Ahmad, K. (2005). Increased Asian collaboration in
fight against avian flu. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1): 9. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: influenza, avian prevention and control,
international cooperation, southeastern Asia, birds, influenza, avian
mortality.
Al Natour, M.Q. and M.N. Abo Shehada (2005). Sero-prevalence
of avian influenza among broiler-breeder flocks in Jordan. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 70(1-2): 45-50.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.P7
Abstract: Thirty blood samples were collected randomly
from each of the 38 breeder-broiler farms in Jordan. Serum samples were examined
using indirect ELISA for specific antibodies to avian influenza virus. The
overall true flock-level sero-prevalence of avian influenza was 71% (95% CI:
55,83). Positive flocks had 2-30 sero-positive chickens and half of flocks had
>20 sero-positive birds. The number of sero-positive flocks varied in the
studied localities with more sero-positives in farms located within the
migratory route of migratory wild fowl. The examined broiler-breeder flocks had
no clinical signs, or noticeable decrease in egg production; mortalities were
within the normal range (0.1-1%). The number of positive sera/flock correlated
with flock size. There were a no significant (Pearsons r = 0.21, p = 0.21)
correlation between positive flocks and age. A non-pathogenic AI virus infects
broiler-breeder farms in Jordan. Wild local and migrating birds might promote
the further spread of this virus in Jordan and other countries.
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry, viral diseases,
broiler-breeder, ELISA, age influence, Jordan.
Alexander, D.J. (1998). Avian influenza ecology: a
brief review. Fish Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom) (3): 74-78.
Descriptors: fishes, fish diseases, avian influenza virus,
etiology, salmonoidei, animal diseases, bony fishes, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses, salmonidae.
Alexander, D.J. (1982). Avian influenza--recent
developments. Veterinary Bulletin 52(6): 341-359. ISSN: 0042-4854.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T752
Descriptors: recent developments, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, ducks.
Alexander, D.J. (1981). Current situation of avian
influenza in poultry in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
35-45.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry,
ducks, turkeys, Great Britain.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). The history of avian
influenza in poultry. World Poultry (Special): 7-8. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, Gallus
gallus, outbreaks, disease transmission, history.
Alexander, D.J. (1988). Influenza A isolations
from exotic caged birds. Veterinary Record 123(17): 442. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, England, fowl plague
microbiology, quarantine.
Alexander, D.J. (1998). Influenza aviare.
Epidemiologia ed attuale situazione mondiale. [Avian influenza. Epidemiology
and present world situation]. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12):
935-951.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: aviary birds, avian influenza virus,
epidemiology, etiology, viroses, animal diseases, pathogenicity, disease
transmission, zoonoses, human diseases, wild animals, chickens, turkeys, ducks,
ostriches, pheasants, geese, guinea fowl, quails, world, Anseriformes,
biological properties, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes, infectious
diseases, influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae,
pathogenesis, poultry, Struthioniformes, useful animals, viruses, wildlife.
Alexander, D.J. (1982). Isolation of influenza A
viruses from birds in Great Britain during 1980 and 1981. Veterinary
Record 111(14): 319-21. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: During 1980 and 1981 influenza A viruses of
subtypes H3N2, H3N8, H4N1, H4N6, H6N2, H6N8, H7N7, H11N8 and H11N9 were
isolated from birds in Great Britain, usually as a result of investigations of
disease or death. However, all viruses were shown to be of low virulence for
chickens in pathogenicity index tests. There was one occurrence of influenza
virus infection of turkeys (H6N8) but viruses were frequently obtained from
domestic ducks. Other viruses were isolated from exotic birds in zoos or bird
collections.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, animals, zoo microbiology, antibodies, viral
analysis, chickens, Great Britain, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity,
poultry microbiology.
Alexander, D.J. (1981). Isolation of influenza A
viruses from exotic birds in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
79-92.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, isolation of
influenza A virus, aviary birds, exotic birds, Great Britain.
Alexander, D.J. (1980). Isolation of influenza
viruses from avian species in Great Britain. Comparative Immunology,
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 165-70. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, influenza A virus isolation and purification,
turkeys microbiology, Great Britain, avian classification, influenza A virus
classification, serotyping.
Alexander, D.J. (2002). Keynote: Newcastle disease
and avian influenza. Research in Veterinary Science 72(Suppl. A):
15. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: infection, Newcastle disease, viral disease,
influenza virus A infection, viral disease, influenza virus B infection, viral
disease, influenza virus C infection, viral disease, mortality, virulence,
meeting abstract.
Alexander, D.J. (1989). New definitions for avian
influenza viruses requiring intervention by governments. Implications to the
situation in Great Britain. State Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom)
43(123): 172-187. ISSN: 0269-5545.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.S8
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, transmission,
poultry, wild birds, Great Britain,
laws.
Alexander, D.J. (1996). Orthomyxoviridae (avian
influenza). In: F.T.W. Jordan and M.
Pattison (editors), Poultry Diseases, 4th edition, London, UK, p. 156-165. ISBN: 0-7020-1912-7.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.P65 1996
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemiology,
diagnosis, control, immunization, poultry diseases.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). A review of avian
influenza in different bird species. Veterinary Microbiology
74(1-2): 3-13. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: Only type A influenza viruses are known to
cause natural infections in birds, but viruses of all 15 hemagglutinin and all
nine neuraminidase influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible
combinations have been isolated from avian species. Influenza A viruses
infecting poultry can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their
ability to cause disease. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI), in which mortality may be as high as 100%. These
viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all viruses of
these subtypes cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a much milder, primarily
respiratory disease, which may be exacerbated by other infections or environmental
conditions. Since 1959, primary outbreaks of HPAI in poultry have been reported
17 times (eight since 1990), five in turkeys and 12 in chickens. HPAI viruses
are rarely isolated from wild birds, but extremely high isolation rates of
viruses of low virulence for poultry have been recorded in surveillance
studies, giving overall figures of about 15% for ducks and geese and around 2%
for all other species. Influenza viruses have been shown to affect all types of
domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, but the frequency with
which primary infections occur in any type of bird depends on the degree of
contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with
human involvement, probably by transferring infective faeces from infected to
susceptible birds.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, amino acid sequence, ducks virology, Great Britain, avian
pathogenicity, molecular sequence data, turkeys virology.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). The role of the
international reference laboratory. World Poultry (Special):
15-16. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: international reference laboratory,
diagnosis, avian influenza virus, poultry.
Alexander, D.J. (2003). Should we change the
definition of avian influenza for eradication purposes? Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 976-981. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The current definitions of high-pathogenicity
avian influenza (HPAI), formulated over 10 years ago, were aimed at including
viruses that were overtly virulent in in vivo tests and those that had the
potential to become virulent. At that time the only virus known to have mutated
to virulence was the one responsible for the 1983-84 Pennsylvania epizootic.
The mechanism involved has not been seen in other viruses, but the definition
set a precedent for statutory control of potentially pathogenic as well as
overtly virulent viruses. The accumulating evidence is that HPAI viruses arise from
low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H5 or H7 viruses infecting chickens
and turkeys after spread from free-living birds. At present it can only be
assumed that all H5 and H7 viruses have this potential and mutation to
virulence is a random event. Therefore, the longer the presence and greater the
spread in poultry the more likely it is that HPAI virus will emerge. The
outbreaks in Pennsylvania, Mexico, and Italy are demonstrations of the
consequences of failing to control the spread of LPAI viruses of H5 and H7
subtypes. It therefore seems desirable to control LPAI viruses of H5 and H7
subtype in poultry to limit the probability of a mutation to HPAI occurring.
This in turn may require redefining statutory AI. There appear to be three
options: 1) retain the current definition with a recommendation that countries
impose restrictions to limit the spread of LPAI of H5 and H7 subtypes; 2)
define statutory AI as an infection of birds/poultry with any AI virus of H5 or
H7 subtype; 3) define statutory AI as any infection with AI virus of H5 or H7
subtype, but modify the control measures imposed for different categories of
virus and/or different types of host.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, disease eradication, epizootics, viral virulence.
Alexander, D.J. and W.H. Allan (1982). Avian
influenza in turkeys: a survey of farms in eastern England, 1979/80. British
Veterinary Journal 138(6): 473-9.
ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, poultry diseases
epidemiology, turkeys, England, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification.
Alexander, D.J., M.S. Collins, and R.E. Gough (1980).
Isolation of an influenza A virus from avian faeces samples collected at a
London reservoir. Veterinary
Record 107(2): 41-2. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, feces microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, water supply, antigens,
viral analysis, avian immunology, London, water pollution.
Alexander, D.J. and R.E. Gough (1986). Isolations
of avian influenza virus from birds in Great Britain. Veterinary Record
118(19): 537-8. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, chickens microbiology, ducks microbiology, Great
Britain, turkeys microbiology.
Alexander, D.J. and J.C. Stuart (1982). Isolation
of an influenza A virus from domestic fowl in Great Britain. Veterinary
Record 111(18): 416. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, fowl plague
microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, antibodies,
viral analysis, chickens immunology, Great Britain, avian immunology.
Alfonso, C.P., B.S. Cowen, and H. Van Campen (1995). Influenza
A viruses isolated from waterfowl in two wildlife management area of
Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31(2): 179-185. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: A survey was conducted at two wildlife
management areas of Pennsylvania (USA) to evaluate an antigen capture
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the detection of avian
influenza viruses (AIV) in cloacal swabs from waterfowl and to determine the
influenza A virus subtypes and the distribution of these viruses among
waterfowl. We collected 330 cloacal swabs from hunter-killed waterfowl in the
fall of 1990 and from cage-captured waterfowl in the summer of 1991. Thirty-one
hemagglutinating agents were isolated by chicken embryo inoculation (CEI) of
which 27 were influenza A viruses and four Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). The
prevalence of AIV infection was 8.2%. Compared to CEI, AC-ELISA was only 15%
sensitive and 61% specific. Based on the distribution of AIV by species of
waterfowl, mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American wigeons (Anas
americana) were at equal risk of AIV infection even though most of the AIV
isolates came from mallards. Although significant crude effects of sampling
site and season on AIV recovery could be established, juvenile age was
identified as the primary risk factor of AIV recovery. Twelve AIV subtypes were
identified by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition
(NI) tests. The most prevalent subytpes were H4N8 and H6N8. We concluded that
AC-ELISA was not useful for the detection of AIV in cloacal swabs from
waterfowl and that CEI, HI, and NI tests remain as the method of choice for AIV
screening in waterfowl. Based on the results AIV infected preferentially the
young which represent the high risk group in waterfowl populations. The results
from the AIV subtyping in our waterfowl survey are consistent with the results
from numerous longitudinal studies of waterfowl in North America.
Descriptors: ecology, enzymology, immune system,
infection, pathology, veterinary medicine, wildlife management, ELISA,
epidemiology.
Allan, W.H. (1981). Uncomplicated infection with
virulent strains of avian influenza viruses. In: Proceedings of the
First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, 4-7
p.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, infection,
virulence.
Almeida, J.D. and A.P. Waterson (1967). Some
observations on the envelope of an influenza virus. Journal of General
Microbiology 46(1): 107-10. ISSN:
0022-1287.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 J823
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian, lipoproteins
analysis, microscopy, electron, viral proteins analysis.
Almond, J.W. (1977). A single gene determines the
host range of influenza virus. Nature 270(5638): 617-8. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: genes viral, influenza A virus avian
genetics, virus replication, cell line, DNA directed RNA polymerases genetics,
DNA directed RNA polymerases metabolism, avian physiology, RNA viral genetics,
viral proteins genetics, viral proteins physiology.
Amin, A., M.A. Shalaby, and I.Z. Imam (1980). Studies
on influenza virus isolated from migrating birds in Egypt. Comparative
Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 241-6. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, Egypt, avian
classification, avian immunology, serotyping.
Anderson, R.E. (1981). Economic impact of avian
influenza in domestic fowl on international trade. Feedstuffs 53(32)
ISSN: 0014-9624.
NAL
Call Number: 286.81 F322
Descriptors: economic impact, avian influenza virus,
disease control, international trade, domestic fowl.
Andral, B., C. Louzis, D. Trap, J.A. Newman, G.
Bennejean, and R. Gaumont (1985). Respiratory disease (rhinotracheitis) in
turkeys in Brittany, France, 1981-1982. I. Field observations and serology.
Avian Diseases 29(1): 26-34.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: During the summer of 1981, a respiratory
disease epidemic occurred in turkeys in Brittany, France. Since this initial
epizootic, which lasted through fall, epizootic waves similar to the initial
one have occurred at approximately 6-month intervals, with smaller peaks at
2-month intervals. The epidemiology, clinical signs, and postmortem findings
were highly suggestive of an epizootic of chlamydiosis. Serological tests for
chlamydia, paramyxoviruses, avian influenza, adenovirus 127, Mycoplasma,
and Alcaligenes faecalis were conducted. The chlamydia tests were the
only ones consistently positive.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, poultry
diseases epidemiology, respiratory tract infections veterinary, rhinitis
veterinary, tracheitis veterinary, turkeys, antibodies, bacterial analysis,
chlamydia immunology, complement fixation tests veterinary, France, poultry
diseases immunology, respiratory tract infections epidemiology, respiratory
tract infections immunology, rhinitis epidemiology, rhinitis immunology, seasons,
tracheitis epidemiology, tracheitis immunology.
Andresen, M. (2004). Avian flu: WHO prepares for
the worst. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal; Journal De
L'Association Medicale Canadienne 170(5): 777. ISSN: 0820-3946.
NAL
Call Number: R11.C3
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian influenza A virus,
human, influenza, avian virology, birds, Canada, disease outbreaks, health plan
implementation, influenza vaccines therapeutic use, avian influenza drug
therapy, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza. Epidemiological
Bulletin 25(1): 5-8. ISSN:
0256-1859.
Descriptors: avian influenza virology, Asia, birds
virology, influenza A virus, avian physiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza transmission.
Anonymous (2005). Avian influenza: perfect storm
now gathering? Lancet 365(9462): 820.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza A virus immunology, influenza epidemiology, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, influenza vaccines, avian influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, international cooperation, poultry.
Anonymous (1998). Avian influenza results in depopulation
in Hong Kong. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
212(3): 331, 335. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague transmission,
influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus avian, zoonoses, Hong Kong
epidemiology, influenza epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza should be
ruffling our feathers. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(10): 595. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, bird
diseases epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza veterinary,
influenza vaccines therapeutic use, acetamides therapeutic use, amantadine
therapeutic use, southeastern Asia epidemiology, Far East epidemiology,
influenza drug therapy, influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and
control, international cooperation, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors,
rimantadine therapeutic use, sialic acids therapeutic use, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza--the facts from
the WHO. South African Medical Journal; Suid Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir
Geneeskunde 94(3): 158. ISSN:
0256-9574.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, avian
influenza epidemiology, birds, incidence, influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, risk assessment, survival
rate, World Health Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza: the threat
looms. Lancet 363(9405): 257.
ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: fowl plague transmission, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, Asia epidemiology, communicable diseases,
emerging epidemiology, communicable diseases, emerging prevention and control,
communicable diseases, emerging virology, disease outbreaks prevention and
control, disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data, disease outbreaks
veterinary, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague virology, Hong Kong
epidemiology, avian pathogenicity, influenza vaccine supply and distribution,
poultry virology, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Anonymous (1993). Avian influenza virus in
ratites: 1993. Foreign Animal Disease Report (21-4): 9-10. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: United States, emus, rheas, avian influenza
virus, epidemiology, birds, ratites, North America, viruses, FAD report.
Anonymous (2004). China: towards
"xiaokang", but still living dangerously. Lancet 363(9407): 409. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: public health practice standards, social
change, China epidemiology, communicable disease control standards,
communicable disease control trends, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data, influenza, avian epidemiology,
avian influenza prevention and control, population surveillance methods,
poultry, severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute
respiratory syndrome prevention and control, world health.
Anonymous (2004). Fowl flu fuels fears. Nature
Medicine 10(3): 211. ISSN:
1078-8956.
Descriptors: chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines,
influenza prevention and control, influenza, avian epidemiology, zoonoses
epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Getting out into the field, and
forest. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(3): 127. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, poultry diseases transmission, vaccination,
animals, domestic animals, wild birds, disease notification, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, poultry diseases
epidemiology, poultry diseases prevention and control, zoonoses.
Anonymous (1997). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
infection in humans. Communicable Disease Report. CDR Weekly 7(50):
441. ISSN: 1350-9357.
Descriptors: fowl plague transmission, influenza
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian classification, adolescent, bacterial
typing techniques, chickens, child,
preschool, fowl plague epidemiology, Hong Kong epidemiology, incidence, avian
isolation and purification, middle aged, survival rate.
Anonymous (1976). An outbreak of avian influenza
in commercial chickens. Foreign Animal Disease Report : 2.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza, commercial chickens, report,
outbreaks.
Anonymous (1998). Picture story. Fight the flu.
Nature Structural Biology 5(12): 1032.
ISSN: 1072-8368.
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
ultrastructure, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian pathogenicity,
hydrogen-ion concentration, influenza genetics, influenza mortality, influenza
virology, avian physiology, models, molecular, protein conformation, protein
precursors ultrastructure.
Anonymous (1973). Report of the Subcommittee on
Avian Influenza to the Committee on Transmissible Diseases of Poultry. Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association (77):
246-50. ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: bird diseases immunology, bird diseases
microbiology, fowl plague immunology, fowl plague microbiology, antibodies,
viral analysis, birds, ducks, geese, influenza A virus avian immunology, avian
isolation and purification, pigeons, poultry diseases immunology, poultry
diseases microbiology, quail, turkeys.
Anonymous (1998). Surveillance for avian influenza
continues. Public Health Reports 113(3): 194. ISSN: 0033-3549.
NAL
Call Number: 151.65 P96
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, population surveillance, chickens virology, China,
fowl plague virology, World Health Organization.
Anonymous (1998). Update: isolation of avian
influenza A (H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46(52-53): 1245-7. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: As of January 6, 1998, a total of 16
confirmed and three suspected cases of human infection with avian influenza
A (H5N1) viruses have been identified in Hong Kong. Confirmed cases are those
from which an influenza A (H5N1) virus was isolated or in which a seroconversion
to influenza A (H5N1) virus was detected by a neutralization assay. Suspected
cases are those with influenza-like illness (ILI) and preliminary laboratory
evidence of influenza A (H5N1) infection. This report summarizes interim
findings from the ongoing epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of
influenza A (H5N1) cases by health officials in Hong Kong and by CDC.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Hong Kong epidemiology,
seroepidemiologic studies.
Anonymous (2004). World is ill-prepared for
"inevitable" flu pandemic. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization 82(4): 317-8. ISSN:
0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, world health, Asia epidemiology, influenza prevention
and control, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian influenza
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza virology, public health practice.
Anraku, M.M.C., W.C. de Faria, and D.C. Takeyama
(1971). Influenza aviaria em aves silvestres brasileiras. I. Inquerito
sorologico atraves de imunodifusao. [Avian influenza in wild Brazilian birds.
I. Serological survey using the immunodiffusion test]. Revista Do
Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo 13(4) ISSN: 0036-4665.
NAL
Call Number: RC960.R48
Descriptors: avian influenza, wild birds, diseases,
serological survey, birds.
Anraku, M.M.C., C.V.F. de Godoy, M. da G. R. Oscar,
and W.C. de Faria (1977). Influenza aviaria em aves silvestres brasilieres.
II. Distribucao mensal de surtos epizooticos, detectados por tecnicas
serologicas di imunodifusao. [Avian influenza in wild birds of Brazil. II.
Monthly distribution of epizootic outbreaks, detected by gel diffusion tests].
Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo 19(4):
237-240. ISSN: 0036-4665.
NAL
Call Number: RC960.R48
Descriptors: outbreaks, detection, gel diffusion tests,
avian influenza virus, wild birds, Brazil.
Anup Bhaumik, M.K. Saha, and K.R. Viswanathan (
2001). Avian influenza infection in chickens. Pashudhan 16(9): 3,
7.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.P27
Descriptors: avian influenza infection, diagnosis,
transmission, chickens, Gallus gallus.
Apisarnthanarak, A., R. Kitphati, K. Thongphubeth, P.
Patoomanunt, P. Anthanont, W. Auwanit, P. Thawatsupha, M. Chittaganpitch, S.
Saeng Aroon, S. Waicharoen, P. Apisarnthanarak, G.A. Storch, L.M. Mundy, and
V.J. Fraser (2004). Atypical avian influenza (H5N1). Emerging
Infectious Diseases 10(7): 1321-4.
ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: We report the first case of avian influenza
in a patient with fever and diarrhea but no respiratory symptoms. Avian
influenza should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with
predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly if they have a history of
exposure to poultry.
Descriptors: gastrointestinal diseases physiopathology,
influenza physiopathology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, adult,
chickens virology, fatal outcome, gastrointestinal diseases virology, health
personnel, influenza virology, influenza, avian transmission, influenza, avian
virology, poultry diseases transmission, poultry diseases virology.
Artois, M., R. Manvell, E. Fromont, and J.B. Schweyer
(2002). Serosurvey for Newcastle disease and avian influenza A virus
antibodies in great cormorants from France. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
38(1): 169-71. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Inland great cormorants (Phalacrocorax
carbo) culled in France were examined in the winter of 1997-98 and 1998-99
for antibodies to Newcastle disease (ND) and influenza A strains H5 and H7 by
the hemagglutination inhibition test. Antibodies to influenza A group antigen
were tested by agar gel precipitin test. Ten of 53 adult individuals were
seropositive for ND virus. All sera were negative for influenza A antibodies.
It is speculated that ND occurred in the sampled population.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus immunology, birds, fowl plague blood,
fowl plague immunology, France epidemiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, avian isolation and purification, Newcastle disease blood, Newcastle
disease immunology, Newcastle disease virus isolation and purification,
seroepidemiologic studies.
Astapovich, L.G., G.A. Ivanova, and S.B. Logginov
(1968). Elektronnomikroskopicheskoe izuchenie shtammov virusa klassicheskoi
chumy ptits. [An electron microscopic study of strains of the virus of classic
fowl plague]. Veterinariia 45(9): 24-6. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian cytology, chick
embryo, microscopy, electron.
Atwell, J.K. (1981). Regulatory problems
associated with avian influenza. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
211-213.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, regulatory
problems, disease control.
Austin, F.J. and V.S. Hinshaw (1984). The
isolation of influenza A viruses and paramyxoviruses from feral ducks in New
Zealand. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science
62(Pt. 3): 355-60. ISSN: 0004-945X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 Au7
Abstract: Tracheal and cloacal swabs from apparently
healthy ducks, gulls, shearwaters and terns in New Zealand were tested for
myxoviruses by inoculation into embryonated eggs. Seven influenza A viruses
belonging to three antigenic subtypes (H4N6; H1N3; H11N3) and nine
paramyxoviruses of two antigenic subtypes (PMV-1; PMV-4) were isolated from
feral ducks. The occurrence of the same virus subtypes in birds, including
ducks, in other countries suggests that they were introduced into New Zealand
by the importation of infected poultry or game birds. Ducks experimentally
infected with two of the influenza A virus isolates excreted virus in their
faeces for 12 days. Infection with H4N6 subtype prevented reinfection with the
same subtype but not with a different one (H11N3).
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
immunity, avian immunology, New Zealand, virus replication.
Austin, F.J. and R.G. Webster (1993). Evidence of
ortho- and paramyxoviruses in fauna from Antarctica. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 29(4): 568-71. ISSN:
0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Serum antibodies to influenza A viruses and
paramyxoviruses were detected in Adelie penguin (Pysoscelis adeliae) and
Antarctic skua (Stercorarius skua maccormicki) sera in the Ross Sea
Dependency. An avian paramyxovirus was isolated from a penguin cloacal swab.
Descriptors: avulavirus immunology, bird diseases epidemiology,
fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, respirovirus
infections veterinary, antarctic regions epidemiology, antibodies, viral blood,
avulavirus isolation and purification, birds, cloaca microbiology,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, immunoenzyme techniques, respirovirus
infections epidemiology, seals.
Bahl, A.K., M.C. Kumar, and B.S. Pomeroy (1973). Epidemiologic
and field observations on avian influenza viruses in breeder and grower flocks
in Minnesota. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
163(10): 1197-1198. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: avian influenza, epidemiology, field
observations, Minnesota.
Bahl, A.K., A.C. Peterson, J.H. Sautter, and B.S.
Pomeroy (1974). Avian influenza A and Mycoplasma synoviae infection
in turkeys: A/turkey/Butterfield/72 (Hav6 Neq2) infection superimposed with M.
synoviae. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
165(8): 743. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: Mycoplasmosis synoviae, infection,
avian influenza, turkeys.
Bahl, A.K., B.S. Pomeroy, S. Mangundimedjo, and B.C.
Easterday (1977). Isolation of type A influenza and Newcastle disease
viruses from migratory waterfowl in the Mississippi flyway. Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association 171(9): 949-51. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Twenty-seven chicken red blood cell
agglutinating agents were isolated from 187 tracheal swabbings of apparently
healthy migratory mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Mississippi
flyway. Twenty-four of the isolants were type A influenza virus; 3 lentogenic
Newcastle disease viruses were isolated. Isolations were not made from either
65 giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis) or 60 Franklins' gulls (Larus
pipixcan).
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, Newcastle disease virus isolation and purification,
ducks microbiology, geese microbiology, avian immunology, Mississippi, trachea
microbiology.
Bailey, T.A., U. Wernery, R.E. Gough, R. Manvell, and
J.H. Samour (1996). Serological survey for avian viruses in houbara bustards
(Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii). Veterinary Record 139(10):
238-9. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, bird diseases
diagnosis, birds blood, coronavirus infections diagnosis, fowl plague
immunology, infectious bronchitis virus immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, respirovirus immunology, respirovirus infections diagnosis,
antibodies, viral immunology, bird diseases blood, bird diseases epidemiology,
birds immunology, birds virology, coronavirus infections blood, coronavirus
infections epidemiology, data collection, respirovirus infections blood,
respirovirus infections epidemiology, United Arab Emirates epidemiology.
Bankowski, R.A. (1981). Introduction and
objectives of the symposium. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. vii-xiv.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease
prevention, disease control, poultry, symposium.
Bankowski, R.A., R.D. Conrad, and B. Reynolde (1968).
Avian influenza A and paramyxo viruses complicating respiratory disease
diagnosis in poultry. Avian Diseases 12(2): 259-78. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
poultry diseases diagnosis, respiratory tract infections veterinary, turkeys,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza diagnosis, influenza veterinary,
Newcastle disease diagnosis, orthomyxoviridae infections diagnosis, respiratory
tract infections diagnosis.
Bankowski, R.A. and B. Samadieh (1980). Avian
influenza in turkeys. Poultry Digest 39: 326-332. ISSN: 0032-5724.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 N219
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, turkeys, control,
prevention.
Banks, J., E.C. Speidel, J.W. McCauley, and D.J.
Alexander (2000). Phylogenetic analysis of H7 haemagglutinin subtype
influenza A viruses. Archives of Virology 145(5): 1047-58. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: A 945 nucleotide region (bases 76-1020) of
the HA1 part of the HA gene was obtained for 31 influenza viruses of H7 subtype
isolated primarily from Europe, Asia and Australia over the last 20 years.
These were analysed phylogenetically and compared with sequences of the same
region from 23 H7 subtype viruses available in Genbank. The overall results
showed two geographically distinct lineages of North American and Eurasian
viruses with major sublineages of Australian, historical European and equine
viruses. Genetically related sublineages and clades within these major groups
appeared to reflect geographical and temporal parameters rather than being
defined by host avian species. Viruses of high and low virulence shared the
same phylogenetic branches, supporting the theory that virulent viruses are not
maintained as a separate entity in waterfowl.
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, influenza A virus avian classification, avian genetics, amino acid
sequence, fowl plague virology, genes viral, avian isolation and purification,
phylogeny, poultry, sequence homology, amino acid.
Barclay, W.S. and M. Zambon (2004). Pandemic risks
from bird flu. BMJ Clinical Research 328(7434): 238-9. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza epidemiology, Asia, Southeastern epidemiology, birds, chickens,
influenza A virus avian, human.
Barr, D.A., M.D. O'Rourke, D.C. Grix, R.L. Reece,
A.P. Kelly, R.T. Badman, and A.R. Campey (1986). Avian influenza on a
multi-age chicken farm. Australian Veterinary Journal 63(6):
195-196. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: An account of an outbreak on a farm near
Bendigo in 1985, where 120,000 birds were housed in 12 sheds. The virus, highly
virulent, was subtype H7N7. The outbreak occurred in birds already affected
with complex respiratory disease.
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus, Victoria,
Australia, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza
virus, livestock, Oceania, poultry, useful animals, viruses, chickens viruses.
Baumeister, E.G. and V.L. Savy (1998). Human
circulation of avian influenza (H5N1) in Hong Kong. Boletín De La
Asociación Argentina De Microbiología (129): 12-13. ISSN: 0325-6480.
Descriptors: human diseases, influenza virus A, epidemics,
clinical aspects, diagnosis, reviews,
Hong Kong.
Beard, C.W. (1984). Focus on ... avian influenza.
Foreign Animal Disease Report 12(2): 5-11. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry diseases,
reviews.
Beard, C.W. (1997). Historical lessons about avian
influenza. Proceedings of the
Western Poultry Diseases Conference 46: 29-31.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, lessons, history.
Beard, C.W. (1997). Historical lessons from avian
influenza. Zootecnica International 20(6): 16-18. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
lessons, history, vaccination, strains, reservoir hosts, geographical
distribution.
Beard, C.W. (1981). Turkey influenza vaccination.
Veterinary Record 108(25): 545.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, turkeys,
vaccination veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology, viral vaccines.
Beard, C.W., M. Brugh, and D.C. Johnson (1984). Laboratory
studies with the Pennsylvania avian influenza viruses (H5N2). Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association 88:
462-473.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, laboratory diagnosis,
survival, feces, chickens.
Beard, C.W., S.B. Hitchner, C.H. Domermuth, H.G.
Purchase (ed.) and J.E. Williams (ed.)
(1975). Avian influenza. In: Isolation and Identification of Avian
Pathogens, American Association of Avian Pathologists:p. 174-181.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.I86
Descriptors: virus identification, detection, laboratory
diagnosis, influenza, ducks, quails.
Beard, C.W. (2002). Avian influenza debate
continues. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
221(11): 1546. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, respiratory
system, veterinary medicine, influenza, infectious disease, prevention and
control, respiratory system disease, viral disease, biosecurity, disease
eradication, pathogenic outbreaks.
Beare, A.S. and R.G. Webster (1991). Replication
of avian influenza viruses in humans. Archives of Virology 119(1-2):
37-42. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Volunteers inoculated with avian influenza
viruses belonging to subtypes currently circulating in humans (H1N1 and H3N2)
were largely refractory to infection. However 11 out of 40 volunteers
inoculated with the avian subtypes, H4N8, H6N1, and H10N7, shed virus and had
mild clinical symptoms: they did not produce a detectable antibody response.
This was presumably because virus multiplication was limited and insufficient
to stimulate a detectable primary immune response. Avian influenza viruses
comprise hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes 1-14 and it is possible that HA genes not
so far seen in humans could enter the human influenza virus gene pool through
reassortment between avian and circulating human viruses.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, adult,
antibodies, viral blood, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus,
hemagglutinins viral immunology, avian isolation and purification, avian
physiology, middle aged, species specificity, virus replication.
Beckford Ball, J. (2004). Building awareness of
the avian flu outbreak and its symptoms. Nursing Times 100(6):
28-9. ISSN: 0954-7762.
Abstract: The current outbreak of avian influenza in
South East Asia has resulted in a small number of human deaths. Avian flu can
pass from birds to humans, although the number of humans infected is low. The
fear is that the avian flu virus could mutate in a human who was also infected
with a common flu virus, creating a new strain that could pass from human to
human. Nurses, especially those working in travel health, should keep
themselves informed of the latest developments.
Descriptors: avian flu, outbreak, symptoms, South East
Asia, human deaths, birds.
Becquart, P. (2003). Avian influenza: a mutant
[Grippe aviaire : le grand mutant couve]. Biofutur (France) (235): 5-6. P4220. ISSN: 0294-3506.
NAL
Call Number: TP248.13.B565
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, mutants, disease
transmission, zoonoses.
Belshe, R.B. (1998). Influenza as a zoonosis: how
likely is a pandemic? Lancet 351(9101): 460-1. ISSN: 0140-6736.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague transmission,
influenza transmission, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian, zoonoses, Asia epidemiology, chickens virology,
Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza epidemiology.
Belshe, R.B. (1995). A review of attenuation of
influenza viruses by genetic manipulation. American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152(4, Pt. 2): S72-5. ISSN: 1073-449X.
Descriptors: genetic engineering methods, influenza A virus
human genetics, influenza B virus genetics, influenza vaccine genetics, adult,
infant, avian immunology, human immunology, human pathogenicity, influenza B
virus immunology, influenza B virus pathogenicity, influenza vaccine
immunology, vaccines, attenuated genetics, vaccines, attenuated immunology,
vaccines, combined genetics, vaccines,
combined immunology.
Bennejean, G. (1981). Is an international
regulation of avian influenza feasible? In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 198-210.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease
control, international regulation, symposium.
Bennink, J.R. and T.N. Palmore (2004). The promise
of siRNAs for the treatment of influenza. Trends in Molecular Medicine
10(12): 571-4. ISSN: 1471-4914.
Abstract: Current WHO reports on the Asian avian
influenza virus outbreaks are poignant reminders of the potential for the
emergence of highly virulent strains of influenza A virus (IAV) and the fact
that it remains a scourge on human health. As IAV drifts and shifts its genetic
and antigenic composition, it presents an ever-changing challenge for vaccines
and antiviral medications. Short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the latest class
of potential antiviral therapeutics to be developed. Recent reports using
siRNAs in mice suggest that they hold great promise for the prevention and
treatment of IAV infections.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, influenza
drug therapy, influenza A virus genetics, small interfering RNA therapeutic
use, mice, RNA interference physiology, short-interfering RNA.
Bhattacharjee, Y. (2004). Microbiology. Scientist
pleads guilty of receiving illegally imported avian flu virus. Science
305(5692): 1886. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: crime, influenza A virus, avian, microbiology
legislation and jurisprudence, chickens, commerce legislation and
jurisprudence, licensure, Saudi Arabia, United States.
Bi Yingzuo and Cao Yongchang (1994). Serological
investigation of avian influenza in Guangdong, China. Chinese Journal of
Veterinary Medicine 21(7): 8-9.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C485
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, symptoms, immunodiagnosis, Guangdong, Asia, biological
properties, birds, China, diagnosis, domestic animals, domesticated birds, East
Asia, Galliformes, immunological techniques, influenza virus, livestock,
microbial properties, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Biggs, P.M. (1982). The epidemiology of avian
herpesviruses in veterinary medicine. Developments in Biological
Standardization 52: 3-11. ISSN:
0301-5149.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: There are ten avian herpesviruses, which have
been isolated from eight orders. Six of these are of veterinary importance:
Pacheco's parrot disease virus, pigeon herpesvirus, duck plague virus,
infectious laryngotracheitis virus, herpesvirus of turkeys and Marek's disease
virus. The knowledge on the epidemiology of each virus and the disease it
causes is discussed. Features in common to infections with most avian
herpesviruses are: infection is persistent in individuals and ubiquitous in
populations; virus is shed for long periods of time after infection although in
some cases erratically; infection does not necessarily result in disease and at
least in some avian herpesvirus infections the incidence of disease is affected
by the pathogenicity of the virus; the genetic constitution of the host and
stress factors affecting the host. It is concluded that man's interference with
the natural history of host species often increases the threat and incidence of
disease unless preventive action is taken.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, herpesviridae isolation
and purification, herpesviridae infections veterinary, ducks microbiology,
herpesvirus 1, gallid isolation and purification, herpesvirus 2, gallid
isolation and purification, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
pigeons microbiology, turkeys microbiology.
Bikour, M.H., E.H. Frost, S. Deslandes, B. Talbot,
and Y. Elazhary (1995). Persistence of a 1930 swine influenza A (H1N1) virus
in Quebec. Journal of General Virology 76(Pt. 10): 2539-47. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Two antigenically distinct H1N1 influenza A
viruses were isolated during an outbreak of respiratory disease in Quebec swine
in 1990/91. Analysis of haemagglutinin and partial nucleoprotein sequences
indicated that one was a variant of the swine H1N1 influenza virus circulating
in the American Midwest whereas the other was very similar to virus isolated
from swine in 1930. The existence of this latter isolate supports the concept
that influenza viruses can be maintained for long periods in swine, perhaps in
geographically limited pockets. Serological evidence indicates that these
distinct strains continued to circulate widely in south-central Quebec until at
least 1993.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, porcine genetics,
influenza A virus, porcine immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
phylogeny, swine diseases virology, amino acid sequence, antigenic variation, antigens, viral
analysis, base sequence, capsid genetics, disease outbreaks, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral analysis, hemagglutinins
viral genetics, avian genetics, human genetics, molecular sequence data, orthomyxoviridae
infections epidemiology, orthomyxoviridae infections virology, quebec
epidemiology, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence homology, amino acid, swine,
swine diseases epidemiology, viral core proteins genetics.
Bisgaard, M. (1977). Virusbetingede
luftvejslidelser hos fjerkrae--forekomst og diagnostik. [Respiratory diseases
in poultry caused by viruses--occurrence and diagnosis (author's transl)]. Nordisk
Veterinaermedicin 29(7-8): 305-24.
ISSN: 0029-1579.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 N813
Abstract:
The highly intensive conditions, that
economic necessity has forced upon the poultry industry, have resulted in
strongly changed environmental conditions and management which combined with
the use of a constantly increasing number of live vaccines has highly
complicated clearing up the etiology in diseased flocks. This is true not least
as far as respiratory diseases concerns, which thereby often run an atypical
course. A review, however, not complete, is given of the occurrence and
diagnostic procedures in respiratory diseases caused by viruses, the greatest
importance attached to infections caused by adeno- and infectious bronchitis
virus.
Descriptors: poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases
epidemiology, respiratory tract infections veterinary, virus diseases
veterinary, herpesvirus 1, gallid isolation and purification, infectious
bronchitis virus isolation and purification, influenza A virus avian isolation
and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification, poultry,
reoviridae isolation and purification, respiratory tract infections diagnosis,
respiratory tract infections epidemiology, virus diseases diagnosis, virus
diseases epidemiology.
Bogdan, J., O.J. Vrtiak, R. Polony, and T. Pauer
(1968). Dynamics of immunomorphological changes in the organs of chickens
after immunization with BPL vaccine and after challenge with fowl plague virus.
Bulletin Office International Des Epizooties 69(5): 725-44. ISSN: 0300-9823.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 OF2
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases immunology, antibody
formation, chickens, lactones, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, vaccination
, vaccines.
Bonaduce, A., G. Iovane, and F. Martone (1986). L'influenza
aviaria. [Avian influenza]. Acta Medica Veterinaria 32(3-4):
143-287. ISSN: 0001-6136.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AC84
Descriptors: avian influenza, reviews.
Bonn, D. (2004). Avian influenza: the whole
world's business. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(3): 128. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: ducks virology, avian influenza transmission,
poultry diseases transmission, zoonoses, Asia epidemiology, food contamination,
avian influenza epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, public health.
Boudreault, A., J. Lecomte, and V.S. Hinshaw (1980). Caracterisation
antigenique des virus influenza A isoles des oiseaux captures dans l'Ontario,
le Quebec et les provinces maritimes durant la saison 1977. [Antigenic
characterization of influenza A virus isolated from birds captured in Ontario,
Quebec, and the maritime provinces during the 1977 season]. Revue
Canadienne De Biologie Editee Par L'Universite De Montreal 39(2):
107-14. ISSN: 0035-0915.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 R325
Abstract: A total of 145 influenza A viruses were
isolated from ducks, geese and passerine birds in Ontario, Quebec and the
Maritimes in July-August 1977. Antigenic characterization of these isolates
included five hemagglutinin (Hsw1, Hav4, Hav5, Hav6, Hav7) and five
neuraminidase subtypes (N1, N2, Neq1, Neq2, Nav1) in nine different
combinations; one combination Hav7 Neq1 had not been previously reported. The
majority of these viruses were Hsw1 N1, antigenically related to influenza
viruses in pigs and humans. This large reservoir of influenza A viruses
circulating in ducks may well be involved in the appearance of new viruses in
other species, including humans.
Descriptors: animal population groups microbiology,
animals, wild microbiology, birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, Canada, disease reservoirs, ducks microbiology,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, avian immunology, neuraminidase analysis, viral proteins analysis.
Brewster, R.ed. (1984). Proceedings, Newcastle
disease and fowl plague seminar, Sydney, vi + 140 p.
NAL
Call Number:
SF995.6.N4N48 1984
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, seminar,
Sydney, review, disease control, viral diseases, poultry, Newcastle disease.
Bricaire, F. (2004). La grippe aviaire, quel
risque de transmission interhumaine? [Avian flu, what are the risks of
inter-human transmission?]. Presse Medicale Paris, France 1983
33(6): 366-7. ISSN: 0755-4982.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza A virus, avian
influenza, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza transmission,
zoonoses, human, porcine, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, risk
factors, swine.
Brown, H. (2004). WHO confirms human-to-human
avian flu transmission. Lancet 363(9407): 462. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: disease transmission, horizontal statistics
and numerical data, fowl plague transmission, Asia epidemiology, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza A virus avian,
poultry, World Health Organization, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses
transmission.
Brown, I.H., P.A. Harris, J.W. McCauley, and D.J.
Alexander (1998). Multiple genetic reassortment of avian and human influenza
A viruses in European pigs, resulting in the emergence of an H1N2 virus of
novel genotype. Journal of General Virology 79(Pt. 12):
2947-55. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Novel H1N2 influenza A viruses which were
first detected in pigs in Great Britain in 1994 were examined antigenically and
genetically to determine their origins and establish the potential mechanisms
for genetic reassortment. The haemagglutinin (HA) of all swine H 1 N2 viruses
examined was most closely related to, but clearly distinguishable both
antigenically and genetically from, the HA of human H1N1 viruses which
circulated in the human population during the early 1 980s. Phylogenetic
analysis of the HA gene revealed that the swine H 1 N2 viruses formed a
distinct branch on the human lineage and were probably introduced to pigs
shortly after 1980. Following apparent transfer to pigs the HA gene underwent
genetic variation resulting in the establishment and cocirculation of
genetically and antigenically heterogeneous virus populations. Genetic analyses
of the other RNA segments of all swine H1N2 viruses indicated that the
neuraminidase gene was most closely related to those of early 'human-like'
swine H3N2 viruses, whilst the RNA segments encoding PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M and NS
were related most closely to those of avian viruses, which have been
circulating recently in pigs in Northern Europe. The potential mechanisms and
probable progenitor strains for genetic reassortment are discussed, but we
propose that the swine H1N2 viruses examined originated following multiple
genetic reassortment, initially involving human H1N1 and 'human-like' swine H3N2
viruses, followed by reassortment with 'avian-like' swine H1N1 virus. These
findings suggest multiple reassortment and replication of influenza viruses may
occur in pigs many years before their detection as clinical entities.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian genetics, human
genetics, recombination, genetic, antigens, viral immunology, base sequence,
DNA, viral, Europe, genes viral, genotype, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, avian immunology, human
immunology, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, sequence analysis, DNA, swine.
Brown, I.H., S. Ludwig, C.W. Olsen, C. Hannoun, C.
Scholtissek, V.S. Hinshaw, P.A. Harris, J.W. McCauley, I. Strong, and D.J.
Alexander (1997). Antigenic and genetic analyses of H1N1 influenza A viruses
from European pigs. Journal of General Virology 78(pt. 3):
553-562. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs
in Europe since 1981 were examined both antigenically and genetically and
compared with H1N1 viruses from other sources. H1N1 viruses from pigs and birds
could be divided into three groups: avian, classical swine and 'avian-like'
swine viruses. Low or no reactivity of 'avian-like' swine viruses in HI tests
with monoclonal antibodies raised against classical swine viruses was
associated with amino acid substitutions within antigenic sites of the
haemagglutinin (HA). Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed that
classical swine viruses from European pigs are most similar to each other and
are closely related to North American swine strains, whilst the 'avian-like'
swine viruses cluster with avian viruses. 'Avian-like' viruses introduced into
pigs in the UK in 1992 apparently originated directly from strains in pigs in
continental Europe at that time. The HA genes of the swine viruses examined had
undergone limited variation in antigenic sites and also contained fewer
potential glycosylation sites compared to human H1N1 viruses. The HA exhibited
antigenic drift which was more marked in 'avian-like' swine viruses than in
classical swine strains. Genetic analyses of two recent 'avian-like' swine
viruses indicated that all the RNA segments are related most closely to those
of avian influenza A viruses.
