, influenza A virus avian drug effects,
influenza A virus avian genetics, recombinant fusion proteins biosynthesis,
recombinant fusion proteins genetics, specific pathogen free organisms,
transfection.
Rodriguez, V.H., R.J. Beltran, E.G. Socci, M.A.
Hernandez, V.F. Diosdado, and J. Garcia Garcia (1996). Estudio comparativo
sobre la eficiencia de la vacunacion contra influenza aviar en pollo de engorda
al dia y a los ocho dias de edad. [Comparative study on the efficiency of avian
influenza vaccination in broilers at 1 and 8 days of age]. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 367-368.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccination, disease
control, immunization, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, therapy, viruses.
Rodriguez, V.H., H.M. Ceron, M.R. Palacios, M.A.
Hernandez, D.C. Gomez, and J. Garcia Garcia (1996). Proteccion conferida por
vacunas de influenza aviar inactivadas con formalina, b-propiolactona y
etilenimina binaria. [Protection conferred by formalin-, B propiolactone-, or
binary ethylenimine-inactivated avian influenza vaccines]. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 307-309.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza virus,
birds, chickens, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza
virus, livestock, meat animals, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals,
viruses.
Rodriguez Velazco, H., M. Ceron H, R. Palacios
Miguel, D. Garcia L, T. Mickle R, E. Montiel N, H. Tinoco G, and J. Garcia
Garcia. (1996). Estudios de evaluacion de una vacuna recombinante para
prevenir la influenza aviar. I. Induccion de anticuerpos y proteccion al
desafio. [Studies on fowl pox-avian influenza recombinant vaccine. I. Antibody
induction and protection challenge]. In: Reunion Nacional de
Investigacion Pecuaria, Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p. 132.
Abstract: Los laboratorios farmaceuticos, que
han desarrollado productos derivados de la biotecnologia moderna, en la que se
han manipulado genes de microorganismos, han empezado a solicitar el uso de
esos productos tanto a nivel internacional como nacional. En Mexico una vez que
se presentaron los brotes de Influenza Aviar (I.A.) de alta patogenicidad, se
considero conveniente evaluar una vacuna recombinante, que fue construida
mediante la insercion del DNA complementario, al gene que codifica para la
hemoaglutinina 5 del virus de I.A., en el genoma del virus de viruela de las
aves. Las ventajas que ofrece este producto es el que no utiliza el virus
completo de I.A., y que por la serologia podrian diferenciarse pollos vacunados
de infectados en el campo. El presente estudio se realizo en confinamiento, en
unidades de aislamiento, teniendo como objetivo, evaluar la respuesta
serologica y la proteccion al desafio de pollos vacunados al dia de edad con
este producto, por 2 vias de administracion, subcutanea y en el pliegue del
ala. La proteccion observada fue del 40-45% a los 7 dias pos-vacunacion (PV)
alcanzando el 95% a los 14 dias PV y llegando al 100% a los 21 dias PV por
ambas rutas de administracion. Los resultados serologicos indican que mediante
la prueba de inhibicion de la hemoaglutinacion, un limitado numero de pollos
dieron una reaccion positiva, dando como resultado una inapreciable media
geometrica. En todos los casos las aves vacunadas dieron una reaccion negativa
en la prueba de precipitacion en agar. Los pollos vacunados y desafiados mostraron
una sero-conversion en el 100% de ellos, 7 dias despues del desafio. Las
conclusiones de este trabajo indican que la vacuna recombinante administrada
por cualquiera de estas vias en el pollo de un dia de edad induce una adecuada
proteccion al desafio, y que se pueden diferenciar pollos vacunados de pollos
infectados experimentalmente.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, synthetic vaccines, immune response, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, vaccines, viruses.
Rodriguez Velazco, H., R. Palacios Miguel, M. Ceron
H, and J. Garcia Garcia. (1996). Estudio sobre el efecto de la dosis
aplicada de vacuna inactivada de influenza aviar en la respuesta de anticuerpos
y proteccion al desafio en pollos SPF. [Studies on the effect of the doses of
inactivated avian influenza vaccine on the antibody response and protection to
challenge in SPF chickens]. In: Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p. 129.
Abstract: Las vacunas inactivadas, oleosas de
Influenza Aviar (IA), elaboradas por seis laboratorios, demostraron que
previnieron la morbilidad y mortalidad, de aves vacunadas, causadas por el
desafio, con una cepa de alta patogenicidad del virus de IA. Con el fin de
complementar estos estudios se decidio realizar 2 experimentos adicionales,
para determinar la adecuada inactivacion del virus en el producto elaborado,
demostrar que fueran seguras a la sobre-dosificacion y que si al aplicar dosis
menores a la recomendada protegieran a los pollos ante el desafio con cepas de
alta patogenicidad del virus de IA. A siete grupos, de 5 pollos cada uno, de 2
semanas de edad, se les aplicaron 4 dosis de vacuna, por via subcutanea,
administrandola en 2 sitios diferentes. Las aves vacunadas de esta manera se
observaron diariamente por un periodo de 21 dias. El dia de la vacunacion se
introdujeron en cada grupo 5 pollos susceptibles. Tanto a los pollos vacunados
como a los pollos en contacto fueron sangrados para determinar los niveles de
anticuerpos en el suero por pruebas de inhibicion de la hemoaglutinacion y se
desafiaron a los 21 dias post-vacunacion. Por otro lado a grupos de 9 pollos
por vacuna, se les aplico a 3 de ellos la dosis normal, a 3 pollos 0.05 ml de
la vacuna y 0.005 del producto a los 3 pollos restantes. Al igual que en el
otro estudio se determinaron los titulos de anticuerpos y la proteccion al
desafio. Los resultados indicaron que los pollos puestos en contacto con las
aves que fueron vacunadas con 4 dosis de cada producto no sero-convirtieron al
virus de I:A, y fueron susceptibles al desafio con la cepa de alta
patogenicidad. Variaciones en cuanto a la sero-conversion, fueron observadas
dependiendo de la dosis utilizada para cada producto, asi como una morbilidad y
mortalidad variable a dosis de una decima o una centesima de la vacuna
aplicada. Las vacunas probadas demostraron estar adecuadamente inactivadas y
que no son capaces de causar trastornos en los pollos vacunados, inclusive
hasta con 4 dosis. En este estudio se confirma que estas vacunas, utilizadas a
la dosis indicada, confieren el 100% de proteccion al desafio; pero que dosis
menores a la recomendada causaron morbilidad e inclusive mortalidad cuando a
los pollos se les expuso a un virus altamente patogeno.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, vaccines, application rates, immune response, birds, chickens, domestic
animals, Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Roth, J.A. and A.R. Spickler (2003). A survey of
vaccines produced for OIE List A diseases in OIE member countries. Developmental
Biology 114: 5-58. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Descriptors: pharmacology, pathology, prevention, control,
African horse sickness, Newcastle disease, bluetongue, contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia, foot and mouth disease, goat pox, highly pathogenic avian
influenza, lumpy skin disease, peste des petits ruminants, Rift Valley fever,
rinderpest, sheep pox, swine fever, vesicular stomatitis, Office International
des Epizooties, OIE, List A diseases, member countries, symposium.
