Ahmad, K. (2005). Increased Asian collaboration in
fight against avian flu. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(1): 9. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: influenza, avian prevention and control,
international cooperation, southeastern Asia, birds, influenza, avian
mortality.
Al Natour, M.Q. and M.N. Abo Shehada (2005). Sero-prevalence
of avian influenza among broiler-breeder flocks in Jordan. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 70(1-2): 45-50.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.P7
Abstract: Thirty blood samples were collected randomly
from each of the 38 breeder-broiler farms in Jordan. Serum samples were examined
using indirect ELISA for specific antibodies to avian influenza virus. The
overall true flock-level sero-prevalence of avian influenza was 71% (95% CI:
55,83). Positive flocks had 2-30 sero-positive chickens and half of flocks had
>20 sero-positive birds. The number of sero-positive flocks varied in the
studied localities with more sero-positives in farms located within the
migratory route of migratory wild fowl. The examined broiler-breeder flocks had
no clinical signs, or noticeable decrease in egg production; mortalities were
within the normal range (0.1-1%). The number of positive sera/flock correlated
with flock size. There were a no significant (Pearsons r = 0.21, p = 0.21)
correlation between positive flocks and age. A non-pathogenic AI virus infects
broiler-breeder farms in Jordan. Wild local and migrating birds might promote
the further spread of this virus in Jordan and other countries.
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry, viral diseases,
broiler-breeder, ELISA, age influence, Jordan.
Alexander, D.J. (1998). Avian influenza ecology: a
brief review. Fish Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom) (3): 74-78.
Descriptors: fishes, fish diseases, avian influenza virus,
etiology, salmonoidei, animal diseases, bony fishes, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses, salmonidae.
Alexander, D.J. (1982). Avian influenza--recent
developments. Veterinary Bulletin 52(6): 341-359. ISSN: 0042-4854.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T752
Descriptors: recent developments, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, ducks.
Alexander, D.J. (1981). Current situation of avian
influenza in poultry in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
35-45.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry,
ducks, turkeys, Great Britain.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). The history of avian
influenza in poultry. World Poultry (Special): 7-8. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, Gallus
gallus, outbreaks, disease transmission, history.
Alexander, D.J. (1988). Influenza A isolations
from exotic caged birds. Veterinary Record 123(17): 442. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, England, fowl plague
microbiology, quarantine.
Alexander, D.J. (1998). Influenza aviare.
Epidemiologia ed attuale situazione mondiale. [Avian influenza. Epidemiology
and present world situation]. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12):
935-951.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: aviary birds, avian influenza virus,
epidemiology, etiology, viroses, animal diseases, pathogenicity, disease
transmission, zoonoses, human diseases, wild animals, chickens, turkeys, ducks,
ostriches, pheasants, geese, guinea fowl, quails, world, Anseriformes,
biological properties, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes, infectious
diseases, influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae,
pathogenesis, poultry, Struthioniformes, useful animals, viruses, wildlife.
Alexander, D.J. (1982). Isolation of influenza A
viruses from birds in Great Britain during 1980 and 1981. Veterinary
Record 111(14): 319-21. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: During 1980 and 1981 influenza A viruses of
subtypes H3N2, H3N8, H4N1, H4N6, H6N2, H6N8, H7N7, H11N8 and H11N9 were
isolated from birds in Great Britain, usually as a result of investigations of
disease or death. However, all viruses were shown to be of low virulence for
chickens in pathogenicity index tests. There was one occurrence of influenza
virus infection of turkeys (H6N8) but viruses were frequently obtained from
domestic ducks. Other viruses were isolated from exotic birds in zoos or bird
collections.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, animals, zoo microbiology, antibodies, viral
analysis, chickens, Great Britain, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity,
poultry microbiology.
Alexander, D.J. (1981). Isolation of influenza A
viruses from exotic birds in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
79-92.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, isolation of
influenza A virus, aviary birds, exotic birds, Great Britain.
Alexander, D.J. (1980). Isolation of influenza
viruses from avian species in Great Britain. Comparative Immunology,
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 165-70. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, influenza A virus isolation and purification,
turkeys microbiology, Great Britain, avian classification, influenza A virus
classification, serotyping.
Alexander, D.J. (2002). Keynote: Newcastle disease
and avian influenza. Research in Veterinary Science 72(Suppl. A):
15. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: infection, Newcastle disease, viral disease,
influenza virus A infection, viral disease, influenza virus B infection, viral
disease, influenza virus C infection, viral disease, mortality, virulence,
meeting abstract.
Alexander, D.J. (1989). New definitions for avian
influenza viruses requiring intervention by governments. Implications to the
situation in Great Britain. State Veterinary Journal (United Kingdom)
43(123): 172-187. ISSN: 0269-5545.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.S8
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, transmission,
poultry, wild birds, Great Britain,
laws.
Alexander, D.J. (1996). Orthomyxoviridae (avian
influenza). In: F.T.W. Jordan and M.
Pattison (editors), Poultry Diseases, 4th edition, London, UK, p. 156-165. ISBN: 0-7020-1912-7.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.P65 1996
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemiology,
diagnosis, control, immunization, poultry diseases.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). A review of avian
influenza in different bird species. Veterinary Microbiology
74(1-2): 3-13. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: Only type A influenza viruses are known to
cause natural infections in birds, but viruses of all 15 hemagglutinin and all
nine neuraminidase influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible
combinations have been isolated from avian species. Influenza A viruses
infecting poultry can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their
ability to cause disease. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI), in which mortality may be as high as 100%. These
viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all viruses of
these subtypes cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a much milder, primarily
respiratory disease, which may be exacerbated by other infections or environmental
conditions. Since 1959, primary outbreaks of HPAI in poultry have been reported
17 times (eight since 1990), five in turkeys and 12 in chickens. HPAI viruses
are rarely isolated from wild birds, but extremely high isolation rates of
viruses of low virulence for poultry have been recorded in surveillance
studies, giving overall figures of about 15% for ducks and geese and around 2%
for all other species. Influenza viruses have been shown to affect all types of
domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, but the frequency with
which primary infections occur in any type of bird depends on the degree of
contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with
human involvement, probably by transferring infective faeces from infected to
susceptible birds.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, amino acid sequence, ducks virology, Great Britain, avian
pathogenicity, molecular sequence data, turkeys virology.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). The role of the
international reference laboratory. World Poultry (Special):
15-16. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: international reference laboratory,
diagnosis, avian influenza virus, poultry.
Alexander, D.J. (2003). Should we change the
definition of avian influenza for eradication purposes? Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 976-981. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The current definitions of high-pathogenicity
avian influenza (HPAI), formulated over 10 years ago, were aimed at including
viruses that were overtly virulent in in vivo tests and those that had the
potential to become virulent. At that time the only virus known to have mutated
to virulence was the one responsible for the 1983-84 Pennsylvania epizootic.
The mechanism involved has not been seen in other viruses, but the definition
set a precedent for statutory control of potentially pathogenic as well as
overtly virulent viruses. The accumulating evidence is that HPAI viruses arise from
low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H5 or H7 viruses infecting chickens
and turkeys after spread from free-living birds. At present it can only be
assumed that all H5 and H7 viruses have this potential and mutation to
virulence is a random event. Therefore, the longer the presence and greater the
spread in poultry the more likely it is that HPAI virus will emerge. The
outbreaks in Pennsylvania, Mexico, and Italy are demonstrations of the
consequences of failing to control the spread of LPAI viruses of H5 and H7
subtypes. It therefore seems desirable to control LPAI viruses of H5 and H7
subtype in poultry to limit the probability of a mutation to HPAI occurring.
This in turn may require redefining statutory AI. There appear to be three
options: 1) retain the current definition with a recommendation that countries
impose restrictions to limit the spread of LPAI of H5 and H7 subtypes; 2)
define statutory AI as an infection of birds/poultry with any AI virus of H5 or
H7 subtype; 3) define statutory AI as any infection with AI virus of H5 or H7
subtype, but modify the control measures imposed for different categories of
virus and/or different types of host.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, disease eradication, epizootics, viral virulence.
Alexander, D.J. and W.H. Allan (1982). Avian
influenza in turkeys: a survey of farms in eastern England, 1979/80. British
Veterinary Journal 138(6): 473-9.
ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, poultry diseases
epidemiology, turkeys, England, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification.
Alexander, D.J., M.S. Collins, and R.E. Gough (1980).
Isolation of an influenza A virus from avian faeces samples collected at a
London reservoir. Veterinary
Record 107(2): 41-2. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, feces microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, water supply, antigens,
viral analysis, avian immunology, London, water pollution.
Alexander, D.J. and R.E. Gough (1986). Isolations
of avian influenza virus from birds in Great Britain. Veterinary Record
118(19): 537-8. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, chickens microbiology, ducks microbiology, Great
Britain, turkeys microbiology.
Alexander, D.J. and J.C. Stuart (1982). Isolation
of an influenza A virus from domestic fowl in Great Britain. Veterinary
Record 111(18): 416. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, fowl plague
microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, antibodies,
viral analysis, chickens immunology, Great Britain, avian immunology.
Alfonso, C.P., B.S. Cowen, and H. Van Campen (1995). Influenza
A viruses isolated from waterfowl in two wildlife management area of
Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31(2): 179-185. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: A survey was conducted at two wildlife
management areas of Pennsylvania (USA) to evaluate an antigen capture
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) for the detection of avian
influenza viruses (AIV) in cloacal swabs from waterfowl and to determine the
influenza A virus subtypes and the distribution of these viruses among
waterfowl. We collected 330 cloacal swabs from hunter-killed waterfowl in the
fall of 1990 and from cage-captured waterfowl in the summer of 1991. Thirty-one
hemagglutinating agents were isolated by chicken embryo inoculation (CEI) of
which 27 were influenza A viruses and four Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). The
prevalence of AIV infection was 8.2%. Compared to CEI, AC-ELISA was only 15%
sensitive and 61% specific. Based on the distribution of AIV by species of
waterfowl, mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American wigeons (Anas
americana) were at equal risk of AIV infection even though most of the AIV
isolates came from mallards. Although significant crude effects of sampling
site and season on AIV recovery could be established, juvenile age was
identified as the primary risk factor of AIV recovery. Twelve AIV subtypes were
identified by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition
(NI) tests. The most prevalent subytpes were H4N8 and H6N8. We concluded that
AC-ELISA was not useful for the detection of AIV in cloacal swabs from
waterfowl and that CEI, HI, and NI tests remain as the method of choice for AIV
screening in waterfowl. Based on the results AIV infected preferentially the
young which represent the high risk group in waterfowl populations. The results
from the AIV subtyping in our waterfowl survey are consistent with the results
from numerous longitudinal studies of waterfowl in North America.
Descriptors: ecology, enzymology, immune system,
infection, pathology, veterinary medicine, wildlife management, ELISA,
epidemiology.
Allan, W.H. (1981). Uncomplicated infection with
virulent strains of avian influenza viruses. In: Proceedings of the
First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, 4-7
p.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, infection,
virulence.
Almeida, J.D. and A.P. Waterson (1967). Some
observations on the envelope of an influenza virus. Journal of General
Microbiology 46(1): 107-10. ISSN:
0022-1287.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 J823
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian, lipoproteins
analysis, microscopy, electron, viral proteins analysis.
Almond, J.W. (1977). A single gene determines the
host range of influenza virus. Nature 270(5638): 617-8. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: genes viral, influenza A virus avian
genetics, virus replication, cell line, DNA directed RNA polymerases genetics,
DNA directed RNA polymerases metabolism, avian physiology, RNA viral genetics,
viral proteins genetics, viral proteins physiology.
Amin, A., M.A. Shalaby, and I.Z. Imam (1980). Studies
on influenza virus isolated from migrating birds in Egypt. Comparative
Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 241-6. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, Egypt, avian
classification, avian immunology, serotyping.
Anderson, R.E. (1981). Economic impact of avian
influenza in domestic fowl on international trade. Feedstuffs 53(32)
ISSN: 0014-9624.
NAL
Call Number: 286.81 F322
Descriptors: economic impact, avian influenza virus,
disease control, international trade, domestic fowl.
Andral, B., C. Louzis, D. Trap, J.A. Newman, G.
Bennejean, and R. Gaumont (1985). Respiratory disease (rhinotracheitis) in
turkeys in Brittany, France, 1981-1982. I. Field observations and serology.
Avian Diseases 29(1): 26-34.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: During the summer of 1981, a respiratory
disease epidemic occurred in turkeys in Brittany, France. Since this initial
epizootic, which lasted through fall, epizootic waves similar to the initial
one have occurred at approximately 6-month intervals, with smaller peaks at
2-month intervals. The epidemiology, clinical signs, and postmortem findings
were highly suggestive of an epizootic of chlamydiosis. Serological tests for
chlamydia, paramyxoviruses, avian influenza, adenovirus 127, Mycoplasma,
and Alcaligenes faecalis were conducted. The chlamydia tests were the
only ones consistently positive.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, poultry
diseases epidemiology, respiratory tract infections veterinary, rhinitis
veterinary, tracheitis veterinary, turkeys, antibodies, bacterial analysis,
chlamydia immunology, complement fixation tests veterinary, France, poultry
diseases immunology, respiratory tract infections epidemiology, respiratory
tract infections immunology, rhinitis epidemiology, rhinitis immunology, seasons,
tracheitis epidemiology, tracheitis immunology.
Andresen, M. (2004). Avian flu: WHO prepares for
the worst. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal; Journal De
L'Association Medicale Canadienne 170(5): 777. ISSN: 0820-3946.
NAL
Call Number: R11.C3
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian influenza A virus,
human, influenza, avian virology, birds, Canada, disease outbreaks, health plan
implementation, influenza vaccines therapeutic use, avian influenza drug
therapy, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza. Epidemiological
Bulletin 25(1): 5-8. ISSN:
0256-1859.
Descriptors: avian influenza virology, Asia, birds
virology, influenza A virus, avian physiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza transmission.
Anonymous (2005). Avian influenza: perfect storm
now gathering? Lancet 365(9462): 820.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza A virus immunology, influenza epidemiology, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, influenza vaccines, avian influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, international cooperation, poultry.
Anonymous (1998). Avian influenza results in depopulation
in Hong Kong. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
212(3): 331, 335. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague transmission,
influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus avian, zoonoses, Hong Kong
epidemiology, influenza epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza should be
ruffling our feathers. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(10): 595. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, bird
diseases epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza veterinary,
influenza vaccines therapeutic use, acetamides therapeutic use, amantadine
therapeutic use, southeastern Asia epidemiology, Far East epidemiology,
influenza drug therapy, influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and
control, international cooperation, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors,
rimantadine therapeutic use, sialic acids therapeutic use, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza--the facts from
the WHO. South African Medical Journal; Suid Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir
Geneeskunde 94(3): 158. ISSN:
0256-9574.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, avian
influenza epidemiology, birds, incidence, influenza prevention and control,
avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, risk assessment, survival
rate, World Health Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza: the threat
looms. Lancet 363(9405): 257.
ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: fowl plague transmission, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, Asia epidemiology, communicable diseases,
emerging epidemiology, communicable diseases, emerging prevention and control,
communicable diseases, emerging virology, disease outbreaks prevention and
control, disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data, disease outbreaks
veterinary, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague virology, Hong Kong
epidemiology, avian pathogenicity, influenza vaccine supply and distribution,
poultry virology, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Anonymous (1993). Avian influenza virus in
ratites: 1993. Foreign Animal Disease Report (21-4): 9-10. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: United States, emus, rheas, avian influenza
virus, epidemiology, birds, ratites, North America, viruses, FAD report.
Anonymous (2004). China: towards
"xiaokang", but still living dangerously. Lancet 363(9407): 409. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: public health practice standards, social
change, China epidemiology, communicable disease control standards,
communicable disease control trends, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data, influenza, avian epidemiology,
avian influenza prevention and control, population surveillance methods,
poultry, severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute
respiratory syndrome prevention and control, world health.
Anonymous (2004). Fowl flu fuels fears. Nature
Medicine 10(3): 211. ISSN:
1078-8956.
Descriptors: chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines,
influenza prevention and control, influenza, avian epidemiology, zoonoses
epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Getting out into the field, and
forest. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(3): 127. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
avian influenza transmission, poultry diseases transmission, vaccination,
animals, domestic animals, wild birds, disease notification, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, poultry diseases
epidemiology, poultry diseases prevention and control, zoonoses.
Anonymous (1997). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
infection in humans. Communicable Disease Report. CDR Weekly 7(50):
441. ISSN: 1350-9357.
Descriptors: fowl plague transmission, influenza
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian classification, adolescent, bacterial
typing techniques, chickens, child,
preschool, fowl plague epidemiology, Hong Kong epidemiology, incidence, avian
isolation and purification, middle aged, survival rate.
Anonymous (1976). An outbreak of avian influenza
in commercial chickens. Foreign Animal Disease Report : 2.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza, commercial chickens, report,
outbreaks.
Anonymous (1998). Picture story. Fight the flu.
Nature Structural Biology 5(12): 1032.
ISSN: 1072-8368.
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
ultrastructure, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian pathogenicity,
hydrogen-ion concentration, influenza genetics, influenza mortality, influenza
virology, avian physiology, models, molecular, protein conformation, protein
precursors ultrastructure.
Anonymous (1973). Report of the Subcommittee on
Avian Influenza to the Committee on Transmissible Diseases of Poultry. Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association (77):
246-50. ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: bird diseases immunology, bird diseases
microbiology, fowl plague immunology, fowl plague microbiology, antibodies,
viral analysis, birds, ducks, geese, influenza A virus avian immunology, avian
isolation and purification, pigeons, poultry diseases immunology, poultry
diseases microbiology, quail, turkeys.
Anonymous (1998). Surveillance for avian influenza
continues. Public Health Reports 113(3): 194. ISSN: 0033-3549.
NAL
Call Number: 151.65 P96
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, population surveillance, chickens virology, China,
fowl plague virology, World Health Organization.
Anonymous (1998). Update: isolation of avian
influenza A (H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46(52-53): 1245-7. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: As of January 6, 1998, a total of 16
confirmed and three suspected cases of human infection with avian influenza
A (H5N1) viruses have been identified in Hong Kong. Confirmed cases are those
from which an influenza A (H5N1) virus was isolated or in which a seroconversion
to influenza A (H5N1) virus was detected by a neutralization assay. Suspected
cases are those with influenza-like illness (ILI) and preliminary laboratory
evidence of influenza A (H5N1) infection. This report summarizes interim
findings from the ongoing epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of
influenza A (H5N1) cases by health officials in Hong Kong and by CDC.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Hong Kong epidemiology,
seroepidemiologic studies.
Anonymous (2004). World is ill-prepared for
"inevitable" flu pandemic. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization 82(4): 317-8. ISSN:
0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, world health, Asia epidemiology, influenza prevention
and control, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian influenza
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza virology, public health practice.
Anraku, M.M.C., W.C. de Faria, and D.C. Takeyama
(1971). Influenza aviaria em aves silvestres brasileiras. I. Inquerito
sorologico atraves de imunodifusao. [Avian influenza in wild Brazilian birds.
I. Serological survey using the immunodiffusion test]. Revista Do
Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo 13(4) ISSN: 0036-4665.
NAL
Call Number: RC960.R48
Descriptors: avian influenza, wild birds, diseases,
serological survey, birds.
Anraku, M.M.C., C.V.F. de Godoy, M. da G. R. Oscar,
and W.C. de Faria (1977). Influenza aviaria em aves silvestres brasilieres.
II. Distribucao mensal de surtos epizooticos, detectados por tecnicas
serologicas di imunodifusao. [Avian influenza in wild birds of Brazil. II.
