Controls, Preventions
and Vaccines
Abraham, A., V. Sivanandan, D. Karunakaran, D.A.
Halvorson, and J.A. Newman (1988). Comparative serological evaluation of
avian influenza vaccine in turkeys. Avian Diseases 32(4):
659-62. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Four- and six-week-old turkeys were
vaccinated subcutaneously using avian influenza virus (AIV) A/Duck/613/MN/79
(H4N2) killed oil-emulsion vaccine. Sequential serological tests using agar gel
precipitin (AGP), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring antibodies to AIV were performed up
to 4 weeks postvaccination, when birds were challenged intranasally using
A/Turkey/MN/80 (H4N2) live AIV. The ELISA was 25 to 1600 times more sensitive
than the HI test and was able to detect antibody production earlier than the HI
test. All turkeys with an ELISA titer of greater than or equal to 800 were
protected against homologous challenge, as measured by virus recovery 3 days
postchallenge. Four turkeys out of 20 serologically negative by AGP and HI
tests but ELISA-positive were protected.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
sensitivity and specificity, turkeys immunology, viral vaccines immunology,
antibodies, viral analysis, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay veterinary, fowl
plague immunology, fowl plague prevention and control, hemagglutination
inhibition tests veterinary, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
precipitin tests veterinary, vaccines,
inactivated immunology.
Abraham, A.J.S. (1984). Comparative serological
evaluation of avian influenza vaccination in turkeys. Dissertation
Abstracts International, B 45(5): 1381.
NAL
Call Number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: viral diseases, avian influenza.,
turkeys, immunization, ELISA.
Abraham, A.S., V. Sivanadan, D. Karunakaran, and J.A.
Newman (1983). Serological evaluation of avian influenza vaccine in turkeys.
[Abstract]. Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases 64: 39.
NAL
Call Number: SF605.C59
Descriptors: avian influenza, turkeys, vaccine,
serological evaluation, abstract.
Alexander, D.J. (1995). The epidemiology and
control of avian influenza and Newcastle disease. Journal of Comparative
Pathology 112(2): 105-26. ISSN:
0021-9975.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, animal husbandry, animals, domestic, birds, disease outbreaks
prevention and control, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague prevention
and control, fowl plague transmission, influenza A virus avian classification,
Newcastle disease prevention and control, Newcastle disease transmission,
Newcastle disease virus classification, poultry, vaccination veterinary.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). Highly pathogenic avian
influenza. In: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
List A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees, 4th edition, p. 212-220.
ISBN: 92-9044-510-6.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.M36 2000
Descriptors: fowl plague virus, influenza virus A,
immunization, diagnosis, techniques, mortality, pathogenicity, diagnostic
tests, manual of standards, vaccines, Gallus gallus, poultry.
Allan, W.H., C.R. Madeley, and A.P. Kendal (1971). Studies
with avian influenza A viruses: cross protection experiments in chickens. Journal
of General Virology 12(2): 79-84.
ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: antigens, immunization, orthomyxoviridae
immunology, antigens, viral, birds, chickens, cross reactions, erythrocytes
immunology, glycoproteins, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinins
viral analysis, immune sera, injections, intramuscular, neuraminidase analysis,
orthomyxoviridae enzymology, serologic tests, species specificity, turkeys.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza. Epidemiological
Bulletin 25(1): 5-8. ISSN:
0256-1859.
Descriptors: avian influenza virology, Asia, birds
virology, influenza A virus, avian physiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza transmission.
Anonymous (2005). Avian influenza: perfect storm
now gathering? Lancet 365(9462): 820.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza A virus immunology, influenza epidemiology, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, influenza vaccines, avian influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, international cooperation, poultry.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza--the facts from
the WHO. South African Medical Journal; Suid Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir
Geneeskunde 94(3): 158. ISSN:
0256-9574.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, avian
influenza epidemiology, birds, incidence, influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, risk assessment, survival
rate, World Health Organization.
Anonymous (2004). China: towards
"xiaokang", but still living dangerously. Lancet 363(9407): 409. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: public health practice standards, social
change, China epidemiology, communicable disease control standards,
communicable disease control trends, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data, influenza, avian epidemiology,
avian influenza prevention and control, population surveillance methods,
poultry, severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute
respiratory syndrome prevention and control, world health.
Anonymous (2004). Flu: the fowl news. Harvard
Health Letter from Harvard Medical School 29(6): 7. ISSN: 1052-1577.
NAL
Call Number: R11.H3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology, influenza, avian
prevention and control, child, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry.
Anonymous (2004). Fowl flu fuels fears. Nature
Medicine 10(3): 211. ISSN:
1078-8956.
Descriptors: chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines,
influenza prevention and control, influenza, avian epidemiology, zoonoses
epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Getting out into the field, and
forest. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(3): 127. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, poultry diseases transmission, vaccination,
animals, domestic animals, wild birds, disease notification, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, poultry diseases
epidemiology, poultry diseases prevention and control, zoonoses.
Anonymous (2004). World is ill-prepared for
"inevitable" flu pandemic. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization 82(4): 317-8. ISSN:
0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, world health, Asia epidemiology, influenza prevention
and control, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian influenza
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza virology, public health practice.
Apisarnthanarak, A., S. Erb, I. Stephenson, J.M.
Katz, M. Chittaganpitch, S. Sangkitporn, R. Kitphati, P. Thawatsupha, S.
Waicharoen, U. Pinitchai, P. Apisarnthanarak, V.J. Fraser, and L.M. Mundy
(2005). Seroprevalence of anti-H5 antibody among Thai health care workers
after exposure to Avian influenza (H5N1) in a tertiary care center. Clinical
Infectious Diseases 40(2): e16-8.
ISSN: 1537-6591.
NAL
Call Number: RC111.R4
Abstract: After the initial atypical presentation of a
patient with avian influenza (H5N1) infection, paired acute-phase and
convalescent-phase serum samples obtained from 25 health care workers (HCWs)
who were exposed to the patient were compared with paired serum samples
obtained from 24 HCWs who worked at different units in the same hospital and
were not exposed to the patient. There was no serologic evidence of anti-H5 antibody
reactivity or subclinical infection in either of the groups.
Descriptors: H5N1, seroprevalence, anti-H5 antibody,
health care workers, avian influenza, patient, serum samples, exposure.
