Reports and Reviews
on Outbreaks
Akey, B.L. (2003). Low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian
influenza outbreak in Virginia during 2002. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1099-1103. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An outbreak of low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian
influenza virus (AIV) in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during the spring
and summer of 2002 affected 197 farms and resulted in the destruction of over
4.7 million birds. The outbreak affected primarily turkey farms (28 breeders,
125 grow out) with some spillover into chicken farms (29 breeders, 13 grow out,
2 table-egg layers). Although no direct link was established, the strain of
H7N2 AIV in this outbreak had a molecular fingerprint that was essentially identical
to the H7N2 AIV strain that has circulated in the live bird markets of the
northeastern United States for the last 8 yr. After an initial delay caused by
lack of viable disposal options, depopulation and disposal, primarily in
sanitary landfills, was carried out within 24 hr of detection of a positive
flock. Increased surveillance efforts included once-a-week testing of the daily
mortality of all poultry farms in the region, testing of all breeder farms
every 2 wk, and testing of all flocks prior to movement for any reason. A
statistical sampling of backyard flocks and wild birds found no evidence of the
virus. The successful eradication of this outbreak was the result of the
efforts of a highly effective task force of industry, state, and federal personnel.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, disease control
measures, disease outbreak, poultry farms.
Akram, M. and M.S. Jaffery (1995). Avian influenza
in Pakistan. Zootecnica International 18(6): 15. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Gallus gallus,
Pakistan.
Alexander, D.J. (2003). Report on avian influenza
in the Eastern Hemisphere during 1997-2002. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 792-797. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Since the Fourth International Symposium on
Avian Influenza (AI) there has been considerable AI activity in the Eastern
Hemisphere. The higher profile of AI resulting from the human infections with
H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong, in 1997 and 1999, respectively, resulted in
increased reporting and active surveillance. There have been three reported
incidents of high-pathogenicity (HP) AI: H5N2 in northeastern Italy in 1997
(eight outbreaks); H5N1 in Hong Kong in 1997 recurring in 2001 and 2002; H7N1
in northeastern Italy resulting in 413 outbreaks in 1999-00. The Italian HPAI
outbreaks were preceded by 199 H7N1 low-pathogenicity (LP) AI outbreaks in
1999, and this virus continued to cause some problems after the eradication of
HPAI. During the second half of the 1990s outbreaks of LPAI due to H9N2 subtype
have been reported in Germany, Italy, Ireland, South Africa, Hungary, Korea,
China, Hong Kong, countries of the Middle East, Iran, and Pakistan. The
continued presence of virus of this subtype in the Middle and Far East may mean
it is becoming an established endemic disease in those regions. Other more
restricted outbreaks in poultry have resulted in the isolation of LPAI viruses
of H5, H6, H7, and H10 subtypes.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
avian influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
Fourth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, disease outbreaks.
Alexander, D.J., S.A. Lister, M.J. Johnson, C.J.
Randall, and P.J. Thomas (1993). An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian
influenza in turkeys in Great Britain in 1991. Veterinary Record
132(21): 535-6. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian, poultry diseases epidemiology, turkeys,
Great Britain epidemiology, incidence, poultry diseases microbiology.
American Association of Avian Pathologists ( 1983). 1981
summary of disease reports. Avian Diseases 27(3): 860-900. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: diseases, reports, surveys, statistics,
summaries, poultry, Mexico, United States.
Andresen, M. (2004). Avian flu: WHO prepares for
the worst. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal; Journal De
L'Association Medicale Canadienne 170(5): 777. ISSN: 0820-3946.
NAL
Call Number: R11.C3
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian influenza A virus,
human, influenza, avian virology, birds, Canada, disease outbreaks, health plan
implementation, influenza vaccines therapeutic use, avian influenza drug
therapy, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (1995). Avian influenza action plan for
the United States. Zootecnica International 18(9): 16-17. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, action plan,
surveys, disease control, United States.
Anonymous (1986). Avian influenza in Pennsylvania.
Foreign Animal Disease Report 14(1): 1.
ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Pennsylvania.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza should be
ruffling our feathers. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(10): 595. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, bird
diseases epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza veterinary,
influenza vaccines therapeutic use, acetamides therapeutic use, amantadine
therapeutic use, southeastern Asia epidemiology, Far East epidemiology,
influenza drug therapy, influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and
control, international cooperation, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors,
rimantadine therapeutic use, sialic acids therapeutic use, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza,
Thailand--update. Canada Communicable Disease Report; Releve Des
Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada 30(21): 181. ISSN: 1188-4169.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian, influenza, avian
transmission, chickens virology, child, cluster analysis, disease notification,
fatal outcome, avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza epidemiology,
Thailand epidemiology.
Anonymous (1979). Avian influenza turkey losses in
Minnesota. Foreign Animal Disease Report : 6-8.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, turkeys, laying hens,
outbreaks, Minnesota.
Anonymous (2005). Avian influenza, Vietnam. Canada
Communicable Disease Report; Releve Des Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada
31(5): 64. ISSN: 1481-8531.
Descriptors: influenza, avian epidemiology, adolescent,
disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, influenza, avian transmission, poultry virology, Vietnam,
zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Anonymous (2004). Flu: the fowl news. Harvard
Health Letter From Harvard Medical School 29(6): 7. ISSN: 1052-1577.
NAL
Call Number: R11.H3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology, influenza, avian
prevention and control, child, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry.
Anonymous (1995). Highly pathogenic avian
influenza in Mexico. Foreign Animal Disease Report (22-4): 7-9. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: poultry, Mexico, avian influenza, control,
United States, domestic animals, domesticated birds, influenza virus, Latin
America, outbreaks.
Anonymous (2005). Influenza in Canada: 2003-2004
season. Canada Communicable Disease Report; Releve Des Maladies
Transmissibles Au Canada 31(1): 1-18.
