Ahmad, K. (2005). Increased Asian collaboration in
fight against avian flu. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1): 9. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: influenza, avian prevention and control,
international cooperation, southeastern Asia, birds, influenza, avian
mortality.
Al Natour, M.Q. and M.N. Abo Shehada (2005). Sero-prevalence
of avian influenza among broiler-breeder flocks in Jordan. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 70(1-2): 45-50.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.P7
Abstract: Thirty blood samples were collected randomly
from each of the 38 breeder-broiler farms in Jordan. Serum samples were examined
using indirect ELISA for specific antibodies to avian influenza virus. The
overall true flock-level sero-prevalence of avian influenza was 71% (95% CI:
55,83). Positive flocks had 2-30 sero-positive chickens and half of flocks had
>20 sero-positive birds. The number of sero-positive flocks varied in the
studied localities with more sero-positives in farms located within the
migratory route of migratory wild fowl. The examined broiler-breeder flocks had
no clinical signs, or noticeable decrease in egg production; mortalities were
within the normal range (0.1-1%). The number of positive sera/flock correlated
with flock size. There were a no significant (Pearsons r = 0.21, p = 0.21)
correlation between positive flocks and age. A non-pathogenic AI virus infects
broiler-breeder farms in Jordan. Wild local and migrating birds might promote
the further spread of this virus in Jordan and other countries.
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry, viral diseases,
broiler-breeder, ELISA, age influence, Jordan.
Alexander, D.J. (1998). Avian influenza ecology: a
brief review. Fish Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom) (3): 74-78.
Descriptors: fishes, fish diseases, avian influenza virus,
etiology, salmonoidei, animal diseases, bony fishes, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses, salmonidae.
Alexander, D.J. (1982). Avian influenza--recent
developments. Veterinary Bulletin 52(6): 341-359. ISSN: 0042-4854.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T752
Descriptors: recent developments, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, ducks.
Alexander, D.J. (1981). Current situation of avian
influenza in poultry in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
35-45.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry,
ducks, turkeys, Great Britain.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). The history of avian
influenza in poultry. World Poultry (Special): 7-8. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, Gallus
gallus, outbreaks, disease transmission, history.
Alexander, D.J. (1988). Influenza A isolations
from exotic caged birds. Veterinary Record 123(17): 442. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, England, fowl plague
microbiology, quarantine.
Alexander, D.J. (1998). Influenza aviare.
Epidemiologia ed attuale situazione mondiale. [Avian influenza. Epidemiology
and present world situation]. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12):
935-951.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: aviary birds, avian influenza virus,
epidemiology, etiology, viroses, animal diseases, pathogenicity, disease
transmission, zoonoses, human diseases, wild animals, chickens, turkeys, ducks,
ostriches, pheasants, geese, guinea fowl, quails, world, Anseriformes,
biological properties, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes, infectious
diseases, influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae,
pathogenesis, poultry, Struthioniformes, useful animals, viruses, wildlife.
Alexander, D.J. (1982). Isolation of influenza A
viruses from birds in Great Britain during 1980 and 1981. Veterinary
Record 111(14): 319-21. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: During 1980 and 1981 influenza A viruses of
subtypes H3N2, H3N8, H4N1, H4N6, H6N2, H6N8, H7N7, H11N8 and H11N9 were
isolated from birds in Great Britain, usually as a result of investigations of
disease or death. However, all viruses were shown to be of low virulence for
chickens in pathogenicity index tests. There was one occurrence of influenza
virus infection of turkeys (H6N8) but viruses were frequently obtained from
domestic ducks. Other viruses were isolated from exotic birds in zoos or bird
collections.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, animals, zoo microbiology, antibodies, viral
analysis, chickens, Great Britain, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity,
poultry microbiology.
Alexander, D.J. (1981). Isolation of influenza A
viruses from exotic birds in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
79-92.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, isolation of
influenza A virus, aviary birds, exotic birds, Great Britain.
Alexander, D.J. (1980). Isolation of influenza
viruses from avian species in Great Britain. Comparative Immunology,
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 165-70. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, influenza A virus isolation and purification,
turkeys microbiology, Great Britain, avian classification, influenza A virus
classification, serotyping.
Alexander, D.J. (2002). Keynote: Newcastle disease
and avian influenza. Research in Veterinary Science 72(Suppl. A):
15. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: infection, Newcastle disease, viral disease,
influenza virus A infection, viral disease, influenza virus B infection, viral
disease, influenza virus C infection, viral disease, mortality, virulence,
meeting abstract.
Alexander, D.J. (1989). New definitions for avian
influenza viruses requiring intervention by governments. Implications to the
situation in Great Britain. State Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom)
43(123): 172-187. ISSN: 0269-5545.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.S8
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, transmission,
poultry, wild birds, Great Britain,
laws.
Alexander, D.J. (1996). Orthomyxoviridae (avian
influenza). In: F.T.W. Jordan and M.