Bahl, A.K., A. Langston, and R.A. Van Deusen (1979). Prevention
and control of avian influenza in turkeys. Proceedings of the Annual
Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association (83): 355-63. ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, turkeys,
fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague transmission, Minnesota.
Beard, C. (2000). Vaccination can help to control
AI. World Poultry (Special): 18-19.
ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccination, disease
control, disease prevention, poultry.
Beard, C.W. (1981). Immunization approaches to
avian influenza. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on
Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 172-177.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, control,
prevention, immunization, vaccines, symposium.
Beard, C.W. (1981). Turkey influenza vaccination.
Veterinary Record 108(25): 545.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, turkeys,
vaccination veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology, viral vaccines.
Beard, C.W., W.M. Schnitzlein, and D.N. Tripathy
(1992). Effect of route of administration on the efficacy of a recombinant
fowlpox virus against H5N2 avian influenza. Avian Diseases 36(4):
1052-5. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A recombinant fowlpox vaccine virus
containing the H5 hemagglutinin gene of avian influenza virus was administered
to susceptible chickens via wing-web puncture, eye drop, instillation into the
nares, and drinking water. Even though there was a negligible
hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) serologic response, all 10 chickens vaccinated
by wing-web puncture remained without obvious signs of disease and survived
challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of H5N2 avian influenza virus. All
unvaccinated chickens and those vaccinated by nasal and drinking-water routes
died following challenge. Eight of 10 chickens vaccinated with the recombinant
by eyedrop died. All vaccinates were negative on the agar gel precipitin (AGP)
test, and only one chicken had a positive HI titer before challenge. All
chickens that survived challenge had high levels of HI antibody and were
positive on the AGP test, indicating that they were infected by the challenge
virus.
Descriptors: chickens immunology, fowl plague prevention
and control, fowlpox virus immunology, poultry diseases prevention and control,
viral vaccines administration and dosage, evaluation studies, fowl plague
pathology, poultry diseases microbiology, poultry diseases pathology, vaccines,
synthetic administration and dosage, vaccines, synthetic immunology, viral
vaccines immunology.
Beard, C.W., W.M. Schnitzlein, and D.N. Tripathy
(1991). Protection of chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza
virus (H5N2) by recombinant fowlpox viruses. Avian Diseases 35(2): 356-359. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Two recombinant fowlpox viruses containing
the avian influenza H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene were evaluated for their ability
to protect chickens against challenge with a highly pathogenic isolate of avian
influenza virus (H5N2). Susceptible chickens were vaccinated with the parent
fowlpox vaccine virus or recombinant viruses either by wing-web puncture or
comb scarification. Following challenge 4 weeks later with highly pathogenic
avian influenza virus, all birds vaccinated by the wing-web method were
protected by both recombinants, while 50% and 70% mortality occurred in the two
groups of birds vaccinated by comb scarification. Birds vaccinated with the
unaltered parent fowlpox vaccine virus or unvaccinated controls experienced 90%
and 100% mortality, respectively, following challenge.
Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody levels were low, and agar-gel
precipitin results were negative before challenge. Very high HI titers and
positive precipitating antibody responses were observed in all survivors
following challenge.
Descriptors: fowls, avian influenza virus, recombinant
vaccines, fowl pox virus, disease prevention, vaccination, mortality, wing web
puncture, comb scarification.
Belshe, R.B. (1995). A review of attenuation of
influenza viruses by genetic manipulation. American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152(4, Pt. 2): S72-5. ISSN: 1073-449X.
Descriptors: genetic engineering methods, influenza A
virus human genetics, influenza B virus genetics, influenza vaccine genetics,
adult, infant, avian immunology, human immunology, human pathogenicity,
influenza B virus immunology, influenza B virus pathogenicity, influenza
vaccine immunology, vaccines, attenuated genetics, vaccines, attenuated
immunology, vaccines, combined genetics,
vaccines, combined immunology.
Bennink, J.R. and T.N. Palmore (2004). The promise
of siRNAs for the treatment of influenza. Trends in Molecular Medicine
10(12): 571-4. ISSN: 1471-4914.
Abstract: Current WHO reports on the Asian avian
influenza virus outbreaks are poignant reminders of the potential for the
emergence of highly virulent strains of influenza A virus (IAV) and the fact
that it remains a scourge on human health. As IAV drifts and shifts its genetic
and antigenic composition, it presents an ever-changing challenge for vaccines
and antiviral medications. Short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the latest class
of potential antiviral therapeutics to be developed. Recent reports using
siRNAs in mice suggest that they hold great promise for the prevention and
treatment of IAV infections.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, influenza
drug therapy, influenza A virus genetics, small interfering RNA therapeutic
use, mice, RNA interference physiology, short-interfering RNA.
Beyer, R.S. (1996). Avian influenza prevention in
gamebird and ratite facilities. MF, Cooperative Extension Service,
Kansas State University (2114): 2.
Online: www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/LVSTK2/Mf2114.pdf
NAL
Call Number: S544.3.K2K3 no. 2114
Descriptors: avian influenza, prevention, game birds,
Ratites.
Bogdan, J., O.J. Vrtiak, R. Polony, and T. Pauer
(1968). Dynamics of immunomorphological changes in the organs of chickens
after immunization with BPL vaccine and after challenge with fowl plague virus.
Bulletin Office International Des Epizooties 69(5): 725-44. ISSN: 0300-9823.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 OF2
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases immunology, antibody
formation, chickens, lactones, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology,
vaccination, vaccines.
Boyle, D.B. and H.G. Heine (1993). Recombinant
fowlpox virus vaccines for poultry. Immunology and Cell Biology
71(5): 391-397. ISSN: 0818-9641.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.I43
Abstract: The intensive poultry industries rely heavily
upon the use of vaccines for disease control. Viral vector based vaccines offer
new avenues for the development of vaccines for effective disease control in
poultry. Techniques developed for the construction of recombinant vaccinia
viruses have been readily adapted to the construction of recombinant viruses
based on fowlpox virus (rFPV). The ability to insert several genes into the
large genome of fowlpox may enable the development of multivalent vaccines and
vaccines incorporating immune response modifiers such as lymphokines. Newcastle
disease, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease and Marek's disease
antigens expressed by rFPV have been shown to be effective vaccines in poultry.
None appear, however, to provide a substantial improvement in vaccine efficacy.