Rott, R., H. Becht, and M. Orlich (1974). The
significance of influenza virus neuraminidase in immunity. Journal of
General Virology 22(1): 35-41. ISSN:
0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: antibody formation, antigens, viral, fowl
plague immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, neuraminidase analysis,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, chickens immunology, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, hemagglutinins viral analysis, immune sera, immunization, influenza
veterinary, avian enzymology, neutralization tests, orthomyxoviridae
enzymology, rabbits immunology, swine, swine diseases microbiology.
Rousset, J., M. Cherbonnel, M.O. Le Bras, and V.
Jestin (2003). Experimental challenge model with low pathogenic H7N1 avian
influenza virus to assess protection against infection by these viruses. British
Poultry Science 44(5): 830-1. ISSN:
0007-1668.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, low pathogenic H7N1,
experimental challenge, model, protection.
Saito, T., W. Lim, and M. Tashiro (2004). Attenuation
of a human H9N2 influenza virus in mammalian host by reassortment with an avian
influenza virus. Archives of Virology 149(7): 1397-407. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: In order to develop a surrogate virus strain
for production of an inactivated influenza vaccine against a human H9N2 virus,
A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (HK1073: H9N2) was co-infected in embryonated chicken eggs
with an apathogenic avian influenza virus, A/Duck/Czechoslovakia/56 (Dk/Cz:
H4N6), for gene segment reassortment. Multiple-gene reassortants obtained were
examined for replication in mammalian hosts in vitro and in vivo by infecting
MDCK cells and by intranasal administration to hamsters, respectively. A 2-6
gene reassortant with both surface glycoproteins of HK1073 origin and the rest
of Dk/Cz origin, HK/CZ-13, was shown to replicate poorly in the mammalian hosts
both in vivo and in vitro comparing with HK1073, although this reassortant
replicated as efficiently as each parental strain in embryonated eggs. No
sequence difference was observed in the HA1 region between HK1073 and HK/CZ-13,
indicating that the reassortant would be equivalent in its immunogenicity to
the parental HK1073 strain when it is used as an inactivated vaccine. A virus
strain with attenuation in mammalian hosts is preferable for production of an
H9 vaccine, since it should reduce the risk of manufacturing-related infections
of employees during the vaccine production. HK/CZ-13 can therefore be a
surrogate strain for production of an inactivated vaccine as well as diagnostic
antigens in case of a possible future pandemic caused by an HK1073-like H9
influenza virus.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian genetics, human genetics,
influenza vaccines, reassortant viruses genetics, reassortant viruses
physiology, administration, intranasal, cell line, chick embryo, DNA
complementary chemistry, DNA complementary isolation and purification,
hamsters, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus immunology, avian
pathogenicity, avian physiology, human pathogenicity, human physiology,
mesocricetus, neuraminidase immunology, RNA, viral isolation and purification,
viral metabolism, reassortant viruses immunology, reassortant viruses
pathogenicity, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, sequence
analysis, specific pathogen free organisms, vaccines, attenuated, virus
replication.
Sakoda, Y., T. Ito, K. Okazaki, A. Takada, Y. Ito, K.
Tamai, M. Okamatsu, K.F. Shortridge, R.G. Webster, and H. Kida (2004). Preparation
of a panel of avian influenza viruses of different subtypes for vaccine strains
against future pandemics. International Congress Series 1263:
674-677.
Abstract: For the prediction of future influenza
pandemics, global surveillance of avian influenza has been continuing since
1991 and carried out in Russia, Mongolia, China and Japan from 2000 to 2003.
Influenza virus isolates of 50 combinations of HA and NA subtypes have been
identified and 3 strains selected from each of those are stocked. In addition,
47 other combinations have been generated by standard genetic reassortment
procedure in the laboratory. Since we have already shown that influenza viruses
have been fully adapted to ducks and cause no disease signs and are in
evolutionary stasis in their natural reservoirs, virus isolates from ducks are
ideal as vaccine strains. Thus, influenza viruses of 97 combinations of HA and
NA subtypes are now available as vaccine strain candidates against emerging
pandemic influenza in humans, domestic animals and poultry.