Pattison (editors), Poultry Diseases, 4th edition, London, UK, p. 156-165. ISBN: 0-7020-1912-7.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.P65 1996
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemiology,
diagnosis, control, immunization, poultry diseases.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). A review of avian
influenza in different bird species. Veterinary Microbiology
74(1-2): 3-13. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: Only type A influenza viruses are known to
cause natural infections in birds, but viruses of all 15 hemagglutinin and all
nine neuraminidase influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible
combinations have been isolated from avian species. Influenza A viruses
infecting poultry can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their
ability to cause disease. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI), in which mortality may be as high as 100%. These
viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all viruses of
these subtypes cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a much milder, primarily
respiratory disease, which may be exacerbated by other infections or environmental
conditions. Since 1959, primary outbreaks of HPAI in poultry have been reported
17 times (eight since 1990), five in turkeys and 12 in chickens. HPAI viruses
are rarely isolated from wild birds, but extremely high isolation rates of
viruses of low virulence for poultry have been recorded in surveillance
studies, giving overall figures of about 15% for ducks and geese and around 2%
for all other species. Influenza viruses have been shown to affect all types of
domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, but the frequency with
which primary infections occur in any type of bird depends on the degree of
contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with
human involvement, probably by transferring infective faeces from infected to
susceptible birds.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, amino acid sequence, ducks virology, Great Britain, avian
pathogenicity, molecular sequence data, turkeys virology.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). The role of the
international reference laboratory. World Poultry (Special):
15-16. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: international reference laboratory,
diagnosis, avian influenza virus, poultry.
Alexander, D.J. (2003). Should we change the
definition of avian influenza for eradication purposes? Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 976-981. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The current definitions of high-pathogenicity
avian influenza (HPAI), formulated over 10 years ago, were aimed at including
viruses that were overtly virulent in in vivo tests and those that had the
potential to become virulent. At that time the only virus known to have mutated
to virulence was the one responsible for the 1983-84 Pennsylvania epizootic.
The mechanism involved has not been seen in other viruses, but the definition
set a precedent for statutory control of potentially pathogenic as well as
overtly virulent viruses. The accumulating evidence is that HPAI viruses arise from
low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H5 or H7 viruses infecting chickens
and turkeys after spread from free-living birds. At present it can only be
assumed that all H5 and H7 viruses have this potential and mutation to
virulence is a random event. Therefore, the longer the presence and greater the
spread in poultry the more likely it is that HPAI virus will emerge. The
outbreaks in Pennsylvania, Mexico, and Italy are demonstrations of the
consequences of failing to control the spread of LPAI viruses of H5 and H7
subtypes. It therefore seems desirable to control LPAI viruses of H5 and H7
subtype in poultry to limit the probability of a mutation to HPAI occurring.
This in turn may require redefining statutory AI. There appear to be three
options: 1) retain the current definition with a recommendation that countries
impose restrictions to limit the spread of LPAI of H5 and H7 subtypes; 2)
define statutory AI as an infection of birds/poultry with any AI virus of H5 or
H7 subtype; 3) define statutory AI as any infection with AI virus of H5 or H7
subtype, but modify the control measures imposed for different categories of
virus and/or different types of host.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, disease eradication, epizootics, viral virulence.
Alexander, D.J. and W.H. Allan (1982). Avian
influenza in turkeys: a survey of farms in eastern England, 1979/80. British
Veterinary Journal 138(6): 473-9.
ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, poultry diseases
epidemiology, turkeys, England, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification.
Alexander, D.J., M.S. Collins, and R.E. Gough (1980).
Isolation of an influenza A virus from avian faeces samples collected at a
London reservoir. Veterinary
Record 107(2): 41-2. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, feces microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, water supply, antigens,
viral analysis, avian immunology, London, water pollution.
Alexander, D.J. and R.E. Gough (1986). Isolations
of avian influenza virus from birds in Great Britain. Veterinary Record
118(19): 537-8. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, chickens microbiology, ducks microbiology, Great
Britain, turkeys microbiology.
Alexander, D.J. and J.C. Stuart (1982). Isolation
of an influenza A virus from domestic fowl in Great Britain. Veterinary
Record 111(18): 416. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, fowl plague
microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, antibodies,
viral analysis, chickens immunology, Great Britain, avian immunology.
Alfonso, C.P., B.S. Cowen, and H. Van Campen (1995). Influenza
A viruses isolated from waterfowl in two wildlife management area of
Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31(2): 179-185. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: A survey was conducted at two wildlife management areas of Pennsylvania (USA) to evaluate an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the detection of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in cloacal swabs from waterfowl and to determine the influenza A virus subtypes and the distribution of these viruses among waterfowl. We collected 330 cloacal swabs from hunter-killed waterfowl in the fall of 1990 and from cage-captured waterfowl in the