Recombinant FPV will be a valuable adjunct to conventional vaccines currently
in widespread use. Whether rFPV or other vector based vaccines can circumvent
the problems of vaccination in the presence of high maternally derived
antibodies is yet to be resolved. The observation that avipoxvirus recombinants
may be suitable for the vaccination of non-avian species provides an added
dimension to vaccines based on FPV or other avipoxviruses. Recombinant FPV will
be a valuable adjunct to conventional vaccines currently in widespread use.
Whether rFPV or other find a useful role in poultry disease control when used
in conjunction with conventional vaccines.
Descriptors: genetics, immune system, infection,
microbiology, pharmacology, veterinary medicine, avian influenza virus
biotechnology genetic engineering.
Boyle, D.B., P. Selleck, and H.G. Heine (2000). Vaccinating
chickens against avian influenza with fowlpox recombinants expressing the H7
haemagglutinin. Australian Veterinary Journal 78(1): 44-8. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vaccine efficacy
of a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the H7 haemagglutinin of avian
influenza virus in poultry. PROCEDURE: Specific-pathogen-free poultry were
vaccinated with fowlpox recombinants expressing H7 or H1 haemagglutinins of
influenza virus. Chickens were vaccinated at 2 or 7 days of age and challenged
with virulent Australian avian influenza virus at 10 and 21 days later,
respectively. Morbidity and mortality, body weight change and the development
of immune responses to influenza haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein were
recorded. RESULTS: Vaccination of poultry with fowlpox H7 avian influenza virus
recombinants induced protective immune responses. All chickens vaccinated at 7
days of age and challenged 21 days later were protected from death. Few clinical
signs of infection developed. In contrast, unvaccinated or chickens vaccinated
with a non-recombinant fowlpox or a fowlpox expressing the H1 haemagglutinin of
human influenza were highly susceptible to avian influenza. All those chickens
died within 72 h of challenge. In younger chickens, vaccinated at 2 days of age
and challenged 10 days later the protection was lower with 80% of chickens
protected from death. Chickens surviving vaccination and challenge had high
antibody responses to haemagglutinin and primary antibody responses to
nucleoprotein suggesting that although vaccination protected substantially
against disease it failed to completely prevent replication of the challenge
avian influenza virus. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of chickens with fowlpox virus
expressing the avian influenza H7 haemagglutinin provided good protection
against experimental challenge with virulent avian influenza of H7 type.
Although eradication will remain the method of first choice for control of
avian influenza, in the circumstances of a continuing and widespread outbreak
the availability of vaccines based upon fowlpox recombinants provides an
additional method for disease control.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague immunology, fowl plague
prevention and control, fowlpox virus immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, vaccines, synthetic, viral vaccines, antibodies, viral blood, DNA
primers, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, fowl plague blood, fowlpox virus
classification, fowlpox virus genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus immunology,
influenza A virus avian genetics, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction, specific pathogen free organisms.
Bright, R.A., T.M. Ross, K. Subbarao, H.L. Robinson,
and J.M. Katz (2003). Impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of a
DNA-based influenza H5 HA vaccine. Virology 308(2): 270-278. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from
humans in Hong Kong in 1997 were divided into two antigenic groups based on the
presence or absence of a potential glycosylation site at amino acid residues
154-156 in the HA1 region of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein.
To assess the impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of an HA-expressing
DNA vaccine, a series of plasmid vaccine constructs that differed in the
presence of potential glycosylation sites at amino acid residues 154-156,
165-167, and 286-288 were used to immunize BALB/c mice. Postvaccination serum
IgG, hemagglutination inhibition, and neutralizing antibody titers as well as
the morbidity and mortality following a lethal H5N1 viral challenge did not
vary significantly among any of the experimental groups. We conclude that the
glycosylation pattern of the influenza virus HA1 domain has little impact on
the murine antibody response raised to a DNA vaccine encoding the H5 HA,
thereby minimizing the concern that the pattern of glycosylation sites encoded
by the vaccine match those of closely related H5 viruses.
Descriptors: immune system, pharmacology, antibody
response glycosylation.
Brooks, M.J., J.J. Sasadeusz, and G.A. Tannock (
2004). Antiviral chemotherapeutic agents against respiratory viruses: where
are we now and what's in the pipeline? Current Opinion in Pulmonary
Medicine 10(3): 197-203. ISSN:
1070-5287.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The emergence of severe
acute respiratory syndrome in late 2002 and the recent outbreaks of avian
influenza in Asia are timely reminders of the ever present risks from
respiratory viral diseases. Apart from influenza, there are no vaccines and
very few antiviral chemotherapeutic agents available for the prevention and
treatment of respiratory viral infections-the most common cause of human illness.
If the current H5N1 avian influenza outbreak ever assumes the role of a
pandemic, formidable technical difficulties relating to the properties of the
agent, itself, will ensure that vaccines will only become available after a
significant lead time and then only to a relatively small percentage of the
population. The use of existing antivirals could be critical in limiting the
initial spread of a pandemic, although their use in the control of epidemics
caused by nonpandemic viruses has not been evaluated. It is against this
background that a review of recent developments in respiratory antivirals has
been undertaken. RECENT FINDINGS: The late 1990s were a period of unprecedented
activity in the development of new and much superior antivirals for the treatment
of influenza infections. However, during the past 2 to 3 years and largely for
commercial reasons, there has been a decline in interest in their further
development by major drug companies. This situation may soon change with the
possible advent of new pandemic viruses, and moves are afoot in several
countries to consider the stockpiling of antivirals. The neuraminidase
inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir, and the M2 inhibitors amantadine and
rimantadine, remain the only options for controlling respiratory disease caused
by influenza viruses, although the latter two could not be used against very
recent H5N1 strains. There are several other neuraminidase inhibitors in
development. Compounds with activity against other respiratory viruses, notably
rhinoviruses, are also in development, many based on a newer knowledge of viral
protein structure and function (rational drug design). SUMMARY: The following
is an overview of recent papers on the further development of neuraminidase
inhibitors against influenza viruses and on recent development of newer
antivirals against RSV and rhinoviruses. Where possible, comparisons are made
with existing antivirals. For considerations of space, this review has been
structured around stages in the replication cycle of significant respiratory
viruses that have been traditionally used as targets for inhibition.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, respiratory
tract infections drug therapy, respiratory tract infections virology, virus
diseases drug therapy, antiviral agents pharmacology, drugs investigational
pharmacology, drugs investigational therapeutic use, enzyme inhibitors
pharmacology, enzyme inhibitors therapeutic use, ion channels antagonists and
inhibitors.