Monthly distribution of epizootic outbreaks, detected by gel diffusion tests].
Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo 19(4):
237-240. ISSN: 0036-4665.
NAL
Call Number: RC960.R48
Descriptors: outbreaks, detection, gel diffusion tests,
avian influenza virus, wild birds, Brazil.
Anup Bhaumik, M.K. Saha, and K.R. Viswanathan (
2001). Avian influenza infection in chickens. Pashudhan 16(9): 3,
7.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.P27
Descriptors: avian influenza infection, diagnosis,
transmission, chickens, Gallus gallus.
Apisarnthanarak, A., R. Kitphati, K. Thongphubeth, P.
Patoomanunt, P. Anthanont, W. Auwanit, P. Thawatsupha, M. Chittaganpitch, S.
Saeng Aroon, S. Waicharoen, P. Apisarnthanarak, G.A. Storch, L.M. Mundy, and
V.J. Fraser (2004). Atypical avian influenza (H5N1). Emerging
Infectious Diseases 10(7): 1321-4.
ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: We report the first case of avian influenza
in a patient with fever and diarrhea but no respiratory symptoms. Avian
influenza should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with
predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly if they have a history of
exposure to poultry.
Descriptors: gastrointestinal diseases physiopathology,
influenza physiopathology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, adult,
chickens virology, fatal outcome, gastrointestinal diseases virology, health
personnel, influenza virology, influenza, avian transmission, influenza, avian
virology, poultry diseases transmission, poultry diseases virology.
Artois, M., R. Manvell, E. Fromont, and J.B. Schweyer
(2002). Serosurvey for Newcastle disease and avian influenza A virus
antibodies in great cormorants from France. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
38(1): 169-71. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Inland great cormorants (Phalacrocorax
carbo) culled in France were examined in the winter of 1997-98 and 1998-99
for antibodies to Newcastle disease (ND) and influenza A strains H5 and H7 by
the hemagglutination inhibition test. Antibodies to influenza A group antigen
were tested by agar gel precipitin test. Ten of 53 adult individuals were
seropositive for ND virus. All sera were negative for influenza A antibodies.
It is speculated that ND occurred in the sampled population.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus immunology, birds, fowl plague blood,
fowl plague immunology, France epidemiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, avian isolation and purification, Newcastle disease blood, Newcastle
disease immunology, Newcastle disease virus isolation and purification,
seroepidemiologic studies.
Astapovich, L.G., G.A. Ivanova, and S.B. Logginov
(1968). Elektronnomikroskopicheskoe izuchenie shtammov virusa klassicheskoi
chumy ptits. [An electron microscopic study of strains of the virus of classic
fowl plague]. Veterinariia 45(9): 24-6. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian cytology, chick
embryo, microscopy, electron.
Atwell, J.K. (1981). Regulatory problems
associated with avian influenza. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
211-213.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, regulatory
problems, disease control.
Austin, F.J. and V.S. Hinshaw (1984). The
isolation of influenza A viruses and paramyxoviruses from feral ducks in New
Zealand. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science
62(Pt. 3): 355-60. ISSN: 0004-945X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 Au7
Abstract: Tracheal and cloacal swabs from apparently
healthy ducks, gulls, shearwaters and terns in New Zealand were tested for
myxoviruses by inoculation into embryonated eggs. Seven influenza A viruses
belonging to three antigenic subtypes (H4N6; H1N3; H11N3) and nine
paramyxoviruses of two antigenic subtypes (PMV-1; PMV-4) were isolated from
feral ducks. The occurrence of the same virus subtypes in birds, including
ducks, in other countries suggests that they were introduced into New Zealand
by the importation of infected poultry or game birds. Ducks experimentally
infected with two of the influenza A virus isolates excreted virus in their
faeces for 12 days. Infection with H4N6 subtype prevented reinfection with the
same subtype but not with a different one (H11N3).
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
immunity, avian immunology, New Zealand, virus replication.
Austin, F.J. and R.G. Webster (1993). Evidence of
ortho- and paramyxoviruses in fauna from Antarctica. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 29(4): 568-71. ISSN:
0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Serum antibodies to influenza A viruses and
paramyxoviruses were detected in Adelie penguin (Pysoscelis adeliae) and
Antarctic skua (Stercorarius skua maccormicki) sera in the Ross Sea
Dependency. An avian paramyxovirus was isolated from a penguin cloacal swab.
Descriptors: avulavirus immunology, bird diseases epidemiology,
fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, respirovirus
infections veterinary, antarctic regions epidemiology, antibodies, viral blood,
avulavirus isolation and purification, birds, cloaca microbiology,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, immunoenzyme techniques, respirovirus
infections epidemiology, seals.
Bahl, A.K., M.C. Kumar, and B.S. Pomeroy (1973). Epidemiologic
and field observations on avian influenza viruses in breeder and grower flocks
in Minnesota. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
163(10): 1197-1198. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: avian influenza, epidemiology, field
observations, Minnesota.
Bahl, A.K., A.C. Peterson, J.H. Sautter, and B.S.
Pomeroy (1974). Avian influenza A and Mycoplasma synoviae infection
in turkeys: A/turkey/Butterfield/72 (Hav6 Neq2) infection superimposed with M.
synoviae. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
165(8): 743. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: Mycoplasmosis synoviae, infection,
avian influenza, turkeys.
Bahl, A.K., B.S. Pomeroy, S. Mangundimedjo, and B.C.
Easterday (1977). Isolation of type A influenza and Newcastle disease
viruses from migratory waterfowl in the Mississippi flyway. Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association 171(9): 949-51. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Twenty-seven chicken red blood cell
agglutinating agents were isolated from 187 tracheal swabbings of apparently
healthy migratory mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Mississippi
flyway. Twenty-four of the isolants were type A influenza virus; 3 lentogenic
Newcastle disease viruses were isolated. Isolations were not made from either
65 giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis) or 60 Franklins' gulls (Larus
pipixcan).
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, Newcastle disease virus isolation and purification,
ducks microbiology, geese microbiology, avian immunology, Mississippi, trachea
microbiology.
Bailey, T.A., U. Wernery, R.E. Gough, R. Manvell, and
J.H. Samour (1996). Serological survey for avian viruses in houbara bustards
(Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii). Veterinary Record 139(10):
238-9. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, bird diseases
diagnosis, birds blood, coronavirus infections diagnosis, fowl plague
immunology, infectious bronchitis virus immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, respirovirus immunology, respirovirus infections diagnosis,
antibodies, viral immunology, bird diseases blood, bird diseases epidemiology,
birds immunology, birds virology, coronavirus infections blood, coronavirus
infections epidemiology, data collection, respirovirus infections blood,
respirovirus infections epidemiology, United Arab Emirates epidemiology.
Bankowski, R.A. (1981). Introduction and
objectives of the symposium. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. vii-xiv.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease
prevention, disease control, poultry, symposium.
Bankowski, R.A., R.D. Conrad, and B. Reynolde (1968).
Avian influenza A and paramyxo viruses complicating respiratory disease
diagnosis in poultry. Avian Diseases 12(2): 259-78. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
poultry diseases diagnosis, respiratory tract infections veterinary, turkeys,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza diagnosis, influenza veterinary,
Newcastle disease diagnosis, orthomyxoviridae infections diagnosis, respiratory
tract infections diagnosis.
Bankowski, R.A. and B. Samadieh (1980). Avian
influenza in turkeys. Poultry Digest 39: 326-332. ISSN: 0032-5724.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 N219
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, turkeys, control,
prevention.
Banks, J., E.C. Speidel, J.W. McCauley, and D.J.
Alexander (2000). Phylogenetic analysis of H7 haemagglutinin subtype
influenza A viruses. Archives of Virology 145(5): 1047-58. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: A 945 nucleotide region (bases 76-1020) of
the HA1 part of the HA gene was obtained for 31 influenza viruses of H7 subtype
isolated primarily from Europe, Asia and Australia over the last 20 years.
These were analysed phylogenetically and compared with sequences of the same
region from 23 H7 subtype viruses available in Genbank. The overall results
showed two geographically distinct lineages of North American and Eurasian
viruses with major sublineages of Australian, historical European and equine
viruses. Genetically related sublineages and clades within these major groups
appeared to reflect geographical and temporal parameters rather than being
defined by host avian species. Viruses of high and low virulence shared the
same phylogenetic branches, supporting the theory that virulent viruses are not
maintained as a separate entity in waterfowl.
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, influenza A virus avian classification, avian genetics, amino acid
sequence, fowl plague virology, genes viral, avian isolation and purification,
phylogeny, poultry, sequence homology, amino acid.
Barclay, W.S. and M. Zambon (2004). Pandemic risks
from bird flu. BMJ Clinical Research 328(7434): 238-9. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza epidemiology, Asia, Southeastern epidemiology, birds, chickens,
influenza A virus avian, human.
Barr, D.A., M.D. O'Rourke, D.C. Grix, R.L. Reece,
A.P. Kelly, R.T. Badman, and A.R. Campey (1986). Avian influenza on a
multi-age chicken farm. Australian Veterinary Journal 63(6):
195-196. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: An account of an outbreak on a farm near
Bendigo in 1985, where 120,000 birds were housed in 12 sheds. The virus, highly
virulent, was subtype H7N7. The outbreak occurred in birds already affected
with complex respiratory disease.
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus, Victoria,
Australia, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza
virus, livestock, Oceania, poultry, useful animals, viruses, chickens viruses.
Baumeister, E.G. and V.L. Savy (1998). Human
circulation of avian influenza (H5N1) in Hong Kong. Boletín De La
Asociación Argentina De Microbiología (129): 12-13. ISSN: 0325-6480.
Descriptors: human diseases, influenza virus A, epidemics,
clinical aspects, diagnosis, reviews,
Hong Kong.
Beard, C.W. (1984). Focus on ... avian influenza.
Foreign Animal Disease Report 12(2): 5-11. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry diseases,
reviews.
Beard, C.W. (1997). Historical lessons about avian
influenza. Proceedings of the
Western Poultry Diseases Conference 46: 29-31.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, lessons, history.
Beard, C.W. (1997). Historical lessons from avian
influenza. Zootecnica International 20(6): 16-18. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
lessons, history, vaccination, strains, reservoir hosts, geographical
distribution.
Beard, C.W. (1981). Turkey influenza vaccination.
Veterinary Record 108(25): 545.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, turkeys,
vaccination veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology, viral vaccines.
Beard, C.W., M. Brugh, and D.C. Johnson (1984). Laboratory
studies with the Pennsylvania avian influenza viruses (H5N2). Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association 88:
462-473.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, laboratory diagnosis,
survival, feces, chickens.
Beard, C.W., S.B. Hitchner, C.H. Domermuth, H.G.
Purchase (ed.) and J.E. Williams (ed.)
(1975). Avian influenza. In: Isolation and Identification of Avian
Pathogens, American Association of Avian Pathologists:p. 174-181.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.I86
Descriptors: virus identification, detection, laboratory
diagnosis, influenza, ducks, quails.
Beard, C.W. (2002). Avian influenza debate
continues. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
221(11): 1546. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, respiratory
system, veterinary medicine, influenza, infectious disease, prevention and
control, respiratory system disease, viral disease, biosecurity, disease
eradication, pathogenic outbreaks.
Beare, A.S. and R.G. Webster (1991). Replication
of avian influenza viruses in humans. Archives of Virology 119(1-2):
37-42. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Volunteers inoculated with avian influenza
viruses belonging to subtypes currently circulating in humans (H1N1 and H3N2)
were largely refractory to infection. However 11 out of 40 volunteers
inoculated with the avian subtypes, H4N8, H6N1, and H10N7, shed virus and had
mild clinical symptoms: they did not produce a detectable antibody response.
This was presumably because virus multiplication was limited and insufficient
to stimulate a detectable primary immune response. Avian influenza viruses
comprise hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes 1-14 and it is possible that HA genes not
so far seen in humans could enter the human influenza virus gene pool through
reassortment between avian and circulating human viruses.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, adult,
antibodies, viral blood, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus,
hemagglutinins viral immunology, avian isolation and purification, avian
physiology, middle aged, species specificity, virus replication.
Beckford Ball, J. (2004). Building awareness of
the avian flu outbreak and its symptoms. Nursing Times 100(6):
28-9. ISSN: 0954-7762.
Abstract: The current outbreak of avian influenza in
South East Asia has resulted in a small number of human deaths. Avian flu can
pass from birds to humans, although the number of humans infected is low. The
fear is that the avian flu virus could mutate in a human who was also infected
with a common flu virus, creating a new strain that could pass from human to
human. Nurses, especially those working in travel health, should keep
themselves informed of the latest developments.
Descriptors: avian flu, outbreak, symptoms, South East
Asia, human deaths, birds.
Becquart, P. (2003). Avian influenza: a mutant
[Grippe aviaire : le grand mutant couve]. Biofutur (France) (235): 5-6. P4220. ISSN: 0294-3506.
NAL
Call Number: TP248.13.B565
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, mutants, disease
transmission, zoonoses.
Belshe, R.B. (1998). Influenza as a zoonosis: how
likely is a pandemic? Lancet 351(9101): 460-1. ISSN: 0140-6736.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague transmission,
influenza transmission, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian, zoonoses, Asia epidemiology, chickens virology,
Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza epidemiology.
Belshe, R.B. (1995). A review of attenuation of
influenza viruses by genetic manipulation. American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152(4, Pt. 2): S72-5. ISSN: 1073-449X.
Descriptors: genetic engineering methods, influenza A virus
human genetics, influenza B virus genetics, influenza vaccine genetics, adult,
infant, avian immunology, human immunology, human pathogenicity, influenza B
virus immunology, influenza B virus pathogenicity, influenza vaccine
immunology, vaccines, attenuated genetics, vaccines, attenuated immunology,
vaccines, combined genetics, vaccines,
combined immunology.
Bennejean, G. (1981). Is an international
regulation of avian influenza feasible? In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 198-210.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease
control, international regulation, symposium.
Bennink, J.R. and T.N. Palmore (2004). The promise
of siRNAs for the treatment of influenza. Trends in Molecular Medicine
10(12): 571-4. ISSN: 1471-4914.
Abstract: Current WHO reports on the Asian avian
influenza virus outbreaks are poignant reminders of the potential for the
emergence of highly virulent strains of influenza A virus (IAV) and the fact
that it remains a scourge on human health. As IAV drifts and shifts its genetic
and antigenic composition, it presents an ever-changing challenge for vaccines
and antiviral medications. Short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the latest class
of potential antiviral therapeutics to be developed. Recent reports using
siRNAs in mice suggest that they hold great promise for the prevention and
treatment of IAV infections.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, influenza
drug therapy, influenza A virus genetics, small interfering RNA therapeutic
use, mice, RNA interference physiology, short-interfering RNA.
Bhattacharjee, Y. (2004). Microbiology. Scientist
pleads guilty of receiving illegally imported avian flu virus. Science
305(5692): 1886. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: crime, influenza A virus, avian, microbiology
legislation and jurisprudence, chickens, commerce legislation and
jurisprudence, licensure, Saudi Arabia, United States.
Bi Yingzuo and Cao Yongchang (1994). Serological
investigation of avian influenza in Guangdong, China. Chinese Journal of
Veterinary Medicine 21(7): 8-9.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C485
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, symptoms, immunodiagnosis, Guangdong, Asia, biological
properties, birds, China, diagnosis, domestic animals, domesticated birds, East
Asia, Galliformes, immunological techniques, influenza virus, livestock,
microbial properties, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Biggs, P.M. (1982). The epidemiology of avian
herpesviruses in veterinary medicine. Developments in Biological
Standardization 52: 3-11. ISSN:
0301-5149.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: There are ten avian herpesviruses, which have
been isolated from eight orders. Six of these are of veterinary importance:
Pacheco's parrot disease virus, pigeon herpesvirus, duck plague virus,
infectious laryngotracheitis virus, herpesvirus of turkeys and Marek's disease
virus. The knowledge on the epidemiology of each virus and the disease it
causes is discussed. Features in common to infections with most avian
herpesviruses are: infection is persistent in individuals and ubiquitous in
populations; virus is shed for long periods of time after infection although in
some cases erratically; infection does not necessarily result in disease and at
least in some avian herpesvirus infections the incidence of disease is affected
by the pathogenicity of the virus; the genetic constitution of the host and
stress factors affecting the host. It is concluded that man's interference with
the natural history of host species often increases the threat and incidence of
disease unless preventive action is taken.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, herpesviridae isolation
and purification, herpesviridae infections veterinary, ducks microbiology,
herpesvirus 1, gallid isolation and purification, herpesvirus 2, gallid
isolation and purification, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
pigeons microbiology, turkeys microbiology.
Bikour, M.H., E.H. Frost, S. Deslandes, B. Talbot,
and Y. Elazhary (1995). Persistence of a 1930 swine influenza A (H1N1) virus
in Quebec. Journal of General Virology 76(Pt. 10): 2539-47. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Two antigenically distinct H1N1 influenza A
viruses were isolated during an outbreak of respiratory disease in Quebec swine
in 1990/91. Analysis of haemagglutinin and partial nucleoprotein sequences
indicated that one was a variant of the swine H1N1 influenza virus circulating
in the American Midwest whereas the other was very similar to virus isolated
from swine in 1930. The existence of this latter isolate supports the concept
that influenza viruses can be maintained for long periods in swine, perhaps in
geographically limited pockets. Serological evidence indicates that these
distinct strains continued to circulate widely in south-central Quebec until at
least 1993.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, porcine genetics,
influenza A virus, porcine immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
phylogeny, swine diseases virology, amino acid sequence, antigenic variation, antigens, viral
analysis, base sequence, capsid genetics, disease outbreaks, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral analysis, hemagglutinins
viral genetics, avian genetics, human genetics, molecular sequence data, orthomyxoviridae
infections epidemiology, orthomyxoviridae infections virology, quebec
epidemiology, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence homology, amino acid, swine,
swine diseases epidemiology, viral core proteins genetics.
Bisgaard, M. (1977). Virusbetingede
luftvejslidelser hos fjerkrae--forekomst og diagnostik. [Respiratory diseases
in poultry caused by viruses--occurrence and diagnosis (author's transl)]. Nordisk
Veterinaermedicin 29(7-8): 305-24.
ISSN: 0029-1579.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 N813
Abstract:
The highly intensive conditions, that
economic necessity has forced upon the poultry industry, have resulted in
strongly changed environmental conditions and management which combined with
the use of a constantly increasing number of live vaccines has highly
complicated clearing up the etiology in diseased flocks. This is true not least
as far as respiratory diseases concerns, which thereby often run an atypical
course. A review, however, not complete, is given of the occurrence and
diagnostic procedures in respiratory diseases caused by viruses, the greatest
importance attached to infections caused by adeno- and infectious bronchitis
virus.
Descriptors: poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases
epidemiology, respiratory tract infections veterinary, virus diseases
veterinary, herpesvirus 1, gallid isolation and purification, infectious
bronchitis virus isolation and purification, influenza A virus avian isolation
and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification, poultry,
reoviridae isolation and purification, respiratory tract infections diagnosis,
respiratory tract infections epidemiology, virus diseases diagnosis, virus
diseases epidemiology.
Bogdan, J., O.J. Vrtiak, R. Polony, and T. Pauer
(1968). Dynamics of immunomorphological changes in the organs of chickens
after immunization with BPL vaccine and after challenge with fowl plague virus.
Bulletin Office International Des Epizooties 69(5): 725-44. ISSN: 0300-9823.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 OF2
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases immunology, antibody
formation, chickens, lactones, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, vaccination
, vaccines.