Descriptors: global surveillance, vaccine, avian influenza
virus, pandemic, prediction.
Samadieh, B. and R.A. Bankowski. (1981). Binary
ethylenimine inactivated vaccine against avian influenza-A virus infection in
turkeys. In: VIIth International Congress of the World Veterinary
Poultry Association, Oslo, Norway, p. 56.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, immunity,
inactivated vaccines, turkeys.
Schettler, C.H. (1972). Immunologische Studien mit
Tween-Ather Spaltprodukten von drei serologisch verschiedenen aviaren Influeza
A Viren. [Immunological studies with Tween-ether fission products of three
serologically different avian influenza A viruses]. Tierarztliche
Umschau 27(10): 494-496. ISSN:
0049-3864.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: avian influenza, strains, vaccines,
immunology, ducks.
Schmitt, B. (2003). International standards for
vaccines for List A diseases. Developmental Biology 114: 27-29. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Descriptors: pharmacology, prevention, control, foot and
mouth disease, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, Office International des
Epizooties, OIE, World Trade Organization, WTO, international standards,
international animal health code, List A diseases.
Schroeder, C., H. Heider, B. Hegenscheid, M.
Schoffel, V.I. Bubovich, and H.A. Rosenthal (1985). The anticholinergic
anti-Parkinson drug Norakin selectively inhibits influenza virus replication.
Antiviral Research (Suppl. 1): 95-9.
ISSN: 0166-3542.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.A5
Descriptors: antiviral agents, biperiden pharmacology,
influenza A virus avian drug effects, human drug effects, piperidines
pharmacology, amantadine pharmacology, cell line, chick embryo, drug
interactions, drug resistance, microbial, genes viral drug effects,
hemagglutination, viral drug effects, hemolysis drug effects, avian physiology,
human growth and development, human physiology, interferon type I biosynthesis,
interferons pharmacology, measles virus drug effects, mutation, virus
replication drug effects.
Sears, S.D., M.L. Clements, R.F. Betts, H.F. Maassab,
B.R. Murphy, and M.H. Snyder (1988). Comparison of live, attenuated H1N1 and
H3N2 cold-adapted and avian-human influenza A reassortant viruses and
inactivated virus vaccine in adults. Journal of Infectious Diseases
158(6): 1209-19. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Abstract: The infectivity, immunogenicity, and efficacy
of live, attenuated influenza A/Texas/1/85 (H1N1) and A/Bethesda/1/85 (H3N2)
avian-human (ah) and cold-adapted (ca) reassortant vaccines were compared in
252 seronegative adult volunteers. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the H1N1
reassortant vaccine were also compared with those of the trivalent inactivated
virus vaccine. Each reassortant vaccine was satisfactorily attenuated. The 50%
human infectious dose was 10(4.9) for ca H1N1, 10(5.4) for ah H1N1, 10(6.4) for
ca H3N2, and 10(6.5) TCID50 for ah H3N2 reassortant virus. Within a subtype,
the immunogenicities of ah and ca vaccines were comparable. Five to seven weeks
after vaccination, volunteers were challenged with homologous wild-type
influenza A virus. The magnitude of shedding of virus after challenge was
greater than 100-fold less in H1N1 vaccinees and greater than 10-fold less in
H3N2 vaccinees compared with unimmunized controls. The vaccines were equally
efficacious, as indicated by an 86%-100% reduction in illness. Thus, the ah
A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 and the ca A/Ann Arbor/6/60 reassortant viruses are
comparable.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian immunology, human immunology, influenza vaccine, adult, antibodies,
viral biosynthesis, cold, double blind method, enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay, hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian pathogenicity, avian
physiology, human pathogenicity, human physiology, random allocation, vaccines,
attenuated, vaccines, synthetic, virus replication.
Senne, D.A., B. Panigrahy, and R.L. Morgan (1994). Effect
of composting poultry carcasses on survival of exotic avian viruses: highly
pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and adenovirus of egg drop syndrome-76.
Avian Diseases 38(4): 733-737.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Eight-week-old chickens were inoculated with
one of two exotic viruses to determine the effect of composting on virus
survival. Group 1 chickens were inoculated with highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) virus via the caudal thoracic air sac. Group 2 chickens were
inoculated with the adenovirus that causes egg drop syndrome-76 (EDS-76) by the
oral route. Five days after inoculation, lung, trachea, and air sacs for HPAI
and spleen, cecal tonsils, and bursa of Fabricius for EDS-76 were collected and
composted with poultry carcasses. At the end of the first 10 days of
composting, virus-isolation efforts showed that the HPAI virus had been
inactivated, and only 1 of 20 tissue samples yielded the adenovirus of EDS-76
The viruses of HPAI and EDS-76 were completely inactivated at the end of the
second 10-day period of the two-stage composting process. Control tissues
collected at necropsy and frozen at -70 C for virus isolation were all positive
for virus.
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
aviadenovirus, survival, animal diseases, carcasses, waste disposal,
composting, disease control, adenoviridae, birds, domestic animals,
domesticated birds, environmental protection, Galliformes, influenza virus,
livestock, orthomyxoviridae, pollution control, poultry, processing, useful
animals, viruses, waste management, two stage composting, inactivation.
Seo, S.H. and R.G. Webster (2001). Cross-reactive,
cell-mediated immunity and protection of chickens from lethal H5N1 influenza
virus infection in Hong Kong poultry markets. Journal of Virology
75(6): 2516-25. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: In 1997, avian H5N1 influenza virus
transmitted from chickens to humans resulted in 18 confirmed infections.
Despite harboring lethal H5N1 influenza viruses, most chickens in the Hong Kong
poultry markets showed no disease signs. At this time, H9N2 influenza viruses
were cocirculating in the markets. We investigated the role of H9N2 influenza
viruses in protecting chickens from lethal H5N1 influenza virus infections.