Brower, V. (2005). Variability is its specialty.
Influenza vaccine shortages and the spectre of an avian influenza epidemic.
EMBO Reports 6(1): 13-6. ISSN:
1469-221X.
NAL
Call Number: QH506.E46
Descriptors: influenza, vaccine, variability, avian
influenza, epidemic, shortages.
Brown, D.W., Y. Kawaoka, R.G. Webster, and H.L.
Robinson (1992). Assessment of retrovirus-expressed nucleoprotein as a
vaccine against lethal influenza virus infections of chickens. Avian
Diseases 36(3): 515-20. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AV5
Abstract: Hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccines
stimulate protection in chickens that is limited to the serotype of the
expressed hemagglutinin. To evaluate whether a more highly conserved influenza
virus protein might stimulate a broader protective response, the influenza virus
nucleoprotein (NP) was introduced into a retroviral vector (mRCAS/NP). NP is an
internal influenza virus protein that has been shown to stimulate cytotoxic
T-cell responses in influenza-virus-infected mice. Cells infected with mRCAS/NP
expressed approximately 10% of the level of NP observed in
influenza-virus-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Immunocompetent chicks
were vaccinated intramuscularly with approximately 1 x 10(5) NP-expressing
units of mRCAS/NP. Four weeks later, chicks were bled and challenged with a
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (A/Chicken/Victoria/1/85). The
NP-expressing vector stimulated an influenza-virus-specific response, as
indicated by the presence of antibody to NP, but failed to protect against the
lethal challenge.
Descriptors: chickens immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, nucleoproteins immunology, poultry
diseases immunology, viral core proteins immunology, antibodies, viral blood,
fowl plague immunology, genetic vectors immunology, influenza vaccine
biosynthesis, leukosis virus, avian metabolism, nucleoproteins biosynthesis,
poultry diseases microbiology, vaccines, synthetic biosynthesis, vaccines,
synthetic immunology, viral core proteins biosynthesis.
Brugh, M., C.W. Beard, and H.D. Stone (1979). Immunization
of chickens and turkeys against avian influenza with monovalent and polyvalent
oil emulsion vaccines. American Journal of Veterinary Research
40(2): 165-9. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Chickens and turkeys vaccinated with
inactivated virus oil-emulsion vaccines containing different concentrations of
either 1 (monovalent) or 4 (polyvalent) strains of avian influenza virus (AIV)
were challenged-exposed with virulent AIV A/chicken/Scotland/59 or
A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66. Four of 6 vaccines protected completely against
postexposure mortality. Vaccine valency did not alter the serologic and
challenge-exposure responses of chickens vaccinated with AIV
A/turkey/Wisconsin/68, which was the virus component common to both monovalent
and polyvalent vaccines. The magnitude of the serologic responses and
protection against challenge-exposure were dependent on the concentration of
virus in the vaccines. These data indicate that control of virulent AIV in
chickens and turkeys by vaccination with inactivated vaccines may be feasible.
Descriptors: chickens, influenza veterinary, influenza
vaccine administration and dosage, poultry diseases prevention and control,
turkeys, vaccination veterinary, antigens,
viral immunology, emulsions, hemagglutinins viral analysis, immunity, influenza
immunology, influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus immunology,
oils, poultry diseases immunology.
Butterfield, W.K. and C.H. Campbell (1978). Vaccination for fowl plague. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 39(4): 671-4. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 virus has
antigenic characteristics of fowl plague virus but is avirulent for chickens.
The virus was inoculated intratracheally in chickens at several dosage levels
and resulted in the formation of antibody and immunity against fowl plague. The
avirulent virus replicated in chickens and was recoverable by tracheal swab
specimens up to 4 days after inoculation. Although the virus was transmitted to
contact controls at the time when their cagemates were inoculated, it was not
transmitted to contact controls placed with chickens inoculated 24 hours
earlier. After 10 passages in chickens, the virus remained avirulent for
chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague prevention and control,
vaccination veterinary, antibodies, viral analysis, influenza A virus avian
growth and development, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification,
trachea microbiology, viral vaccines, virulence.
Butterfield, W.K. and C.H. Campbell (1978). Vaccination of chickens with influenza
A/Turkey/Oregon/71 virus and immunity challenge exposure to five strains of
fowl plague virus. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United
States Animal Health Association (82): 320-4. ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian growth and development, immunology, chickens, cloaca
microbiology, fowl plague immunology, vaccination.
Canada. Health Canada (2004). Statement on
influenza vaccination for the 2004-2005 season. Canada Communicable
Disease Report; Releve Des Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada 30(ACS-3):
1-32. ISSN: 1188-4169.
Descriptors: human diseases, immunization, influenza,
occupational hazards, infected poultry.
Capua, I., G. Cattoli, and S. Marangon (2004). DIVA--a
vaccination strategy enabling the detection of field exposure to avian
influenza. Developmental Biology (Basel) 119: 229-33. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Abstract: The present paper reports on the development,
validation and field application of a control strategy for avian influenza
infections in poultry. The "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from
Vaccinated Animals) strategy is based on the use of an inactivated oil emulsion
vaccine containing the same haemagglutinin (H) subtype as the challenge virus,
but a different neuraminidase (N). The possibility of using the heterologous N
subtype, to differentiate between vaccinated and naturally infected birds, was
investigated through the development of an "ad hoc" serological test
based on the detection of specific anti-N antibodies. This test is based on an
indirect fluorescent antibody assay, using as an antigen a baculovirus expressing
recombinant N proteins. The vaccination strategy has been tested in the
laboratory and shown to be efficacious both against challenge with highly
pathogenic AI viruses and with low pathogenicity AI viruses, ensuring clinical
protection, reduction of duration and titre of shedding. In addition,
vaccination resulted in an increased resistance to infection. The companion
diagnostic tests directed to the detection of anti-N1 and anti-N3 antibodies
have been validated in the laboratory and using field samples. The serological
assay showed an "almost perfect agreement" (Kappa value) with the HI
test, with relative sensitivity and specificity values of 98.1 and 95.7,
respectively. The results of the present investigation suggest that the
"DIVA" control strategy may represent a tool to support the
eradication of avian influenza infections in poultry.