Bonaduce, A., G. Iovane, and F. Martone (1986). L'influenza
aviaria. [Avian influenza]. Acta Medica Veterinaria 32(3-4):
143-287. ISSN: 0001-6136.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AC84
Descriptors: avian influenza, reviews.
Bonn, D. (2004). Avian influenza: the whole
world's business. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(3): 128. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: ducks virology, avian influenza transmission,
poultry diseases transmission, zoonoses, Asia epidemiology, food contamination,
avian influenza epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, public health.
Boudreault, A., J. Lecomte, and V.S. Hinshaw (1980). Caracterisation
antigenique des virus influenza A isoles des oiseaux captures dans l'Ontario,
le Quebec et les provinces maritimes durant la saison 1977. [Antigenic
characterization of influenza A virus isolated from birds captured in Ontario,
Quebec, and the maritime provinces during the 1977 season]. Revue
Canadienne De Biologie Editee Par L'Universite De Montreal 39(2):
107-14. ISSN: 0035-0915.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 R325
Abstract: A total of 145 influenza A viruses were
isolated from ducks, geese and passerine birds in Ontario, Quebec and the
Maritimes in July-August 1977. Antigenic characterization of these isolates
included five hemagglutinin (Hsw1, Hav4, Hav5, Hav6, Hav7) and five
neuraminidase subtypes (N1, N2, Neq1, Neq2, Nav1) in nine different
combinations; one combination Hav7 Neq1 had not been previously reported. The
majority of these viruses were Hsw1 N1, antigenically related to influenza
viruses in pigs and humans. This large reservoir of influenza A viruses
circulating in ducks may well be involved in the appearance of new viruses in
other species, including humans.
Descriptors: animal population groups microbiology,
animals, wild microbiology, birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, Canada, disease reservoirs, ducks microbiology,
hemagglutinins viral analysis, avian immunology, neuraminidase analysis, viral proteins analysis.
Brewster, R.ed. (1984). Proceedings, Newcastle
disease and fowl plague seminar, Sydney, vi + 140 p.
NAL
Call Number:
SF995.6.N4N48 1984
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, seminar,
Sydney, review, disease control, viral diseases, poultry, Newcastle disease.
Bricaire, F. (2004). La grippe aviaire, quel
risque de transmission interhumaine? [Avian flu, what are the risks of
inter-human transmission?]. Presse Medicale Paris, France 1983
33(6): 366-7. ISSN: 0755-4982.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza A virus, avian
influenza, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza transmission,
zoonoses, human, porcine, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, risk
factors, swine.
Brown, H. (2004). WHO confirms human-to-human
avian flu transmission. Lancet 363(9407): 462. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Descriptors: disease transmission, horizontal statistics
and numerical data, fowl plague transmission, Asia epidemiology, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza A virus avian,
poultry, World Health Organization, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses
transmission.
Brown, I.H., P.A. Harris, J.W. McCauley, and D.J.
Alexander (1998). Multiple genetic reassortment of avian and human influenza
A viruses in European pigs, resulting in the emergence of an H1N2 virus of
novel genotype. Journal of General Virology 79(Pt. 12):
2947-55. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Novel H1N2 influenza A viruses which were
first detected in pigs in Great Britain in 1994 were examined antigenically and
genetically to determine their origins and establish the potential mechanisms
for genetic reassortment. The haemagglutinin (HA) of all swine H 1 N2 viruses
examined was most closely related to, but clearly distinguishable both
antigenically and genetically from, the HA of human H1N1 viruses which
circulated in the human population during the early 1 980s. Phylogenetic
analysis of the HA gene revealed that the swine H 1 N2 viruses formed a
distinct branch on the human lineage and were probably introduced to pigs
shortly after 1980. Following apparent transfer to pigs the HA gene underwent
genetic variation resulting in the establishment and cocirculation of
genetically and antigenically heterogeneous virus populations. Genetic analyses
of the other RNA segments of all swine H1N2 viruses indicated that the
neuraminidase gene was most closely related to those of early 'human-like'
swine H3N2 viruses, whilst the RNA segments encoding PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M and NS
were related most closely to those of avian viruses, which have been
circulating recently in pigs in Northern Europe. The potential mechanisms and
probable progenitor strains for genetic reassortment are discussed, but we
propose that the swine H1N2 viruses examined originated following multiple
genetic reassortment, initially involving human H1N1 and 'human-like' swine H3N2
viruses, followed by reassortment with 'avian-like' swine H1N1 virus. These
findings suggest multiple reassortment and replication of influenza viruses may
occur in pigs many years before their detection as clinical entities.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian genetics, human
genetics, recombination, genetic, antigens, viral immunology, base sequence,
DNA, viral, Europe, genes viral, genotype, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, avian immunology, human
immunology, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, sequence analysis, DNA, swine.
Brown, I.H., S. Ludwig, C.W. Olsen, C. Hannoun, C.
Scholtissek, V.S. Hinshaw, P.A. Harris, J.W. McCauley, I. Strong, and D.J.
Alexander (1997). Antigenic and genetic analyses of H1N1 influenza A viruses
from European pigs. Journal of General Virology 78(pt. 3):
553-562. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs
in Europe since 1981 were examined both antigenically and genetically and
compared with H1N1 viruses from other sources. H1N1 viruses from pigs and birds
could be divided into three groups: avian, classical swine and 'avian-like'
swine viruses. Low or no reactivity of 'avian-like' swine viruses in HI tests
with monoclonal antibodies raised against classical swine viruses was
associated with amino acid substitutions within antigenic sites of the
haemagglutinin (HA). Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed that
classical swine viruses from European pigs are most similar to each other and
are closely related to North American swine strains, whilst the 'avian-like'
swine viruses cluster with avian viruses. 'Avian-like' viruses introduced into
pigs in the UK in 1992 apparently originated directly from strains in pigs in
continental Europe at that time. The HA genes of the swine viruses examined had
undergone limited variation in antigenic sites and also contained fewer
potential glycosylation sites compared to human H1N1 viruses. The HA exhibited
antigenic drift which was more marked in 'avian-like' swine viruses than in
classical swine strains. Genetic analyses of two recent 'avian-like' swine
viruses indicated that all the RNA segments are related most closely to those
of avian influenza A viruses.
Descriptors: influenza virus A, viral hemagglutinins,
nucleotide sequences, phylogenetics, viral antigens, hemagglutination
inhibition test, molecular sequence data, GENBANK u72666, GENBANK u72667,
GENBANK u72668, GENBANK u72669, GENBANK z46436, GENBANK z46441.
Brugh, M. (1988). Highly pathogenic virus
recovered from chickens infected with mildly pathogenic 1986 isolates of H5N2
avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases 32(4): 695-703. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A combination of in vitro and in vivo
selection procedures was used to examine the possibility that certain mildly
pathogenic field isolates of avian influenza (AI) virus may contain minority
subpopulations of highly pathogenic virus. Two mildly pathogenic H5N2 isolates,
A/chicken/New Jersey/12508/86 (NJ12508) and A/chicken/Florida/27716/86
(FL27716), recovered from chickens epidemiologically associated with urban
live-bird markets, were cloned in trypsin-free chicken embryo fibroblast
cultures. Selected clones were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally
(IN/IT) into specific-pathogen-free laying hens, and virus reisolated from the
hens that died was serially passed in hens by IN/IT inoculation. Several highly
pathogenic reisolates were recovered from hens infected with the cloned NJ12508
or FL27716 virus. A highly pathogenic NJ12508 reisolate killed 19 of 24
IN/IT-inoculated hens, and a FL27716 reisolate killed all 24 inoculated hens;
signs and lesions were typical of fowl plague. In contrast, uncloned NJ12508 stock
virus killed 1 of 24 hens and FL27716 stock virus killed 4 of 24 hens, and
neither produced the complete spectrum of lesions associated with fowl plague.
Recovery of highly pathogenic viruses from these isolates demonstrates the
coexistence of pathogenically distinct subpopulations of virus. Competition for
dominance among such subpopulations could explain the variable pathogenicity of
some AI viruses.
Descriptors: chickens microbiology, influenza A virus
avian pathogenicity, cultured cells, cytopathogenic effect, viral, fowl plague
microbiology, fowl plague mortality, avian isolation and purification, serial
passage, species specificity, trypsin diagnostic use.
Brugh, M. and C.W. Beard (1986). Influence of
dietary calcium stress on lethality of avian influenza viruses for laying
chickens. Avian Diseases 30(4): 672-8. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The effect of calcium stress was studied in
an attempt to reproduce lethal infections in laying chickens with
A/Chicken/Alabama/75 (H4N8) influenza virus and with two nonpathogenic H5N2
influenza viruses from the 1983-84 outbreak in the eastern United States. Hens
were fed calcium-deficient or standard diets for 7 to 14 days; then the
calcium-deficient feed was replaced with standard feed supplemented with ad
libitum oyster shell, and both groups of hens were inoculated with virus. When
hens were infected with the H4N8 virus, respective mortalities of those on the
calcium-deficient and standard diets were 19% (27/141) and 5% (7/143). The H5N2
viruses did not kill hens fed either diet. In standard pathogenicity tests,
Alabama H4N8 viruses reisolated from the hens that died generally were more
lethal for 4-week-old chickens than the stock virus. These results argue for
characterization of the Alabama H4N8 virus as pathogenic rather than
nonpathogenic as originally determined.
Descriptors: calcium deficiency, calcium, dietary
metabolism, chickens metabolism, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity,
orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases microbiology, stress
veterinary, orthomyxoviridae infections metabolism, poultry diseases
metabolism, stress metabolism, stress microbiology.
Buckner, R.E. and D.D. Frame (1996). Observations
an outbreak of avian influenza serotype H7N3 in turkeys at the Utah State
University Snow Field Station, 1995. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 45: 294.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: turkeys, avian influenza virus, Utah,
America, birds, Galliformes, influenza virus, mountain states United States,
North America, orthomyxoviridae, United States, viruses, western states United
States.
Butterfield, W.K. (1976). Avian influenza and fowl
plague. In: Proceedings of 25th Western Poultry Disease Conference and
10th Poultry Health Symposium, March 8-11, 1976, p. 24-27.
NAL
Call Number:
SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza, fowl plague,
poultry.
Butterfield, W.K. and C.H. Campbell (1978). Vaccination for fowl plague. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 39(4): 671-4. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Influenza A/turkey/Oregon/71 virus has
antigenic characteristics of fowl plague virus but is avirulent for chickens.
The virus was inoculated intratracheally in chickens at several dosage levels
and resulted in the formation of antibody and immunity against fowl plague. The
avirulent virus replicated in chickens and was recoverable by tracheal swab
specimens up to 4 days after inoculation. Although the virus was transmitted to
contact controls at the time when their cagemates were inoculated, it was not
transmitted to contact controls placed with chickens inoculated 24 hours
earlier. After 10 passages in chickens, the virus remained avirulent for
chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague prevention and control,
vaccination veterinary, antibodies, viral analysis, influenza A virus avian
growth and development, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification,
trachea microbiology, viral vaccines, virulence.
Cameron, K.R., V. Gregory, J. Banks, I.H. Brown, D.J.
Alexander, A.J. Hay, and Y.P. Lin (2000). H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses
in poultry in Pakistan are closely related to the H9N2 viruses responsible for
human infection in Hong Kong. Virology 278(1): 36-41. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
veterinary, influenza A virus avian classification, human classification,
poultry diseases virology, antigens, viral genetics, antigens, viral
immunology, cloning, molecular, genome, viral, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, hemagglutinins viral genetics, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology, avian genetics, avian immunology, human genetics, human
immunology, molecular sequence data, Pakistan epidemiology, phylogeny, poultry
diseases epidemiology, sequence analysis, protein, viral proteins genetics,
viral proteins immunology.
Campbell, C.H., R.G. Webster, and S.S.J. Breese
(1970). Fowl plague virus from man. Journal of Infectious Diseases
122(6): 513-6. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, antigens analysis, chick embryo, chickens, cross reactions,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, immune sera analysis, avian classification,
avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, microscopy, electron, neuraminidase
analysis, neutralization tests, poultry diseases immunology, vaccination, viral
vaccines administration and dosage.
Campitelli, L., C. Fabiani, S. Puzelli, A. Fioretti,
E. Foni, A. De Marco, S. Krauss, R.G. Webster, and I. Donatelli (2002). H3N2
influenza viruses from domestic chickens in Italy: an increasing role for
chickens in the ecology of influenza? Journal of General Virology
83(Pt. 2): 413-20. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: In Italy, multiple H3N2 influenza viruses
were isolated from chickens with mild respiratory disease and were shown to
replicate in the respiratory tracts of experimentally infected chickens; this
finding is the first to show that H3N2 influenza viruses can replicate and
cause disease in chickens. H3N2 influenza viruses in pigs on nearby farms
seemed a likely source of the virus; however, antigenic and molecular analyses
revealed that the gene segments of the viruses in chickens were mainly of
Eurasian avian origin and were distinguishable from those isolated from pigs
and wild aquatic birds in Italy. Thus, several different H3 influenza viruses were
circulating in Italy, but we failed to identify the source of the chicken H3N2
influenza viruses that have disappeared subsequently from Italian poultry.
Until recently, the transmission of influenza viruses (other than the H5 and H7
subtypes) from their reservoir in aquatic birds to chickens was rarely detected
and highly pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses were considered to be
restricted to poultry species. However, the recent reports of the transmission
of H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses to chickens in Hong Kong and, subsequently,
to humans and our findings of the transmission of H3N2 influenza viruses to
domestic chickens in Italy suggest an increased role for chickens as an
intermediate host in the ecology of influenza.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague virology, influenza
veterinary, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, poultry diseases virology,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
genetics, influenza virology, avian isolation and purification, avian
physiology, porcine isolation and purification, porcine pathogenicity, Italy,
molecular sequence data, sequence analysis, DNA, swine diseases virology, viral
proteins genetics, virus replication.
Canada. Agriculture Canada. (1985). Outbreak
Alert: Avian Influenza, Publication, Vol. 1794/E, Communications Branch,
Agriculture Canada: Ottawa, 1 folded sheet (6) p. ISBN: 0662138988.
NAL
Call Number: 7 C16Pu no. 1794
Descriptors: avian influenza, outbreak alert, Canada.
Cane, B.G., L.F. Leanes, and L.O. Mascitelli (2004). Emerging
diseases and their impact on animal commerce: the Argentine lesson. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences 1026: 12-8. ISSN: 0077-8923.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N484
Abstract: As a result of the Argentine experience with
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in 2001, a need was postulated for the
establishment of efficient supranational schemes for continuous surveillance of
the interrelations between tropical extractives livestock systems and the
prairies that are optimal for the feeding of livestock in the southern region
of South America. FMD in Argentina and in other countries, new or re-emerging
risks from avian influenza with potential risks for public health, the
spongiform encephalopathies, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, and
classical swine fever, among other animal diseases, have generated a strong
reaction and evolution within the veterinary services of the country. These
present lessons will influence decision-making within countries and should be
accepted by the technical and scientific community. From the perspective of the
official animal health sector and with the FMD eradication plan as a basis
within the national territory, we have worked not only to achieve international
recognition and credibility within animal health systems, but also to realize
the formation of a regional block of countries that can be recognized
internationally as an area with equivalent animal health status. We emphasize
not only that this lesson is useful in FMD, but also that it is possible to
apply the valuable conclusions reached for other emerging or re-emerging
diseases.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, commerce, communicable
diseases, emerging prevention and control, emerging transmission, foot and
mouth disease prevention and control, foot and mouth disease transmission,
domestic animals, Argentina, decision making, international cooperation,
population surveillance, risk assessment.
Cappucci, D.T.J., D.C. Johnson, M. Brugh, T.M. Smith,
C.F. Jackson, J.E. Pearson, and D.A. Senne (1985). Isolation of avian
influenza virus (subtype H5N2) from chicken eggs during a natural outbreak.
Avian Diseases 29(4): 1195-200.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian influenza virus
(A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83; H5N2) was recovered from the yolk, albumen, and
shell surface of eggs obtained from naturally infected chicken flocks in
Pennsylvania and Virginia. These findings represent the first reported
isolation of avian influenza virus from the internal contents of eggs from naturally
infected flocks. The need for adequate safeguards to prevent spread of the
virus during commercial movement of table and hatching eggs, cracked and
"checked" eggs, and egg flats and other materials is emphasized.
Descriptors: eggs, food microbiology, fowl plague
transmission, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, chickens,
fowl plague epidemiology, Pennsylvania, Virginia.
Capua, I. and D.J. Alexander (2004). Human health
implications of avian influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses. European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Official Publication
of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 23(1): 1-6. ISSN: 0934-9723.
Abstract: Among avian influenza viruses and avian
paramyxoviruses are the aetiological agents of two of the most devastating
diseases of the animal kingdom: (i). the highly pathogenic form of avian
influenza, caused by some viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes, and (ii).
Newcastle disease, caused by virulent strains of APMV type 1. Mortality rates
due to these agents can exceed 50% in naive bird populations, and, for some
strains of AI, nearly 100%. These viruses may also be responsible for clinical
conditions in humans. The virus responsible for Newcastle disease has been
known to cause conjunctivitis in humans since the 1940s. The conjunctivitis is
self-limiting and does not have any permanent consequences. Until 1997, reports
of human infection with avian influenza viruses were sporadic and frequently
associated with conjunctivitis. Recently, however, avian influenza virus
infections have been associated with fatalities in human beings. These
casualties have highlighted the potential risk that this type of infection
poses to public health. In particular, the pathogenetic mechanisms of highly pathogenic
avian influenza viruses in birds and the possibility of reassortment between
avian and human viruses in the human host represent serious threats to human
health. For this reason, any suspected case should be investigated thoroughly.
Descriptors: avulavirus isolation and purification,
communicable disease control, disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, birds, fowl plague prevention and control, Italy epidemiology,
Newcastle disease prevention and control, prognosis, risk assessment, survival
analysis.
Capua, I., B. Grossele, E. Bertoli, and P. Cordioli
(2000). Monitoring for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in
Italy. Veterinary Record 147(22): 640. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, wild animals, birds, disease outbreaks
veterinary, avian pathogenicity, Italy epidemiology, mass screening veterinary.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2000). The Italian
experience: what can we learn from it? World Poultry (Special):
21-22. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: disease control, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, Italy.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, M. Dalla Pozza, and U.
Santucci (2000). Vaccination for avian influenza in Italy. Veterinary Record 147(26): 751. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus avian immunology, vaccination veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, Italy epidemiology, poultry.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, C. Terregino, G. Cattoli,
R.J. Manvell, and F. Burlini (2000). Highly pathogenic avian influenza
(H7N1) in ostriches farmed in Italy. Veterinary Record 146(12):
356. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague,
influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, ostriches virology, animal husbandry,
digestive system pathology, Italy, necrosis.
Capua, I. and F. Mutinelli (2001). A Colour Atlas
and Text on Avian Influenza. [Influenza
Aviaria: Testo e Atlante = Atlas Sobre La Influenza Aviar], 1 edition, Papi
editore: Bologna, xxv, 236 p.: col.
ill., 1 col. map 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) p. ISBN: 8888369007.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.6.I6 C37 2001
Descriptors: avian influenza, color atlas, text.
Capua, I. and F. Mutinelli (2001). Mortality in
Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) and domestic geese (Anser anser var.
domestica) associated with natural infection with a highly pathogenic
avian influenza virus of H7N1 subtype. Avian Pathology 30(2):
179-183. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Among the 413 outbreaks of highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI) caused by a virus of the H7N1 subtype, which occurred in
Italy during 1999 and 2000, an outbreak diagnosed in a backyard flock was
characterized by mortality and nervous signs in ducks and geese. Dead geese (Anser
anser var. domestica) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata)
were submitted to the laboratory for bacteriological, virological, histological
and immunohistochemical investigations. Routine bacteriological tests resulted
negative, while a HPAI virus of the H7N1 subtype was isolated from the geese.