Descriptors: influenza virus A, viral hemagglutinins,
nucleotide sequences, phylogenetics, viral antigens, hemagglutination
inhibition test, molecular sequence data, GENBANK u72666, GENBANK u72667,
GENBANK u72668, GENBANK u72669, GENBANK z46436, GENBANK z46441.
Brugh, M. (1988). Highly pathogenic virus
recovered from chickens infected with mildly pathogenic 1986 isolates of H5N2
avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases 32(4): 695-703. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A combination of in vitro and in vivo
selection procedures was used to examine the possibility that certain mildly
pathogenic field isolates of avian influenza (AI) virus may contain minority
subpopulations of highly pathogenic virus. Two mildly pathogenic H5N2 isolates,
A/chicken/New Jersey/12508/86 (NJ12508) and A/chicken/Florida/27716/86
(FL27716), recovered from chickens epidemiologically associated with urban
live-bird markets, were cloned in trypsin-free chicken embryo fibroblast
cultures. Selected clones were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally
(IN/IT) into specific-pathogen-free laying hens, and virus reisolated from the
hens that died was serially passed in hens by IN/IT inoculation. Several highly
pathogenic reisolates were recovered from hens infected with the cloned NJ12508
or FL27716 virus. A highly pathogenic NJ12508 reisolate killed 19 of 24
IN/IT-inoculated hens, and a FL27716 reisolate killed all 24 inoculated hens;
signs and lesions were typical of fowl plague. In contrast, uncloned NJ12508 stock
virus killed 1 of 24 hens and FL27716 stock virus killed 4 of 24 hens, and
neither produced the complete spectrum of lesions associated with fowl plague.
Recovery of highly pathogenic viruses from these isolates demonstrates the
coexistence of pathogenically distinct subpopulations of virus. Competition for
dominance among such subpopulations could explain the variable pathogenicity of
some AI viruses.
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, influenza A virus
avian pathogenicity, cultured cells, cytopathogenic effect, viral, fowl plague
microbiology, fowl plague mortality, avian isolation and purification, serial
passage, species specificity, trypsin diagnostic use.
Brugh, M. and C.W. Beard (1986). Influence of
dietary calcium stress on lethality of avian influenza viruses for laying
chickens. Avian Diseases 30(4): 672-8. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The effect of calcium stress was studied in
an attempt to reproduce lethal infections in laying chickens with
A/Chicken/Alabama/75 (H4N8) influenza virus and with two nonpathogenic H5N2
influenza viruses from the 1983-84 outbreak in the eastern United States. Hens
were fed calcium-deficient or standard diets for 7 to 14 days; then the
calcium-deficient feed was replaced with standard feed supplemented with ad
libitum oyster shell, and both groups of hens were inoculated with virus. When
hens were infected with the H4N8 virus, respective mortalities of those on the
calcium-deficient and standard diets were 19% (27/141) and 5% (7/143). The H5N2
viruses did not kill hens fed either diet. In standard pathogenicity tests,
Alabama H4N8 viruses reisolated from the hens that died generally were more
lethal for 4-week-old chickens than the stock virus. These results argue for
characterization of the Alabama H4N8 virus as pathogenic rather than
nonpathogenic as originally determined.
Descriptors: calcium deficiency, calcium, dietary
metabolism, chickens metabolism, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases microbiology, stress
veterinary, orthomyxoviridae infections metabolism, poultry diseases
metabolism, stress metabolism, stress microbiology.
Buckner, R.E. and D.D. Frame (1996). Observations
an outbreak of avian influenza serotype H7N3 in turkeys at the Utah State
University Snow Field Station, 1995. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 45: 294.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: turkeys, avian influenza virus, Utah,
America, birds, Galliformes, influenza virus, mountain states United States,
North America, orthomyxoviridae, United States, viruses, western states United
States.
Butterfield, W.K. (1976). Avian influenza and fowl
plague. In: Proceedings of 25th Western Poultry Disease Conference and
10th Poultry Health Symposium, March 8-11, 1976, p. 24-27.
NAL
Call Number:
SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza, fowl plague,
poultry.
Butterfield, W.K. and C.H. Campbell (1978). Vaccination for fowl plague. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 39(4): 671-4. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 virus has
antigenic characteristics of fowl plague virus but is avirulent for chickens.
The virus was inoculated intratracheally in chickens at several dosage levels
and resulted in the formation of antibody and immunity against fowl plague. The
avirulent virus replicated in chickens and was recoverable by tracheal swab
specimens up to 4 days after inoculation. Although the virus was transmitted to
contact controls at the time when their cagemates were inoculated, it was not
transmitted to contact controls placed with chickens inoculated 24 hours
earlier. After 10 passages in chickens, the virus remained avirulent for
chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague prevention and control,
vaccination veterinary, antibodies, viral analysis, influenza A virus avian
growth and development, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification,
trachea microbiology, viral vaccines, virulence.
Cameron, K.R., V. Gregory, J. Banks, I.H. Brown, D.J.
Alexander, A.J. Hay, and Y.P. Lin (2000). H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses
in poultry in Pakistan are closely related to the H9N2 viruses responsible for
human infection in Hong Kong. Virology 278(1): 36-41. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
veterinary, influenza A virus avian classification, human classification,
poultry diseases virology, antigens, viral genetics, antigens, viral
immunology, cloning, molecular, genome, viral, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, hemagglutinins viral genetics, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology, avian genetics, avian immunology, human genetics, human
immunology, molecular sequence data, Pakistan epidemiology, phylogeny, poultry
diseases epidemiology, sequence analysis, protein, viral proteins genetics,
viral proteins immunology.
Campbell, C.H., R.G. Webster, and S.S.J. Breese
(1970). Fowl plague virus from man. Journal of Infectious Diseases
122(6): 513-6. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, antigens analysis, chick embryo, chickens, cross reactions,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, immune sera analysis, avian classification,
avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, microscopy, electron, neuraminidase
analysis, neutralization tests, poultry diseases immunology, vaccination, viral
vaccines administration and dosage.
Campitelli, L., C. Fabiani, S. Puzelli, A. Fioretti,
E. Foni, A. De Marco, S. Krauss, R.G. Webster, and I. Donatelli (2002). H3N2
influenza viruses from domestic chickens in Italy: an increasing role for
chickens in the ecology of influenza? Journal of General Virology
83(Pt. 2): 413-20. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: In Italy, multiple H3N2 influenza viruses
were isolated from chickens with mild respiratory disease and were shown to
replicate in the respiratory tracts of experimentally infected chickens; this
finding is the first to show that H3N2 influenza viruses can replicate and
cause disease in chickens. H3N2 influenza viruses in pigs on nearby farms
seemed a likely source of the virus; however, antigenic and molecular analyses
revealed that the gene segments of the viruses in chickens were mainly of
Eurasian avian origin and were distinguishable from those isolated from pigs
and wild aquatic birds in Italy. Thus, several different H3 influenza viruses were
circulating in Italy, but we failed to identify the source of the chicken H3N2
influenza viruses that have disappeared subsequently from Italian poultry.
Until recently, the transmission of influenza viruses (other than the H5 and H7
subtypes) from their reservoir in aquatic birds to chickens was rarely detected
and highly pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses were considered to be
restricted to poultry species. However, the recent reports of the transmission
of H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses to chickens in Hong Kong and, subsequently,
to humans and our findings of the transmission of H3N2 influenza viruses to
domestic chickens in Italy suggest an increased role for chickens as an
intermediate host in the ecology of influenza.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague virology, influenza
veterinary, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, poultry diseases virology,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, influenza virology, avian isolation and purification, avian
physiology, porcine isolation and purification, porcine pathogenicity, Italy,
molecular sequence data, sequence analysis, DNA, swine diseases virology, viral
proteins genetics, virus replication.
Canada. Agriculture Canada. (1985). Outbreak
Alert: Avian Influenza, Publication, Vol. 1794/E, Communications Branch,
Agriculture Canada: Ottawa, 1 folded sheet (6) p. ISBN: 0662138988.
NAL
Call Number: 7 C16Pu no. 1794
Descriptors: avian influenza, outbreak alert, Canada.
Cane, B.G., L.F. Leanes, and L.O. Mascitelli (2004). Emerging
diseases and their impact on animal commerce: the Argentine lesson. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences 1026: 12-8. ISSN: 0077-8923.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N484
Abstract: As a result of the Argentine experience with
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in 2001, a need was postulated for the
establishment of efficient supranational schemes for continuous surveillance of
the interrelations between tropical extractives livestock systems and the
prairies that are optimal for the feeding of livestock in the southern region
of South America. FMD in Argentina and in other countries, new or re-emerging
risks from avian influenza with potential risks for public health, the
spongiform encephalopathies, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, and
classical swine fever, among other animal diseases, have generated a strong
reaction and evolution within the veterinary services of the country. These
present lessons will influence decision-making within countries and should be
accepted by the technical and scientific community. From the perspective of the
official animal health sector and with the FMD eradication plan as a basis
within the national territory, we have worked not only to achieve international
recognition and credibility within animal health systems, but also to realize
the formation of a regional block of countries that can be recognized
internationally as an area with equivalent animal health status. We emphasize
not only that this lesson is useful in FMD, but also that it is possible to
apply the valuable conclusions reached for other emerging or re-emerging
diseases.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, commerce, communicable
diseases, emerging prevention and control, emerging transmission, foot and
mouth disease prevention and control, foot and mouth disease transmission,
domestic animals, Argentina, decision making, international cooperation,
population surveillance, risk assessment.
Cappucci, D.T.J., D.C. Johnson, M. Brugh, T.M. Smith,
C.F. Jackson, J.E. Pearson, and D.A. Senne (1985). Isolation of avian
influenza virus (subtype H5N2) from chicken eggs during a natural outbreak.
Avian Diseases 29(4): 1195-200.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian influenza virus
(A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83; H5N2) was recovered from the yolk, albumen, and
shell surface of eggs obtained from naturally infected chicken flocks in
Pennsylvania and Virginia. These findings represent the first reported
isolation of avian influenza virus from the internal contents of eggs from naturally
infected flocks. The need for adequate safeguards to prevent spread of the
virus during commercial movement of table and hatching eggs, cracked and
"checked" eggs, and egg flats and other materials is emphasized.
Descriptors: eggs, food microbiology, fowl plague
transmission, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, chickens,
fowl plague epidemiology, Pennsylvania, Virginia.
Capua, I. and D.J. Alexander (2004). Human health
implications of avian influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses. European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Official Publication
of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 23(1): 1-6. ISSN: 0934-9723.
Abstract: Among avian influenza viruses and avian
paramyxoviruses are the aetiological agents of two of the most devastating
diseases of the animal kingdom: (i). the highly pathogenic form of avian
influenza, caused by some viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes, and (ii).
Newcastle disease, caused by virulent strains of APMV type 1. Mortality rates
due to these agents can exceed 50% in naive bird populations, and, for some
strains of AI, nearly 100%. These viruses may also be responsible for clinical
conditions in humans. The virus responsible for Newcastle disease has been
known to cause conjunctivitis in humans since the 1940s. The conjunctivitis is
self-limiting and does not have any permanent consequences. Until 1997, reports
of human infection with avian influenza viruses were sporadic and frequently
associated with conjunctivitis. Recently, however, avian influenza virus
infections have been associated with fatalities in human beings. These
casualties have highlighted the potential risk that this type of infection
poses to public health. In particular, the pathogenetic mechanisms of highly pathogenic
avian influenza viruses in birds and the possibility of reassortment between
avian and human viruses in the human host represent serious threats to human
health. For this reason, any suspected case should be investigated thoroughly.
Descriptors: avulavirus isolation and purification,
communicable disease control, disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, birds, fowl plague prevention and control, Italy epidemiology,
Newcastle disease prevention and control, prognosis, risk assessment, survival
analysis.
Capua, I., B. Grossele, E. Bertoli, and P. Cordioli
(2000). Monitoring for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in
Italy. Veterinary Record 147(22): 640. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, wild animals, birds, disease outbreaks
veterinary, avian pathogenicity, Italy epidemiology, mass screening veterinary.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2000). The Italian
experience: what can we learn from it? World Poultry (Special):
21-22. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: disease control, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, Italy.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, M. Dalla Pozza, and U.
Santucci (2000). Vaccination for avian influenza in Italy. Veterinary Record 147(26): 751. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus avian immunology, vaccination veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, Italy epidemiology, poultry.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, C. Terregino, G. Cattoli,
R.J. Manvell, and F. Burlini (2000). Highly pathogenic avian influenza
(H7N1) in ostriches farmed in Italy. Veterinary Record 146(12):
356. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague,
influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, ostriches virology, animal husbandry,
digestive system pathology, Italy, necrosis.
Capua, I. and F. Mutinelli (2001). A Colour Atlas
and Text on Avian Influenza. [Influenza
Aviaria: Testo e Atlante = Atlas Sobre La Influenza Aviar], 1 edition, Papi
editore: Bologna, xxv, 236 p.: col.
ill., 1 col. map 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) p. ISBN: 8888369007.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.6.I6 C37 2001
Descriptors: avian influenza, color atlas, text.
Capua, I. and F. Mutinelli (2001). Mortality in
Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) and domestic geese (Anser anser var.
domestica) associated with natural infection with a highly pathogenic
avian influenza virus of H7N1 subtype. Avian Pathology 30(2):
179-183. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Among the 413 outbreaks of highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI) caused by a virus of the H7N1 subtype, which occurred in
Italy during 1999 and 2000, an outbreak diagnosed in a backyard flock was
characterized by mortality and nervous signs in ducks and geese. Dead geese (Anser
anser var. domestica) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata)
were submitted to the laboratory for bacteriological, virological, histological
and immunohistochemical investigations. Routine bacteriological tests resulted
negative, while a HPAI virus of the H7N1 subtype was isolated from the geese.
Pancreatic damage was observed in both the geese and the ducks, and the pancreas
was also positive by immunohistochemistry for avian influenza in the geese.
Histopathological lesions were observed in the central nervous system of both
species, and this result was supported by positive immunohistochemical findings
for the presence of the virus.
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, highly
pathogenic avian influenza, viral disease, immunohistochemistry,
immunohistochemical, immunocytochemical techniques, diagnostic method,
histology, mortality, case study.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, S. Marangon, and D.J.
Alexander (2000). H7N1 avian influenza in Italy (1999 to 2000) in
intensively reared chickens and turkeys. Avian Pathology 29(6):
537-543. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: From the end of March to the beginning of
December 1999, an epidemic of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) affected
the industrial poultry population of northern Italy. The virus responsible for
the epidemic was subtyped as H7N1 with an intravenous pathogenicity index
(IVPI) of 0.0, and a deduced amino acid sequence of the region coding for the
cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule typical of low pathogenicity
viruses. The circulation of the virus in a susceptible population for several
months caused the emergence of a highly pathogenic virus with an IVPI of 3.0
and the presence of multiple basic amino acids in the deduced amino acid
sequence for the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule. Over 13 million
birds were affected by the epidemic and, in the present paper, we report the
results of the clinical, virological and histopathological investigations
performed on affected chickens and turkeys. Clinical, gross and microscopic
lesions caused by LPAI were more severe in turkeys than in chickens, while
highly pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused similar mortality rates in
both species. Current European legislation considers LPAI and HPAI as two
completely distinct diseases, not requiring any compulsory eradication policy
for LPAI but enforcing eradication for HPAI. In the Italian 1999 to 2000
epidemic, LPAI mutated to HPAI in a densely populated area, causing great
economic losses. A reconsideration of the current European Union legislation on
avian influenza, including LPAI of the H5 and H7 subtypes, could possibly be an
aid to avoiding devastating epidemics for the poultry industry.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, epidemiology,
respiratory system, avian influenza (LPAI), high pathogenicity (HPAI), low pathogenicity, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, clinical analysis analytical method, histopathological
analysis analytical method, virological analysis analytical method, European
Union legislation, economic losses, industrial poultry population, intravenous
pathogenicity index, mortality rates.
Catelli, E. and A. Lavazza (2000). The health of
poultry in Italy during the year 2000. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy)
(11): 963-970. ISSN: 0037-1521.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enteritidis, health, pigeons, ducks, geese, pheasants,
quails, ostriches, Italy.
Cavanagh, D. (1992). Recent advances in avian
virology. British Veterinary Journal 148(3): 199-222. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V643
Abstract: Selected, recent research on the following
avian diseases, and their causative viruses, has been reviewed: chicken
anaemia, infectious bursal disease, turkey rhinotracheitis, avian nephritis,
fowlpox, influenza, infectious bronchitis and turkey enteritis.
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, virus diseases
veterinary, birds, coronaviridae, DNA viruses, fowlpox virus, infectious bursal
disease virus, influenza A virus avian, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, virus
diseases microbiology.
Celko, A.M. and J. Rosina (1998). Epidemiologie
ptaci chripky A (H5N1). [Epidemiology of avian influenza A (H5N1)]. Veterinarni
Medicina UZPI (Czech Republic) 43(7): 219-220. ISSN: 0375-8427.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 C333
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease transmission,
pathogenesis, disease resistance, disease control, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, resistance to injurious factors, viruses.
Cernik, K., B. Tumova, B. Kaminskyj, and V. Rajtar
(1985). Serologicky dukaz vyskytu aviarnich paramyuxoviru u holubu.
[Serologic detection of the occurrence of avian paramyxoviruses in pigeons].
Veterinarni Medicina 30(10): 603-10.
ISSN: 0375-8427.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 C333
Abstract: 447 blood-serum samples of racing and free
living pigeons collected in 11 districts of Czechoslovakia from August 1983
till March 1984 were examined by the haemagglutination inhibition test to the
Newcastle disease virus, strain Roakin, to the pigeon PMV-1 and to the PMV-3;
121 of the samples were tested to other serotypes, PMV-2--PMV-9, and to the
avian influenza A virus. 58.4% of samples were positive (greater than or equal
to 2 log2) to the Roakin strain with the mean titre 3.6 log2 and 65.1% to the
pigeon PMV-1 with the mean titre 4.5 log2. All samples tested were negative to
other serotypes except two samples of one group positive to PMV-8 with the mean
titre 4.3 log2. The titres of HI antibodies to the Roakin strain and to the
pigeon PMV-1 were compared. The risk of the transmission and of the
readaptation of pigeon virus to poultry was discussed.
Descriptors: bird diseases diagnosis, pigeons,
respirovirus infections veterinary, antibodies, viral analysis, bird diseases
epidemiology, Czechoslovakia, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
paramyxoviridae immunology, respirovirus infections diagnosis, respirovirus
infections epidemiology.
Chan, C.H., H.K. Shieh, Y.S. Lu, Y.L. Lee, D.F. Lin,
and Y.K. Liao (1989). Study on avian influenza in Taiwan. 1. Epidemiology,
viral isolation and identification. Taiwan Journal of Veterinary
Medicine and Animal Husbandry (53): 75-88.
ISSN: 0253-9128.
NAL
Call Number: 49 J822
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease surveys,
epidemiology, ducks, turkeys, quail, geese, mallards, Taiwan.
Charlton, K.G. (2000). Antibodies to selected
disease agents in translocated wild turkeys in California. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 36(1): 161-4.
ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)
trapped within California (n = 715) or imported into California from other
states (n = 381) from 1986 to 1996 were tested for exposure to certain disease
agents. Prevalence of antibody to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma
meleagridis, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella typhimurium,
Newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus was low (0-4%) for wild
turkeys trapped within California. With the exception of antibody prevalence to
M. meleagridis of 33%, the same was true for wild turkeys imported into
California from other states. Antibody prevalence to Mycoplasma synoviae
was 8-10% for both groups.
Descriptors: bird diseases epidemiology, fowl plague
epidemiology, mycoplasma infections veterinary, Newcastle disease epidemiology,
Salmonella infections, animal epidemiology, turkeys, agglutination tests
veterinary, animals, wild, antibodies, bacterial blood, antibodies, viral
blood, California epidemiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
immunodiffusion veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology, mycoplasma
immunology, Mycoplasma infections epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus
immunology, Salmonella immunology, seroepidemiologic studies.
Chen Bolun (1994). Studies on avian influenza. I.
Isolation and serological identification of influenza A viruses from chickens.
Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 27(10): 3-5.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C485
Descriptors: chickens, influenza virus, immunology,
isolation techniques, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes
, livestock, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Chen, H., G. Deng, Z. Li, G. Tian, Y. Li, P. Jiao, L.
Zhang, Z. Liu, R.G. Webster, and K. Yu ( 2004). The evolution of H5N1
influenza viruses in ducks in southern China. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(28):
10452-7. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The pathogenicity of avian H5N1 influenza
viruses to mammals has been evolving since the mid-1980s. Here, we demonstrate
that H5N1 influenza viruses, isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in
mainland China from 1999 through 2002, were becoming progressively more
pathogenic for mammals, and we present a hypothesis explaining the mechanism of
this evolutionary direction. Twenty-one viruses isolated from apparently
healthy ducks in southern China from 1999 through 2002 were confirmed to be
H5N1 subtype influenza A viruses. These isolates are antigenically similar to
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, which was the source of the 1997 Hong Kong
"bird flu" hemagglutinin gene, and all are highly pathogenic in
chickens. The viruses form four pathotypes on the basis of their replication
and lethality in mice. There is a clear temporal pattern in the progressively
increasing pathogenicity of these isolates in the mammalian model. Five of six
H5N1 isolates tested replicated in inoculated ducks and were shed from trachea
or cloaca, but none caused disease signs or death. Phylogenetic analysis of the
full genome indicated that most of the viruses are reassortants containing the
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96-like hemagglutinin gene and the other genes from unknown
Eurasian avian influenza viruses. This study is a characterization of the H5N1
avian influenza viruses recently circulating in ducks in mainland China. Our
findings suggest that immediate action is needed to prevent the transmission of
highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the apparently healthy ducks
into chickens or mammalian hosts.
Descriptors: ducks virology, evolution, molecular,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian pathogenicity, influenza, avian
virology, chickens, China, genes, viral genetics, genotype, avian transmission,
mice, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, virulence.
Chernetsov, I.U.V., A.N. Slepushkin, D.K. L'vov, N.A.
Braude, and A.E. Gavrilov (1980). Izoliatsiia virusa grippa ot chernoi
krachki (Chlidonias nigra) i serologicheskoe obsledovanie ptits na
antitela k virusu grippa. [Isolation of influenza virus from Chlidonias
nigra and serologic examination of the birds for antibodies to influenza
virus]. Voprosy Virusologii (1): 35-40. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Influenza A virus with the antigenic formulae
Hav4Neq2 has been isolated from Chlidonias nigra in the region of mass
moulting in the territory of the Kazakh SSR. Antihemagglutinins for the newly
isolated virus were detected in the sera of some specimens of the sea gull
order. The data obtained suggest an active circulation of the virus in this
region during the summer of 1977.
Descriptors: animal population groups microbiology,
animals, wild microbiology, birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antibodies, viral analysis, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, influenza A virus avian classification, Kazakhstan,
microscopy, electron, neutralization tests, orthomyxoviridae infections
epidemiology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, serotyping.
Chokephaibulkit, K., M. Uiprasertkul, P.
Puthavathana, P. Chearskul, P. Auewarakul, S.F. Dowell, and N. Vanprapar
(2005). A child with avian influenza A (H5N1) infection. Pediatric
Infectious Disease Journal 24(2): 162-6.
ISSN: 0891-3668.
Abstract: Human infections with avian influenza viruses
can be severe and may be harbingers of the evolution of a pandemic strain. We
present a patient in Thailand who was infected with influenza A (H5N1) virus.
Prominent features included the progression from fever and dyspnea to the acute
respiratory distress syndrome in a short period, lymphopenia and
thrombocytopenia. Establishing the diagnosis for this patient increased public
awareness of the virus and was soon followed by a halting of poultry-to-human
transmission. On the basis of available data, any child with suspected avian
influenza infection should be treated with oseltamivir.
Descriptors: infection, pediatrics, human medicine,
pharmacology, avian influenza A virus, orthomyxoviridae, child, Thailand.
Claas, E.C., J.C. de Jong, R. van Beek, G.F.
Rimmelzwaan, and A.D. Osterhaus (1998). Human influenza virus
A/HongKong/156/97 (H5N1) infection. Vaccine 16(9-10): 977-8. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Introduction of influenza viruses with gene
segments of avian origin into the human population may result in the emergence
of new pathogenic human influenza viruses. The recent infection of a 3-year-old
boy with an influenza A (H5N1) virus of avian origin can be considered as an
example of such an event. However, this virus, influenza A/Hong Kong/156/97
(H5N1) and the 17 additional H5N1 viruses isolated from humans by the end of 1997
lack the ability to spread efficiently amongst humans and therefore have
limited pandemic potential. However, the possibility of reassortment of these
viruses with currently circulating human viruses illustrates the need for
pandemic preparedness.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, avian pathogenicity, human genetics, human pathogenicity, chickens,
child, preschool, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl
plague virology, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, influenza
transmission, avian classification, human classification, phylogeny,
recombination, genetic.
Clough, J.D. (2004). Birds, viruses, and history:
the current 'genuine adventure'. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
71(4): 270. ISSN: 0891-1150.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, virus
diseases epidemiology, birds, communicable diseases epidemiology, incidence,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, risk assessment, severe
acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome
prevention and control, virus diseases prevention and control, world health.
Cohen, J. (1997). The flu pandemic that might have
been. Science 277(5332): 1600-1.
ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza transmission, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, human isolation and
purification, chickens virology, child preschool, China epidemiology, disease
outbreaks, fowl plague virology, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology.
Connor, R.J., Y. Kawaoka, R.G. Webster, and J.C.
Paulson (1994). Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3
influenza virus isolates. Virology 205(1): 17-23. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: The receptor specificity of 56 H2 and H3
influenza virus isolates from various animal species has been determined to
test the relevance of receptor specificity to the ecology of influenza virus.
The results show that the receptor specificity of both H2 and H3 isolates
evaluated for sialic acid linkage specificity and inhibition of
hemagglutination by horse serum correlates with the species of origin, as
postulated earlier for H3 strains based on a limited survey of five human,
three avian, and one equine strain. Elucidation of the amino acid sequence of
several human H2 receptor variants and analysis of known sequences of H2 and H3
isolates revealed that receptor specificity varies in association with an amino
acid change at residues 228 in addition to the change at residue 226 previously
documented to affect receptor specificity of H3 but not H1 isolates. Residues
226 and 228 are leucine and serine in human isolates, which preferentially bind
sialic acid alpha 2,6-galactose beta 1,4-N-acetyl glucosamine (SA alpha
2,6Gal), and glutamine and glycine in avian and equine isolates, which exhibit
specificity for sialic acid alpha-2,3-galactose beta-1,3-N-acetyl galactosamine
(SA alpha 2,3Gal). The results demonstrate that the correlation of receptor
specificity and species of origin is maintained across both H2 and H3 influenza
virus serotypes and provide compelling evidence that influenza virus hosts
exert selective pressure to maintain the receptor specificity characteristics
of strains isolated from that species.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian metabolism, human
metabolism, metabolism, receptors, virus metabolism, amino acid sequence, amino
acids genetics, carbohydrate sequence, chick embryo, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral genetics, molecular
sequence data, species specificity, viral envelope proteins genetics.
Cooper, R.G., J.O. Horbanczuk, and N. Fujihara (
2004). Viral diseases of the ostrich (Struthio camelus var. Domesticus).
Animal Science Journal 75(2): 89-95.
ISSN: 1344-3941.
NAL
Call Number: SF1.A542
Descriptors: Crimea Congo hemorrhagic fever, Newcastle
disease, avian influenza, avipoxvirus, Borna disease, disease prevention,
disease control, disease transmission methods, ostrich, Struthio camelus
, livestock.
Couceiro, J.N., J.R. Chaves, C.T. Brandao, and R.D.
Machado (1982). Isolamento e caracterizacao de virus influenza A, em aves
ornamentais, no Rio de Janeiro. [Isolation and characterization of influenza
virus type A, in ornamental birds, in Rio de Janeiro]. Anais De
Microbiologia 27: 159-67. ISSN: 0485-1854.
Descriptors: fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, birds, Brazil, feces microbiology, fowl
plague epidemiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, serotyping.
Couceiro, J.N.S.S., R.D. Machado, E.S.S. Couceiro,
and M.C. Cabral (1988). Study of an ornamental bird flock over a period of
three years: incidence of avian influenza viruses. Revista De
Microbiologia 19(4): 453-458. ISSN:
0001-3714.
NAL
Call Number: QR1.R4
Descriptors: carrier state, survey, avian influenza virus,
ornamental birds, aviary birds, sparrows, doves, waxbills, Rio de Janeiro.
Crinion, R.A.P. (1988). Newcastle disease and
avian influenza. Irish Veterinary News 10(5) ISSN: 0332-236X.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, symptoms,
diagnosis, disease control.
Curran, R. (2004). Asian bird flu. Emergency
Medical Services 33(5): 38-9. ISSN:
0094-6575.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, isolation and
purification, Japan epidemiology, respiratory protective devices, zoonoses
epidemiology, zoonoses transmission.
Cyranoski, D. (2004). Bird flu data languish in
Chinese journals. Nature 430(7003): 955. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: biomedical research, birds virology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification,
language, periodicals, swine virology, southeastern Asia epidemiology, China
epidemiology, communicable disease control, communication barriers, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza virology, avian classification,
publishing, time factors, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Cyranoski, D. (2001). Outbreak of chicken flu
rattles Hong Kong. Nature 412(6844): 261. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
poultry diseases epidemiology, chickens, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza A
virus avian, poultry diseases virology.
Das, P. (2004). Infectious disease surveillance
update. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(8): 481. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary,
influenza A virus, avian growth and development, avian influenza epidemiology,
poultry diseases epidemiology, West Nile fever epidemiology, West Nile virus
growth and development, Arizona epidemiology, California epidemiology, China
epidemiology, influenza, avian virology, middle aged, poultry diseases
virology, Vietnam epidemiology, West Nile fever virology.
Daszak, P., G.M. Tabor, A.M. Kilpatrick, J. Epstein,
and R. Plowright (2004). Conservation medicine and a new agenda for emerging
diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1026: 1-11. ISSN: 0077-8923.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N484
Abstract: The last three decades have seen an alarming
number of high-profile outbreaks of new viruses and other pathogens, many of
them emerging from wildlife. Recent outbreaks of SARS, avian influenza, and
others highlight emerging zoonotic diseases as one of the key threats to global
health. Similar emerging diseases have been reported in wildlife populations,
resulting in mass mortalities, population declines, and even extinctions. In
this paper, we highlight three examples of emerging pathogens: Nipah and Hendra
virus, which emerged in Malaysia and Australia in the 1990s respectively, with
recent outbreaks caused by similar viruses in India in 2000 and Bangladesh in
2004; West Nile virus, which emerged in the New World in 1999; and amphibian
chytridiomycosis, which has emerged globally as a threat to amphibian
populations and a major cause of amphibian population declines. We discuss a
new, conservation medicine approach to emerging diseases that integrates
veterinary, medical, ecologic, and other sciences in interdisciplinary teams.
These teams investigate the causes of emergence, analyze the underlying
drivers, and attempt to define common rules governing emergence for human,
wildlife, and plant EIDs. The ultimate goal is a risk analysis that allows us
to predict future emergence of known and unknown pathogens.
Descriptors: clinical medicine trends, communicable
diseases, emerging therapy, conservation of natural resources, disease
outbreaks, ecology, interprofessional relations, zoonoses, amphibia
microbiology, Chytridiomycota pathogenicity, emerging diagnosis, emerging
epidemiology, forecasting, Hendra virus pathogenicity, public health, risk
assessment, veterinary medicine trends, West Nile virus pathogenicity.
Davidson, W.R., H.W. Yoder, M. Brugh, and V.F.
Nettles (1988). Serological monitoring of eastern wild turkeys for
antibodies to Mycoplasma spp. and avian influenza viruses. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases 24(2): 348-51.
ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: From 1981 through 1986, plasma or serum
samples were obtained from 322 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from
Georgia (n = 111), Kentucky (n = 21), Louisiana (n = 22), North Carolina (n =
118), Tennessee (n = 19), Missouri (n = 24) and Iowa (n = 7). These samples
were tested for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and in most
instances, M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagridis (MM), and avian
influenza (AI) virus. All 322 turkeys were seronegative for MG by the rapid
plate agglutination (RPA) test. All of a subsample (n = 147) also were negative
(titer less than or equal to 1:40) for MG by the hemagglutination inhibition
(HI) test. Five of 253 turkeys (2%) were seropositive (+4 reaction) for MS by
the RPA test; however, HI tests for MS on these five turkeys were negative as
were attempts to isolate MS from trachea and homogenized lung tissue. Three of
253 turkeys (1%) were seropositive (+1 to +3 reactions) for MM by the RPA test.
None of 210 turkeys had antibodies to AI by the agar gel precipitation test.
These data suggest that populations of native eastern wild turkeys are not
important in the epizootiology of MG, MS, MM, or AI.
Descriptors: antibodies, bacterial analysis, antibodies,
viral analysis, influenza A virus avian immunology, Mycoplasma
immunology, turkeys microbiology, animals, wild immunology, turkeys immunology.
Davison, S., D. Galligan, T.E. Eckert, A.F. Ziegler,
and R.J. Eckroade (1999). Economic analysis of an outbreak of avian
influenza, 1997-1998. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 214(8): 1164-1167. ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: economic losses, economic analysis,
outbreaks, disease control, avian influenza virus, turkeys, United States,
Pennsylvania.
de Boer, G.F., W. Back, and A.D. Osterhaus (1990). An
ELISA for detection of antibodies against influenza A nucleoprotein in humans
and various animal species. Archives of Virology 115(1-2):
47-61. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: A double antibody sandwich blocking ELISA,
using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) was
developed to detect antibodies against influenza. Collections of serum samples
were obtained from human and various animal species. All influenza A subtypes
induced antibodies against hemagglutinins and NP. A close correlation between
titers of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the NP-ELISA was seen.
Antibodies against influenza NP were demonstrated in serum samples from humans,
ferrets, swine, horses, chickens, ducks, guinea pigs, mice, and seals. The
serum samples were collected at intervals during prospective epidemiological
studies, from experimental and natural infections, and vaccination studies. The
decline of maternal antibodies was studied in swine and horses. The NP-ELISA
enables rapid serological diagnosis and is suited for influenza A antibody
screening, especially in species which harbor several influenza subtypes. The
HI and neuraminidase inhibition tests, however, must still be used for
subtyping.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, influenza A virus immunology, nucleoproteins immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, viral core proteins immunology,
ferrets, hemagglutination inhibition tests, horses, avian immunology, human
immunology, porcine immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
poultry, prospective studies, Rodentia, seals, species specificity, specific
pathogen free organisms, swine, vaccination.
de Boer, G.F., C. van Maanen, J.T. Siebinga, and W.
Back (1992). Klassieke vogelpest en mildere influenza-infecties bij vogels
en zoogdieren. [Classical fowl plague and milder influenza infections in birds
and mammals]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 117(24): 735-40. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: Wild waterfowl are currently considered the
largest reservoir of the various haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)
subtypes of influenza virus. Until now thirteen different H-types and nine
different N-types have been detected in these populations. In the first
instance, virus transmission from fowl to other animal species and to man is
not causing disease problems. However, small changes at the molecular level of
a given HN-subtype recently caused a dramatic increase in virulence for
chickens. Genes fragments coding for haemagglutinin or neuraminidase can be
exchanged between viruses which propagate in the same individual. This
phenomenon-'genetic reassortment'-is of major epidemiological significance when
it occurs in pigs. New influenza epidemics in the human population consistently
originate in areas where waterfowl, pigs and human beings live close together.
At the moment, the virological and serological diagnosis of influenza A
infections is based ELISAs for antigen and antibody detection. Both ELISAs
employ a monoclonal antibody directed against a conserved antigenic determinant
of the influenza A nucleoprotein. The use of these tests can simplify the
diagnosis of and screening for influenza A infections, particularly in those
species which harbour several H- and N-subtypes.
Descriptors: fowl plague microbiology, orthomyxoviridae
infections veterinary, birds microbiology, chickens microbiology, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay veterinary, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian
isolation and purification, avian pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae infections
microbiology, orthomyxoviridae infections transmission, virulence.
De Clercq, K. and N. Goris (2004). Extending the
foot-and-mouth disease module to the control of other diseases. Developmental
Biology (Basel) 119: 333-40. ISSN:
1424-6074.
Abstract: During the recent devastating epidemics of
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), the highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) and New Castle disease, more than 115 million animals were
culled. The mass slaughter of animals raised serious ethical questions. These
epidemics showed that the use of emergency vaccination is an essential element
in disease control. During the last decade the FMD antigen banks have proved to
be effective and this module should be extended. An international vaccine stock
should be considered for classical swine fever and HPAI. Agreements with
vaccine producers should be made easily available, with instant access to a
vaccine reserve for rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, BT, African horse
sickness and Rift valley fever. These vaccines should meet international
standards and should allow distinction between vaccinated and infected animals.
Information should be gathered proactively on the use of vaccines for lumpy
skin disease, sheep and goat pox and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
Descriptors: animals, Australia, communicable disease
control methods, disease outbreaks prevention and control, veterinary disease
outbreaks, drug storage, emergency treatment methods, veterinary emergency
treatment, animal euthanasia, foot-and-mouth disease prevention and control,
international cooperation, viral vaccines immunology, viral vaccines supply and
distribution.
de Jong, J.C., G.F. Rimmelzwaan, R.A. Fouchier, and
A.D. Osterhaus (2000). Influenza virus: a master of metamorphosis. Journal
of Infection 40(3): 218-28. ISSN:
0163-4453.
Abstract: Novel influenza viruses continuously emerge
in the human population. Three times during the present century, an avian
influenza virus subtype crossed the species barrier, starting a pandemic, and
establishing itself for one to several decades in man. As the 1997 H5N1 event
in Hong Kong indicated, the occurrence of another pandemic in the near future
cannot be excluded. Sufficient vaccine may not be available to ameliorate the
consequences of such an event, because of a shortage of time. During
interpandemic periods, important antigenic drift variants sometimes arise at a
point of time when, with the current state of the technique, production of a
correspondingly adapted vaccine is also impossible. We may be able to solve
these problems by increasing influenza surveillance and by adopting new ways of
vaccine composition, production, formulation, presentation, and delivery. The
recently developed anti-neuraminidase antivirals should only be considered as
(valuable) adjuncts to vaccines.
Descriptors: antigenic variation, influenza epidemiology,
orthomyxoviridae genetics, disease outbreaks, hn protein genetics,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza mortality,
influenza prevention and control, influenza vaccine therapeutic use,
orthomyxoviridae enzymology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, reassortant
viruses genetics, reassortant viruses pathogenicity, virulence.
de Jong, M.D., V.C. Bach, T.Q. Phan, M.H. Vo, T.T.
Tran, B.H. Nguyen, M. Beld, T.P. Le, H.K. Truong, V.V. Nguyen, T.H. Tran, Q.H.
Do, and J. Farrar (2005). Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child
presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. New England Journal of
Medicine 352(7): 686-91. ISSN:
1533-4406.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 N442
Descriptors: coma virology, diarrhea virology,
encephalitis, viral etiology, influenza complications, influenza A virus, avian
influenza genetics, avian influenza isolation and purification, acute disease,
child, preschool child, viral virology, fatal outcome, influenza diagnosis,
influenza virology, lung radiography, seizures virology.
de Marco, M.A., V. Guberti, E. Raffini, E. Foni, M.
Delogu, and I. Donatelli (1999). Influenza aviaria. Indagini epidemiologiche
in specie selvatiche [Italia]. [Avian influenza. Epidemiological surveys in
wild birds in Italy]. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12): 897-907.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Abstract: Gli AA riportano i risultati di un
monitoraggio sanitario sull'influenza aviaria, svolto in Italia su diverse
specie selvatiche di volatili. Nel periodo compreso tra il 1992 e il 1998 sono
stati sottoposti ad indagine sierologica, per evidenziare anticorpi nei
confronti della nucleoproteina dei virus influenzali di tipo A, 404 anatidi,
277 folaghe, 40 fenicotteri, 394 fagiani, 258 quaglie, 147 rapaci. Di tali
campioni sono risultati sierologicamente positivi 216 anatidi, 28 folaghe, 11
fenicotteri, 2 rapaci. Tamponi cloacali effettuati nel 1993 su 120
passeriforrni hanno dato esito negativo per la ricerca di virus influenzali di
tipo A.
Descriptors: birds, disease surveys, wild animals,
monitoring, animal diseases, Italy, immunological techniques, antibiotics,
biopsy, avian influenza virus, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis,
identification, etiology, biological analysis, diagnosis, Europe,
histocytological analysis, influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae, surveys, viruses, Western Europe, wildlife.
Dea, S., M.A. Elazhary, and R.S. Roy (1980). Les
virus influenza chez l'homme et les animaux. Une revue de la litterature.
[Influenza viruses in man and animals. A literature review (author's transl)].
Canadian Veterinary Journal Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 21(6): 171-8.
ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: animals, domestic, orthomyxoviridae
infections microbiology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, antigens,
viral analysis, chickens, epitopes, fowl plague microbiology, horse diseases
microbiology, horses, influenza microbiology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, human immunology, porcine immunology, mutation, recombination,
genetic, swine, swine diseases microbiology.
Deibel, R., D.E. Emord, W. Dukelow, V.S. Hinshaw, and
J.M. Wood (1985). Influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in ducks in the
Atlantic flyway, 1977-1983, including an H5N2 isolate related to the virulent
chicken virus. Avian Diseases 29(4): 970-85. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: From 1977 to 1983, waterfowl migrating along
the Atlantic flyway were annually monitored for orthomyxoviruses and
paramyxoviruses in an area in central New York State. A total of 168 influenza
isolates were obtained from 1,430 waterfowl. Twenty-four combinations of
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes were detected, with as many as 12
found in a single year. One combination, an H5N2 isolate in 1982, was closely
related to the virulent chicken virus that appeared in Pennsylvania in 1983.
The prevalence of influenza varied greatly among the common waterfowl species:
mallards 42%, black ducks 30%, blue-winged teal 11%, wood ducks 2%, and Canada
geese 0%. A total of 89 paramyxoviruses were also from these waterfowl. In
contrast to findings with influenza virus, the prevalence of paramyxoviruses
did not differ significantly among the duck species. Serotype 1 (Newcastle
disease virus) was predominant; three other serotypes were also identified.
These findings indicated that ducks in the Atlantic flyway continually harbor
influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses. The viruses may be a source of infection
for other species.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification,
paramyxoviridae isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis,
demography, New York, species specificity.
DeLay, P.D., H.L. Casey, and H.S. Tubiash (1967). Comparative
study of fowl plague virus and a virus isolated from man. Public Health
Reports 82(7): 615-20. ISSN:
0094-6214.
NAL
Call Number: 151.65 P96
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, viruses immunology, chick embryo,
haplorhini, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutination tests,
neutralization tests, Newcastle disease immunology, Newcastle disease virus
immunology, poultry, virus diseases immunology, virus diseases pathology.
Della Porta, A. J. (ed.). (1985). Avian diseases.
In: Veterinary viral diseases, their significance in South East Asia and the
Western Pacific, p. 317-358.
NAL
Call Number:
SF780.4.I56 1984
Descriptors: wild birds, avian influenza,
Newcastle disease, viral diseases, threat, Australia, Korea, Malaysia,
conference papers.