Sera from chickens infected with an H9N2 influenza virus did not cross-react
with an H5N1 influenza virus in neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition
assays. Most chickens primed with an H9N2 influenza virus 3 to 70 days earlier
survived the lethal challenge of an H5N1 influenza virus, but infected birds
shed H5N1 influenza virus in their feces. Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes or
CD8(+) T cells from inbred chickens (B(2)/B(2)) infected with an H9N2 influenza
virus to naive inbred chickens (B(2)/B(2)) protected them from lethal H5N1 influenza
virus. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that T lymphocytes or CD8(+) T cells
from chickens infected with an H9N2 influenza virus recognized target cells
infected with either an H5N1 or H9N2 influenza virus in a dose-dependent
manner. Our findings indicate that cross-reactive cellular immunity induced by
H9N2 influenza viruses protected chickens from lethal infection with H5N1
influenza viruses in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but permitted virus shedding
in the feces. Our findings are the first to suggest that cross-reactive
cellular immunity can change the outcome of avian influenza virus infection in
birds in live markets and create a situation for the perpetuation of H5N1
influenza viruses.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague immunology, fowl plague
virology, influenza A virus avian immunology, T lymphocytes, cytotoxic
immunology, adoptive transfer, cross reactions, fowl plague prevention and
control, hemagglutination inhibition tests, Hong Kong, immunity, cellular,
immunization, avian classification, avian pathogenicity.
Serkedjieva, J., M. Konaklieva, S. Dimitrova
Konaklieva, V. Ivanova, K. Stefanov, and S. Popov (2000). Antiinfluenza
virus effect of extracts from marine algae and invertebrates. Zeitschrift
Fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of Biosciences 55(1-2): 87-93. ISSN: 0341-0382.
NAL
Call Number: QH301.Z4
Abstract: Sixty products, derived from marine
organisms, typical of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, were examined for
inhibitory activity on the reproduction of influenza viruses in tissue
cultures. The antiviral effect was investigated by the reduction of virus
infectivity. Using representative strains of influenza virus it was shown that
apparently the inhibitory effect was strain-specific. The most effective
products were further studied in fertile hen's eggs and in experimental
influenza infection in white mice.
Descriptors: algae chemistry, antiviral agents
pharmacology, influenza drug therapy, influenza A virus avian drug effects,
human drug effects, plant extracts pharmacology, tissue extracts pharmacology,
antiviral agents isolation and purification, chick embryo, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, invertebrates, mice, seawater, species specificity.
Shieh, H.K., S.Y. Tai, J.H. Shien, and S.Y. Chiu
(1993). Studies on the development of adjuvants and inactivated vaccines for
avian influenza. Taiwan Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Husbandry (62): 11-20. ISSN:
0253-9128.
NAL
Call Number: 49 J822
Descriptors: inactivated vaccines, adjuvants,
poultry, immunization, avian influenza
virus.
Shneider, M.A., V.I. Golovkin, N.P. Chizhov, and E.B.
Shtil'bans (1987 ). Amfogliukamin v kompleksnoi khimioterapii nekotorykh
virusnykh zabolevanii. [Amphoglucamine in the combined chemotherapy of viral
diseases]. Voprosy Virusologii 32(6): 736-9. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Descriptors: amphotericin B analogs and derivatives,
influenza drug therapy, multiple sclerosis drug therapy, amphotericin B
pharmacology, amphotericin B therapeutic use, amphotericin B toxicity, chick
embryo, drug evaluation, drug evaluation, preclinical, drug therapy,
combination, influenza A virus avian drug effects, mice, rimantadine
therapeutic use, tilorone therapeutic use, virus replication drug effects.
Shortridge, K.F. and D. Burrows (1997). Prevention
of entry of avian influenza and paramyxoviruses into an ornithological
collection. Veterinary Record 140(14): 373-4. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: avulavirus isolation and purification, bird
diseases prevention and control, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian isolation and purification, rubulavirus infections veterinary,
avulavirus pathogenicity, birds, feces microbiology, avian pathogenicity,
quarantine, rubulavirus infections prevention and control.
Sinnecker, H., R. Sinnecker, and E. Zilske (1982). Detection
of influenza A viruses by sentinel domestic ducks in an ecological survey. Acta
Virologica 26(1-2): 102-4. ISSN:
0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Descriptors: antibodies, viral immunology, ducks
immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, epidemiologic methods, fowl
plague epidemiology.
Sivanandan, V., S. Kodihalli, K.V. Nagaraja, and D.A.
Halvorson (1992). A subunit avian influenza vaccine. Proceedings of
the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 41: 55. ISSN: 0094-8780.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccines.
Smolenskii, V.I., N.G. Osidze, and A.I. Kalashnikov
(1976). Izuchenie putei vydeleniya i sposobov peredachi virusa grippa ptits
v eksperimente. [Experimental study of routes of excretion and methods of
transmission of avian influenzavirus]. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov,
Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya Akademiya 87: 77-82.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemiology, excretion
routes, transmission, secretions.