Pancreatic damage was observed in both the geese and the ducks, and the pancreas
was also positive by immunohistochemistry for avian influenza in the geese.
Histopathological lesions were observed in the central nervous system of both
species, and this result was supported by positive immunohistochemical findings
for the presence of the virus.
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, highly
pathogenic avian influenza, viral disease, immunohistochemistry,
immunohistochemical, immunocytochemical techniques, diagnostic method,
histology, mortality, case study.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, S. Marangon, and D.J.
Alexander (2000). H7N1 avian influenza in Italy (1999 to 2000) in
intensively reared chickens and turkeys. Avian Pathology 29(6):
537-543. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: From the end of March to the beginning of
December 1999, an epidemic of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) affected
the industrial poultry population of northern Italy. The virus responsible for
the epidemic was subtyped as H7N1 with an intravenous pathogenicity index
(IVPI) of 0.0, and a deduced amino acid sequence of the region coding for the
cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule typical of low pathogenicity
viruses. The circulation of the virus in a susceptible population for several
months caused the emergence of a highly pathogenic virus with an IVPI of 3.0
and the presence of multiple basic amino acids in the deduced amino acid
sequence for the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule. Over 13 million
birds were affected by the epidemic and, in the present paper, we report the
results of the clinical, virological and histopathological investigations
performed on affected chickens and turkeys. Clinical, gross and microscopic
lesions caused by LPAI were more severe in turkeys than in chickens, while
highly pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused similar mortality rates in
both species. Current European legislation considers LPAI and HPAI as two
completely distinct diseases, not requiring any compulsory eradication policy
for LPAI but enforcing eradication for HPAI. In the Italian 1999 to 2000
epidemic, LPAI mutated to HPAI in a densely populated area, causing great
economic losses. A reconsideration of the current European Union legislation on
avian influenza, including LPAI of the H5 and H7 subtypes, could possibly be an
aid to avoiding devastating epidemics for the poultry industry.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, epidemiology,
respiratory system, avian influenza (LPAI), high pathogenicity (HPAI), low pathogenicity, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, clinical analysis analytical method, histopathological
analysis analytical method, virological analysis analytical method, European
Union legislation, economic losses, industrial poultry population, intravenous
pathogenicity index, mortality rates.
Catelli, E. and A. Lavazza (2000). The health of
poultry in Italy during the year 2000. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy)
(11): 963-970. ISSN: 0037-1521.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enteritidis, health, pigeons, ducks, geese, pheasants,
quails, ostriches, Italy.
Cavanagh, D. (1992). Recent advances in avian
virology. British Veterinary Journal 148(3): 199-222. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V643
Abstract: Selected, recent research on the following
avian diseases, and their causative viruses, has been reviewed: chicken
anaemia, infectious bursal disease, turkey rhinotracheitis, avian nephritis,
fowlpox, influenza, infectious bronchitis and turkey enteritis.
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, virus diseases
veterinary, birds, coronaviridae, DNA viruses, fowlpox virus, infectious bursal
disease virus, influenza A virus avian, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, virus
diseases microbiology.
Celko, A.M. and J. Rosina (1998). Epidemiologie
ptaci chripky A (H5N1). [Epidemiology of avian influenza A (H5N1)]. Veterinarni
Medicina UZPI (Czech Republic) 43(7): 219-220. ISSN: 0375-8427.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 C333
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease transmission,
pathogenesis, disease resistance, disease control, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, resistance to injurious factors, viruses.
Cernik, K., B. Tumova, B. Kaminskyj, and V. Rajtar
(1985). Serologicky dukaz vyskytu aviarnich paramyuxoviru u holubu.
[Serologic detection of the occurrence of avian paramyxoviruses in pigeons].
Veterinarni Medicina 30(10): 603-10.
ISSN: 0375-8427.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 C333
Abstract: 447 blood-serum samples of racing and free
living pigeons collected in 11 districts of Czechoslovakia from August 1983
till March 1984 were examined by the haemagglutination inhibition test to the
Newcastle disease virus, strain Roakin, to the pigeon PMV-1 and to the PMV-3;
121 of the samples were tested to other serotypes, PMV-2--PMV-9, and to the
avian influenza A virus. 58.4% of samples were positive (greater than or equal
to 2 log2) to the Roakin strain with the mean titre 3.6 log2 and 65.1% to the
pigeon PMV-1 with the mean titre 4.5 log2. All samples tested were negative to
other serotypes except two samples of one group positive to PMV-8 with the mean
titre 4.3 log2. The titres of HI antibodies to the Roakin strain and to the
pigeon PMV-1 were compared. The risk of the transmission and of the
readaptation of pigeon virus to poultry was discussed.
Descriptors: bird diseases diagnosis, pigeons,
respirovirus infections veterinary, antibodies, viral analysis, bird diseases
epidemiology, Czechoslovakia, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
paramyxoviridae immunology, respirovirus infections diagnosis, respirovirus
infections epidemiology.
Chan, C.H., H.K. Shieh, Y.S. Lu, Y.L. Lee, D.F. Lin,
and Y.K. Liao (1989). Study on avian influenza in Taiwan. 1. Epidemiology,
viral isolation and identification. Taiwan Journal of Veterinary
Medicine and Animal Husbandry (53): 75-88.
ISSN: 0253-9128.
NAL
Call Number: 49 J822
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease surveys,
epidemiology, ducks, turkeys, quail, geese, mallards, Taiwan.
Charlton, K.G. (2000). Antibodies to selected
disease agents in translocated wild turkeys in California. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 36(1): 161-4.
ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)
trapped within California (n = 715) or imported into California from other
states (n = 381) from 1986 to 1996 were tested for exposure to certain disease
agents. Prevalence of antibody to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma
meleagridis, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella typhimurium,
Newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus was low (0-4%) for wild
turkeys trapped within California. With the exception of antibody prevalence to
M. meleagridis of 33%, the same was true for wild turkeys imported into
California from other states. Antibody prevalence to Mycoplasma synoviae
was 8-10% for both groups.
Descriptors: bird diseases epidemiology, fowl plague
epidemiology, mycoplasma infections veterinary, Newcastle disease epidemiology,
Salmonella infections, animal epidemiology, turkeys, agglutination tests
veterinary, animals, wild, antibodies, bacterial blood, antibodies, viral
blood, California epidemiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
immunodiffusion veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology, mycoplasma
immunology, Mycoplasma infections epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus
immunology, Salmonella immunology, seroepidemiologic studies.
Chen Bolun (1994). Studies on avian influenza. I.
Isolation and serological identification of influenza A viruses from chickens.
Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 27(10): 3-5.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C485
Descriptors: chickens, influenza virus, immunology,
isolation techniques, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes
, livestock, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Chen, H., G. Deng, Z. Li, G. Tian, Y. Li, P. Jiao, L.
Zhang, Z. Liu, R.G. Webster, and K. Yu ( 2004). The evolution of H5N1
influenza viruses in ducks in southern China. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(28):
10452-7. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The pathogenicity of avian H5N1 influenza
viruses to mammals has been evolving since the mid-1980s. Here, we demonstrate
that H5N1 influenza viruses, isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in
mainland China from 1999 through 2002, were becoming progressively more
pathogenic for mammals, and we present a hypothesis explaining the mechanism of
this evolutionary direction. Twenty-one viruses isolated from apparently
healthy ducks in southern China from 1999 through 2002 were confirmed to be
H5N1 subtype influenza A viruses. These isolates are antigenically similar to
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, which was the source of the 1997 Hong Kong
"bird flu" hemagglutinin gene, and all are highly pathogenic in
chickens. The viruses form four pathotypes on the basis of their replication
and lethality in mice. There is a clear temporal pattern in the progressively
increasing pathogenicity of these isolates in the mammalian model. Five of six
H5N1 isolates tested replicated in inoculated ducks and were shed from trachea
or cloaca, but none caused disease signs or death. Phylogenetic analysis of the
full genome indicated that most of the viruses are reassortants containing the
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96-like hemagglutinin gene and the other genes from unknown
Eurasian avian influenza viruses. This study is a characterization of the H5N1
avian influenza viruses recently circulating in ducks in mainland China. Our
findings suggest that immediate action is needed to prevent the transmission of
highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the apparently healthy ducks
into chickens or mammalian hosts.
Descriptors: ducks virology, evolution, molecular,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian pathogenicity, influenza, avian
virology, chickens, China, genes, viral genetics, genotype, avian transmission,
mice, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, virulence.
Chernetsov, I.U.V., A.N. Slepushkin, D.K. L'vov, N.A.
Braude, and A.E. Gavrilov (1980). Izoliatsiia virusa grippa ot chernoi
krachki (Chlidonias nigra) i serologicheskoe obsledovanie ptits na
antitela k virusu grippa. [Isolation of influenza virus from Chlidonias
nigra and serologic examination of the birds for antibodies to influenza
virus]. Voprosy Virusologii (1): 35-40. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Influenza A virus with the antigenic formulae
Hav4Neq2 has been isolated from Chlidonias nigra in the region of mass
moulting in the territory of the Kazakh SSR. Antihemagglutinins for the newly
isolated virus were detected in the sera of some specimens of the sea gull
order. The data obtained suggest an active circulation of the virus in this
region during the summer of 1977.
Descriptors: animal population groups microbiology,
animals, wild microbiology, birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antibodies, viral analysis, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, influenza A virus avian classification, Kazakhstan,
microscopy, electron, neutralization tests, orthomyxoviridae infections
epidemiology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, serotyping.
Chokephaibulkit, K., M. Uiprasertkul, P.
Puthavathana, P. Chearskul, P. Auewarakul, S.F. Dowell, and N. Vanprapar
(2005). A child with avian influenza A (H5N1) infection. Pediatric
Infectious Disease Journal 24(2): 162-6.
ISSN: 0891-3668.
Abstract: Human infections with avian influenza viruses
can be severe and may be harbingers of the evolution of a pandemic strain. We
present a patient in Thailand who was infected with influenza A (H5N1) virus.
Prominent features included the progression from fever and dyspnea to the acute
respiratory distress syndrome in a short period, lymphopenia and
thrombocytopenia. Establishing the diagnosis for this patient increased public
awareness of the virus and was soon followed by a halting of poultry-to-human
transmission. On the basis of available data, any child with suspected avian
influenza infection should be treated with oseltamivir.
Descriptors: infection, pediatrics, human medicine,
pharmacology, avian influenza A virus, orthomyxoviridae, child, Thailand.
Claas, E.C., J.C. de Jong, R. van Beek, G.F.
Rimmelzwaan, and A.D. Osterhaus (1998). Human influenza virus
A/HongKong/156/97 (H5N1) infection. Vaccine 16(9-10): 977-8. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Introduction of influenza viruses with gene
segments of avian origin into the human population may result in the emergence
of new pathogenic human influenza viruses. The recent infection of a 3-year-old
boy with an influenza A (H5N1) virus of avian origin can be considered as an
example of such an event. However, this virus, influenza A/Hong Kong/156/97
(H5N1) and the 17 additional H5N1 viruses isolated from humans by the end of 1997
lack the ability to spread efficiently amongst humans and therefore have
limited pandemic potential. However, the possibility of reassortment of these
viruses with currently circulating human viruses illustrates the need for
pandemic preparedness.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, avian pathogenicity, human genetics, human pathogenicity, chickens,
child, preschool, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl
plague virology, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, influenza
transmission, avian classification, human classification, phylogeny,
recombination, genetic.
Clough, J.D. (2004). Birds, viruses, and history:
the current 'genuine adventure'. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
71(4): 270. ISSN: 0891-1150.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, virus
diseases epidemiology, birds, communicable diseases epidemiology, incidence,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, risk assessment, severe
acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome
prevention and control, virus diseases prevention and control, world health.
Cohen, J. (1997). The flu pandemic that might have
been. Science 277(5332): 1600-1.
ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza transmission, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, human isolation and
purification, chickens virology, child preschool, China epidemiology, disease
outbreaks, fowl plague virology, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology.
Connor, R.J., Y. Kawaoka, R.G. Webster, and J.C.
Paulson (1994). Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3
influenza virus isolates. Virology 205(1): 17-23. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: The receptor specificity of 56 H2 and H3
influenza virus isolates from various animal species has been determined to
test the relevance of receptor specificity to the ecology of influenza virus.
The results show that the receptor specificity of both H2 and H3 isolates
evaluated for sialic acid linkage specificity and inhibition of
hemagglutination by horse serum correlates with the species of origin, as
postulated earlier for H3 strains based on a limited survey of five human,
three avian, and one equine strain. Elucidation of the amino acid sequence of
several human H2 receptor variants and analysis of known sequences of H2 and H3
isolates revealed that receptor specificity varies in association with an amino
acid change at residues 228 in addition to the change at residue 226 previously
documented to affect receptor specificity of H3 but not H1 isolates. Residues
226 and 228 are leucine and serine in human isolates, which preferentially bind
sialic acid alpha 2,6-galactose beta 1,4-N-acetyl glucosamine (SA alpha
2,6Gal), and glutamine and glycine in avian and equine isolates, which exhibit
specificity for sialic acid alpha-2,3-galactose beta-1,3-N-acetyl galactosamine
(SA alpha 2,3Gal). The results demonstrate that the correlation of receptor
specificity and species of origin is maintained across both H2 and H3 influenza
virus serotypes and provide compelling evidence that influenza virus hosts
exert selective pressure to maintain the receptor specificity characteristics
of strains isolated from that species.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian metabolism, human
metabolism, metabolism, receptors, virus metabolism, amino acid sequence, amino
acids genetics, carbohydrate sequence, chick embryo, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral genetics, molecular
sequence data, species specificity, viral envelope proteins genetics.
Cooper, R.G., J.O. Horbanczuk, and N. Fujihara (
2004). Viral diseases of the ostrich (Struthio camelus var. Domesticus).
Animal Science Journal 75(2): 89-95.
ISSN: 1344-3941.
NAL
Call Number: SF1.A542
Descriptors: Crimea Congo hemorrhagic fever, Newcastle
disease, avian influenza, avipoxvirus, Borna disease, disease prevention,
disease control, disease transmission methods, ostrich, Struthio camelus
, livestock.
Couceiro, J.N., J.R. Chaves, C.T. Brandao, and R.D.
Machado (1982). Isolamento e caracterizacao de virus influenza A, em aves
ornamentais, no Rio de Janeiro. [Isolation and characterization of influenza
virus type A, in ornamental birds, in Rio de Janeiro]. Anais De
Microbiologia 27: 159-67. ISSN: 0485-1854.
Descriptors: fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, birds, Brazil, feces microbiology, fowl
plague epidemiology, hemagglutination inhibition tests, serotyping.
Couceiro, J.N.S.S., R.D. Machado, E.S.S. Couceiro,
and M.C. Cabral (1988). Study of an ornamental bird flock over a period of
three years: incidence of avian influenza viruses. Revista De
Microbiologia 19(4): 453-458. ISSN:
0001-3714.
NAL
Call Number: QR1.R4
Descriptors: carrier state, survey, avian influenza virus,
ornamental birds, aviary birds, sparrows, doves, waxbills, Rio de Janeiro.
Crinion, R.A.P. (1988). Newcastle disease and
avian influenza. Irish Veterinary News 10(5) ISSN: 0332-236X.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, symptoms,
diagnosis, disease control.
Curran, R. (2004). Asian bird flu. Emergency
Medical Services 33(5): 38-9. ISSN:
0094-6575.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, isolation and
purification, Japan epidemiology, respiratory protective devices, zoonoses
epidemiology, zoonoses transmission.
Cyranoski, D. (2004). Bird flu data languish in
Chinese journals. Nature 430(7003): 955. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: biomedical research, birds virology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification,
language, periodicals, swine virology, southeastern Asia epidemiology, China
epidemiology, communicable disease control, communication barriers, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza virology, avian classification,
publishing, time factors, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Cyranoski, D. (2001). Outbreak of chicken flu
rattles Hong Kong. Nature 412(6844): 261. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
poultry diseases epidemiology, chickens, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza A
virus avian, poultry diseases virology.
Das, P. (2004). Infectious disease surveillance
update. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(8): 481. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary,
influenza A virus, avian growth and development, avian influenza epidemiology,
poultry diseases epidemiology, West Nile fever epidemiology, West Nile virus
growth and development, Arizona epidemiology, California epidemiology, China
epidemiology, influenza, avian virology, middle aged, poultry diseases
virology, Vietnam epidemiology, West Nile fever virology.
Daszak, P., G.M. Tabor, A.M. Kilpatrick, J. Epstein,
and R. Plowright (2004). Conservation medicine and a new agenda for emerging
diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1026: 1-11. ISSN: 0077-8923.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N484
Abstract: The last three decades have seen an alarming
number of high-profile outbreaks of new viruses and other pathogens, many of
them emerging from wildlife. Recent outbreaks of SARS, avian influenza, and
others highlight emerging zoonotic diseases as one of the key threats to global
health. Similar emerging diseases have been reported in wildlife populations,
resulting in mass mortalities, population declines, and even extinctions. In
this paper, we highlight three examples of emerging pathogens: Nipah and Hendra
virus, which emerged in Malaysia and Australia in the 1990s respectively, with
recent outbreaks caused by similar viruses in India in 2000 and Bangladesh in
2004; West Nile virus, which emerged in the New World in 1999; and amphibian
chytridiomycosis, which has emerged globally as a threat to amphibian
populations and a major cause of amphibian population declines. We discuss a
new, conservation medicine approach to emerging diseases that integrates
veterinary, medical, ecologic, and other sciences in interdisciplinary teams.
These teams investigate the causes of emergence, analyze the underlying
drivers, and attempt to define common rules governing emergence for human,
wildlife, and plant EIDs. The ultimate goal is a risk analysis that allows us
to predict future emergence of known and unknown pathogens.
Descriptors: clinical medicine trends, communicable
diseases, emerging therapy, conservation of natural resources, disease
outbreaks, ecology, interprofessional relations, zoonoses, amphibia
microbiology, Chytridiomycota pathogenicity, emerging diagnosis, emerging
epidemiology, forecasting, Hendra virus pathogenicity, public health, risk
assessment, veterinary medicine trends, West Nile virus pathogenicity.
Davidson, W.R., H.W. Yoder, M. Brugh, and V.F.
Nettles (1988). Serological monitoring of eastern wild turkeys for
antibodies to Mycoplasma spp. and avian influenza viruses. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases 24(2): 348-51.
ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: From 1981 through 1986, plasma or serum
samples were obtained from 322 wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from
Georgia (n = 111), Kentucky (n = 21), Louisiana (n = 22), North Carolina (n =
118), Tennessee (n = 19), Missouri (n = 24) and Iowa (n = 7). These samples
were tested for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and in most
instances, M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagridis (MM), and avian
influenza (AI) virus. All 322 turkeys were seronegative for MG by the rapid
plate agglutination (RPA) test. All of a subsample (n = 147) also were negative
(titer less than or equal to 1:40) for MG by the hemagglutination inhibition
(HI) test. Five of 253 turkeys (2%) were seropositive (+4 reaction) for MS by
the RPA test; however, HI tests for MS on these five turkeys were negative as
were attempts to isolate MS from trachea and homogenized lung tissue. Three of
253 turkeys (1%) were seropositive (+1 to +3 reactions) for MM by the RPA test.
None of 210 turkeys had antibodies to AI by the agar gel precipitation test.
These data suggest that populations of native eastern wild turkeys are not
important in the epizootiology of MG, MS, MM, or AI.