ISSN: 1481-8531.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, adult, Canada,
chickens virology, child, influenza A virus, human, influenza B virus, influenza,
avian epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Lessons from the outbreak of
avian influenza across Asia. Indian Veterinary Journal 81(3):
A9. ISSN: 0019-6479.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: avian influenza virus infection, quarantine,
clinical techniques, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, World
Health Organization, Office International des Epizooties, Asia.
Arzey, G. (2004). The role of wild aquatic birds
in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Australia. Australian
Veterinary Journal 82(6): 377-8.
ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: birds virology, disease reservoirs
veterinary, influenza, avian epidemiology, avian influenza, transmission, wild
animals, Australia epidemiology, etiology.
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (1992). Avian influenza outbreak. AQIS
Bulletin 5(8): 2-3. ISSN: 1033-9280.
NAL
Call Number: HD9000.9.A8A84
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
broilers, ducks, Australia.
Bankowski, R.A.ed. (1981 ). Proceedings of the
First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA,
April 22-24, 1981. 215 p.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: poultry, avian influenza virus,
symposium.
Bennejean, G. (1981). Current situations of avian
influenza in France. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 28.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, surveys,
wild birds, France.
Boibieux, A., D. Bouhour, F. Biron, C. Chidiac, and
D. Peyramond (1998). Avian influenza in Hong Kong. Médecine Et
Maladies Infectieuses 28(2): 193-194.
ISSN: 0399-077X.
Descriptors: avian influenza A, human diseases, animal
diseases, clinical aspects, disease transmission, reviews, Hong Kong.
Brydak, L.B. and M. Machala (2004). Rola
Europejskiej Naukowej Grupy Roboczej ds. Grypy w walce z grypa. [Role of the
European Scientific Work Group on Influenza in the battle against influenza].
Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego
16(93): 265-70. ISSN: 1426-9686.
Abstract: The European Scientific Working group on
Influenza (ESWI) was established in 1992. Its main task is to reduce impact of
influenza in Europe by increase of awareness about influenza, dangers, methods
of its prevention among physicians and in the society, stimulation of
scientific studies, organizing of conferences, including those on the
preparedness plans for the next pandemic. Infections, and in some cases also
deaths, caused in humans by avian influenza viruses A(H5N1) in 1997 and 2003,
A(H9N2) in 1999 and A(H7N7) in 2003 show that the outbreak of the next pandemic
is a matter of time. Considering the above facts ESWI prepared a pilot study to
introduce in Poland, Germany and Sweden. The main aim of this project is to
achieve a better and more effective control of influenza by an increase of
knowledge about influenza, promoting of vaccinations and new antiinfluenza
drugs--neuraminidase inhibitors. In Poland project is coordinated by the
National Influenza Center located at the National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw.
This is only one center in Poland and one of 112 similar centers in 83
countries of the world participating in the international program of influenza
surveillance in cooperation with WHO, ESWI and European Influenza Surveillance
Scheme.
Descriptors: health planning, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, respiratory tract infections prevention and
control, world health, Europe epidemiology, Poland, practice guidelines,
respiratory tract infections epidemiology, World Health Organization.
Buisch, W.W., A.E. Hall, and H.A. McDaniel (1984). 1983-1984
lethal avian influenza outbreak. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of
the United States Animal Health Association 88: 430-446.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreak, Maryland,
Pennsylvania.
Bulaga, L.L., L. Garber, D. Senne, T.J. Myers, R.
Good, S. Wainwright, and D.L. Suarez (2003). Descriptive and surveillance
studies of suppliers to New York and New Jersey retail live-bird markets. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1169-1176. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (AIV)
H7N2 has been isolated since 1994 from retail live-bird markets (LBMs) in the
northeastern United States. This study examines the suppliers to the LBMs in
New York and New Jersey. In 2001, 185 supplier premises in nine states were
surveyed for the presence of AIV by virus isolation (VI) in embryonating
chicken eggs. No H7 or H5 virus was isolated. In addition, 104 producer
premises in two states were serologically negative for H7 and H5 AIV.
Information on management practices was obtained via questionnaire for 191
premises in 12 states. The survey results suggest that current biosecurity
practices at supplier premises could be improved, especially regarding movement
of birds. The study supports the hypothesis that H7N2 AIV is primarily
maintained within the LBMs and, if reintroduction from suppliers is occurring,
it is likely reintroduced at a very low level or from suppliers not included in
this study.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health, avian
influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, viral
isolation, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques, biosecurity, disease surveillance, food safety, retail,
live bird markets.
Bulaga, L.L., L. Garber, D.A. Senne, T.J. Myers, R.
Good, S. Wainwright, S. Trock, and D.L. Suarez (2003). Epidemiologic and
surveillance studies on avian influenza in live-bird markets in New York and
New Jersey, 2001. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 996-1001. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In 2001, all 109 retail live-bird markets
(LBMs) in New York and New Jersey were surveyed for the presence of avian
influenza virus (AIV) by a real time reverse transcriptase/polymer chain
reaction assay (RRT/PCR) and results compared to virus isolation (VI) in
embryonating chicken eggs. The RRT/PCR had a 91.9% sensitivity and 97.9%
specificity in detecting presence of AIV at the market level. However, the
sensitivity at the sample level is 65.87%. The RRT/PCR is a reliable method to
identify AIV at the market level. In addition, a cross-sectional epidemiologic
study of the LBMs showed that, during the past 12 months, markets that were
open 7 days per week and those that also sold rabbits had the highest risk for
being positive for AIV. Markets that were closed one or more days per week and
those that performed daily cleaning and disinfecting had the lowest risk for
being AIV positive.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, RT PCR, genetic techniques, laboratory
techniques, viral isolation, immunologic techniques, disease surveillance data,
epidemiological data, live bird markets, viral detection, efficacy.