Snyder, M.H., M.L. Clements, R.F. Betts, R. Dolin,
A.J. Buckler White, E.L. Tierney, and B.R. Murphy (1986). Evaluation of live
avian-human reassortant influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 virus vaccines in
seronegative adult volunteers. Journal of Clinical Microbiology
23(5): 852-7. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: An avian-human reassortant influenza A virus
deriving its genes coding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from the
human influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) virus and its six
"internal" genes from the avian influenza A/Mallard/NY/6750/78 (H2N2)
virus (i.e., a six-gene reassortant) was previously shown to be safe,
infectious, nontransmissible, and immunogenic as a live virus vaccine in adult
humans. Two additional six-gene avian-human reassortant influenza viruses
derived from the mating of wild-type human influenza A/California/10/78 (H1N1)
and A/Korea/1/82 (H3N2) viruses with the avian influenza A/Mallard/NY/78 virus
were evaluated in seronegative (hemagglutination inhibition titer, less than or
equal to 1:8) adult volunteers for safety, infectivity, and immunogenicity to
determine whether human influenza A viruses can be reproducibly attenuated by
the transfer of the six internal genes of the avian influenza A/Mallard/NY/78
virus. The 50% human infectious dose was 10(4.9) 50% tissue culture infectious
doses for the H1N1 reassortant virus and 10(5.4) 50% tissue culture infectious
doses for the H3N2 reassortant virus. Both reassortants were satisfactorily
attenuated with only 5% (H1N1) and 2% (H3N2) of infected vaccines receiving
less than 400 50% human infectious doses developing illness. Consistent with
this level of attenuation, the magnitude of viral shedding after inoculation
was reduced 100-fold (H1N1) to 10,000-fold (H3N2) compared with that produced
by wild-type virus. The duration of virus shedding by vaccines was one-third
that of controls receiving wild-type virus. At 40 to 100 50% human infectious
doses, virus-specific immune responses were seen in 77 to 93% of volunteers.
When vaccinees who has received 10(7.5) 50% tissue culture infectious doses of
the H3N2 vaccine were experimentally challenged with a homologous wild-type
human virus only 2 of 19 (11%) vaccinees became ill compared with 7 of 14 (50%)
unvaccinated seronegative controls ( P < 0.025; protective efficacy, 79%).
Thus, three different virulent human influenza A viruses have been
satisfactorily attenuated by the acquisition of the six internal genes of the
avian influenza A/Mallard/NY/78 virus. The observation that this donor virus
can reproducibly attenuate human influenza A viruses indicates that avian-human
influenza A reassortants should be further studied as potential live influenza
A virus vaccines.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza A
virus avian immunology, human immunology, neuraminidase immunology, viral
vaccines immunology, adult, antibodies, viral biosynthesis, avian growth and
development, human growth and development, virus replication.
Stech, J., H. Garn, M. Wegmann, R. Wagner, and H.D.
Klenk (2005). A new approach to an influenza live vaccine: modification of
the cleavage site of hemagglutinin. Nature Medicine 11(6):
683-689. ISSN: 1078-8956.
Abstract: A reverse genetics approach provides a new
mutant strain where a modified cleavage site within its hemagglutinin depends
on proteolytic activation strictly by elastase.
The new strain grows well in cell culture and is entirely attenuated to
mice. It induced complete protection
against a lethal challenge at a dose of 105 plaque-forming units. This provides an approach that allows
conversion of any epidemic strain into a genetically homologous attenuated
virus.
Descriptors: mutant strain A, WSN, 33, elastase, cell
culture, attenuated virus, strain conversion
Steinhoff, M.C., N.A. Halsey, L.F. Fries, M.H.
Wilson, J. King, B.A. Burns, R.K. Samorodin, V. Perkis, B.R. Murphy, and M.L.
Clements (1991). The A/Mallard/6750/78 avian-human, but not the A/Ann Arbor/6/60
cold-adapted, influenza A/Kawasaki/86 (H1N1) reassortant virus vaccine retains
partial virulence for infants and children. Journal of Infectious
Diseases 163(5): 1023-8. ISSN:
0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Abstract: Characteristics of avian-human (ah) and
cold-adapted (ca) influenza A/Kawasaki/9/86 (H1N1) reassortant vaccine viruses
were compared in 37 seronegative adults and 122 seronegative infants and
children. The 50% human infectious dose (HID50) in infants and children was
10(2.9) and 10(2.6) TCID50 for the ah and ca vaccine, respectively. The ah
influenza A/Kawasaki/9/86 reassortant was reactogenic: 24% of infants and
children infected with greater than or equal to 100 HID50 had fever greater
than or equal to 39.4 degrees C. Since H3N2 ah vaccines were previously shown
to be adequately attenuated, it is reasonable to suggest that the genes that
code for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the H1N1 virus apparently influence
the reactogenicity of reassortant viruses derived from the avian influenza
A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 donor virus. Because this avian virus does not
reproducibly confer a satisfactory level of attenuation to each subtype of
influenza A virus, it is not a suitable donor virus for attenuation of
wild-type influenza viruses. In contrast, the ca A/Ann Arbor/6/60 donor virus
reliably confers attenuation characteristics to a variety of H1N1 and H3N2
influenza A viruses.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian immunology, human immunology, influenza vaccine adverse effects,
adult, child, preschool, infant, influenza etiology, avian pathogenicity, human
pathogenicity, vaccines, attenuated adverse effects, vaccines, synthetic
adverse effects, virulence.
Stephenson, I., R. Bugarini, K.G. Nicholson, A.
Podda, J.M. Wood, M.C. Zambon, and J.M. Katz (2005). Cross-reactivity to
highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses after vaccination with
nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza A/duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccine:
a potential priming strategy. Journal of Infectious Diseases 191(8):
1210-5. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Abstract: Antigenically well-matched vaccines against
highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are urgently required. Human
serum samples after immunization with MF59 or nonadjuvanted A/duck/Singapore/97
(H5N3) vaccine were tested for antibody to 1997-2004 human H5N1 viruses.