Descriptors: antibodies, bacterial analysis, antibodies,
viral analysis, influenza A virus avian immunology, Mycoplasma
immunology, turkeys microbiology, animals, wild immunology, turkeys immunology.
Davison, S., D. Galligan, T.E. Eckert, A.F. Ziegler,
and R.J. Eckroade (1999). Economic analysis of an outbreak of avian
influenza, 1997-1998. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 214(8): 1164-1167. ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: economic losses, economic analysis,
outbreaks, disease control, avian influenza virus, turkeys, United States,
Pennsylvania.
de Boer, G.F., W. Back, and A.D. Osterhaus (1990). An
ELISA for detection of antibodies against influenza A nucleoprotein in humans
and various animal species. Archives of Virology 115(1-2):
47-61. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: A double antibody sandwich blocking ELISA,
using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) was
developed to detect antibodies against influenza. Collections of serum samples
were obtained from human and various animal species. All influenza A subtypes
induced antibodies against hemagglutinins and NP. A close correlation between
titers of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the NP-ELISA was seen.
Antibodies against influenza NP were demonstrated in serum samples from humans,
ferrets, swine, horses, chickens, ducks, guinea pigs, mice, and seals. The
serum samples were collected at intervals during prospective epidemiological
studies, from experimental and natural infections, and vaccination studies. The
decline of maternal antibodies was studied in swine and horses. The NP-ELISA
enables rapid serological diagnosis and is suited for influenza A antibody
screening, especially in species which harbor several influenza subtypes. The
HI and neuraminidase inhibition tests, however, must still be used for
subtyping.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, influenza A virus immunology, nucleoproteins immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, viral core proteins immunology,
ferrets, hemagglutination inhibition tests, horses, avian immunology, human
immunology, porcine immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
poultry, prospective studies, Rodentia, seals, species specificity, specific
pathogen free organisms, swine, vaccination.
de Boer, G.F., C. van Maanen, J.T. Siebinga, and W.
Back (1992). Klassieke vogelpest en mildere influenza-infecties bij vogels
en zoogdieren. [Classical fowl plague and milder influenza infections in birds
and mammals]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 117(24): 735-40. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: Wild waterfowl are currently considered the
largest reservoir of the various haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)
subtypes of influenza virus. Until now thirteen different H-types and nine
different N-types have been detected in these populations. In the first
instance, virus transmission from fowl to other animal species and to man is
not causing disease problems. However, small changes at the molecular level of
a given HN-subtype recently caused a dramatic increase in virulence for
chickens. Genes fragments coding for haemagglutinin or neuraminidase can be
exchanged between viruses which propagate in the same individual. This
phenomenon-'genetic reassortment'-is of major epidemiological significance when
it occurs in pigs. New influenza epidemics in the human population consistently
originate in areas where waterfowl, pigs and human beings live close together.
At the moment, the virological and serological diagnosis of influenza A
infections is based ELISAs for antigen and antibody detection. Both ELISAs
employ a monoclonal antibody directed against a conserved antigenic determinant
of the influenza A nucleoprotein. The use of these tests can simplify the
diagnosis of and screening for influenza A infections, particularly in those
species which harbour several H- and N-subtypes.
Descriptors: fowl plague microbiology, orthomyxoviridae
infections veterinary, birds microbiology, chickens microbiology, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay veterinary, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian
isolation and purification, avian pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae infections
microbiology, orthomyxoviridae infections transmission, virulence.
De Clercq, K. and N. Goris (2004). Extending the
foot-and-mouth disease module to the control of other diseases. Developmental
Biology (Basel) 119: 333-40. ISSN:
1424-6074.
Abstract: During the recent devastating epidemics of
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), the highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) and New Castle disease, more than 115 million animals were
culled. The mass slaughter of animals raised serious ethical questions. These
epidemics showed that the use of emergency vaccination is an essential element
in disease control. During the last decade the FMD antigen banks have proved to
be effective and this module should be extended. An international vaccine stock
should be considered for classical swine fever and HPAI. Agreements with
vaccine producers should be made easily available, with instant access to a
vaccine reserve for rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, BT, African horse
sickness and Rift valley fever. These vaccines should meet international
standards and should allow distinction between vaccinated and infected animals.
Information should be gathered proactively on the use of vaccines for lumpy
skin disease, sheep and goat pox and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
Descriptors: animals, Australia, communicable disease
control methods, disease outbreaks prevention and control, veterinary disease
outbreaks, drug storage, emergency treatment methods, veterinary emergency
treatment, animal euthanasia, foot-and-mouth disease prevention and control,
international cooperation, viral vaccines immunology, viral vaccines supply and
distribution.
de Jong, J.C., G.F. Rimmelzwaan, R.A. Fouchier, and
A.D. Osterhaus (2000). Influenza virus: a master of metamorphosis. Journal
of Infection 40(3): 218-28. ISSN:
0163-4453.
Abstract: Novel influenza viruses continuously emerge
in the human population. Three times during the present century, an avian
influenza virus subtype crossed the species barrier, starting a pandemic, and
establishing itself for one to several decades in man. As the 1997 H5N1 event
in Hong Kong indicated, the occurrence of another pandemic in the near future
cannot be excluded. Sufficient vaccine may not be available to ameliorate the
consequences of such an event, because of a shortage of time. During
interpandemic periods, important antigenic drift variants sometimes arise at a
point of time when, with the current state of the technique, production of a
correspondingly adapted vaccine is also impossible. We may be able to solve
these problems by increasing influenza surveillance and by adopting new ways of
vaccine composition, production, formulation, presentation, and delivery. The
recently developed anti-neuraminidase antivirals should only be considered as
(valuable) adjuncts to vaccines.
Descriptors: antigenic variation, influenza epidemiology,
orthomyxoviridae genetics, disease outbreaks, hn protein genetics,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza mortality,
influenza prevention and control, influenza vaccine therapeutic use,
orthomyxoviridae enzymology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, reassortant
viruses genetics, reassortant viruses pathogenicity, virulence.
de Jong, M.D., V.C. Bach, T.Q. Phan, M.H. Vo, T.T.
Tran, B.H. Nguyen, M. Beld, T.P. Le, H.K. Truong, V.V. Nguyen, T.H. Tran, Q.H.
Do, and J. Farrar (2005). Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child
presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. New England Journal of
Medicine 352(7): 686-91. ISSN:
1533-4406.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 N442
Descriptors: coma virology, diarrhea virology,
encephalitis, viral etiology, influenza complications, influenza A virus, avian
influenza genetics, avian influenza isolation and purification, acute disease,
child, preschool child, viral virology, fatal outcome, influenza diagnosis,
influenza virology, lung radiography, seizures virology.
de Marco, M.A., V. Guberti, E. Raffini, E. Foni, M.
Delogu, and I. Donatelli (1999). Influenza aviaria. Indagini epidemiologiche
in specie selvatiche [Italia]. [Avian influenza. Epidemiological surveys in
wild birds in Italy]. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12): 897-907.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Abstract: Gli AA riportano i risultati di un
monitoraggio sanitario sull'influenza aviaria, svolto in Italia su diverse
specie selvatiche di volatili. Nel periodo compreso tra il 1992 e il 1998 sono
stati sottoposti ad indagine sierologica, per evidenziare anticorpi nei
confronti della nucleoproteina dei virus influenzali di tipo A, 404 anatidi,
277 folaghe, 40 fenicotteri, 394 fagiani, 258 quaglie, 147 rapaci. Di tali
campioni sono risultati sierologicamente positivi 216 anatidi, 28 folaghe, 11
fenicotteri, 2 rapaci. Tamponi cloacali effettuati nel 1993 su 120
passeriforrni hanno dato esito negativo per la ricerca di virus influenzali di
tipo A.
Descriptors: birds, disease surveys, wild animals,
monitoring, animal diseases, Italy, immunological techniques, antibiotics,
biopsy, avian influenza virus, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis,
identification, etiology, biological analysis, diagnosis, Europe,
histocytological analysis, influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae, surveys, viruses, Western Europe, wildlife.
Dea, S., M.A. Elazhary, and R.S. Roy (1980). Les
virus influenza chez l'homme et les animaux. Une revue de la litterature.
[Influenza viruses in man and animals. A literature review (author's transl)].
Canadian Veterinary Journal Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 21(6): 171-8.
ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: animals, domestic, orthomyxoviridae
infections microbiology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, antigens,
viral analysis, chickens, epitopes, fowl plague microbiology, horse diseases
microbiology, horses, influenza microbiology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, human immunology, porcine immunology, mutation, recombination,
genetic, swine, swine diseases microbiology.
Deibel, R., D.E. Emord, W. Dukelow, V.S. Hinshaw, and
J.M. Wood (1985). Influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in ducks in the
Atlantic flyway, 1977-1983, including an H5N2 isolate related to the virulent
chicken virus. Avian Diseases 29(4): 970-85. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: From 1977 to 1983, waterfowl migrating along
the Atlantic flyway were annually monitored for orthomyxoviruses and
paramyxoviruses in an area in central New York State. A total of 168 influenza
isolates were obtained from 1,430 waterfowl. Twenty-four combinations of
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes were detected, with as many as 12
found in a single year. One combination, an H5N2 isolate in 1982, was closely
related to the virulent chicken virus that appeared in Pennsylvania in 1983.
The prevalence of influenza varied greatly among the common waterfowl species:
mallards 42%, black ducks 30%, blue-winged teal 11%, wood ducks 2%, and Canada
geese 0%. A total of 89 paramyxoviruses were also from these waterfowl. In
contrast to findings with influenza virus, the prevalence of paramyxoviruses
did not differ significantly among the duck species. Serotype 1 (Newcastle
disease virus) was predominant; three other serotypes were also identified.
These findings indicated that ducks in the Atlantic flyway continually harbor
influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses. The viruses may be a source of infection
for other species.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification,
paramyxoviridae isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis,
demography, New York, species specificity.
DeLay, P.D., H.L. Casey, and H.S. Tubiash (1967). Comparative
study of fowl plague virus and a virus isolated from man. Public Health
Reports 82(7): 615-20. ISSN:
0094-6214.
NAL
Call Number: 151.65 P96
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, viruses immunology, chick embryo,
haplorhini, hemagglutination inhibition tests, hemagglutination tests,
neutralization tests, Newcastle disease immunology, Newcastle disease virus
immunology, poultry, virus diseases immunology, virus diseases pathology.
Della Porta, A. J. (ed.). (1985). Avian diseases.
In: Veterinary viral diseases, their significance in South East Asia and the
Western Pacific, p. 317-358.
NAL
Call Number:
SF780.4.I56 1984
Descriptors: wild birds, avian influenza,
Newcastle disease, viral diseases, threat, Australia, Korea, Malaysia,
conference papers.
Donis, R.O., W.J. Bean, Y. Kawaoka, and R.G. Webster
(1989). Distinct lineages of influenza virus H4 hemagglutinin genes in
different regions of the world. Virology 169(2): 408-17. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: To understand the determinants of influenza
virus evolution, phylogenetic relationships were determined for nine
hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the H4 subtype. These genes belong to a set of
viruses isolated from several avian and mammalian species from various geographic
locations around the world between 1956 and 1985. We found that the HA gene of
the H4 subtype is 1738 nucleotides in length and is predicted to encode a
polypeptide of 564 amino acids. The connecting peptide, which is removed from
the precursor polypeptide by peptidases to yield the mature HA1 and HA2
polypeptides, contains only one basic amino acid. This type of connecting
peptide is a feature of all avian avirulent HAs. On the basis of pairwise
nucleotide sequence homology comparisons the genes can be segregated into two
groups: influenza virus genes isolated in North America and those isolated from
other parts of the world. A high degree of homology exists between pairs of
genes from viruses of similar geographic origin. The nucleotide sequences
within a group differ by 1.5 to 10.6%; in contrast, between groups the
differences range from 15.8 to 19.4%. An evolutionary tree for the nine
sequences suggests that North American isolates have diverged extensively from
those circulating in other parts of the world. Geographic barriers which
determine flyway outlay may prevent the gene pools from extensive mixing. The
lack of correlation between date of isolation and evolutionary distance
suggests that different H4 HA genes cocirculate in a fashion similar to avian
H3 HA genes (H. Kida et al., 1987, Virology 159, 109-119) and influenza C genes
(D. Buonagurio et al., 1985, Virology 146, 221-232) implying the absence of
selective pressure by antibody that would give a significant advantage to
antigenic variants. In contrast to avian influenza virus genes, human influenza
virus genes evolve rapidly under the selective pressure of antibody.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza A
virus genetics, amino acid sequence, base sequence, cloning, molecular,
geography, molecular sequence data, sequence homology, nucleic acid.
Dosser, E.M. (1970). Stimuliruiushchee
vzaimodeistvie virusov zhivotnykh. [Stimulating interaction of animal viruses].
Voprosy Virusologii 15(4): 387-94.
ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, viral interference,
adenoviridae, arboviruses, cattle, cervix neoplasms, chick embryo, chikungunya
virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, HeLa cells, influenza A virus avian,
interferons antagonists and inhibitors, l cells cell line, lactones
pharmacology, mice, orthomyxoviridae, parainfluenza virus 1, human drug
effects, polioviruses, rabies virus, rats, respirovirus, swine, tissue culture,
vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus, virus cultivation, virus replication.
Downie, J.C., V. Hinshaw, and W.G. Laver (1977). The
ecology of influenza. Isolation of type 'A' influenza viruses from Australian
pelagic birds. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical
Science 55(6): 635-43. ISSN: 0004-945X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 Au7
Abstract: Three different type A influenza viruses have
been isolated from pelagic birds nesting on islands of the Great Barrier Reef.
One of these, isolated in 1972, was of subtype Hav6Nav5. The other two, which
are described in this paper, were isolated in 1975 and belonged to subtypes
Hav5Nav2 and Hav3Nav6. Of eight isolates of the latter virus, seven were
recovered from cloacal swabs and only one from the trachea.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antibodies, viral analysis, antigens, viral
immunology, Australia, cloaca microbiology, hemagglutinins viral analysis,
influenza A virus avian immunology, neuraminidase immunology, trachea
microbiology.
Downie, J.C. and W.G. Laver (1973). Isolation of a
type A influenza virus from an Australian pelagic bird. Virology
51(2): 259-269.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: influenza A virus, birds, Puffinus
pacificus chlororhynchus, shearwater bird.
Easterday, B.C. (1973). Avian influenza: a growing
problem. Poultry Digest 32(378): 357-359. ISSN: 0032-5724.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 N219
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry.
Easterday, B.C. (1973). Avian influenza: a
worldwide enigma. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
163(10): 1197. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: avian influenza, global, birds, ducks.
Easterday, B.C., C.W. Beard and M. S. Hofstad (ed.) (1984). Avian
influenza. In: Diseases of Poultry, 8th edition, p. 482-496.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.B5 1984
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, reviews, poultry
diseases.
Easterday, B.C., D.O. Trainer, B. Tumova, and H.G.
Pereira (1968). Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory
waterfowl. Nature 219(153): 523-4.
ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, influenza
veterinary, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, bird diseases immunology,
disease reservoirs, ducks, England, geese, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
Illinois, influenza immunology, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, Michigan, Missouri, neutralization tests, Ontario,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae infections immunology,
South Dakota, Texas, turkeys, Wisconsin.
Easterday, B.C. and B. Tumova (1972). Avian
influenza viruses: in avian species and the natural history of influenza. Advances
in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 16: 201-22. ISSN: 0065-3519.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Descriptors: bird diseases etiology, influenza veterinary,
orthomyxoviridae classification, orthomyxoviridae immunology, antigens, viral,
bird diseases drug therapy, bird diseases prevention and control, birds,
chickens, ducks, ecology, influenza drug therapy, influenza immunology,
influenza pathology, influenza prevention and control, influenza A virus avian
classification, avian immunology, poultry diseases, turkeys.
Easterday, B.C., B. Tumova and M. S. Hofstad (ed.) (1972). Avian
influenza. In: Diseases of Poultry, 6th edition, p. 670-700.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.I86
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry, diseases.
Easterday, B.C., B. Tumova, M. S. Hofstad (ed.)
and others (ed.) (1978). Avian
influenza. In: Diseases of Poultry, 7th edition, p. 549-573.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.B5 1972
Descriptors: reviews, birds, avian influenza virus,
diseases.
Echaniz Aviles, G. (2004 ). Influenza aviar:
debemos preocuparnos? Salud P'Ublica De M'Exico 46(2): 186-7. ISSN: 0036-3634.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza, avian
epidemiology, Asia epidemiology, birds, influenza virology.
Eiros Bouza, J.M. (2004). Sindrome agudo
respiratorio grave y gripe aviar [Severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian
flu]. Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Medicina 121(2):
263-88. ISSN: 0034-0634.
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a
new disease that caused large ourbreaks in several countries in the first half
of 2003, resulting in infection in more than 8.000 people and more than 900
deaths. The disease originated in southern China and a novel coronavirus (SARS
CoV) has been implicated as the causative organism. We present an overview of
the etiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, based on the current state
of knowledge derived from published studies and our experience in the National
Microbiology Centre. Influenza is a zoonosis. This appreciation of influenza
ecology facilitated recognition of the H5N1 'bird flu' incident in Hong Kong in
1997 in what was considered to be an incipient pandemic situation, the chicken
being the source of virus for humans and. The current outbreak of avian
influenza in South East Asia has resulted in a small number of human deaths.
These findings highlight the importance of systematic virus surveillance of
domestic poultry in recognizing changes in virus occurrence, host range and
pathogenicity as signals at the avian level that could presage a pandemic.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, avian influenza
epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnosis, severe acute
respiratory syndrome etiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome virology,
southeastern Asia epidemiology, China epidemiology, diagnosis, avian influenza
mortality, avian influenza virology, middle aged adult.
Ek-Kommonen, C. (1996). Avian influenza. Suomen
Eläinlääkärilehti 102(7/8): 399-402.
ISSN: 0039-5501.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 F49
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, disease
prevalence, symptoms, diagnosis, control, vaccines.
Ekdahl, K., P. Penttinen, A. Ternhag, A. Linde, and
J. Giesecke (2004). Fagelinfluensan--nasta globala infektionshot fran Asien.
[Avian influenza--next global infection threat from Asia]. Lakartidningen
101(8): 683-5. ISSN: 0023-7205.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian pathogenicity,
world health, birds, fowl plague transmission, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, risk factors.
Enserink, M. (2004). Breakthrough of the year.
Avian influenza: catastrophe waiting in the wings? Science
306(5704): 2016. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, influenza, avian epidemiology, antiviral agents therapeutic use,
Asia epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza vaccines, avian influenza
prevention and control, avian influenza virology, poultry, vaccination veterinary,
World Health Organization.
Enserink, M. (2005). Infectious diseases. Experts
dismiss pig flu scare as nonsense. Science 307(5714): 1392. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: genes, viral, orthomyxoviridae genetics,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, orthomyxoviridae infections
veterinary, swine virology, swine diseases virology, databases, nucleic acid,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, human genetics, Korea, orthomyxoviridae
infections virology, RNA, viral genetics, World Health Organization.
Enserink, M. (2004). Influenza: girding for
disaster. Looking the pandemic in the eye. Science 306(5695):
392-4. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
world health, cost of illness, influenza transmission, influenza virology,
avian pathogenicity, influenza A virus, avian physiology, influenza vaccines
administration and dosage, influenza vaccines supply and distribution, models,
biological, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae physiology, public
health, reassortant viruses.
Enserink, M. (2004). Virology. Tiptoeing around
Pandora's Box. Science
305(5684): 594-5. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
genetics, human genetics, reassortant viruses genetics, reassortant viruses
pathogenicity, bioterrorism, birds, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
U.S., containment of biohazards, disease outbreaks, genome, viral, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, avian influenza pathogenicity, human
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza virology,
recombination, genetic, risk assessment, United States, virulence, World Health
Organization.