Descriptors: animals, viral blood antibodies, viral
immunology antibodies, genetic engineering, avian influenza A virus enzymology,
avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza prevention and control,
neuraminidase genetics, poultry, sensitivity and specificity, veterinary
serologic tests, marker vaccines, viral vaccines immunology, virus shedding.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2002). "DIVA"
was a successful strategy to eradicate avian influenza in Italy. World
Poultry 18(7): 44-45. ISSN:
1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: poultry, disease control, epidemics, immune
response, immunization, avian influenza virus, DIVA, Italy.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2004). Novel
perspectives for the control of avian influenza. Zootecnica
International (2): 48-57. ISSN:
0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, vaccination, regulations, fowl.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2003). Vaccination in
the control of avian influenza in the EU. Veterinary Record 152(9):
271. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: avian influenza, control, distribution,
prevalence, European Union, Italy, outbreaks, poultry, vaccination.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon. (2003). Vaccination
policy applied for the control of avian influenza in Italy. In: Vaccines
for OIE list A and emerging animal diseases. Proceedings of a symposium, Ames,
Iowa, USA, Developments in Biologicals, p. 213-219. ISBN: 3-8055-7577-7
NAL
Call Number:
QR180.3.D4 v. 114
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, control
programs, disease control, immunization, poultry, Italy.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, M. Dalla Pozza, and U.
Santucci (2000). Vaccination for avian influenza in Italy. Veterinary Record 147(26): 751. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus avian immunology, vaccination veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, Italy epidemiology, poultry.
Capua, I., C. Terregino, G. Cattoli, and A. Toffan
(2004). Increased resistance of vaccinated turkeys to experimental infection
with an H7N3 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Pathology
33(2): 158-163. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
disease prevention, disease resistance, experimental infection, immune
response, vaccination, turkeys.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2003). The use of
vaccination as an option for the control of avian influenza. Avian
Pathology 32(4): 335-343. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Recent epidemics of highly contagious animal
diseases included in list A of the Office International des Epizooties, such as
foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza (AI), have
led to the implementation of stamping-out policies resulting in the
depopulation of millions of animals. The enforcement of a control strategy
based on culling animals that are infected, suspected of being infected or
suspected of being contaminated, which is based only on the application of
sanitary restrictions on farms, may not be sufficient to avoid the spread of
infection, particularly in areas that have high animal densities, thus
resulting in mass depopulation. In the European Union, the directive that
imposes the enforcement of a stamping-out policy (92/40/EC) for AI was adopted
in 1992 but was drafted in the 1980s. The poultry industry has undergone
substantial changes in the past 20 years, mainly resulting in shorter
production cycles and in higher animal densities per territorial unit. Due to
these organizational changes, infectious diseases are significantly more
difficult to control because of the greater number of susceptible animals
reared per given unit of time and due to the difficulties in applying adequate
biosecurity measures. The slaughter and destruction of great numbers of animals
is also questionable from an ethical point of view. For this reason, mass
depopulation has raised serious concerns for the general public and has
recently led to very high costs and economic losses for national and federal
governments, stakeholders and, ultimately, for consumers. In the past, the use
of vaccines in such emergencies has been limited by the impossibility of
differentiating vaccinated/infected from vaccinated/noninfected animals. The
major concern was that through trade or movement of apparently uninfected
animals or products, the disease could spread further or might be exported to
other countries. For this reason, export bans have been imposed on countries
enforcing a vaccination policy. This review considers the possible strategies
for the control of avian influenza infections, bearing in mind the new proposed
definition of AI, including the advantages and disadvantages of using
conventional inactivated (homologous and heterologous) vaccines and recombinant
vaccines. Reference is made to the different control strategies, including the
restriction measures to be applied in case of the enforcement of a vaccination
policy. In addition, the implications of a vaccination policy on trade are
discussed. It is concluded that if vaccination is accepted as an option for the
control of AI, vaccine banks, including companion diagnostic tests, must be
established and made available for immediate use.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health,
veterinary medicine, avian influenza, epidemiology, infectious disease,
prevention and control, respiratory system disease, viral disease, vaccination,
clinical techniques, biosecurity, disease control strategies, disease control
vaccination policy, epizootics, slaughter and destruction, disease control.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2004). Vaccination for
avian influenza in Asia. Vaccine 22(31-32): 4137-4138. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Descriptors: avian influenza, infection, vaccination, prevention and control, Food and Agriculture
Organization, Asia.
Capua, I., C. Terregino, G. Cattoli, F. Mutinelli,
and J.F. Rodriguez (2003). Development of a DIVA (Differentiating Infected
from Vaccinated Animals) strategy using a vaccine containing a heterologous
neuraminidase for the control of avian influenza. Avian Pathology
32(1): 47-55. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The present paper reports of the development
and validation of a control strategy for avian influenza infections in poultry.
The "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals)
strategy is based on the use of an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine containing
the same haemagglutinin (H) subtype as the challenge virus, but a different
neuraminidase (N). The possibility of using the heterologous N subtype, to
differentiate between vaccinated and naturally infected birds, was investigated
through the development of an "ad hoc" serological test based on the
detection of specific anti-N1 antibodies. This was achieved using a baculovirus
expressing a recombinant N1 protein. The A/ck/Pakistan/H7N3 virus was used as a
vaccine and birds were challenged with the HPAI A/ty/Italy/4580/V99/H7N1
strain. The homologous H group ensured a clinical protection of 93% regardless
of the vaccination scheme used, and was able to prevent viraemia and muscle
colonization in the clinically healthy challenged birds. However, it was not
able to prevent viral shedding. The "ad hoc" serological assay was
developed as an indirect immunofluorescence test, and was validated using 608
field sera, and showed an "almost perfect agreement" (Kappa value)
with the HI test, with relative sensitivity and specificity values of 98.1 and
95.7, respectively. The results of the present investigation suggest that the
"DIVA" control strategy may represent a tool for the control of avian
influenza infections in poultry.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, pharmacology, avian
influenza, infectious disease, viral disease, differentiating infected from
vaccinated animals strategy (DIVA strategy) clinical techniques, laboratory
techniques, poultry vaccination clinical techniques, therapeutic and
prophylactic techniques, serological assay clinical techniques, diagnostic
techniques, laboratory techniques, viral challenge clinical techniques.
Capua, l., G. Cattoli, S. Marangon, L. Bortolotti,
and G. Ortali (2002). Strategies for the control of avian influenza in
Italy. Veterinary Record 150(7): 223. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian isolation and purification, birds, Italy.
Ceron H, M., H. Rodriguez Velazco, D. Garcia L, R.