Donis, R.O., W.J. Bean, Y. Kawaoka, and R.G. Webster
(1989). Distinct lineages of influenza virus H4 hemagglutinin genes in
different regions of the world. Virology 169(2): 408-17. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: To understand the determinants of influenza
virus evolution, phylogenetic relationships were determined for nine
hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the H4 subtype. These genes belong to a set of
viruses isolated from several avian and mammalian species from various geographic
locations around the world between 1956 and 1985. We found that the HA gene of
the H4 subtype is 1738 nucleotides in length and is predicted to encode a
polypeptide of 564 amino acids. The connecting peptide, which is removed from
the precursor polypeptide by peptidases to yield the mature HA1 and HA2
polypeptides, contains only one basic amino acid. This type of connecting
peptide is a feature of all avian avirulent HAs. On the basis of pairwise
nucleotide sequence homology comparisons the genes can be segregated into two
groups: influenza virus genes isolated in North America and those isolated from
other parts of the world. A high degree of homology exists between pairs of
genes from viruses of similar geographic origin. The nucleotide sequences
within a group differ by 1.5 to 10.6%; in contrast, between groups the
differences range from 15.8 to 19.4%. An evolutionary tree for the nine
sequences suggests that North American isolates have diverged extensively from
those circulating in other parts of the world. Geographic barriers which
determine flyway outlay may prevent the gene pools from extensive mixing. The
lack of correlation between date of isolation and evolutionary distance
suggests that different H4 HA genes cocirculate in a fashion similar to avian
H3 HA genes (H. Kida et al., 1987, Virology 159, 109-119) and influenza C genes
(D. Buonagurio et al., 1985, Virology 146, 221-232) implying the absence of
selective pressure by antibody that would give a significant advantage to
antigenic variants. In contrast to avian influenza virus genes, human influenza
virus genes evolve rapidly under the selective pressure of antibody.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza A
virus genetics, amino acid sequence, base sequence, cloning, molecular,
geography, molecular sequence data, sequence homology, nucleic acid.
Dosser, E.M. (1970). Stimuliruiushchee
vzaimodeistvie virusov zhivotnykh. [Stimulating interaction of animal viruses].
Voprosy Virusologii 15(4): 387-94.
ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, viral interference,
adenoviridae, arboviruses, cattle, cervix neoplasms, chick embryo, chikungunya
virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, HeLa cells, influenza A virus avian,
interferons antagonists and inhibitors, l cells cell line, lactones
pharmacology, mice, orthomyxoviridae, parainfluenza virus 1, human drug
effects, polioviruses, rabies virus, rats, respirovirus, swine, tissue culture,
vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus, virus cultivation, virus replication.
Downie, J.C., V. Hinshaw, and W.G. Laver (1977). The
ecology of influenza. Isolation of type 'A' influenza viruses from Australian
pelagic birds. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical
Science 55(6): 635-43. ISSN: 0004-945X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 Au7
Abstract: Three different type A influenza viruses have
been isolated from pelagic birds nesting on islands of the Great Barrier Reef.
One of these, isolated in 1972, was of subtype Hav6Nav5. The other two, which
are described in this paper, were isolated in 1975 and belonged to subtypes
Hav5Nav2 and Hav3Nav6. Of eight isolates of the latter virus, seven were
recovered from cloacal swabs and only one from the trachea.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antibodies, viral analysis, antigens, viral
immunology, Australia, cloaca microbiology, hemagglutinins viral analysis,
influenza A virus avian immunology, neuraminidase immunology, trachea
microbiology.
Downie, J.C. and W.G. Laver (1973). Isolation of a
type A influenza virus from an Australian pelagic bird. Virology
51(2): 259-269.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: influenza A virus, birds, Puffinus
pacificus chlororhynchus, shearwater bird.
Easterday, B.C. (1973). Avian influenza: a growing
problem. Poultry Digest 32(378): 357-359. ISSN: 0032-5724.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 N219
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry.
Easterday, B.C. (1973). Avian influenza: a
worldwide enigma. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
163(10): 1197. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: avian influenza, global, birds, ducks.
Easterday, B.C., C.W. Beard and M. S. Hofstad (ed.) (1984). Avian
influenza. In: Diseases of Poultry, 8th edition, p. 482-496.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.B5 1984
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, reviews, poultry
diseases.
Easterday, B.C., D.O. Trainer, B. Tumova, and H.G.
Pereira (1968). Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory
waterfowl. Nature 219(153): 523-4.
ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, influenza
veterinary, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, bird diseases immunology,
disease reservoirs, ducks, England, geese, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
Illinois, influenza immunology, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, Michigan, Missouri, neutralization tests, Ontario,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology,
South Dakota, Texas, turkeys, Wisconsin.
Easterday, B.C. and B. Tumova (1972). Avian
influenza viruses: in avian species and the natural history of influenza. Advances
in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 16: 201-22. ISSN: 0065-3519.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Descriptors: bird diseases etiology, influenza veterinary,
orthomyxoviridae classification, orthomyxoviridae immunology, antigens, viral,
bird diseases drug therapy, bird diseases prevention and control, birds,
chickens, ducks, ecology, influenza drug therapy, influenza immunology,
influenza pathology, influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus avian
classification, avian immunology, poultry diseases, turkeys.
Easterday, B.C., B. Tumova and M. S. Hofstad (ed.) (1972). Avian
influenza. In: Diseases of Poultry, 6th edition, p. 670-700.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.I86
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry, diseases.
Easterday, B.C., B. Tumova, M. S. Hofstad (ed.)
and others (ed.) (1978). Avian
influenza. In: Diseases of Poultry, 7th edition, p. 549-573.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.B5 1972
Descriptors: reviews, birds, avian influenza virus,
diseases.
Echaniz Aviles, G. (2004 ). Influenza aviar:
debemos preocuparnos? Salud P'Ublica De M'Exico 46(2): 186-7. ISSN: 0036-3634.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza, avian
epidemiology, Asia epidemiology, birds, influenza virology.
Eiros Bouza, J.M. (2004). Sindrome agudo
respiratorio grave y gripe aviar [Severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian
flu]. Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Medicina 121(2):
263-88. ISSN: 0034-0634.
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a
new disease that caused large ourbreaks in several countries in the first half
of 2003, resulting in infection in more than 8.000 people and more than 900
deaths. The disease originated in southern China and a novel coronavirus (SARS
CoV) has been implicated as the causative organism. We present an overview of
the etiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, based on the current state
of knowledge derived from published studies and our experience in the National
Microbiology Centre. Influenza is a zoonosis. This appreciation of influenza
ecology facilitated recognition of the H5N1 'bird flu' incident in Hong Kong in
1997 in what was considered to be an incipient pandemic situation, the chicken
being the source of virus for humans and. The current outbreak of avian
influenza in South East Asia has resulted in a small number of human deaths.
These findings highlight the importance of systematic virus surveillance of
domestic poultry in recognizing changes in virus occurrence, host range and
pathogenicity as signals at the avian level that could presage a pandemic.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, avian influenza
epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnosis, severe acute
respiratory syndrome etiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome virology,
southeastern Asia epidemiology, China epidemiology, diagnosis, avian influenza
mortality, avian influenza virology, middle aged adult.
Ek-Kommonen, C. (1996). Avian influenza. Suomen
Eläinlääkärilehti 102(7/8): 399-402.
ISSN: 0039-5501.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 F49
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, disease
prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, control, vaccines.
Ekdahl, K., P. Penttinen, A. Ternhag, A. Linde, and
J. Giesecke (2004). Fagelinfluensan--nasta globala infektionshot fran Asien.
[Avian influenza--next global infection threat from Asia]. Lakartidningen
101(8): 683-5. ISSN: 0023-7205.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian pathogenicity,
world health, birds, fowl plague transmission, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, risk factors.
Enserink, M. (2004). Breakthrough of the year.
Avian influenza: catastrophe waiting in the wings? Science
306(5704): 2016. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, influenza, avian epidemiology, antiviral agents therapeutic use,
Asia epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza vaccines, avian influenza
prevention and control, avian influenza virology, poultry, vaccination veterinary,
World Health Organization.
Enserink, M. (2005). Infectious diseases. Experts
dismiss pig flu scare as nonsense. Science 307(5714): 1392. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: genes, viral, orthomyxoviridae genetics,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae infections
veterinary, swine virology, swine diseases virology, databases, nucleic acid,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, human genetics, Korea, orthomyxoviridae
infections virology, RNA, viral genetics, World Health Organization.
Enserink, M. (2004). Influenza: girding for
disaster. Looking the pandemic in the eye. Science 306(5695):
392-4. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
world health, cost of illness, influenza transmission, influenza virology,
avian pathogenicity, influenza A virus, avian physiology, influenza vaccines
administration and dosage, influenza vaccines supply and distribution, models,
biological, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae physiology, public
health, reassortant viruses.
Enserink, M. (2004). Virology. Tiptoeing around
Pandora's Box. Science
305(5684): 594-5. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
genetics, human genetics, reassortant viruses genetics, reassortant viruses
pathogenicity, bioterrorism, birds, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
U.S., containment of biohazards, disease outbreaks, genome, viral, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, avian influenza pathogenicity, human
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza virology,
recombination, genetic, risk assessment, United States, virulence, World Health
Organization.
Erasmus, B.J. (2003). The latest on avian
influenza. Poultry Bulletin South Africa Poultry Association :
14-17. ISSN: 0257-201X.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 So89
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, vaccination, immunization, disinfection, South Africa, Africa, Africa
South of Sahara, biological properties, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes,
immunization, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, livestock, microbial
properties, poultry, Southern Africa, therapy, useful animals.
Erickson, G.A., M. Brugh, and C.W. Beard (1978). Newcastle
disease and avian influenza virus stability under simulated shipping conditions.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary
Laboratory Diagnosticians 21: 309-318.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.A53a
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza
virus, shipping, culture media, preservation, specimen handling.
Estola, T., P. Saikku, M. Pirkola, I. Hakkinen, P.
Veijalainen, and C. Ek Kommonen (1980). Occurrence of influenza A viruses
and their antibodies in migratory birds in Finland. Nordisk
Veterinaermedicin 32(7-8): 321-4.
ISSN: 0029-1579.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 N813
Abstract: A Finnish material of 455 cloacal specimens
from 24 species of small migratory birds and of 54 cloacal specimens from 10 species
of waterfowl was investigated for the occurrence of A type influenza virus.
Influenza A virus was isolated in only one specimen, originating from a mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos). Parallely, yolk material from 109 waterfowl
representing 9 species was investigated for the occurrence of influenza A
antibodies by complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests. In three yolk
specimens, one from a widgeon (Anas penelope), one from a common gull (Larus
canus) and one from a lesser blackbacked gull (Larus fuscus ),
positive reactions with low titres of 1:2--1:4 were obtained. The study shows
that waterfowl can carry influenza A virus, but the role of small migratory
birds in this respect seems to be negligible in Finland.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, birds
microbiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, birds immunology, cloaca
microbiology, Finland, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification.
Estudillo, L.J. (1996). Consideraciones sobre el
instinto migratorio de las aves silvestres y analisis de las posibilidades
reales que estas hayan sido el vector del brote de influenza aviar en Mexico.
[Considerations on the migratory instinct of wild birds and analysis of the
actual possibilities for these birds to have served as vectors for the avian
influenza outbreak in Mexico]. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 45: 22-20.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: birds, vectors, avian influenza virus,
Mexico, America, disease transmission, influenza virus, Latin America, North
America, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, viruses.
Eto, M. and M. Mase (2003). Isolation of the
Newcastle disease virus and the H9N2 influenza A virus from chicken imported
from China. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association
56(5): 333-339. ISSN: 0446-6454.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 J275
Descriptors: influenza A virus, Newcastle disease, avian
influenza virus, imported products, chicken meat, pathogenicity, China
Fauci, A.S. (1998). New and reemerging diseases:
The importance of biomedical research. Emerging Infectious Diseases
4(3): 374-378. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: infection, public health, avian H5N1
influenza, outbreak response, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
infectious diseases, infectious disease, new, reemerging, malaria, National
Institute of Health initiatives, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic
disease, biomedical research importance, cross sector collaboration, vaccine
development.
Ferguson, N.M., C. Fraser, C.A. Donnelly, A.C. Ghani,
and R.M. Anderson (2004). Public health. Public health risk from the avian
H5N1 influenza epidemic. Science 304(5673): 968-9. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian
pathogenicity, population surveillance, public health, animals, domestic,
cluster analysis, influenza virology, human genetics, human pathogenicity,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza transmission, avian influenza virology, mathematics, reassortant
viruses genetics, reassortant viruses pathogenicity, recombination, genetic,
risk assessment, world health, zoonoses.
Fernandez del Campo, J.A. (2004). Datos actuales
sobre virus de la gripe de patos salvajes y pollos, y virus de la gripe tipo C.
Agentes antigripales [Present data on influenza virus isolated from ducks and
chickens, and influenza virus C. Anti-influenza drugs]. Anales De La
Real Academia Nacional De Medicina 121(2): 305-30. ISSN: 0034-0634.
Abstract: Present data on influenza virus isolated from
ducks and chickens, and influenza virus C. Anti-influenza drugs. Within the
broad field of Glycopathology and Glycotherapeutics, research on influenza
virus types A, B and C from humans and several bird species (particularly
migratory birds such as ducks, since they are reservoirs for viruses), as well
as the search for improved drugs designed for the prevention or treatment of
epidemics/pandemics produced by most of those viruses are issues of relevant
interest not only from a scientific point of view but also for repercussions on
health and the important economical consequences. The research work begun by
the author and collaborators at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology of the University of Salamanca (Spain) in the middle of the 1970's,
developed later in close cooperation with the "(Unite d'Ecologie
Virale" of the Pasteur Institute of Paris (Prof. Claude Hannoun and
collaborators), has been published in about twenty papers that mainly focus on
the theoretic-experimental study of: The sialidase (neuraminidase) activity of
human influenza viruses types A and B. The acetylesterase activity of type C
virus from humans and dogs. The sialidase activity of type A virus from ducks
and pigs, in comparison with that of humans. Certain sialidase inhibitors as
useful anti-influenza drugs, especially in the case of possible future
influenza pandemics of avian origin.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, chickens
microbiology, ducks microbiology, influenza drug therapy, avian influenza drug
therapy, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors, orthomyxoviridae isolation
and purification, acetylesterase analysis, adolescent, aged adult, aged 80 and
over, child, preschool child, disease reservoirs, dogs, influenza prevention
and control, influenza vaccines administration and dosage, influenza virus A
enzymology, influenza virus A isolation and purification, influenza virus B
enzymology, influenza virus B isolation and purification, influenza virus C
enzymology, influenza virus C isolation and purification, middle aged, neuraminidase
analysis, research.
Fioretti, A., M. Calabria, and A. Piccirillo (1998). Influenza
aviare. [Avian influenza]. [Italian Society of Poultry Pathology Meeting on
World and Italian situation of avian influenza]. Legnaro, Padua (Italy). 7 Apr
1998. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12): 921-929.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, history, symptoms,
postmortem examination, vaccination, mortality, diagnosis, disease
surveillance, chickens, Italy.
Fiszon, B., C. Hannoun, A. Garcia Sastre, E. Villar,
and J.A. Cabezas (1989). Comparison of biological and physical properties of
human and animal A (H1N1) influenza viruses. Research in Virology
140(5): 395-404. ISSN: 0923-2516.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.A44
Abstract: The study of biological properties of
influenza virus strains belonging to the same subtype A(H1N1) and closely
antigenically related, but isolated from different animal species (man, pig and
duck), demonstrated that avian strains were more resistant than those isolated from
mammals to high temperature and low pH, as shown by titration of residual
infectivity in cell cultures (MDCK) and by sialidase assay. The difference in
behaviour could be correlated to biological adaptation of the virus to its
host. Avian body temperature is 40 degrees C and influenza virus, in ducks, is
enterotropic and therefore capable of passing through the low pH values in the
upper digestive tract of the animal. These results do not contradict the
hypothesis of a possible filiation between avian and mammalian
orthomyxoviruses.
Descriptors: influenza A virus physiology, body
temperature, cell line, ducks, hemagglutination tests, hydrogen-ion
concentration, influenza A virus avian enzymology, avian growth and
development, avian physiology, human enzymology, human growth and development,
human physiology, porcine enzymology, porcine growth and development, porcine
physiology, influenza A virus enzymology, influenza A virus growth and
development, neuraminidase analysis, plaque assay, swine, temperature, virus
replication.
Fleck, F. (2004). Avian flu virus could evolve
into dangerous human pathogen, experts fear. Bulletin of the World
Health Organization 82(3): 236-7.
ISSN: 0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian pathogenicity, zoonoses, Asia, birds.
Fleury, H.J., M. Babin, J.F. Bonnici, J.D. Poveda, M.
Beyrie, A. Vuillaume, and D.J. Alexander (1986). First simultaneous
isolation of influenza A virus and duck enteritis virus from commercial ducks
in France. Veterinary Record 119(9): 208-9. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, fowl plague
complications, herpesviridae isolation and purification, herpesviridae
infections veterinary, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, fowl
plague microbiology, herpesviridae infections complications, herpesviridae
infections microbiology, poultry diseases microbiology.
Fomsgaard, A., P.C. Grauballe, and S.O. Glismann
(2004). Risiko for en ny influenzapandemi? [Risk of a new influenza
pandemic?]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 166(10): 912-5. ISSN: 0041-5782.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus classification, influenza A virus
genetics, influenza A virus pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, birds,
communicable disease control, influenza prevention and control, influenza
transmission, avian influenza transmission, poultry, world health, zoonoses
transmission.
Fontaine, M. (1984). Influenza aviaire. [Avian
influenza (review)]. Recueil De Medecine Veterinaire 160(11):
929-937.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R24
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, review, birds,
mammals.
Fontaine, M. and M. Aymard Henry (1975). Contribution
a l'etude antigenique des virus influenza des animaux. I. Neuraminidase des
virus influenza equins. [Contribution to the antigenic study of influenza viruses
in animals. I. Neuraminidase of the equine influenza viruses (author's transl)].
Annales De Recherches Veterinaires Annals of Veterinary Research
6(4): 397-410. ISSN: 0003-4193.
NAL
Call Number: SF602.A5
Abstract: From the Revised Nomenclature of WHO, the
fowl influenza virus A/Duck/Ukraine/63 (Hav7 Neq2) has the same neuraminidase
as the equine virus A/equi 2/Miami/63 (Heq2 Neq2); the A/Chicken Germany
"N"/49 virus has the same neuraminidase as the equine virus A/equi
1/Prague/56. A comparative study of the antigenic specificities confirms that
the Neq2 neuraminidases are closely connected, whatever their animal origin,
and that the fowl strain Hav7 Neq2 can be used for the titration of anti Neq2
antibodies in the serums of animals immunized with the equine virus Heq2 Neq2.
The Neqi neuraminidases of various animal origins are connected, but the
neuraminidase of the fowl strain Hav2 Neqi is slightly inhibited by the anti
Neq1 antibodies of animals immunized with the Heq1 Neq1 virus: to titrate the
anti Neq1 antibodies of equine origin, the H72 Neq1 recombinant should
therefore be used. The antigenic characterization of the different equine
influenza strains isolated since 1967 by the study of their neuraminidase has
been completed: The various neuraminidases, like the hemagglutinins of the
various strains belonging to the sub-type A equi2 are closely connected; a
minor antigenic variation, concerning the two surface antigens, seems to exist
between the strain A equi 1/Prague/56 and the strain of the same subtype
isolated in 1973.
Descriptors: antigens, viral, neuraminidase immunology,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, cross reactions, epitopes, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, horse diseases immunology, horses, influenza immunology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology.
Fouchier, R.A., G.F. Rimmelzwaan, T. Kuiken, and A.D.
Osterhaus (2005). Newer respiratory virus infections: human metapneumovirus,
avian influenza virus, and human coronaviruses. Current Opinion in
Infectious Diseases 18(2): 141-6.
ISSN: 0951-7375.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recently, several
previously unrecognized respiratory viral pathogens have been identified and
several influenza A virus subtypes, previously known to infect poultry and wild
birds, were transmitted to humans. Here we review the recent literature on
these respiratory viruses. RECENT FINDINGS: Human metapneumovirus has now been
detected worldwide, causing severe respiratory tract illnesses primarily in
very young, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Animal models and
reverse genetic techniques were designed for human metapneumovirus, and the
first vaccine candidates have been developed. Considerable genetic and
antigenic diversity was observed for human metapneumovirus, but the implication
of this diversity for vaccine development and virus epidemiology requires
further study. Two previously unrecognized human coronaviruses were discovered
in 2004 in The Netherlands and Hong Kong. Their clinical impact and
epidemiology are largely unknown and warrant further investigation. Several
influenza A virus subtypes were transmitted from birds to humans, and these
viruses continue to constitute a pandemic threat. The clinical symptoms
associated with these zoonotic transmissions range from mild respiratory
illnesses and conjunctivitis to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress
syndrome, sometimes resulting in death. More basic research into virus ecology
and evolution and development of effective vaccines and antiviral strategies
are required to limit the impact of influenza A virus zoonoses and the threat
of an influenza pandemic. SUMMARY: Previously unknown and emerging respiratory
viruses are an important threat to human health. Development of virus
diagnostic tests, antiviral strategies, and vaccines for each of these
pathogens is crucial to limit their impact.
Descriptors: coronavirus infections epidemiology,
influenza virology, avian influenza A virus, metapneumovirus, paramyxoviridae
infections epidemiology, respiratory tract infections virology, emerging
communicable diseases, disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, risk factors,
paramyxoviridae infections virology, coronavirus infections virology, influenza
epidemiology.
Fukumi, H., K. Nerome, M. Nakayama, and M. Ishida
(1977). Serological and virological investigations fo orthomyxovirus in
birds in South-East Asian area. Developments in Biological
Standardization 39: 475-60. ISSN:
0301-5149.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: We have previously reported that some species
of migrating ducks (pintail, mallard, widgeon and falcated teal) possess in
their sera antibodies against H antigens of human or avian influenza viruses.
Such findings have also been reported from other workers, and the appearance of
new types of influenza viruses accompanied by outbreaks of new influenza
pandemics, or circulation of influenza virus antigens in animals, birds and
humans have been discussed on the basis of such findings. Recently a number of
orthomyxoviruses have been isolated from wild birds such as myna, banded
parakeets, etc. imported from India and some areas of South-East Asia. Some of
them have H antigens not recognized previously, and some are found to have more
or less common reactions with human H3 antigen, and consequently antigens Hav 7
and Heq 2, which are known to show cross-reaction with H3. The significance of
such a fact in connection with the appearance of a new influenza pandemic is
discussed.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral, birds microbiology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, Asia, Southeastern, ducks, hemagglutinins
viral, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Japan, neuraminidase
immunology.
Furr, A.A. (1984). Avian influenza. Foreign
Animal Disease Report 12(1): 1-2.
ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, depopulation,
Pennsylvania.
Furr, A.A. (1984). Avian influenza update. Foreign
Animal Disease Report 12(2): 1-2.
ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks,
turkeys, Virginia, Pennsylvania.
Garcia, M., D.L. Suarez, J.M. Crawford, J.W. Latimer,
R.D. Slemons, D.E. Swayne, and M.L. Perdue (1997). Evolution of H5 subtype
avian influenza A viruses in North America. Virus Research 51(2):
115-24. ISSN: 0168-1702.
NAL
Call Number: QR375.V6
Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships of the
hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from avian influenza (AI) H5
subtype viruses of North American origin are presented. Analysis of the HA
genes of several previously uncharacterized isolates from waterfowl and turkeys
provided clear evidence of significant sequence variation and existence of
multiple virus clades or sub-lineages, maintained in migratory waterfowl.
Phylogenetic analysis of NS gene sequences further demonstrated multiple
sub-lineages and also demonstrated re-assortment of two NS alleles in wild duck
populations. Based on currently available HA1 gene sequences, at least four
clades exist with waterfowl isolates included in three of the four groups. The
most genetically unstable of these sub-lineages is composed of recent poultry
isolates from the outbreak of AI in Central Mexico. This group of viruses,
which replicated unabated in chickens for at least 16 months, exhibited an
increased rate of mutation in both the HA and NS gene. Comparison of the HA1
sequence data for all available North American H5 subtype viruses demonstrated
minimal variation both in and around the amino acids predicted to be involved
in the HA receptor binding site. The sequences also revealed that migratory
waterfowl, live poultry market chicken, and turkey isolates uniformly lack a
glycosylation site at amino acid 236 in the HA protein which is present in
commercial chicken isolates.
Descriptors: evolution, molecular, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza A virus avian genetics,
viral nonstructural proteins genetics, base sequence, DNA, viral, influenza A
virus avian classification, molecular sequence data, North America, phylogeny.
Gardner, I.D. and K.F. Shortridge (1979). Recombination
as a mechanism in the evolution of influenza viruses: a two-year study of ducks
in Hong Kong. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1(5): 885-90. ISSN: 0162-0886.
NAL
Call Number: RC111.R4
Abstract: An analysis was made of 149 influenza A
viruses isolated from ducks in Hong Kong during the period of November 1975
through October 1977. The viruses were isolated five times more frequently from
ducks raised in the People's Republic of China than from those raised in Hong
Kong. The isolation rate fo viruses was higher from the cloaca than it was from
the trachea, but this pattern varied over the two years of investifation. The
large number of different combinations (30) of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
genes suggests that recombination of viruses was taking place. Analysis of
these combinations showed that their distribution was not random and that
certain combinations occured more frequently, and others less frequently, than
was expected. The recombination of influenza viruses and the excess or
restriction of certain combinations may have implications for the evolution of
pandemic strains of influenza virus in humans.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, recombination, genetic, China, cloaca microbiology, evolution, gene
frequency, genotype, hemagglutinins viral genetics, Hong Kong, influenza A
virus avian isolation and purification, neuraminidase genetics, paramyxoviridae
isolation and purification, seasons, trachea microbiology.
Germanov, A.B., M.I. Sokolov, I.A. Myasnikova, N.A.
Parasiuk, T.V. Vorontsova, and G.V. Kornilaeva (1972). Some biological and
physico-chemical properties of plaque mutants of fowl plague virus. Brief
report. Archiv Fur Die Gesamte Virusforschung 39(4): 389-92. ISSN: 0003-9012.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian drug effects,
influenza A virus avian radiation effects, mutation, centrifugation, density
gradient, chick embryo, chromatography, DEAE-cellulose, fibroblasts, mutagens,
protamines pharmacology, radiation effects, sodium chloride, temperature,
tissue culture, ultraviolet rays, virus replication.
Glass, S.E., S.A. Naqi, and L.C. Grumbles (1981). Isolation
of avian influenza virus in Texas. Avian Diseases 25(2): 545-9. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An avian influenza virus with surface
antigens similar to those of fowl plague virus (Hav 1 Nav 2) was isolated in
1979 from 2 commercial turkey flocks in Central Texas. Two flocks in contact
with these infected flocks developed clinical signs, gross lesions, and
seroconversion but yielded no virus. This was the first recorded incidence of
clinical avian influenza in Texas turkeys and only the second time that an
agent with these surface antigens was isolated from turkeys in U.S.
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, turkeys, antibodies, viral analysis, fowl
plague immunology, hemagglutination tests veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary,
influenza A virus avian immunology, Texas.
Goodman, L. (2004). Viral crossings. Journal
of Clinical Investigation 113(6): 786.
ISSN: 0021-9738.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J8295
Descriptors: host parasite relations physiology, influenza
A virus, avian metabolism, RNA virus infections epidemiology, Asia
epidemiology, RNA virus infections metabolism, zoonoses.
Gordon, S. (2004). Avian influenza: a wake-up call
from birds to humans. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 71(4):
273-4. ISSN: 0891-1150.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, avian influenza epidemiology, birds, influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza prevention and control, primary prevention
organization and administration, risk assessment, vaccination methods, world
health.
Gough, R.E., W.J. Cox, and D.J. Alexander (1990). Examination
of sera from game birds for antibodies against avian viruses. Veterinary Record 127(5): 110-1. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, birds immunology,
coronaviridae immunology, herpesvirus 1, gallid immunology, infectious
bronchitis virus immunology, infectious bursal disease virus immunology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, Newcastle disease virus immunology,
rotavirus immunology.
Gough, R.E. and A.S. Wallis (1986). Duck hepatitis
type I and influenza in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Veterinary
Record 119(24): 602. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: duck hepatitis virus, mallard ducks, avian
influenza virus, Anas platyrhynchos.
Gould, A.R. (2004). Virus evolution: disease
emergence and spread. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
44(11): 1085-1094. ISSN: 0816-1089.
NAL
Call Number: 23 Au792
Descriptors: viral evolution, viral replication,
infection, geographic location.
Gourreau, J.M., C. Kaiser, M. Valette, A.R. Douglas,
J. Labie, and M. Aymard (1994). Isolation of two H1N2 influenza viruses from
swine in France. Archives of Virology 135(3-4): 365-82. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Samples collected in 1987 and 1988 in
Brittany from influenza-infected swine made it possible to isolate and
antigenically characterize two H1N2 recombinant viruses (Sw/France/5027/87 and
Sw/France/5550/88). The former virus was cloned and reinoculated to swine to
allow reproduction of the disease and reisolation of a strain similar to the
original one. The serodiagnostic tests carried out on both the original sera
and those from the experimentally infected animals confirmed that the virus was
actually type Sw/H1N2.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, porcine isolation and
purification, swine virology, antibodies, monoclonal, antibody formation,
antigens, viral analysis, birds, cloning, molecular, France, influenza
immunology, influenza A virus avian classification, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, influenza A virus human classification, influenza A
virus human isolation and purification, influenza A virus, porcine
genetics, influenza A virus, porcine
immunology, variation genetics.
Graves, I.L. (1992). Influenza viruses in birds of
the Atlantic flyway. Avian Diseases 36(1): 1-10. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Isolation of type A influenza viruses from
the feces of 5013 birds of 16 species was attempted during a 33-month study
(1977-79). Seventy viruses were isolated from the feces of 3403 ring-billed
gulls in Baltimore, Md., during 16 months of sampling. Six hemagglutinin (HA)
subtypes and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes in 15 combinations were found.
The H13N6 virus was the only subtype found each year and accounted for 40% of
the isolates. The rate of isolation from gulls was 0.26% in the cold months and
3.0% in the warm months. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and
elution-inhibition antibody profiles reflected the presence of some but not all
of the viruses isolated. In mute swans, the rates of seroconversions were 16%
for HA antibody and 14% for NA antibody, whereas the viral isolation rate was
0.4% over a 3-year period. Both the H5 and the N2 subtypes, which were
responsible for the lethal chicken outbreaks in 1983 in Pennsylvania, were
isolated from gulls in 1978 in association with subtypes not found in the
chicken virus. Also, seroconversions for the H5 HA occurred in mute swans in
1978.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, feces microbiology,
fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
age factors, Baltimore epidemiology, birds, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
influenza A virus avian classification, influenza A virus avian immunology,
mid-Atlantic region epidemiology, prevalence, seasons.
Gresikova, M., M. Sekeyova, B. Tumova, and A. Stumpa
(1979). Isolation of an influenza A virus strain from a bird embryo (Larus
ridibundus) collected in Slovakia. Acta Virologica 23(1):
89-92. ISSN: 0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: Avian influenza virus A/Larus 36/77
(Hav7Nav1) was isolated in 1977 from a trinket (Larus ridibundus)
embryo. This result suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of
influenza A virus.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, birds embryology,
Czechoslovakia, ecology, epitopes, influenza A virus avian immunology.
Groocock, C. (1994). Avian influenza in gamebirds
in Maryland. Foreign Animal
Disease Report (22-2): 7. ISSN:
0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: pheasants, waterfowl, avian influenza virus,
disease control, birds, Galliformes, influenza virus, viruses, outbreaks.
Guan, Y., L.L. Poon, C.Y. Cheung, T.M. Ellis, W. Lim,
A.S. Lipatov, K.H. Chan, K.M. Sturm Ramirez, C.L. Cheung, Y.H. Leung, K.Y.
Yuen, R.G. Webster, and J.S. Peiris (2004). H5N1 influenza: a protean
pandemic threat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America 101(21): 8156-61.
ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: Infection with avian influenza A virus of the
H5N1 subtype (isolates A/HK/212/03 and A/HK/213/03) was fatal to one of two
members of a family in southern China in 2003. This incident was preceded by
lethal outbreaks of H5N1 influenza in waterfowl, which are the natural hosts of
these viruses and, therefore, normally have asymptomatic infection. The
hemagglutinin genes of the A/HK/212/03-like viruses isolated from humans and
waterfowl share the lineage of the H5N1 viruses that caused the first known
cases of human disease in Hong Kong in 1997, but their internal protein genes
originated elsewhere. The hemagglutinin of the recent human isolates has
undergone significant antigenic drift. Like the 1997 human H5N1 isolates, the
2003 human H5N1 isolates induced the overproduction of proinflammatory
cytokines by primary human macrophages in vitro, whereas the precursor H5N1
viruses and other H5N1 reassortants isolated in 2001 did not. The acquisition
by the viruses of characteristics that enhance virulence in humans and
waterfowl and their potential for wider distribution by infected migrating
birds are causes for renewed pandemic concern.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
birds virology, cytokines biosynthesis, cytokines immunology, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, Hong Kong, inflammation mediators immunology, influenza
transmission, influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian classification,
avian genetics, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, macrophages immunology,
macrophages metabolism, mice, molecular sequence data, organ specificity,
phylogeny, reassortant viruses immunology, reassortant viruses pathogenicity,
time factors, virulence.
Guan, Y., K.F. Shortridge, S. Krauss, P.S. Chin, K.C.
Dyrting, T.M. Ellis, R.G. Webster, and M. Peiris (2000). H9N2 influenza
viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry
in southeastern China. Journal of Virology 74(20): 9372-80. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: The transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses to
humans and the realization that the A/Hong Kong/156/97-like (H5N1) (abbreviated
HK/156/97) genome complex may be present in H9N2 viruses in southeastern China
necessitated a study of the distribution and characterization of H9N2 viruses
in poultry in the Hong Kong SAR in 1999. Serological studies indicated that
H9N2 influenza viruses had infected a high proportion of chickens and other
land-based birds (pigeon, pheasant, quail, guinea fowl, and chukka) from
southeastern China. Two lineages of H9N2 influenza viruses present in the
live-poultry markets were represented by A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97
(Qa/HK/G1/97)-like and A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Dk/HK/Y280/97)-like viruses.
Up to 16% of cages of quail in the poultry markets contained Qa/HK/G1/97-like
viruses, while about 5% of cages of other land-based birds were infected with
Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses. No reassortant between the two H9N2 virus lineages
was detected despite their cocirculation in the poultry markets. Reassortant
viruses represented by A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) were the major H9N2
influenza viruses circulating in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but have not
been detected since the chicken slaughter in 1997. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses
were frequently isolated from quail, while Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses were
predominately associated with chickens. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were
evolving relatively rapidly, especially in their PB2, HA, NP, and NA genes,
suggesting that they are in the process of adapting to a new host. Experimental
studies showed that both H9N2 lineages were primarily spread by the aerosol
route and that neither quail nor chickens showed evidence of disease. The high
prevalence of quail infected with Qa/HK/G1/97-like virus that contains six gene
segments genetically highly related to HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus emphasizes the
need for surveillance of mammals including humans.
Descriptors: genome, viral, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, poultry virology, China, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, influenza A virus avian genetics, phylogeny, temperature,
virus replication.
Guan, Y., K.F. Shortridge, S. Krauss, and R.G.
Webster (1999). Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: were
they the donors of the "internal" genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong?
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 96(16): 9363-7. ISSN:
0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The origin of the H5N1 influenza viruses that
killed six of eighteen infected humans in 1997 and were highly pathogenic in
chickens has not been resolved. These H5N1 viruses transmitted directly to
humans from infected poultry. In the poultry markets in Hong Kong, both H5N1
and H9N2 influenza viruses were cocirculating, raising the possibility of
genetic reassortment. Here we analyze the antigenic and genetic features of
H9N2 influenza viruses with different epidemiological backgrounds. The results
suggest that the H9N2 influenza viruses of domestic ducks have become
established in the domestic poultry of Asia. Phylogenetic and antigenic
analyses of the H9N2 viruses isolated from Hong Kong markets suggest three
distinct sublineages. Among the chicken H9N2 viruses, six of the gene segments
were apparently derived from an earlier chicken H9N2 virus isolated in China,
whereas the PB1 and PB2 genes are closely related to those of the H5N1 viruses
and a quail H9N2 virus-A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (Qa/HK/G1/97)-suggesting that
many of the 1997 chicken H9 isolates in the markets were reassortants. The
similarity of the internal genes of Qa/HK/G1/97 virus to those of the H5N1
influenza viruses suggests that the quail virus may have been the internal gene
donor. Our findings indicate that the human and poultry H5N1 influenza viruses
in Hong Kong in 1997 were reassortants that obtained internal gene segments
from Qa/HK/G1/97. However, we cannot be certain whether the replicate complex
of H5N1 originated from Qa/HK/G1/97 or whether the reverse transfer occurred;
the available evidence supports the former proposal.
Descriptors: genes viral, influenza epidemiology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus avian classification, influenza A virus
avian genetics, influenza A virus human classification, influenza A virus human
genetics, poultry diseases epidemiology, chick embryo, chickens, coturnix,
ducks, feces virology, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza virology, influenza A
virus avian pathogenicity, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, pigeons, poultry
diseases virology.
Gust, I.D., A.W. Hampson, and D. Lavanchy (2001). Planning
for the next pandemic of influenza. Reviews in Medical Virology
11(1): 59-70. ISSN: 1052-9276.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, world health, antiviral agents therapeutic use,
influenza drug therapy, influenza prevention and control, influenza virology,
influenza vaccine administration and dosage, orthomyxoviridae genetics,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, practice guidelines, vaccination, World Health
Organization.
Guzhgulova, G., N. Orezhkova, and G. Georgiev (2004).
Ptichi grip i infektsii s influentsa
tip "A" virusi po ptitsite. [Avian influenza and infection with avian
influenza A virus]. Veterinarna Sbirka (Bulgaria). Veterinary Collection
112(3-4): 5-9. ISSN: 0205-3829.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6463
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, genomes, antigens,
hemagglutination tests, immunological techniques, nucleic acids.
Haas, W., G. Krause, U. Marcus, K. Stark, A. Ammon,
and R. Burger (2004). "Emerging infectious diseases"Dengue-fieber,
West-Nil-fieber, SARS, Vogelgrippe, HIV. [Emerging infectious diseases:
Dengue-fever, West-Nile-fever, SARS, Vogelgrippe, HIV]. Internist
45(6): 684-92. ISSN: 0020-9554.
Abstract: Some emerging infectious diseases have
recently become endemic in Germany. Others remain confined to specific regions
in the world. Physicians notice them only when travelers after infection in
endemic areas present themselves with symptoms. Several of these emerging
infections will be explained. HIV is an example for an imported pathogen which
has become endemic in Germany. SARS and avian influenza are zoonoses with the
potential to spread from person to person. Avian influenza in humans provides a
possibility for the reassortment of a potential new pandemic strain. Outbreaks
of dengue fever in endemic areas are reflected in increased infections in
travelers returning from these areas. Currently, West-Nile-virus infections are
only imported into Germany. The timely implementation of diagnostic,
therapeutic and infection control measures requires physicians to include these
diseases in their differential diagnosis. To achieve this goal, good
cooperation between physicians, laboratories and the public health service is
essential.
Descriptors: communicable diseases, control methods,
emerging diagnosis, emerging therapy, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
travel, virus diseases diagnosis, virus diseases therapy, birds, emerging
epidemiology, Dengue diagnosis, Dengue epidemiology, Dengue therapy, diagnosis,
differential, Germany epidemiology, HIV infections diagnosis, HIV infections
epidemiology, HIV infections therapy, avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza therapy, internationality, patient care
management methods, severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnosis, severe acute
respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome therapy,
virus diseases epidemiology, West Nile fever diagnosis, West Nile fever
epidemiology, West Nile fever therapy.
Hafez, H.M. (2003). Geflugelpest: Alte Krankheit
mit standiger Gefahr fur Geflugel. [Fowl plague: an old disease that is a
continuing danger to poultry]. Tierarztliche Umschau 58(7):
343-351. ISSN: 0049-3864.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, fowl plague virus,
disease control, European Union, poultry, zoonoses.
Hafez, H.M., C. Prusas, S.C. de Jaeckel, D. Aldehoff,
and O. Werner (2003). Investigations on avian influenza A in meat turkey
flocks in Germany. Archiv Fuer Gefluegelkunde 67(1): 11-15. ISSN: 0003-9098.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 Ar2
Abstract: In the present investigation 315 commercial
meat turkey flocks slaughtered in southern part of Germany in year 2001 were
serologically examined for antibodies to avian influenza A viruses. Ten blood
samples per flock were collected at the time of slaughter and examined using
commercial ELISAs. Samples that reacted positively in ELISA were re-examined in
haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) using subtype specific antigens. From
the 3150 examined samples only 26 samples obtained from 7 flocks reacted
positively in ELISA. Examination of these samples in HI revealed negative
results to H1, H5, H7 and H9. On the other hand, all samples reacted positive
in HI using H6 antigen. In all flocks neither clinical signs nor unusual
increased mortalities were observed. End of December 2001 to January 2002
outbreaks of avian influenza were observed in three turkey flocks reared in the
central-west region of Germany. In all cases sudden onset of depression,
decrease in feed and water intake, respiratory signs accompanied with high
mortality were observed. On necropsy pericarditis, petechial haemorrhages in
pericardial fat, fibrinous airsacculitis, lung congestion and pneumonia were
found. In addition, enlargement of the spleen and inflammation of pancreas were
detected. Virological examinations resulted in isolation of an avian influenza
A virus in embryonated chicken eggs. All isolates were identified as subtype
H6N2 with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of 0.0. The current
observations indicate that low pathogenic avian influenza A of subtype 6 still
circulated in German turkey flocks and in most of cases accompanied with high
economic losses.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, epidemiology, immune
system, infection, avian influenza, epidemiology, respiratory system disease,
viral disease, ELISA immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, serology
clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, meat, turkey flocks.
Hafez Mohamed Hafez
(2003). Avian influenza in poultry. World Poultry
19(Special): 11-12. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, influenza virus A and
B, clinical aspects, disease control, transmission, mortality, quarantine,
vaccines, zoonoses, turkeys.
Halvorson, D., D. Karunakaran, D. Senne, C. Kelleher,
C. Bailey, A. Abraham, V. Hinshaw, and J. Newman (1983). Epizootiology of
avian influenza--simultaneous monitoring of sentinel ducks and turkeys in
Minnesota. Avian Diseases 27(1): 77-85. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Isolation-reared mallards (Anas
platyrhynchos) were placed on ponds in turkey-rearing areas in Minnesota, and
their cloacae were periodically swabbed to attempt isolating virus from
embryonated chicken eggs. Nearby turkeys were sampled by taking cloacal and
tracheal swabs as well as blood samples. Hemagglutinating viruses were
identified at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Ames, Iowa. During this two-year study, the weekly influenza
virus-isolation rate from ducks varied from 0 to 24.4%. A total of 213
influenza viruses were isolated from the ducks. Twenty-six influenza virus
subtypes were detected. Ninety-seven flocks of turkeys were diagnosed as having
influenza by virus isolation and/or serology. Eight influenza virus subtypes
were involved in the turkey outbreaks, and seven of these were also detected in
the ducks and/or other avian species. The weekly infection rate of the sentinel
ducks correlated directly with observations of wild ducks at the monitoring
sites. Influenza virus was isolated from water samples collected near the
sentinel duck sites during the study.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, ducks, fowl
plague epidemiology, turkeys, blood microbiology, cloaca microbiology,
influenza A virus avian classification, avian isolation and purification,
Minnesota, serotyping veterinary, trachea microbiology.
Halvorson, D.A. (2000). The importance of
biosecurity. World Poultry (Special): 26-27. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
prevention, transmission, biosecurity.
Halvorson, D.A. (2002). Is avian influenza
research meeting the needs of the poultry veterinarian? Veterinary
Journal 164(3): 173-5. ISSN:
1090-0233.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V484
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian immunology, avian physiology, influenza vaccine immunology,
poultry virology, poultry diseases prevention and control, veterinary medicine,
biomedical research, fowl plague immunology, poultry immunology, poultry
diseases immunology.
Halvorson, D.A., D. Karunakaran, and J.A. Newman
(1980). Avian influenza in caged laying chickens. Avian Diseases
24(1): 288-294. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, case reports, United
States, Minnesota, chickens.
Halvorson, D.A., C.J. Kelleher, and D.A. Senne (
1985). Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in
sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 49(4): 914-9.
