General

 

 

Ahmad, K. (2005). Increased Asian collaboration in fight against avian flu. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1): 9.  ISSN: 1473-3099.

            Descriptors:  influenza, avian prevention and control, international cooperation, southeastern Asia, birds, influenza, avian mortality.

Al Natour, M.Q. and M.N. Abo Shehada (2005). Sero-prevalence of avian influenza among broiler-breeder flocks in Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 70(1-2): 45-50.

            NAL Call Number:  SF601.P7

            Abstract:  Thirty blood samples were collected randomly from each of the 38 breeder-broiler farms in Jordan. Serum samples were examined using indirect ELISA for specific antibodies to avian influenza virus. The overall true flock-level sero-prevalence of avian influenza was 71% (95% CI: 55,83). Positive flocks had 2-30 sero-positive chickens and half of flocks had >20 sero-positive birds. The number of sero-positive flocks varied in the studied localities with more sero-positives in farms located within the migratory route of migratory wild fowl. The examined broiler-breeder flocks had no clinical signs, or noticeable decrease in egg production; mortalities were within the normal range (0.1-1%). The number of positive sera/flock correlated with flock size. There were a no significant (Pearsons r = 0.21, p = 0.21) correlation between positive flocks and age. A non-pathogenic AI virus infects broiler-breeder farms in Jordan. Wild local and migrating birds might promote the further spread of this virus in Jordan and other countries.

            Descriptors:  avian influenza, poultry, viral diseases, broiler-breeder, ELISA, age influence, Jordan.

Alexander, D.J. (1998). Avian influenza ecology: a brief review. Fish Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom) (3): 74-78.

            Descriptors:  fishes, fish diseases, avian influenza virus, etiology, salmonoidei, animal diseases, bony fishes, influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses, salmonidae.

Alexander, D.J. (1982). Avian influenza--recent developments. Veterinary Bulletin 52(6): 341-359.  ISSN: 0042-4854.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 T752

            Descriptors:  recent developments, avian influenza virus, turkeys, ducks.

Alexander, D.J. (1981). Current situation of avian influenza in poultry in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 35-45.

            NAL Call Number: aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a

            Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, ducks, turkeys, Great Britain.

Alexander, D.J. (2000). The history of avian influenza in poultry. World Poultry (Special): 7-8.  ISSN: 1388-3119.

            NAL Call Number:  SF481.M54

            Descriptors:  avian influenza virus, poultry, Gallus gallus, outbreaks, disease transmission, history.

Alexander, D.J. (1988). Influenza A isolations from exotic caged birds. Veterinary Record 123(17): 442.  ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641

            Descriptors:  birds microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, England, fowl plague microbiology, quarantine.

Alexander, D.J. (1998). Influenza aviare. Epidemiologia ed attuale situazione mondiale. [Avian influenza. Epidemiology and present world situation]. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12): 935-951.

            NAL Call Number:  241.71 B75

            Descriptors:  aviary birds, avian influenza virus, epidemiology, etiology, viroses, animal diseases, pathogenicity, disease transmission, zoonoses, human diseases, wild animals, chickens, turkeys, ducks, ostriches, pheasants, geese, guinea fowl, quails, world, Anseriformes, biological properties, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes, infectious diseases, influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, poultry, Struthioniformes, useful animals, viruses, wildlife.

Alexander, D.J. (1982). Isolation of influenza A viruses from birds in Great Britain during 1980 and 1981. Veterinary Record 111(14): 319-21.  ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641

            Abstract:  During 1980 and 1981 influenza A viruses of subtypes H3N2, H3N8, H4N1, H4N6, H6N2, H6N8, H7N7, H11N8 and H11N9 were isolated from birds in Great Britain, usually as a result of investigations of disease or death. However, all viruses were shown to be of low virulence for chickens in pathogenicity index tests. There was one occurrence of influenza virus infection of turkeys (H6N8) but viruses were frequently obtained from domestic ducks. Other viruses were isolated from exotic birds in zoos or bird collections.

            Descriptors:  birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, animals, zoo microbiology, antibodies, viral analysis, chickens, Great Britain, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, poultry microbiology.

Alexander, D.J. (1981). Isolation of influenza A viruses from exotic birds in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 79-92.

            NAL Call Number: aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a

            Descriptors: avian influenza virus, isolation of influenza A virus, aviary birds, exotic birds, Great Britain.

Alexander, D.J. (1980). Isolation of influenza viruses from avian species in Great Britain. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 165-70.  ISSN: 0147-9571.

            NAL Call Number:  QR180.C62

            Descriptors:  birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, influenza A virus isolation and purification, turkeys microbiology, Great Britain, avian classification, influenza A virus classification, serotyping.

Alexander, D.J. (2002). Keynote: Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Research in Veterinary Science 72(Suppl. A): 15.  ISSN: 0034-5288.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 R312

            Descriptors:  infection, Newcastle disease, viral disease, influenza virus A infection, viral disease, influenza virus B infection, viral disease, influenza virus C infection, viral disease, mortality, virulence, meeting abstract.

Alexander, D.J. (1989). New definitions for avian influenza viruses requiring intervention by governments. Implications to the situation in Great Britain. State Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom) 43(123): 172-187.  ISSN: 0269-5545.

            NAL Call Number:  SF601.S8

            Descriptors:  avian influenza virus, transmission, poultry,  wild birds, Great Britain, laws.