Palacios Miguel, T. Mickle R, E. Montiel N, H. Tinoco G, and J. Garcia Garcia.
(1996). Estudios de evaluacion de una vacuna recombinante para prevenir la
influenza aviar. III. Interferencia de la inmunidad pasiva con la vacunacion.
[Studies on fowl pox-avian influenza recombinant vaccine. III. Passive immunity
to vaccination]. In: Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Cuernavaca, Morelos, (Mexico), p. 134.
Abstract: En virtud de la sero-conversion observada,
en pollos centinelas, al virus de Influenza Aviar (IA) en ciertas zonas
avicolas del pais, los productores de pollo introducen en sus granjas pollos
con anticuerpos maternos como una medida de prevencion. El objeto del presente
trabajo fue el de determinar si los pollos con anticuerpos maternos, como una
medida de la inmunidad pasiva, tenian una respuesta diferencial con respecto a
los pollos sin anticuerpos, al ser vacunados al primer dia de edad con la
vacuna recombinante de Viruela-Influenza Aviar. Se realizaron 2 estudios en los
que grupos de 15 y 30 pollos respectivamente para cada estudio, se siguieron
serologicamente despues de vacunarlos al dia de edad. Se realizaron desafios a
los 7, 21, 35 y 49 dias post-vacunacion para el primer estudio y a los 7, 21 y
49 dias para el segundo. En todos los casos, los pollos a los 49 dias
post-vacunacion fueron serologicamente negativos en la prueba de inhibicion de
la hemoaglutinacion. comparados con pollos que fueron vacunados con vacuna
emulsionada en que mostraron el 100% de sero-conversion en este periodo. En
cuanto a la proteccion al desafio tanto los pollos con anticuerpos como los sin
anticuerpos maternos estuvieron protegidos con la vacuna recombinante al
momento de los desafios. Los resultados indican que la vacuna recombinante aqui
probada induce una buena proteccion al ser aplicada en pollos comerciales de
engorda tanto aquellos que tienen inmunidad pasiva como a los que no la tienen.
De tal manera que este estado no limita la utilizacion de la vacuna.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza
virus, synthetic vaccines, immune response, maternal immunity, birds, chickens,
domestic animals, Galliformes, immunity, influenza virus, livestock, meat
animals, orthomyxoviridae, passive immunity, poultry, useful animals, vaccines,
viruses.
Chambers, T.M. and R.G. Webster (1991). Protection
of chickens from lethal influenza virus infection by influenza
A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83 virus: characterization of the protective effect.
Virology 183(1): 427-32. ISSN:
0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: The influenza A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83
(H5N2) virus is the first known example of an influenza virus isolated from a
natural infection which contained primarily defective interfering particles (T.
M. Chambers and R. G. Webster, J. Virol. 61, 1517-1523, 1987). In chickens,
coinoculation of this virus together with the closely related but highly
virulent influenza A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 virus results in reduced
mortality compared to virulent virus infection alone (Bean et al., J. Virol.
54, 151-160, 1985). The biological basis of this protective effect has not been
established. Protective activity required greater than or equal to 100-fold
excess input of protecting virus over virulent virus, functioned effectively
during the first generations of virulent virus multiplication, and also
functioned against an antigenically heterologous (H7N7) virulent influenza
virus. Protection was correlated with the complete inhibition of virulent virus
spread to the brain of infected chickens. Plaque-purified
chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83 virus depleted of defective interfering particles,
and beta-propiolactone-inactivated virus, had no protective effect. These
characteristics are consistent with the hypothesis that protection was the
result of defective interfering particle-mediated interference with virulent
virus multiplication within the respiratory tract of the chicken.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian pathogenicity, viral vaccines therapeutic use, chickens, disease
outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, avian growth and development, propiolactone
pharmacology, United States epidemiology, virulence, virus activation.
Chen, H., Y. Matsuoka, Q. Chen, N.J. Cox, B.R.
Murphy, and K. Subbarao (2003). Generation and characterization of an H9N2
cold-adapted reassortant as a vaccine candidate. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1127-1130. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses have
been identified in avian species worldwide, and infections in pigs were
confirmed in Hong Kong in 1998. Subsequently, H9N2 viruses were isolated from
two children in Hong Kong in 1999, and five human infections were reported from
China, raising the possibility that H9N2 viruses pose a potential pandemic
threat for humans. These events prompted us to develop a vaccine candidate to
protect humans against this subtype of influenza A viruses. Reassortant H1N1
and H3N2 human influenza A viruses with the six internal gene segments of A/Ann
Arbor/6/60 (H2N2)(AA) cold-adapted (ca) virus have been tested extensively in
humans and have proved to be attenuated and safe as live virus vaccines. Using
classical genetic reassortment, we generated a reassortant that contains the
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) and
six internal gene segments from the AAca virus. The G9/AAca reassortant virus
exhibits the ca phenotype and the temperature-sensitive phenotypes of the AAca
virus and was attenuated in mice. The reassortant virus was immunogenic and
protected mice from wild-type H9N2 virus challenge. The G9/AAca virus bears the
in vitro and in vivo phenotypes specified by the AAca virus and will be
evaluated as a potential vaccine candidate in humans.
Descriptors: infection, pharmaceuticals, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, candidate
vaccine strains, genetic reassortment, temperature sensitive phenotypes.
Chen Hua Lan, Yu Kang Zhen, Tian Guo Bin, Tang Xiu
Ying, and Lu Jing Liang (1998). Protective
immune response against avian influenza virus in chicken induced by DNA
inoculation. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 31(5): 63-68. ISSN: 0578-1752.
NAL
Call Number: S471.C6N89
Descriptors: immune response, DNA vaccines, vaccine
development, avian influenza virus, chickens.
Chen, H., K. Subbarao, D. Swayne, Q. Chen, X. Lu, J.
Katz, N. Cox, and Y. Matsuoka (2003). Generation and evaluation of a
high-growth reassortant H9N2 influenza A virus as a pandemic vaccine candidate.
Vaccine 21(17-18): 1974-1979.
ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs)
are widely distributed in avian species and were isolated from humans in Hong
Kong and Guangdong province, China in 1999 raising concern of their potential
for pandemic spread. We generated a high-growth reassortant virus (G9/PR8) that
contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from the H9N2
avian influenza virus A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (G9) and six internal genes
from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) by genetic reassortment, for evaluation as a
potential vaccine candidate in humans. Pathogenicity studies showed that the
G9/PR8 reassortant was not highly pathogenic for mice or chickens. Two doses of
a formalin-inactivated G9/PR8 virus vaccine induced hemagglutination inhibiting
antibodies and conferred complete protection against challenge with G9 and the
antigenically distinct H9N2 A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (G1-like) virus in a mouse
model. These results indicate that the high growth G9/PR8 reassortant has
properties that are desirable in a vaccine seed virus and is suitable for
evaluation in humans for use in the event of an H9 pandemic.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, influenza A virus
infection, prevention and control, viral disease.
Chen Yi Ping, Wu Li Li, Wan Hong Quan, Xu Yi Min,
Wang Bao An, and Zhu Kun Xi (2002). Effect
of experimental infection with H9 avian influenza virus on the immune system of
chicken. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science 22(2): 153-154. ISSN: 1005-4545.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: immune system, leokocytes, lymphocytes,
avian influenza virus, experimental infection, chicken.
Chen, Z.E. (2004). Influenza DNA vaccine: an
update. Chinese Medical Journal Beijing 117(1): 125-132. ISSN: 0366-6999.
Descriptors: DNA vaccines, genes, human diseases, immune
response, immunization, influenza A, influenza B, reviews, influenza virus A,
influenza virus B.
Cheng Jian, Liu Xiu Fan, Peng Da Xin, Liu Hong Qi, Wu Yan Tao, and Zhang Ru Kuang
(2003). Recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing HA from subtype H9N2
of avian influenza virus and chicken type II interferon and its protective
efficacy against homologous challenge in chickens. Chinese Journal of
Virology 19(1): 52-58. ISSN:
1000-8721.
Descriptors: recombinant vaccines, avian influenza virus,
fowl pox virus, hemagglutinins, interferon, chickens.
Cheng, J., X. Liu, D. Pen, and H. Liu (2002). Recombinant fowlpox virus expressing HA from
subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus and its protective immunity against
homologous challenge in chickens. Weishengwu Xuebao 42(4):
442-447. ISSN: 0001-6209.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ac83
Abstract: The hemagglutinin (HA) gene from the AIV,
A/Chicken/China/F/1998 (H9N2) was amplified with the RT-PCR technique and
directionally inserted into transferring vector 1175, resulted in recombinant
transferring vector 1175HA. In order to generate recombinant fowlpox virus
expressing HA (rFPV-HA), the recombinant transferring vector 1175HA was used to
transfect the chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) pre-infected with wide type
fowlpox virus. Then, by selection of blue plaques on the CEF overlaid with agar
containing X-gal, rFPV-HA was obtained and purified. The expression of HA by
rFPV-HA was detected in the recombinant virus-infected CEF by indirect
immunofluorescence. Experiments on chickens demonstrated that rFPV-HA could
induce detectable HI antibodies 7 days post-vaccination and those HI antibodies
of relatively high titers could persist 55 days. rFPV-HA also had the same
protective efficacies to suppress SPF chickens or commercial broiler chickens
with antibodies against FPV from shedding challenged virus from intestine as
inactivated vaccine in oil emulsion.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, methods and
techniques, avian influenza, viral disease, protective immunity.
Cherbonnel, M., J. Rousset, and V. Jestin (2003). Strategies
to improve protection against low-pathogenicity H7 avian influenza virus
infection using DNA vaccines. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1181-1186. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Eukaryotic expression plasmids encoding
either the avian influenza hemagglutinin or matrix genes (pCMV-HA and pCMV-M,
respectively) were constructed. The viral genes were derived from a
low-pathogenicity H7N1 strain, A/Chicken/Italy/1067/99, isolated during the
1999-2001 epizootic in Italy. The plasmid was administered to 4-to-5-wk-old
specific-pathogen-free chickens by several different injection methods. For the
initial studies comparing methods of vaccine injection, results were compared
based on hemagglutination inhibition (HI) response following immunization with
pCMV-HA. Additional studies with coadministration of both pCMV-HA and pCMV-M
was evaluated based on HI response and viral isolation after homologous
challenge. Preliminary results indicate that a device intended to inject
insulin in humans (Medijector) and the coadministration of both plasmids
improved protection against H7 infection.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, pharmaceuticals,
public health, avian influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease,
viral disease, immunization clinical techniques, therapeutic and prophylactic
techniques, epizootic.
Clough, J.D. (2004). Birds, viruses, and history:
the current 'genuine adventure'. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
71(4): 270. ISSN: 0891-1150.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, virus
diseases epidemiology, birds, communicable diseases epidemiology, incidence,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, risk assessment, severe
acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome
prevention and control, virus diseases prevention and control, world health.
Colby, M.M., Y.J. Johnson, N.L. Tablante, and W.H.
Hueston (2003). Evaluation of two systems for managing emergency poultry
diseases in intensive poultry production regions. International Journal
of Poultry Science 2(3): 234-241.
ISSN: 1682-8356.
Descriptors: disease control, disease surveys,
geographical information systems, intensive production, monitoring, outbreaks,
poultry diseases, risk factors, avian influenza virus, Delmarva Peninsula,
United States.
Cowen, B.S., R.A. Wilson, S.K. Harris, R.L. Hyde, and
J.E. Pearson (1996). Avian influenza vaccine (H5N2) studies in light and
heavy breeds of chickens. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 45: 30-31.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, vaccines, avian influenza virus,
birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza virus,
livestock, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Crawford, J., B. Wilkinson, A. Vosnesensky, G. Smith,
M. Garcia, H. Stone, and M.L. Perdue (1999). Baculovirus-derived
hemagglutinin vaccines protect against lethal influenza infections by avian H5
and H7 subtypes. Vaccine 17(18): 2265-74. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Baculoviruses were engineered to express
hemagglutinin (HA) genes of recent avian influenza (AI) isolates of the H5 and
H7 subtypes. The proteins were expressed as either intact (H7) or slightly
truncated versions (H5). In both cases purified HA proteins from insect cell
cultures retained hemagglutination activity and formed rosettes in solution,
indicating proper folding. Although immunogenic in this form, these proteins
were more effective when administered subcutaneously in a water-in-oil
emulsion. One or two-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) White Rock chickens,
free of maternal AI antibodies, responded with variable serum HI titers, but in
some cases the titers were comparable to those achieved using whole virus
preparations. Vaccination of three-week-old chickens with 1.0 microg of protein
per bird generated a more consistent serum antibody response with an average
geometric mean titer (GMT) of 121 (H5) and 293 (H7) at 21 days postvaccination.