ISSN: 0099-2240.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ap5
Abstract: Sentinel ducks and domestic turkey flocks
were monitored for influenza infection during a 4-year period. The onset of
infection among ducks was similar each year, occurring in late July or early
August. Influenza in turkeys was also shown to be seasonal, but the usual onset
was 6 to 8 weeks after the detection of influenza in sentinel ducks. Possible
explanations for the delayed infection in turkeys are (i) increased waterfowl
activity associated with fledging and congregating in late summer and early fall;
(ii) vectors transmitting virus from the waterfowl habitat to poultry farms;
(iii) cooler environmental temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability;
(iv) cooler surface water temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability; (v)
groundwater contamination from contaminated surface water; and (vi) virus
adaptation in domestic turkeys before infection is detected. We conclude that
ducks are not only a natural reservoir of influenza but also have a seasonal
infection that appears to be related to seasonal influenza outbreaks in
domestic turkeys in Minnesota. However, only some influenza A virus isolates
circulating among waterfowl at any given time appear capable of causing
detectable infection in turkeys. It is speculated that the seasonal infection
in migratory waterfowl may also be related to seasonal influenza infections in
other species including humans.
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, poultry diseases
transmission, turkeys microbiology, antigens, viral analysis, disease
reservoirs, ducks microbiology, influenza immunology, influenza transmission,
influenza A virus avian growth and development, Minnesota, poultry diseases
epidemiology, temperature, water microbiology.
Halvorson, D.A., V. Sivanandan, and D. Lauer (1992). Influenza
in commercial broiler breeders. Avian Diseases 36(1): 177-9. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Influenza was detected in a flock of broiler
breeders during routine serological monitoring. Although there were no clinical
signs, egg production may have been affected in hens on one story of a
two-story breeder house. Intensive measures were taken to avoid transmission to
other farms. Two months after the flock was found to be serologically positive,
sentinel hens were placed in the flock, and they became serologically positive
1 month later. In spite of this evidence for virus being present in the flock,
no detectable transmission to any other farm occurred.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, chickens, fowl
plague diagnosis, influenza A virus avian immunology, fowl plague prevention
and control, precipitin tests.
Hampton, T. (2004). Clues to the deadly 1918 flu
revealed. JAMA the Journal of the American Medical Association
291(13): 1553. ISSN: 1538-3598.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: hemagglutinins, viral genetics, influenza
history, influenza A virus, avian genetics, DNA, viral analysis, disease
outbreaks history, history, 20th century, influenza epidemiology, influenza
virology.
Hannoun, C. (1977). Isolation from birds of
influenza viruses with human neuraminidase. Developments in Biological
Standardization 39: 469-72. ISSN:
0301-5149.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: Attempts at virus isolation from cloacal
swabs resulted in the recovery of 10 strains of hemagglutinating viruses from a
total of 349 ducks, mainly shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) captured in the
north of France. Four of these isolates were identified as influenza strains
corresponding to the following antigenic composition: Hav6-N2, Hav6-Nav4 and
Hav1-N2 (2 strains). Shelduck is known to be a partially migratory species,
wintering in western Europe, some of them migrating northward to Scandinavia
during the summer. The captures were made between November 1976 and February
1977: one of the birds was caught four times and was found to be negative for
virus in November, positive in December (isolation of a strain Hav6-Nav4),
negative again in January and February. Blood taken in February did not show
the presence of HI antibodies to the homologous virus.
Descriptors: antigens, viral, ducks microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, neuraminidase immunology,
antibodies, viral, cloaca microbiology, France, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, hemagglutinins viral, avian enzymology, avian immunology, human
enzymology, seasons.
Hannoun, C. and J.M. Devaux (1980). Circulation
enzootique permanente de virus grippaux dans la baie de la Somme. [Circulation
of influenza viruses in the bay of the Somme river (author's transl)]. Comparative
Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 177-83. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, cloaca
microbiology, France, avian classification, human classification,
recombination, genetic, serotyping.
Hanson, B.A., D.E. Stallknecht, D.E. Swayne, L.A.
Lewis, and D.A. Senne (2003). Avian influenza viruses in Minnesota ducks
during 1998-2000. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 867-871. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Although wild ducks are known to be a major
reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIV), there are few recent published
reports of surveillance directed at this group. Predominant AIV hemagglutinin
(HA) subtypes reported in previous studies of ducks in North America include
H3, H4, and H6, with the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes not well represented in these
host populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether these
subtype patterns have persisted. Each September from 1998 to 2000, cloacal
swabs were collected from wild ducks banded in Roseau and Marshall counties,
MN. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were sampled all years, and northern
pintails (A. acuta) were sampled only in 1999. Influenza viruses were
isolated from 11%, 14%, and 8% of birds during 1998, 1999, and 2000,
respectively. Prevalence, as expected, was highest in juveniles, ranging from
11% to 23% in mallards. Viruses representative of the HA subtypes 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12 were isolated. Viruses in the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes,
which are associated with high-pathogenicity influenza in poultry or recent
infections in humans, were not uncommon, and each of these subtypes was
isolated in 2 out of the 3 years of surveillance.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, virus reservoir.
Hastings, M. and F. Guterl (2004). Bird-flu
challenge. Newsweek 144(23):
67. ISSN: 0028-9604.
NAL
Call Number: 280.8 N47
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza, avian prevention and control, birds virology, disease reservoirs,
influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, influenza vaccines, United States.
Heckert, R.A., M. McIsacc, M. Chan, and E.M. Zhou
(1999). Experimental infection of emus (Dromaiius novaehollandiae)
with avian influenza viruses of varying virulence: clinical signs, virus
shedding and serology. Avian Pathology 28(1): 13-16.
ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Two groups of emus were experimentally
inoculated with a low and high pathogenic strain of avian influenza virus
(AIV), type A to determine the virus susceptibility, pathogenicity, shedding
and seroconversion. Emus were found susceptible to infection with AIV, with
virus shedding detectable in tracheal and cloacal swabs between 3 and 10 days
post-infection. Only the birds infected with the highly pathogenic viral
isolate showed a brief period of mild clinical signs associated with infection.
Virus recovered from the infected emus was found to be of similar pathogenicity
to that of the virus inoculum. All the birds seroconverted by 10 days
post-infection, as determined by haemagglutination inhibition, agar gel
immunodiffusion and competitive ELISA assays. This study suggests that emus are
similar to wild waterfowl in their response to AIV infection, in that they are
susceptible and will replicate and shed the virus, but do not show any marked
clinical signs of infection.
Descriptors: emus, avian influenza virus, experimental
infection, virulence, clinical aspects, shedding, experimental infections,
seroconversion, strain differences, susceptibility.
Heddurshetti, R.I., W.I. Pumpradit, and L.I. Lutwick
(2001). Pulmonary manifestations of bioterrorism. Current Infectious
Disease Reports 3(3): 249-257. ISSN:
1523-3847.
Descriptors: biological warfare, human diseases, plague,
avian influenza virus, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis.
Heijmans, J.F. (2000). Onrust in Nederland door
dreiging hoogpathogene aviaire influenza vanuit Italie. [Unrest in the
Netherlands due to the threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza from Italy].
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(6): 188-9. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, fowl plague prevention and
control, fowl plague transmission, Italy epidemiology, Netherlands, poultry.
Heijmans, J.F. and R.E. Komijn (2000). Vervolg
aviaire influenza. Stand van zaken en maatregelen. [Future of avian influenza.
State of business and measures]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
125(8): 254-6. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague prevention
and control, Italy, epidemiology, poultry.
Heijnen, M.L., J.W. Dorigo Zetsma, J.W. de Jong, and
M.J. Sprenger (1998). Influenza A (H5N1): stand van zaken. [Influenza A
(H5N1): current status]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 123(3):
86-7. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, adolescent, child, preschool, Hong Kong, influenza
transmission, avian classification, middle aged, serotyping.
Hernandez Magdaleno, A., H.T. Casaubon, S.M.
Aspargilla, and G.J. Garcia (1996). Evaluacion de la virulencia de un virus
de influenza aviar (H5N2) aislado de codornices (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
con signos nerviosos y alta mortalidad. [Evaluation of the virulence of one avian
influenza virus (H5N2) isolated from quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
with nervous signs and high mortality]. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 46-48.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: quails, avian influenza virus, mortality,
birds, Galliformes, influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Hernandez Magdaleno, A., M. Rico G, M. Hernandez R,
J. Lopez P, and J. Garcia Garcia. (1998). Persistencia del virus de
influenza aviar en canales de pollo. [Persistence of avian influenza virus in
chicken carcasses]. In: 34 Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Queretaro, Qro, Queretaro, Qro. (Mexico), p. 251.
Abstract: Hasta la fecha, no existian
estudios en donde haya sido evaluada la persistencia del virus de influenza
aviar (IA) en la carne proveniente de aves infectadas, que son enviadas al
rastro para su procesamiento y venta. Tampoco, se ha evaluado si la carne de
pollo de importacion, puede ser un factor de riesgo para la introduccion al
pais de nuevos subtipos de virus de IA. El objetivo de la presente
investigacion, fue estudiar si la carne y visceras de pollos infectados con IA,
mantienen al virus, cuando son conservadas en congelacion o en hielo. Se
formaron dos grupos de 100 pollos de engorda de cuatro semanas de edad libres
de IA. Uno de los grupos fue inoculado con 1 x 103 DLEP50 del virus
A/Chicken/CPA-238/94 (H5N2) de baja patogenicidad (BP), por via intranasal. El
segundo grupo, se inoculo con 1 x 103 DLEP50 del virus A/Chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95
(H5N2) de alta patogenicidad (AP), por la misma via. Tres dias despues de la
inoculacion, ambos grupos fueron sacrificados, simulando condiciones de rastro.
A la mitad de las canales de ambos grupos, se les retiraron la totalidad de las
visceras, incluyendo los pulmones y rinones (canales limpias). La mitad
restante, conservo los pulmones y rinones dentro de la canal (canales
completas). Posteriormente, las canales fueron conservadas bajo dos condiciones
de almacenamiento, -20 C y en hielo. De una forma aleatoria, a las 0 horas, 48
horas, 7, 14, 21 y 28 dias post-sacrificio (PS), se procedio a la toma de
muestras para el aislamiento viral. El aislamiento se intento a partir de una
mezcla de carne de la pechuga, pierna y muslo, en las canales limpias. En las
canales completas, adicionalmente, el aislamiento viral se intento de una
mezcla de los pulmones y rinones. De un total de 108 muestras procesadas para
el aislamiento del virus de BP, 65 fueron positivas (60.18%). En el caso del
virus de AP, de 108 muestras solo se pudieron realizar 32 aislamientos
(29.62%). En ambos casos el virus pudo ser aislado de la carne y de las
visceras, independientemente del tipo de conservacion de las canales. El virus
de BP, pudo ser aislado hasta los 28 dias PS; mientras que el aislamiento del
virus de AP, fue consistente solo hasta los 14 dias PS. Los resultados
obtenidos en la presente investigacion preliminar, muestran que la carne y
visceras provenientes de pollos infectados con el virus de IA, tanto de BP como
de AP, pueden ser un factor importante para la transmision e introduccion de la
enfermedad, ya fue posible recuperar al virus, independientemente del tipo de
conservacion de las canales hasta por 28 dias PS. Trabajo realizado con apoyo
economico de la Direccion General de Salud Animal.
Descriptors: chicken meat, avian influenza
virus, diagnosis, animal products, influenza virus, meat, orthomyxoviridae,
poultry meat, viruses.
Hess, W.R. and A.H. Dardiri (1968). Some
properties of the virus od duck plague. Archiv Fur Die Gesamte
Virusforschung 24(1): 148-53. ISSN:
0003-9012.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: ducks, influenza A virus avian drug effects,
acridines, biometry, chick embryo, chloroform pharmacology, enzymes
pharmacology, ethyl ethers pharmacology, filtration, heat, hydrogen-ion
concentration, staining and labeling.
Hinshaw, V.S., V.F. Nettles, L.F. Schorr, J.M. Wood,
and R.G. Webster (1986). Influenza virus surveillance in waterfowl in
Pennsylvania after the H5N2 avian outbreak. Avian Diseases 30(1):
207-12. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: During the latter stages of the lethal H5N2
influenza eradication program in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania in 1983-84,
surveillance of waterfowl was done to determine if these birds harbored
influenza viruses that might subsequently appear in poultry. From late June to
November 1984, 182 hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 2043 wild birds,
primarily ducks, in the same geographical area as the earlier lethal H5N2 avian
influenza outbreak. The virus isolates from waterfowl included paramyxoviruses
(PMV-1, -4, and -6) and influenza viruses of 13 antigenic combinations. There
was only one H5N2 isolate from a duck. Although this virus was antigenically
related to the lethal H5N2 virus, genetic and antigenic analysis indicated that
it could be discriminated from the virulent family of H5N2 viruses, and it did
not originate from chickens. Many of the influenza viruses obtained from wild
ducks were capable of replicating in chickens after experimental inoculation
but did not cause disease. These studies show that many influenza A virus strains
circulating in waterfowl in the vicinity of domestic poultry in Pennsylvania
did not originate from domestic poultry. These influenza viruses from wild
ducks were capable of infecting poultry; however, transmission of these viruses
to poultry apparently was avoided by good husbandry and control measures.
Descriptors: animal population groups microbiology,
animals, wild microbiology, ducks microbiology, geese microbiology,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
respirovirus isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, chickens,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, paramyxoviridae immunology, Pennsylvania,
respirovirus immunology.
Hinshaw, V.S., B. Pomeroy, J. Newmon, D. Halvorson,
and D. Karunakaran. (1981). Epidemiological relationship of influenza A
viruses in domestic and feral avian species. In: Proceedings of the
First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
214-215.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
epidemiology, feral avian species, domestic avian species.
Hinshaw, V.S., R.G. Webster, W.J. Bean, and G. Sriram
(1980). The ecology of influenza viruses in ducks and analysis of influenza
viruses with monoclonal antibodies. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology
and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 155-64.
ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: antigens, viral analysis, ducks microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, influenza A virus isolation
and purification, Canada, ecology, epitopes, avian growth and development,
avian immunology, influenza A virus immunology, recombination, genetic, swine
microbiology.
Hinshaw, V.S., R.G. Webster, and R.J. Rodriguez
(1981). Influenza A viruses: combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
subtypes isolated from animals and other sources. Archives of Virology
67(3): 191-201. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: antigens, viral classification,
hemagglutinins viral classification, influenza A virus classification,
neuraminidase immunology, birds microbiology, epitopes, horses microbiology,
avian classification, human classification, influenza A virus immunology, swine
microbiology, terminology.
Hinshaw, V.S., R.G. Webster, and B. Turner (1980). The
perpetuation of orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in Canadian waterfowl.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology 26(5): 622-9. ISSN: 0008-4166.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 C162
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
Alberta, antigens, viral, ducks classification, avian classification, avian
immunology, paramyxoviridae classification, paramyxoviridae immunology.
Ho, M.S. and I.J. Su (2004). Preparing to prevent
severe acute respiratory syndrome and other respiratory infections. Lancet
Infectious Diseases 4(11): 684-9.
ISSN: 1473-3099.
Abstract: Globalisation and its effect on human
development has rendered an environment that is conducive for the rapid
international spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and other new
infectious diseases yet to emerge. After the unprecedented multi-country
outbreak of avian influenza with human cases in the winter of 2003-2004, an
influenza pandemic is a current threat. A critical review of problems and
solutions encountered during the 2003-2004 SARS epidemics will serve as the
basis for considering national preparedness steps that can be taken to
facilitate the early detection of avian influenza, and a rapid response to an
influenza pandemic should it occur.
Descriptors: communicable disease control methods, disease
outbreaks prevention and control, severe acute respiratory syndrome
epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome prevention and control, China
epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control.
Hoey, J. (1998). Avian influenza. CMAJ
Canadian Medical Association Journal; Journal De L'Association Medicale
Canadienne 158(3): 369. ISSN:
0820-3946.
NAL
Call Number: R11.C3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague transmission,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, avian isolation
and purification, avian pathogenicity, pneumonia, viral transmission, zoonoses,
adolescent, adult, chickens virology, child, child, preschool, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, Hong Kong epidemiology,
incidence, influenza prevention and control, middle aged, pneumonia, viral
epidemiology, pneumonia, viral prevention and control, trachea virology.
Hollamby, S., J.G. Sikarskie, and J. Stuht (2003). Survey
of peafowl (Pavo cristatus) for potential pathogens at three Michigan
zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 34(4): 375-379. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: peafowl, Pavo cristatus, Bordetella
avium infection, Capillaria sp. infection, Clostridium
perfringens type A infection, Escherichia coli infection, Goniodes
gigas infestation, Mycoplasma meleagridis infection, Mycoplasma
synoviae infection, diagnostic techniques, serum plate agglutination test,
antibody titer, zoo, Michigan.
Holmes, E.C. (2004). Virology. 1918 and all that.
Science 303(5665): 1787-8. ISSN:
1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
chemistry, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus metabolism, influenza
history, influenza virology, influenza A virus, human immunology, binding
sites, birds, carbohydrate conformation, crystallography, x-ray, disease
outbreaks history, history, 20th century, influenza epidemiology, avian
immunology, avian metabolism, human metabolism, human pathogenicity, membrane
glycoproteins chemistry, membrane glycoproteins metabolism, protein
conformation, RNA, viral chemistry, viral genetics, viral isolation and
purification, receptors, virus chemistry, receptors, virus metabolism, sialic
acids metabolism, virulence.
Homme, P.J. and B.C. Easterday (1970). Avian
influenza virus infections. 3. Antibody response by turkeys to influenza
A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus. Avian Diseases 14(2): 277-84. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: antibodies analysis, influenza veterinary,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, turkeys, aerosols, cold, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, hemagglutination tests, poultry diseases immunology,
Wisconsin.
Homme, P.J. and B.C. Easterday (1970). Avian
influenza virus infections. I. Characteristics of influenza
A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus. Avian Diseases 14(1): 66-74. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: orthomyxoviridae growth and development,
orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, chick embryo, hemagglutinins viral analysis,
orthomyxoviridae infections, poultry diseases, temperature, tissue culture,
turkeys, virus cultivation.
Homme, P.J. and B.C. Easterday (1970). Avian
influenza virus infections. IV. Response of pheasants, ducks, and geese to
influenza A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus. Avian Diseases 14(2):
285-90. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: ducks, geese, influenza veterinary,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, poultry diseases microbiology,
aerosols, antibodies analysis, disease outbreaks veterinary, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity,
turkeys.
Homme, P.J., B.C. Easterday, and D.P. Anderson (
1970). Avian influenza virus infections. II. Experimental epizootiology of
influenza A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus in turkeys. Avian Diseases
14(2): 240-7. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, orthomyxoviridae
isolation and purification, poultry diseases microbiology, turkeys, disease
outbreaks veterinary, hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza
epidemiology, influenza immunology, influenza pathology, orthomyxoviridae
pathogenicity, Wisconsin.
Hooper, P.T., G.W. Russell, P.W. Selleck, and W.L.
Stanislawek (1995). Observations on the relationship in chickens between the
virulence of some avian influenza viruses and their pathogenicity for various
organs. Avian Diseases 39(3): 458-464. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Comparative histological and
immunocytochemical studies were conducted on formalin-fixed tissues from
chickens infected with avian influenza viruses of varying virulence. Results
showed a distinct pattern of disease that depended on the virulence of the
virus and the susceptibility of the birds. At 3 days post-intranasal
inoculation with a highly virulent H7N7 virus, all 6-to-8-week-old
specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds were affected, and all developed pancreatic
necrosis and encephalitis associated with specific immunoperoxidase staining.
Other same-aged SPF birds were only occasionally affected 6 to 8 days after
intravenous inoculation with almost avirulent H4N4, H6N2, or H3N8 virus.
Specific lesions and immunoperoxidase staining were noted in the kidneys only.
The H7N7 virus in older commercial birds and an H7N3 virus in young SPF and
older commercial birds caused intermediate mortality rates at 4 to 11 days
postinoculation, and there was a broad range of lesions and specific
immunoperoxidase staining in the pancreas, brain, kidney, heart, and skeletal
muscle. Two exceptional birds had immunostaining of small blood vessels
throughout their bodies with or without lesions or staining in the tissues,
which may have represented a transitory pre-localizing phase occurring in many
birds. There was necrosis without virus antigen detection in the bursae, thymuses,
and cecal tonsils, possibly secondary to stress or only transitory infection of
virus. These data indicate that rapid, retrospective diagnosis of avian
influenza in fixed tissues is possible by using an immunoperoxidase test on
pancreas, brain, and kidney.
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, disease resistance, body parts, animal tissues, antigens,
histopathology, immunology, biological properties, birds, body parts, domestic
animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, immunological factors, influenza
virus, livestock, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, pathology, poultry,
resistance to injurious factors, useful animals, viruses, susceptibility, viral
antigens, immunocytochemistry.
Hopkins, B.A., J.K. Skeeles, G.E. Houghten, D.
Slagle, and K. Gardner (1990). A survey of infectious diseases in wild
turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) from Arkansas. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases 26(4): 468-72.
ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo
silvestris) trapped as part of a relocation program by the Arkansas Game
and Fish Commission were tested for selected infectious diseases and parasites.
The 45 birds were trapped at four locations in Pope, Scott, and Montgomery
counties (Arkansas, USA). Forty-four blood samples for serology, 27 blood
smears and 12 fecal samples were collected. Of the serum samples tested, 20 of
44 (45%) were positive for Pasteurella multocida by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 42 of 44 (95%) were positive for Bordetella
avium by ELISA, and 15 of 44 (34%) were positive for Newcastle disease
virus antibody by the hemagglutination inhibition test. All serum samples were
negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, avian
paramyxovirus 3, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, Marek's disease, avian
encephalomyelitis, laryngotracheitis, Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella
gallinarum. Haemoproteus meleagridis was found in eight of 27 (30%)
and Leucocytozoon smithi in nine
of 27 (33%) blood smears; all smears were negative for Plasmodium hermani.
Enteric parasites included Ascaridia dissimilis, Heterakis gallinarum,
Eimeria dispersa and Raillietina spp. This study was an attempt
to document the health status and disease exposure of wild turkeys in Arkansas
to aid in managing and preventing the spread of disease agents to wild turkeys
and other species of birds.
Descriptors: bird diseases epidemiology, communicable
diseases veterinary, turkeys, animals, wild,
antibodies, bacterial blood, antibodies, viral blood, Arkansas
epidemiology, communicable disease control, communicable diseases epidemiology,
disease outbreaks veterinary, feces parasitology, prevalence, protozoa
isolation and purification.
Horimoto, T. and Y. Kawaoka (2001). Pandemic
threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews
14(1): 129-49. ISSN: 0893-8512.
NAL
Call Number: QR67.C54
Abstract: Influenza pandemics, defined as global
outbreaks of the disease due to viruses with new antigenic subtypes, have
exacted high death tolls from human populations. The last two pandemics were
caused by hybrid viruses, or reassortants, that harbored a combination of avian
and human viral genes. Avian influenza viruses are therefore key contributors
to the emergence of human influenza pandemics. In 1997, an H5N1 influenza virus
was directly transmitted from birds in live poultry markets in Hong Kong to
humans. Eighteen people were infected in this outbreak, six of whom died. This
avian virus exhibited high virulence in both avian and mammalian species,
causing systemic infection in both chickens and mice. Subsequently, another
avian virus with the H9N2 subtype was directly transmitted from birds to humans
in Hong Kong. Interestingly, the genes encoding the internal proteins of the
H9N2 virus are genetically highly related to those of the H5N1 virus,
suggesting a unique property of these gene products. The identification of
avian viruses in humans underscores the potential of these and similar strains
to produce devastating influenza outbreaks in major population centers.
Although highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses had been identified before
the 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong, their devastating effects had been confined to
poultry. With the Hong Kong outbreak, it became clear that the virulence
potential of these viruses extended to humans.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague epidemiology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, adaptation, physiological, disease
vectors, fowl plague transmission, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza virology,
avian classification, Mexico epidemiology, Pennsylvania epidemiology, poultry,
viral proteins, virulence.
Huchzermeyer, F.W. (1997 ). Animal health risks
associated with ostrich products. Revue Scientifique Et Technique Office
International Des Epizooties 16(1): 111-6.
ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL
Call Number: SF781.R4
Abstract: Five diseases recorded in ostriches are
regarded as posing a potential animal health threat to meat-importing
countries. Newcastle disease causes an atypically low mortality in ostriches:
infected birds display typical nervous symptoms but no pathognomonic lesions
which could be detected during post-mortem inspection. The vaccination of
feedlot birds and a thorough ante-mortem examination are regarded as necessary
precautions to ensure virus carriers are not among those animals destined for
slaughter and subsequent export. Avian influenza produces clinical depression
and lesions can be detected at post-mortem examination. Borna disease appears
to affect mainly younger birds, and the virus is probably not present in the
meat of affected birds. Finally, there is little evidence to suggest that
ostriches could play a role in the epidemiology of transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies. Cases of anthrax are extremely rare. The importation of
deboned ostrich meat reduces the risk of infected scraps being fed to
susceptible animals.
Descriptors: bird diseases transmission, anthrax epidemiology,
anthrax prevention and control, anthrax veterinary, bird diseases epidemiology,
bird diseases prevention and control, birds, Borna disease epidemiology, Borna
disease prevention and control, Borna disease transmission, eggs adverse
effects, feathers virology, food microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl
plague prevention and control, fowl plague transmission, meat adverse effects,
Newcastle disease epidemiology, Newcastle disease prevention and control,
Newcastle disease transmission, prion diseases epidemiology, prion diseases
transmission, prion diseases veterinary, risk factors, skin virology.
Iamnikova, S.S., T.O. Kovtun, G.A. Dmitriev, V.A.
Aristova, G.A. Krivonosov, G.M. Rusanov, A.G. Konechnyi, and D.K. L'vov (1989).
Tsirkuliatsiia virusa grippa A seropodtipa H13 sredi chaikovykh ptits
severnogo kaspiia (1979-1985 gg.). [Circulation of the influenza A virus of H13
serosubtype among seagulls in the Northern Caspian (1979-1985)]. Voprosy
Virusologii 34(4): 426-30. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: The results of seven-year ecologo-virological
studies (1979-1985) of Laridae colonies on the island Zhemchuzhnyi, northern
Kaspian Sea, showed annual isolation of influenza A viruses. Altogether, 95
hemagglutinating agent have been isolated. Strains with 4 different
combinations of surface antigens were identified: H5N2, H13N2, H13N3, H13N6.
The possibility of transovarial transmission is confirmed by the fact of
isolation of an influenza virus strain A/black-headed herring
gull/Astrakhan/458/85 (H13N6) from a nestling having no contacts with the
environment. Simultaneous circulation of influenza A viruses (in 1983--H13N2
and H13N6, in 1985.--H13N3 and H13N6) and the presence in the virion of
neuraminidase of human influenza virus (N2) allow to consider the isolates to
be natural recombinants.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, hemagglutinins viral
isolation and purification, Russia.
Ibragimov, A.A. and V.S. Oskolkov (1972). [Avian
influenza: a review]. Veterinariia (10): 77-80.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: avian influenza, review, ducks, birds.
Ibragimov, A.A. and V.S. Oskolkov (1972). Gripp
ptits (Obzor literatury. [Avian influenza (a survey of the literature)]. Veterinariia
(10): 77-80. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, poultry diseases
microbiology, antigens, viral classification, fowl plague physiopathology,
immunization veterinary, influenza pathology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections pathology,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, virulence.
Iftimovici, R., V. Iacobescu, A. Petrescu, A. Mutiu,
and M. Chelaru (1980). Isolation of influenza virus A/USSR 90/77 (H1N1) from
wild birds. Virologie 31(3): 243.
ISSN: 0377-8177.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 R323
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, disease vectors, influenza transmission, Romania.
Ignatenko, T.A., E.V. Sidorenko, L.A. Smogorzhevskii,
T.O. Kovtun, S.S. Iamnikova, and D.K. L'vov (1989). Rasprostranenie virusov
grippa sredi sinantropnykh i polusinantropnykhptits srednego dnepra po dannym
serologicheskikh issledovanii. [Spread of influenza viruses among synanthropic
and semisynanthropic birds of the middle Dnieper from the data of serologic
studies]. Voprosy Virusologii 34(4): 480-2. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Descriptors: birds microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology,
fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
influenza B virus isolation and purification, serologic tests, Ukraine.
Imada, T., S. Yamaguchi, H. Kawamura, and K. Nerome
(1980). Isolation of an Influenza A virus from the budgerigar, Melopsittacus
undulatus. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly 20(1):
30-1. ISSN: 0027-951X.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 T5750
Descriptors: fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, parakeets, Psittacines, antigens, viral
analysis, avian immunology.
Imai, M., A. Takada, K. Okazaki, and H. Kida (1999). Antigenic
and genetic analyses of H5 influenza viruses isolated from ducks in Asia. Japanese
Journal of Veterinary Research 46(4): 171-7. ISSN: 0047-1917.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6446
Abstract: The hemagglutinin (HA) of six H5 influenza
virus strains isolated from ducks in Japan and China in 1976 to 1996 were
analyzed antigenically and genetically. Antigenic analysis using a panel of
monoclonal antibodies revealed that the HA of H5 influenza viruses isolated
from ducks are antigenically closely related to each other. Phylogenetic analysis
indicates that the isolates from ducks in Hokkaido were derived from an
ancestor common with the highly pathogenic isolates from chickens and humans in
Hong Kong in 1997.
Descriptors: ducks virology, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus genetics, influenza A virus avian classification, avian
genetics, phylogeny, antibodies, monoclonal, antigens, viral genetics, viral
immunology, chickens virology, China, genes viral, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus immunology, Hong Kong, avian isolation and purification, Japan,
RNA viral genetics, viral isolation and purification.
Isaacs, D., D.E. Dwyer, and A.W. Hampson (2004). Avian
influenza and planning for pandemics. Medical Journal of Australia
181(2): 62-3. ISSN: 0025-729X.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, communicable diseases, emerging prevention and control, disease
outbreaks prevention and control, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian, avian influenza prevention and control, antiviral agents therapeutic
use, Australia epidemiology, birds, emerging epidemiology, immunization
programs organization and administration, influenza diagnosis, influenza drug
therapy.
Ito, T. (1999). Current status of avian influenza.
Journal of the Japanese Society of Poultry Diseases (35): 1-4. ISSN: 0285-709X.
Descriptors: birds, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, host pathogen relations,
biological properties, influenza virus, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae,
pathology, viruses.
Ito, T., K. Okazaki, Y. Kawaoka, A. Takada, R.G.
Webster, and H. Kida (1995). Perpetuation of influenza A viruses in Alaskan
waterfowl reservoirs. Archives of Virology 140(7): 1163-1172. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: To provide information on the mechanism of
perpetuation of influenza viruses among waterfowl reservoirs in nature,
virological surveillance was carried out in Alaska during their breeding season
in summer from 1991 to 1994. Influenza viruses were isolated mainly from fecal samples
of dabbling ducks in their nesting places in central Alaska. The numbers of
subtypes of 108 influenza virus isolates were 1 H2N3, 37 H3N8, 55 H4N6, 1 H7N3,
1 H8N2, 1 H10N2, 11 H10N7, and H10 N9. Influenza viruses were also isolated
from water samples of the lakes where they nest. Even in September of 1994 when
the most ducks had left for migration to south, viruses were still isolated
from the lake water. Phylogenetic analysis of the NP genes of the
representative isolates showed that they belong to the North American lineage
of avian influenza viruses, suggesting that the majority of the waterfowls
breeding in central Alaska migrate to North America and not to Asia. The
present results support the notion that influenza viruses have been maintained
in waterfowl population by water-borne transmission and revealed the mechanism
of year-by-year perpetuation of the viruses in the lakes where they breed.
Descriptors: ecology, freshwater ecology, infection,
methods and techniques, microbiology, wildlife management, Central Alaska fecal
sample, H10N2, H10N7, H2N3, H3N8, H4N6, H7N3, H8N2, lake water, water borne
transmission.
Jemmi, T., J. Danuser, and C. Griot (2000). Zoonosen
als Risiko im Umgang mit Tieren und tierischen Produkten. [Zoonoses as a risk
when associating with livestock or animal products]. Schweizer Archiv
Fur Tierheilkunde 142(12): 665-71.
ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Sch9
Abstract: The risk of zoonotic disease transmission
when handling livestock or animal products is substantial. In industrialized
countries, the classical zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis or brucellosis
are no longer in the foreground. Latent zoonoses such as salmonellosis and
campylobacteriosis can cause serious disease in humans and have become a major
public health problem during the past years. Since animals infected with these
pathogens show only mild transient disease or no clinical signs at all, new
concepts in the entire production line ("stable to table") are necessary
in order to avoid human infection. Two emerging viruses with zoonotic
potential--avian influenza virus and Nipah virus--have been found in Asia in
1997 and 1999. Both diseases had a major impact on disease control and public
health in the countries of origin. In order to cope threats from infectious
diseases, in particular those of public health relevance, a combined effort
among all institutions involved will be necessary. The proposed "European
Center for Infectious Diseases" and the "Swiss Center for Zoonotic Diseases"
could be a potential approach in order to achieve this goal.
Descriptors: public health, infection, veterinary
medicine, Campylobacteriosis, bacterial disease, Salmonellosis, animal product
handling, livestock handling, meat inspection, foodborne zoonosis, food
contamination prevention and control, food microbiology, meat microbiology,
meat products microbiology, zoonoses transmission, animal husbandry, European
Union, food handling, risk factors.
Jimba, M., K. Nabae, and S. Wakai (2004). Avian influenza:
a chance to strengthen agriculture-health links. Lancet 363(9414): 1078. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: government agencies organization and
administration, health, influenza, avian influenza prevention and control,
chickens, developing countries, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza, avian epidemiology, information dissemination methods, Japan
epidemiology.
Joergensen, P.H. (1998). Aviaer influenza. [Avian
influenza]. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 81(5): 167-168. ISSN:
0106-6854.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 D23
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis, disease
control, virology, influenza virus, microbiology, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
John, T.J. (2004). Avian influenza: expect the
best but prepare for the worst. Indian Journal of Medical Research
119(2): iii-iv. ISSN: 0971-5916.
Descriptors: birds virology, disease outbreaks prevention and
control, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian influenza transmission,
India, avian influenza pathogenicity, avian influenza diagnosis.
Johnson, D.C. and B.G. Maxfield (1976). An
occurrence of avian influenza virus infection in laying chickens. Avian
Diseases 20(2): 422-4. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The isolation of avian influenza virus from
chickens is reported for the first time in the United States since the fowl
plague outbreak of 1929. The type-A virus was isolated from commercial Leghorn
laying hens between 54 and 55 weeks old and involved three different farms in
north-central Alabama. These flocks experienced up to 69% mortality and a
severe decrease in egg production within a 14-day period.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague epidemiology,
Alabama, fowl plague microbiology, fowl
plague pathology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification.
Jorgensen, P.H., O.L. Nielsen, H.C. Hansen, R.J.
Manvell, J. Banks, and D.J. Alexander (1998). Isolation of influenza A
virus, subtype H5N2, and avian paramyxovirus type 1 from a flock of ostrisches
in Europe. Avian Pathology 27(1): 15-20. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A total of 146 of 506 ostriches (Struthio
camelus) introduced into a quarantine in Denmark died within the first 23
days. The majority of deaths were in young birds up to 10 kg body weight. Avian
influenza A viruses (AIVs) were isolated from 14 pools of organ tissues
representing seven groups each of three or four ostriches, which died over the
first 3 weeks. The AIVs were detected in respiratory tissues, kidneys and
intestines. All were subtype H5N2. The intravenous pathogenicity index of each
isolate for chickens was 0.0 and the four isolates examined each had the amino
acid sequence -P-Q-R-E-T-R*G-L-F- at the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin
protein, typical of non-pathogenic AIVs. In addition, an avirulent avian
paramyxovirus type 1 virus was isolated from one pool of kidney tissues.
Bacteriological examination gave no significant results. The most
characteristic pathological findings were impaction of the proventriculus and
gizzard, enteritis with stasis and multi-focal necrotic hepatitis.
Descriptors: ostriches, influenza virus A, avian
paramyxovirus, flocks, quarantine, mortality, isolation, animal tissues,
organs, pathogenicity, amino acid sequences, pathology, epidemiology, age
differences, European Union countries, Denmark.
Jorgensen, P.H. (1998). Avian influenza. Dansk
Veterinaertidsskrift 81(5): 167-168.
ISSN: 0106-6854.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 D23
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
avian influenza, diagnosis, transmission, viral disease, global epidemic.
Kaiser, J. (2004). Influenza: girding for
disaster. Facing down pandemic flu, the world's defenses are weak. Science
306(5695): 394-7. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, disease
outbreaks prevention and control, influenza prevention and control, influenza
vaccines supply and distribution, world health, adjuvants, immunologic,
antiviral agents supply and distribution, clinical trials, developed countries,
developing countries, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus, avian
immunology, avian pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae
pathogenicity, patents, United States, vaccines, synthetic.
Kaleta, E.F. (1997). Epidemiology of avian
diseases. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 45(3): 267-80. ISSN: 0236-6290.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AC83
Abstract: A large number of diseases occur in domestic,
farm-raised poultry. Only two of the many different diseases are notifiable and
subject to governmental control: highly pathogenic avian influenza and
Newcastle disease. Diagnosis and treatment or prevention of all other conditions
are left to the skills of farmers and their veterinarians. Poultry production
is aimed at providing more and tastier food for the ever growing human
community. Infectious diseases and technical errors during production and
processing need to be minimised. The concept of hazard analysis critical
control point (HACCP) has already been introduced into food processing and
quality assessment. The regulations laid down in ISO 9000 will soon become a
powerful and practical tool for monitoring and improving the productivity of
live poultry. Approved epidemiological concepts and tools will enable the
poultry industry to achieve constant and safe production. Certification on the
basis of ISO 9000 of all areas of poultry production is a new approach for
maintaining the health of poultry, for tracing and subsequently eliminating
breaks in productivity, and securing production without health hazards for the
consumer.
Descriptors: chickens, communicable diseases veterinary,
poultry diseases epidemiology, turkeys,
communicable diseases epidemiology, consumer product safety standards,
disease outbreaks, food handling standards, guidelines, incidence, meat
standards, poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases etiology, poultry
products standards, proportional hazards models.
Kaleta, E.F., H. Will, E. Bernius, W. Kruse, and A.L.
Bolte (1998). Zum serologischen Nachweis virusbedingter Infektionen bei der
Hausgans ( Anser anser dom.). [The serologic detection of virus-induced
infections in the domestic goose (Anser anser dom.)]. Tierarztliche
Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere Nutztiere 26(4): 234-8. ISSN: 1434-1220.
NAL
Call Number: SF603.V43
Abstract: The most important virus-induced diseases
associated with heavy losses in the domestic goose are Derzsy's disease which
is caused by a goose parvovirus and duck plague (duck viral enteritis) which is
caused by an avian herpesvirus. Both diseases still occur but can be prevented
by timely vaccinations. Antibodies against Influenza A viruses of the subtypes
H1, H5, and H7 as well as against avian paramyxoviruses of the serogroups 4, 6,
and 8, respectively, were not detected in any of the examined sera. However,
antibodies against paramyxovirus type 1 were detected in sera of one source.
Haemagglutination inhibition or neutralizing antibodies against avian
adenoviruses (EDS76 virus and goose adenovirus of the serotypes 1, 2, and 3)
were quite often detected. Based on the present knowledge their pathogenic
potential is minor. Neutralizing antibodies against a reovirus originating from
Muscovy ducks and against a chicken reovirus (strain U Con S 1133) were quite
frequently detected. In 35 of 564 examined geese sera hepatitis B virus was
found.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, geese, poultry
diseases diagnosis, virus diseases veterinary, aviadenovirus immunology,
avulavirus immunology, hepatitis B virus, duck immunology, hepatitis virus,
duck immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, parvovirus immunology,
poultry diseases prevention and control, reoviridae immunology, virus diseases
diagnosis, virus diseases prevention and control.
Kanegae, Y., S. Sugita, K.F. Shortridge, Y. Yoshioka,
and K. Nerome (1994). Origin and evolutionary pathways of the H1
hemagglutinin gene of avian, swine and human influenza viruses: cocirculation
of two distinct lineages of swine virus. Archives of Virology
134(1-2): 17-28. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: The nucleotide sequences of the HA1 domain of
the H1 hemagglutinin genes of A/duck/Hong Kong/36/76, A/duck/Hong Kong/196/77,
A/sw/North Ireland/38, A/sw/Cambridge/39 and A/Yamagata/120/86 viruses were
determined, and their evolutionary relationships were compared with those of
previously sequenced hemagglutinin (H1) genes from avian, swine and human influenza
viruses. A pairwise comparison of the nucleotide sequences revealed that the
genes can be segregated into three groups, the avian, swine and human virus
groups. With the exception of two swine strains isolated in the 1930s, a high
degree of nucleotide sequence homology exists within the group. Two
phylogenetic trees constructed from the substitutions at the synonymous site
and the third codon position showed that the H1 hemagglutinin genes can be
divided into three host-specific lineages. Examination of 21 hemagglutinin
genes from the human and swine viruses revealed that two distinct lineages are
present in the swine population. The swine strains, sw/North Ireland/38 and
sw/Cambridge/39, are clearly on the human lineage, suggesting that they
originate from a human A/WSN/33-like variant. However, the classic swine
strain, sw/Iowa/15/30, and the contemporary human viruses are not direct
descendants of the 1918 human pandemic strain, but did diverge from a common
ancestral virus around 1905. Furthermore, previous to this the above mammalian
viruses diverged from the lineage containing the avian viruses at about 1880.
Descriptors: evolution, hemagglutinins viral genetics,
influenza A virus avian genetics, human genetics, porcine genetics, amino acid
sequence, chick embryo, genes viral, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus, avian classification, human classification, porcine classification,
molecular sequence data, phylogeny, sequence homology, amino acid.
Kaplan, M.M. (1980). Some epidemiological and
virological relationships between human and animal influenza. Comparative
Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 19-24. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: disease reservoirs, influenza microbiology,
influenza A virus genetics, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, genes
viral, horses microbiology, influenza A virus avian, influenza A virus,
porcine, orthomyxoviridae infections microbiology, orthomyxoviridae infections
transmission, recombination, genetic.
Karasin, A.I., C.W. Olsen, I.H. Brown, S. Carman, M.
Stalker, and G. Josephson (2000). H4N6 influenza virus isolated from pigs in
Ontario. Canadian Veterinary Journal Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 41(12): 938-9.
ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, swine diseases virology, antigens, viral analysis, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay veterinary, incidence, avian immunology, Ontario
epidemiology, swine, swine diseases epidemiology, swine diseases immunology.
Karesh, W.B., A. del Campo, W.E. Braselton, H. Puche,
and R.A. Cook (1997). Health evaluation of free-ranging and hand-reared
macaws (Ara spp.) in Peru. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
28(4): 368-77. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: As part of ongoing ecological studies and
reproduction enhancement efforts for macaws in southwestern Peru, a health
survey of parent- and hand-reared scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and blue
and gold macaws (Ara ararauna) was conducted in 1994. Thirty-three birds
were examined during handling procedures, and blood samples were collected from
27 (9 parent reared, 18 hand reared) for laboratory analysis. All but one bird
appeared to be in good condition, with no abnormality noted during physical
examination. Hematology, plasma chemistries, and plasma vitamin and mineral
levels were studied and correlated with the results of bacterial and viral
serology. Positive antibody titers for Salmonella and psittacine
herpesvirus were found. These diseases have the potential to affect wildlife
population dynamics, and Salmonella may have public health significance.
Serological tests for avian influenza, infectious laryngotracheitis,
paramyxovirus-1, -2, -3, polyoma virus, chlamydiosis, and aspergillosis were
negative. Differences in disease prevalence were found between rearing
situations.
Descriptors: bird diseases diagnosis, communicable
diseases veterinary, health status, Psittacines blood, Psittacines
parasitology, animals, domestic, animals, wild, antibodies, bacterial blood,
antibodies, viral blood, bird diseases epidemiology, blood chemical analysis
veterinary, cohort studies, communicable diseases diagnosis, communicable
diseases epidemiology, enzymes blood, hematologic tests veterinary, leukocyte
count veterinary, metals blood, parasitic diseases, animal diagnosis, parasitic
diseases, animal epidemiology, Peru epidemiology, physical examination
veterinary.
Karesh, W.B., M.M. Uhart, E. Frere, P. Gandini, E.
Braselton, H. Puche, and R.A. Cook (1999). Health evaluation of free-ranging
rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocomes) in Argentina. Journal
of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the American Association
of Zoo Veterinarians 30(1): 25-31.
ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: As part of annual colony counts in Santa Cruz
Province, Argentina, a health survey of rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes
chrysocomes) was conducted in 1994. Forty-five birds were examined during
handling procedures, and blood and fecal samples were collected for laboratory
analysis. All birds appeared to be in good condition. No ecto- or endoparasites
were found. Hematology, plasma chemistry, and plasma mineral levels were
measured and correlated with the results of bacterial and viral serology.
Antibodies against Chlamydia sp., avian adenovirus, avian
encephalomyelitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus, and
paramyxovirus-1, -2, and -3 were found. Mean plasma chemistry and mineral
values differed between individuals testing positive and negative on serologic
tests. There was no serologic evidence of exposure to avian influenza virus,
duck viral enteritis, infectious bursal disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, Aspergillus
sp., or Salmonella pullorum. Trace amounts ofendrin were found in
the plasma of one bird, but all other chlorinated pesticide and polychlorinated
biphenyl levels were below detectable limits.
Descriptors: infection, wildlife management,
aspergillosis, fungal disease, avian encephalomyelitis, nervous system disease,
viral disease, avian influenza, viral disease, chlamydiosis, bacterial disease,
duck viral enteritis, digestive system disease, viral disease, infectious
bronchitis, respiratory system disease, viral disease, infectious bursal
disease, viral disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, bacterial serology, health evaluation, hematology,
plasma chemistry, plasma mineral levels, viral serology.
Karunakaran, D., V. Hinshaw, P. Poss, J. Newman, and
D. Halvorson (1983). Influenza A outbreaks in Minnesota turkeys due to
subtype H10N7 and possible transmission by waterfowl. Avian Diseases
27(2): 357-66. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian influenza outbreaks in Minnesota
involving the H10N7 subtype occurred on two turkey farms in 1979 and on a third
in 1980. The H10N7 (Hav2 Neq1) subtype had not previously been detected in
turkeys in Minnesota or reported in the United States. The clinical signs
ranged from severe, with a mortality rate as high as 31%, to subclinical.
Antigenically indistinguishable viruses were isolated from healthy mallards on
a pond adjacent to the turkey farms, suggesting that the virus responsible for
the outbreak may have been introduced by feral ducks.
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, turkeys, disease
outbreaks, ducks, fowl plague etiology, fowl plague transmission, influenza A
virus avian isolation and purification, Minnesota, time factors.
Karunakaran, D., J.A. Newman, D.A. Halvorson, and A.
Abraham (1987). Evaluation of inactivated influenza vaccines in market
turkeys. Avian Diseases 31(3): 498-503. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The potency and efficacy of an inactivated
oil-emulsion influenza vaccine against infection, illness, and virus shed was
studied in market turkeys. No undesirable local or systemic reactions occurred
following vaccination. The vaccine induced measurable antibody to nucleocapsid
and hemagglutinin antigens of the virus. Challenged unvaccinated controls
experienced airsacculitis, but none of the vaccinates were affected. The
percent of the birds shedding virus following intranasal challenge was lower in
the vaccinated groups than in the controls, and the quantity of virus shed was
also smaller in vaccinated groups than in the controls.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral biosynthesis, fowl plague
immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, turkeys, viral vaccines
immunology, antigens, viral immunology, capsid immunology, fowl plague
prevention and control, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
hemagglutinins viral immunology, immunodiffusion veterinary, vaccination
veterinary, viral core proteins immunology.
Kawano, J., R. Yanagawa, and H. Kida (1979). Site
of replication of influenza virus A/budgerigar/Hokkaido/1/77 (Hav 4 Nav 1) in
budgerigars. Zentralblatt Fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde,
Infektionskrankheiten Und Hygiene. Erste Abteilung Originale. Reihe A
Medizinische Mikrobiologie Und Parasitologie 245(1-2): 1-7. ISSN: 0300-9688.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 C33 (1)
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian growth and
development, parrots microbiology, Psittacines microbiology, virus replication,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian isolation and purification, organ
specificity, respiratory system microbiology.
Kawaoka, Y., E. Bordwell, and R.G. Webster (1987). Intestinal
replication of influenza A viruses in two mammalian species. Brief report. Archives
of Virology 93(3-4): 303-8. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: The sites of replication of influenza A
viruses in ferrets and pigs were studied. The majority of the swine, equine,
and avian influenza A viruses tested were recovered from the intestinal tract
of ferrets as well as from the respiratory tract; most of the human influenza
viruses studied were recovered only from the respiratory tract. In contrast
with ferrets, only Hong Kong/1/68 (H 3 N 2) influenza virus was recovered from
the intestinal tract of pigs. Despite the large biological variability found in
ferrets and in pigs, the results do establish that the majority of influenza
viruses have the potential to replicate in the intestinal tissues of some
mammals. Additionally, the study suggests that there are differences among the
influenza A viruses in tissue tropism in different mammals. Both viral and host
genetic factors determine the tissue tropism of influenza viruses in mammals.
Descriptors: influenza A virus physiology, intestines
microbiology, virus replication, ferrets, avian physiology, human physiology,
porcine physiology, swine.
Kawaoka, Y., T.M. Chambers, W.L. Sladen, and R.G.
Webster (1988). Is the gene pool of influenza viruses in shorebirds and
gulls different from that in wild ducks? Virology 163(1):
247-50. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Evidence is presented for a second major gene
pool of influenza A viruses in nature. Shorebirds and gulls harbor influenza
viruses when sampled in the spring and fall. Approximately half of the viruses
isolated have the potential to infect ducks but the remainder do not. The
hemagglutinin subtypes that are prevalent in wild ducks were rare or absent in
shorebirds and gulls.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, ducks microbiology, fowl
plague microbiology, genes viral, influenza A virus avian genetics, animals,
wild microbiology, fowl plague transmission, avian classification, avian
isolation and purification, species specificity.
Kawaoka, Y. and R.G. Webster (1985). Evolution of
the A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus. Virology
146(1): 130-7. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: The epidemiological features of the H5N2
outbreak of influenza in poultry were studied by sequencing the HA genes of
several viruses isolated during the epidemic. Comparison of the nucleotide
sequences of the HA genes indicated there was a single introduction of virulent
virus. The variation rate (silent mutations) in the HA gene of the virulent
Ck/Penn virus was 9.0 or 14.4% per 10 years depending on the viruses compared
and was similar to that in H3 HA gene of human influenza A virus. The virulent
and avirulent viruses isolated after October 1983 were derived from a common
ancestoral virus and the virulent virus did not supersede the avirulent virus,
instead, the virulent and avirulent viruses coexisted and evolved separately
during the course of the epidemic. The evolutionary changes in the HA of H5N2
viruses that occurred during the epidemic permitted us to establish that a
virus (A/Chick/Washington/84) that was isolated 8 months after the last H5N2
virus had been isolated from poultry in Pennsylvania belonged to the family of
potentially dangerous H5N2 viruses and was a direct descendent of the virus
that spread to Maryland and Virginia. All of the virulent Ck/Penn viruses
retained the amino acid changes at residues 13 and 69 in the HA.
Descriptors: fowl plague microbiology, hemagglutinins
viral genetics, influenza A virus avian genetics, amino acid sequence, base
sequence, disease outbreaks veterinary,
District of Columbia, evolution, fowl plague epidemiology, genes viral,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, avian isolation and purification, avian
pathogenicity, Maryland, mutation, Pennsylvania, poultry, virulence.
Kaye, D. and C.R. Pringle (2005). Avian influenza
viruses and their implication for human health. Clinical Infectious
Diseases 40(1): 108-12. ISSN:
1537-6591.
NAL
Call Number: RC111.R4
Abstract: Widespread outbreaks of avian influenza in
domestic fowl throughout eastern Asia have reawakened concern that avian
influenza viruses may again cross species barriers to infect the human
population and thereby initiate a new influenza pandemic. Simultaneous
infection of humans (or swine) by avian influenza viruses in the presence of
human influenza viruses could theoretically generate novel influenza viruses
with pandemic potential as a result of reassortment of genome subunits between
avian and mammalian influenza viruses. These hybrid viruses would have the
potential to express surface antigens from avian viruses to which the human
population has no preexisting immunity. This article reviews current knowledge
of the routes of transmission of avian influenza A viruses to humans, places
the risk of appearance of a new pandemic influenza virus in perspective, and
describes the recently observed epidemiology and clinical syndromes of avian influenza
in humans.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, viral diseases, zoonoses,
birds, human, avian influenza virus.
Keawcharoen, J., K. Oraveerakul, T. Kuiken, R.A.
Fouchier, A. Amonsin, S. Payungporn, S. Noppornpanth, S. Wattanodorn, A.
Theambooniers, R. Tantilertcharoen, R. Pattanarangsan, N. Arya, P. Ratanakorn,
D.M. Osterhaus, and Y. Poovorawan (2004). Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and
leopards. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(12): 2189-91. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract:
Influenza virus is not known to affect
wild felids. We demonstrate that avian influenza A (H5N1) virus caused severe
pneumonia in tigers and leopards that fed on infected poultry carcasses. This
finding extends the host range of influenza virus and has implications for
influenza virus epidemiology and wildlife conservation.
Descriptors: zoo animals virology, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, Panthera virology, chickens virology,
food microbiology, influenza virology, avian genetics, lung virology, meat
virology, phylogeny, tigers virology, variation genetics.
Kelleher, C., D. Karunakaran, D. Halvorson, C.
Bailey, S. Nivas, P. Powers, M. Peterson, C. Wick, and D. Senne (1983). Epizootiology
of avian influenza-simultaneous monitoring of sentinel ducks and turkeys. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 32: 83-81.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: disease surveys, water microbiology,
epizootiology, monitoring, turkeys, sentinel birds, avian influenza virus.
Kelly, D.C., R.J. Avery, and N.J. Dimmock (1974). Camptothecin:
an inhibitor of influenza virus replication. Journal of General Virology
25(3): 427-32. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: antiviral agents pharmacology, camptothecin
pharmacology, influenza A virus avian growth and development, virus replication
drug effects, antigens, viral analysis, autoradiography, cell line, dose
response relationship, drug, hamsters, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, avian drug effects, kidney, methionine,
neuraminidase analysis, nucleic acid hybridization, peptides analysis, RNA
biosynthesis, sulfur radioisotopes, tritium, uridine.
Kemink, S.A., R.A. Fouchier, F.W. Rozendaal, J.M.
Broekman, M. Koopmans, A.D. Osterhaus, and P.M. Schneeberger (2004 ). Een
fatale infectie door aviair influenza-A (H7N7)-virus en aanpassing van het
preventiebeleid. [A fatal infection due to avian influenza-A (H7N7) virus and
adjustment of the preventive measures]. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor
Geneeskunde 148(44): 2190-4. ISSN:
0028-2162.
Abstract: In February 2003, the highly pathogenic avian
influenza-A virus, subtype H7N7, was the causative agent of a large outbreak of
fowl plague in the Netherlands. Two days after visiting a poultry farm that was
infected by fowl plague, a 57-year-old male veterinarian developed malaise,
headache and fever. After 8 days he was admitted to hospital with signs of
pneumonia. Five days later, his condition deteriorated alarmingly. Despite
extensive pharmacotherapy he died 4 days later of acute pneumonia. Influenza-A
virus, subtype H7N7, was identified by means of reverse transcriptase/PCR in
broncho-alveolar washings that had been obtained earlier; routine virus culture
yielded the isolate A/Nederland/219/03, which differs by 14 amino-acid
substitutions from the first isolate in a chicken (A/kip/Nederland/1/03).
Partly as a result of this case, the preventive measures were then adjusted;
people who came into contact with infected poultry were given increased
possibilities for vaccination and the administration of oseltamivir.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, avian influenza transmission, occupational diseases prevention
and control, poultry diseases transmission, zoonoses, disease outbreaks, fatal
outcome, avian influenza pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian
influenza prevention and control, avian influenza virology, middle aged,
Netherlands epidemiology, occupational diseases virology, poultry, poultry diseases
epidemiology, veterinarians.
Kendal, A.P., C.R. Madeley, and W.H. Allan (1971). Antigenic
relationships in avian influenza A viruses: identification of two viruses
isolated from turkeys in Great Britain during 1969-1970. Journal of
General Virology 13(1): 95-100.
ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: antigens analysis, influenza A virus avian
classification, turkeys, antigens, viral analysis, chickens, cross reactions,
England, epitopes, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, hemagglutinins viral analysis, immune sera, avian enzymology,
avian immunology, avian isolation and purification, neuraminidase analysis,
serotyping.
Khadzhiev, G. and S.B. Nezavisima Fondatsiya
"Veterinarna Meditsina" (1995). Influentsa-A (grip) po ptitsite
(obzor). [Avian influenza (A review)]. Veterinarna Meditsina (Bulgaria).
Veterinary Medicine 1(1): 43 48.
ISSN: 1310-5825.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.V473
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemiology,
pathogenicity, biological differences, ELISA, immunofluorescence, biological
properties, immunoenzyme techniques, immunological techniques, influenza virus,
microbial properties, viruses.
Kida, H. (2004). [Avian influenza virus]. Uirusu
Journal of Virology 54(1): 93-6.
ISSN: 0042-6857.
Abstract: Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian
influenza in chickens and ducks that occurred in 9 Asian countries including
Japan alarmed to realize that there is no border for infections and gave a rise
to great concern for human health as well as for agriculture. This H5N1 virus
jumped the species barrier and caused severe disease with high mortality in
humans in Viet Nam and Thailand; 15 deaths of 22 cases and 8 of 12,
respectively. A second concern was the possibility that the situation could
give rise to another influenza pandemic in humans since genetic reassortment
may occur between avian and human influenza viruses when a person is
concurrently infected with viruses from both species. This process of gene
swapping inside the human body can give rise to a new subtype of the influenza
virus to which humans would not have immunity. The outbreaks also emphasized
the need to continue active surveillance on avian influenza throughout the year
to undertake aggressive emergency control measures as soon as an infection is
detected.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian
pathogenicity, Asia epidemiology, disease outbreaks, Europe epidemiology,
influenza epidemiology, influenza virology, avian influenza epidemiology, avian
influenza virology, poultry, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses transmission,
zoonoses virology.
Kida, H. (1984). [Avian influenza viruses]. Uirusu
Journal of Virology 34(2): 109-19.
ISSN: 0042-6857.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian pathogenicity,
animals, domestic microbiology, animals, wild microbiology, birds microbiology,
fowl plague microbiology, fowl plague transmission, hemagglutinins viral
immunology, avian genetics, avian immunology.
Kida, H. (1997). [Ecology of influenza viruses in
animals and the mechanism of emergence of new pandemic strains]. Nippon
Rinsho Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine 55(10): 2521-6. ISSN: 0047-1852.
Abstract: Ecological studies on influenza viruses
revealed that the hemagglutinin genes are introduced into new pandemic strains
from viruses circulating in migratory ducks through domestic ducks and pigs in
southern China. Experimental infection of pigs with 38 avian influenza virus
strains with H1-H13 hemagglutinins showed that at least one strain of each HA
subtype replicated in the upper respiratory tract of pigs. Co-infection of pigs
with a swine virus and with an avian virus generated reassortant viruses. The
results indicate that avian viruses of any subtype can contribute genes in the
generation of reassortants. Virological surveillance revealed that influenza
viruses in waterfowl reservoir are perpetuated year-by-year in the frozen lake
water while ducks are absent.
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, bird diseases
transmission, birds, horse diseases transmission, horses, influenza transmission, swine, swine
diseases transmission, zoonoses.
Kida, H., K.F. Shortridge, and R.G. Webster (1988). Origin
of the hemagglutinin gene of H3N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Virology
162(1): 160-6. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype similar
to Aichi/2/68 and Victoria/3/75 persist in pigs many years after their
antigenic counterparts have disappeared from humans (Shortridge et al. (1977).
Science 19, 1454-1455). To provide information on the mechanism of conservation
of these influenza viruses in pigs, the hemagglutinin (HA) of four isolates
from swine derived from Taiwan and Southern China were analyzed antigenically
and genetically. The reactivity pattern of these viruses with a panel of
monoclonal antibodies indicates that the HAs of these swine viruses were
antigenically closely related to duck H3 and early human H3 viruses. Sequence
analysis of the H3 genes from three swine viruses revealed that the swine H3
genes are more closely related to the duck genes than to early human H3 virus
(A/Aichi/2/68). The degree of sequence homology of these genes is extremely
high (more than 96.5%). Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequence of the
three swine HAs at residues 226 to 228 in the proposed receptor-binding site is
Gln-Ser-Gly and is common with the majority of avian influenza viruses. These
findings indicate that these H3 viruses may have been introduced into pigs from
ducks. The HA gene of the fourth swine influenza virus from Southern China was
genetically equally related to avian and early human H3 strains although the
sequence through the receptor-binding pocket (226-228) was typical of a human
H3 virus, suggesting that either this swine HA gene was derived from ducks or
an early human H3 virus was introduced into the pig population where the virus
accumulated substantial mutations. The present strains revealed genetic heterogeneity
of swine H3 influenza viruses in nature.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza A
virus, porcine genetics, influenza A virus genetics, amino acid sequence,
antibodies, monoclonal diagnostic use, base sequence, China, genes viral, avian
genetics, porcine immunology, molecular sequence data, sequence homology,
nucleic acid.
Kida, H., R. Yanagawa, and Y. Matsuoka (1980). Duck
influenza lacking evidence of disease signs and immune response. Infection
and Immunity 30(2): 547-53. ISSN: 0019-9567.
NAL
Call Number: QR1.I57
Abstract: Influenza viruses A/duck/Hokkaido/5/77
(Hav7N2), A/budgerigar/Hokkaido/1/77 (Hav4Nav1), A/Kumamoto/22/76 (H3N2),
A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), and A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) were experimentally
inoculated into Pekin ducks. Of these, the influenza viruses of duck and
budgerigar origin replicated in the intestinal tract of the ducks. The infected
ducks shed the virus in the feces to high titers, but did not show clinical
signs of disease and scarcely produced detectable serum antibodies. Using
immunofluorescent staining, we demonstrated that the target cells of the duck
virus in ducks were the simple columnar epithelial cells which form crypts in
the large intestines, especially in the colon. After primary infection, the
birds resisted reinfection with the duck virus at least for 28 days, but from
46 days onward they were susceptible to reinfection. These infections were
quickly restricted by a brisk secondary immune response, reflected in the rapid
appearance of high titers of antibody after reinoculation. In contrat to the
avian influenza viruses, the remaining three influenza viruses of human origin
did not replicate in the intestinal tract but did cause a serum antibody
response.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus avian growth and development, antibody formation, digestive
system microbiology, feces microbiology, influenza immunology, human growth and
development, parakeets microbiology, virus replication.
Kimball, A.M. (2004). Human diseases - still
emerging, still dangerous. Northwest Public Health 21(1): 6-7.
Descriptors: acquired immune deficiency syndrome, disease
transmission, human immunodeficiency virus infections, international trade,
travel, avian influenza virus.
King, A.P. and K.F. Shortridge (1982). Multiple
avain influenza infection: selection of a non-avid virus by a heterologous
avain host. Research in Veterinary Science 33(1): 127-9. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Experimental infection of domestic fowl,
ducks and geese with an influenza A virus (H7N2) isolated from a domestic duck
showed that this virus was apathogenic for these poultry. A second virus
(H6N2), also apathogenic and more 'non-avid' than any such isolates previously
recognised in surveillance of domestic poultry in Hong Kong, was isolated from
one goose after H7N2 shedding had ceased. This goose, in effect, acted as a
selective isolation system for the H6N2 virus whose presence in the field
isolate could not be detected in spite of multiple passage in embryonated eggs.
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, ducks microbiology,
fowl plague microbiology, geese microbiology,
influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, poultry diseases microbiology.
Kitching, R.P. (2004). Management of exotic
disease outbreaks: learning by example. Medecin Veterinaire Du Quebec
34(1-2): 83-85. ISSN: 0225-9591.
NAL
Call Number: SF602.M8
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, avian influenza, classical
swine fever, foot and mouth disease, vaccination, clinical techniques,
slaughtered, transmission, outbreaks.
Klempner, M.S. and D.S. Shapiro (2004). Crossing
the species barrier--one small step to man, one giant leap to mankind. New
England Journal of Medicine 350(12): 1171-2. ISSN: 1533-4406.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 N442
Descriptors: disease outbreaks history, influenza
transmission, severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission, zoonoses
transmission, fowl plague transmission, history of medicine, 20th century,
influenza epidemiology, influenza history, influenza A virus avian, poultry,
severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology.
Kleven, S.H., R.C. Nelson, and D.R. Deshmukh (1970). Epidemiologic
and field observations on avian influenza in Minnesota turkeys. Avian
Diseases 14(1): 153-66. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: orthomyxoviridae infections epidemiology,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases epidemiology,
agglutination tests, breeding, complement fixation tests, eggs, fertility,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, Minnesota, mycoplasma, neutralization tests,
ornithosis veterinary, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, turkeys.
Knöbl, T. and A.J.P. Ferreira (1999). Avian
influenza: ostriches as a disease infection source. Revista De Educaçăo
Continuada Do CRMV SP 2(3): 53-58.
ISSN: 1516-3326.
Descriptors: disease transmission, epidemiology,
outbreaks, pathology, reviews, avian influenza virus, ostriches.
Kocan, A.A., V.S. Hinshaw, and G.A. Daubney (1980). Influenza
A viruses isolated from migrating ducks in Oklahoma. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 16(2): 281-5. ISSN:
0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Nine type A influenza viruses were isolated
from migrating and wintering ducks in Oklahoma in 1976-77. Antigenic classification
of the viruses isolated revealed three different subtypes: Hav1 Nav2, Hws N1,
and Hav6 N2. Transmission of influenza viruses from the wild ducks to sentinel
birds (McGraw mallards) on the same lakes was not detected.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, avian immunology,
Oklahoma.
Koch, G. and J.A. van der Goot (2000). Klassieke
vogelpest of aviaire influenza. [Classic fowl plague or avian influenza]. Tijdschrift
Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(10): 322-6.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: fowl plague virology, influenza A virus avian
pathogenicity, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague diagnosis, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague therapy, avian genetics, avian isolation and
purification, virulence.
Koch, G. and J.A. van der Goot (2000). Klassieke
vogelpest of aviaire influenza: overzichtsartikel. [Avian influenza: a review
article]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(10): 322-326. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: fowls, avian influenza virus, etiology,
pathogenesis, symptoms, pathogenicity, diagnosis, epidemiology, drug therapy,
disease control, poultry diseases, biological properties, influenza virus,
microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, therapy, viruses.
Kohler, M. and W. Kohler (2001). Zentralblatt fur
bakteriologie--100 years ago an outbreak of fowl plague in Tyrol in 1901. International
Journal of Medical Microbiology 291(5): 319-21. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL
Call Number: QR1.Z443
Descriptors: disease outbreaks history, disease outbreaks
veterinary, fowl plague history, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, Austria epidemiology, filtration instrumentation, fowl plague
diagnosis, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague etiology, Germany
epidemiology, history of medicine, 19th century, history of medicine, 20th
century, Italy epidemiology, poultry.
Koopmans, M., B. Wilbrink, M. Conyn, G. Natrop, H.
van der Nat, H. Vennema, A. Meijer, J. van Steenbergen, R. Fouchier, A.
Osterhaus, and A. Bosman (2004). Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A
virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in
the Netherlands. Lancet 363(9409): 587-93. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Abstract: BACKGROUND: An outbreak of highly pathogenic
avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in
commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Although the risk of transmission
of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak
investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A
virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans. METHODS: All workers in poultry
farms, poultry farmers, and their families were asked to report signs of
conjunctivitis or influenza-like illness. People with complaints were tested
for influenza virus type A subtype H7 (A/H7) infection and completed a health
questionnaire about type of symptoms, duration of illness, and possible
exposures to infected poultry. FINDINGS: 453 people had health complaints--349
reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other
complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26.4%) people
with conjunctivitis only, in five (9.4%) with influenza-like illness and
conjunctivitis, in two (5.4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four
(6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected
within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts
(of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had
influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the
infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic
treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported
here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme. INTERPRETATION: We
noted an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus
subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, and we
noted evidence for person-to-person transmission. Our data emphasise the
importance of adequate surveillance, outbreak preparedness, and pandemic
planning.
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus, transmission,
humans, outbreak, poultry farms, sub type H7N7.
Koval' chuk Ivanyuk, T.V., E.G. Rogochii, and A.I.
Urin (1975). Poiski ochagov grippa, assotsitrovannykh s dikimi i domashnimi
ptitsami. [A study of foci of influenza among wild and domestic birds in the
Ukraine]. Sbornik Trudov Institut Virusologii Imeni D.I. Ivanovskogo,
"Ekologiya Virusov" (3): 77-79.
Descriptors: zoonoses, influenza, wild birds, chickens,
Ukraine.
Krilov, L.R. (2004). Emerging infectious disease
issues in international adoptions: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),
avian influenza and measles. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
17(5): 391-5. ISSN: 0951-7375.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: New emerging infections
over the last few years demonstrate the potential for the introduction of
epidemic illness through global migration. The increasing number of children
adopted internationally (>20,000 in 2003, from the United States State
Department) provides a unique situation for the spread of emerging infections through
the combination of international travel by parents through areas where such
infections may be contracted and the nature of the living conditions for many
of the orphans being placed by this process. RECENT FINDINGS: The recent
literature on three emerging infections--avian influenza, severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) and measles--describes clinical aspects of the
illnesses and their epidemiology. For avian influenza aspects of the agrarian
economy in southeast Asia enabled the virus to reach the human population. The
potential for further adaptation to people could set the stage for a new
pandemic. SARS evolved in rural China and spread worldwide in one season with
an approximate 10% mortality. Attention to public-health measures led to
control of this new illness. Most recently, outbreaks of measles in Chinese
orphanages have been documented. These findings demonstrate the potential of
such infections to be transmitted during the process of international adoption,
and in the case of measles the realization of this potential in recent reported
cases from Chinese orphanages brought to the United States on commercial
airlines. SUMMARY: Clinicians involved in international adoption and
public-health officials assessing emerging infections need to work together in
monitoring these issues.
Descriptors: adoption, communicable diseases, emerging
epidemiology, emigration and immigration, severe acute respiratory syndrome
epidemiology, adolescent, adult, child, preschool child, communicable disease
control, communicable diseases, emerging transmission, infant, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza A virus, avian, SARS virus,
severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission.
Kroes, A.C., W.J. Spaan, and E.C. Claas (2004). Van
vogelpest tot influenzapandemie; reden tot voorzorgen. [From fowl plague to
influenza pandemic; a reason for taking precautions]. Nederlands
Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde 148(10): 458-63. ISSN: 0028-2162.
Abstract: Throughout Eastern Asia, there is currently
an epidemic of fowl plague or highly pathogenic avian influenza, on an
unprecedented scale. The prospects for rapid containment are poor. The
causative virus, influenza A of the H5N1 subtype, is of limited infectivity for
humans. If infection occurs, however, then the consequences are serious and
even fatal in a majority of cases. In view of the receptor specificity of avian
influenza viruses, this may be related to individually increased
susceptibility, which does not lead to further spread. However, it is known that
influenza A viruses can readily adapt to replication in the human host by the
acquisition of specific gene segments or even by mutations of the avian virus.
The extreme scale of human contact with influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype at
present engenders fear that there is a high risk of such adaptation and a
subsequent pandemic spread. Adequate precautions are necessary, not only in
terms of an acceleration of vaccine production but primarily in arranging for
sufficient availability of the new antiviral drugs.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, human pathogenicity, avian influenza transmission, zoonoses,
chickens, avian genetics, human genetics.
Kronberger, H. (1978). Haltung Von Vogeln,
Krankheiten Der Vogel. [Management and Diseases of Birds], 3rd edition, 384
p.
NAL
Call Number: SF994.2.A1K76 1978
Descriptors: protozoal infections, aviary birds,
helminths, symptoms, control, management.
L'vov, D.K., R.I.A. Podcherniaeva, R. Webster, M.V.
Ronina, and T.V. Pysina (1979). Poluchenie rekombinantov, antigenno
identichynykh tsirkuliruiushchim v prirode shtammam virusa grippa. [Production
of recombinants antigenically identical to influenza virus strains circulating
in nature]. Voprosy Virusologii (5): 493-7. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Recombination of a human influenza virus with
an avian influenza virus produced a H2Nav2 recombinant with the antigenic
properties analogous to those of avian influenza virus (H2Nav2) isolated from
wild ducks in the Far East, USSR. Recombination of two avian influenza viruses
yielded a recombinant H2N2, an antigenic analogues of influenza
A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) virus which had started an epidemic of influenza in
1957.
Descriptors: antigens, viral genetics, influenza A virus
genetics, recombination, genetic, animals, wild, crosses, genetic, ducks
microbiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza A virus human
genetics, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors.
L'vov, D.K., G.A. Sidorova, A.E. Eminov, E.A.
Vladimirtseva, and N.A. Braude (1980). Svoistva virusov grippa Hav6Neq2 i
Hswl(H0)Hav2, izolirovannykh ot ptits okolovodnogo kompleksa na iuge Turkmenii.
[Properties of Hav6Neq2 and Hswl(H0)Hav2 influenza viruses isolated from
waterfowl in southern Turkmenia]. Voprosy Virusologii (4):
415-9. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Three influenza A virus strains were isolated
from shorebirds in October, 1977, in southern Turkmenia, in the vicinities of
Tedzhen water reservoir. From a common tern, A/Sterna hirundo/Turkmenia/45/77
strain was isolated with the antigenic formula Hav6Neq2, from a teal and a
black-headed gull influenza A/Anas crecca/Turkmenia/4/77 and A/Larus
ridibundus/Turkmenia/13/77 strains with previously unknown combination of
surface antigens Hswl(H0)Nav2 were recovered. By the molecular weight of the
heavy (HA1 59,000 d) and light (HA2 24,000 d) chains of hemagglutinin, the
Turkmenian viruses A/Larus ridibundus/Turkmenia/13/77 and A/Anas
crecca/Turkmenia/4/77 are similar to each other and to the strains having
H0 hemagglutinin: A/PR8/34 (H0N1) and A/Whale/PO/19/76 (H09Nav2). The
Turkmenian viruses are characterized by a low content of the light
hemagglutinin chain (HA2) which is typical of the viruses with Hsw1
hemagglutinin: A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) and A/SW/Wisk/68 (Hsw1N1).
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral isolation and purification, chick
embryo, avian classification, serotyping, Turkmenistan, viral proteins
analysis.
L'vov, D.K., A.N. Slepushkin, S.S. Iamnikova, and
E.I. Burtseva (1998). Gripp ostaetsia nepredskazuemoi infektsiei. [Influenza
remains an unpredictable infection]. Voprosy Virusologii 43(3):
141-4. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Influenza virus A (H5N1) was isolated from
the tracheal swab of a 3-year-old boy who died from influenza with the Raye
syndrome in Hong Kong in May, 1997. Up to the present time, influenza viruses
with hemagglutinin H5 were known to circulate only among birds. They caused a
variety of diseases: from asymptomatic to epizootic with 100% mortality,
particularly among chickens. The main difference between virulent and avirulent
strains is as follows: virulent viruses are isolated from all tissues of an
infected bird. A (H5) virus hemagglutinin, transformed into a virulent variant,
becomes sensitive to cleavage by proteases of mammalian and avian cells.
Intensive epidemiological surveillance of influenza in Hong Kong started by the
WHO and Department of Public Health of Hong Kong in August-September, 1997,
resulted in detection of 17 more cases with Influenza A (H5N1) in
November-December 1997. all of the occurred before December 28, 1997 and were
detected in hospitals and health centers of Hong Kong. Nine patients were
children aged under 5 years. Six patients died as a result of complications
(pneumonia) and exacerbations of concomitant chronic diseases. Virological and
logical studies showed that the main route of infection transmission was from
birds to humans. Human to human transmission is probable. Study of 7 influenza
A (H5N1) viruses isolated from patients showed that they contained all 8 RNA
gene segments of avian virus. There are no reports about new cases of influenza
A (H5N1) in humans in January 1998, and we can hope that the outbreak of
Influenza A (H5N1) in Hong Kong caused by avian virus will not develop into a
new influenza pandemic, although an unfavorable course of events is probable.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
pathogenicity, chickens virology, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology, influenza physiopathology, avian genetics, RNA, viral, virulence.
Lagutkin, N. (1997). Avian influenza. Ptitsevodstvo
(1): 22-23. ISSN: 0033-3239.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 P95
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, strains, diagnosis,
control, vaccination.
Lai, A.C. and A.M. McPhillips (1999). Isolation of
avian influenza viruses in central Oklahoma. Journal Oklahoma State
Medical Association 92(12): 565-7.
ISSN: 0030-1876.
Abstract: Aquatic birds are the natural hosts for
influenza virus. It is established that avian influenza viruses provide the
gene pool for the generation of new strains of human influenza virus, which can
cause pandemic infections. The recent outbreak of an avian influenza virus
(H5N1) in Hong Kong not only produced high mortality in chickens, but also
resulted in six human fatalities. This outbreak indicates that avian influenza
virus can be pathogenic for humans. We surveyed local waterfowl habitats by
taking water and fecal samples for virus isolation and identification. We
isolated avian influenza viruses from ponds and small lakes in Bartlesville,
Lawton, Stillwater, and Tulsa. The density of birds in these sites is small.
However, our virus isolation rate is comparable to that found in higher density
habitats. The risk of human infection remains to be determined. We encourage
primary care physicians to submit samples for virus surveillance.
Descriptors: birds virology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, influenza transmission, Oklahoma.
Lambers, J.H. and P.M. Cornelissen (2000). Discussie
aviaire influenza bij vleeskuikens. [Discussion on avian influenza in chicks].
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(23): 737. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, chickens, fowl
plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, chick embryo, avian
immunology, Netherlands epidemiology.
Lambers, J.H. and P.M. Cornelissen (2000). Een
orienterend onderzoek naar het voorkomen van afweerstoffen tegen
influenzavirussen in vleeskuikens in Nederland. Discussiestuk monitoring
dierziekten aan slachtlijn. [Preliminary research on the occurrence of
antibodies against influenza viruses in chicks in the Netherlands. Discussion
about monitoring diseases at slaughter]. Tijdschrift Voor
Diergeneeskunde 125(14): 461-2.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, chickens, enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay veterinary, fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A
virus avian immunology, abattoirs, antibodies, viral immunology, chick embryo,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay methods, avian isolation and purification,
Netherlands epidemiology.
Lancaster, J.E. (1981). International
responsibility for control of avian influenza. In: Proceedings of the
First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
184-197.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease
control, international trade, responsibility.
Landman, W.J. (1996). Aviaire influenza een
potentiele bedreiging voor de pluimveehouderij. [Avian influenza a potential
threat for poultry farming]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
121(22): 651-2. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: fowl plague virology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague prevention
and control, Netherlands epidemiology, poultry.
Landman, W.J.M. (1997). Aviaire influenza een
potentiele bedreiging voor de pluimveehouderij: de ziekte is ook bekend onder
de naam Klassieke Vogelpest. [Avian influenza a potential thread for poultry:
the disease is also known as Newcastle disease]. Tijdschrift Voor
Diergeneeskunde 121(22): 651-652.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: poultry, influenza virus, domestic animals,
livestock, orthomyxoviridae, useful animals, viruses.
Landman, W.J.M. (1996). Avian influenza: A
potential threat to poultry. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
121(22): 651-652. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, pathology,
veterinary medicine, avian influenza, avian influenza virus type A,
epidemiology, host, infection, treatment, viral disease, zoo animal.
Landman, W.J.M. and C.C. Schrier (2004). Aviaire
influenza: zicht op eradiacatie bij commercieel gehouden pluimvee steeds verder
weg [Avian influenza: eradication from commercial poultry is still not in
sight]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 129(23): 782-796. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: avian influenza, diagnosis, mortality,
transmission, eradication, airborne transmission, outbreak rate, poultry
farming, poultry industry.
Lang, G., A. Gagnon, and J.R. Geraci (1981). Isolation
of an influenza A virus from seals. Archives of Virology 68(3-4):
189-95. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Influenza A virus of serotype Hav1 Neq1 (H7N7
by the 1980 revised influenza typing system proposed by WHO experts) was
repeatedly isolated from lung and brain tissues taken from harbor seals (Phoca
vitulina) found suffering from pneumonia on Cape Cod Peninsula (U.S.A.) in
the winter of 1979-1980. The seal isolates, although of a serotype identical to
some fowl plaque virus strains, were harmless to chickens and turkeys in
transmission experiments. An earlier human infection by a Hav1 Neq1 influenza
virus and the serologic relatedness of this avian serotype with the equine 1
serotype are cited in support of the view that influenza viruses with these
antigenic characteristics seem to have a facility to pass from birds to
mammals.
Descriptors: influenza microbiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, Pinnipedia microbiology, pneumonia, viral
microbiology, seals microbiology, antigens, viral immunology, brain
microbiology, epitopes, avian immunology, lung microbiology.
Lang, G., J. Howell, and A.E. Ferguson (1972). The
occurrence of serotype 4 of avian influenza A virus in Canadian poultry. Canadian
Veterinary Journal Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 13(1): 17-20. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: ducks, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, turkeys, Canada, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague
microbiology, avian classification.
Larson, E. (1998). The flu hunters [avian
influenza]. Time 151(11): 46-56.
ISSN: 0040-781X.
NAL
Call Number: 280.8 T48
Descriptors: diagnosis, zoonoses, strains, disease
transmission, outbreaks, avian influenza virus, Hong Kong.
Lashley, F.R. (2004). Emerging infectious
diseases: vulnerabilities, contributing factors and approaches. Expert
Review of Anti Infective Therapy 2(2): 299-316. ISSN: 1478-7210.
Abstract: We live in an ever more connected global
village linked through international travel, politics, economics, culture and
human-human and human-animal interactions. The realization that the concept of
globalization includes global exposure to disease-causing agents that were
formerly confined to small, remote areas and that infectious disease outbreaks
can have political, economic and social roots and effects is becoming more
apparent. Novel infectious disease microbes continue to be discovered because
they are new or newly recognized, have expanded their geographic range, have
been shown to cause a new disease spectrum, have jumped the species barrier from
animals to humans, have become resistant to antimicrobial agents, have
increased in incidence or have become more virulent. These emerging infectious
disease microbes may have the potential for use as agents of bioterrorism.
Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases are complex and
interrelated and involve all classifications of organisms transmitted in a
variety of ways. In 2003, outbreaks of interest included severe acute
respiratory syndrome, monkeypox and avian influenza. Information from the human
genome project applied to microbial organisms and their hosts will provide new
opportunities for detection, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and
prognosis. New technology related not only to genetics but also to satellite
and monitoring systems will play a role in weather, climate and the approach to
environmental manipulations that influence factors contributing to infectious
disease emergence and control. Approaches to combating emerging infectious
diseases include many disciplines, such as animal studies, epidemiology,
immunology, ecology, environmental studies, microbiology, pharmacology, other
sciences, health, medicine, public health, nursing, cultural, political and
social studies, all of which must work together. Appropriate financial support
of the public health infrastructure including surveillance, prevention,
communication, adherence techniques and the like will be needed to support
efforts to address emerging infectious disease threats.
Descriptors: communicable diseases, emerging economics,
prevention and control, emerging transmission, climate, demography, disease
susceptibility, disease transmission prevention and control, industry,
politics, social conditions, economics, technology, travel, weather.
Laudert, E.A., V. Sivanandan, and D.A. Halvorson
(1993). Effect of intravenous inoculation of avian influenza virus on
reproduction and growth in mallard ducks. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
29(4): 523-6. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: An avian influenza virus isolate,
A/Mallard/Ohio/184/86 (H5N1), was evaluated for its effects on reproduction in
isolation-reared adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and growth
rate in juvenile mallards after intravenous inoculation. There was a
significant decrease in egg production in the experimental group during the
first week after inoculation, but it returned to the normal production level
during the second week. No effect was seen on egg weight, shape, or fertility.
Ducklings receiving this influenza virus isolate did not differ from controls
in their rate of growth.
Descriptors: body weight, ducks physiology, fowl plague
physiopathology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, reproduction,
antibodies, viral blood, ducks growth and development, fertility, influenza A
virus avian immunology, oviposition, random allocation.
Laver, G. and E. Garman (2002). Pandemic
influenza: its origin and control. Microbes and Infection Institut
Pasteur 4(13): 1309-16. ISSN:
1286-4579.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.M53
Abstract:
A "new" influenza virus will
appear at some time in the future. This virus will arise by natural processes,
which we do not fully understand, or it might be created by some bioterrorist.
The world's population will have no immunity to the new virus, which will
spread like wild-fire, causing much misery, economic disruption and many
deaths. Vaccines will take time to develop and the only means of control, at
least in the early stages of the epidemic, are anti-viral drugs, of which the
neuraminidase inhibitors currently seem the most effective.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, antiviral agents
therapeutic use, birds, chickens, China epidemiology, drug resistance, viral,
influenza drug therapy, influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
classification, avian physiology, models, molecular, neuraminidase physiology,
orthomyxoviridae genetics, orthomyxoviridae immunology.
Laver, G. and E. Garman (2001). Virology. The
origin and control of pandemic influenza. Science 293(5536):
1776-7. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus enzymology, influenza A
virus pathogenicity, antiviral agents therapeutic use, drug industry methods,
drug resistance, microbial, enzyme inhibitors therapeutic use, hn protein
chemistry, hn protein genetics, hn protein metabolism, Hong Kong epidemiology,
influenza diagnosis, influenza drug therapy, influenza A virus avian
enzymology, avian genetics, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, human
enzymology, human genetics, human immunology, human pathogenicity, influenza A
virus genetics, influenza A virus immunology, influenza vaccine biosynthesis, influenza
vaccine economics, influenza vaccine immunology, models, molecular, mutation
genetics, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors, neuraminidase chemistry,
neuraminidase genetics, neuraminidase metabolism, protein conformation, RNA
viral analysis, viral genetics, reassortant viruses enzymology, reassortant
viruses genetics, reassortant viruses immunology, reassortant viruses
pathogenicity, sialic acids therapeutic use.
Laver, G. (2004). From the great barrier reef to a
"cure" for the flu - tall tales, but true. Perspectives in
Biology and Medicine 47(4): 590-596.
ISSN: 0031-5982.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 P43
Descriptors: infection, prevention and control, sea birds,
drug development.
Laver, W.G., R.G. Webster, and C.M. Chu (1984). From
the National Institutes of Health. Summary of a meeting on the origin of
pandemic influenza viruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases 149(1):
108-15. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Abstract: Influenza type A virus periodically undergoes
major antigenic shifts in which the hemagglutinin (HAG) and sometimes the
neuraminidase (NA) antigens are replaced by HAG and NA antigens of another
subtype. Three such shifts have taken place since the virus was first isolated,
and all appear to have occurred in China. The way in which these
"new" influenza type A viruses suddenly appear (or reappear) in the
human population is not known. At a meeting held in Beijing, China, on November
10-12, 1982, participants discussed the latest findings on the molecular
biology of influenza viruses and on aspects of their ecology that may offer
insight into the factors responsible for the origin of pandemic influenza
viruses. Information obtained in earlier studies has provided some clues about
how the antigenic shifts may occur. For example, the H3N2 virus has been found
to be a recombinant deriving seven of its eight genes from an H2N2 strain and
gene 4 (which encodes for the HAG) from some other virus, possibly an avian
influenza virus of the H3 subtype [1-3]. In addition, studies of the genome of
the H1N1 virus that appeared in Anshan, China, in 1977 have shown that this
virus almost certainly underwent no replication for 27 years. This finding
suggests that the virus existed in an animal reservoir during this period [4,
5].
Descriptors: influenza microbiology, influenza A virus
human physiology, orthomyxoviridae physiology, antigens, viral immunology,
China, disease reservoirs, ecology, epitopes immunology, genes viral,
hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza therapy, human genetics, influenza A
virus physiology, influenza vaccine immunology, macromolecular systems,
neuraminidase genetics, neuraminidase immunology, orthomyxoviridae genetics,
orthomyxoviridae immunology,
recombination, genetic, T lymphocytes, cytotoxic immunology, virus
replication.
Lawrie, M. (2004). Animal welfare gains from avian
influenza? Australian Veterinary Journal 82(3): 135. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: animal welfare, chickens, avian influenza,
epidemiology, cats, China epidemiology, dogs, influenza A virus, Korea.