Alexander, D.J. (1996). Orthomyxoviridae (avian influenza). In: F.T.W.  Jordan and M. Pattison (editors), Poultry Diseases, 4th edition,  London, UK, p. 156-165. ISBN: 0-7020-1912-7.

            NAL Call Number:  SF995.P65 1996

            Descriptors:  avian influenza virus, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, immunization, poultry diseases.

Alexander, D.J. (2000). A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Veterinary Microbiology 74(1-2): 3-13.  ISSN: 0378-1135.

            NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44

            Abstract:  Only type A influenza viruses are known to cause natural infections in birds, but viruses of all 15 hemagglutinin and all nine neuraminidase influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible combinations have been isolated from avian species. Influenza A viruses infecting poultry can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their ability to cause disease. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), in which mortality may be as high as 100%. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all viruses of these subtypes cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a much milder, primarily respiratory disease, which may be exacerbated by other infections or environmental conditions. Since 1959, primary outbreaks of HPAI in poultry have been reported 17 times (eight since 1990), five in turkeys and 12 in chickens. HPAI viruses are rarely isolated from wild birds, but extremely high isolation rates of viruses of low virulence for poultry have been recorded in surveillance studies, giving overall figures of about 15% for ducks and geese and around 2% for all other species. Influenza viruses have been shown to affect all types of domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, but the frequency with which primary infections occur in any type of bird depends on the degree of contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with human involvement, probably by transferring infective faeces from infected to susceptible birds.

            Descriptors:  influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, amino acid sequence, ducks virology, Great Britain, avian pathogenicity, molecular sequence data, turkeys virology.

Alexander, D.J. (2000). The role of the international reference laboratory. World Poultry (Special): 15-16.  ISSN: 1388-3119.

            NAL Call Number:  SF481.M54

            Descriptors:  international reference laboratory, diagnosis, avian influenza virus, poultry.

Alexander, D.J. (2003). Should we change the definition of avian influenza for eradication purposes? Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 976-981.  ISSN: 0005-2086.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 Av5

            Abstract:  The current definitions of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), formulated over 10 years ago, were aimed at including viruses that were overtly virulent in in vivo tests and those that had the potential to become virulent. At that time the only virus known to have mutated to virulence was the one responsible for the 1983-84 Pennsylvania epizootic. The mechanism involved has not been seen in other viruses, but the definition set a precedent for statutory control of potentially pathogenic as well as overtly virulent viruses. The accumulating evidence is that HPAI viruses arise from low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H5 or H7 viruses infecting chickens and turkeys after spread from free-living birds. At present it can only be assumed that all H5 and H7 viruses have this potential and mutation to virulence is a random event. Therefore, the longer the presence and greater the spread in poultry the more likely it is that HPAI virus will emerge. The outbreaks in Pennsylvania, Mexico, and Italy are demonstrations of the consequences of failing to control the spread of LPAI viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes. It therefore seems desirable to control LPAI viruses of H5 and H7 subtype in poultry to limit the probability of a mutation to HPAI occurring. This in turn may require redefining statutory AI. There appear to be three options: 1) retain the current definition with a recommendation that countries impose restrictions to limit the spread of LPAI of H5 and H7 subtypes; 2) define statutory AI as an infection of birds/poultry with any AI virus of H5 or H7 subtype; 3) define statutory AI as any infection with AI virus of H5 or H7 subtype, but modify the control measures imposed for different categories of virus and/or different types of host.

            Descriptors:  epidemiology, infection, avian influenza, infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system disease, viral disease, disease eradication, epizootics, viral virulence.

Alexander, D.J. and W.H. Allan (1982). Avian influenza in turkeys: a survey of farms in eastern England, 1979/80. British Veterinary Journal 138(6): 473-9.  ISSN: 0007-1935.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 V643

            Descriptors:  fowl plague epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, turkeys, England, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification.

Alexander, D.J., M.S. Collins, and R.E. Gough (1980). Isolation of an influenza A virus from avian faeces samples collected at a London reservoir.  Veterinary Record 107(2): 41-2.  ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641

            Descriptors:  birds microbiology, feces microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, water supply, antigens, viral analysis, avian immunology, London, water pollution.

Alexander, D.J. and R.E. Gough (1986). Isolations of avian influenza virus from birds in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 118(19): 537-8.  ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641

            Descriptors:  birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, chickens microbiology, ducks microbiology, Great Britain,  turkeys microbiology.

Alexander, D.J. and J.C. Stuart (1982). Isolation of an influenza A virus from domestic fowl in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 111(18): 416.  ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641

            Descriptors:  chickens microbiology, fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, antibodies, viral analysis, chickens immunology, Great Britain, avian immunology.

Alfonso, C.P., B.S. Cowen, and H. Van Campen (1995). Influenza A viruses isolated from waterfowl in two wildlife management area of Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31(2): 179-185.  ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL Call Number:  41.9 W64B

            Abstract:  A survey was conducted at two wildlife management areas of Pennsylvania (USA) to evaluate an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the detection of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in cloacal swabs from waterfowl and to determine the influenza A virus subtypes and the distribution of these viruses among waterfowl. We collected 330 cloacal swabs from hunter-killed waterfowl in the fall of 1990 and from cage-captured waterfowl in the