When challenged with highly pathogenic strains of the corresponding AI
subtypes, the vaccinated birds were completely protected against lethal
infection and in some cases exhibited reduced or no cloacal shedding at 3 days
postinfection. Vaccine protocols employing these recombinant HA proteins will
not elicit an immune response against internal AI proteins and thus will not
interfere with epidemiological surveys of natural influenza infections in the
field.
Descriptors: baculoviridae immunology, fowl plague
immunology, fowl plague prevention and control, hemagglutinins viral
immunology, influenza vaccine immunology, amino acid sequence, chickens, cloning, molecular, hemagglutinins
viral chemistry, hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza A virus avian
immunology, molecular sequence data, recombinant proteins chemistry,
recombinant proteins genetics, recombinant proteins immunology, turkeys.
Crawford, J.M., M. Garcia, H. Stone, D. Swayne, R.
Slemons, and M.L. Perdue (1998). Molecular characterization of the
hemagglutinin gene and oral immunization with a waterfowl-origin avian
influenza virus. Avian Diseases 42(3): 486-496. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Vaccination against highly pathogenic (HP)
subtypes of avian influenza (AI) virus in poultry has been prohibited in the
United States. Recently, policy has been changed to potentially allow use of
inactivated vaccines in emergency programs to control HP H5 and H7 AI.
Vaccination with inactivated virus against non-highly pathogenic AI viruses has
been allowed in the U.S. turkey industry since 1979 (1) but requires expensive
handling of individual birds for parenteral inoculation. Oral immunization
would provide a less expensive method to protect commercial poultry from AI.
Prime candidates for oral vaccines are waterfowl-origin (WFO) isolates, which
have a tropism for the alimentary tract. One WFO isolate,
A/mallard/Ohio/556/1987 (H5N9) (MOh87), was characterized by determining the
complete nucleotide sequence of its hemagglutinin (HA) gene. The HA protein of
this isolate possessed a deduced amino acid sequence nearly identical to the
consensus amino acid sequence for all published H5 genes, indicating that it
has potential as a broadly effective vaccine. Experimental results demonstrated
measurable serum antibody responses to orally delivered live and inactivated
preparations of MOh87. Oral vaccination also protected chickens from diverse,
lethal H5 AI virus challenge strains and blocked cloacal shedding of challenge
virus.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, chickens,
hemagglutinins, immunization, oral administration, genes, oral vaccination,
virulence, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, experimental infections, strain
differences, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, immune response,
molecular sequence data, GENBANK u67783.
Curran, R. (2004). Asian bird flu. Emergency
Medical Services 33(5): 38-9. ISSN:
0094-6575.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, isolation and
purification, Japan epidemiology, respiratory protective devices, zoonoses
epidemiology, zoonoses transmission.
D'Aprile, P.N., J.B. McFerran (ed.), and M.S. McNulty
(ed.) (1986). Current situation of avian influenza in Italy and approaches
to its control. Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
- Acute Virus Infections of Poultry 37: 29-35.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, control, outbreaks,
Italy.
D' Yakonova, E.V., Y.U.V. Rodin, and M.S. Gribov.
(1983). Effectiveness of control measures against avian influenza on poultry
farms. In: Patologiya organov dykhaniya i pishchevareniya
sel'skokhozyaistvennykh zhivotnykh. [Pathology of the organs of respiration and
digestion in farm animals], p. 69-72.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry,
disease control, disinfection, immunization, farm animals, pathology.
Davison, S., C.E. Benson, A.F. Ziegler, and R.J.
Eckroade (1999). Evaluation of disinfectants with the addition of
antifreezing compounds against nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases 43(3): 533-537. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In the winter of 1997 and 1998, in the midst
of the H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania, producers added
antifreeze or windshield washer fluid to disinfectant solutions in wash
stations to prevent freezing. The purpose of this study was to determine if the
addition of these products to the disinfectant solutions would have deleterious
effects. Four disinfectants (two phenols, one quarternary ammonium, and one
combination product: quarternary ammonium and formaldehyde) and one sodium
hypochlorite detergent product currently used in the poultry industry were
studied. Each product was diluted according to the manufacturer's
recommendation in sterile distilled water and compared with dilutions of the
disinfectants with the addition of antifreeze products (ethylene glycol or
propylene glycol) or windshield washer fluid for their effectiveness in killing
nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus. All products diluted according to the
manufacturer's recommendation killed the nonpathogenic H7N2 avian influenza
virus in this test system. The phenol products and the quaternary ammonium
product were still efficacious with the addition of the antifreeze containing
ethylene glycol. Both the combination product and the sodium hypochlorite detergent
had decreased efficacy when the ethylene glycol product was added. When the
propylene glycol product was added, the efficacy of all disinfectants remained
unaffected, whereas the efficacy of the sodium hypochlorite detergent
decreased. With the addition of the windshield washer fluid (methyl alcohol),
all products remained efficacious except for the combination product.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disinfectants,
efficacy, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, fluids, methanol, freezing point,
windshield washer fluid.
De, B.K., M.W. Shaw, P.A. Rota, M.W. Harmon, J.J.
Esposito, R. Rott, N.J. Cox, and A.P. Kendal (1988). Protection against
virulent H5 avian influenza virus infection in chickens by an inactivated
vaccine produced with recombinant vaccinia virus. Vaccine 6(3):
257-61. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: A cloned cDNA copy of the haemagglutinin (HA)
gene of A/Chicken/Scotland/59 (H5N1) influenza virus has been expressed in
vaccinia virus. This pox virus is poorly infectious or non-infectious for
chickens. However, immunization of chickens with lysates of cell cultures
infected with the recombinant vaccinia virus, that had been emulsified with
adjuvant and which contained an estimated 0.5 microgram influenza HA, elicited
a substantial neutralizing antibody response to influenza virus. Challenges of
immunized and non-immunized adult chickens with virulent A/Chicken/Scotland/59
influenza virus showed that the immunized animals were highly protected while
the non-immunized controls died. Immunized birds were also protected against
infection with the recent virulent H5 avian influenza virus,
A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2).
Descriptors: antigens immunology, fowl plague prevention
and control, influenza A virus avian immunology, vaccines, synthetic
immunology, vaccinia virus immunology, viral vaccines immunology, chickens,
fluorescent antibody technique, hemagglutinins viral analysis, immunochemistry,
immunoenzyme techniques, neutralization
tests.