Erasmus, B.J. (2003). The latest on avian
influenza. Poultry Bulletin South Africa Poultry Association :
14-17. ISSN: 0257-201X.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 So89
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, vaccination, immunization, disinfection, South Africa, Africa, Africa
South of Sahara, biological properties, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes,
immunization, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, livestock, microbial
properties, poultry, Southern Africa, therapy, useful animals.
Erickson, G.A., M. Brugh, and C.W. Beard (1978). Newcastle
disease and avian influenza virus stability under simulated shipping conditions.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary
Laboratory Diagnosticians 21: 309-318.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.A53a
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza
virus, shipping, culture media, preservation, specimen handling.
Estola, T., P. Saikku, M. Pirkola, I. Hakkinen, P.
Veijalainen, and C. Ek Kommonen (1980). Occurrence of influenza A viruses
and their antibodies in migratory birds in Finland. Nordisk
Veterinaermedicin 32(7-8): 321-4.
ISSN: 0029-1579.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 N813
Abstract: A Finnish material of 455 cloacal specimens
from 24 species of small migratory birds and of 54 cloacal specimens from 10 species
of waterfowl was investigated for the occurrence of A type influenza virus.
Influenza A virus was isolated in only one specimen, originating from a mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos). Parallely, yolk material from 109 waterfowl
representing 9 species was investigated for the occurrence of influenza A
antibodies by complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests. In three yolk
specimens, one from a widgeon (Anas penelope), one from a common gull (Larus
canus) and one from a lesser blackbacked gull (Larus fuscus ),
positive reactions with low titres of 1:2--1:4 were obtained. The study shows
that waterfowl can carry influenza A virus, but the role of small migratory
birds in this respect seems to be negligible in Finland.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, birds
microbiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, birds immunology, cloaca
microbiology, Finland, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification.
Estudillo, L.J. (1996). Consideraciones sobre el
instinto migratorio de las aves silvestres y analisis de las posibilidades
reales que estas hayan sido el vector del brote de influenza aviar en Mexico.
[Considerations on the migratory instinct of wild birds and analysis of the
actual possibilities for these birds to have served as vectors for the avian
influenza outbreak in Mexico]. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 45: 22-20.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: birds, vectors, avian influenza virus,
Mexico, America, disease transmission, influenza virus, Latin America, North
America, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, viruses.
Eto, M. and M. Mase (2003). Isolation of the
Newcastle disease virus and the H9N2 influenza A virus from chicken imported
from China. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association
56(5): 333-339. ISSN: 0446-6454.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 J275
Descriptors: influenza A virus, Newcastle disease, avian
influenza virus, imported products, chicken meat, pathogenicity, China
Fauci, A.S. (1998). New and reemerging diseases:
The importance of biomedical research. Emerging Infectious Diseases
4(3): 374-378. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: infection, public health, avian H5N1
influenza, outbreak response, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
infectious diseases, infectious disease, new, reemerging, malaria, National
Institute of Health initiatives, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic
disease, biomedical research importance, cross sector collaboration, vaccine
development.
Ferguson, N.M., C. Fraser, C.A. Donnelly, A.C. Ghani,
and R.M. Anderson (2004). Public health. Public health risk from the avian
H5N1 influenza epidemic. Science 304(5673): 968-9. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian
pathogenicity, population surveillance, public health, animals, domestic,
cluster analysis, influenza virology, human genetics, human pathogenicity,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza transmission, avian influenza virology, mathematics, reassortant
viruses genetics, reassortant viruses pathogenicity, recombination, genetic,
risk assessment, world health, zoonoses.
Fernandez del Campo, J.A. (2004). Datos actuales
sobre virus de la gripe de patos salvajes y pollos, y virus de la gripe tipo C.
Agentes antigripales [Present data on influenza virus isolated from ducks and
chickens, and influenza virus C. Anti-influenza drugs]. Anales De La
Real Academia Nacional De Medicina 121(2): 305-30. ISSN: 0034-0634.
Abstract: Present data on influenza virus isolated from
ducks and chickens, and influenza virus C. Anti-influenza drugs. Within the
broad field of Glycopathology and Glycotherapeutics, research on influenza
virus types A, B and C from humans and several bird species (particularly
migratory birds such as ducks, since they are reservoirs for viruses), as well
as the search for improved drugs designed for the prevention or treatment of
epidemics/pandemics produced by most of those viruses are issues of relevant
interest not only from a scientific point of view but also for repercussions on
health and the important economical consequences. The research work begun by
the author and collaborators at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology of the University of Salamanca (Spain) in the middle of the 1970's,
developed later in close cooperation with the "(Unite d'Ecologie
Virale" of the Pasteur Institute of Paris (Prof. Claude Hannoun and
collaborators), has been published in about twenty papers that mainly focus on
the theoretic-experimental study of: The sialidase (neuraminidase) activity of
human influenza viruses types A and B. The acetylesterase activity of type C
virus from humans and dogs. The sialidase activity of type A virus from ducks
and pigs, in comparison with that of humans. Certain sialidase inhibitors as
useful anti-influenza drugs, especially in the case of possible future
influenza pandemics of avian origin.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, chickens
microbiology, ducks microbiology, influenza drug therapy, avian influenza drug
therapy, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors, orthomyxoviridae isolation
and purification, acetylesterase analysis, adolescent, aged adult, aged 80 and
over, child, preschool child, disease reservoirs, dogs, influenza prevention
and control, influenza vaccines administration and dosage, influenza virus A
enzymology, influenza virus A isolation and purification, influenza virus B
enzymology, influenza virus B isolation and purification, influenza virus C
enzymology, influenza virus C isolation and purification, middle aged, neuraminidase
analysis, research.
Fioretti, A., M. Calabria, and A. Piccirillo (1998). Influenza
aviare. [Avian influenza]. [Italian Society of Poultry Pathology Meeting on
World and Italian situation of avian influenza]. Legnaro, Padua (Italy). 7 Apr
1998. Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12): 921-929.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, history, symptoms,
postmortem examination, vaccination, mortality, diagnosis, disease
surveillance, chickens, Italy.
Fiszon, B., C. Hannoun, A. Garcia Sastre, E. Villar,
and J.A. Cabezas (1989). Comparison of biological and physical properties of
human and animal A (H1N1) influenza viruses. Research in Virology
140(5): 395-404. ISSN: 0923-2516.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.A44
Abstract: The study of biological properties of
influenza virus strains belonging to the same subtype A(H1N1) and closely
antigenically related, but isolated from different animal species (man, pig and
duck), demonstrated that avian strains were more resistant than those isolated from
mammals to high temperature and low pH, as shown by titration of residual
infectivity in cell cultures (MDCK) and by sialidase assay. The difference in
behaviour could be correlated to biological adaptation of the virus to its
host. Avian body temperature is 40 degrees C and influenza virus, in ducks, is
enterotropic and therefore capable of passing through the low pH values in the
upper digestive tract of the animal. These results do not contradict the
hypothesis of a possible filiation between avian and mammalian
orthomyxoviruses.
Descriptors: influenza A virus physiology, body
temperature, cell line, ducks, hemagglutination tests, hydrogen-ion
concentration, influenza A virus avian enzymology, avian growth and
development, avian physiology, human enzymology, human growth and development,
human physiology, porcine enzymology, porcine growth and development, porcine
physiology, influenza A virus enzymology, influenza A virus growth and
development, neuraminidase analysis, plaque assay, swine, temperature, virus
replication.
Fleck, F. (2004). Avian flu virus could evolve
into dangerous human pathogen, experts fear. Bulletin of the World
Health Organization 82(3): 236-7.
ISSN: 0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian pathogenicity, zoonoses, Asia, birds.
Fleury, H.J., M. Babin, J.F. Bonnici, J.D. Poveda, M.
Beyrie, A. Vuillaume, and D.J. Alexander (1986). First simultaneous
isolation of influenza A virus and duck enteritis virus from commercial ducks
in France. Veterinary Record 119(9): 208-9. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, fowl plague
complications, herpesviridae isolation and purification, herpesviridae
infections veterinary, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, fowl
plague microbiology, herpesviridae infections complications, herpesviridae
infections microbiology, poultry diseases microbiology.
Fomsgaard, A., P.C. Grauballe, and S.O. Glismann
(2004). Risiko for en ny influenzapandemi? [Risk of a new influenza
pandemic?]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 166(10): 912-5. ISSN: 0041-5782.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus classification, influenza A virus
genetics, influenza A virus pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, birds,
communicable disease control, influenza prevention and control, influenza
transmission, avian influenza transmission, poultry, world health, zoonoses
transmission.
Fontaine, M. (1984). Influenza aviaire. [Avian
influenza (review)]. Recueil De Medecine Veterinaire 160(11):
929-937.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R24
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, review, birds,
mammals.
Fontaine, M. and M. Aymard Henry (1975). Contribution
a l'etude antigenique des virus influenza des animaux. I. Neuraminidase des
virus influenza equins. [Contribution to the antigenic study of influenza viruses
in animals. I. Neuraminidase of the equine influenza viruses (author's transl)].
Annales De Recherches Veterinaires Annals of Veterinary Research
6(4): 397-410. ISSN: 0003-4193.
NAL
Call Number: SF602.A5
Abstract: From the Revised Nomenclature of WHO, the
fowl influenza virus A/Duck/Ukraine/63 (Hav7 Neq2) has the same neuraminidase
as the equine virus A/equi 2/Miami/63 (Heq2 Neq2); the A/Chicken Germany
"N"/49 virus has the same neuraminidase as the equine virus A/equi
1/Prague/56. A comparative study of the antigenic specificities confirms that
the Neq2 neuraminidases are closely connected, whatever their animal origin,
and that the fowl strain Hav7 Neq2 can be used for the titration of anti Neq2
antibodies in the serums of animals immunized with the equine virus Heq2 Neq2.
The Neqi neuraminidases of various animal origins are connected, but the
neuraminidase of the fowl strain Hav2 Neqi is slightly inhibited by the anti
Neq1 antibodies of animals immunized with the Heq1 Neq1 virus: to titrate the
anti Neq1 antibodies of equine origin, the H72 Neq1 recombinant should
therefore be used. The antigenic characterization of the different equine
influenza strains isolated since 1967 by the study of their neuraminidase has
been completed: The various neuraminidases, like the hemagglutinins of the
various strains belonging to the sub-type A equi2 are closely connected; a
minor antigenic variation, concerning the two surface antigens, seems to exist
between the strain A equi 1/Prague/56 and the strain of the same subtype
isolated in 1973.
Descriptors: antigens, viral, neuraminidase immunology,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, cross reactions, epitopes, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, horse diseases immunology, horses, influenza immunology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus avian immunology.
Fouchier, R.A., G.F. Rimmelzwaan, T. Kuiken, and A.D.
Osterhaus (2005). Newer respiratory virus infections: human metapneumovirus,
avian influenza virus, and human coronaviruses. Current Opinion in
Infectious Diseases 18(2): 141-6.
ISSN: 0951-7375.
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recently, several
previously unrecognized respiratory viral pathogens have been identified and
several influenza A virus subtypes, previously known to infect poultry and wild
birds, were transmitted to humans. Here we review the recent literature on
these respiratory viruses. RECENT FINDINGS: Human metapneumovirus has now been
detected worldwide, causing severe respiratory tract illnesses primarily in
very young, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Animal models and
reverse genetic techniques were designed for human metapneumovirus, and the
first vaccine candidates have been developed. Considerable genetic and
antigenic diversity was observed for human metapneumovirus, but the implication
of this diversity for vaccine development and virus epidemiology requires
further study. Two previously unrecognized human coronaviruses were discovered
in 2004 in The Netherlands and Hong Kong. Their clinical impact and
epidemiology are largely unknown and warrant further investigation. Several
influenza A virus subtypes were transmitted from birds to humans, and these
viruses continue to constitute a pandemic threat. The clinical symptoms
associated with these zoonotic transmissions range from mild respiratory
illnesses and conjunctivitis to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress
syndrome, sometimes resulting in death. More basic research into virus ecology
and evolution and development of effective vaccines and antiviral strategies
are required to limit the impact of influenza A virus zoonoses and the threat
of an influenza pandemic. SUMMARY: Previously unknown and emerging respiratory
viruses are an important threat to human health. Development of virus
diagnostic tests, antiviral strategies, and vaccines for each of these
pathogens is crucial to limit their impact.
Descriptors: coronavirus infections epidemiology,
influenza virology, avian influenza A virus, metapneumovirus, paramyxoviridae
infections epidemiology, respiratory tract infections virology, emerging
communicable diseases, disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, risk factors,
paramyxoviridae infections virology, coronavirus infections virology, influenza
epidemiology.
Fukumi, H., K. Nerome, M. Nakayama, and M. Ishida
(1977). Serological and virological investigations fo orthomyxovirus in
birds in South-East Asian area. Developments in Biological
Standardization 39: 475-60. ISSN:
0301-5149.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: We have previously reported that some species
of migrating ducks (pintail, mallard, widgeon and falcated teal) possess in
their sera antibodies against H antigens of human or avian influenza viruses.
Such findings have also been reported from other workers, and the appearance of
new types of influenza viruses accompanied by outbreaks of new influenza
pandemics, or circulation of influenza virus antigens in animals, birds and
humans have been discussed on the basis of such findings. Recently a number of
orthomyxoviruses have been isolated from wild birds such as myna, banded
parakeets, etc. imported from India and some areas of South-East Asia. Some of
them have H antigens not recognized previously, and some are found to have more
or less common reactions with human H3 antigen, and consequently antigens Hav 7
and Heq 2, which are known to show cross-reaction with H3. The significance of
such a fact in connection with the appearance of a new influenza pandemic is
discussed.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral, birds microbiology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, Asia, Southeastern, ducks, hemagglutinins
viral, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Japan, neuraminidase
immunology.
Furr, A.A. (1984). Avian influenza. Foreign
Animal Disease Report 12(1): 1-2.
ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, depopulation,
Pennsylvania.
Furr, A.A. (1984). Avian influenza update. Foreign
Animal Disease Report 12(2): 1-2.
ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks,
turkeys, Virginia, Pennsylvania.
Garcia, M., D.L. Suarez, J.M. Crawford, J.W. Latimer,
R.D. Slemons, D.E. Swayne, and M.L. Perdue (1997). Evolution of H5 subtype
avian influenza A viruses in North America. Virus Research 51(2):
115-24. ISSN: 0168-1702.
NAL
Call Number: QR375.V6
Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships of the
hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from avian influenza (AI) H5
subtype viruses of North American origin are presented. Analysis of the HA
genes of several previously uncharacterized isolates from waterfowl and turkeys
provided clear evidence of significant sequence variation and existence of
multiple virus clades or sub-lineages, maintained in migratory waterfowl.
Phylogenetic analysis of NS gene sequences further demonstrated multiple
sub-lineages and also demonstrated re-assortment of two NS alleles in wild duck
populations. Based on currently available HA1 gene sequences, at least four
clades exist with waterfowl isolates included in three of the four groups. The
most genetically unstable of these sub-lineages is composed of recent poultry
isolates from the outbreak of AI in Central Mexico. This group of viruses,
which replicated unabated in chickens for at least 16 months, exhibited an
increased rate of mutation in both the HA and NS gene. Comparison of the HA1
sequence data for all available North American H5 subtype viruses demonstrated
minimal variation both in and around the amino acids predicted to be involved
in the HA receptor binding site. The sequences also revealed that migratory
waterfowl, live poultry market chicken, and turkey isolates uniformly lack a
glycosylation site at amino acid 236 in the HA protein which is present in
commercial chicken isolates.
Descriptors: evolution, molecular, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza A virus avian genetics,
viral nonstructural proteins genetics, base sequence, DNA, viral, influenza A
virus avian classification, molecular sequence data, North America, phylogeny.
Gardner, I.D. and K.F. Shortridge (1979). Recombination
as a mechanism in the evolution of influenza viruses: a two-year study of ducks
in Hong Kong. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1(5): 885-90. ISSN: 0162-0886.
NAL
Call Number: RC111.R4
Abstract: An analysis was made of 149 influenza A
viruses isolated from ducks in Hong Kong during the period of November 1975
through October 1977. The viruses were isolated five times more frequently from
ducks raised in the People's Republic of China than from those raised in Hong
Kong. The isolation rate fo viruses was higher from the cloaca than it was from
the trachea, but this pattern varied over the two years of investifation. The
large number of different combinations (30) of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
genes suggests that recombination of viruses was taking place. Analysis of
these combinations showed that their distribution was not random and that
certain combinations occured more frequently, and others less frequently, than
was expected. The recombination of influenza viruses and the excess or
restriction of certain combinations may have implications for the evolution of
pandemic strains of influenza virus in humans.
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, recombination, genetic, China, cloaca microbiology, evolution, gene
frequency, genotype, hemagglutinins viral genetics, Hong Kong, influenza A
virus avian isolation and purification, neuraminidase genetics, paramyxoviridae
isolation and purification, seasons, trachea microbiology.
Germanov, A.B., M.I. Sokolov, I.A. Myasnikova, N.A.
Parasiuk, T.V. Vorontsova, and G.V. Kornilaeva (1972). Some biological and
physico-chemical properties of plaque mutants of fowl plague virus. Brief
report. Archiv Fur Die Gesamte Virusforschung 39(4): 389-92. ISSN: 0003-9012.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian drug effects,
influenza A virus avian radiation effects, mutation, centrifugation, density
gradient, chick embryo, chromatography, DEAE-cellulose, fibroblasts, mutagens,
protamines pharmacology, radiation effects, sodium chloride, temperature,
tissue culture, ultraviolet rays, virus replication.
Glass, S.E., S.A. Naqi, and L.C. Grumbles (1981). Isolation
of avian influenza virus in Texas. Avian Diseases 25(2): 545-9. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An avian influenza virus with surface
antigens similar to those of fowl plague virus (Hav 1 Nav 2) was isolated in
1979 from 2 commercial turkey flocks in Central Texas. Two flocks in contact
with these infected flocks developed clinical signs, gross lesions, and
seroconversion but yielded no virus. This was the first recorded incidence of
clinical avian influenza in Texas turkeys and only the second time that an
agent with these surface antigens was isolated from turkeys in U.S.
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, turkeys, antibodies, viral analysis, fowl
plague immunology, hemagglutination tests veterinary, immunodiffusion veterinary,
influenza A virus avian immunology, Texas.
Goodman, L. (2004). Viral crossings. Journal
of Clinical Investigation 113(6): 786.
ISSN: 0021-9738.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J8295
Descriptors: host parasite relations physiology, influenza
A virus, avian metabolism, RNA virus infections epidemiology, Asia
epidemiology, RNA virus infections metabolism, zoonoses.
Gordon, S. (2004). Avian influenza: a wake-up call
from birds to humans. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 71(4):
273-4. ISSN: 0891-1150.
Descriptors: communicable disease control organization and
administration, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, avian influenza epidemiology, birds, influenza prevention and
control, avian influenza prevention and control, primary prevention
organization and administration, risk assessment, vaccination methods, world
health.
Gough, R.E., W.J. Cox, and D.J. Alexander (1990). Examination
of sera from game birds for antibodies against avian viruses. Veterinary Record 127(5): 110-1. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, birds immunology,
coronaviridae immunology, herpesvirus 1, gallid immunology, infectious
bronchitis virus immunology, infectious bursal disease virus immunology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, Newcastle disease virus immunology,
rotavirus immunology.
Gough, R.E. and A.S. Wallis (1986). Duck hepatitis
type I and influenza in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Veterinary
Record 119(24): 602. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: duck hepatitis virus, mallard ducks, avian
influenza virus, Anas platyrhynchos.