Lazzari, S. and K. Stohr (2004). Avian influenza
and influenza pandemics. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
82(4): 242. ISSN: 0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, influenza
prevention and control, influenza transmission, influenza virology, avian
influenza epidemiology, avian influenza transmission, avian influenza virology,
sentinel surveillance, world health, zoonoses virology.
Le Roux, C. (1998). Avian influenza. Poultry
Bulletin South Africa Poultry Association 10: 473, 475-476. ISSN: 0257-201X.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 So89
Descriptors: poultry, avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
disease transmission, disease control, vaccination, South Africa, Africa,
Africa South of Sahara, domestic animals, immunization, immunostimulation,
immunotherapy, influenza virus, livestock, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis,
Southern Africa, therapy, useful animals, viruses.
Lee, L.A., C. Johnstone, and D. Cohen (1988). Poultry
health surveillance using routinely collected production data [avian
influenza-virus case control study]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
(Suppl. 84): 268-270. ISSN: 0044-605X.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AC87
Descriptors: disease control, avian influenza virus,
United States, poultry, production data collection.
Lee, P.J. and L.R. Krilov (2005). When animal
viruses attack: SARS and avian influenza. Pediatric Annals 34(1):
42-52. ISSN: 0090-4481.
NAL
Call Number: RJ1.P35
Abstract: SARS and avian influenza have many common
features. They both arose in Asia and originated from animal viruses. They both
have the potential to become pandemics because human beings lack antibodies to
the animal-derived antigens present on the viral surface and rapid
dissemination can occur from the relative ease and availability of high speed
and far-reaching transportation methods. Pediatricians, in particular, should
remain alert about the possibility of pandemic illnesses in their patients.
Annual rates of influenza in children may be 1.5 to 3 times those in the adult
population, and infection rates during a community epidemic may exceed 40% in
preschool-aged children and 30% in school-aged children. Infected children also
play a central role in disseminating influenza, as they are the major point of
entry for the virus into the household, from which adults spread disease into
the community. Of course, children younger than 24 months also are at high risk
for complications from influenza. A 1999 Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention projection of an influenza pandemic in the US paints a grim picture:
89,000 to 207,000 deaths, 314,000 to 734,000 hospitalizations, 18 million to 42
million outpatient visits, and 20 million to 47 million additional illnesses,
at a cost to society of at least dollars 71.3 billion to dollars 166.5 billion.
High-risk patients (15% of the population) would account for approximately 84%
of all deaths. Although SARS has been kind to the pediatric population so far,
there are no guarantees that future outbreaks would be as sparing. To aid
readers in remaining up-to-date with SARS and avian influenza, some useful
websites are listed in the Sidebar. Two masters of suspense, Alfred Hitchcock
and Stephen King, may have been closer to the truth than they ever would have
believed. Both birds and a super flu could bring about the end of civilization
as we know it. But all is not lost--to paraphrase Thomas Jefferson, the price
of health is eternal vigilance. Although we may not be able to prevent future
pandemics, mankind has the ability to recognize new diseases and outbreaks as
they occur, to study these infections and find ways to contain and treat them,
and to implement the necessary measures to defeat them.
Descriptors: avian influenza prevention and control,
severe acute respiratory syndrome prevention and control, adult, child,
antiviral agents therapeutic use, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease vectors, avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza epidemiology, avian
influenza transmission, pediatrics methods, population surverillance methods,
severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome
epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission, world health,
SARS.
Lelonturier, P. (2004). Les virus de l'hiver.
[Winter viruses]. Presse Medicale Paris, France 1983 33(7):
499. ISSN: 0755-4982.
Descriptors: gastroenteritis virology, influenza virology,
influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, human pathogenicity, norovirus
pathogenicity, SARS virus pathogenicity, seasons, severe acute respiratory
syndrome virology, adolescent, adult, astrovirus isolation and purification, astrovirus
pathogenicity, cause of death, child, cross sectional studies, France,
gastroenteritis mortality, influenza mortality, influenza transmission, avian
isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, influenza
vaccines administration and dosage, norovirus isolation and purification,
rotavirus isolation and purification, rotavirus pathogenicity, SARS virus
isolation and purification, severe acute respiratory syndrome mortality, severe
acute respiratory syndrome transmission, virulence, world health.
Lesník, F., N. Ucekaj, O. Ondrasovicová, and V.
Bajová (2003). A highly virulent avian influenza virus in Europe. Slovenský
Veterinársky Casopis 28(3): 31-32.
ISSN: 1335-0099.
Descriptors: disease control, mutations, virulence, avian
influenza virus, ducks, Europe.
Letonturier, P. (2004). Quand les virus attaquent.
[When viruses attack]. Presse Medicale Paris, France 1983 33(6):
428. ISSN: 0755-4982.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza A virus, avian
influenza, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza transmission,
zoonoses, poultry, risk factors.
Ley, E.C., T.Y. Morishita, B.S. Harr, R. Mohan, and
T. Brisker (2000). Serologic survey of slaughter-age ostriches (Struthio
camelus) for antibodies to selected avian pathogens. Avian Diseases 44(4): 989-92. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Serum samples from 163 slaughter-age
ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Ohio and Indiana were tested for
antibodies to avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV),
paramyxovirus (PMV) 2, PMV3, PMV7, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Bordetella
avium, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella gallinarum,
and Salmonella typhimurium. One ostrich had antibodies to AIV H5N9, 57%
of the ostriches had antibodies to NDV, four ostriches had antibodies to both
NDV and PMV2, and one ostrich had antibodies to NDV, PMV2, PMV3, and PMV7. None
of the ostriches had antibodies to IBDV, B. avium, M. synoviae, M.
gallisepticum, O. rhinotracheale, S. pullorum, S.
gallinarum, and S. typhimurium. This is the first report of
antibodies to avian influenza and PMV7 in ostriches in the United States.
Descriptors: antibodies, bacterial analysis, antibodies,
viral analysis, ostriches immunology, aging, bird diseases immunology, bird
diseases microbiology, bird diseases virology, Indiana, Ohio, ostriches
microbiology, ostriches virology, seroepidemiologic studies.
Liem, N.T. (2005). Lack of H5N1 avian influenza
transmission to hospital employees, Hanoi, 2004. Emerging Infectious
Diseases 11(2): 210-5. ISSN:
1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: To establish whether human-to-human
transmission of influenza A H5N1 occurred in the healthcare setting in Vietnam,
we conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence survey among hospital employees
exposed to 4 confirmed and 1 probable H5N1 case-patients or their clinical
specimens. Eighty-three (95.4%) of 87 eligible employees completed a
questionnaire and provided a serum sample, which was tested for antibodies to
influenza A H5N1. Ninety-five percent reported exposure to >1 H5N1
case-patients; 59 (72.0%) reported symptoms, and 2 (2.4%) fulfilled the
definition for a possible H5N1 secondary case-patient. No study participants
had detectable antibodies to influenza A H5N1. The data suggest that the H5N1
viruses responsible for human cases in Vietnam in January 2004 are not readily
transmitted from person to person. However, influenza viruses are genetically
variable, and transmissibility is difficult to predict. Therefore, persons
providing care for H5N1 patients should continue to take measures to protect
themselves.
Descriptors: patient to professional disease transmission,
health personnel, influenza transmission, avian influenza A virus growth and
development, Western blotting, child, preschool child, adolescent, adult, viral
blood antibodies, cross sectional studies, influenza immunology, influenza
virology, avian influenza A virus immunology, middle-aged, neutralization
tests, questionnaires, seroepidemiologic studies, Vietnam epidemiology.
Lin, J.T. (2004). [Strategies in the diagnosis and
treatment of patients with avian influenza]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi
84(5): 355-6. ISSN: 0376-2491.
Descriptors: influenza, avian influenza diagnosis, avian
influenza drug therapy, acetamides therapeutic use, antiviral agents
therapeutic use, birds virology, avian influenza A virus drug effects, avian
influenza virology, sialic acids therapeutic use.
Lina, B. (2004). A gripe das aves desperta o
terror de uma pandemia. [Avian influenza causes fear about a pandemic.]. Servir
Lisbon, Portugal 52(2): 93-5. ISSN:
0871-2379.
Descriptors: influenza, avian epidemiology, influenza,
avian transmission.
Lipatov, A.S., A.K. Gitel'man, E.A. Govorkova, and
I.U.A. Smirnov (1995). Izmeneniia biologicheskikh i fiziko-khimicheskikh
svoistv gemaggliutinina H2 ptich'ego virusa grippa A v protsesse adaptatsii k
novomu khozainu. [Changes in biological and physico-chemical properties of
avian influenza virus A hemagglutinin H2 during adaptation to a new host]. Voprosy
Virusologii 40(5): 208-11. ISSN:
0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Avian influenza A virus with H2 hemagglutinin
has been adapted to mice for the first time. Alterations in the hemagglutinin
of adapted variants of the virus as a result of adaptation to a new host are
described. Hemagglutinin of a highly virulent adapted variant differed from the
parental avirulent strain by antigenic structure, electrophoretic mobility, and
receptor activity during interactions with murine red cells.
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, hemagglutinins
viral metabolism, influenza A virus avian physiology, cultured cells, chick
embryo, dogs, erythrocytes virology, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus, hemagglutinins viral chemistry, avian metabolism, avian pathogenicity,
lethal dose 50, mice.
Lipkind, M., H. Burger, R. Rott, and C. Scholtissek
(1984). Genetic characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from birds
in Israel. A contribution to the ecology of avian influenza viruses. Zentralblatt
Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B
31(10): 721-8. ISSN: 0514-7166.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, hemagglutinins viral genetics, porcine genetics, Israel,
neuraminidase genetics, RNA viral genetics.
Lipkind, M., K. Hornstein, E. Shihmanter, K. Davidov,
and D. Shoham (1983). Retrospective identification as influenza virus of a
hemagglutinating agent isolated from turkeys in Israel in 1973. Comparative
Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 6(2): 135-9. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral isolation and
purification, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, turkeys
microbiology, hemagglutinins viral immunology, avian immunology, Israel.
Lipkind, M., E. Shihmanter, and D. Shoham (1982). Further
characterization of H7N7 avian influenza virus isolated from migrating
starlings wintering in Israel. Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe
B Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B 29(7): 566-72. ISSN: 0514-7166.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: antigens, viral analysis, birds microbiology,
influenza A virus avian classification, neuraminidase immunology, cloaca
microbiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, immunodiffusion
veterinary, Israel, trachea microbiology.
Lipkind, M., D. Shoham, and E. Shihmanter (1981). Isolation
of influenza viruses from rock partridges in Israel. Veterinary Record
109(24): 540. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, cloaca microbiology,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian classification, Israel, neuraminidase
immunology, seasons, species specificity, trachea microbiology.
Lipkind, M.A., Y. Weisman, E. Shihmanter, and D.
Shoham (1979). The first isolation of animal influenza virus in Israel. Veterinary
Record 105(22): 510-511. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, birds microbiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian
immunology, Israel, poultry microbiology.
Lipkind, M.A., Y. Weisman, E. Shihmanter, and D.
Shoham (1979). Identification of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild
mallard ducks in Israel. Veterinary Record 105(24): 558. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, ducks
microbiology, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, virus diseases
veterinary, bird diseases epidemiology, Israel.
Lipkind, M.A., Y. Weisman, E. Shihmanter, D. Shoham,
C. Yuval, and A. Aronovici (1979). Identification of avian influenza virus
isolated from a turkey farm in Israel. Veterinary Record 105(23):
534-5. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, turkeys microbiology, virus diseases veterinary, antibodies,
viral analysis, bird diseases immunology, bird diseases microbiology,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian immunology, Israel, turkeys
immunology.
Liu, J.H., K. Okazaki, G.R. Bai, W.M. Shi,
A. Mweene, and H. Kida (2004). Interregional transmission of the internal
protein genes of H2 influenza virus in migratory ducks from North America to
Eurasia. Virus Genes 29(1):
81-6. ISSN: 0920-8569.
NAL
Call Number: QH434.V57
Abstract: H2 influenza virus caused a pandemic in 1957
and has the possibility to cause outbreaks in the future. To assess the
evolutionary characteristics of H2 influenza viruses isolated from migratory
ducks that congregate in Hokkaido, Japan, on their flyway of migration from
Siberia in 2001, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these
viruses and avian and human viruses described previously. Phylogenetic analysis
showed that the PB2 gene of Dk/Hokkaido/107/01 (H2N3) and the PA gene of
Dk/Hokkaido/95/01 (H2N2) belonged to the American lineage of avian virus and
that the other genes of the isolates belonged to the Eurasian lineage. These
results indicate that the internal protein genes might be transmitted from
American to Eurasian avian host. Thus, it is further confirmed that
interregional transmission of influenza viruses occurred between the North
American and Eurasian birds. The fact that reassortants could be generated in
the migratory ducks between North American and Eurasian avian virus lineage
further stresses the importance of global surveillance among the migratory
ducks.
Descriptors: ducks virology, emigration and immigration,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, influenza, avian virology, viral proteins
genetics, Asia, Europe, avian influenza A virus classification, molecular
sequence data, North America, phylogeny, sequence analysis, DNA.
Liu, J.H., K. Okazaki, W.M. Shi, and H. Kida (2003). Phylogenetic
analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H9N2 viruses isolated from
migratory ducks. Virus Genes 27(3): 291-6. ISSN: 0920-8569.
NAL
Call Number: QH434.V57
Abstract: Genetic analysis indicated that the pandemic
influenza strains derived from wild aquatic birds harbor viruses of 15
hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) antigenic subtypes. Surveillance
studies have shown that H9N2 subtype viruses are worldwide in domestic poultry
and could infect mammalian species, including humans. Here, we genetically
analyzed the HA and NA genes of five H9N2 viruses isolated from the migratory
ducks in Hokkaido, Japan, the flyway of migration from Siberia during 1997-2000.
The results showed that HA and NA genes of these viruses belong to the same
lineages, respectively. Compared with those of A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like and
A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like viruses, HA and NA of the migratory duck isolates
had a close relationship with those of H9N2 viruses isolated from the chicken
in Korea, indicating that the Korea H9N2 viruses might be derived from the
migratory ducks. The NA genes of the five isolates were located in the same
cluster as those of N2 viruses, which had caused a human pandemic in 1968,
indicating that the NA genes of the previous pandemic strains are still
circulating in waterfowl reservoirs. The present results further emphasize the
importance of carrying out molecular epidemiological surveillance of H9N2
viruses in wild ducks to obtain more information for the future human influenza
pandemics preparedness.
Descriptors: ducks virology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, amino acid sequence, base sequence,
binding sites genetics, DNA, viral genetics, disease reservoirs,
epidemiology, molecular, genes viral, hemagglutinins viral genetics, avian
enzymology, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification, Japan,
neuraminidase genetics, phylogeny.
Loeb, M.B. (2004). Severe acute respiratory
syndrome: preparedness, management, and impact. Infection Control and
Hospital Epidemiology the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital
Epidemiologists of America 25(12): 1017-9.
ISSN: 0899-823X.
Descriptors: disaster planning, disease outbreaks, health
facilities, severe acute respiratory syndrome prevention and control, severe
acute respiratory syndrome therapy, cross infection, avian influenza prevention
and control, avian influenza therapy, organizational policy, patient isolation,
severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology.
Lohmann, W. (1976). A possible mechanism for the
action of some myxoviruses. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics
13(4): 273-80. ISSN: 0301-634X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 B5242
Abstract: The redox properties of some myxoviruses
[Fowl plaque virus strain Rostock (FPV), New Castle Disease virus strain Italy
(NDV), B/Hong Kong, A/Port Chalmers, A/Victoria, A/Scotland, and A/Fort Dir)
and electron microscopic studies as well as by the determination of the
hemagglutination (HA) titer (antigen efficiency). The results have shown that
viruses decrease the spin concentration of Cu2+ by acting as a reducing species
(electron donor) which will result in the inactivation (oxidation) of the
virus. Addition of an oxidizing substance, such as H2O2, to a virus suspension
also leads to an oxidation of the viruses, and, thus, to their inability to
reduce Cu2+. This result is confirmed by the decrease of the HA titer of
viruses with increasing Cu2+ concentrations. H2O2 could not be applied for the HA
titer test since it interacts with the erythrocytes of the chicken blood used
for this determination. Therefore, another oxidizing substance (oxidized
glutathione, GSS) was selected which exhibited a slightly less pronounced
effect than Cu2+. Since reduced glutathione (GSH) exerts a similar but less
pronounced effect than GSS, it might be concluded that viruses have a redox
system of their own and act as reducing or oxidizing substance depending on the
biological receptor system. Electron microscopic studies confirm this
hypothesis. As can be seen by the electron micrographs, increasing
concentrations of either Cu2+, GSS, H2O2, KMnO4, or GSH will, finally, result
in a complete destruction of the virus. Because of structural similarities it
might be assumed that other types of viruses behave very similarly.
Descriptors: influenza A virus metabolism, Newcastle
disease virus metabolism, copper, electron spin resonance spectroscopy,
glutathione, hemagglutination, viral, avian metabolism, avian ultrastructure,
human metabolism, human ultrastructure, Newcastle disease virus ultrastructure,
oxidation reduction, peroxides, potassium permanganate, time factors.
Lomniczi, B. (2004). Avian influenza and Newcastle
disease: pathogenicity, epidemiology and evolution - comments on the definition
of the diseases [A madarinfluenza es a baromfipestis (Newcastle-betegseg):
patogenitas, epidemiologia es evolucio - megjegyzesek a betegsegek
definiciojahoz]. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 126(2): 87-100. ISSN: 0025-004X.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V644
Descriptors: disease prevalence, epidemiology, evolution,
pathogenicity, Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus.
Lopez, C.R. (1996). Efecto de un virus de I.A. de
baja patogenicidad (VIABP) sobre parametros productivos de aves reporductoras
pesadas. [The effects of a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus on
productive parameters in broiler breeders]. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 44-46.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: broiler chickens, pathogenicity, avian
influenza virus, biological properties, birds, chickens, domestic animals,
domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Lu, H., A.E. Castro, K. Pennick, J. Liu, Q. Yang, P.
Dunn, D. Weinstock, and D. Henzler ( 2003). Survival of avian influenza
virus H7N2 in SPF chickens and their environments. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1015-1021. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The survival or clearance of the avian
influenza virus (AIV) of subtype H7N2 in its chicken host was evaluated using
experimentally infected specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens of different age
groups. Birds of different ages were successfully infected with infectious
doses ranging between 104.7 and 105.7 ELD50 per bird. In infected birds, the
infective virus was undetectable usually by the third week following exposure.
The infectivity or inactivation time of the H7N2 AIV in various environmental
conditions was studied using chicken manure, heat, ethanol, pH, and
disinfectants. The H7N2 AIV was effectively inactivated by field chicken manure
in less than a week at an ambient temperature of 15-20degreeC. At a pH 2,
heating at 56degreeC, and exposure to 70% ethanol or a specific disinfectant,
the AIV infectivity was destroyed in less than 30 min.
Descriptors: infection, viral clearance, viral
infectivity, viral survival.
Lu, Y.S., Y.L. Lee, M.H. Jong, and H.K. Shieh.
(1981). Studies on avian influenza of duck in Republic of China. In: Proceedings
of the First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland,
USA, p. 52-53.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, serological
survey, ducks, China.
Luchsinger, D. (1996). USDA national policy on
avian influenza. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference
45: 16-17.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Luescher, M.M. (2003). Algae, a possible source
for new drugs in the treatment of HIV and other viral diseases. Current
Medicinal Chemistry Anti Infective Agents 2(3): 219-225. ISSN: 1568-0126.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, pharmacognosy, HIV
infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, blood and lymphatic disease,
drug therapy, immune system disease, viral disease, avian influenza, viral
disease, viral diseases, drug therapy, viral disease, HAART (highly active
antiretroviral therapy) clinical techniques, therapeutic and prophylactic
techniques, drug resistance, drug sources, phagocytic activity synergism, viral
replication cycle.
Magnino, S., M. Fabbi, A. Moreno, G. Sala, A.
Lavazza, E. Ghelfi, L. Gandolfi, G. Pirovano, and E. Gasperi (2000). Avian
influenza virus (H7 serotype) in a saker falcon in Italy. Veterinary
Record 146(25): 740. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: bird diseases virology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, raptors virology, anorexia etiology, anorexia
veterinary, behavior, animal, avian pathogenicity, Italy.
Makarova, K.S., Y.U.I. Wulf, E.P. Tereza, and V.A.
Ratner (1998). Razlichie rezhimov molekuliarnoi evoliutsii virusov grippa A
v populiatsiiakh ptits i cheloveka. [Different patterns of molecular evolution
of influenza A viruses in avian and human population]. Genetika 34(7): 890-6.
ISSN: 0016-6758.
NAL
Call Number: QH431.A1G4
Abstract: Patterns of molecular evolution of the
influenza virus proteins and genes are discussed. The subsets of all viral
genes corresponding to statistically significant clusters on dendrogram were
shown to fall into two distinct groups. The first group was characterized by
the presence of an exact linear relationship between the year of the strain
isolation and the evolutionary distance. The subsets of human influenza virus
genes belong to this group. A method for eliminating the "frozen"
strains from the subsets and for calculating the evolutionary rates without
construction of phylogenetic trees has been elaborated. The substitution rates
calculated according to this technique agreed with the data obtained
previously. A linear relationship was not observed in the second group. This
group was predominantly composed of avian influenza virus genes. The lack of
linear correlation pointed to the cocirculation of a large amount of different
influenza virus genomic segments in the avian population. An approach for an
examination of the role of intragenic recombination in the development of the
antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin is suggested. Our results suggest that
recombination did not play a considerable role in this process, and that all
modern subtypes of this protein were probably formed before the introduction of
the influenza viruses into the human population. These findings are consistent
with the hypothesis that influenza viruses penetrated into human population
from their pools in avian populations.
Descriptors: birds genetics, evolution, molecular, genes
viral, influenza A virus avian genetics, human genetics, viral proteins
genetics.
Makarova, N.V., N.V. Kaverin, S. Krauss, D. Senne,
and R.G. Webster (1999). Transmission of Eurasian avian H2 influenza virus
to shorebirds in North America. Journal of General Virology 80(Pt.
12): 3167-71. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Influenza A virus of the H2 subtype caused a
serious pandemic in 1957 and may cause similar outbreaks in the future. To
assess the evolution and the antigenic relationships of avian influenza H2
viruses, we sequenced the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H2 isolates from
shorebirds, ducks and poultry in North America and derived a phylogenetic tree
to establish their interrelationships. This analysis confirmed the divergence
of H2 HA into two geographical lineages, American and Eurasian. One group of
viruses isolated from shorebirds in North America had HA belonging to the
Eurasian lineage, indicating an interregional transmission of the H2 gene.
Characterization of HA with a monoclonal antibody panel revealed that the
antigenicity of the Delaware strains differed from the other avian strains
analysed. The data emphasizes the importance of avian influenza surveillance.
Descriptors: fowl plague transmission, fowl plague
virology, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza A
virus avian genetics, Asia, birds virology, Europe, genes viral,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian isolation and purification, North
America, phylogeny, poultry virology.
Makarova, N.V., H. Ozaki, H. Kida, R.G. Webster, and
D.R. Perez (2003). Replication and transmission of influenza viruses in
Japanese quail. Virology 310(1): 8-15. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Quail have emerged as a potential
intermediate host in the spread of avian influenza A viruses in poultry in Hong
Kong. To better understand this possible role, we tested the replication and
transmission in quail of influenza A viruses of all 15 HA subtypes. Quail
supported the replication of at least 14 subtypes. Influenza A viruses
replicated predominantly in the respiratory tract. Transmission experiments
suggested that perpetuation of avian influenza viruses in quail requires
adaptation. Swine influenza viruses were isolated from the respiratory tract of
quail at low levels. There was no evidence of human influenza A or B virus
replication. Interestingly, a human-avian recombinant containing the surface
glycoprotein genes of a quail virus and the internal genes of a human virus
replicated and transmitted readily in quail; therefore, quail could function as
amplifiers of influenza virus reassortants that have the potential to infect
humans and/or other mammalian species.
Descriptors: infection, molecular genetics, respiratory
system, adaptation.
Mamchur, B.A. and V.V. German (1975). Vivchennya
infektsiinogo bronkhitu to gripu kurei. [Antibodies to fowl influenza virus
serotype G6N2 and to infectious bronchitis virus serotypes Massachusetts and Connecticut
among hens in the Ukraine]. Veterinariya,
Kiev, USSR (41): 30-33, 114.
Descriptors: antibodies, disease surveys, serum
samples, infectious bronchitis virus
serotypes, viral diseases, poultry, Ukraine.
Manvell, R.J., P.H. Jorgensen, O.L. Nielsen, and D.J.
Alexander (1998). Experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of two avian
influenza A H5 viruses in ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus) and
chickens. Avian Pathology 27(4): 400-404. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Virus excretion, immune response, and, for
chickens, deaths were recorded in 3-week-old ostriches and chickens inoculated
by either the intramuscular or intranasal route with one of two influenza A
viruses of subtype H5. One of the viruses, A/turkey/England/50-92/91 (H5N1)
(50/92), was highly pathogenic for chickens causing 5/5 deaths by each route of
inoculation. The other virus, A/ostrich/Denmark-Q/72420/96 (H5N2) (72420/96),
isolated from ostriches in quarantine in Denmark during 1996, was of low pathogenicity
for chickens, causing no clinical signs by either route of inoculation. No
significant clinical signs were seen in any of the ostriches infected with
either of the viruses by either route of infection. Both viruses were
recoverable from both species up to 12 days post-infection, and low serological
responses were detected in surviving infected ostriches and chickens at 21 days
after inoculation.
Descriptors: ostriches, chickens, chicks, avian influenza
virus, susceptibility, experimental infections, pathogenicity, clinical
aspects, antibody formation, mortality, application methods, intramuscular
injection, virus shedding, intranasal administration.
Marandi, M.V. and M.H.B. Fard (2002). Isolation of
H9N2 subtype of avian influenza viruses during an outbreak in chickens in Iran.
Iranian Biomedical Journal 6(1): 13-17.
ISSN: 1028-852X.
Descriptors: broilers, chickens, eggs, epidemiology,
outbreaks, pathogenicity, poultry, avian influenza virus, Iran.
Marangon, S., I. Capua, G. Pozza, and U. Santucci
(2004). Field experiences in the control of avian influenza outbreaks in
densely populated poultry areas. Developmental Biology (Basel) 119:
155-64. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Abstract: From 1997 to 2003, Italy has been affected by
two epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and by several
outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). In 1999-2000 a severe HPAI
epidemic affected the country, causing 413 outbreaks: a total of about 16
million birds died or were stamped out. From August 2000 to March 2001, a H7N1
LPAI strain infected 78 poultry farms. The last affected flock was stamped out
on the 26th of March 2001. In October 2002, another LPAI virus of the H7N3
subtype emerged and infected a total of 388 poultry holdings. Eradication measures
were based on stamping out or controlled marketing of slaughtered birds on
infected farms and on the prohibition of restocking. Restriction measures on
the movement of live poultry, vehicles and staff were also imposed. To
supplement these disease control measures, two emergency vaccination
programmes, based on the "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from
Vaccinated Animals) strategy were implemented. The two vaccination campaigns
(2000-2002 and 2002-2003) both resulted in the eradication of infection. However,
the first campaign appeared to be more successful that the second and possible
explanations are discussed.
Descriptors: animals, disease outbreaks prevention and
control, veterinary disease outbreaks, avian influenza A virus immunology,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, Italy
epidemiology, population density, poultry, veterinary vaccination, viral
vaccines.
Marois, P., A. Boudreault, E. DiFranco, and V.
Pavilanis (1971). Response of ferrets and monkeys to intranasal infection
with human, equine and avian influenza viruses. Canadian Journal of
Comparative Medicine Revue Canadienne De Medecine Comparee 35(1):
71-6. ISSN: 0008-4050.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 C162
Descriptors: Carnivora, influenza veterinary, monkey diseases
microbiology, nose microbiology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, respiratory
tract infections microbiology, antigen antibody reactions, birds, cross
reactions, haplorhini, hemagglutination inhibition tests, horses, immune sera,
influenza immunology, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, respiratory
tract infections immunology, turkeys, virus replication.
Marwick, C. (1998). Could virulent virus be
harbinger of 'new flu'? JAMA the Journal of the American Medical
Association 279(4): 259-60. ISSN:
0098-7484.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: birds virology, influenza virology, influenza
A virus avian, disease outbreaks prevention and control, Hong Kong
epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control,
influenza transmission.
Mase, M., T. Imada, Y. Sanada, M. Etoh, N. Sanada, K.
Tsukamoto, Y. Kawaoka, and S. Yamaguchi (2001). Imported parakeets harbor
H9N2 influenza A viruses that are genetically closely related to those
transmitted to humans in Hong Kong. Journal of Virology 75(7):
3490-4. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: In 1997 and 1998, H9N2 influenza A viruses
were isolated from the respiratory organs of Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula
Krameri manillensis) that had been imported from Pakistan to Japan. The two
isolates were closely related to each other (>99% as determined by
nucleotide analysis of eight RNA segments), indicating that H9N2 viruses of the
same lineage were maintained in these birds for at least 1 year. The
hemagglutinins and neuraminidases of both isolates showed >97% nucleotide
identity with those of H9N2 viruses isolated from humans in Hong Kong in 1999,
while the six genes encoding internal proteins were >99% identical to the
corresponding genes of H5N1 viruses recovered during the 1997 outbreak in Hong
Kong. These results suggest that the H9N2 parakeet viruses originating in
Pakistan share an immediate ancestor with the H9N2 human viruses. Thus,
influenza A viruses with the potential to be transmitted directly to humans may
be circulating in captive birds worldwide.
Descriptors: influenza transmission, influenza A virus
avian classification, nucleoproteins, parakeets virology, amino acid sequence,
Hong Kong, avian genetics, mice, inbred BALB c, molecular sequence data,
phylogeny, RNA viral analysis, viral core proteins genetics.
Matsuda, K., C.H. Park, Y. Sunden, T. Kimura, K.
Ochiai, H. Kida, and T. Umemura (2004). The vagus nerve is one route of
transneural invasion for intranasally inoculated influenza A virus in mice.
Veterinary Pathology 41(2): 101-7.
ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: Intranasally inoculated neurotropic influenza
viruses in mice infect not only the respiratory tract but also the central
nervous system (CNS), mainly the brain stem. Previous studies suggested that
the route of invasion of virus into the CNS was via the peripheral nervous
system, especially the vagus nerve. To evaluate the transvagal transmission of
the virus, we intranasally inoculated unilaterally vagectomized mice with a
virulent influenza virus (strain 24a5b) and examined the distribution of the
viral protein and genome by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization over
time. An asymmetric distribution of viral antigens was observed between vagal
(nodose) ganglia: viral antigen was detected in the vagal ganglion of the
vagectomized side 2 days later than in the vagal ganglion of the intact side.
The virus was apparently transported from the respiratory mucosa to the CNS directly
and decussately via the vagus nerve and centrifugally to the vagal ganglion of
the vagectomized side. The results of this study, thus, demonstrate that
neurotropic influenza virus travels to the CNS mainly via the vagus nerve.
Descriptors: brain stem virology, influenza A virus,
avian, orthomyxoviridae infections virology, vagus nerve virology,
immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, lung virology, mice, nodose
ganglion virology, respiratory mucosa virology.
Matsuura, Y., R. Yanagawa, and H. Noda (1979). Experimental
infection of mink with influenza A viruses. Brief report. Archives of
Virology 62(1): 71-6. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Mink were found to be susceptible to the
intranasal inoculation of human, swine, equine and avian influenza A viruses.
The viruses were recovered until the 7th post inoculation (p.i.) day from the
respiratory tract. The inoculated mink showed antibody response against these
viruses. Contact infection in mink with A/Kumamoto/22/77 (H3N2) was possible.
Descriptors: influenza A virus pathogenicity,
orthomyxoviridae infections microbiology, antibodies, viral biosynthesis,
disease models, animal, hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza A virus
immunology, influenza A virus isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae
infections immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections transmission, respiratory
system microbiology.
McFerran, J.B., T.J. Connor, D.S. Collins, and G.M.
Allan (1974). Isolation of an avirulent influenza virus from a parrot. Veterinary
Record 95(20): 466-7. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, influenza
veterinary, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, parrots, Psittacines,
hemagglutinins viral, influenza microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation
and purification, lung microbiology, orthomyxoviridae immunology,
orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, trachea microbiology, virulence.
McFerran, J.B. and M.S. McNulty. (1986). Acute
virus infections of poultry. In: A seminar in the CEC Agricultural
Research Programme, Brussels, p.
242.
Descriptors: poultry, viral diseases, seminar,
Brussels.
McIlroy, S.G. (1994). The epidemiology and control
of economically important diseases of broiler and broiler breeder production.
In: Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine.
Proceedings, Belfast, p. 114-127.
NAL
Call Number:
SF780.9.S63
Descriptors: disease control, viral diseases,
bacterial diseases, infectious diseases, broilers, poultry, epidemiology,
United Kingdom.
McManus, K. (2004). Asian avian influenza--a call
to action. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(3): 135. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary, avian
influenza, prevention and control, southeastern Asia, epidemiology, disease
outbreaks prevention and control, influenza A virus.
Melville, D.S. and K.F. Shortridge (2004). Influenza:
time to come to grips with the avian dimension. Lancet Infectious
Diseases 4(5): 261-2. ISSN:
1473-3099.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, zoonoses
epidemiology, animal husbandry methods, southeastern Asia epidemiology,
chickens, ducks.
Merritt, S.N. and H.F. Maassab (1977). Characteristics
of a live avian influenza virus. Health Laboratory Science 14(2):
122-5. ISSN: 0017-9035.
NAL
Call Number: 449.8 H343
Abstract: Two avian influenza viruses were employed; a
virulent wild-type (WT) parent and the cold variant (CV) which was an
attenuated virus derived by genetic recombination at 25 C. The attenuated virus
grows in embryonated eggs and chicken tracheal organ cultures. Infectious virus
could be recovered from lung and turbinate. Infection with attenuated virus
provided protection against infection with wild virus.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian, chick embryo,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutination, viral, recombination,
genetic, virulence.
Meulemans, G., M. Mammerickx, R. Froyman, and P.
Halen (1980). Isolement du virus influenza Hav6 N2 chez des poules pondeuses
atteintes de monocytose aviaire. [Isolation of Hav6 N2 influenza virus from
diseased laying chickens (author's transl)]. Comparative Immunology,
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 171-6. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, leukocytosis veterinary, poultry diseases
microbiology, feces microbiology, avian classification, avian pathogenicity, lung microbiology,
monocytes.
Mikami, T., H. Izawa, H. Kodama, M. Onuma, A. Sato,
S. Kobayashi, M. Ishida, and K. Nerome (1982). Isolation of ortho- and
paramyxoviruses from migrating feral ducks in Hokkaido. Brief Report. Archives
of Virology 74(2-3): 211-7. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: A total of 18 hemagglutinating agents were
isolated from 14 of 278 migrating feral ducks In Hokkaido during the
surveillance studies conducted from 1978 to 1981. Seven of the 18 isolates
belonged to paramyxovirus and the rest to influenza A virus. Five isolates of
paramyxovirus reacted specifically with antiserum to duck/HK/199/77 and 7
isolates of influenza A virus possessed the antigenic configuration of H10N3.
Three of the isolates possessed an hemagglutinin that has no antigenic relation
to any of the 26 known strains of avain, swine, equine and human influenza A
viruses.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, influenza A virus isolation and purification,
paramyxoviridae isolation and purification, animals, wild microbiology,
hemagglutinins viral immunology, avian immunology, influenza A virus
immunology, Japan, orthomyxoviridae classification, paramyxoviridae
classification, paramyxoviridae immunology.
Mikami, T., M. Kawamura, T. Kondo, T. Murai, M.
Horiuchi, H. Kodama, H. Izawa, and H. Kida (1987). Isolation of ortho- and
paramyxoviruses from migrating feral ducks in Japan. Veterinary Record
120(17): 417-8. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification, chick
embryo, cloaca microbiology, Japan.
Mitka, M. (2004). Health officials brace for flu
season. JAMA the Journal of the American Medical Association
292(14): 1670-1. ISSN: 1538-3598.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza
vaccines supply and distribution, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian, influenza vaccines administration and dosage, seasons, United States
epidemiology.
Mohammad Yousaf (2004). Avian influenza outbreak
hits the industry again. World Poultry 20(3): 22-25. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: disease control, disease prevention, disease
surveys, disease transmission, epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnostic
techniques, outbreaks, pathogenicity, poultry industry, public health, World
Health Organization, zoonoses, human diseases, avian influenza virus.
Mohan, R., Y.M. Saif, G.A. Erickson, G.A. Gustafson,
and B.C. Easterday (1981). Serologic and epidemiologic evidence of infection
in turkeys with an agent related to the swine influenza virus. Avian
Diseases 25(1): 11-6. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, influenza A virus,
porcine immunology, influenza A virus immunology, poultry diseases
epidemiology, turkeys, antibodies, viral
analysis, hemagglutination tests veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary, influenza
diagnosis, influenza epidemiology, avian immunology, poultry diseases
diagnosis.
Molibog, E.V., I. Konstantinov Zibelist, G. Starke,
and L.I.A. Zakstel'skaia (1979). Shtammovaia spetsifichnost'
antineiraminidaznykh antitel serotipa N2 shtammov virusa grippa u
perebolevshikh. [Strain specificity of the antineuraminidase antibodies of
influenza virus serotype N2 strains in convalescents]. Voprosy
Virusologii (6): 631-4. ISSN:
0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Antineuraminidase antibody was determined in
the subjects who had suffered influenza during the epidemics of 1970-1975 in
the GDR. As early as 1970 the highest titers of antibody (greater than or equal
to 1:60) were found not only to the prototype A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain but also
to its subsequent drift variants A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73. Some
subjects had antineuraminidase antibody to avian influenza virus.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, influenza
immunology, influenza A virus human immunology, neuraminidase immunology,
adult, child, child, preschool, convalescence, disease outbreaks epidemiology,
Germany, East, influenza epidemiology, human enzymology, neuraminidase
antagonists and inhibitors.
Monti, D.J. (1998). Veterinarians integral in
resolving avian influenza incidents, developing vaccine. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 212(11): 1686-7. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus avian physiology, influenza vaccine, avian immunology, poultry, swine.
Monto, A.S. (2005). The threat of an avian
influenza pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine 352(4):
323-5. ISSN: 1533-4406.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 N442
Descriptors: acetamides therapeutic use, antiviral agents
therapeutic use, disease outbreaks prevention and control, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza A virus, avian influenza
classification, avian influenza genetics, avian influenza pathogenicity, birds,
disease transmission prevention and control, genome, viral, influenza drug
therapy, avian influenza transmission, avian influenza virology, neuraminidase
antagonists and inhibitors, neuraminidase metabolism, virulence, zoonoses
transmission, zoonoses virology.
Moore, D.A., M. Sharland, and J.S. Friedland (1999). Upper
respiratory tract infections. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
5(3): 157-63. ISSN: 1070-5287.
Abstract: In reviewing recent advances in upper
respiratory tract infections, we focus on five key topics. First, the use of
ribavirin in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection has been
limited to the immunosuppressed. Prophylaxis in high-risk patients with
specific immunoglobulin is effective and a new monoclonal antibody shows
promise. Second, the efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors in the treatment of
influenza has become established. There are unresolved concerns about early
implementation of therapy without a firm diagnosis; resource implications are
enormous. Third, an outbreak of influenza due to avian influenza virus (H5N1)
raised the possibility of a new pandemic. However, there was minimal
person-to-person spread although much was learned about pathogenesis of
infection. Fourth, evidence favoring the use of ciprofloxacin rather than
rifampicin for meningococcal chemoprophylaxis is reviewed. Efficacy in
eradicating nasopharyngeal carriage is excellent. Finally, the management of
sore throat has been considered. This remains controversial but evidence
supporting antibiotic therapy in adults is lacking. If treatment is indicated
in childhood, shorter courses of antibiotics may be effective.
Descriptors: bacterial infections drug therapy,
respiratory tract infections drug therapy, respiratory tract infections
microbiology, virus diseases drug therapy, adult, bacterial infections
epidemiology, bacterial infections microbiology, child, preschool, clinical
trials, Great Britain epidemiology, incidence, respiratory tract infections
prevention and control, risk factors, virus diseases epidemiology, virus
diseases virology.
Morgan, I.R. and H.A. Westbury (1981). Virological
studies of Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) in Antarctica. Avian
Diseases 25(4): 1019-26. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Serum antibodies to influenza virus
hemagglutinin 7, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian paramyxoviruses were
detected in Adelie penguin colonies in Antarctica. Infection with NDV and avian
influenza virus was confined to particular colonies, whereas antibodies to the
paramyxoviruses were detected in all seven colonies samples. Two avian
paramyxoviruses were also isolated fromcloacal swabs. Results of serological
tests must be interpreted with caution, as little as known about the
persistence of specific antibodies in Adelie penguins.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, antarctic regions,
antibodies, viral analysis, birds immunology, cloaca microbiology, fluorescent
antibody technique, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
hemagglutination tests veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology,
Newcastle disease virus immunology, paramyxoviridae immunology, paramyxoviridae
isolation and purification.
Morishita, T.Y., P.P. Aye, E.C. Ley, and B.S. Harr
(1999). Survey of pathogens and blood parasites in free-living passerines.
Avian Diseases 43(3): 549-52.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: To determine the disease prevalence of
free-living passerines, 1709 passerines were sampled from 38 different field
sites in Ohio. Choanal and cloacal swabs were collected from each bird and
cultured for the presence of Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella spp.,
and Escherichia coli by standard microbiologic techniques. In addition,
the serum from each bird was analyzed for the presence of antibodies to Mycoplasma
gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and
avian influenza virus. A blood smear was also made to examine for the presence
of blood parasites. Results indicated that the isolation of E. coli
varied with bird species, with the European starling having a higher (21.4%)
isolation of E. coli. Salmonella spp. were also isolated from
these free-living passerines. Pasteurella multocida was not isolated
from any of the sampled passerines. These birds did not have antibodies to
M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, or avian
influenza virus. Blood parasites were not detected in any of the birds sampled.
Descriptors: songbirds microbiology, animals, wild, anus
microbiology, anus virology, cloaca microbiology, cloaca virology, Escherichia
coli isolation and purification, geography, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, Mycoplasma isolation and purification,
Newcastle disease virus isolation and purification, Ohio, Pasteurella
multocida isolation and purification, salmonella isolation and
purification, songbirds blood.
Morishita, T.Y., M.E. McFadzen, R. Mohan, P.P. Aye,
and D.L. Brooks (1998). Serologic survey of free-living nestling prairie
falcons (Falco mexicanus) for selected pathogens. Journal of Zoo
and Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo
Veterinarians 29(1): 18-20. ISSN:
1042-7260.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Serum samples from 34 free-living nestling
prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) in southwestern Idaho were negative
for antibodies to avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and three Aspergillus
species. Serum from a single bird had hemagglutinating inhibition activity
in response to Mycoplasma synoviae, and another bird's serum had slight
activity in response to M. gallisepticum.
Descriptors: antibodies, bacterial blood, antibodies,
fungal blood, antibodies, viral blood, bird diseases epidemiology,
aspergillosis epidemiology, aspergillosis immunology, aspergillosis veterinary,
Aspergillus immunology, bird diseases immunology, birds, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague immunology, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology, Mycoplasma
immunology, Mycoplasma infections epidemiology, Mycoplasma
infections immunology, Mycoplasma infections veterinary, Newcastle
disease epidemiology, Newcastle disease immunology, Newcastle disease virus
immunology, precipitin tests veterinary, prevalence.
Morner, T., W.D. Gavier, and T. Jagas. (1995). Health
problems in wetlands in Europe. In: Proceedings of a Joint Conference -
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, and
American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, East Lansing, Michigan, p.
36.
NAL
Call Number:
SF605.A4
Descriptors: ecology, infection, veterinary
medicine, wildlife management, avian influenza, duck plague, meeting abstract.
Morse, S.S. (2004). Factors and determinants of
disease emergence. Revue Scientifique Et Technique Office International
Des Epizooties 23(2): 443-51. ISSN:
0253-1933.