Antibody responses to 3 doses of nonadjuvanted vaccine were poor and were
higher after MF59-adjuvanted vaccine, with seroconversion rates to
A/HongKong/156/97, A/HongKong/213/03, A/Thailand/16/04, and A/Vietnam/1203/04
of 100% (P<.0001), 100% (P<.0001), 71% (P=.0004), and 43% (P=.0128) in 14
subjects, respectively, compared with 27%, 27%, 0%, and 0% in 11 who received
nonadjuvanted vaccine. These findings have implications for the rational design
of pandemic vaccines against influenza H5.
Descriptors: adjuvants immunologic, cross-reactions
immunology, influenza vaccines immunology, avian influenza immunology, avian
influenza virology, orthomyxoviridae classification, orthomyxoviridae
immunology, immunosorbent assay, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza vaccines
administration and dosage, influenza vaccines aupply and and distribution,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control,
middle-aged, neutralization tests, orthomyxoviridae genetics, orthomyxoviridae
pathogenicity, Singapore epidemiology, Thailand epidemiology, vaccination,
Vietnam epidemiology.
Stephenson, I., K.G. Nicholson, J.M. Wood, M.C.
Zambon, and J.M. Katz (2004). Confronting the avian influenza threat:
vaccine development for a potential pandemic. Lancet Infectious Diseases
4(8): 499-509. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Abstract: Sporadic human infection with avian influenza
viruses has raised concern that reassortment between human and avian subtypes
could generate viruses of pandemic potential. Vaccination is the principal
means to combat the impact of influenza. During an influenza pandemic the
immune status of the population would differ from that which exists during
interpandemic periods. An emerging pandemic virus will create a surge in
worldwide vaccine demand and new approaches in immunisation strategies may be
needed to ensure optimum protection of unprimed individuals when vaccine
antigen may be limited. The manufacture of vaccines from pathogenic avian
influenza viruses by traditional methods is not feasible for safety reasons as
well as technical issues. Strategies adopted to overcome these issues include
the use of reverse genetic systems to generate reassortant strains, the use of
baculovirus-expressed haemagglutinin or related non-pathogenic avian influenza
strains, and the use of adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. In clinical
trials, conventional surface-antigen influenza virus vaccines produced from
avian viruses have proved poorly immunogenic in immunologically naive
populations. Adjuvanted or whole-virus preparations may improve immunogenicity
and allow sparing of antigen.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza immunology, influenza A virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines
immunology, avian influenza immunology, poultry diseases immunology, influenza
prevention and control, influenza A virus, avian influenza genetics, influenza
vaccines therapeutic use, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry,
poultry diseases prevention and control, reassortant viruses immunology,
vaccination, vaccines, attenuated immunology, attenuated therapeutic use.
Stephenson, I., J.M. Wood, K.G. Nicholson, A.
Charlett, and M.C. Zambon (2004). Detection of anti-H5 responses in human
sera by HI using horse erythrocytes following MF59-adjuvanted influenza
A/Duck/Singapore/97 vaccine. Virus Research 103(1-2): 91-5. ISSN: 0168-1702.
NAL
Call Number: QR375.V6
Abstract: Haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests are a
simple method used to assess immune responses to influenza haemagglutinin.
However, HI tests are insensitive at detection of antibody responses to avian
haemagglutinin after vaccination or natural infection, even in the presence of
high titres of neutralising antibody or virus isolation. Avian influenza
viruses preferentially bind to sialic acid receptors that contain
N-acetylneuraminic acid alpha2,3-galactose (alpha2,3Gal) linkages while human
viruses preferentially bind to those containing N-acetylneuraminic acid
alpha2,6-galactose (alpha2,6Gal) linkages. By using horse erythrocytes in the
HI test and thereby increasing the proportion of alpha2,3Gal linkages available
for binding, we are able to demonstrate improved detection of antibody to avian
H5 in human sera following vaccination with MF59-adjuvanted A/Duck/Singapore/97
surface antigen vaccine. This modified HI test was more sensitive in detection
of anti-H5 antibody evoked by revaccination of primed subjects and may be
useful in assessing potential avian HA vaccine candidates.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, erythrocytes,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus immunology, horses, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines immunology, squalene immunology,
adjuvants, immunologic, hemagglutination inhibition tests methods, influenza
vaccines administration and dosage, polysorbates administration and dosage,
receptors, virus metabolism, squalene administration and dosage, turkeys.
Stephenson, I.N.K.G., R. Gluck, R. Mischler, R.W.
Newman, A.M. Palache, N.Q. Verlander, F. Warburton, J.M. Wood, and M.C. Zambon
(2003). Safety and antigenicity of whole virus and subunit influenza A/Hong
Kong/1073/99 (H9nN2) vaccine in healthy adults: phase I randomised trial. Lancet
362(9400): 1959-1966. ISSN: 0099-5355.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: clinical immunology, humans, infection,
vaccination, clinical techniques, immune response.
Stohr, K. and M. Esveld (2004). Public health.
Will vaccines be available for the next influenza pandemic? Science
306(5705): 2195-6. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza vaccines supply and distribution,
clinical trials, drug industry, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
immunology, avian pathogenicity, human immunology, influenza vaccines
administration and dosage, influenza vaccines economics, international
cooperation, population surveillance, public policy, World Health Organization.