Gould, A.R. (2004). Virus evolution: disease
emergence and spread. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
44(11): 1085-1094. ISSN: 0816-1089.
NAL
Call Number: 23 Au792
Descriptors: viral evolution, viral replication,
infection, geographic location.
Gourreau, J.M., C. Kaiser, M. Valette, A.R. Douglas,
J. Labie, and M. Aymard (1994). Isolation of two H1N2 influenza viruses from
swine in France. Archives of Virology 135(3-4): 365-82. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Samples collected in 1987 and 1988 in
Brittany from influenza-infected swine made it possible to isolate and
antigenically characterize two H1N2 recombinant viruses (Sw/France/5027/87 and
Sw/France/5550/88). The former virus was cloned and reinoculated to swine to
allow reproduction of the disease and reisolation of a strain similar to the
original one. The serodiagnostic tests carried out on both the original sera
and those from the experimentally infected animals confirmed that the virus was
actually type Sw/H1N2.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, porcine isolation and
purification, swine virology, antibodies, monoclonal, antibody formation,
antigens, viral analysis, birds, cloning, molecular, France, influenza
immunology, influenza A virus avian classification, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, influenza A virus human classification, influenza A
virus human isolation and purification, influenza A virus, porcine
genetics, influenza A virus, porcine
immunology, variation genetics.
Graves, I.L. (1992). Influenza viruses in birds of
the Atlantic flyway. Avian Diseases 36(1): 1-10. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Isolation of type A influenza viruses from
the feces of 5013 birds of 16 species was attempted during a 33-month study
(1977-79). Seventy viruses were isolated from the feces of 3403 ring-billed
gulls in Baltimore, Md., during 16 months of sampling. Six hemagglutinin (HA)
subtypes and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes in 15 combinations were found.
The H13N6 virus was the only subtype found each year and accounted for 40% of
the isolates. The rate of isolation from gulls was 0.26% in the cold months and
3.0% in the warm months. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and
elution-inhibition antibody profiles reflected the presence of some but not all
of the viruses isolated. In mute swans, the rates of seroconversions were 16%
for HA antibody and 14% for NA antibody, whereas the viral isolation rate was
0.4% over a 3-year period. Both the H5 and the N2 subtypes, which were
responsible for the lethal chicken outbreaks in 1983 in Pennsylvania, were
isolated from gulls in 1978 in association with subtypes not found in the
chicken virus. Also, seroconversions for the H5 HA occurred in mute swans in
1978.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, feces microbiology,
fowl plague epidemiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
age factors, Baltimore epidemiology, birds, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
influenza A virus avian classification, influenza A virus avian immunology,
mid-Atlantic region epidemiology, prevalence, seasons.
Gresikova, M., M. Sekeyova, B. Tumova, and A. Stumpa
(1979). Isolation of an influenza A virus strain from a bird embryo (Larus
ridibundus) collected in Slovakia. Acta Virologica 23(1):
89-92. ISSN: 0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: Avian influenza virus A/Larus 36/77
(Hav7Nav1) was isolated in 1977 from a trinket (Larus ridibundus)
embryo. This result suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of
influenza A virus.
Descriptors: birds microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, birds embryology,
Czechoslovakia, ecology, epitopes, influenza A virus avian immunology.
Groocock, C. (1994). Avian influenza in gamebirds
in Maryland. Foreign Animal
Disease Report (22-2): 7. ISSN:
0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: pheasants, waterfowl, avian influenza virus,
disease control, birds, Galliformes, influenza virus, viruses, outbreaks.
Guan, Y., L.L. Poon, C.Y. Cheung, T.M. Ellis, W. Lim,
A.S. Lipatov, K.H. Chan, K.M. Sturm Ramirez, C.L. Cheung, Y.H. Leung, K.Y.
Yuen, R.G. Webster, and J.S. Peiris (2004). H5N1 influenza: a protean
pandemic threat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America 101(21): 8156-61.
ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: Infection with avian influenza A virus of the
H5N1 subtype (isolates A/HK/212/03 and A/HK/213/03) was fatal to one of two
members of a family in southern China in 2003. This incident was preceded by
lethal outbreaks of H5N1 influenza in waterfowl, which are the natural hosts of
these viruses and, therefore, normally have asymptomatic infection. The
hemagglutinin genes of the A/HK/212/03-like viruses isolated from humans and
waterfowl share the lineage of the H5N1 viruses that caused the first known
cases of human disease in Hong Kong in 1997, but their internal protein genes
originated elsewhere. The hemagglutinin of the recent human isolates has
undergone significant antigenic drift. Like the 1997 human H5N1 isolates, the
2003 human H5N1 isolates induced the overproduction of proinflammatory
cytokines by primary human macrophages in vitro, whereas the precursor H5N1
viruses and other H5N1 reassortants isolated in 2001 did not. The acquisition
by the viruses of characteristics that enhance virulence in humans and
waterfowl and their potential for wider distribution by infected migrating
birds are causes for renewed pandemic concern.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
birds virology, cytokines biosynthesis, cytokines immunology, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, Hong Kong, inflammation mediators immunology, influenza
transmission, influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian classification,
avian genetics, avian immunology, avian pathogenicity, macrophages immunology,
macrophages metabolism, mice, molecular sequence data, organ specificity,
phylogeny, reassortant viruses immunology, reassortant viruses pathogenicity,
time factors, virulence.
Guan, Y., K.F. Shortridge, S. Krauss, P.S. Chin, K.C.
Dyrting, T.M. Ellis, R.G. Webster, and M. Peiris (2000). H9N2 influenza
viruses possessing H5N1-like internal genomes continue to circulate in poultry
in southeastern China. Journal of Virology 74(20): 9372-80. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: The transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses to
humans and the realization that the A/Hong Kong/156/97-like (H5N1) (abbreviated
HK/156/97) genome complex may be present in H9N2 viruses in southeastern China
necessitated a study of the distribution and characterization of H9N2 viruses
in poultry in the Hong Kong SAR in 1999. Serological studies indicated that
H9N2 influenza viruses had infected a high proportion of chickens and other
land-based birds (pigeon, pheasant, quail, guinea fowl, and chukka) from
southeastern China. Two lineages of H9N2 influenza viruses present in the
live-poultry markets were represented by A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97
(Qa/HK/G1/97)-like and A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Dk/HK/Y280/97)-like viruses.
Up to 16% of cages of quail in the poultry markets contained Qa/HK/G1/97-like
viruses, while about 5% of cages of other land-based birds were infected with
Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses. No reassortant between the two H9N2 virus lineages
was detected despite their cocirculation in the poultry markets. Reassortant
viruses represented by A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) were the major H9N2
influenza viruses circulating in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but have not
been detected since the chicken slaughter in 1997. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses
were frequently isolated from quail, while Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses were
predominately associated with chickens. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were
evolving relatively rapidly, especially in their PB2, HA, NP, and NA genes,
suggesting that they are in the process of adapting to a new host. Experimental
studies showed that both H9N2 lineages were primarily spread by the aerosol
route and that neither quail nor chickens showed evidence of disease. The high
prevalence of quail infected with Qa/HK/G1/97-like virus that contains six gene
segments genetically highly related to HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus emphasizes the
need for surveillance of mammals including humans.
Descriptors: genome, viral, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, poultry virology, China, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, influenza A virus avian genetics, phylogeny, temperature,
virus replication.
Guan, Y., K.F. Shortridge, S. Krauss, and R.G.
Webster (1999). Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: were
they the donors of the "internal" genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong?
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 96(16): 9363-7. ISSN:
0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The origin of the H5N1 influenza viruses that
killed six of eighteen infected humans in 1997 and were highly pathogenic in
chickens has not been resolved. These H5N1 viruses transmitted directly to
humans from infected poultry. In the poultry markets in Hong Kong, both H5N1
and H9N2 influenza viruses were cocirculating, raising the possibility of
genetic reassortment. Here we analyze the antigenic and genetic features of
H9N2 influenza viruses with different epidemiological backgrounds. The results
suggest that the H9N2 influenza viruses of domestic ducks have become
established in the domestic poultry of Asia. Phylogenetic and antigenic
analyses of the H9N2 viruses isolated from Hong Kong markets suggest three
distinct sublineages. Among the chicken H9N2 viruses, six of the gene segments
were apparently derived from an earlier chicken H9N2 virus isolated in China,
whereas the PB1 and PB2 genes are closely related to those of the H5N1 viruses
and a quail H9N2 virus-A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (Qa/HK/G1/97)-suggesting that
many of the 1997 chicken H9 isolates in the markets were reassortants. The
similarity of the internal genes of Qa/HK/G1/97 virus to those of the H5N1
influenza viruses suggests that the quail virus may have been the internal gene
donor. Our findings indicate that the human and poultry H5N1 influenza viruses
in Hong Kong in 1997 were reassortants that obtained internal gene segments
from Qa/HK/G1/97. However, we cannot be certain whether the replicate complex
of H5N1 originated from Qa/HK/G1/97 or whether the reverse transfer occurred;
the available evidence supports the former proposal.
Descriptors: genes viral, influenza epidemiology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus avian classification, influenza A virus
avian genetics, influenza A virus human classification, influenza A virus human
genetics, poultry diseases epidemiology, chick embryo, chickens, coturnix,
ducks, feces virology, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza virology, influenza A
virus avian pathogenicity, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, pigeons, poultry
diseases virology.
Gust, I.D., A.W. Hampson, and D. Lavanchy (2001). Planning
for the next pandemic of influenza. Reviews in Medical Virology
11(1): 59-70. ISSN: 1052-9276.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, world health, antiviral agents therapeutic use,
influenza drug therapy, influenza prevention and control, influenza virology,
influenza vaccine administration and dosage, orthomyxoviridae genetics,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, practice guidelines, vaccination, World Health
Organization.
Guzhgulova, G., N. Orezhkova, and G. Georgiev (2004).
Ptichi grip i infektsii s influentsa
tip "A" virusi po ptitsite. [Avian influenza and infection with avian
influenza A virus]. Veterinarna Sbirka (Bulgaria). Veterinary Collection
112(3-4): 5-9. ISSN: 0205-3829.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6463
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, genomes, antigens,
hemagglutination tests, immunological techniques, nucleic acids.
Haas, W., G. Krause, U. Marcus, K. Stark, A. Ammon,
and R. Burger (2004). "Emerging infectious diseases"Dengue-fieber,
West-Nil-fieber, SARS, Vogelgrippe, HIV. [Emerging infectious diseases:
Dengue-fever, West-Nile-fever, SARS, Vogelgrippe, HIV]. Internist
45(6): 684-92. ISSN: 0020-9554.
Abstract: Some emerging infectious diseases have
recently become endemic in Germany. Others remain confined to specific regions
in the world. Physicians notice them only when travelers after infection in
endemic areas present themselves with symptoms. Several of these emerging
infections will be explained. HIV is an example for an imported pathogen which
has become endemic in Germany. SARS and avian influenza are zoonoses with the
potential to spread from person to person. Avian influenza in humans provides a
possibility for the reassortment of a potential new pandemic strain. Outbreaks
of dengue fever in endemic areas are reflected in increased infections in
travelers returning from these areas. Currently, West-Nile-virus infections are
only imported into Germany. The timely implementation of diagnostic,
therapeutic and infection control measures requires physicians to include these
diseases in their differential diagnosis. To achieve this goal, good
cooperation between physicians, laboratories and the public health service is
essential.
Descriptors: communicable diseases, control methods,
emerging diagnosis, emerging therapy, disease outbreaks prevention and control,
travel, virus diseases diagnosis, virus diseases therapy, birds, emerging
epidemiology, Dengue diagnosis, Dengue epidemiology, Dengue therapy, diagnosis,
differential, Germany epidemiology, HIV infections diagnosis, HIV infections
epidemiology, HIV infections therapy, avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza therapy, internationality, patient care
management methods, severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnosis, severe acute
respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome therapy,
virus diseases epidemiology, West Nile fever diagnosis, West Nile fever
epidemiology, West Nile fever therapy.
Hafez, H.M. (2003). Geflugelpest: Alte Krankheit
mit standiger Gefahr fur Geflugel. [Fowl plague: an old disease that is a
continuing danger to poultry]. Tierarztliche Umschau 58(7):
343-351. ISSN: 0049-3864.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, fowl plague virus,
disease control, European Union, poultry, zoonoses.
Hafez, H.M., C. Prusas, S.C. de Jaeckel, D. Aldehoff,
and O. Werner (2003). Investigations on avian influenza A in meat turkey
flocks in Germany. Archiv Fuer Gefluegelkunde 67(1): 11-15. ISSN: 0003-9098.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 Ar2
Abstract: In the present investigation 315 commercial
meat turkey flocks slaughtered in southern part of Germany in year 2001 were
serologically examined for antibodies to avian influenza A viruses. Ten blood
samples per flock were collected at the time of slaughter and examined using
commercial ELISAs. Samples that reacted positively in ELISA were re-examined in
haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) using subtype specific antigens. From
the 3150 examined samples only 26 samples obtained from 7 flocks reacted
positively in ELISA. Examination of these samples in HI revealed negative
results to H1, H5, H7 and H9. On the other hand, all samples reacted positive
in HI using H6 antigen. In all flocks neither clinical signs nor unusual
increased mortalities were observed. End of December 2001 to January 2002
outbreaks of avian influenza were observed in three turkey flocks reared in the
central-west region of Germany. In all cases sudden onset of depression,
decrease in feed and water intake, respiratory signs accompanied with high
mortality were observed. On necropsy pericarditis, petechial haemorrhages in
pericardial fat, fibrinous airsacculitis, lung congestion and pneumonia were
found. In addition, enlargement of the spleen and inflammation of pancreas were
detected. Virological examinations resulted in isolation of an avian influenza
A virus in embryonated chicken eggs. All isolates were identified as subtype
H6N2 with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of 0.0. The current
observations indicate that low pathogenic avian influenza A of subtype 6 still
circulated in German turkey flocks and in most of cases accompanied with high
economic losses.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, epidemiology, immune
system, infection, avian influenza, epidemiology, respiratory system disease,
viral disease, ELISA immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, serology
clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, meat, turkey flocks.
Hafez Mohamed Hafez
(2003). Avian influenza in poultry. World Poultry
19(Special): 11-12. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, influenza virus A and
B, clinical aspects, disease control, transmission, mortality, quarantine,
vaccines, zoonoses, turkeys.
Halvorson, D., D. Karunakaran, D. Senne, C. Kelleher,
C. Bailey, A. Abraham, V. Hinshaw, and J. Newman (1983). Epizootiology of
avian influenza--simultaneous monitoring of sentinel ducks and turkeys in
Minnesota. Avian Diseases 27(1): 77-85. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Isolation-reared mallards (Anas
platyrhynchos) were placed on ponds in turkey-rearing areas in Minnesota, and
their cloacae were periodically swabbed to attempt isolating virus from
embryonated chicken eggs. Nearby turkeys were sampled by taking cloacal and
tracheal swabs as well as blood samples. Hemagglutinating viruses were
identified at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Ames, Iowa. During this two-year study, the weekly influenza
virus-isolation rate from ducks varied from 0 to 24.4%. A total of 213
influenza viruses were isolated from the ducks. Twenty-six influenza virus
subtypes were detected. Ninety-seven flocks of turkeys were diagnosed as having
influenza by virus isolation and/or serology. Eight influenza virus subtypes
were involved in the turkey outbreaks, and seven of these were also detected in
the ducks and/or other avian species. The weekly infection rate of the sentinel
ducks correlated directly with observations of wild ducks at the monitoring
sites. Influenza virus was isolated from water samples collected near the
sentinel duck sites during the study.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, ducks, fowl
plague epidemiology, turkeys, blood microbiology, cloaca microbiology,
influenza A virus avian classification, avian isolation and purification,
Minnesota, serotyping veterinary, trachea microbiology.
Halvorson, D.A. (2000). The importance of
biosecurity. World Poultry (Special): 26-27. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
prevention, transmission, biosecurity.
Halvorson, D.A. (2002). Is avian influenza
research meeting the needs of the poultry veterinarian? Veterinary
Journal 164(3): 173-5. ISSN:
1090-0233.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V484
Descriptors: fowl plague prevention and control, influenza
A virus avian immunology, avian physiology, influenza vaccine immunology,
poultry virology, poultry diseases prevention and control, veterinary medicine,
biomedical research, fowl plague immunology, poultry immunology, poultry
diseases immunology.
Halvorson, D.A., D. Karunakaran, and J.A. Newman
(1980). Avian influenza in caged laying chickens. Avian Diseases
24(1): 288-294. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, case reports, United
States, Minnesota, chickens.
Halvorson, D.A., C.J. Kelleher, and D.A. Senne (
1985). Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in
sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 49(4): 914-9.
ISSN: 0099-2240.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ap5
Abstract: Sentinel ducks and domestic turkey flocks
were monitored for influenza infection during a 4-year period. The onset of
infection among ducks was similar each year, occurring in late July or early
August. Influenza in turkeys was also shown to be seasonal, but the usual onset
was 6 to 8 weeks after the detection of influenza in sentinel ducks. Possible
explanations for the delayed infection in turkeys are (i) increased waterfowl
activity associated with fledging and congregating in late summer and early fall;
(ii) vectors transmitting virus from the waterfowl habitat to poultry farms;
(iii) cooler environmental temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability;
(iv) cooler surface water temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability; (v)
groundwater contamination from contaminated surface water; and (vi) virus
adaptation in domestic turkeys before infection is detected. We conclude that
ducks are not only a natural reservoir of influenza but also have a seasonal
infection that appears to be related to seasonal influenza outbreaks in
domestic turkeys in Minnesota. However, only some influenza A virus isolates
circulating among waterfowl at any given time appear capable of causing
detectable infection in turkeys. It is speculated that the seasonal infection
in migratory waterfowl may also be related to seasonal influenza infections in
other species including humans.
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, poultry diseases
transmission, turkeys microbiology, antigens, viral analysis, disease
reservoirs, ducks microbiology, influenza immunology, influenza transmission,
influenza A virus avian growth and development, Minnesota, poultry diseases
epidemiology, temperature, water microbiology.
Halvorson, D.A., V. Sivanandan, and D. Lauer (1992). Influenza
in commercial broiler breeders. Avian Diseases 36(1): 177-9. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Influenza was detected in a flock of broiler
breeders during routine serological monitoring. Although there were no clinical
signs, egg production may have been affected in hens on one story of a
two-story breeder house. Intensive measures were taken to avoid transmission to
other farms. Two months after the flock was found to be serologically positive,
sentinel hens were placed in the flock, and they became serologically positive
1 month later. In spite of this evidence for virus being present in the flock,
no detectable transmission to any other farm occurred.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, chickens, fowl
plague diagnosis, influenza A virus avian immunology, fowl plague prevention
and control, precipitin tests.
Hampton, T. (2004). Clues to the deadly 1918 flu
revealed. JAMA the Journal of the American Medical Association
291(13): 1553. ISSN: 1538-3598.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: hemagglutinins, viral genetics, influenza
history, influenza A virus, avian genetics, DNA, viral analysis, disease
outbreaks history, history, 20th century, influenza epidemiology, influenza
virology.
Hannoun, C. (1977). Isolation from birds of
influenza viruses with human neuraminidase. Developments in Biological
Standardization 39: 469-72. ISSN:
0301-5149.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: Attempts at virus isolation from cloacal
swabs resulted in the recovery of 10 strains of hemagglutinating viruses from a
total of 349 ducks, mainly shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) captured in the
north of France. Four of these isolates were identified as influenza strains
corresponding to the following antigenic composition: Hav6-N2, Hav6-Nav4 and
Hav1-N2 (2 strains). Shelduck is known to be a partially migratory species,
wintering in western Europe, some of them migrating northward to Scandinavia
during the summer. The captures were made between November 1976 and February
1977: one of the birds was caught four times and was found to be negative for
virus in November, positive in December (isolation of a strain Hav6-Nav4),
negative again in January and February. Blood taken in February did not show
the presence of HI antibodies to the homologous virus.