Bunn, C.M. ( 2004). The role of wild aquatic birds
in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Australia. Australian
Veterinary Journal 82(10): 644.
ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: wild aquatic birds, avian influenza virus,
disease distribution, disease prevalence, disease transmission, disease
vectors, outbreaks, reservoir hosts.
Butterfield, W.K.C. (1974). Report of the
subcommittee on avian influenza to the committee on transmissible diseases of
poultry. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal
Health Association 78: 278-282.
ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza, transmissible diseases,
poultry, report.
Campitelli, L., E. Mogavero, M.A. De Marco, M.
Delogu, S. Puzelli, F. Frezza, M. Facchini, C. Chiapponi, E. Foni, P. Cordioli,
R. Webby, G. Barigazzi, R.G. Webster, and I. Donatelli (2004). Interspecies
transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared
domestic poultry in Italy. Virology 323(1): 24-36.
ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Since the "bird flu" incident in
Hong Kong SAR in 1997, several studies have highlighted the substantial role of
domestic birds, such as turkeys and chickens, in the ecology of influenza A
viruses. Even if recent evidence suggests that chickens can maintain several
influenza serotypes, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in domestic
species are believed to be introduced each time from the wild bird reservoir.
However, so far the direct precursor of influenza viruses from domestic birds
has never been identified. In this report, we describe the antigenic and
genetic characterization of the surface proteins of H7N3 viruses isolated from
wild ducks in Italy in 2001 in comparison to H7N3 strains that circulated in
Italian turkeys in 2002-2003. The wild and domestic avian strains appeared
strictly related at both phenotypic and genetic level: homology percentages in
seven of their genes were comprised between 99.8% (for PB2) and 99.1% (for M),
and their NA genes differed mainly because of a 23-aminoacid deletion in the NA
stalk. Outside this region of the molecule, the NAs of the two virus groups
showed 99% similarity. These findings indicate that turkey H7N3 viruses were
derived "in toto" from avian influenza strains circulating in wild
waterfowl 1 year earlier, and represent an important step towards the
comprehension of the mechanisms leading to interspecies transmission and
emergence of potentially pandemic influenza viruses.
Descriptors: bird diseases transmission, ducks virology,
influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, avian influenza
transmission, poultry diseases transmission, turkeys virology, amino acid
sequence, animals, wild virology, bird diseases virology, evolution, molecular,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus, avian influenza A virus genetics,
avian influenza, virology, Italy, molecular sequence data, neuraminidase,
phylogeny, poultry diseases virology, viral proteins.
Campos Lopez, H. (1995). Status of avian influenza
in Mexico. Bulletin Office International Des Épizooties 107(8):
602. ISSN: 0300-9823.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 OF2
Descriptors: avian influenza, status in Mexico, poultry, control, immunization.
Capua, I. and D.J. Alexander (2004). Avian
influenza: recent developments. Avian Pathology 33(4): 393-404. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: This paper reviews the worldwide situation
regarding avian influenza infections in poultry from 1997 to March 2004. The
increase in the number of primary introductions and the scientific data
available on the molecular basis of pathogenicity have generated concerns
particularly for legislative purposes and for international trade. This has led
to a new proposed definition of 'avian influenza' to extend all infections
caused by H5 and H7 viruses regardless of their virulence as notifiable
diseases, although this has encountered some difficulties in being approved. The
paper also reviews the major outbreaks caused by viruses of the H5 or H7
subtype and the control measures applied. The zoonotic aspects of avian
influenza, which until 1997 were considered to be of limited relevance in human
medicine, are also discussed. The human health implications have now gained
importance, both for illness and fatalities that have occurred following
natural infection with avian viruses, and for the potential of generating a
reassortant virus that could give rise to the next human influenza pandemic.
Copyright 2004 Houghton Trust Ltd
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian pathogenicity, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry diseases
epidemiology, poultry diseases virology, disease outbreaks history, disease
outbreaks legislation and jurisprudence, 20th century history, 21st century
history, avian classification, poultry, zoonoses virology.
Capua, I. and F.M. Cancellotti (2000). Newcastle
disease and avian influenza in Italy during 1999 and 2000. Selezione Veterinaria
(Italy) (11): 971-972. ISSN:
0037-1521.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, Italy.
Capua, I., P.M. Dalla, F. Mutinelli, S. Marangon, and
C. Terregino (2002). Newcastle disease outbreaks in Italy during 2000. Veterinary
Record 150(18): 565-8. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Among the consequences of the epidemic of
highly pathogenic avian influenza which affected Italy between 1999 and 2000
was an epidemic of Newcastle disease in northern and central Italy. It affected
industrially reared poultry, dealer flocks and backyard flocks, with a total of
254 outbreaks notified up to December 31, 2000. Virological investigations
yielded virulent isolates of Newcastle disease virus, which produced
intracerebral pathogenicity indices ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 and which, on the
basis of their monoclonal antibody binding patterns, could be classified as
belonging to group C1. The clinical, gross and microscopical findings were
typical of Newcastle disease, and different avian species were susceptible to
different degrees. Chickens and guinea fowl appeared to be the most
susceptible, followed by pheasants, turkeys and ostriches. The epidemiological
inquiry highlighted the crucial role of a broiler hatchery in initiating the
epidemic, and of dealers in perpetuating it. The control measures imposed by
Directive 92/66/EEC are discussed with reference to the outbreaks in backyard
flocks.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, animal husbandry, Italy epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus classification,
Newcastle disease virus isolation and purification, Newcastle disease virus
pathogenicity, poultry, serotyping.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, and L. Bonfanti (2004). Eradication
of low pathogenicity avian influenza of the H7N3 subtype from Italy. Veterinary
Record 154(20): 639-40. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines, avian influenza prevention and
control, turkeys, disease notification, disease outbreaks prevention and
control, avian pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza
virology, Italy epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, poultry diseases
prevention and control, vaccination veterinary.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, and F.M. Cancellotti (2003). The
1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy. Veterinary Research
Communications 27(Suppl.1): 123-127.
ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V38
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus, disease control,
disease distribution, outbreaks, mortality, vaccination, ducks, guineafowl,
ostriches, pheasants, quails, turkeys, Italy.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, P. Cordioli, L. Bonfanti, and
U. Santucci (2002). H7N3 avian influenza in Italy. Veterinary Record
151(24): 743-4. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague virology, influenza A virus avian
classification, turkeys, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, hemagglutination inhibition
tests veterinary, avian pathogenicity, Italy epidemiology, phylogeny.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, P.M. Dalla, C. Terregino, and
G. Cattoli (2003). Avian influenza in Italy 1997-2001. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 839-843. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: From 1997 to 2001, Italy has been affected by
two epidemics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza. The first epidemic was
caused by a virus of the H5N2 subtype and was limited to eight premises in
backyard and semi-intensive flocks. The prompt identification of the disease
was followed by the implementation of European Union (EU) directive 92/40/EEC and
resulted in the eradication of infection without serious consequences to the
poultry industry. The 1999-00 epidemic was caused by a virus of the H7N1
subtype that originated from the mutation of a low pathogenic virus and
resulted instead in a devastating epidemic that affected industrially reared
poultry, culminating in the infection of 413 flocks. The description of the
epidemics and the result of the control policies are reported.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, European Union
Directive 92, 40, EEC, disease eradication, poultry flocks.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, L. Selli, D.J. Alexander,
D.E. Swayne, M. Dalla Pozza, E. Parenti, and F.M. Cancellotti (1999). Outbreaks
of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) in Italy during October 1997 to
January 1998. Avian Pathology 28(5): 455-460. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Between the month of October 1997 and January
1998, eight outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza were diagnosed in
the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia regions in north-eastern Italy. For each
of the eight outbreaks, influenza A virus of subtype H5N2 was isolated and the
inoculation of susceptible chickens confirmed these viruses to be extremely
virulent with intravenous pathogenicity indices in 6-week-old chickens of 2.98
to 3.00. Although it was not possible to trace the origin of infection, the
epidemiological investigation revealed connections between several outbreaks
and emphasized the well-known risk factors for avian influenza such as bird
movement, rearing of mixed populations and contact with migratory waterfowl.
Control measures listed in European Union directive 92/40/EEC were implemented
promptly and spread of the infection to intensively-reared domestic poultry was
avoided.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, chickens,
virulence, epidemiology, risk factors, disease control, diagnosis, viral
antigens, antigen testing.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, G. Cattoli, and N. Pozzato
(2001). An overview on the Avian influenza and Newcastle disease epidemics
in Italy during 1999 and 2000. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 50: 8-11.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease,
epidemics, pathogenicity, Italy.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, G. Ortali, M. Della
Valentina, and A. Zanella (2000). The 1999 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic
in Italy. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 49:
20-24.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemics,
pathogenicity, poultry, Italy.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, M.C.L. Schiavo, M.D. Pozza,
N. Ferré, and G. Manca (2000). Italian avian influenza epidemic. International
Poultry Production 8(3): 15, 17.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.I58
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemics,
pathogenicity, Italy.
Capua, I., R. Nardi de, M. Beato S, C. Terregino, M.
Scremin, and V. Guberti (2004). Isolation of an avian paramyxovirus type 9 from
migratory waterfowl in Italy. Veterinary Record 155(5): 156. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: avian paramyxovirus, disease prevalence,
disease surveys, migratory waterfowl, Anas crecca, Anas platyrhynchos.
Capua, I. and D.J. Alexander (2004). An update on
avian influenza in poultry. International Congress Series 1263:
741-744.
Abstract: The present paper reviews the worldwide
situation regarding avian influenza (AI) infections caused by viruses of the H5
and H7 subtype in poultry from 1999 to date. The increase in the number of
primary introductions and the scientific data available on the molecular basis
of pathogenicity have generated concerns particularly for legislative purposes,
for international trade and on novel control strategies, including vaccination.
This has led to a new proposed definition of "avian influenza" to
extend to all infections caused by H5 and H7 viruses regardless of their
virulence as notifiable diseases, although this has encountered some difficulties
in being approved. Reference is also made to the zoonotic aspects of avian
influenza which until 1997 were considered to be of limited relevance in human
medicine, and have now gained importance, both for illness and fatalities which
have occurred following natural infection with avian viruses, and for the
potential of generating a reassortant virus which could give rise to the next
human influenza pandemic.
Descriptors: avian influenza, outbreaks, control,
zoonosis, poultry, avian influenza A virus, definition.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2000). The avian
influenza epidemic in Italy, 1999-2000: A review. Avian Pathology
29(4): 289-294. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: During 1999, northern Italy has been affected
by an epidemic of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) caused by a virus of
the H7N1 subtype. Due to the characteristics of the poultry industry in the
area and to the absence of specific legislative tools to eradicate infection,
the virus continued to circulate for several months until a highly pathogenic
virus of the same subtype emerged. The highly pathogenic virus had caused
death, at the time of writing, of over 13 million birds in 3 months. The
consequences of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic appear to
be devastating for the poultry industry and the social community. Several
conditions generated the current situation, including the high density of
susceptible animals and the structure of the poultry industry in the infected
area. In addition, the circulation of LPAI virus for a number of months
inevitably delayed the prompt identification of HPAI and complicated the
interpretation of diagnostic results. A reconsideration of current European
legislation and a reorganization of the poultry industry are suggested to
prevent the occurrence of similar situations in countries of the European
Union.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, epidemiology,
enrichment broth, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), viral disease, low
pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI ), H7N1 subtype, viral disease, epidemic.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Cases of influenza A (H5N1)--Thailand, 2004. MMWR. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report 53(5): 100-3.
ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: Since mid-December 2003, eight Asian
countries (Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Thailand, and
Vietnam) have reported an epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza in
poultry and various other birds caused by influenza A (H5N1). As of February 9,
2004, a total of 23 laboratory-confirmed human cases of influenza A (H5N1) had
been reported in Thailand and Vietnam. In 18 (78%) of these cases, the patients
died. Clinical experience with avian H5N1 disease in humans is limited. The
human H5N1 viruses identified in Asia in 2004 are antigenically and genetically
distinguishable from the 1997 and February 2003 viruses. To aid surveillance
and clinical activities, this report provides a preliminary clinical
description of the initial five confirmed cases in Thailand.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian,
child, fatal outcome, influenza diagnosis, influenza epidemiology, middle aged,
Thailand epidemiology.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) in Asia and interim
recommendations for evaluation and reporting of suspected cases--United States,
2004. MMWR. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report 53(5): 97-100.
ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: During December 2003-February 2004, outbreaks
of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry were reported in
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. As
of February 9, 2004, a total of 23 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza A
(H5N1) virus infections in humans, resulting in 18 deaths, had been reported in
Thailand and Vietnam. In addition, approximately 100 suspected cases in humans
are under investigation by national health authorities in Thailand and Vietnam.
CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), and national health authorities in
Asian countries are working to assess and monitor the situation, provide
epidemiologic and laboratory support, and assist with control efforts. This
report summarizes information about the human infections and avian outbreaks in
Asia and provides recommendations to guide influenza A (H5N1) surveillance,
diagnosis, and testing in the United States.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian influenza isolation and
purification, avian influenza epidemiology, Asia epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, avian influenza virology,
poultry, poultry diseases epidemiology, poultry diseases virology, public
health practice, United States epidemiology.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Update: influenza activity--United States, 2003-04 season. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(13): 284-7. ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: This report summarizes influenza activity in
the United States during September 29, 2003-March 27, 2004, and updates the
previous summary. This report also summarizes human infections with avian
influenza viruses related to poultry outbreaks in North America. Preliminary
data collected through CDC influenza surveillance indicate that national
influenza activity peaked during late November-December. The most frequently
isolated viruses were influenza A (H3N2), and approximately 87% of these were
similar to the drift variant A/Fujian/411/2002.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus
isolation and purification, adult, child, influenza mortality, influenza
virology, influenza B virus isolation and purification, avian influenza
epidemiology, poultry, seasons, United States epidemiology.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Update: influenza activity--United States and worldwide, 2003-04
season, and composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(25): 547-52. ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: During the 2003-04 influenza season,
influenza A (H1), A (H3N2), and B viruses co-circulated worldwide, and
influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated. Several Asian countries reported
widespread outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry. In Vietnam and
Thailand, these outbreaks were associated with severe illnesses and deaths
among humans. In the United States, the 2003-04 influenza season began earlier
than most seasons, peaked in December, was moderately severe in terms of its
impact on mortality, and was associated predominantly with influenza A (H3N2)
viruses. This report 1) summarizes information collected by World Health
Organization (WHO) and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance
System (NREVSS) collaborating laboratories, state and local health departments,
health-care providers, vital statistics registries, and CDC and 2) describes
influenza activity in the United States and worldwide during the 2003-04
influenza season and the composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza vaccines,
influenza prevention and control, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian,
influenza B virus, population surveillance, seasons, United States
epidemiology, world health.
Chaisigh, A., B. Nuansrichay, W. Kalpravidh, O.
Pasavorakul, T. Teekayuwat, T. Tiensin, and C. Buranathai. (2003). Laboratory
surveillance on avian influenza in Thailand during 1997-2002. In: Proceedings
11th International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians and OIE Seminar on Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand, p.
P6-P7.
NAL
Call Number:
SF771.W67 2003
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease
surveys, pets, aviary birds, wild birds, Thailand.
Cheng, M.C., C.H. Wang, and H. Kida (2004). Influenza
A virological surveillance in feral waterfowl in Taiwan from 1998 to 2002. International
Congress Series 1263: 745-748.
Abstract: Monitoring avian influenza in migrating birds
from 1998 to 2002, we sampled 10,945 samples totally for virus isolation, and
232 AI virus isolates were obtained. Further subtyping the isolates, based on
hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase-inhibition (NI) tests, they
were classified into 17 different subtypes, i.e., H1N1, H1N3, H2N3, H3N8, H3N6,
H4N2, H4N6, H4N7, H4N8, H6N1, H6N2, H7N1, H8N4, H10N4, H10N7, H11N9, and H14N7,
respectively. The results revealed that the winter migratory birds carried a lot
of AI viruses and the subtype of the isolates had large antigenic variation,
with 10 HA and 7 NA subtypes being recognized. On the other hand, H4N6 virus
was the dominant subtype and being isolated more frequently among the isolates.
These revealed again that a wide variety of AI subtypes might be found in a
country with wild bird population, which were carried into an area each year
and might impose a threat on the local poultry industry.
Descriptors: avian influenza, wild birds surveillance,
subtyping, virus isolation.
Choi, Y.K., J.H. Lee, G. Erickson, S.M. Goyal, H.S.
Joo, R.G. Webster, and R.J. Webby (2004). H3N2 influenza virus transmission
from swine to turkeys, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases
10(12): 2156-60. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: In 1998, a novel H3N2 reassortant virus
emerged in the United States swine population. We report the interspecies
transmission of this virus to turkeys in two geographically distant farms in
the United States in 2003. This event is of concern, considering the
reassortment capacity of this virus and the susceptibility of turkey to
infection by avian influenza viruses. Two H3N2 isolates, A/turkey/NC/16108/03
and A/turkey/MN/764/03, had 98.0% to 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to each
other in all eight gene segments. All protein components of the turkey isolates
had 97% to 98% sequence identity to swine H3N2 viruses, thus demonstrating
interspecies transmission from pigs to turkeys. The turkey isolates were better
adapted to avian hosts than were their closest swine counterparts, which
suggests that the viruses had already begun to evolve in the new host. The
isolation of swine-like H3N2 influenza viruses from turkeys raises new concerns
for the generation of novel viruses that could affect humans.