Stone, H., B. Mitchell, and M. Brugh (1997). In
ovo vaccination of chicken embryos with experimental Newcastle disease and
avian influenze oil-emulsion vaccines. Avian Diseases 41(4):
856-863. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Inactivated oil-emulsion (OE) Newcastle
disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) vaccines were injected into 18-day-old
white rock (WR) and white leghorn (WL) chicken embryos to evaluate their
immunologic efficacy and their effects on hatchability. Embryonating eggs were
inoculated at 1.5 inches depth with various vaccine volumes and antigen
concentrations. Serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers were first detected
in chickens at 2 wk posthatch. Protection against morbidity and mortality was
demonstrated in all of 10 chickens vaccinated as embryos and challenged with
viscerotropic velogenic ND virus at 53 days of age and also in all of eight in
ovo- vaccinated chickens challenged with highly pathogenic AI virus at 34 days
of age. All of five unvaccinated control chickens for each respective ND- and
AI-vaccinated group died. In pooled groups from successive hatches, the
hatchability of WR or WL embryos injected with 100 microliters of vaccine was
not significantly different (P > 0.05) from unvaccinated hatchmate controls
when needle gauges of 22, 20, and 18 were used. Seroconversion rates of
chickens vaccinated as embryos ranged from 27% to 100% with ND vaccination and
85% to 100% for AI vaccination. For ND, geometric mean HI titers of chickens
per vaccine group ranged from 11 to 733, and in pooled groups, the range was 49
to 531. Titers for AI vaccine groups ranged from 156 to 1178. This study
demonstrated that acceptable hatchability, seroconversion rates, and protective
immunity can be attained with in ovo inoculation of ND or AI OE vaccines if the
vaccines are prepared with sufficient antigen and administered properly.
Descriptors: chicks, vaccination, Newcastle disease
virus, avian influenza virus, viroses,
vaccines, evaluation, egg hatchability, dosage, antigens, morbidity, mortality,
pathogenicity, application methods, equipment, immune response, immunity,
formulations, needle gauges, efficacy, seroconversion.
Stone, H.D. (1987). Efficacy of avian influenza
oil-emulsion vaccines in chickens of various ages. Avian Diseases
31(3): 483-90. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An experimental avian influenza (AI)
oil-emulsion vaccine was formulated with 1 part inactivated
A/turkey/Wisconsin/68 (H5N9) AI virus emulsified in 4 parts oil. Broilers were
vaccinated subcutaneously (SC) either at 1 or 3 days old or at 4 or 5 wks old.
Commercial white leghorn (WL) layers were vaccinated SC at 12 and 20 wks old or
at only 20 wks old. Maximum geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibition titers
postvaccination (PV) were 1:86-1:320 for broilers, 1:597 for twice-vaccinated
layers, and 1:422 for once-vaccinated layers. Ninety to 100% of vaccinated
broilers were protected against death and morbidity when challenged with highly
pathogenic A/chicken/Penn/83 (H5N2) AI virus 4 weeks PV, and all were protected
when challenged 8 wks PV. All controls and most vaccinates were infected by
challenge virus, and 90-100% of controls died or exhibited clinical signs.
Vaccinated commercial pullets were protected against morbidity, death, and
egg-production decline at either peak of lay (25 wks old) or at 55 wks old. All
unvaccinated controls became morbid or died, and egg production ceased 72 hours
after challenge. The 0.5-ml vaccine dose was determined to contain 251 and 528
mean protective doses (PD50S) in 4-wk-old and 1-year-old SPF WL chickens,
respectively, challenged 4 wks PV.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague prevention and control,
influenza A virus avian immunology, vaccination veterinary, viral vaccines,
specific pathogen free organisms.
Stone, H.D. (1993). Efficacy of experimental
animal and vegetable oil-emulsion vaccines for Newcastle disease and avian
influenza. Avian Diseases 37(2): 399-405. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Acceptable oil-emulsion vaccines were sought
to replace mineral oil-emulsion vaccines that, by regulations, require a 42-day
minimum holding period for poultry between injection and slaughter for
consumption. Water-in-oil emulsions were prepared using animal or vegetable
oils in a ratio of 4 parts oil to 1 part Newcastle disease or avian influenza
aqueous antigen. Beeswax particles suspended in the oil at the 5% or 10% level
(wt:vol) served as the oil-phase surfactant. Hemagglutination-inhibition titers
induced by mineral-oil vaccines were not significantly different from those
induced by the most efficacious formulations prepared from animal and vegetable
oils. Tissue reaction from injection of animal- and vegetable-oil vaccines was
less than that induced by mineral-oil vaccines. An inactivated avian influenza
vaccine formulated from peanut oil induced protection against morbidity and
death when vaccinated chickens were challenged with a virulent isolate of avian
influenza virus.
Descriptors: chickens, vaccines, plant oils, animal oils,
emulsions, vaccination, Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, animal
tissues, side effects, animal morphology, birds, disease control, domestic
animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, immunization, immunostimulation,
immunotherapy, infectious diseases, influenza virus, livestock, oils, physical
states, poultry, processed plant products, processed products, therapy,
toxicity, useful animals, viroses, viruses, adverse effects.
Stone, H.D. (1988). Optimization of
hydrophile-lipophile balance for improved efficacy of Newcastle disease and
avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines. Avian Diseases 32(1):
68-73. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Preparations of inactivated Newcastle disease
(ND) and avian influenza (AI) oil-emulsion vaccines with surfactant
hydrophile-lipophile-balance (HLB) values between 4.3 and 9.5 were evaluated
for their efficacy in broiler-type white rock chickens. Chickens were
vaccinated at 3-4 weeks of age and bled at 2-week intervals over 8 weeks.
Post-vaccinal hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) geometric mean titers
(reciprocals) ranged from 197 to 485 for ND vaccines and from 184 to 1040 for
AI vaccines. Based on the HI response, an HLB value of 7.0 induced the greatest
stimulation of antibody titers. Ten percent surfactant in the oil phase of the
vaccines induced maximum titers at this HLB. The oil:aqueous ratios of the
vaccines did not greatly influence the overall serologic response when the
vaccines had an HLB of 7.0. These results indicate that manipulating surfactant
HLB values of OE vaccine may maximize the HI response in broilers.
Descriptors: chickens immunology, fowl plague prevention
and control, Newcastle disease prevention and control, surface active agents,
viral vaccines therapeutic use, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
poultry.
Stone, H.D., M. Brugh, S.R. Hopkins, H.W. Yoder, and
C.W. Beard (1978). Preparation of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines with
avian viral or Mycoplasma antigens. Avian Diseases 22(4):
666-74. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The influence of the composition of
water-in-oil emulsions on their physical characteristics was determined by
preparing experimental emulsions with various water-to-oil ratios and various
emulsifiers. Emulsions containing Tween 80 in the aqueous phase and Arlacel A
or Arlacel 80 in the oil phase were lower in viscosity than emulsions
containing only an oil-phase emulsifier. Viscosity decreased as the
concentration of oil increased. Oil-emulsion vaccines prepared with aqueous-
and oil-phase emulsifiers had low viscosity, were stable for more than 12 weeks
at 37 C, and induced a marked primary antibody response in chickens.
Descriptors: bacterial vaccines administration and dosage,
Mycoplasma immunology, RNA viruses immunology, viral vaccines
administration and dosage, antibody formation, chickens immunology, emulsions,
infectious bronchitis virus immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology,
methods, mineral oil, Newcastle disease virus immunology, viscosity.
Suarez, D.L. (2000). Bright future for AI
vaccines. World Poultry (Special): 16-17. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: immunization, vaccines, avian influenza
virus, disease control, poultry, disease prevention.
Suarez, D.L. and C.S. Schultz (2000). Immunology
of avian influenza virus: A review. Developmental and Comparative
Immunology 24(2-3): 269-283. ISSN:
0145-305X.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.D4
Abstract: Avian influenza virus can cause serious
disease in a wide variety of birds and mammals, but its natural host range is
in wild ducks, gulls, and shorebirds. Infections in poultry can be inapparent
or cause respiratory disease, decreases in production, or a rapidly fatal
systemic disease known as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). For the
protection of poultry, neutralizing antibody to the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
proteins provide the primary protection against disease. A variety of vaccines
elicit neutralizing antibody, including killed whole virus vaccines and
fowl-pox recombinant vaccines. Antigenic drift of influenza viruses appears to
be less important in causing vaccine failures in poultry as compared to humans.
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte response can reduce viral shedding in mildly
pathogenic avian influenza viruses, but provides questionable protection
against HPAI. Influenza viruses can directly affect the immune response of
infected birds, and the role of the Mx gene, interferons, and other cytokines
in protection from disease remains unknown.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, highly pathogenic
avian influenza, viral disease, avian influenza virus vaccination immunization
method, antigenic drift cellular immunity.
Suarez, D.L. and C.S. Schultz (2000). The effect
of eukaryotic expression vectors and adjuvants on DNA vaccines in chickens
using an avian influenza model. Avian Diseases 44(4): 861-868. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Vaccination of poultry with naked plasmid DNA
has been successfully demonstrated with several different poultry pathogens,
but the technology needs to be further developed before it can be practically
implemented. Many different methods can conceivably enhance the efficacy of DNA
vaccines, and this report examines the use of different eukaryotic expression
vectors with different promoters and different adjuvants to express the
influenza hemagglutinin protein. Four different promoters in five different
plasmids were used to express the hemagglutinin protein of an H5 avian
influenza virus, including two different immediate early cytomegaloviruses
(CMVs), Rous sarcoma virus, chicken actin, and simian virus 40 promoters. All
five constructs expressed detectable hemagglutinin protein in cell culture, but
the pCI-neo HA plasmid with the CMV promoter provided the best response in
chickens when vaccinated intramuscularly at 1 day of age on the basis of
antibody titer and survivability after challenge with a highly pathogenic avian
influenza virus at 6 wk postinoculation. A beneficial response was observed in
birds boostered at 3 wk of age, in birds given larger amounts of DNA, and with the
use of multiple injection sites to administer the vaccine. With the use of the
pCI-neo construct, the effects of different adjuvants designed to increase the
uptake of plasmid DNA, including 25% sucrose, diethylaminoethyl dextran,
calcium phosphate, polybrene, and two different cationic liposomes, were
examined. Both liposomes tested enhanced antibody titers as compared with the
positive controls, but the other chemical adjuvants decreased the antibody
response as compared with the control chickens that received just the plasmid
alone. The results observed are promising for continued studies, but continued
improvements in vaccine response and reduced costs are necessary before the
technology can be commercially developed.
Descriptors: molecular genetics, immune system, influenza,
respiratory system disease, viral disease, avian influenza model physical
model, vaccination preventative method, antibody response, eukaryotic
expression, vectors.
Subbarao, K., H. Chen, D. Swayne, L. Mingay, E.
Fodor, G. Brownlee, X. Xu, X. Lu, J. Katz, N. Cox, and Y. Matsuoka (2003). Evaluation
of a genetically modified reassortant H5N1 influenza A virus vaccine candidate
generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. Virology 305(1):
192-200. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses similar to those that infected humans in Hong Kong in 1997 continue to circulate in waterfowl and have reemerged in poultry in the region, raising concerns that these viruses could reappear in humans. The currently licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines contain hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes from epidemic strains in a background of internal genes derived from the vaccine donor strain, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8). Such reassortant candidate vaccine viruses are currently not licensed for the prevention of human infections by H5N1 influenza viruses. A transfectant H5N1/PR8 virus was generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. The removal of the multibasic amino acid motif in the HA gene associated with high pathogenicity in chickens, and the new genotype of the H5N1/PR8 transfectant virus, attenuated the virus for chickens an