Descriptors: antigens, viral, ducks microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, neuraminidase immunology,
antibodies, viral, cloaca microbiology, France, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, hemagglutinins viral, avian enzymology, avian immunology, human
enzymology, seasons.
Hannoun, C. and J.M. Devaux (1980). Circulation
enzootique permanente de virus grippaux dans la baie de la Somme. [Circulation
of influenza viruses in the bay of the Somme river (author's transl)]. Comparative
Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 177-83. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, cloaca
microbiology, France, avian classification, human classification,
recombination, genetic, serotyping.
Hanson, B.A., D.E. Stallknecht, D.E. Swayne, L.A.
Lewis, and D.A. Senne (2003). Avian influenza viruses in Minnesota ducks
during 1998-2000. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 867-871. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Although wild ducks are known to be a major
reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIV), there are few recent published
reports of surveillance directed at this group. Predominant AIV hemagglutinin
(HA) subtypes reported in previous studies of ducks in North America include
H3, H4, and H6, with the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes not well represented in these
host populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether these
subtype patterns have persisted. Each September from 1998 to 2000, cloacal
swabs were collected from wild ducks banded in Roseau and Marshall counties,
MN. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were sampled all years, and northern
pintails (A. acuta) were sampled only in 1999. Influenza viruses were
isolated from 11%, 14%, and 8% of birds during 1998, 1999, and 2000,
respectively. Prevalence, as expected, was highest in juveniles, ranging from
11% to 23% in mallards. Viruses representative of the HA subtypes 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12 were isolated. Viruses in the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes,
which are associated with high-pathogenicity influenza in poultry or recent
infections in humans, were not uncommon, and each of these subtypes was
isolated in 2 out of the 3 years of surveillance.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, virus reservoir.
Hastings, M. and F. Guterl (2004). Bird-flu
challenge. Newsweek 144(23):
67. ISSN: 0028-9604.
NAL
Call Number: 280.8 N47
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza, avian prevention and control, birds virology, disease reservoirs,
influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, influenza vaccines, United States.
Heckert, R.A., M. McIsacc, M. Chan, and E.M. Zhou
(1999). Experimental infection of emus (Dromaiius novaehollandiae)
with avian influenza viruses of varying virulence: clinical signs, virus
shedding and serology. Avian Pathology 28(1): 13-16.
ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Two groups of emus were experimentally
inoculated with a low and high pathogenic strain of avian influenza virus
(AIV), type A to determine the virus susceptibility, pathogenicity, shedding
and seroconversion. Emus were found susceptible to infection with AIV, with
virus shedding detectable in tracheal and cloacal swabs between 3 and 10 days
post-infection. Only the birds infected with the highly pathogenic viral
isolate showed a brief period of mild clinical signs associated with infection.
Virus recovered from the infected emus was found to be of similar pathogenicity
to that of the virus inoculum. All the birds seroconverted by 10 days
post-infection, as determined by haemagglutination inhibition, agar gel
immunodiffusion and competitive ELISA assays. This study suggests that emus are
similar to wild waterfowl in their response to AIV infection, in that they are
susceptible and will replicate and shed the virus, but do not show any marked
clinical signs of infection.
Descriptors: emus, avian influenza virus, experimental
infection, virulence, clinical aspects, shedding, experimental infections,
seroconversion, strain differences, susceptibility.
Heddurshetti, R.I., W.I. Pumpradit, and L.I. Lutwick
(2001). Pulmonary manifestations of bioterrorism. Current Infectious
Disease Reports 3(3): 249-257. ISSN:
1523-3847.
Descriptors: biological warfare, human diseases, plague,
avian influenza virus, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis.
Heijmans, J.F. (2000). Onrust in Nederland door
dreiging hoogpathogene aviaire influenza vanuit Italie. [Unrest in the
Netherlands due to the threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza from Italy].
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(6): 188-9. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, fowl plague prevention and
control, fowl plague transmission, Italy epidemiology, Netherlands, poultry.
Heijmans, J.F. and R.E. Komijn (2000). Vervolg
aviaire influenza. Stand van zaken en maatregelen. [Future of avian influenza.
State of business and measures]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
125(8): 254-6. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague prevention
and control, Italy, epidemiology, poultry.
Heijnen, M.L., J.W. Dorigo Zetsma, J.W. de Jong, and
M.J. Sprenger (1998). Influenza A (H5N1): stand van zaken. [Influenza A
(H5N1): current status]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 123(3):
86-7. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, adolescent, child, preschool, Hong Kong, influenza
transmission, avian classification, middle aged, serotyping.
Hernandez Magdaleno, A., H.T. Casaubon, S.M.
Aspargilla, and G.J. Garcia (1996). Evaluacion de la virulencia de un virus
de influenza aviar (H5N2) aislado de codornices (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
con signos nerviosos y alta mortalidad. [Evaluation of the virulence of one avian
influenza virus (H5N2) isolated from quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
with nervous signs and high mortality]. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 46-48.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: quails, avian influenza virus, mortality,
birds, Galliformes, influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Hernandez Magdaleno, A., M. Rico G, M. Hernandez R,
J. Lopez P, and J. Garcia Garcia. (1998). Persistencia del virus de
influenza aviar en canales de pollo. [Persistence of avian influenza virus in
chicken carcasses]. In: 34 Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria,
Queretaro, Qro, Queretaro, Qro. (Mexico), p. 251.
Abstract: Hasta la fecha, no existian
estudios en donde haya sido evaluada la persistencia del virus de influenza
aviar (IA) en la carne proveniente de aves infectadas, que son enviadas al
rastro para su procesamiento y venta. Tampoco, se ha evaluado si la carne de
pollo de importacion, puede ser un factor de riesgo para la introduccion al
pais de nuevos subtipos de virus de IA. El objetivo de la presente
investigacion, fue estudiar si la carne y visceras de pollos infectados con IA,
mantienen al virus, cuando son conservadas en congelacion o en hielo. Se
formaron dos grupos de 100 pollos de engorda de cuatro semanas de edad libres
de IA. Uno de los grupos fue inoculado con 1 x 103 DLEP50 del virus
A/Chicken/CPA-238/94 (H5N2) de baja patogenicidad (BP), por via intranasal. El
segundo grupo, se inoculo con 1 x 103 DLEP50 del virus A/Chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95
(H5N2) de alta patogenicidad (AP), por la misma via. Tres dias despues de la
inoculacion, ambos grupos fueron sacrificados, simulando condiciones de rastro.
A la mitad de las canales de ambos grupos, se les retiraron la totalidad de las
visceras, incluyendo los pulmones y rinones (canales limpias). La mitad
restante, conservo los pulmones y rinones dentro de la canal (canales
completas). Posteriormente, las canales fueron conservadas bajo dos condiciones
de almacenamiento, -20 C y en hielo. De una forma aleatoria, a las 0 horas, 48
horas, 7, 14, 21 y 28 dias post-sacrificio (PS), se procedio a la toma de
muestras para el aislamiento viral. El aislamiento se intento a partir de una
mezcla de carne de la pechuga, pierna y muslo, en las canales limpias. En las
canales completas, adicionalmente, el aislamiento viral se intento de una
mezcla de los pulmones y rinones. De un total de 108 muestras procesadas para
el aislamiento del virus de BP, 65 fueron positivas (60.18%). En el caso del
virus de AP, de 108 muestras solo se pudieron realizar 32 aislamientos
(29.62%). En ambos casos el virus pudo ser aislado de la carne y de las
visceras, independientemente del tipo de conservacion de las canales. El virus
de BP, pudo ser aislado hasta los 28 dias PS; mientras que el aislamiento del
virus de AP, fue consistente solo hasta los 14 dias PS. Los resultados
obtenidos en la presente investigacion preliminar, muestran que la carne y
visceras provenientes de pollos infectados con el virus de IA, tanto de BP como
de AP, pueden ser un factor importante para la transmision e introduccion de la
enfermedad, ya fue posible recuperar al virus, independientemente del tipo de
conservacion de las canales hasta por 28 dias PS. Trabajo realizado con apoyo
economico de la Direccion General de Salud Animal.
Descriptors: chicken meat, avian influenza
virus, diagnosis, animal products, influenza virus, meat, orthomyxoviridae,
poultry meat, viruses.
Hess, W.R. and A.H. Dardiri (1968). Some
properties of the virus od duck plague. Archiv Fur Die Gesamte
Virusforschung 24(1): 148-53. ISSN:
0003-9012.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: ducks, influenza A virus avian drug effects,
acridines, biometry, chick embryo, chloroform pharmacology, enzymes
pharmacology, ethyl ethers pharmacology, filtration, heat, hydrogen-ion
concentration, staining and labeling.
Hinshaw, V.S., V.F. Nettles, L.F. Schorr, J.M. Wood,
and R.G. Webster (1986). Influenza virus surveillance in waterfowl in
Pennsylvania after the H5N2 avian outbreak. Avian Diseases 30(1):
207-12. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: During the latter stages of the lethal H5N2
influenza eradication program in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania in 1983-84,
surveillance of waterfowl was done to determine if these birds harbored
influenza viruses that might subsequently appear in poultry. From late June to
November 1984, 182 hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 2043 wild birds,
primarily ducks, in the same geographical area as the earlier lethal H5N2 avian
influenza outbreak. The virus isolates from waterfowl included paramyxoviruses
(PMV-1, -4, and -6) and influenza viruses of 13 antigenic combinations. There
was only one H5N2 isolate from a duck. Although this virus was antigenically
related to the lethal H5N2 virus, genetic and antigenic analysis indicated that
it could be discriminated from the virulent family of H5N2 viruses, and it did
not originate from chickens. Many of the influenza viruses obtained from wild
ducks were capable of replicating in chickens after experimental inoculation
but did not cause disease. These studies show that many influenza A virus strains
circulating in waterfowl in the vicinity of domestic poultry in Pennsylvania
did not originate from domestic poultry. These influenza viruses from wild
ducks were capable of infecting poultry; however, transmission of these viruses
to poultry apparently was avoided by good husbandry and control measures.
Descriptors: animal population groups microbiology,
animals, wild microbiology, ducks microbiology, geese microbiology,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
respirovirus isolation and purification, antigens, viral analysis, chickens,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, paramyxoviridae immunology, Pennsylvania,
respirovirus immunology.
Hinshaw, V.S., B. Pomeroy, J. Newmon, D. Halvorson,
and D. Karunakaran. (1981). Epidemiological relationship of influenza A
viruses in domestic and feral avian species. In: Proceedings of the
First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
214-215.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
epidemiology, feral avian species, domestic avian species.
Hinshaw, V.S., R.G. Webster, W.J. Bean, and G. Sriram
(1980). The ecology of influenza viruses in ducks and analysis of influenza
viruses with monoclonal antibodies. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology
and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 155-64.
ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: antigens, viral analysis, ducks microbiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, influenza A virus isolation
and purification, Canada, ecology, epitopes, avian growth and development,
avian immunology, influenza A virus immunology, recombination, genetic, swine
microbiology.
Hinshaw, V.S., R.G. Webster, and R.J. Rodriguez
(1981). Influenza A viruses: combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
subtypes isolated from animals and other sources. Archives of Virology
67(3): 191-201. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: antigens, viral classification,
hemagglutinins viral classification, influenza A virus classification,
neuraminidase immunology, birds microbiology, epitopes, horses microbiology,
avian classification, human classification, influenza A virus immunology, swine
microbiology, terminology.
Hinshaw, V.S., R.G. Webster, and B. Turner (1980). The
perpetuation of orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in Canadian waterfowl.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology 26(5): 622-9. ISSN: 0008-4166.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 C162
Descriptors: ducks microbiology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, paramyxoviridae isolation and purification,
Alberta, antigens, viral, ducks classification, avian classification, avian
immunology, paramyxoviridae classification, paramyxoviridae immunology.
Ho, M.S. and I.J. Su (2004). Preparing to prevent
severe acute respiratory syndrome and other respiratory infections. Lancet
Infectious Diseases 4(11): 684-9.
ISSN: 1473-3099.
Abstract: Globalisation and its effect on human
development has rendered an environment that is conducive for the rapid
international spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and other new
infectious diseases yet to emerge. After the unprecedented multi-country
outbreak of avian influenza with human cases in the winter of 2003-2004, an
influenza pandemic is a current threat. A critical review of problems and
solutions encountered during the 2003-2004 SARS epidemics will serve as the
basis for considering national preparedness steps that can be taken to
facilitate the early detection of avian influenza, and a rapid response to an
influenza pandemic should it occur.
Descriptors: communicable disease control methods, disease
outbreaks prevention and control, severe acute respiratory syndrome
epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome prevention and control, China
epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control.
Hoey, J. (1998). Avian influenza. CMAJ
Canadian Medical Association Journal; Journal De L'Association Medicale
Canadienne 158(3): 369. ISSN:
0820-3946.
NAL
Call Number: R11.C3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, fowl plague transmission,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, avian isolation
and purification, avian pathogenicity, pneumonia, viral transmission, zoonoses,
adolescent, adult, chickens virology, child, child, preschool, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, Hong Kong epidemiology,
incidence, influenza prevention and control, middle aged, pneumonia, viral
epidemiology, pneumonia, viral prevention and control, trachea virology.
Hollamby, S., J.G. Sikarskie, and J. Stuht (2003). Survey
of peafowl (Pavo cristatus) for potential pathogens at three Michigan
zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 34(4): 375-379. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: peafowl, Pavo cristatus, Bordetella
avium infection, Capillaria sp. infection, Clostridium
perfringens type A infection, Escherichia coli infection, Goniodes
gigas infestation, Mycoplasma meleagridis infection, Mycoplasma
synoviae infection, diagnostic techniques, serum plate agglutination test,
antibody titer, zoo, Michigan.
Holmes, E.C. (2004). Virology. 1918 and all that.
Science 303(5665): 1787-8. ISSN:
1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
chemistry, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus metabolism, influenza
history, influenza virology, influenza A virus, human immunology, binding
sites, birds, carbohydrate conformation, crystallography, x-ray, disease
outbreaks history, history, 20th century, influenza epidemiology, avian
immunology, avian metabolism, human metabolism, human pathogenicity, membrane
glycoproteins chemistry, membrane glycoproteins metabolism, protein
conformation, RNA, viral chemistry, viral genetics, viral isolation and
purification, receptors, virus chemistry, receptors, virus metabolism, sialic
acids metabolism, virulence.
Homme, P.J. and B.C. Easterday (1970). Avian
influenza virus infections. 3. Antibody response by turkeys to influenza
A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus. Avian Diseases 14(2): 277-84. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: antibodies analysis, influenza veterinary,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, turkeys, aerosols, cold, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, hemagglutination tests, poultry diseases immunology,
Wisconsin.
Homme, P.J. and B.C. Easterday (1970). Avian
influenza virus infections. I. Characteristics of influenza
A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus. Avian Diseases 14(1): 66-74. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: orthomyxoviridae growth and development,
orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity, chick embryo, hemagglutinins viral analysis,
orthomyxoviridae infections, poultry diseases, temperature, tissue culture,
turkeys, virus cultivation.
Homme, P.J. and B.C. Easterday (1970). Avian
influenza virus infections. IV. Response of pheasants, ducks, and geese to
influenza A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus. Avian Diseases 14(2):
285-90. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: ducks, geese, influenza veterinary,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, poultry diseases microbiology,
aerosols, antibodies analysis, disease outbreaks veterinary, hemagglutination
inhibition tests, orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity,
turkeys.
Homme, P.J., B.C. Easterday, and D.P. Anderson (
1970). Avian influenza virus infections. II. Experimental epizootiology of
influenza A-turkey-Wisconsin-1966 virus in turkeys. Avian Diseases
14(2): 240-7. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, orthomyxoviridae
isolation and purification, poultry diseases microbiology, turkeys, disease
outbreaks veterinary, hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza
epidemiology, influenza immunology, influenza pathology, orthomyxoviridae
pathogenicity, Wisconsin.
Hooper, P.T., G.W. Russell, P.W. Selleck, and W.L.
Stanislawek (1995). Observations on the relationship in chickens between the
virulence of some avian influenza viruses and their pathogenicity for various
organs. Avian Diseases 39(3): 458-464. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Comparative histological and
immunocytochemical studies were conducted on formalin-fixed tissues from
chickens infected with avian influenza viruses of varying virulence. Results
showed a distinct pattern of disease that depended on the virulence of the
virus and the susceptibility of the birds. At 3 days post-intranasal
inoculation with a highly virulent H7N7 virus, all 6-to-8-week-old
specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds were affected, and all developed pancreatic
necrosis and encephalitis associated with specific immunoperoxidase staining.
Other same-aged SPF birds were only occasionally affected 6 to 8 days after
intravenous inoculation with almost avirulent H4N4, H6N2, or H3N8 virus.
Specific lesions and immunoperoxidase staining were noted in the kidneys only.
The H7N7 virus in older commercial birds and an H7N3 virus in young SPF and
older commercial birds caused intermediate mortality rates at 4 to 11 days
postinoculation, and there was a broad range of lesions and specific
immunoperoxidase staining in the pancreas, brain, kidney, heart, and skeletal
muscle. Two exceptional birds had immunostaining of small blood vessels
throughout their bodies with or without lesions or staining in the tissues,
which may have represented a transitory pre-localizing phase occurring in many
birds. There was necrosis without virus antigen detection in the bursae, thymuses,
and cecal tonsils, possibly secondary to stress or only transitory infection of
virus. These data indicate that rapid, retrospective diagnosis of avian
influenza in fixed tissues is possible by using an immunoperoxidase test on
pancreas, brain, and kidney.
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, disease resistance, body parts, animal tissues, antigens,
histopathology, immunology, biological properties, birds, body parts, domestic
animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, immunological factors, influenza
virus, livestock, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, pathology, poultry,
resistance to injurious factors, useful animals, viruses, susceptibility, viral
antigens, immunocytochemistry.
Hopkins, B.A., J.K. Skeeles, G.E. Houghten, D.
Slagle, and K. Gardner (1990). A survey of infectious diseases in wild
turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) from Arkansas. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases 26(4): 468-72.
ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo
silvestris) trapped as part of a relocation program by the Arkansas Game
and Fish Commission were tested for selected infectious diseases and parasites.
The 45 birds were trapped at four locations in Pope, Scott, and Montgomery
counties (Arkansas, USA). Forty-four blood samples for serology, 27 blood
smears and 12 fecal samples were collected. Of the serum samples tested, 20 of
44 (45%) were positive for Pasteurella multocida by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 42 of 44 (95%) were positive for Bordetella
avium by ELISA, and 15 of 44 (34%) were positive for Newcastle disease
virus antibody by the hemagglutination inhibition test. All serum samples were
negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, avian
paramyxovirus 3, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, Marek's disease, avian
encephalomyelitis, laryngotracheitis, Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella
gallinarum. Haemoproteus meleagridis was found in eight of 27 (30%)
and Leucocytozoon smithi in nine
of 27 (33%) blood smears; all smears were negative for Plasmodium hermani.
Enteric parasites included Ascaridia dissimilis, Heterakis gallinarum,
Eimeria dispersa and Raillietina spp. This study was an attempt
to document the health status and disease exposure of wild turkeys in Arkansas
to aid in managing and preventing the spread of disease agents to wild turkeys
and other species of birds.