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, influenza A virus,
porcine pathogenicity, poultry diseases transmission, swine diseases
transmission, turkeys virology, antigenic variation, influenza transmission,
porcine genetics, phylogeny, poultry diseases virology, swine, swine diseases
virology, United States epidemiology.
Choi, Y.K., H. Ozaki, R.J. Webby, R.G. Webster, J.S.
Peiris, L. Poon, C. Butt, Y.H. Leung, and Y. Guan (2004). Continuing
evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China. Journal of
Virology 78(16): 8609-14. ISSN:
0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: H9N2 influenza viruses are panzootic in
domestic poultry in Eurasia and since 1999 have caused transient infections in
humans and pigs. To investigate the zoonotic potential of H9N2 viruses, we
studied the evolution of the viruses in live-poultry markets in Hong Kong in
2003. H9N2 was the most prevalent influenza virus subtype in the live-poultry
markets between 2001 and 2003. Antigenic and phylogenetic analysis of
hemagglutinin (HA) showed that all of the 19 isolates found except one belonged
to the lineage represented by A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2). The exception
was A/Guinea fowl/NT184/03 (H9N2), whose HA is most closely related to that of
the human isolate A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2), a virus belonging to the
A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94-like (H9N2) lineage. At least six different genotypes
were recognized. The majority of the viruses had nonstructural (and HA) genes
derived from the A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus lineage but had other
genes of mixed avian virus origin, including genes similar to those of H5N1
viruses isolated in 2001. Viruses of all six genotypes of H9N2 found were able
to replicate in chickens and mice without adaptation. The infected chickens
showed no signs of disease, but representatives of two viral genotypes were
lethal to mice. Three genotypes of virus replicated in the respiratory tracts
of swine, which shed virus for at least 5 days. These results show an
increasing genetic and biologic diversity of H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong and
support their potential role as pandemic influenza agents.
Descriptors: evolution, molecular, influenza A virus,
avian classification, avian genetics, poultry virology, chickens virology,
China, hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian growth and development, avian
isolation and purification, lung virology, mice, mice, inbred balb c,
phylogeny, swine virology, virus replication.
Choi, Y.K., S.H. Seo, J.A. Kim, R.J. Webby, and R.G.
Webster (2005). Avian influenza viruses in Korean live poultry markets and
their pathogenic potential. Virology 332(2): 529-37. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: We surveyed live-poultry markets in Korea in
2003 and isolated 9 H9N2, 6 H3N2, and 1 H6N1 influenza viruses. Antigenic and
phylogenetic analyses showed that all 9 H9N2 isolates were of
A/Chicken/Korea/25232-96006/96-like lineage (which caused disease in chickens
in Korea in 1996) but were different from H9N2 viruses of southeastern China. They
had at least 4 genotypes and replicated in chickens but not in mice. The H3N2
and H6N1 viruses were new to Korea and were probably reassortants of avian
influenza viruses from southeastern China and recent Korean H9N2 viruses. All 8
segments of the H3N2 viruses formed a single phylogenetic cluster with 99.1 to
100% homology. The H3N2 viruses replicated in chickens and mice without
preadaptation, but the H6N1 virus did not. Our results show an increasingly
diverse pool of avian influenza viruses in Korea that are potential pandemic
influenza agents.
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus pathogenicity,
poultry virology, amino acid sequence, chickens virology, conserved sequence,
avian influenza A virus classification, avian influenza A virus isolation and
purification, Korea, mice, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, poultry diseases
virology, rodent diseases virology, sequence alignment, amino acid sequence
homology, viral proteins chemistry.
Cornell University - Department of Population
Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences - Animal Health Diagnostic Center - College
of Veterinary Medicine (2005). Canine Influenza Virus - Detection and
Sampling.
Online: http://www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/issues/civ-dect.asp
Abstract: Canine influenza virus is a relatively new
pathogen of dogs. It was first identified in racing greyhounds in 2004 and this
virus appears to have been involved with significant respiratory problems on
the dog tracks throughout the US for the last 2-3 years. The Virology Lab at
Cornell isolated the first influenza virus from an animal that died during one
of these clinical episodes. Evidence of infection of non-greyhounds by influenza
virus has been found in Florida within the past year as part of the ongoing
research efforts by Dr Cynda Crawford at the University of Florida on
respiratory disease in dogs.
Curran, R. (2004). Asian bird flu. Emergency
Medical Services 33(5): 38-9. ISSN:
0094-6575.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, isolation and
purification, Japan epidemiology, respiratory protective devices, zoonoses
epidemiology, zoonoses transmission.
Cyranokski, D. (2004). Lack of infrastructure
hampers virus monitoring. Nature 427(6974): 472. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: influenza diagnosis, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, adult, Cambodia
epidemiology, chickens virology, child, developing countries economics,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, Laos epidemiology,
public health economics, Thailand, Vietnam, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses
transmission, zoonoses virology.
Cyranoski, D. (2004). Bird flu data languish in
Chinese journals. Nature 430(7003): 955. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: biomedical research, birds virology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification,
language, periodicals, swine virology, southeastern Asia epidemiology, China
epidemiology, communicable disease control, communication barriers, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza virology, avian classification,
publishing, time factors, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Das, P. (2004). Infectious disease surveillance
update. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(8): 481. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary,
influenza A virus, avian growth and development, avian influenza epidemiology,
poultry diseases epidemiology, West Nile fever epidemiology, West Nile virus
growth and development, Arizona epidemiology, California epidemiology, China
epidemiology, influenza, avian virology, middle aged, poultry diseases
virology, Vietnam epidemiology, West Nile fever virology.