NAL
Call Number: SF781.R4
Abstract: Emerging infectious diseases can be defined
as infections that have newly appeared in a population or are rapidly
increasing in incidence or geographic range. Many of these diseases are
zoonoses, including such recent examples as avian influenza, severe acute
respiratory syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (a food-borne infection
caused by certain strains of Escherichia coli) and probably human
immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Specific factors
precipitating the emergence of a disease can often be identified. These include
ecological, environmental or demographic factors that place people in increased
contact with the natural host for a previously unfamiliar zoonotic agent or
that promote the spread of the pathogen. These factors are becoming
increasingly prevalent, suggesting that infections will continue to emerge and
probably increase. Strategies for dealing with the problem include focusing
special attention on situations that promote disease emergence, especially
those in which animals and humans come into contact, and implementing effective
disease surveillance and control.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health,
vector biology, veterinary medicine, SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome,
haemolytic uraemic syndrome, Escherichia coli, control, demographic
factors, disease emergence, disease surveillance, ecological factors,
environmental factors, geographic range, zoonosis.
Moutou, F. (1984). Grippe aviaire aux Etats-Unis.
[Avian influenza in the USA]. Epidemiologie Et Sante Animale (5):
81.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, United States,
Virginia, Pennsylvania, disease prevalence, outbreaks.
Muhammad, K., M.A. Muneer, and T. Yaqub (1997). Isolation
and characterization of avian influenza virus from an outbreak in commercial
poultry in Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 17(1): 6-8. ISSN: 0253-8318.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.P32
Descriptors: isolation, characterization, outbreaks,
diagnosis, diseases, avian influenza virus, poultry, mortality, Pakistan.
Muhmmad, K., P. Das, T. Yaqoob, A. Riaz, and R.
Manzoor (2001). Effect of physico-chemical factors on survival of avian
influenza virus (H7N3 type). International Journal of Agriculture and
Biology 3(4): 416-418. ISSN:
1560-8530.
Descriptors: disease control, disinfectants, formaldehyde,
pH, phenol, evaluation, chemical treatment, ultraviolet radiation, efficacy,
avian influenza virus, poultry.
Muneer, M.A., A.M.B.Z. Munir, I. Hussain, K.
Muhammad, Masood Rabbani, S. Akhtar, M. Aleem, Bakht Sultan, M.A. Tariq, and
K. Naeem (2001). Isolation and characterization of avian influenza (H9N2)
virus from an outbreak at poultry farms in Karachi. Pakistan Veterinary
Journal 21(2): 87-91. ISSN:
0253-8318.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.P32
Descriptors: broilers, poultry farms, isolation, clinical
aspects, mortality, outbreaks, avian influenza virus, characterization,
Pakistan.
Mungall, B.A., X. Xu, and A. Klimov (2003). Assaying
susceptibility of avian and other influenza A viruses to zanamivir: Comparison
of fluorescent and chemiluminescent neuraminidase assays. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1141-1144. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Zanamivir has been shown to inhibit both
human and avian influenza viral neuraminidases (NAs) and has been approved in
several countries for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection.
Reliable monitoring of drug resistance is important for assessment of the
impact of drug therapy on circulating virus populations. This study compares
the current fluorometric (FL) method for evaluating zanamivir susceptibility
with a recently developed chemiluminescent (CL) NA activity assay using viruses
representative of all nine NA subtypes. The CL assay displayed signal/noise
ratios that are 50-100 times greater than those associated with the FL assay.
Human H3N2 strains appeared to exhibit greater NA activity relative to avian
subtypes with the FL substrate but not with the CL substrate. Additionally, the
CL assay remained linear over three orders of magnitude compared to only one
order of magnitude for the FL assay. Four of the nine NA subtypes tested in
this study displayed slightly higher inhibitor concentration that inhibits 50%
of neuraminidase activity values by CL than by FL, while four displayed the
opposite effect. Implications for the routine determination of resistance to NA
inhibitors are discussed.
Descriptors: infection, avian influenza, infectious
disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, chemiluminescent
neuraminidase assay bioassay techniques, clinical techniques, diagnostic
techniques, laboratory techniques, antiviral susceptibility, drug resistance.
Mutinelli, F., I. Capua, C. Terregino, and G. Cattoli
(2003). Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species
naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza
epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. Avian Diseases 47(Special issue):
844-848. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: chicken, turkey, guinea fowl, quail,
ostrich, water fowl, pheasant, poultry,
avian influenza epidemic, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques,
epidemiology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, pathogenicity, postmortem
examinations, Italy.
Naeem, K., M. Naurin, S. Rashid, and S. Bano (2003). Seroprevalence
of avian influenza virus and its relationship with increased mortality and
decreased egg production. Avian Pathology 32(3): 285-289. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: antibody testing, disease prevalence, disease
surveys, seroprevalence, ELISA, egg production, poultry, mortality, avian
influenza virus, Pakistan.
Naeem, K., A. Ullah, R.J. Manvell, and D.J. Alexander
(1999). Avian influenza A subtype H9N2 in poultry in Pakistan. Veterinary
Record 145(19): 560. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, poultry
diseases epidemiology, avian classification, Pakistan, epidemiology, poultry.
Nagai, Y., K. Otsuki, N. Abe, Y. Kawaoka, H. Kida,
T. Kurata, T. Sata, M. Tashiro, N. Yamaguchi, and H. Yoshikura (2004). [Round
table discussion on highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza]. Uirusu
Journal of Virology 54(1): 123-41.
ISSN: 0042-6857.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity,
virulence, Asia epidemiology, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, influenza
transmission, influenza virology, avian influenza A virus classification, avian
influenza A virus genetics, avian influenza A virus immunology, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, avian influenza
transmission, avian influenza virology, poultry, receptors, virus physiology,
viral vaccines, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses
virology.
Nakajima, K., E. Nobusawa, and S. Nakajima (1986). [Molecular
evolution of influenza A virus]. Uirusu Journal of Virology 36(2):
253-62. ISSN: 0042-6857.
Descriptors: influenza A virus human genetics, viral
proteins genetics, base sequence, evolution, genes, structural, genes viral,
influenza A virus avian genetics, influenza A virus, porcine genetics.
Nakamura, K., M. Yamada, S. Yamaguchi, M. Mase, M.
Narita, T. Ohyama, and M. Yamada (2001). Proliferation of lung macrophages
in acute fatal viral infections in chickens. Avian Diseases 45(4):
813-818. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Marked proliferation of macrophages engulfing
yellow pigments and fragmented erythrocytes were seen in the air capillaries
and blood capillaries of the lungs of chickens affected with acute fatal viral
hydropericardium syndrome, highly pathogenic infectious bursal disease, and
highly pathogenic avian influenza. Proliferation of lung macrophages was
associated with systemic proliferation of macrophages. Acute destruction of
erythrocytes in these infections may have induced systemic hyperplasia of
macrophages. The acute and severe proliferation of lung macrophages may cause
acute respiratory dysfunction and be one of the factors inducing mortality in
infected chickens. This syndrome may be categorized as "virus-associated
hemophagocytic syndrome."
Descriptors: immune system, infection, respiratory system,
veterinary medicine, acute fatal viral hydropericardium syndrome, heart
disease, viral disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, viral disease,
highly pathogenic infectious bursal disease, viral disease, virus associated
hemophagocytic syndrome, blood and lymphatic disease, immune system disease,
viral disease.
Nerome, K., Y. Yoshioka, C.A. Torres, A. Oya, P.
Bachmann, K. Ottis, and R.G. Webster (1984). Persistence of Q strain of H2N2
influenza virus in avian species: antigenic, biological and genetic analysis of
avian and human H2N2 viruses. Archives of Virology 81(3-4):
239-50. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: The characteristics of an avian influenza
virus were compared in detail with those of human Asian (H2N2) influenza
viruses. Antigenic analysis by different antisera against H2N2 viruses and
monoclonal antibodies to both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens
showed that an avian isolate, A/duck/Munchen/9/79 contained hemagglutinin and
neuraminidase subunits closely related to those of the early human H2N2 viruses
which had been prevalent in 1957. However, this avian virus gave low HI titers
with absorbed and non-absorbed antisera to different human H2N2 viruses
isolated in 1957. Like human Q phase variant, such as A/RI/5-/57 (H2N2),
hemagglutination of the above avian strain was not inhibited by the purified
non-specific gamma-inhibitor from guinea pig serum. Growth behavior at restrictive
temperature (42 degrees C) clearly differentiate the avian H2N2 virus from
human influenza viruses, showing that the former virus grew well in MDCK cells
at 42 degrees C but not the latters. Genomic analysis of these viruses revealed
that the oligonucleotide map of H2N2 virus isolated from a duck was quite
different from those of human H2N2 viruses from 1957 to 1967. The
oligonucleotide mapping also indicated that different H2N2 influenza virus
variants had co-circulated in humans in 1957.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza
A virus human immunology, hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza A virus
avian genetics, influenza A virus human genetics, influenza A virus growth and
development, neuraminidase immunology, RNA viral genetics.
Nestorowicz, A., Y. Kawaoka, W.J. Bean, and R.G.
Webster (1987). Molecular analysis of the hemagglutinin genes of Australian
H7N7 influenza viruses: role of passerine birds in maintenance or transmission?
Virology 160(2): 411-8. ISSN:
0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: In 1985 a fowl plague-like disease occurred
in chickens in Lockwood, Victoria, Australia and caused high mortality. An H7N7
influenza virus was isolated from the chickens (A/Chicken/Victoria/1/85);
additionally, an antigenically similar virus was isolated from starlings
(A/Starling/Victoria/5156/85) and serological evidence of H7N7 virus infection
was found in sparrows. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies to H7,
oligonucleotide mapping of total vRNA, and sequence analysis of the HA genes
established that the chicken and starling influenza viruses were closely
related and probably came from the same source. There was high nucleotide
sequence homology (95.3%) between the HA genes of A/Chick/Vic/85 and a fowl
plague-like virus isolated from chickens in Victoria 9 years earlier
[A/Fowl/Vic/76 (H7N7)]. The sequence homologies indicated that the
A/Chick/Vic/85 and A/Fowl/Vic/76 were derived from a common recent ancestor,
while another recent H7N7 virus, Seal/Mass/1/80 originated from a different
evolutionary lineage. Experimental infection of chickens and starlings with
A/Chick/Vic/1/85 (H7N7) was associated with high mortality (100%), transmission
to contact birds of the same species, and virus in all organs. In sparrows
one-third of the birds died after infection and virus was isolated from most
organs; transmission to contact sparrows did not occur. In contrast, the H7N7
virus replicated in ducks and spread to contact ducks but caused no mortality.
These studies establish that the host species plays a role in determining the
virulence of avian influenza viruses, and provide the first evidence for
transmission of virulent influenza viruses between domestic poultry and
passerine birds. They support the hypothesis that potentially virulent H7N7
influenza viruses could be maintained in ducks where they cause no apparent
disease and may sometimes spread to other wild birds and domestic poultry.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, hemagglutinins viral
genetics, influenza A virus avian genetics, amino acid sequence, animals, wild
microbiology, Australia, base sequence, chickens microbiology, disease
reservoirs, genes viral, molecular sequence data, nucleotide mapping, RNA viral
genetics, species specificity, virus replication.
Nettles, V.F., J. Wood, and R.G. Webster (1984). Wildlife
studies on avian influenza. Foreign Animal Disease Report 12(2):
2-4. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: epidemiological surveys, wildlife, avian
influenza virus, wild ducks, domestic ducks, geese, seagulls, poultry, mice,
rats, chuckar, pheasants, Chesapeake Bay, serological survey, Pennsylvania.
Nettles, V.F., J.M. Wood, and R.G. Webster (1985). Wildlife
surveillance associated with an outbreak of lethal H5N2 avian influenza in
domestic poultry. Avian Diseases 29(3): 733-41. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Wildlife surveillance was conducted for
influenza viruses in conjunction with the 1983-84 lethal H5N2 avian influenza
epizootic in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and
Virginia. Virus-isolation attempts made on cloacal and tracheal swabs from
4,466 birds and small rodents within the quarantined areas and 1,511 waterfowl
in nearby Maryland yielded only a single H5N2 isolate from a pen-raised chukar
in Pennsylvania. Antibodies against hemagglutinin type 5 and/or neuraminidase
type 2 were found in 33% of the aquatic birds tested; however, this finding
could not be used to confirm previous H5N2 avian influenza virus activity
because of the possibility of prior infections with multiple influenza
subtypes. The low prevalence of lethal H5N2 avian influenza virus in wild birds
and small rodents strongly indicated that these animals were not responsible
for dissemination of the disease among poultry farms during the outbreak.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, disease outbreaks
veterinary, fowl plague transmission, disease reservoirs microbiology,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, neuraminidase analysis, orthomyxoviridae
isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
Pennsylvania.
Newman, J., D. Halvorson, D. Karunakaran, P. Poss,
and J. Johnson. (1981). Complications associated with avian influenza
infections. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on
Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 8-12.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
complications, Newcastle disease, Escherichia infections, symposium.
Nicholson, K.G., J.M. Wood, and M. Zambon (2003). Influenza.
Lancet 362(9397): 1733-1745.
ISSN: 0099-5355.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: epidemiology, humans, infection, influenza,
vaccination, clinical techniques, pandemic prevention.
Niculescu, I.T., E. Zilisteanu, L. Cretescu, M.
Matepiuc, and V. Roman (1972). Relationship between human and animal
infections with A2 /Hong Kong/68 - like strains of influenza virus. Archives
Roumaines De Pathologie Experimentales Et De Microbiologie 31(4 Suppl):
545-52. ISSN: 0004-0037.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar22
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, orthomyxoviridae
immunology, birds, cross reactions, influenza A virus avian immunology,
influenza A virus human immunology, influenza A virus, porcine immunology,
Romania, swine.
Nolen, R.S. (2002). Avian influenza S T R I K E S
Virginia poultry farms. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 221(1): 9-10. ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl
plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, turkeys, influenza
A virus avian isolation and purification, Virginia epidemiology.
Normile, D. (2005). Avian flu. Mild illnesses
confound researchers. Science 307(5706): 27. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: agricultural workers' diseases virology,
antibodies, viral blood, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
immunology, acetamides therapeutic use, agricultural workers' diseases
immunology, agricultural workers' diseases prevention and control, antiviral
agents therapeutic use, disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, influenza
immunology, influenza prevention and control, Japan epidemiology, protective
clothing.
Normile, D. (2004). Infectious diseases. Stopping
Asia's avian flu: a worrisome third outbreak. Science 303(5657):
447. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
virology, influenza A virus, avian classification, avian influenza
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian virology, birds, chickens,
China epidemiology, disease reservoirs, influenza epidemiology, influenza
prevention and control, influenza transmission, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza transmission, Japan epidemiology, Korea epidemiology,
Vietnam epidemiology.
Normile, D. (2004). Influenza: girding for
disaster. Vaccinating birds may help to curtail virus's spread. Science
306(5695): 398-9. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines immunology, avian influenza
prevention and control, poultry, vaccination veterinary, Asia epidemiology,
chickens, disease outbreaks prevention and control, immunization programs,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, influenza virology,
avian influenza, epidemiology, avian influenza, transmission, risk assessment.
Normile, D. and M. Enserink (2004). Infectious
diseases. Avian influenza makes a comeback, reviving pandemic worries. Science
305(5682): 321. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, avian
influenza epidemiology, Asia epidemiology, birds, evolution, molecular, avian
genetics, avian influenza virology, poultry, recombination, genetic.
Obrosova Serova, N.P., L.M. Kupryasjina, V.A.
Isachenko, R.M. Vorontsova, and V.G. Utkin (1976). Opyt profilaktiki grippa
kura amantadinom. [Amantadine prophylaxis in avian influenza]. Veterinariia
(11): 62-63.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: chemoprophylaxis, antiviral agents,
amantadine, avian influenza, mortality rate, drinking water, chicks, poultry.
Ogawa, T. and M. Ueda (1981). Genes involved in
the virulence of an avian influenza virus. Virology 113(1):
304-13. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: genes viral, influenza A virus genetics,
brain, chick embryo, chickens, electrophoresis, genotype, influenza A virus
growth and development, influenza A virus pathogenicity, RNA viral genetics,
recombination, genetic.
Olsen, C.W. (2002). The emergence of novel swine
influenza viruses in North America. Virus Research 85(2): 199-210. ISSN: 0168-1702.
NAL
Call Number: QR375.V6
Abstract: Since 1997, novel viruses of three different
subtypes and five different genotypes have emerged as agents of influenza among
pigs in North America. The appearance of these viruses is remarkable because
there were no substantial changes in the overall epidemiology of swine
influenza in the United States and Canada for over 60 years prior to this time.
Viruses of the classical H1N1 lineage were virtually the exclusive cause of
swine influenza from the time of their initial isolation in 1930 through 1998.
Antigenic drift variants of these H1N1 viruses were isolated in 1991-1998, but
a much more dramatic antigenic shift occurred with the emergence of H3N2
viruses in 1997-1998. In particular, H3N2 viruses with genes derived from
human, swine and avian viruses have become a major cause of swine influenza in
North America. In addition, H1N2 viruses that resulted from reassortment
between the triple reassortant H3N2 viruses and classical H1N1 swine viruses
have been isolated subsequently from pigs in at least six states. Finally,
avian H4N6 viruses crossed the species barrier to infect pigs in Canada in
1999. Fortunately, these H4N6 viruses have not been isolated beyond their
initial farm of origin. If these viruses spread more widely, they will
represent another antigenic shift for our swine population, and could pose a
threat to the world's human population. Research on these novel viruses may
offer important clues to the genetic basis for interspecies transmission of
influenza viruses.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus,
porcine physiology, Canada epidemiology, fowl plague transmission, influenza A
virus avian, influenza A virus, porcine
classification, influenza A virus, porcine genetics, influenza A virus, porcine immunology, North
America epidemiology, species specificity, swine, United States, variation
genetics.
Olsen, C.W., S. Carey, L. Hinshaw, and A.I. Karasin
(2000). Virologic and serologic surveillance for human, swine and avian
influenza virus infections among pigs in the north-central United States. Archives
of Virology 145(7): 1399-419. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Influenza virus infection in pigs is both an
animal health problem and a public health concern. As such, surveillance and
characterization of influenza viruses in swine is important to the veterinary
community and should be a part of human pandemic preparedness planning. Studies
in 1976/1977 and 1988/1989 demonstrated that pigs in the U.S. were commonly
infected with classical swine H1N1 viruses, whereas human H3 and avian
influenza virus infections were very rare. In contrast, human H3 and avian H1
viruses have been isolated frequently from pigs in Europe and Asia over the
last two decades. From September 1997 through August 1998, we isolated 26
influenza viruses from pigs in the north central United States at the point of
slaughter. All 26 isolates were H1N1 viruses, and phylogenetic analyses of the
hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes from 11 representative viruses
demonstrated that these were classical swine H1 viruses. However, monoclonal
antibody analyses revealed antigenic heterogeneity among the HA proteins of the
26 viruses. Serologically, 27.7% of 2,375 pigs tested had
hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against classical swine H1 influenza
virus. Of particular significance, however, the rates of seropositivity to
avian H1 (7.6%) and human H3 (8.0%) viruses were substantially higher than in
previous studies.
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, influenza A virus human
isolation and purification, influenza A virus, porcine isolation and
purification, swine diseases virology, amino acid sequence, influenza
epidemiology, molecular sequence data,
seroepidemiologic studies, swine, swine diseases epidemiology, United
States epidemiology.
Ormiston, R.R. (1986). Avian influenza 1986. Foreign
Animal Disease Report 14(3): 1-4.
ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: poultry, disease prevalence, epidemiological
surveys, avian influenza virus, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New
York, Florida, United States, live poultry markets.
Osidze, N.G. (1980). Results of using inactivated
avian influenza vaccine in chicks possessing passively acquired antibody. Sbornik
Nauchnykh Trudov Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya Akademiya 113: 54-56.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, maternal immunity,
immune response, inactivated vaccines, results, acquired antibody, chicks.
Osidze, N.G., D.K. L'vov, V.N. Siurin, L.S.
Smorzhevskaia, and E.V. Lenchenko (1979). Novaia raznovidnost' virusa grippa
kur. [New variety of fowl plague virus]. Veterinariia (9):
29-31. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, fowl plague
microbiology, influenza A virus, isolation and purification, serotyping.
Oskolkov, V.S., I. Kreimer, and A.A. Ibragimov (
1974). Nekotorye voprosy epizootologii i diagnostiki grippa ptits [Certain
problems of epizootiology and diagnosis of avian influenza]. Veterinariya,
Moscow 50(4): 63-5. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: chickens, influenza veterinary, poultry
diseases diagnosis, influenza diagnosis, influenza microbiology,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, poultry diseases microbiology.
Oskolkov, V.S., K.h. Kreimer Yu, and A.A. Ibragimov
(1974). [Some problems of epidemiology and diagnosis of avian influenza].
Veterinariia (4): 63-65.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: avian influenza, epidemiology, diagnosis,
problems, poultry.
Osterhaus, A.D., R.A. Fouchier, and T. Kuiken (2004).
The aetiology of SARS: Koch's postulates fulfilled. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B Biological Sciences
359(1447): 1081-2. ISSN: 0962-8436.
NAL
Call Number: 501 L84Pb
Abstract: Proof that a newly identified coronavirus,
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the primary cause
of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) came from a series of studies on
experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis).
SARS-CoV-infected macaques developed a disease comparable to SARS in humans;
the virus was re-isolated from these animals and they developed
SARS-CoV-specific antibodies. This completed the fulfilment of Koch's
postulates, as modified by Rivers for viral diseases, for SARS-CoV as the aetiological
agent of SARS. Besides the macaque model, a ferret and a cat model for SARS-CoV
were also developed. These animal models allow comparative pathogenesis studies
for SARS-CoV infections and testing of different intervention strategies. The
first of these studies has shown that pegylated interferon-alpha, a drug
approved for human use, limits SARS-CoV replication and lung damage in
experimentally infected macaques. Finally, we argue that, given the worldwide
nature of the socio-economic changes that have predisposed for the emergence of
SARS and avian influenza in Southeast Asia, such changes herald the beginning
of a global trend for which we are ill prepared.
Descriptors: disease models, animal, ferrets, Macaca
fascicularis, SARS virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome etiology,
zoonoses transmission, cats, severe acute respiratory syndrome physiopathology,
severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission.
Otsuki, K. (2004). Avian influenza. Japanese
Poultry Science 41(2): 68-72. ISSN:
0029-0254.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6446
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry.
Otsuki, K., H. Kariya, K. Matsuo, S. Sugiyama, K.
Hoshina, T. Yoshikane, A. Matsumoto, and M. Tsubokura (1987). Isolation of
influenza A viruses from migratory waterfowls in San-In District Japan in the
winter of 1984-1985. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi Japanese Journal of
Veterinary Science 49(4): 721-3.
ISSN: 0021-5295.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 J27
Descriptors: animals, wild microbiology, birds
microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Japan.
Otsuki, K., O. Takemoto, R. Fujimoto, Y. Kawaoka, and
M. Tsubokura (1987). Isolation of influenza A viruses from migratory
waterfowls in San-in District, Western Japan in winters of 1980-1982. Zentralblatt
Fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, Und Hygiene. Series A, Medical Microbiology,
Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology 265(1-2): 235-42. ISSN: 0176-6724.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 C33 (1)
Abstract: In the two winters of 1980-1982, we surveyed
migratory waterfowl of some species staying in San-in District, Western Japan
for influenza virus at a few stations. From November 1980 to April 1981, only
two strains of influenza virus, H13N1 and H11N6 subtypes, were isolated from
465 fecal samples from pintails but none from 255 samples from whistling swans
nor from 625 black-tailed gulls. From November 1981 to March 1982, 17 viruses
were isolated from 1156 fecal samples. Fourteen viruses, 10 H7N3, 2 H1N6 and 2
H3N8, were isolated from 459 feces samples from whistling swans. Two viruses,
H13N3 and H13N6 subtypes, were isolated from 425 fecal samples from
black-tailed gulls. A strain belonging to H1N3 subtype was isolated from 30
feces samples from mallards but no virus was isolated from 242 samples from
pintails.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, ducks microbiology, fowl
plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
influenza A virus isolation and purification, feces microbiology, fowl plague
microbiology, influenza A virus avian classification, influenza A virus
classification, Japan, seasons, serotyping.
Otsuki, K., O. Takemoto, R. Fujimoto, K. Yamazaki, N.
Kubota, H. Hosaki, Y. Kawaoka, and M. Tsubokura (1987). Isolation of
influenza A viruses from migratory waterfowls in San-in District, Western Japan,
in the winter of 1982-1983. Acta Virologica 31(5): 439-42. ISSN: 0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: From November 1982 to March 1983, winter
migratory waterfowls of some species staying in San-in District, Western Japan,
were surveyed for influenza virus at five stations. A total of eight influenza
A viruses were isolated from 354 faeces samples of whistling swans; in
contrast, no virus was isolated from any sample of 261 black-tailed gulls, of
113 pintails and of 10 mallards. Five of eight isolates belonged to human
pandemic subtype H2N2, two isolates belonged to fowl plague subtype H7N7, and
the remaining one to subtype H4N6.
Descriptors: animals, wild microbiology, birds
microbiology, disease reservoirs, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, influenza A virus human isolation and purification, feces
microbiology, influenza A virus human classification, Japan, mice, species
specificity.
Otsuki, K., O. Takemoto, R. Fujimoto, K. Yamazaki, N.
Kubota, H. Hosaki, T. Mitani, and M. Tsubokura (1987). Isolation of
influenza A viruses from migratory waterfowl in San-in District, western Japan
in the winter of 1983-1984. Research in Veterinary Science 43(2):
177-9. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Certain species of winter migratory waterfowl
in San-in District, western Japan, were surveyed for influenza virus from
November 1983 to March 1984. Faeces of the waterfowl were collected regularly
at five stations. Eleven influenza A viruses including H5N3 and H10N4 subtypes
were isolated from 450 faecal samples from whistling swans, 28 viruses
including H2N2 and H10N4 subtypes were isolated from 362 faecal samples from
pintails; and subtype H13N6 was isolated from 240 faecal samples of
black-tailed gulls.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, feces microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Japan.
Otsuki, K., O. Takemoto, R. Fujimoto, K. Yamazaki, T.
Kubota, H. Hosaki, T. Mitani, Y. Kawaoka, and M. Tsubokura (1984). Isolation
of H5 influenza viruses from whistling swans in western Japan in November 1983.
Acta Virologica 28(6): 524. ISSN:
0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, Japan.
Otsuki, K., H. Yoneda, and Y. Iritani (1995). Distribution
of antibodies to influenza A virus in chickens in Japan. Journal of
Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
57(6): 1063-6. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: A serological surveillance was carried out to
detect antibody against influenza A virus in chicken sera. A total of 8,850
field samples were collected from 47 prefectures in Japan. Initially, all the
sera were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion and those sera showing positive
reaction were investigated for haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and
neuraminidase-inhibition antibodies against influenza viruses. Only 6 samples
had antibodies; 4 sera had antibodies against human subtype H1N1 virus; with HI
activity against strain A/PR/34; three sera had strong HI activity to strain
A/Tottori/4/87, which by haemagglutination test is closely related to
A/Yamagata/120/86. The remaining two chicken sera had antibodies against avian
subtypes H10N4 and H3N6 viruses respectively.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, chickens immunology,
fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, chickens virology, demography, fowl plague blood, influenza A virus
avian classification, Japan epidemiology, precipitin tests.
Ottis, K. and P.A. Bachmann (1983). Isolation and
characterization of ortho- and paramyxoviruses from feral birds in Europe. Zentralblatt
Fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B
30(1): 22-35.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: wild birds, epidemiological surveys, avian
influenza virus, avian paramyxovirus, poultry, Germany, Netherlands, Kenya.
Ottis, K. and P.A. Bachmann. (1981). Occurrence of
avian influenza virus type A in Germany. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
46-51.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus, wild
birds, ducks, isolation of strains, Germany, symposium.
Ottis, K. and P.A. Bachmann (1981). Occurrence of
avian influenza viruses type A in Germany. Feedstuffs 53(29):
14. ISSN: 0014-9624.
NAL
Call Number: 286.81 F322
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus, isolation, ducks,
coots, Germany.
Owoade, A.A., J.A. Adeniji, and M.O. Olatunji (2002).
Serological evidence of influenza A virus serotypes (H1N1 and H5N1) in
chicken in Nigeria. Tropical Veterinarian 20(3): 159-161. ISSN: 0794-4845.
NAL
Call Number: SF724.T72
Abstract: One hundred sera samples from chicken flocks
showing respiratory distress but failed to respond to treatment against chronic
respiratory disease (CRD) were tested for avian influenza virus antibodies. The
sera samples were collected from 5, 32, and 21 weeks old broilers, broiler
breeders and pullets respectively. All the 100 sera samples from the three
flocks were positive for influenza virus serotype H1N1 antibodies. In addition
35.3%, 57.14% and 93.42% were positive for H5N1 serotype in the broilers,
broiler breeder and point of lay pullets respectively. The clinical and public
health implications of the presence of antibodies to these influenza A virus
serotypes in chicken flocks are discussed.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, public health,
respiratory system, chronic respiratory disease, respiratory system disease,
respiratory distress, respiratory system disease, clinical implications public
health implications serological evidence.
Oxford, J.S., R. Lambkin, A. Sefton, R. Daniels, A.
Elliot, R. Brown, and D. Gill (2005). A hypothesis: the conjunction of
soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the
Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish"
influenza pandemic of 1918-1919. Vaccine 23(7): 940-5.
ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: The Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 was
a cataclysmic outbreak of infection wherein over 50 million people died
worldwide within 18 months. The question of the origin is important because
most influenza surveillance at present is focussed on S.E. Asia. Two later
pandemic viruses in 1957 and 1968 arose in this region. However we present
evidence that early outbreaks of a new disease with rapid onset and
spreadability, high mortality in young soldiers in the British base camp at
Etaples in Northern France in the winter of 1917 is, at least to date, the most
likely focus of origin of the pandemic. Pathologists working at Etaples and
Aldershot barracks later agreed that these early outbreaks in army camps were
the same disease as the infection wave of influenza in 1918. The Etaples camp
had the necessary mixture of factors for emergence of pandemic influenza
including overcrowding (with 100,000 soldiers daily changing), live pigs, and
nearby live geese, duck and chicken markets, horses and an additional factor 24
gases (some of them mutagenic) used in large 100 ton quantities to contaminate
soldiers and the landscape. The final trigger for the ensuing pandemic was the
return of millions of soldiers to their homelands around the entire world in
the autumn of 1918.
Descriptors: communicable diseases, emerging history,
disease outbreaks, influenza history, military personnel history, world war I,
ducks, France, geese, history, 20th century, horses, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, swine.
Padilla, L.R., K.P. Huyvaert, J. Merkel, R.E. Miller,
and P.G. Parker (2003). Hematology, plasma chemistry, serology, and
Chlamydophila status of the waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) on
the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Official
Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 34(3):
278-283. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: Phoebastria irrorata, Punta
cevallos, biochemistry, blood, hematological parameters, records, prevalence,
Galapagos Islands.
Panigrahy, B. (1994). Isolation of avian influenza
virus in Mexico. Foreign Animal Disease Report 22(3): 9. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: poultry, Mexico, avian influenza virus,
disease surveys, America, domestic animals, domesticated birds, influenza
virus, Latin America, livestock, North
America, orthomyxoviridae, surveys, useful animals, viruses, incidence.
Panigrahy, B., D.A. Senne, and J.E. Pearson (1995). Presence
of avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5N2 and H7N1 in emus (Dromaius
novaehollandiae) and rheas (Rhea americana): virus isolation and
serologic findings. Avian Diseases 39(1): 64-67. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5N2 and
H7N1 were isolated from emus (Dromaius novaebollandiae) and rheas (Rhea
americana) in Texas and North Carolina. All the rheas and emus had a
history of respiratory disease except one emus which was clinically normal. The
isolates were not pathogenic for chickens and turkeys under the conditions of
the experiment. Humoral antibodies to all known hemagglutinin (H) subtypes
except H10, H13, and H14 and to all nine neuraminidase (N) subtypes were found
in emus and rheas in 11 states. Therefore, emus and rheas are susceptible to
infection with several AIV subtypes.
Descriptors: Texas, North Carolina, emus, rheas, avian
influenza virus, pathogenicity, antibodies, America, appalachian states United
States, biological properties, birds, casuariiformes, immunological factors,
influenza virus, microbial properties, North America, orthomyxoviridae,
rheiformes, southern plains states United States, southern states United
States, United States, viruses, susceptibility.
Panigraphy, B., D.A. Senne, J.C. Pedersen, A.L.
Shafer, and J.E. Pearson (1996). Susceptibity of pigeons to avian influenza.
Avian Diseases 40(3): 600-604.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Susceptibility to infection with avian influenza
virus (AIV) was studied in pigeons inoculated via oculonasal (Experiment 1 ) or
intravenous (Experiment 2) route. Chickens were included as susceptible hosts
in both experiments. Two subtypes each of the highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV; HP
CK/PA H5N2 and HP CK/Australia H7N7) and nonpathogenic AIV (NPAIV; NP CK/PA
H5N2 and NP emu/TX H7N1) at a dose of 10(5) embryo infective dose per bird were
used as inoculum. The pigeons inoculated with HP CK/PA H5N2 or HP CK/Australia
H7N7 remained apparently healthy throughout the 21-day observation period, did
not shed viruses on 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postinoculation (DPI), and had no
demonstrable levels of antibodies on 21 DPI. On the other hand, 9 of 12
chickens inoculated with the HPAIV died of highly pathogenic avian influenza;
the viruses were recovered from their respiratory and intestinal tissues, and
the surviving chickens had antibodies to AIV. Regarding responses of pigeons to
inoculation with NP CK/PA H5N2 or NP emu/TX H7N1, the pigeons remained
clinically healthy throughout the 21-day observation period and did not have
detectable levels of antibodies on 21 DPI; only one pigeon yielded the NP
emu/TX H7N1 on 3 DPI. The virus was isolated from a tracheal swab and was
believed to be the residual inoculum virus. Based on the responses of pigeons
to NPAIV and HPAIV, it was concluded that the pigeons were resistant or
minimally susceptible to infection with HPAIV or NPAIV.
Descriptors: pigeons, avian influenza virus, disease
resistance, experimental infection, injection, application methods, disease
transmission, chickens, application methods, birds, Columbiformes, disease
transmission, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, infection,
influenza virus, livestock, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, poultry, resistance
to injurious factors, useful animals, viruses, oculanasal innoculation,
susceptibility, intravenous injection.
Papparella, V., A. Fioretti, L.F. Menna, JM Bruce
(ed.), and S. M. (1987). On the danger of certain avian respiratory diseases
to human health. In: Environmental aspects of respiratory disease in
intensive pig and poultry houses, including the implications for human health.
Report Eur 10820 EN, Aberdeen, UK, Commission of he European Communities:
Luxembourg, p. 127-132.
Descriptors: zoonoses, public health, humans, Newcastle disease virus, avian
influenza virus.
Park, C.H., K. Matsuda, Y. Sunden, A. Ninomiya, A.
Takada, H. Ito, T. Kimura, K. Ochiai, H. Kida, and T. Umemura (2003). Persistence
of viral RNA segments in the central nervous system of mice after recovery from
acute influenza A virus infection. Veterinary Microbiology 97(3-4):
259-68. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: One-hundred thirty-seven BALB/c mice were
intranasally inoculated with neurotropic avian influenza A virus (H5N3).
Thirty-nine of these mice died within 16 days post-inoculation (PID) and 98 of
the mice recovered from the infection. To investigate whether viral antigens
and genomes persist in the central nervous system (CNS) of recovered mice,
immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) methods were performed. Histopathologically, mild interstitial
pneumonia and non-suppurative encephalomyelitis restricted to the basal part of
the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, brain stem and thoracic spinal cord were
observed in BALB/c mice until 40 PID. Small amounts of viral antigens were
detected in the brain and spinal cord and some viral RNA segments (NA, NP, M,
PA, HA, NS, PB1) were intermittently detected in the CNS until 48 PID.
Immunosuppression of these mice by dexamethazone (DEX) treatment did not
increase the frequency of detection of the lesions, viral antigens or genomes.
These findings suggest that viral genomes of neurovirulent influenza virus
persist with restricted transcriptive activity in the CNS of the mice even
after clinical recovery from the infection.
Descriptors: central nervous system virology, fowl plague
virology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, RNA viral
analysis, brain pathology, brain virology, central nervous system pathology,
disease models, animal, fowl plague mortality, fowl plague pathology,
immunohistochemistry veterinary, influenza A virus avian genetics, mice, mice
inbred BALB c, random allocation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction veterinary, specific pathogen free organisms.
Parry, J. (2004). Death toll mounts in avian flu
outbreak. BMJ Clinical Research 328(7434): 243. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague virology, influenza
mortality, Asia, southeastern epidemiology, birds, influenza A virus avian,
influenza A virus human.
Parry, J. (2004). WHO investigates possible human
to human transmission of avian flu. BMJ Clinical Research 328(7435):
308. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: influenza, avian transmission, zoonoses
transmission, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry, Vietnam epidemiology.
Parry, J. (2004). WHO warns that avian flu could
still be in the environment. BMJ Clinical Research 328(7437):
426. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: influenza, avian epidemiology, birds,
Carnivora, cat diseases epidemiology, cats, poultry, world health, World Health
Organization.
Patterson, P.H., D.C. Kradel, R.M. Hulet, and J.H.
Schwartz (2001). Outreach video: Avian Influenza: Preventing the spread of
disease. Journal of Dairy Science 84(Suppl. 1): 73. ISSN: 0022-0302.
Online: www.ADSA.org/jds
NAL
Call Number: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, public health,
avian influenza, prevention and control, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, outreach, video, meeting abstract.
Pearson, J.E. (2003). International standards for
the control of avian influenza. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
972-975. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The Office International des Epizooties (OIE)
has developed international standards to reduce the risk of the spread of
high-pathogenicity avian influenza though international trade. These standards
include providing a definition of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI),
procedures for prompt reporting of HPAI outbreaks, requirements that must be
met for a country or zone to be defined as free of HPAI, requirements that
should be met to import live birds and avian products into a HPAI-free country
or zone, and the general provisions that countries should meet to reduce the
risk of spread of HPAI through trade. The goal of these standards is to
facilitate trade while minimizing the risk of the introduction of HPAI.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
epidemiology, infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, disease spread international, influenza control
standards.
Pereira, H.G., G. Lang, O.M. Olesiuk, G.H. Snoeyenbos,
D.H. Roberts, and B.C. Easterday (1966). New antigenic variants of avian
influenza A viruses. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
35(5): 799-802. ISSN: 0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: antigens, birds, orthomyxoviridae classification,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology.
Pereira, H.G., B. Tumova, and V.G. Law (1965). Avian
influenza A viruses. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
32(6): 855-60. ISSN: 0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: orthomyxoviridae classification,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, serology, virus cultivation.
Perkins, L.E.L. and D.E. Swayne (2002). Susceptibility
of laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) to H5N1 and H5N3 highly pathogenic
avian influenza viruses. Avian Diseases 46(4): 877-885. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: This investigation detailed the clinical
disease, gross and histologic lesions, and distribution of viral antigen in
juvenile laughing gulls ( Larus atricilla) intranasally inoculated with
either the A/tern/South Africa/61 (H5N3) (tern/SA) influenza virus or the
A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (H5N1) (chicken/HK) influenza virus, which are both
highly pathogenic for chickens. Neither morbidity nor mortality was observed in
gulls inoculated with either virus within the 14-day investigative period.
Gross lesions resultant from infection with either virus were only mild, with
the tern/SA virus causing decreased lucency of the air sacs (2/6), splenomegaly
(2/6), and pancreatic mottling (1/6) and the chicken/HK virus causing only
decreased lucency of the air sacs (2/8) and conjunctival edema (2/8).
Histologic lesions in the tern/SA-inoculated gulls included a mild to moderate
heterophilic to lymphoplasmacytic airsacculitis (6/6), mild to moderate
interstitial pneumonia (3/6), and moderate necrotizing pancreatitis and
hepatitis at 14 days postinoculation (DPI) (2/6). Immunohistochemical
demonstration of viral antigen occurred only in association with lesions in the
liver and pancreas. In contrast, viral antigen was not demonstrated in any
tissues from the chicken/HK-inoculated gulls, and inflammatory lesions were
confined to the air sac (3/8) and lungs (3/8). Both viruses were isolated at
low titers (<101.68 mean embryo lethal dose) from oropharyngeal and cloacal
swabs up to 7 days postinoculation (DPI), from the lung and kidney of one of
two tern/SA-inoculated gulls at 14 DPI, and from the lung of one of two
chicken/HK-inoculated gulls at 7 DPI. Antibodies to influenza viruses as determined
with the agar gel precipitin test at 14 DPI were detected only in the two
tern/SA-inoculated gulls and not in the two chicken/HK-inoculated gulls.
Descriptors: infection, pharmacology, veterinary medicine,
avian influenza virus infection, infectious disease, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, agar gel precipitin test, immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques, cloacal swab, diagnostic techniques,
immunohistochemistry, intranasal influenza virus inoculation, oropharyngeal
swab.
Permin, A. (2004). Avian influenza is spreading.
Now avian influenza is also in pigs [Aviaer influenza breder sig nu ogsa aviaer
influenza hos svin]. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 87(19): 10-11. ISSN: 0106-6854.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 D23
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, pigs, poultry.
Peroulis, I. and K. O'Riley (2004). Detection of
avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in
Victoria. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(1-2): 79-82. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Australia, avian paramyxoviruses, avian
influenza viruses, isolation and characterization, Aves, wild birds, wild duck,
pigeon, quail.
Peterson, M.J., R. Aguirre, P.J. Ferro, D.A. Jones,
T.A. Lawyer, M.N. Peterson, and N.J. Silvy (2002). Infectious disease survey
of Rio Grande wild turkeys in the Edwards Plateau of Texas. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 38(4): 826-833.
ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: State wildlife agencies have translocated
thousands of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) since the 1930s to
reestablish this species. Because of threats to the domestic poultry industry
and wild birds, screening for selected infectious agents has become routine
since the early 1980s. One of the principal sources for Rio Grande wild turkeys
(M. gallopavo intermedia) for translocation purposes was the Edwards
Plateau of Texas (USA). Unfortunately, turkey abundance has declined in the
southern Edwards Plateau since the late 1970s. Surprisingly few studies have
addressed wild turkeys in this region, perhaps reflecting its status as the
heart of Rio Grande turkey range. We surveyed 70 free-living Rio Grande wild
turkeys from Bandera and Kerr counties, Texas, for evidence of exposure to
Salmonella typhimurium, S. pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum,
M. meleagridis, M. synoviae, Chlamydophila psittaci, and
the avian influenza, Newcastle disease, turkey corona, and
reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Of these, 80% (56) were seropositive for both M.
gallisepticum and M. synoviae on the serum plate antigen test. Ten
of these individuals (14% of total) were positive for M. synoviae by
hemagglutination inhibition testing. All other serologic tests were negative.
Two adult females sampled in Kerr County, whose body mass was significantly
less than that of other adult females trapped in the area, tested positive for
reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) proviral DNA on polymerase chain reaction.
Reticuloendotheliosis virus was isolated from one of these individuals. The
pathogenesis, transmission, and/or population-level influences of M.
gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and REV in Rio Grande wild turkeys deserves
further study.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
wildlife management, avian influenza virus infection, epidemiology, viral
disease, Chlamydophila psittaci infection, bacterial disease,
epidemiology, Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, bacterial disease,
epidemiology, Mycoplasma meleagridis infection, bacterial disease,
epidemiology, Mycoplasma synoviae
infection, bacterial disease, epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus infection,
epidemiology, viral disease, reticuloendotheliosis virus infection,
epidemiology, viral disease, Salmonella pullorum infection, bacterial
disease, Salmonella typhimurium infection, bacterial disease, turkey
coronavirus infection, epidemiology, viral disease, hemagglutination inhibition
testing clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, polymerase chain reaction
clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, genetic techniques, laboratory
techniques, serology clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, serum plate
antigen test clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, species translocation
applied and field techniques, abundance population decline.
Peterson, M.J., P.J. Ferro, M.N. Peterson, R.M.