Davison, S., R.J. Eckroade, and A.F. Ziegler (2003). A
review of the 1996-98 nonpathogenic HN2 avian influenza outbreak in
Pennsylvania. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 823-827. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The nonpathogenic avian influenza (Al)
outbreak in Pennsylvania began in December 1996 when there was a trace back
from a New York live bird market to a dealer's flock. A total of 18 commercial
layer flocks, two commercial layer pullet flocks, and a commercial meat turkey
flock were diagnosed with nonpathogenic AI (H7N2) viral infection with an economic
loss estimated at between dollar sign3 and dollar sign4 million. Clinical
histories of flocks infected with the disease included respiratory disease,
elevated morbidity and mortality throughout the house, egg production drops,
depression, and lethargy. A unique gross lesion in the commercial layers was a
severe, transmural oviduct edema with white to gray flocculent purulent
material in the lumen. Layer flocks on two separate premises were quarantined
but permitted to remain in the facilities until cessation of virus shed was
determined through virus isolation. Several months later, clinical AI appeared
again in these flocks. It is not known whether the recurrence of disease in
these cases is due to persistence of the organism in the birds or the environment.
In addition to serologic testing and virologic testing by chicken embryo
inoculation, an antigen capture enzyme immunoassay was evaluated as a
diagnostic tool for AI. Research projects related to disinfection, burial pits,
and geographical system technology were developed because of questions raised
concerning transmission, diagnosis, and control of nonpathogenic Al (H7N2).
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, serology,
clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, commercial layer flocks, disease
outbreak, disease transmission, economic losses, live bird market.
Davison, S., D. Galligan, T.E. Eckert, A.F. Ziegler,
and R.J. Eckroade (1999). Economic analysis of an outbreak of avian
influenza, 1997-1998. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 214(8): 1164-1167. ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: economic losses, economic analysis,
outbreaks, disease control, avian influenza virus, turkeys, United States,
Pennsylvania.
De Marco, M.A., L. Campitelli, E. Foni, E. Raffini,
G. Barigazzi, M. Delogu, V. Guberti, L. Di Trani, M. Tollis, and I. Donatelli
(2004). Influenza surveillance in birds in Italian wetlands (1992-1998): is
there a host restricted circulation of influenza viruses in sympatric ducks and
coots? Veterinary Microbiology 98(3-4): 197-208. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: We report the results of a 6-year serological
and virological monitoring performed in ducks and coots in Italy, in order to
assess the degree of influenza A virus circulation in these birds during
wintering. A total of 1039 sera collected from 1992 to 1998 was screened by a
double antibody sandwich blocking ELISA (NP-ELISA): seroprevalence of
antibodies to influenza A viruses was significantly higher in ducks compared to
coots (52.2% vs. 7.1%, respectively). The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)
assay, performed on NP-ELISA positive sera, showed that 16.9% of these duck
sera and 33.3% of these coot sera had antibodies to at least one influenza
virus HA subtype: ducks showed HI antibodies against most of the HA subtypes,
except for the H3, H4, H7, and H12; coots were seropositive to the H3 and H10
subtypes, only. From 1993 to 1998, 22 virus strains were obtained from 802
cloacal swabs, with an overall virus isolation frequency of 2.7%. Viruses
belonging to the H1N1 subtype were by far the most commonly circulating strains
(18/22) and were isolated mainly from ducks (17/18). The remaining viruses were
representative of the H10N8, H5N2 and H3N8 subtypes. Our data indicate some
differences between influenza A virus circulation in sympatric ducks and coots
and a significant antigenic diversity between some reference strains and
viruses recently isolated in Italy.
Descriptors: bird diseases virology, disease reservoirs
veterinary, ducks, influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, antibodies, viral blood, cloaca virology, ecosystem, enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay veterinary, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, influenza blood, influenza epidemiology, influenza virology, Italy
epidemiology, seroepidemiologic studies.
de Marco, M.A., E. Foni, L. Campitelli, E. Raffini,
M. Delogu, and I. Donatelli (2003). Long-term monitoring for avian influenza
viruses in wild bird species in Italy. Veterinary Research Communications
27(Suppl.1): 107-114. ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V38
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease distribution,
disease prevalence, predatory birds, waterfowl, wild birds, Italy.
de Wit, J.J., J.H. van Eck, R.P. Crooijmans, and A.
Pijpers (2004). A serological survey for pathogens in old fancy chicken
breeds in central and eastern part of The Netherlands. Tijdschrift Voor
Diergeneeskunde 129(10): 324-7.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: To get an impression of the presence of
pathogens in multi-aged flocks of old fancy chicken breeds in the Netherlands,
plasma samples originating from 24 flocks were examined for antibodies against
17 chicken pathogens. These flocks were housed mainly in the centre and east of
the Netherlands, regions with a high poultry density. The owners of the tested
flocks showed their chicken at national and international poultry exhibitions.
Antibodies against Avian Influenza, Egg Drop Syndrome '76 virus, Pox virus, Salmonella
pullorum/gallinarum, Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium
were not detected. However, antibodies against other Salmonella species,
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, chicken anaemia virus,
infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus, subgroups A and
B, and subgroup J were detected in a varying proportion of the flocks. This
study shows that antibodies against many chicken pathogens are present among
the flocks of old fancy chicken breeds that are exhibited at international
poultry exhibitions.
Descriptors: bacterial infections veterinary, chickens,
poultry diseases epidemiology, virus diseases veterinary, antibodies, bacterial
blood, viral blood, bacterial infections epidemiology, Netherlands
epidemiology, poultry diseases microbiology, prevalence, risk factors,
seroepidemiologic studies, virus diseases epidemiology.
del Rey Calero, J. (2004 ). Aspectos
epidemiologicos del SARS y de la influenza aviar [Epidemiological perspectives
on SARS and avian influenza]. Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De
Medicina 121(2): 289-304. ISSN:
0034-0634.
Abstract: SARS is a respiratory infection caused by
Coronavirus (Nidoviruses, RNA) from which 3 groups are known. Group 1 affects
dogs, cats, pigs, and the human agent is 229 E. Group 2 affects bovines or
rodents, and the human agent is OC43. And group 3 corresponds to the avian
pathology.... The epidemics emerged on February 2003 in Guangdong, South China,
due to consumption of exotic animals (Civeta, etc.), and it spread through interperson
contagion to other regions in Asia, America and Europe. Incubation period is
about 2-7 days. Transmission Of the virus is person-to person, but also by
excretions and residual water. Basic reproductive rate is 2 to 4, and it is
considered that 2.7 persons are infected from the initial case. In June 2003,
SARS affected over 8,000 people and 774 were killed. Mortality approaches to
10%, and it is higher among older people rising up to 50% in those aged over 65
years. It is important to quickly establish action protocols regarding
clinical, epidemiological and prevention aspects. Avian influenza is an
infection caused by type A Influenza Orthomixovirus, in which migration birds
and wild ducks are the main reservoir. Avian viruses correspond to H5, H7, H9.
In 1997 it was observed that type AH5N1 jumped interspecies barrier and
affected 18 humans, and 6 of them died. At the end of 2003 and in 2004 this
type of poultry flu was described in Asia. FAO has emphasized that sacrifice of
chicken in affected farms is the most effective measure to fight against the
disease. It has also been established suppression of imports from these
countries. There is no evidence on interperson contagion from chicken
contagion, nor on food-borne contagion to humans.
Descriptors: avian influenza epidemiology, severe acute
respiratory syndrome epidemiology, adult, age factors, aged, Asia epidemiology,
chickens, China epidemiology, disease reservoirs, prevention and control,
transmission, middle aged, risk factors, severe acute respiratory syndrome
mortality, severe acute respiratory syndrome prevention and control, severe
acute respiratory syndrome transmission.
Duee, J.P. and M. Fontaine (1980). Apparition
d'influenza aviaire chez la poule dans le nord de la France. Isolement d'un
virus Hav 9 N 2. [Outbreak of avian influenza among fowls in northern France.
Isolation of type 'Hav 9 N 2' virus]. Bulletin De L'Academie Veterinaire
De France 53(4): 491-500. ISSN:
0001-4192.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 R24
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, outbreaks,
France.
Dunn, P.A., P.E.A. Wallner, H. Lu, D.P. Shaw, D.
Kradel, D.J. Henzler, P. Miller, D.W. Key, M. Ruano, and S. Davison (2003). Summary
of the 2001-02 Pennsylvania H7N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in
meat type chickens. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 812-816. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: H7N2 low-pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza
(AI) virus was isolated from chickens submitted to the Pennsylvania Animal
Diagnostic Laboratory System on December 4 and 5, 2001. The cases were from two
broiler breeder flocks in central Pennsylvania that had clinical signs of an
acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease. Seroconversion to AI virus was
detected on follow-up sampling. Subsequently, H7N2 LPAI virus was isolated in
five different broiler flock cases submitted between December 14, 2001. and
January 3, 2002. Clinical signs and lesions in broilers, when present, were
compatible with multicausal respiratory disease. With the exception of one
broiler flock that was processed, birds from all of the virus positive flocks
were euthanatized in-house within 11 days of the original case submission date.
Increased surveillance of poultry flocks within 10-mile radius zones centered
at the foci of the positive farms continued until March 1, 2002. No additional
cases were detected.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, broiler breeder
flocks, disease outbreak, seroconversion.
Ebrahim, G.J. (2004). Avian flu and influenza
pandemics in human populations. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
50(4): 192-4. ISSN: 0142-6338.
NAL
Call Number: RJ1.J6
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza A virus, classification, pathogenicity, human pathogenicity, species
specificity, avian influenza A, avian genetics, human genetics, avian influenza
epidemiology, birds.
Eckroade, R.J., L.A. Silverman, and H.M. Acland
(1984). Avian influenza in Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Conference 33: 1-2.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, report, poultry,
Pennsylvania.
Ehlers, M., M. Moeller, S. Marangon, and N. Ferre
(2003). The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in the frame of the
contingency plan implemented during the 1999-2001 avian influenza (AI) epidemic
in Italy. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1010-1014. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a
very powerful and flexible software tool for effective management of spatially
referenced data (e.g., geodata). Coupling database and GIS technology provides
the tools for a detailed analysis of spatial patterns and distributions in
veterinary applications. A specific veterinary GIS (VetGIS) toolbox was
developed to perform the calculation of indices such as Lorenz curve, GINI
index, and a kernel-based animal density estimation. This software was employed
for the analysis and management of avian influenza in Italy during the
1999-2000 epidemic.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
epidemiology, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
geographic information system (GIS) applied and field techniques, epidemic
contingency plan, epidemiological data.
Elbers, A.R., T.H. Fabri, T.S. de Vries, J.J. de Wit,
A. Pijpers, and G. Koch (2004). The highly pathogenic avian influenza A
(H7N7) virus epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003--lessons learned from the
first five outbreaks. Avian Diseases 48(3): 691-705. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Clinical signs and gross lesions observed in poultry submitted for postmortem examination (PME) from the first five infected poultry flocks preceding the detection of the primary outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of subtype H7N7 during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are described. The absence of HPAI from the Netherlands for more than 75 yr created a situation in which poultry farmers and veterinary practitioners did not think of AI in the differential diagnosis as a possible cause of the clinical pro