Sullivan, B.E. Toole, and N.J. Silvy (2002). Infectious disease survey of
lesser prairie chickens in North Texas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
38(4): 834-839. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Lesser prairie chicken (Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus) abundance, like that of most grassland birds, has declined
rangewide for decades. Although habitat loss and degradation are likely
ultimate causes for this decline, infectious agents, particularly
microparasites, could be proximate contributors. No surveys of pathogenic
bacteria or viruses have been published for this species. We surveyed 24
free-living lesser prairie chickens from Hemphill County, Texas (USA), for
evidence of exposure to Salmonella
typhimurium, S. pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Chlamydophila
psittaci, and the avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious
bronchitis, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Two of 18, and eight of 17
samples were seropositive for the Massachusetts and Arkansas serotypes of
infectious bronchitis virus, respectively. Five of the eight positive
individuals were juveniles, two of which were seropositive for both serotypes.
All other serologic and genetic tests were negative. Because the ecological
significance of these results is unknown, the pathogenesis, transmission,
and/or population-level influences of infectious bronchitis and related avian
coronaviruses for lesser prairie chickens deserves further study.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
wildlife management, avian influenza virus infection, epidemiology, viral
disease, Chlamydophila psittaci infection, bacterial disease,
epidemiology, infectious bronchitis virus infection, epidemiology, viral
disease, Mycoplasma infection, bacterial disease, epidemiology,
Newcastle disease virus infection, epidemiology, viral disease,
reticuloendotheliosis virus infection, epidemiology, viral disease,
salmonellosis, bacterial disease, epidemiology, serology clinical techniques,
diagnostic techniques, abundance habitat degradation, habitat loss, population
decline.
Pfitzer, S., D.J. Verwoerd, G.H. Gerdes, A.E.
Labuschagne, A. Erasmus, R.J. Manvell, and C. Grund (2000). Newcastle
disease and avian influenza A virus in wild waterfowl in South Africa. Avian
Diseases 44(3): 655-660. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In an intensive ostrich farming area in South
Africa with a history of ostrich influenza outbreaks, we conducted a survey of
avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in wild aquatic
birds. During late autumn and winter 1998, the time of year when outbreaks in
ostriches typically start to occur, 262 aquatic birds comprising 14 species
were sampled and tested for both virus infections. From eight samples, AIV, serotype
H10N9, could be isolated. All isolates were apathogenic as determined by the
intravenous pathogenicity index (0.00). Conversely, none of 33 sera of these
wild birds showed antibodies against H10. However, one bird was found
serologically positive for H6 AIV. This AIV serotype was later isolated from
ostriches during an avian influenza outbreak in this area. No NDV was isolated
although 34 of 46 serum samples contained NDV-specific antibodies. This is the
first H10N9 isolate to be reported from Africa. In addition, our data support
the notion that wild aquatic birds may function as a reservoir for AIV and NDV
in South Africa.
Descriptors: infection, virology, Newcastle disease, viral
disease, avian influenza A infection, viral disease, ostrich influenza
infection, viral disease, intravenous pathogenicity index.
Pharo, H.J. (2003). The impact of new
epidemiological information on a risk analysis for the introduction of avian
influenza viruses in imported poultry meat. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 988-995. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: New Zealand has never experienced an outbreak
of avian influenza, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has long been
wary of the possibility of introducing high-pathogenicity avian influenza
(HPAI) viruses in imported goods. Besides the potential threat posed to
poultry, there are concerns that introduced viruses might have negative effects
on already endangered native avian species. Under the framework of the World
Trade Organization, the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) agreement requires
member countries to base their sanitary measures for imported animal products
on the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) standard or on a scientific
assessment of risk. This paper presents the New Zealand experience with
assessing the risk of avian influenza viruses in imported chicken meat and
considers how the assessment of risk has changed in recent years as a result of
the advances in understanding of the disease. The currently accepted view that
low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses are widespread and that they
mutate to virulence after introduction into poultry has important implications
concerning the appropriate definition for avian influenza viruses of regulatory
concern and has possible implications concerning the significance of viruses
present in this country.
Descriptors: epidemiology, foods, infection, disease risk
analysis, clinical techniques, imported poultry meat, poultry product, viral
contamination phytosanitary agreement, SPS agreement, viral introduction.
Philpott, M.S., B.C. Easterday, and V.S. Hinshaw
(1989). Antigenic and phenotypic variants of a virulent avian influenza
virus selected during replication in ducks. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
25(4): 507-13. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: To evaluate the replication of a highly
virulent avian influenza A virus in a potential reservoir host, mallard ducks (Anas
platyrhynchos) were inoculated with the virulent strain A/Ty/Ont/7732/66
(H5N9). Viruses recovered from the ducks were analyzed by hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and found to
possess antigenically altered viral hemagglutinins. Plaque formation on the
Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line and on primary chicken embryo cells
was investigated, and isolates recovered from the ducks differed from the wild
type by being unable to form plaques on MDCK cells without trypsin. This
phenotype did not appear to be due to inefficient cleavage of the hemagglutinin
by host cell proteases since hemagglutinin immunoprecipitated from cell lysates
was cleaved. Although the plaquing phenotype suggested attenuation of the
isolates from the ducks, they were not significantly altered in their virulence
for chickens shown by infectivity studies in vivo. These results indicate that
replication of influenza A/Ty/Ont/7732/66 virus in ducks can produce antigenic
and phenotypic variants which are still highly virulent for domestic poultry.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, fowl plague microbiology,
influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, antibodies, monoclonal immunology,
antigenic variation, cell line, chickens, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,
fowl plague mortality, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinins viral
analysis, hemagglutinins viral metabolism, influenza A virus avian growth and
development, influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza A virus avian
physiology, phenotype, plaque assay, virulence, virus replication.
Piccirillo, A., M. Calabria, A. Baiano, G. Marotta,
and A. Fioretti (1999). Avian influenza viruses in pheasants reared under
intensive condition. A virological investigation. Selezione Veterinaria
(Italy) (8/9): 663-668. ISSN:
0037-1521.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: epidemiology, disease surveys, avian
influenza virus, Italy, game birds, pheasants.
Pilet, C. (1980). Proceedings of an International
Symposium, held on September 13 and 14, 1979 at the Ecole Nationale Veterinaire
d'Alfort, France. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious
Diseases. Special Issue on Animal and Human Influenzas 3(1/2): xvi +
246. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: influenza virus, humans, zoonoses, equine,
porcine, avian, symposium.
Pilet, C., G. Dauphin, and S. Zientara (2004). Actualites
en pathologie comparee: sur quelques maladies animales menacantes pour l'homme.
[Advances in comparative pathology: some zoonoses threatening man]. Bulletin
De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine 188(5): 823-36. ISSN: 0001-4079.
Abstract: The last major human epidemics of infectious
diseases have arisen from animals. Some of them are especially threatening. The
authors call attention to the danger of spread of avian influenza, either
directly or indirectly through genetic rearrangements. They underline the role
of animals in the epidemiology of SARS, West Nile virus, hepatitis E, NIPA and
Hendra virus, ehrlichiosis and Lyme disease. The authors recommend health
surveillance not only in humans but also in animals; the teaching of zoonoses,
and research on animal diseases transmissible to humans.
Descriptors: virus diseases transmission, zoonoses.
Pint, L.H. and R.A. Lamb (2004). Viral ion
channels as models for ion transport and targets for antiviral drug action.
FEBS Letters 560(1-3): 1-2. ISSN:
0014-5793.
NAL
Call Number: QD415.F4
Descriptors: influenza infection, solid state NMR,
laboratory techniques, antiviral drug action targets, immune system, membranes,
immune surveillance, ion transport models, proton transfer reaction model,
viral life cycle.
Podcherniaeva, R.I.A., I.A. Miasnikova, V.K. Blinova,
R.V. Belousova, and V.P. Andreev (1979). Izuchenie svoistv virusov grippa,
vydelennykh v 1976 g. ot chaikovykh ptits v Astrakhanskoi oblasti. [Properties
of the influenza viruses isolated in 1976 from gulls in Astrakhan Province].
Voprosy Virusologii (3): 227-32.
ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Investigation of a number of properties of
influenza viruses isolated from Laridae birds in the Astrakhan region showed
that in one epizootic focus avian influenza viruses with different
hemagglutinins and identical neuraminidase may circulate among Laridae birds.
Among viruses with the antigenic formula Hav5Nav2 clear-cut differences in
virulence and plaque-forming capacity were demonstrated.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, chick embryo, chickens,
cytopathogenic effect, viral, hemagglutination, viral, hemagglutinins viral
analysis, influenza A virus immunology, influenza A virus pathogenicity, mice,
neuraminidase analysis, plaque assay, Russia, virulence, virus replication.
Poli, G. and L. Bonizzi (2004). Avian influenza:
not a danger [Influenza aviare: nessun pericolo]. Informatore Agrario
60(11): 33-34. ISSN: 0020-0689.
NAL
Call Number: 281.8 In32
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease prevention,
disease transmission, hygiene, occupational transmission, poultry, poultry
farming.
Pollack, C.V.J., C.W. Kam, and Y.K. Mak (1998). Update:
isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from human beings--Hong Kong,
1997-1998. Annals of Emergency Medicine 31(5): 647-9. ISSN: 0196-0644.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, influenza A virus human,
poultry diseases transmission, poultry diseases virology, adolescent,
adult, case control studies, chickens, child, child, preschool, ducks, Hong
Kong epidemiology, infant, influenza epidemiology, influenza veterinary, middle
aged, neutralization tests, population surveillance, poultry diseases
epidemiology.
Portnoy, J., K. Bloom, and T.C. Merigan (1973). The
effect of bursectomy and thymectomy on the course of avian influenza virus
infection. Cellular Immunology 9(2): 251-62. ISSN: 0008-8749.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C4
Descriptors: bird diseases immunology, bursa of fabricius
immunology, influenza immunology, thymus gland immunology, antigens, bursa of
fabricius drug effects, chickens, erythrocytes immunology, hemagglutination
tests, immunoelectrophoresis, lectins pharmacology, lymphocyte activation,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, radiation chimera, sheep immunology, testosterone
pharmacology, thymectomy.
Poss, P.E., D.A. Halvorson, and D. Karunakaran (
1981). Economic impact of avian influenza in domestic fowl in the U.S. Feedstuffs
53(32): 15. ISSN: 0014-9624.
NAL
Call Number: 286.81 F322
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, economics, disease
control, poultry, impact, United States.
Poss, P.E., D.A. Halvorson, and D. Karunakaran.
(1981). Economic impact of avian influenza in domestic fowl in the United
States. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Avian
Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 100-111.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Minnesota,
economic impact, chickens, turkeys, outbreaks, symposium.
Potter, P. (2004). "One medicine" for
animal and human health. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(12):
2269-2270. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,
Ebola virus disease, SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile fever,
avian influenza, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, prion disease, Edward Hicks
artist, zoonosis, biography, history, epidemiology.
Pourbakhsh, S.A., M. Khodashenas, M. Kianizadeh, and
H. Goodarzi (2000 ). Isolation and identification of avian influenza virus H9N2
subtype. Archives of Razi Institute (51): 27-38. ISSN: 0365-3439.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.A73
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, antibodies,
epidemiology, identification, immune response, virulence, Iran.
Powell, W. (2004). Policy development for low
pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). In: Learning and Playing in a Winter
Wonderland, Ontario Veterinary Medical Association Conference Proceedings,
Ottawa, Canada, p. 297-300.
Descriptors: disease control, legislation,
mutations, outbreaks, policy, amino acids, poultry, sentinel surveillance,
waterfowl, zoonoses, avian influenza virus, fowl.
Profeta, M.L. and G. Palladino (1986). Serological
evidence of human infections with avian influenza viruses. Brief report. Archives
of Virology 90(3-4): 355-60. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Two hundred ninety-four subjects from Milan
were tested for serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and
neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies to five avian influenza viruses. No HI
antibodies were found in all the serum samples. On the contrary, NI antibodies
to each strain were detected depending on the year of birth of the subjects.
Descriptors: influenza immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinins viral immunology,
influenza microbiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, neuraminidase
antagonists and inhibitors, neuraminidase immunology.
Pysina, T.V. and A.S. Gorbunova (1970). Sootnosheniia
mezhdu patogennost'iu virusov grippa ptits dlia laboratornykh zhivotnykh i
infitsirovaniem avifauny. [Relation between the pathogenicity of avian
influenza viruses for laboratory animals and infection of avifauna]. Voprosy
Virusologii 15(3): 298-301. ISSN:
0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, orthomyxoviridae
pathogenicity, bird diseases epidemiology, chickens, Czechoslovakia, ducks,
England, influenza epidemiology,
influenza microbiology, mice, Scotland, Siberia, South Africa, tissue culture,
virus cultivation.
Quirk, M. (2004). USA to manufacture two million
doses of pandemic flu vaccine. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(11):
654. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines supply and distribution, drug
industry, United States, vaccination.
Raleigh, P.J. (2004). Avian influenza. Irish
Veterinary Journal 57(3): 154-156.
ISSN: 0368-0762.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Ir4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis, disease
control, disease prevention, disease transmission, fowl diseases, lesions,
poultry, viral replication, zoonoses, fowl, reviews.
Ranck, F.M.J., L.C. Grumbles, C.F. Hall, and J.E.
Grimes (1970). Serology and gross lesions of turkeys inoculated with an
avian influenza A virus, a paramyxovirus, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
Avian Diseases 14(1): 54-65.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: Mycoplasma infections pathology,
orthomyxoviridae infections pathology, poultry diseases, antibody formation,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, immune sera analysis, lung diseases
pathology, lung diseases veterinary, mycoplasma pathogenicity, Mycoplasma
infections immunology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae
infections immunology, pulmonary alveoli immunology, pulmonary alveoli
microbiology, pulmonary alveoli pathology, turkeys.
Rao, B.L., N.P. Gupta, and P.K. Deshmukh (1979). Isolation
of duck influenza virus from Tirunelveli town in Tamil Nadu. Indian
Journal of Medical Research 70: 687-90.
ISSN: 0971-5916.
Descriptors: ducks, fowl plague microbiology, influenza A
virus avian isolation and purification, antigens, viral isolation and
purification, fowl plague immunology, hemagglutination tests, India.
Rao, V.S.R. (1990). Diseases of the chickens. 1.
Viral diseases. (xiv) Avian influenza. Poultry Adviser 23(3):
75-76. ISSN: 0970-1958.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.P622
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, chickens.
Rassool, G.H. (2004). Unprecedented spread of
avian influenza requires broad collaboration. Journal of Advanced
Nursing 46(5): 567. ISSN: 0309-2402.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza A virus, avian influenza, avian influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, international cooperation, zoonoses transmission.
Ready, T. (2004). Race for pandemic flu vaccine
rife with hurdles. Nature Medicine 10(3): 214. ISSN: 1078-8956.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines, chickens, clinical trials,
influenza virology.
Reeves, K. (1998). New strain of influenza type A
in Hong Kong. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology the Official
Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 19(2):
141. ISSN: 0899-823X.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza prevention and
control, population surveillance.
Reid, A.H., T.G. Fanning, R.D. Slemons, T.A.
Janczewski, J. Dean, and J.K. Taubenberger (2003). Relationship of pre-1918
avian influenza HA and NP sequences to subsequent avian influenza strains. Avian
Diseases 47(Special Issue): 921-925.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Wild waterfowl that were captured between
1915 and 1919 and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol were tested for influenza A
virus RNA. Most of the HA1 domain of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene segment was
sequenced from one bird, captured in 1917, that was infected with a virus of
the same HA subtype as the 1918 human pandemic virus. The 1917 HA sequence is
closely related to modern avian HA sequences, suggesting little drift in avian
sequences in 80 years and that the 1918 pandemic virus probably did not acquire
its hemagglutinin directly from a bird. A 151-bp fragment of the nucleoprotein
gene segment was sequenced from two pre-1918 birds and compared to avian and
mammalian influenza strains. The 1917 avian NP sequences are also closely
related to modern avian sequences and distinct from the mammalian clade in
which the 1918 NP sequence is found.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, molecular genetics,
pandemic.
Reid, S.W.J. (ed.), F.D. Menzies (ed.), and A.M.
Russell (ed.). (2004). Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive
Medicine Proceedings of a meeting, Martigny, Switzerland, p. 225.
NAL
Call Number:
SF780.9.S63
Descriptors: epidemiology, antibiotics,
diagnosis, disease control, disease prevalence, disease transmission, domestic
animals, drug resistance, milk production, milk quality, models, risk factors,
animal trade, zoonoses, cattle, dogs, horses, pigs, sheep, poultry,
proceedings.
Reina, J. (2004). Gripe aviar. Una amenaza
constante para el ser humano. [Avian influenza. A continual threat to human
beings]. Medicina Clinica 122(9): 339-41. ISSN: 0025-7753.
NAL
Call Number: R21.M43
Descriptors: avian influenza, humans, continual threat,
birds, pigs.
Renegar, K.B. (1992). Influenza virus infections
and immunity: a review of human and animal models. Laboratory Animal
Science 42(3): 222-32. ISSN: 0023-6764.
NAL
Call Number: 410.9 P94
Abstract: Studies of the pathogenesis of influenza
infection have involved the extensive use of animal models. The development of
the current concepts of immunity to influenza and of the contribution the
secretory immune system makes toward the protection of mucosal surfaces against
influenza infection would have been impossible without this use of animals. The
pathology and clinical signs of influenza infection in both natural and
experimental hosts, the advantages and disadvantages of the most common
experimental influenza infection models, and the contribution of animal models
to the understanding of local and systemic immunity to influenza infection are
discussed.
Descriptors: influenza immunology, influenza veterinary,
antibody formation, disease models, animal, ferrets, fowl plague immunology,
hamsters, haplorhini, horse diseases immunology, horses, influenza A virus
avian, influenza A virus human, influenza A virus, porcine, influenza A virus,
influenza vaccine administration and dosage, mice.
Resanovic, R. (1998). Avian influenza. Zivinarstvo
33(6): 125-129.
Descriptors: poultry, epidemiology, clinical aspects,
diagnosis, treatment, avian influenza virus.
Rezza, G. (2004). Avian influenza: a human
pandemic threat? Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health 58(10): 807-8. ISSN: 0143-005X.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza, avian transmission, zoonoses epidemiology, communicable diseases,
emerging epidemiology, communicable diseases, emerging prevention and control,
influenza prevention and control.
Robinson, H.L., L.A. Hunt, and R.G. Webster (1993). Protection
against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a
haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA. Vaccine 11(9): 957-60. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Direct DNA inoculations have been used to
demonstrate that in vivo transfections can be used to elicit protective immune
responses. The direct inoculation of an H7 haemagglutinin-expressing DNA
protected chickens against lethal challenge with an H7N7 influenza virus.
Three-week-old chickens were vaccinated by inoculating 100 micrograms of plasma
DNA by each of three routes (intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous).
One month later, chickens were boosted with 100 micrograms of DNA by each of
the three routes. At 1-2 weeks postboost, chickens were challenged via the
nares with 100 lethal doses of an H7N7 virus. Low to undetectable levels of
H7-specific antibodies were present postvaccination and boost. High titres of
H7-specific antibodies appeared within 1 week of challenge. In a series of four
experiments, 50% (28/56) of the DNA-vaccinated and < 2% (1/67) of the
control chickens survived the challenge. This exceptionally simple method of
immunization holds high promise for the development of subunit vaccines.
Descriptors: DNA, viral genetics, defective viruses
immunology, genetic vectors, hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza
prevention and control, influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza vaccine
immunology, leukosis virus, avian genetics, plasmids, recombinant fusion
proteins immunology, amantadine pharmacology, chickens immunology, defective
viruses drug effects, defective viruses genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral biosynthesis, hemagglutinins viral
genetics, immunity, active, immunization, influenza A virus avian drug effects,
influenza A virus avian genetics, recombinant fusion proteins biosynthesis,
recombinant fusion proteins genetics, specific pathogen free organisms,
transfection.
Robinson, J.H. and B.C. Easterday (1979). Avian
influenza virus infection of the immunosuppressed turkey. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 40(9): 1219-22. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: immunosuppression, orthomyxoviridae
infections veterinary, poultry diseases immunology, turkeys immunology, bursa
of fabricius immunology, bursa of fabricius surgery, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, hemagglutinins viral immunology, immunity, cellular,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology.
Robinson, J.H., B.C. Easterday, and B. Tumova (1979).
Influence of environmental stress on avian influenza virus infection. Avian Diseases 23(2): 346-353. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, environmental stress,
environmental temperature, heat, cold, transportation, food deprivation,
carrier state, poultry, turkeys.
Rogers, G.N. and B.L. D'Souza (1989). Receptor
binding properties of human and animal H1 influenza virus isolates. Virology
173(1): 317-22. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: It has been previously reported that several
human H1 influenza viruses isolated prior to 1956, in contrast to human H3
isolates which are quite specific for SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences, apparently
recognize both SA alpha 2,3Gal and SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences (Rogers, G.N., and
Paulson, J.C., Virology 127, 361-373, 1983). In this report human H1 isolates
representative of two epidemic periods, from 1934 to 1957 and from 1977 to
1986, and H1 influenza isolated from pigs, ducks, and turkeys were compared for
their ability to utilize sialyloligosaccharide structures containing terminal
SA alpha 2,3Gal or SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences as receptor determinants. Five of
the eight human isolates from the first epidemic period recognize both SA alpha
2,3Gal and SA alpha 2,6Gal linkages, in agreement with our previous results. Of
the remaining three strains, all isolated towards the end of the first
epidemic, two appear to prefer SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences while the third
preferentially binds SA alpha 2,3Gal sequences. In contrast to the early
isolates, 11 of 13 human strains isolated during the second epidemic period
preferentially bind SA alpha 2,6Gal containing oligosaccharides. On the basis
of changes in receptor binding associated with continued passage in the
laboratory for some of these later strains, it seems likely that human H1
isolates preferentially bind SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences in nature, and that
acquisition of SA alpha 2,3Gal-binding is associated with laboratory passage.
Influenza H1 viruses isolated from pigs were predominantly SA alpha
2,6Gal-specific while those isolated from ducks were primarily SA alpha
2,3Gal-specific. Thus, as has been previously reported for H3 influenza
isolates, receptor specificity for influenza H1 viruses appears to be
influenced by the species from which they were isolated, human isolates binding
preferentially to SA alpha 2,6Gal-containing oligosaccharides while those
isolated from ducks prefer SA alpha 2,3Gal-containing oligosaccharides.
However, unlike the SA alpha 2,6Gal-specific H3 isolates, binding to cell
surface receptors by the H1 influenza viruses is not sensitive to inhibition by
horse serum glycoproteins, regardless of their receptor specificity. These
results suggest that, while the H1 and H3 hemagglutinins appear to be subject
to similar host-derived selective pressures, there appear to be certain
fundamental differences in the detailed molecular interaction of the two
hemagglutinins with their sialyloligosaccharide receptor determinants.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian metabolism, influenza
A virus human metabolism, influenza A virus, porcine metabolism, influenza A
virus metabolism, orthomyxoviridae metabolism, receptors, virus metabolism,
ducks, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutination tests, species
specificity, swine, turkeys.
Rojas, H., R. Moreira, P. Avalos, I. Capua, and S.
Marangon (2002). Avian influenza in poultry in Chile. Veterinary
Record 151(6): 188. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, Chile epidemiology, avian
isolation and purification, poultry.
Romvary, J., J. Meszaros, K. Barb, and I. Matskasi
(1980). The role of wild birds in the spread of influenza viruses. Acta
Microbiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 27(4): 269-77. ISSN: 0001-6187.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC84
Abstract: Eggs deposited by different migrating wild
bird species in pond farm areas in Hungary were examined for yolk antibodies to
different variants of human A/H3N2 influenza virus. Antibodies to Victoria/75
and Texas/77 occurred in 17.9 and 32.0% of gull eggs, and 5.6 and 16.4% of
common tern eggs, respectively, while antibodies to A/H1N1/77 occurred in
roughly similar proportions (10.2 and 13.4%) in the eggs of both species.
Infection of the gull and tern populations of given areas by human and avian
influenza A viruses differed greatly in two consecutive hatching periods. While
in 1978 7.6 and 1.1% of the gull and tern eggs, respectively, contained
antibodies to the avian subtype Havl, no such antibodies were found in 1977.
Subtype A/H3N2/Texas/77 virus was isolated from adult gulls and 1-3 weeks old
gull chicks, and subtype H1N1 virus from mallard ducks. Three months before the
onset of the Texas/77 epidemic, 95% of SPF chickens, and 71-81% of chickens
hatched 3 months after termination of the A/H1N1/77 epidemic, had had HI, VN
and SRH antibodies to the Texas/77 strain and A/H1N1/77 strains, respectively.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus human
isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, antibodies,
viral analysis, Hungary, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification,
human immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections microbiology.
Romvary, J., J. Meszaros, J. Tanyi, J.F.L. Rozsa,
Rippen (ed.), and H. D. Schroder (ed.). (1977). Zur Bedeutung des Vorkommens
aviarer Influenzavirusstamme des Subtyps Hav5. [Importance of avian influenza
virus strains of subtype Hav5 (first report of its isolation in Europe)].
In: Erkrankungen der Zootiere. Verhandlungsbericht des XIX. Internationalen
Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zootiere vom 18. Mai bis 27, Poznan,
Poland, p. 181-182.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Hav 5,
epidemiology, Anseriformes, Europe.
Ronda, E., A. Garcia Gancedo, L. Alonso, P. Vilas,
and L. Lucas (1966). Killed fowl plague virus vaccine obtained from chick
embryo cells. Microbiologia Espanola 19(3): 257-80. ISSN: 0026-2595.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 M583
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian, viral vaccines,
virus cultivation, chick embryo, chickens, HeLa cells, orthomyxoviridae
infections immunology, tissue culture, vaccination.
Roslaia, I.G., D.K. L'vov, and S.S. Iamnikova (1984).
Infitsirovannost' ozernykh chaek virusami grippa. [Incidence of influenza
virus infection in black-headed gulls]. Voprosy Virusologii 29(2):
155-7. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Two strains of influenza A viruses were
isolated in 1978 from tracheal washings of 18 nestlings of black-headed gulls
examined for influenza. Three strains of influenza A viruses were isolated in
1979 from 55 gull embryos collected in the same colony, the isolates being
similar in their antigenic characteristics with the influenza virus isolated
from a gull nestling in 1978. This confirms the possibility of simultaneous
circulation of antigenically different variants of influenza A virus among
birds in the same colony and transoviral transmission of virus to the
offsprings.
Descriptors: bird diseases epidemiology, fowl plague
epidemiology, bird diseases microbiology, bird diseases transmission, birds,
cloaca microbiology, embryo, nonmammalian microbiology, fowl plague
microbiology, fowl plague transmission, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, Siberia, trachea microbiology.
Roth, J.A. and A.R. Spickler (2003). A survey of
vaccines produced for OIE List A diseases in OIE member countries. Developmental
Biology 114: 5-58. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Descriptors: pharmacology, pathology, prevention, control,
African horse sickness, Newcastle disease, bluetongue, contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia, foot and mouth disease, goat pox, highly pathogenic avian
influenza, lumpy skin disease, peste des petits ruminants, Rift Valley fever,
rinderpest, sheep pox, swine fever, vesicular stomatitis, Office International
des Epizooties, OIE, List A diseases, member countries, symposium.
Rott, R. (1997). Influenza, eine besondere Form
einer Zoonose. [Influenza, a special form of zoonosis]. Berliner Und
Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 110(7-8): 241-6. ISSN: 0005-9366.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 B45
Abstract: Findings based on molecular genetics and
phylogeny indicate that avian species represent an important reservoir for
influenza viruses and that virus strains of man and different mammals
originated from avian influenza virus ancestors. In contrast to infectious
agents causing classical zoonoses, influenza viruses have to alter their
genetic make up in order to change their host range. The special, segmented
structure of the viral RNA allows an exchange of gene(s) between two different
influenza viruses (reassortment) resulting in viruses with different
combinations of genome segments and thereby creating new biological properties.
Under the selective pressure of the new host the most adapted virus variants
will succeed which arose from a genetically heterogeneous virus population with
additional mutations. In particular mutations of the genes encoding the
polymerase complex (mutator mutations) would be advantageous for rapid
adaptation in a hostile environment. The generation of influenza viruses
capable of overcoming the species barrier is a rare event since only virus
variants will succeed which are genetically stable and transmissible and which
replicate efficiently in the new host. It is considered likely that pigs act as
intermediate hosts for adaptation of avian viruses to man.
Descriptors: influenza transmission, influenza veterinary,
orthomyxoviridae genetics, zoonoses, birds, mammals, mutation, orthomyxoviridae
pathogenicity, species specificity, swine, variation genetics.
Rott, R. (1984). Zur Epidemiologie der aviaren
Influenza. [Epidemiology of avian influenza]. In: Tagung der Fachgruppe
Tierseuchenrecht, Deutsche Veterinarmedizinische Gesellschaft, p. 156-163.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
epidemiology.
Rott, R., H. Becht, and M. Orlich (1974). The
significance of influenza virus neuraminidase in immunity. Journal of
General Virology 22(1): 35-41. ISSN:
0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: antibody formation, antigens, viral, fowl
plague immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, neuraminidase analysis,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, chickens immunology, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, hemagglutinins viral analysis, immune sera, immunization, influenza
veterinary, avian enzymology, neutralization tests, orthomyxoviridae
enzymology, rabbits immunology, swine, swine diseases microbiology.
Rott, R., H.D. Klenk, Y. Nagai, and M. Tashiro
(1995). Influenza viruses, cell enzymes, and pathogenicity. American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152(4, Pt. 2):
S16-9. ISSN: 1073-449X.
Abstract: Proteolytic cleavage of the influenza virus
hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) by cellular proteases is a prerequisite for
virus infectivity, spread of the virus in the infected organism, tissue
tropism, and viral pathogenicity. Production of infectious virus depends upon
the structure at the HA cleavage site as well as the substrate specificity and
the distribution of appropriate enzymes. Differences exist in the specificities
of the endoproteases that recognize the different sequence motifs at the
cleavage site. With avian influenza viruses that cause lethal systemic
infections, the cleavage site consists of multibasic amino acids. Furin, which
activates this type of HA, is a member of the subtilisin family and represents
the prototype of ubiquitously occurring membrane-bound proteases. On the other
hand, serine proteases secreted from a restricted number of cell types and some
bacterial enzymes recognize a monobasic cleavage signal at HA of the mammalian
and the apathogenic avian influenza viruses. The limited occurrence of these
proteases results in only localized infection. Implementation of these defined
conditions for virus activation may represent a novel type of disease control.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral physiology,
orthomyxoviridae enzymology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, serine
endopeptidases physiology, subtilisins physiology, furin, hemagglutinins viral
chemistry, substrate specificity.
Roy, G., J. Burton, J. Lecomte, and A. Boudreault
(1983). Role des passeriformes dans l'ecologie du virus grippal. [Role of
passerine birds in the ecology of influenza viruses]. Revue Canadienne
De Biologie Experimentale 42(1): 73-81.
ISSN: 0714-6140.
NAL
Call Number: QH316.5.E9
Abstract: A total of 267 passerine birds distributed
among 37 species were netted during spring 1980 and summer 1981 in the
Laurentian and Montreal areas. All the cloacal swabs collected at that time wer
free of influenza viruses. Three and five days after oral administration of
avian or human influenza A virus strains, 108 isolates were obtained from 42 of
134 passerine birds. Positive samples were recovered mainly from the
respiratory and the digestive tract and also from liver. Spleen and kidneys.
Viral replication is cells from trachea, lungs, gizzard and caecum was detected
by indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal antibody to influenza A virus
nucleoprotein. Viral transmission from inoculated to non inoculated birds
placed in the same cages was not observed. On the other hand a similar
experimental inoculation of young mallard ducks showed that extensive viral
transmission occurred from inoculated to non inoculated ducklings and that
infection was found exclusively in the digestive tract. Furthermore viruses
were detected in samples of drinking water from all cages containing infected
ducks. Passerine birds do not represent an important reservoir of influenza
viruses but might contribute to the formation and spreading of recombinants
potentially pathogenic for man and animals.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, ecology, fowl plague
microbiology, influenza microbiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity,
human pathogenicity, fowl plague transmission, influenza transmission, Quebec.
Saiatov, M.K.H., R.U. Beisembaeva, D.K. L'vov, K.D.
Daulbaeva, and I.A. Miasnikova (1981). Izuchenie virusov grippa, vydelennykh
ot dikikh ptits. [Influenza viruses isolated from wild birds]. Voprosy
Virusologii (4): 466-71. ISSN:
0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Ninety-eight hemagglutinating agents were
isolated from washings of cloaca and organs of 750 birds collected in southern
and southeastern regions of the Kazakh SSR. Determinations of their type
appurtenance allowed 36 agents to be classified into influenza A virus. Among
them 4 strains had H1N1 surface antigens, 29 strains were Hav2 Nav5 and 3
strains had unidentified neuraminidase and Hav2. The data on the biological
properties of influenza virus strains of both subtypes are presented.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, animals, wild, antigens, viral analysis,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutination, viral, avian
classification, Kazakhstan, neuraminidase analysis.
Saito, T., T. Horimoto, Y. Kawaoka, D.A. Senne, and
R.G. Webster (1994). Emergence of a potentially pathogenic H5N2 influenza
virus in chickens. Virology 201(2): 277-84. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses
periodically infect both humans and nonhuman animals, including chickens. To
gain insight into the origin of influenza outbreaks in poultry, we investigated
two H5N2 viruses, A/chicken/Pennsylvania/13609/93 (Ck/PA/93) and
A/chicken/Florida/25717/93 (Ck/FLA/93), that had been isolated in live-bird
markets in Pennsylvania and Florida during surveillance studies in 1993.
Phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes of these isolates, as well as H5N2
viruses isolated from ruddy turnstone surfbirds in 1991 (A/ruddy
turnstone/Delaware/244/91 [RT/DE/91]) and other known H5 strains, indicated that
Ck/PA/93 and Ck/FLA/93 share a common ancestor with RT/DE/91 and did not
originate from A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (Ck/PA/1370/83), which devastated
chicken populations in 1983-1984. Both isolates were nonpathogenic in chickens
by experimental infection and their HA protein (HA0) could not be cleaved into
HA1 and HA2 without trypsin. The sequences at the HA cleavage sites of Ck/PA/93
and Ck/FLA/93 (R-K-T-R) appear to be intermediate between those of virulent and
avirulent viruses, raising the possibility that a single mutation could promote
virulence in chickens. We therefore recommend eradication of such viruses as
soon as they appear.
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, fowl plague
microbiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, amino acid sequence,
antibodies, monoclonal immunology, antigens, viral immunology, base sequence,
birds microbiology, DNA, viral, ducks microbiology, avian genetics, avian
immunology, avian isolation and purification, molecular sequence data,
phylogeny, virulence.
Saito, T., Y. Kawaoka, and R.G. Webster (1993). Phylogenetic
analysis of the N8 neuraminidase gene of influenza A viruses. Virology
193(2): 868-76. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Phylogenetic analysis of the N8 neuraminidase
(NA) genes from 18 influenza A viruses, representing equine and avian hosts in
different geographic locations, revealed three major lineages: (i) currently
circulating equine 2 viruses; (ii) avian viruses isolated in the Eurasian
region, including A/Equine/Jilin/1/89, a recent avian-like N8 isolate found in
horses in China; and (iii) avian viruses isolated in North America. Comparison
of mutation rates indicated that avian N8 genes have evolved more slowly than
their equine counterparts. That is, in both avian lineages, 72% of the
nucleotide changes were silent in the terminal branches of the phylogenetic
tree, whereas in equine 2 viruses, 59% of the nucleotide changes were silent.
This suggests greater selective pressure on the NA gene from the mammalian immune
system, leading to progressive evolution. Alternatively, the slower mutation
rate for avian N8 genes could reflect a selective advantage gained from a
longer, continuous span of evolution. The shape of the phylogenetic tree, the
evolutionary rate, and the calculated date of origin for the N8 equine 2 virus
lineage were comparable to findings for the equine 2 virus hemagglutinin (HA)
gene (Bean et al., J. Virol. 66, 1129-1138, 1992). This suggests that both
viral membrane glycoproteins of equine 2 viruses have evolved together and have
been subjected to similar levels of selective pressure. Several amino acid
residues were found to differ among the three host-specific lineages, but they
may not be involved in host restriction of the NA, as they are shared by
EQ/Jilin/1/89 and viruses of avian origin. The present findings complement
detailed structural information on the N2 and N9 subtypes and should prove
valuable in understanding future X-ray diffraction studies of N8 crystals.
Descriptors: genes, structural, viral, influenza A virus
genetics, neuraminidase genetics, phylogeny, amino acid sequence, base
sequence, cloning, molecular, ducks, Escherichia coli genetics, horses,
influenza A virus avian classification, avian enzymology, avian genetics,
influenza A virus classification, influenza A virus enzymology, models,
molecular, molecular sequence data, mutation, neuraminidase chemistry, protein
structure, secondary, RNA viral genetics, RNA viral isolation and purification,
sequence homology, amino acid, sequence homology, nucleic acid.
Samaan, G. (2005). Rumor surveillance and avian
influenza H5N1. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11(3): 463-6. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: We describe the enhanced rumor surveillance
during the avian influenza H5N1 outbreak in 2004. The World Health
Organization's Western Pacific Regional Office identified 40 rumors; 9 were
verified to be true. Rumor surveillance informed immediate public health action
and prevented unnecessary and costly responses.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza A virus, population surveillance methods, communication, disease
outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, avian influenza epidemiology, World Health
Organization.
Samadieh, B. (1971). Pathogenicity,
transmissibility and diagnosis of two strains of avian influenza-A viruses in
turkeys. Dissertation Abstracts International, B 31(9): 5440.
NAL
Call Number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus, diagnosis,
pathogenicity, transmissibility, turkeys.
Samadieh, B. and R.A. Bankowski (1970). Effect of
avian influenza-A viruses upon egg production and fertility of turkeys. Avian
Diseases 14(4): 715-22. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: eggs, fertility, influenza veterinary,
poultry diseases physiopathology, turkeys, antibodies analysis,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza physiopathology, insemination,
artificial, orthomyxoviridae, semen microbiology.
Samadieh, B. and R.A. Bankowski (1971). Transmissibility
of avian influenza-A viruses. American Journal of Veterinary Research
32(6): 939-45. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, influenza
veterinary, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, poultry diseases microbiology,
turkeys, antibodies analysis, bird diseases immunology, birds, carrier state
veterinary, chick embryo immunology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, immune
sera analysis, influenza immunology, injections, intramuscular, injections,
intravenous, nose microbiology, ovum immunology, poultry diseases
immunology, trachea microbiology.
Savic, V. (2001). Avian influenza: a continuous
threat to poultry production. Praxis Veterinaria (Zagreb) 49(1/2):
31-37. ISSN: 0350-4441.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis, prevention,
losses, poultry.
Schafer, J.R., Y. Kawaoka, W.J. Bean, J. Suss, D.
Senne, and R.G. Webster (1993). Origin of the pandemic 1957 H2 influenza A
virus and the persistence of its possible progenitors in the avian reservoir.
Virology 194(2): 781-8. ISSN:
0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: H2N2 influenza A viruses caused the Asian
pandemic of 1957 and then disappeared from the human population 10 years later.
To assess the potential for similar outbreaks in the future, we determined the
antigenicity of H2 hemagglutinins (HAs) from representative human and avian H2
viruses and then analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequences to determine
their evolutionary characteristics in different hosts. The results of
longitudinal virus surveillance studies were also examined to estimate the
prevalence of avian H2 isolates among samples collected from wild ducks and
domestic poultry. Reactivity patterns obtained with a large panel of monoclonal
antibodies indicated antigenic drift in the HA of human H2 influenza viruses,
beginning in 1962. Amino acid changes were clustered in two regions of HA1 that
correspond to antigenic sites A and D of the H3 HA. By contrast, the antigenic
profiles of the majority of avian H2 HAs were remarkably conserved through
1991, resembling the prototype Japan 57 (H2N2) strain. Amino acid changes were
distributed throughout HA1, indicating that antibodies do not play a major role
in the selection of avian H2 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two
geographic site-specific lineages of avian H2 HAs: North American and Eurasian.
Evidence is presented to support interregion transmission of gull H2 viruses.
The human H2 HAs that circulated in 1957-1968 form a separate phylogenetic
lineage, most closely related to the Eurasian avian H2 HAs. There was an
increased prevalence of H2 influenza viruses among wild ducks in 1988 in North
America, preceding the appearance of H2N2 viruses in domestic fowl. As the
prevalence of avian H2N2 influenza viruses increased on turkey farms and in
live bird markets in New York City and elsewhere, greater numbers of these
viruses have come into direct contact with susceptible humans. We conclude that
antigenically conserved counterparts of the human Asian pandemic strain of 1957
continue to circulate in the avian reservoir and are coming into closer
proximity to susceptible human populations.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, disease reservoirs,
hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus
genetics, orthomyxoviridae infections epidemiology, Americas epidemiology,
antibodies, monoclonal, antibodies, viral immunology, Asia epidemiology, birds
microbiology, Europe epidemiology, evolution, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl
plague genetics, genes viral genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus, influenza genetics, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian immunology,
human genetics, human immunology, influenza A virus immunology, molecular
sequence data, orthomyxoviridae
infections genetics, phylogeny, population surveillance, time factors.
Schild, G.C., E. Kurstak (ed.) and C. Kurstak (ed.) (1981). Influenza
infections in lower mammals and birds. In: Comparative Diagnosis of
Viral Diseases, Vol. IV, Chapter B, p. 151-183.
NAL
Call Number: RC114.5.C6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, equine influenza
virus, swine influenza virus, comparative diagnosis, mammals, birds.
Schild, G.C., R.W. Newman, R.G. Webster, D. Major,
and V.S. Hinshaw (1980). Antigenic analysis of influenza A virus surface
antigens: considerations for the nomenclature of influenza virus. Brief review.
Archives of Virology 63(3-4): 171-84.
ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: antigens, surface analysis, antigens, viral
analysis, hemagglutinins viral analysis, influenza A virus immunology,
antigens, viral classification, hemagglutinins viral classification, influenza
A virus avian immunology, human immunology, porcine immunology, neuraminidase
immunology, terminology.
Schmitt, B. (2003). International standards for
vaccines for List A diseases. Developmental Biology 114: 27-29. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Descriptors: pharmacology, prevention, control, foot and
mouth disease, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, Office International des
Epizooties, OIE, World Trade Organization, WTO, international standards,
international animal health code, List A diseases.
Schneeberger, P.M., R.A.M. Fouchier, J.M. Broekman,
S.A.G. Kemink, F.W. Rozendaal, M.P.G.
Koopmans, and A.D.M. Osterhaus (2003). A fatal case of infection with avian
influenza A virus (H7N7) of a veterinarian during a highly pathogenic avian
influenza outbreak in the Netherlands. Abstracts of the Interscience
Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, USA,
September 14-17, 2003 43: 492.
Descriptors: infection, occupational health, avian
influenza A virus, viral pneumonia, veterinarian, human death, Netherlands.
Scholtissek, C. (1987). Molecular aspects of the
epidemiology of virus disease. Experientia 43(11-12): 1197-201. ISSN: 0014-4754.
NAL
Call Number: 475 Ex7
Abstract: With regard to molecular epidemiology,
influenza A viruses belong to the best-studied virus systems. At least two
large reservoirs of influenza A viruses have been built up in nature, one in
humans and another one in water fowls. The latter one is very heterogenous,
consisting of viruses belonging to 13 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase
(NA) subtypes in almost all possible combinations. The segmented structure of
the influenza virus genome allows the creation of new influenza strains by
reassortment. By replacement of the HA gene of human strains new pandemic
viruses can be generated (antigenic shift). The particular structure of the HA
enables the human influenza A-viruses to create variants which can escape the
immune response of the host (antigenic drift). The nucleoprotein is responsible
for keeping those two large reservoirs apart. Mixing of genes of viruses from
these two reservoirs seems to happen predominantly by double infection of pigs,
which apparently are tolerant for infection by either human or avian influenza
viruses. The molecular mechanisms described for influenza viruses can be
explained by the particular structure of their genome and their components and
cannot be generalized. Each virus has developed its own strategy to multiply
and to spread.
Descriptors: influenza A virus genetics, orthomyxoviridae infections epidemiology, antigens, viral genetics, antigens, viral immunology, birds microbiology, capsid genetics, capsid immunology, disease reservoirs, genes viral, hemagglutinins genetics, hemagglutinins immunology, influenza A virus immunology, influenza A virus pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology,