Reports and Reviews
on Outbreaks
Akey, B.L. (2003). Low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian
influenza outbreak in Virginia during 2002. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1099-1103. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An outbreak of low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian
influenza virus (AIV) in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during the spring
and summer of 2002 affected 197 farms and resulted in the destruction of over
4.7 million birds. The outbreak affected primarily turkey farms (28 breeders,
125 grow out) with some spillover into chicken farms (29 breeders, 13 grow out,
2 table-egg layers). Although no direct link was established, the strain of
H7N2 AIV in this outbreak had a molecular fingerprint that was essentially identical
to the H7N2 AIV strain that has circulated in the live bird markets of the
northeastern United States for the last 8 yr. After an initial delay caused by
lack of viable disposal options, depopulation and disposal, primarily in
sanitary landfills, was carried out within 24 hr of detection of a positive
flock. Increased surveillance efforts included once-a-week testing of the daily
mortality of all poultry farms in the region, testing of all breeder farms
every 2 wk, and testing of all flocks prior to movement for any reason. A
statistical sampling of backyard flocks and wild birds found no evidence of the
virus. The successful eradication of this outbreak was the result of the
efforts of a highly effective task force of industry, state, and federal personnel.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, disease control
measures, disease outbreak, poultry farms.
Akram, M. and M.S. Jaffery (1995). Avian influenza
in Pakistan. Zootecnica International 18(6): 15. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Gallus gallus,
Pakistan.
Alexander, D.J. (2003). Report on avian influenza
in the Eastern Hemisphere during 1997-2002. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 792-797. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Since the Fourth International Symposium on
Avian Influenza (AI) there has been considerable AI activity in the Eastern
Hemisphere. The higher profile of AI resulting from the human infections with
H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong, in 1997 and 1999, respectively, resulted in
increased reporting and active surveillance. There have been three reported
incidents of high-pathogenicity (HP) AI: H5N2 in northeastern Italy in 1997
(eight outbreaks); H5N1 in Hong Kong in 1997 recurring in 2001 and 2002; H7N1
in northeastern Italy resulting in 413 outbreaks in 1999-00. The Italian HPAI
outbreaks were preceded by 199 H7N1 low-pathogenicity (LP) AI outbreaks in
1999, and this virus continued to cause some problems after the eradication of
HPAI. During the second half of the 1990s outbreaks of LPAI due to H9N2 subtype
have been reported in Germany, Italy, Ireland, South Africa, Hungary, Korea,
China, Hong Kong, countries of the Middle East, Iran, and Pakistan. The
continued presence of virus of this subtype in the Middle and Far East may mean
it is becoming an established endemic disease in those regions. Other more
restricted outbreaks in poultry have resulted in the isolation of LPAI viruses
of H5, H6, H7, and H10 subtypes.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
avian influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
Fourth International Symposium on Avian Influenza, disease outbreaks.
Alexander, D.J., S.A. Lister, M.J. Johnson, C.J.
Randall, and P.J. Thomas (1993). An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian
influenza in turkeys in Great Britain in 1991. Veterinary Record
132(21): 535-6. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian, poultry diseases epidemiology, turkeys,
Great Britain epidemiology, incidence, poultry diseases microbiology.
American Association of Avian Pathologists ( 1983). 1981
summary of disease reports. Avian Diseases 27(3): 860-900. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: diseases, reports, surveys, statistics,
summaries, poultry, Mexico, United States.
Andresen, M. (2004). Avian flu: WHO prepares for
the worst. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal; Journal De
L'Association Medicale Canadienne 170(5): 777. ISSN: 0820-3946.
NAL
Call Number: R11.C3
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian influenza A virus,
human, influenza, avian virology, birds, Canada, disease outbreaks, health plan
implementation, influenza vaccines therapeutic use, avian influenza drug
therapy, avian influenza prevention and control, poultry, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (1995). Avian influenza action plan for
the United States. Zootecnica International 18(9): 16-17. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, action plan,
surveys, disease control, United States.
Anonymous (1986). Avian influenza in Pennsylvania.
Foreign Animal Disease Report 14(1): 1.
ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Pennsylvania.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza should be
ruffling our feathers. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(10): 595. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: antiviral agents therapeutic use, bird
diseases epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza veterinary,
influenza vaccines therapeutic use, acetamides therapeutic use, amantadine
therapeutic use, southeastern Asia epidemiology, Far East epidemiology,
influenza drug therapy, influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and
control, international cooperation, neuraminidase antagonists and inhibitors,
rimantadine therapeutic use, sialic acids therapeutic use, World Health
Organization.
Anonymous (2004). Avian influenza,
Thailand--update. Canada Communicable Disease Report; Releve Des
Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada 30(21): 181. ISSN: 1188-4169.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian, influenza, avian
transmission, chickens virology, child, cluster analysis, disease notification,
fatal outcome, avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza epidemiology,
Thailand epidemiology.
Anonymous (1979). Avian influenza turkey losses in
Minnesota. Foreign Animal Disease Report : 6-8.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, turkeys, laying hens,
outbreaks, Minnesota.
Anonymous (2005). Avian influenza, Vietnam. Canada
Communicable Disease Report; Releve Des Maladies Transmissibles Au Canada
31(5): 64. ISSN: 1481-8531.
Descriptors: influenza, avian epidemiology, adolescent,
disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology, influenza transmission,
influenza virology, influenza, avian transmission, poultry virology, Vietnam,
zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Anonymous (2004). Flu: the fowl news. Harvard
Health Letter From Harvard Medical School 29(6): 7. ISSN: 1052-1577.
NAL
Call Number: R11.H3
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza epidemiology, influenza, avian
prevention and control, child, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry.
Anonymous (1995). Highly pathogenic avian
influenza in Mexico. Foreign Animal Disease Report (22-4): 7-9. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: poultry, Mexico, avian influenza, control,
United States, domestic animals, domesticated birds, influenza virus, Latin
America, outbreaks.
Anonymous (2005). Influenza in Canada: 2003-2004
season. Canada Communicable Disease Report; Releve Des Maladies
Transmissibles Au Canada 31(1): 1-18.
ISSN: 1481-8531.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, adult, Canada,
chickens virology, child, influenza A virus, human, influenza B virus, influenza,
avian epidemiology.
Anonymous (2004). Lessons from the outbreak of
avian influenza across Asia. Indian Veterinary Journal 81(3):
A9. ISSN: 0019-6479.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: avian influenza virus infection, quarantine,
clinical techniques, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, World
Health Organization, Office International des Epizooties, Asia.
Arzey, G. (2004). The role of wild aquatic birds
in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Australia. Australian
Veterinary Journal 82(6): 377-8.
ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: birds virology, disease reservoirs
veterinary, influenza, avian epidemiology, avian influenza, transmission, wild
animals, Australia epidemiology, etiology.
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (1992). Avian influenza outbreak. AQIS
Bulletin 5(8): 2-3. ISSN: 1033-9280.
NAL
Call Number: HD9000.9.A8A84
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
broilers, ducks, Australia.
Bankowski, R.A.ed. (1981 ). Proceedings of the
First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA,
April 22-24, 1981. 215 p.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: poultry, avian influenza virus,
symposium.
Bennejean, G. (1981). Current situations of avian
influenza in France. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 28.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, surveys,
wild birds, France.
Boibieux, A., D. Bouhour, F. Biron, C. Chidiac, and
D. Peyramond (1998). Avian influenza in Hong Kong. Médecine Et
Maladies Infectieuses 28(2): 193-194.
ISSN: 0399-077X.
Descriptors: avian influenza A, human diseases, animal
diseases, clinical aspects, disease transmission, reviews, Hong Kong.
Brydak, L.B. and M. Machala (2004). Rola
Europejskiej Naukowej Grupy Roboczej ds. Grypy w walce z grypa. [Role of the
European Scientific Work Group on Influenza in the battle against influenza].
Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego
16(93): 265-70. ISSN: 1426-9686.
Abstract: The European Scientific Working group on
Influenza (ESWI) was established in 1992. Its main task is to reduce impact of
influenza in Europe by increase of awareness about influenza, dangers, methods
of its prevention among physicians and in the society, stimulation of
scientific studies, organizing of conferences, including those on the
preparedness plans for the next pandemic. Infections, and in some cases also
deaths, caused in humans by avian influenza viruses A(H5N1) in 1997 and 2003,
A(H9N2) in 1999 and A(H7N7) in 2003 show that the outbreak of the next pandemic
is a matter of time. Considering the above facts ESWI prepared a pilot study to
introduce in Poland, Germany and Sweden. The main aim of this project is to
achieve a better and more effective control of influenza by an increase of
knowledge about influenza, promoting of vaccinations and new antiinfluenza
drugs--neuraminidase inhibitors. In Poland project is coordinated by the
National Influenza Center located at the National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw.
This is only one center in Poland and one of 112 similar centers in 83
countries of the world participating in the international program of influenza
surveillance in cooperation with WHO, ESWI and European Influenza Surveillance
Scheme.
Descriptors: health planning, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, respiratory tract infections prevention and
control, world health, Europe epidemiology, Poland, practice guidelines,
respiratory tract infections epidemiology, World Health Organization.
Buisch, W.W., A.E. Hall, and H.A. McDaniel (1984). 1983-1984
lethal avian influenza outbreak. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of
the United States Animal Health Association 88: 430-446.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreak, Maryland,
Pennsylvania.
Bulaga, L.L., L. Garber, D. Senne, T.J. Myers, R.
Good, S. Wainwright, and D.L. Suarez (2003). Descriptive and surveillance
studies of suppliers to New York and New Jersey retail live-bird markets. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1169-1176. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (AIV)
H7N2 has been isolated since 1994 from retail live-bird markets (LBMs) in the
northeastern United States. This study examines the suppliers to the LBMs in
New York and New Jersey. In 2001, 185 supplier premises in nine states were
surveyed for the presence of AIV by virus isolation (VI) in embryonating
chicken eggs. No H7 or H5 virus was isolated. In addition, 104 producer
premises in two states were serologically negative for H7 and H5 AIV.
Information on management practices was obtained via questionnaire for 191
premises in 12 states. The survey results suggest that current biosecurity
practices at supplier premises could be improved, especially regarding movement
of birds. The study supports the hypothesis that H7N2 AIV is primarily
maintained within the LBMs and, if reintroduction from suppliers is occurring,
it is likely reintroduced at a very low level or from suppliers not included in
this study.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health, avian
influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, viral
isolation, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques, biosecurity, disease surveillance, food safety, retail,
live bird markets.
Bulaga, L.L., L. Garber, D.A. Senne, T.J. Myers, R.
Good, S. Wainwright, S. Trock, and D.L. Suarez (2003). Epidemiologic and
surveillance studies on avian influenza in live-bird markets in New York and
New Jersey, 2001. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 996-1001. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In 2001, all 109 retail live-bird markets
(LBMs) in New York and New Jersey were surveyed for the presence of avian
influenza virus (AIV) by a real time reverse transcriptase/polymer chain
reaction assay (RRT/PCR) and results compared to virus isolation (VI) in
embryonating chicken eggs. The RRT/PCR had a 91.9% sensitivity and 97.9%
specificity in detecting presence of AIV at the market level. However, the
sensitivity at the sample level is 65.87%. The RRT/PCR is a reliable method to
identify AIV at the market level. In addition, a cross-sectional epidemiologic
study of the LBMs showed that, during the past 12 months, markets that were
open 7 days per week and those that also sold rabbits had the highest risk for
being positive for AIV. Markets that were closed one or more days per week and
those that performed daily cleaning and disinfecting had the lowest risk for
being AIV positive.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, RT PCR, genetic techniques, laboratory
techniques, viral isolation, immunologic techniques, disease surveillance data,
epidemiological data, live bird markets, viral detection, efficacy.
Bunn, C.M. ( 2004). The role of wild aquatic birds
in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Australia. Australian
Veterinary Journal 82(10): 644.
ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: wild aquatic birds, avian influenza virus,
disease distribution, disease prevalence, disease transmission, disease
vectors, outbreaks, reservoir hosts.
Butterfield, W.K.C. (1974). Report of the
subcommittee on avian influenza to the committee on transmissible diseases of
poultry. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal
Health Association 78: 278-282.
ISSN: 0082-8750.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza, transmissible diseases,
poultry, report.
Campitelli, L., E. Mogavero, M.A. De Marco, M.
Delogu, S. Puzelli, F. Frezza, M. Facchini, C. Chiapponi, E. Foni, P. Cordioli,
R. Webby, G. Barigazzi, R.G. Webster, and I. Donatelli (2004). Interspecies
transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared
domestic poultry in Italy. Virology 323(1): 24-36.
ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Since the "bird flu" incident in
Hong Kong SAR in 1997, several studies have highlighted the substantial role of
domestic birds, such as turkeys and chickens, in the ecology of influenza A
viruses. Even if recent evidence suggests that chickens can maintain several
influenza serotypes, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in domestic
species are believed to be introduced each time from the wild bird reservoir.
However, so far the direct precursor of influenza viruses from domestic birds
has never been identified. In this report, we describe the antigenic and
genetic characterization of the surface proteins of H7N3 viruses isolated from
wild ducks in Italy in 2001 in comparison to H7N3 strains that circulated in
Italian turkeys in 2002-2003. The wild and domestic avian strains appeared
strictly related at both phenotypic and genetic level: homology percentages in
seven of their genes were comprised between 99.8% (for PB2) and 99.1% (for M),
and their NA genes differed mainly because of a 23-aminoacid deletion in the NA
stalk. Outside this region of the molecule, the NAs of the two virus groups
showed 99% similarity. These findings indicate that turkey H7N3 viruses were
derived "in toto" from avian influenza strains circulating in wild
waterfowl 1 year earlier, and represent an important step towards the
comprehension of the mechanisms leading to interspecies transmission and
emergence of potentially pandemic influenza viruses.
Descriptors: bird diseases transmission, ducks virology,
influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, avian influenza
transmission, poultry diseases transmission, turkeys virology, amino acid
sequence, animals, wild virology, bird diseases virology, evolution, molecular,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus, avian influenza A virus genetics,
avian influenza, virology, Italy, molecular sequence data, neuraminidase,
phylogeny, poultry diseases virology, viral proteins.
Campos Lopez, H. (1995). Status of avian influenza
in Mexico. Bulletin Office International Des Épizooties 107(8):
602. ISSN: 0300-9823.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 OF2
Descriptors: avian influenza, status in Mexico, poultry, control, immunization.
Capua, I. and D.J. Alexander (2004). Avian
influenza: recent developments. Avian Pathology 33(4): 393-404. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: This paper reviews the worldwide situation
regarding avian influenza infections in poultry from 1997 to March 2004. The
increase in the number of primary introductions and the scientific data
available on the molecular basis of pathogenicity have generated concerns
particularly for legislative purposes and for international trade. This has led
to a new proposed definition of 'avian influenza' to extend all infections
caused by H5 and H7 viruses regardless of their virulence as notifiable
diseases, although this has encountered some difficulties in being approved. The
paper also reviews the major outbreaks caused by viruses of the H5 or H7
subtype and the control measures applied. The zoonotic aspects of avian
influenza, which until 1997 were considered to be of limited relevance in human
medicine, are also discussed. The human health implications have now gained
importance, both for illness and fatalities that have occurred following
natural infection with avian viruses, and for the potential of generating a
reassortant virus that could give rise to the next human influenza pandemic.
Copyright 2004 Houghton Trust Ltd
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian pathogenicity, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry diseases
epidemiology, poultry diseases virology, disease outbreaks history, disease
outbreaks legislation and jurisprudence, 20th century history, 21st century
history, avian classification, poultry, zoonoses virology.
Capua, I. and F.M. Cancellotti (2000). Newcastle
disease and avian influenza in Italy during 1999 and 2000. Selezione Veterinaria
(Italy) (11): 971-972. ISSN:
0037-1521.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, Italy.
Capua, I., P.M. Dalla, F. Mutinelli, S. Marangon, and
C. Terregino (2002). Newcastle disease outbreaks in Italy during 2000. Veterinary
Record 150(18): 565-8. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Among the consequences of the epidemic of
highly pathogenic avian influenza which affected Italy between 1999 and 2000
was an epidemic of Newcastle disease in northern and central Italy. It affected
industrially reared poultry, dealer flocks and backyard flocks, with a total of
254 outbreaks notified up to December 31, 2000. Virological investigations
yielded virulent isolates of Newcastle disease virus, which produced
intracerebral pathogenicity indices ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 and which, on the
basis of their monoclonal antibody binding patterns, could be classified as
belonging to group C1. The clinical, gross and microscopical findings were
typical of Newcastle disease, and different avian species were susceptible to
different degrees. Chickens and guinea fowl appeared to be the most
susceptible, followed by pheasants, turkeys and ostriches. The epidemiological
inquiry highlighted the crucial role of a broiler hatchery in initiating the
epidemic, and of dealers in perpetuating it. The control measures imposed by
Directive 92/66/EEC are discussed with reference to the outbreaks in backyard
flocks.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, Newcastle disease
epidemiology, animal husbandry, Italy epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus classification,
Newcastle disease virus isolation and purification, Newcastle disease virus
pathogenicity, poultry, serotyping.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, and L. Bonfanti (2004). Eradication
of low pathogenicity avian influenza of the H7N3 subtype from Italy. Veterinary
Record 154(20): 639-40. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian immunology, influenza vaccines, avian influenza prevention and
control, turkeys, disease notification, disease outbreaks prevention and
control, avian pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza
virology, Italy epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, poultry diseases
prevention and control, vaccination veterinary.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, and F.M. Cancellotti (2003). The
1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy. Veterinary Research
Communications 27(Suppl.1): 123-127.
ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V38
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus, disease control,
disease distribution, outbreaks, mortality, vaccination, ducks, guineafowl,
ostriches, pheasants, quails, turkeys, Italy.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, P. Cordioli, L. Bonfanti, and
U. Santucci (2002). H7N3 avian influenza in Italy. Veterinary Record
151(24): 743-4. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: fowl plague virology, influenza A virus avian
classification, turkeys, disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague prevention and control, hemagglutination inhibition
tests veterinary, avian pathogenicity, Italy epidemiology, phylogeny.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, P.M. Dalla, C. Terregino, and
G. Cattoli (2003). Avian influenza in Italy 1997-2001. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 839-843. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: From 1997 to 2001, Italy has been affected by
two epidemics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza. The first epidemic was
caused by a virus of the H5N2 subtype and was limited to eight premises in
backyard and semi-intensive flocks. The prompt identification of the disease
was followed by the implementation of European Union (EU) directive 92/40/EEC and
resulted in the eradication of infection without serious consequences to the
poultry industry. The 1999-00 epidemic was caused by a virus of the H7N1
subtype that originated from the mutation of a low pathogenic virus and
resulted instead in a devastating epidemic that affected industrially reared
poultry, culminating in the infection of 413 flocks. The description of the
epidemics and the result of the control policies are reported.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, European Union
Directive 92, 40, EEC, disease eradication, poultry flocks.
Capua, I., S. Marangon, L. Selli, D.J. Alexander,
D.E. Swayne, M. Dalla Pozza, E. Parenti, and F.M. Cancellotti (1999). Outbreaks
of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) in Italy during October 1997 to
January 1998. Avian Pathology 28(5): 455-460. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Between the month of October 1997 and January
1998, eight outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza were diagnosed in
the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia regions in north-eastern Italy. For each
of the eight outbreaks, influenza A virus of subtype H5N2 was isolated and the
inoculation of susceptible chickens confirmed these viruses to be extremely
virulent with intravenous pathogenicity indices in 6-week-old chickens of 2.98
to 3.00. Although it was not possible to trace the origin of infection, the
epidemiological investigation revealed connections between several outbreaks
and emphasized the well-known risk factors for avian influenza such as bird
movement, rearing of mixed populations and contact with migratory waterfowl.
Control measures listed in European Union directive 92/40/EEC were implemented
promptly and spread of the infection to intensively-reared domestic poultry was
avoided.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, chickens,
virulence, epidemiology, risk factors, disease control, diagnosis, viral
antigens, antigen testing.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, G. Cattoli, and N. Pozzato
(2001). An overview on the Avian influenza and Newcastle disease epidemics
in Italy during 1999 and 2000. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 50: 8-11.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease,
epidemics, pathogenicity, Italy.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, G. Ortali, M. Della
Valentina, and A. Zanella (2000). The 1999 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic
in Italy. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 49:
20-24.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemics,
pathogenicity, poultry, Italy.
Capua, I., F. Mutinelli, M.C.L. Schiavo, M.D. Pozza,
N. Ferré, and G. Manca (2000). Italian avian influenza epidemic. International
Poultry Production 8(3): 15, 17.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.I58
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemics,
pathogenicity, Italy.
Capua, I., R. Nardi de, M. Beato S, C. Terregino, M.
Scremin, and V. Guberti (2004). Isolation of an avian paramyxovirus type 9 from
migratory waterfowl in Italy. Veterinary Record 155(5): 156. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: avian paramyxovirus, disease prevalence,
disease surveys, migratory waterfowl, Anas crecca, Anas platyrhynchos.
Capua, I. and D.J. Alexander (2004). An update on
avian influenza in poultry. International Congress Series 1263:
741-744.
Abstract: The present paper reviews the worldwide
situation regarding avian influenza (AI) infections caused by viruses of the H5
and H7 subtype in poultry from 1999 to date. The increase in the number of
primary introductions and the scientific data available on the molecular basis
of pathogenicity have generated concerns particularly for legislative purposes,
for international trade and on novel control strategies, including vaccination.
This has led to a new proposed definition of "avian influenza" to
extend to all infections caused by H5 and H7 viruses regardless of their
virulence as notifiable diseases, although this has encountered some difficulties
in being approved. Reference is also made to the zoonotic aspects of avian
influenza which until 1997 were considered to be of limited relevance in human
medicine, and have now gained importance, both for illness and fatalities which
have occurred following natural infection with avian viruses, and for the
potential of generating a reassortant virus which could give rise to the next
human influenza pandemic.
Descriptors: avian influenza, outbreaks, control,
zoonosis, poultry, avian influenza A virus, definition.
Capua, I. and S. Marangon (2000). The avian
influenza epidemic in Italy, 1999-2000: A review. Avian Pathology
29(4): 289-294. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: During 1999, northern Italy has been affected
by an epidemic of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) caused by a virus of
the H7N1 subtype. Due to the characteristics of the poultry industry in the
area and to the absence of specific legislative tools to eradicate infection,
the virus continued to circulate for several months until a highly pathogenic
virus of the same subtype emerged. The highly pathogenic virus had caused
death, at the time of writing, of over 13 million birds in 3 months. The
consequences of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic appear to
be devastating for the poultry industry and the social community. Several
conditions generated the current situation, including the high density of
susceptible animals and the structure of the poultry industry in the infected
area. In addition, the circulation of LPAI virus for a number of months
inevitably delayed the prompt identification of HPAI and complicated the
interpretation of diagnostic results. A reconsideration of current European
legislation and a reorganization of the poultry industry are suggested to
prevent the occurrence of similar situations in countries of the European
Union.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, epidemiology,
enrichment broth, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), viral disease, low
pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI ), H7N1 subtype, viral disease, epidemic.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Cases of influenza A (H5N1)--Thailand, 2004. MMWR. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report 53(5): 100-3.
ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: Since mid-December 2003, eight Asian
countries (Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Thailand, and
Vietnam) have reported an epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza in
poultry and various other birds caused by influenza A (H5N1). As of February 9,
2004, a total of 23 laboratory-confirmed human cases of influenza A (H5N1) had
been reported in Thailand and Vietnam. In 18 (78%) of these cases, the patients
died. Clinical experience with avian H5N1 disease in humans is limited. The
human H5N1 viruses identified in Asia in 2004 are antigenically and genetically
distinguishable from the 1997 and February 2003 viruses. To aid surveillance
and clinical activities, this report provides a preliminary clinical
description of the initial five confirmed cases in Thailand.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian,
child, fatal outcome, influenza diagnosis, influenza epidemiology, middle aged,
Thailand epidemiology.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) in Asia and interim
recommendations for evaluation and reporting of suspected cases--United States,
2004. MMWR. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report 53(5): 97-100.
ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: During December 2003-February 2004, outbreaks
of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry were reported in
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. As
of February 9, 2004, a total of 23 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza A
(H5N1) virus infections in humans, resulting in 18 deaths, had been reported in
Thailand and Vietnam. In addition, approximately 100 suspected cases in humans
are under investigation by national health authorities in Thailand and Vietnam.
CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), and national health authorities in
Asian countries are working to assess and monitor the situation, provide
epidemiologic and laboratory support, and assist with control efforts. This
report summarizes information about the human infections and avian outbreaks in
Asia and provides recommendations to guide influenza A (H5N1) surveillance,
diagnosis, and testing in the United States.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian influenza isolation and
purification, avian influenza epidemiology, Asia epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, avian influenza virology,
poultry, poultry diseases epidemiology, poultry diseases virology, public
health practice, United States epidemiology.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Update: influenza activity--United States, 2003-04 season. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(13): 284-7. ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: This report summarizes influenza activity in
the United States during September 29, 2003-March 27, 2004, and updates the
previous summary. This report also summarizes human infections with avian
influenza viruses related to poultry outbreaks in North America. Preliminary
data collected through CDC influenza surveillance indicate that national
influenza activity peaked during late November-December. The most frequently
isolated viruses were influenza A (H3N2), and approximately 87% of these were
similar to the drift variant A/Fujian/411/2002.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus
isolation and purification, adult, child, influenza mortality, influenza
virology, influenza B virus isolation and purification, avian influenza
epidemiology, poultry, seasons, United States epidemiology.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
(2004). Update: influenza activity--United States and worldwide, 2003-04
season, and composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(25): 547-52. ISSN: 1545-861X.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: During the 2003-04 influenza season,
influenza A (H1), A (H3N2), and B viruses co-circulated worldwide, and
influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated. Several Asian countries reported
widespread outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry. In Vietnam and
Thailand, these outbreaks were associated with severe illnesses and deaths
among humans. In the United States, the 2003-04 influenza season began earlier
than most seasons, peaked in December, was moderately severe in terms of its
impact on mortality, and was associated predominantly with influenza A (H3N2)
viruses. This report 1) summarizes information collected by World Health
Organization (WHO) and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance
System (NREVSS) collaborating laboratories, state and local health departments,
health-care providers, vital statistics registries, and CDC and 2) describes
influenza activity in the United States and worldwide during the 2003-04
influenza season and the composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza vaccines,
influenza prevention and control, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian,
influenza B virus, population surveillance, seasons, United States
epidemiology, world health.
Chaisigh, A., B. Nuansrichay, W. Kalpravidh, O.
Pasavorakul, T. Teekayuwat, T. Tiensin, and C. Buranathai. (2003). Laboratory
surveillance on avian influenza in Thailand during 1997-2002. In: Proceedings
11th International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians and OIE Seminar on Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand, p.
P6-P7.
NAL
Call Number:
SF771.W67 2003
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease
surveys, pets, aviary birds, wild birds, Thailand.
Cheng, M.C., C.H. Wang, and H. Kida (2004). Influenza
A virological surveillance in feral waterfowl in Taiwan from 1998 to 2002. International
Congress Series 1263: 745-748.
Abstract: Monitoring avian influenza in migrating birds
from 1998 to 2002, we sampled 10,945 samples totally for virus isolation, and
232 AI virus isolates were obtained. Further subtyping the isolates, based on
hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase-inhibition (NI) tests, they
were classified into 17 different subtypes, i.e., H1N1, H1N3, H2N3, H3N8, H3N6,
H4N2, H4N6, H4N7, H4N8, H6N1, H6N2, H7N1, H8N4, H10N4, H10N7, H11N9, and H14N7,
respectively. The results revealed that the winter migratory birds carried a lot
of AI viruses and the subtype of the isolates had large antigenic variation,
with 10 HA and 7 NA subtypes being recognized. On the other hand, H4N6 virus
was the dominant subtype and being isolated more frequently among the isolates.
These revealed again that a wide variety of AI subtypes might be found in a
country with wild bird population, which were carried into an area each year
and might impose a threat on the local poultry industry.
Descriptors: avian influenza, wild birds surveillance,
subtyping, virus isolation.
Choi, Y.K., J.H. Lee, G. Erickson, S.M. Goyal, H.S.
Joo, R.G. Webster, and R.J. Webby (2004). H3N2 influenza virus transmission
from swine to turkeys, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases
10(12): 2156-60. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: In 1998, a novel H3N2 reassortant virus
emerged in the United States swine population. We report the interspecies
transmission of this virus to turkeys in two geographically distant farms in
the United States in 2003. This event is of concern, considering the
reassortment capacity of this virus and the susceptibility of turkey to
infection by avian influenza viruses. Two H3N2 isolates, A/turkey/NC/16108/03
and A/turkey/MN/764/03, had 98.0% to 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to each
other in all eight gene segments. All protein components of the turkey isolates
had 97% to 98% sequence identity to swine H3N2 viruses, thus demonstrating
interspecies transmission from pigs to turkeys. The turkey isolates were better
adapted to avian hosts than were their closest swine counterparts, which
suggests that the viruses had already begun to evolve in the new host. The
isolation of swine-like H3N2 influenza viruses from turkeys raises new concerns
for the generation of novel viruses that could affect humans.
Descriptors: influenza veterinary, influenza A virus,
porcine pathogenicity, poultry diseases transmission, swine diseases
transmission, turkeys virology, antigenic variation, influenza transmission,
porcine genetics, phylogeny, poultry diseases virology, swine, swine diseases
virology, United States epidemiology.
Choi, Y.K., H. Ozaki, R.J. Webby, R.G. Webster, J.S.
Peiris, L. Poon, C. Butt, Y.H. Leung, and Y. Guan (2004). Continuing
evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China. Journal of
Virology 78(16): 8609-14. ISSN:
0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: H9N2 influenza viruses are panzootic in
domestic poultry in Eurasia and since 1999 have caused transient infections in
humans and pigs. To investigate the zoonotic potential of H9N2 viruses, we
studied the evolution of the viruses in live-poultry markets in Hong Kong in
2003. H9N2 was the most prevalent influenza virus subtype in the live-poultry
markets between 2001 and 2003. Antigenic and phylogenetic analysis of
hemagglutinin (HA) showed that all of the 19 isolates found except one belonged
to the lineage represented by A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2). The exception
was A/Guinea fowl/NT184/03 (H9N2), whose HA is most closely related to that of
the human isolate A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2), a virus belonging to the
A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94-like (H9N2) lineage. At least six different genotypes
were recognized. The majority of the viruses had nonstructural (and HA) genes
derived from the A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus lineage but had other
genes of mixed avian virus origin, including genes similar to those of H5N1
viruses isolated in 2001. Viruses of all six genotypes of H9N2 found were able
to replicate in chickens and mice without adaptation. The infected chickens
showed no signs of disease, but representatives of two viral genotypes were
lethal to mice. Three genotypes of virus replicated in the respiratory tracts
of swine, which shed virus for at least 5 days. These results show an
increasing genetic and biologic diversity of H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong and
support their potential role as pandemic influenza agents.
Descriptors: evolution, molecular, influenza A virus,
avian classification, avian genetics, poultry virology, chickens virology,
China, hemagglutination inhibition tests, avian growth and development, avian
isolation and purification, lung virology, mice, mice, inbred balb c,
phylogeny, swine virology, virus replication.
Choi, Y.K., S.H. Seo, J.A. Kim, R.J. Webby, and R.G.
Webster (2005). Avian influenza viruses in Korean live poultry markets and
their pathogenic potential. Virology 332(2): 529-37. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: We surveyed live-poultry markets in Korea in
2003 and isolated 9 H9N2, 6 H3N2, and 1 H6N1 influenza viruses. Antigenic and
phylogenetic analyses showed that all 9 H9N2 isolates were of
A/Chicken/Korea/25232-96006/96-like lineage (which caused disease in chickens
in Korea in 1996) but were different from H9N2 viruses of southeastern China. They
had at least 4 genotypes and replicated in chickens but not in mice. The H3N2
and H6N1 viruses were new to Korea and were probably reassortants of avian
influenza viruses from southeastern China and recent Korean H9N2 viruses. All 8
segments of the H3N2 viruses formed a single phylogenetic cluster with 99.1 to
100% homology. The H3N2 viruses replicated in chickens and mice without
preadaptation, but the H6N1 virus did not. Our results show an increasingly
diverse pool of avian influenza viruses in Korea that are potential pandemic
influenza agents.
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus pathogenicity,
poultry virology, amino acid sequence, chickens virology, conserved sequence,
avian influenza A virus classification, avian influenza A virus isolation and
purification, Korea, mice, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, poultry diseases
virology, rodent diseases virology, sequence alignment, amino acid sequence
homology, viral proteins chemistry.
Cornell University - Department of Population
Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences - Animal Health Diagnostic Center - College
of Veterinary Medicine (2005). Canine Influenza Virus - Detection and
Sampling.
Online: http://www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/issues/civ-dect.asp
Abstract: Canine influenza virus is a relatively new
pathogen of dogs. It was first identified in racing greyhounds in 2004 and this
virus appears to have been involved with significant respiratory problems on
the dog tracks throughout the US for the last 2-3 years. The Virology Lab at
Cornell isolated the first influenza virus from an animal that died during one
of these clinical episodes. Evidence of infection of non-greyhounds by influenza
virus has been found in Florida within the past year as part of the ongoing
research efforts by Dr Cynda Crawford at the University of Florida on
respiratory disease in dogs.
Curran, R. (2004). Asian bird flu. Emergency
Medical Services 33(5): 38-9. ISSN:
0094-6575.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, chickens virology, influenza epidemiology,
influenza prevention and control, influenza transmission, isolation and
purification, Japan epidemiology, respiratory protective devices, zoonoses
epidemiology, zoonoses transmission.
Cyranokski, D. (2004). Lack of infrastructure
hampers virus monitoring. Nature 427(6974): 472. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: influenza diagnosis, influenza veterinary,
influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification, adult, Cambodia
epidemiology, chickens virology, child, developing countries economics,
influenza epidemiology, influenza prevention and control, Laos epidemiology,
public health economics, Thailand, Vietnam, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses
transmission, zoonoses virology.
Cyranoski, D. (2004). Bird flu data languish in
Chinese journals. Nature 430(7003): 955. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: biomedical research, birds virology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian isolation and purification,
language, periodicals, swine virology, southeastern Asia epidemiology, China
epidemiology, communicable disease control, communication barriers, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza virology, avian classification,
publishing, time factors, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Das, P. (2004). Infectious disease surveillance
update. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4(8): 481. ISSN: 1473-3099.
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary,
influenza A virus, avian growth and development, avian influenza epidemiology,
poultry diseases epidemiology, West Nile fever epidemiology, West Nile virus
growth and development, Arizona epidemiology, California epidemiology, China
epidemiology, influenza, avian virology, middle aged, poultry diseases
virology, Vietnam epidemiology, West Nile fever virology.
Davison, S., R.J. Eckroade, and A.F. Ziegler (2003). A
review of the 1996-98 nonpathogenic HN2 avian influenza outbreak in
Pennsylvania. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 823-827. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The nonpathogenic avian influenza (Al)
outbreak in Pennsylvania began in December 1996 when there was a trace back
from a New York live bird market to a dealer's flock. A total of 18 commercial
layer flocks, two commercial layer pullet flocks, and a commercial meat turkey
flock were diagnosed with nonpathogenic AI (H7N2) viral infection with an economic
loss estimated at between dollar sign3 and dollar sign4 million. Clinical
histories of flocks infected with the disease included respiratory disease,
elevated morbidity and mortality throughout the house, egg production drops,
depression, and lethargy. A unique gross lesion in the commercial layers was a
severe, transmural oviduct edema with white to gray flocculent purulent
material in the lumen. Layer flocks on two separate premises were quarantined
but permitted to remain in the facilities until cessation of virus shed was
determined through virus isolation. Several months later, clinical AI appeared
again in these flocks. It is not known whether the recurrence of disease in
these cases is due to persistence of the organism in the birds or the environment.
In addition to serologic testing and virologic testing by chicken embryo
inoculation, an antigen capture enzyme immunoassay was evaluated as a
diagnostic tool for AI. Research projects related to disinfection, burial pits,
and geographical system technology were developed because of questions raised
concerning transmission, diagnosis, and control of nonpathogenic Al (H7N2).
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, serology,
clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, commercial layer flocks, disease
outbreak, disease transmission, economic losses, live bird market.
Davison, S., D. Galligan, T.E. Eckert, A.F. Ziegler,
and R.J. Eckroade (1999). Economic analysis of an outbreak of avian
influenza, 1997-1998. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 214(8): 1164-1167. ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: economic losses, economic analysis,
outbreaks, disease control, avian influenza virus, turkeys, United States,
Pennsylvania.
De Marco, M.A., L. Campitelli, E. Foni, E. Raffini,
G. Barigazzi, M. Delogu, V. Guberti, L. Di Trani, M. Tollis, and I. Donatelli
(2004). Influenza surveillance in birds in Italian wetlands (1992-1998): is
there a host restricted circulation of influenza viruses in sympatric ducks and
coots? Veterinary Microbiology 98(3-4): 197-208. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: We report the results of a 6-year serological
and virological monitoring performed in ducks and coots in Italy, in order to
assess the degree of influenza A virus circulation in these birds during
wintering. A total of 1039 sera collected from 1992 to 1998 was screened by a
double antibody sandwich blocking ELISA (NP-ELISA): seroprevalence of
antibodies to influenza A viruses was significantly higher in ducks compared to
coots (52.2% vs. 7.1%, respectively). The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)
assay, performed on NP-ELISA positive sera, showed that 16.9% of these duck
sera and 33.3% of these coot sera had antibodies to at least one influenza
virus HA subtype: ducks showed HI antibodies against most of the HA subtypes,
except for the H3, H4, H7, and H12; coots were seropositive to the H3 and H10
subtypes, only. From 1993 to 1998, 22 virus strains were obtained from 802
cloacal swabs, with an overall virus isolation frequency of 2.7%. Viruses
belonging to the H1N1 subtype were by far the most commonly circulating strains
(18/22) and were isolated mainly from ducks (17/18). The remaining viruses were
representative of the H10N8, H5N2 and H3N8 subtypes. Our data indicate some
differences between influenza A virus circulation in sympatric ducks and coots
and a significant antigenic diversity between some reference strains and
viruses recently isolated in Italy.
Descriptors: bird diseases virology, disease reservoirs
veterinary, ducks, influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, antibodies, viral blood, cloaca virology, ecosystem, enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay veterinary, hemagglutination inhibition tests
veterinary, influenza blood, influenza epidemiology, influenza virology, Italy
epidemiology, seroepidemiologic studies.
de Marco, M.A., E. Foni, L. Campitelli, E. Raffini,
M. Delogu, and I. Donatelli (2003). Long-term monitoring for avian influenza
viruses in wild bird species in Italy. Veterinary Research Communications
27(Suppl.1): 107-114. ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.V38
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease distribution,
disease prevalence, predatory birds, waterfowl, wild birds, Italy.
de Wit, J.J., J.H. van Eck, R.P. Crooijmans, and A.
Pijpers (2004). A serological survey for pathogens in old fancy chicken
breeds in central and eastern part of The Netherlands. Tijdschrift Voor
Diergeneeskunde 129(10): 324-7.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: To get an impression of the presence of
pathogens in multi-aged flocks of old fancy chicken breeds in the Netherlands,
plasma samples originating from 24 flocks were examined for antibodies against
17 chicken pathogens. These flocks were housed mainly in the centre and east of
the Netherlands, regions with a high poultry density. The owners of the tested
flocks showed their chicken at national and international poultry exhibitions.
Antibodies against Avian Influenza, Egg Drop Syndrome '76 virus, Pox virus, Salmonella
pullorum/gallinarum, Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium
were not detected. However, antibodies against other Salmonella species,
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, chicken anaemia virus,
infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus, subgroups A and
B, and subgroup J were detected in a varying proportion of the flocks. This
study shows that antibodies against many chicken pathogens are present among
the flocks of old fancy chicken breeds that are exhibited at international
poultry exhibitions.
Descriptors: bacterial infections veterinary, chickens,
poultry diseases epidemiology, virus diseases veterinary, antibodies, bacterial
blood, viral blood, bacterial infections epidemiology, Netherlands
epidemiology, poultry diseases microbiology, prevalence, risk factors,
seroepidemiologic studies, virus diseases epidemiology.
del Rey Calero, J. (2004 ). Aspectos
epidemiologicos del SARS y de la influenza aviar [Epidemiological perspectives
on SARS and avian influenza]. Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De
Medicina 121(2): 289-304. ISSN:
0034-0634.
Abstract: SARS is a respiratory infection caused by
Coronavirus (Nidoviruses, RNA) from which 3 groups are known. Group 1 affects
dogs, cats, pigs, and the human agent is 229 E. Group 2 affects bovines or
rodents, and the human agent is OC43. And group 3 corresponds to the avian
pathology.... The epidemics emerged on February 2003 in Guangdong, South China,
due to consumption of exotic animals (Civeta, etc.), and it spread through interperson
contagion to other regions in Asia, America and Europe. Incubation period is
about 2-7 days. Transmission Of the virus is person-to person, but also by
excretions and residual water. Basic reproductive rate is 2 to 4, and it is
considered that 2.7 persons are infected from the initial case. In June 2003,
SARS affected over 8,000 people and 774 were killed. Mortality approaches to
10%, and it is higher among older people rising up to 50% in those aged over 65
years. It is important to quickly establish action protocols regarding
clinical, epidemiological and prevention aspects. Avian influenza is an
infection caused by type A Influenza Orthomixovirus, in which migration birds
and wild ducks are the main reservoir. Avian viruses correspond to H5, H7, H9.
In 1997 it was observed that type AH5N1 jumped interspecies barrier and
affected 18 humans, and 6 of them died. At the end of 2003 and in 2004 this
type of poultry flu was described in Asia. FAO has emphasized that sacrifice of
chicken in affected farms is the most effective measure to fight against the
disease. It has also been established suppression of imports from these
countries. There is no evidence on interperson contagion from chicken
contagion, nor on food-borne contagion to humans.
Descriptors: avian influenza epidemiology, severe acute
respiratory syndrome epidemiology, adult, age factors, aged, Asia epidemiology,
chickens, China epidemiology, disease reservoirs, prevention and control,
transmission, middle aged, risk factors, severe acute respiratory syndrome
mortality, severe acute respiratory syndrome prevention and control, severe
acute respiratory syndrome transmission.
Duee, J.P. and M. Fontaine (1980). Apparition
d'influenza aviaire chez la poule dans le nord de la France. Isolement d'un
virus Hav 9 N 2. [Outbreak of avian influenza among fowls in northern France.
Isolation of type 'Hav 9 N 2' virus]. Bulletin De L'Academie Veterinaire
De France 53(4): 491-500. ISSN:
0001-4192.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 R24
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, outbreaks,
France.
Dunn, P.A., P.E.A. Wallner, H. Lu, D.P. Shaw, D.
Kradel, D.J. Henzler, P. Miller, D.W. Key, M. Ruano, and S. Davison (2003). Summary
of the 2001-02 Pennsylvania H7N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in
meat type chickens. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 812-816. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: H7N2 low-pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza
(AI) virus was isolated from chickens submitted to the Pennsylvania Animal
Diagnostic Laboratory System on December 4 and 5, 2001. The cases were from two
broiler breeder flocks in central Pennsylvania that had clinical signs of an
acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease. Seroconversion to AI virus was
detected on follow-up sampling. Subsequently, H7N2 LPAI virus was isolated in
five different broiler flock cases submitted between December 14, 2001. and
January 3, 2002. Clinical signs and lesions in broilers, when present, were
compatible with multicausal respiratory disease. With the exception of one
broiler flock that was processed, birds from all of the virus positive flocks
were euthanatized in-house within 11 days of the original case submission date.
Increased surveillance of poultry flocks within 10-mile radius zones centered
at the foci of the positive farms continued until March 1, 2002. No additional
cases were detected.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, broiler breeder
flocks, disease outbreak, seroconversion.
Ebrahim, G.J. (2004). Avian flu and influenza
pandemics in human populations. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
50(4): 192-4. ISSN: 0142-6338.
NAL
Call Number: RJ1.J6
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza A virus, classification, pathogenicity, human pathogenicity, species
specificity, avian influenza A, avian genetics, human genetics, avian influenza
epidemiology, birds.
Eckroade, R.J., L.A. Silverman, and H.M. Acland
(1984). Avian influenza in Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Conference 33: 1-2.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, report, poultry,
Pennsylvania.
Ehlers, M., M. Moeller, S. Marangon, and N. Ferre
(2003). The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in the frame of the
contingency plan implemented during the 1999-2001 avian influenza (AI) epidemic
in Italy. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1010-1014. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a
very powerful and flexible software tool for effective management of spatially
referenced data (e.g., geodata). Coupling database and GIS technology provides
the tools for a detailed analysis of spatial patterns and distributions in
veterinary applications. A specific veterinary GIS (VetGIS) toolbox was
developed to perform the calculation of indices such as Lorenz curve, GINI
index, and a kernel-based animal density estimation. This software was employed
for the analysis and management of avian influenza in Italy during the
1999-2000 epidemic.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
epidemiology, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
geographic information system (GIS) applied and field techniques, epidemic
contingency plan, epidemiological data.
Elbers, A.R., T.H. Fabri, T.S. de Vries, J.J. de Wit,
A. Pijpers, and G. Koch (2004). The highly pathogenic avian influenza A
(H7N7) virus epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003--lessons learned from the
first five outbreaks. Avian Diseases 48(3): 691-705. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Clinical signs and gross lesions observed in
poultry submitted for postmortem examination (PME) from the first five infected
poultry flocks preceding the detection of the primary outbreak of highly
pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of subtype H7N7 during the 2003 epidemic in
the Netherlands are described. The absence of HPAI from the Netherlands for
more than 75 yr created a situation in which poultry farmers and veterinary
practitioners did not think of AI in the differential diagnosis as a possible
cause of the clinical problems seen. Increased and progressive mortality was
not reported to the governmental authorities by farmers or veterinary
practitioners. It took 4 days from the first entry of postmortem material to
notify the governmental authorities of a strong suspicion of an AI outbreak on
the basis of a positive immunofluoresence test result. The gross lesions
observed at PME did not comply with the descriptions in literature, especially
the lack of hemorrhagic changes in tissues, and the lack of edema and cyanosis
in comb and wattles is noted. The following lessons are learned from this
epidemic: a) in the future, increased and progressive mortality should be a
signal to exclude AI as cause of disease problems on poultry farms; b)
intensive contact between the veterinary practitioner in the field and the
veterinarian executing PME is necessary to have all relevant data and
developments at one's disposal to come to a conclusive diagnosis; c) in an
anamnesis, reporting of high or increased mortality should be quantified in the
future (number of dead birds in relation to the number of birds brought to the
farm to start production, together with the timing within the production
cycle), or else this mortality cannot be interpreted properly; d) if clinical
findings such as high mortality indicate the possibility of HPAI, the
pathologist should submit clinical samples to the reference laboratory, even if
PME gives no specific indications for HPAI; e) the best way to facilitate early
detection of an HPAI outbreak is to have the poultry farmer and/or veterinary
practitioner immediately report to the syndrome-reporting system currently in
operation the occurrence of high mortality, a large decrease in feed or water
intake, or a considerable drop in egg production; f) in order to detect low
pathogenic avian influenza infections that could possibly change to HPAI, a
continuous serologic monitoring system has been set up, in which commercial
poultry flocks are screened for antibodies against AI virus of subtypes H5 and
H7.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology,
disease outbreaks history, epidemiologic methods veterinary, fluorescent
antibody technique, veterinary history, 21st century, avian mortality, avian
pathology, Netherlands epidemiology, poultry, poultry diseases pathology,
poultry diseases virology.
Ellis, T.M., R.B. Bousfield, L.A. Bissett, K.C.
Dyrting, G.S. Luk, S.T. Tsim, K. Sturm Ramirez, R.G. Webster, Y. Guan, and J.S.
Malik Peiris (2004). Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1
avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002. Avian
Pathology 33(5): 492-505. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian
influenza have occurred in Hong Kong in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry
in 1997, 2001, twice in 2002 and 2003. High mortality rates were seen in
gallinaceous birds but not in domestic or wild waterfowl or other wild birds
until late 2002 when highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza occurred in
waterfowl (geese, ducks and swans), captive Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus
ruber) and other wild birds (Little Egret Egretta garzetta) at two waterfowl
parks and from two dead wild Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) and a Black-headed Gull
(Larus ridibundus) in Hong Kong. H5N1 avian influenza virus was also isolated
from a dead feral pigeon (Columba livia) and a dead tree sparrow (Passer
montanus) during the second outbreak. The first waterfowl outbreak was
controlled by immediate strict quarantine and depopulation 1 week before the
second outbreak commenced. Control measures implemented for the second outbreak
included strict isolation, culling, increased sanitation and vaccination.
Outbreaks in gallinaceous birds occurred in some live poultry markets
concurrently with the second waterfowl outbreak, and infection on a chicken
farm was detected 1 week after the second waterfowl park outbreak was detected,
on the same day the second grey heron case was detected. Subsequent virus
surveillance showed the outbreaks had been contained.
Descriptors: bird diseases epidemiology, bird diseases
virology, communicable disease control, disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
A virus, avian pathogenicity, influenza, avian epidemiology, bird diseases
transmission, birds, Hong Kong, immunoassay veterinary, immunoenzyme techniques
veterinary, avian transmission, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
veterinary.
Enserink, M. (2004). Infectious diseases. Bird flu
infected 1000, Dutch researchers say. Science 306(5696): 590. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, conjunctivitis,
viral virology, influenza A virus, avian immunology, occupational diseases
epidemiology, orthomyxoviridae infections epidemiology, agricultural workers'
diseases epidemiology, agricultural workers' diseases virology, viral
epidemiology, disease outbreaks veterinary, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
influenza, avian epidemiology, Netherlands epidemiology, occupational diseases
virology, orthomyxoviridae infections transmission, orthomyxoviridae infections
virology, poultry, zoonoses.
Enserink, M. and J. Kaiser (2004). Virology. Avian
flu finds new mammal hosts. Science 305(5689): 1385. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: Carnivora virology, cat diseases virology,
influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian pathogenic, avian genetics,
avian influenza transmission, avian influenza virology, poultry, swine, swine
diseases virology.
Erasmus, B. (2004). Avian influenza. Poultry
Bulletin South Africa Poultry Association : 245, 247. ISSN: 0257-201X.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 So89
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, genomes,
pathogenicity, hosts, disease control,
monitoring, immunization, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, South Africa,
poultry.
Ferguson, N.M., C. Fraser, C.A. Donnelly, A.C. Ghani,
and R.M. Anderson (2004). Public health. Public health risk from the avian
H5N1 influenza epidemic. Science 304(5673): 968-9. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian
pathogenicity, population surveillance, public health, animals, domestic,
cluster analysis, influenza virology, human genetics, human pathogenicity,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza transmission, avian influenza virology, mathematics, reassortant
viruses genetics, reassortant viruses pathogenicity, recombination, genetic,
risk assessment, world health, zoonoses.
Fichtner, G.J. (1984). Problems associated with
lethal avian influenza eradication. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of
the United States Animal Health Association 88: 415-420.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
eradication, problems.
Fioretti, A., V. Papparella, L.F. Menna, S. Scebba,
and M. Milone (1988). Primi risultati sull'attivita dell'osservatorio
epidemiologico contro l'influenza aviare presso il Centro Sperimentale
Avicunicolo di Varcaturo. [First results of epidemic monitoring of influenza in
wild birds by the Varcaturo Experimental Avian Centre]. Clinica
Veterinaria 111(1-2): 73-78. ISSN: 0009-9082.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 C61
Descriptors: wild birds, avian influenza virus,
monitoring.
Fomsgaard, A., P.C. Grauballe, and S.O. Glismann
(2004). Risiko for en ny influenzapandemi? [Risk of a new influenza
pandemic?]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 166(10): 912-5. ISSN: 0041-5782.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus classification, influenza A virus
genetics, influenza A virus pathogenicity, zoonoses virology, birds,
communicable disease control, influenza prevention and control, influenza
transmission, avian influenza transmission, poultry, world health, zoonoses
transmission.
Gandolfi, P. (2004). Influenza aviaria ed epidemia
nei Paesi del sud-est asiatico. [Avian influenza and the epidemic in the
countries of South East Asia]. Rivista Di Avicoltura 73(3):
26-32. ISSN: 1722-6945.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 R523
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control,
epidemic, poultry, zoonoses, South East Asia.
Ghazikhanian, G.Y., B.J. Kelly, W.M. Dungan, R.A.
Bankowski, B. Reynolds, and R.W. Wichman (1985). Avian influenza outbreaks
in turkey breeder flocks form 1979 to 1981. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 34: 23-25.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: turkeys, avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
disease transmission, disease distribution, economic impact, California.
Govorkova, E.A., J.E. Rehg, S. Krauss, H.L. Yen, Y.
Guan, M. Peiris, T.D. Nguyen, T.H. Hanh, P. Puthavathana, H.T. Long, C.
Buranathai, W. Lim, R.G. Webster, and E. Hoffmann ( 2005). Lethality to
ferrets of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and poultry in 2004.
Journal of Virology 79(4): 2191-8.
ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: The 2004 outbreaks of H5N1 influenza viruses
in Vietnam and Thailand were highly lethal to humans and to poultry; therefore,
newly emerging avian influenza A viruses pose a continued threat, not only to
avian species but also to humans. We studied the pathogenicity of four human
and nine avian H5N1/04 influenza viruses in ferrets (an excellent model for
influenza studies). All four human isolates were fatal to intranasally
inoculated ferrets. The human isolate A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) was the most
pathogenic isolate; the severity of disease was associated with a broad tissue
tropism and high virus titers in multiple organs, including the brain. High fever,
weight loss, anorexia, extreme lethargy, and diarrhea were observed. Two avian
H5N1/04 isolates were as pathogenic as the human viruses, causing lethal
systemic infections in ferrets. Seven of nine H5N1/04 viruses isolated from
avian species caused mild infections, with virus replication restricted to the
upper respiratory tract. All chicken isolates were nonlethal to ferrets. A
sequence analysis revealed polybasic amino acids in the hemagglutinin
connecting peptides of all H5N1/04 viruses, indicating that multiple molecular
differences in other genes are important for a high level of virulence.
Interestingly, the human A/Vietnam/1203/04 isolate had a lysine substitution at
position 627 of PB2 and had one to eight amino acid changes in all gene products
except that of the M1 gene, unlike the A/chicken/Vietnam/C58/04 and
A/quail/Vietnam/36/04 viruses. Our results indicate that viruses that are
lethal to mammals are circulating among birds in Asia and suggest that
pathogenicity in ferrets, and perhaps humans, reflects a complex combination of
different residues rather than a single amino acid difference.
Descriptors: influenza virus infection, respiratory system
disease, viral disease complications, etiology, mortality, pathology,
transmission, Vietnam, Thailand, ferrets, chickens, humans.
Grose, C. and K. Chokephaibulkit (2004). Avian
influenza virus infection of children in Vietnam and Thailand. Pediatric
Infectious Disease Journal 23(8): 793-4.
ISSN: 0891-3668.
Abstract: Influenza viruses from chickens (H5N1) have
caused outbreaks in children from both Vietnam and Thailand in 2004. All
infected patients presented with fever and cough. Striking laboratory findings
included leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. All children who developed
progressive pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome died. However,
very few children received antiviral therapy.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza A virus, avian
influenza pathogenicity, avian influenza complications, influenza avian
epidemiology, respiratory distress syndrome, adult etiology, adolescent, adult,
aged, antiviral agents, child, preschool child, avian influenza pathology,
leukopenia etiology, middle aged, prognosis, retrospective studies, risk
factors, Thailand epidemiology, thrombocytopenia etiology, Vietnam
epidemiology.
Gust, I.D., A.W. Hampson, and D. Lavanchy (2001). Planning
for the next pandemic of influenza. Reviews in Medical Virology
11(1): 59-70. ISSN: 1052-9276.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, world health, antiviral agents therapeutic use,
influenza drug therapy, influenza prevention and control, influenza virology,
influenza vaccine administration and dosage, orthomyxoviridae genetics,
orthomyxoviridae immunology, practice guidelines, vaccination, World Health
Organization.
Hall, C. (2004). Impact of avian influenza on U.S.
poultry trade relations-2002: H5 or H7 low pathogenic avian influenza. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences 1026: 47-53. ISSN: 0077-8923.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N484
Abstract: Avian influenza (AI) viruses are Type A
influenza viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family. There are 15 subtypes of the
virus widespread in migratory waterfowl throughout the world. It has become
increasingly evident that some low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5 or H7
viruses have the capacity to mutate into the more virulent strains that cause
extensive economic losses and high mortality. Recent AI disease outbreaks in
several countries have increased attention and concern over low pathogenic H5
and H7 AI viruses. This heightened international concern increases the risk of
unnecessary trade bans. For the US poultry industry, avian influenza continues
to be a challenge to the flow of trade. On one hand, there is the increased focus
of world attention on the H5 and H7 low pathogenic AI virus and the possibility
of mutation. On the other hand, there are the factors contributing to our
finding of infected flocks. Among these, perhaps the most important is the
ever-present reservoir of virus in the migratory waterfowl population. With the
discovery of exposed flocks comes the threat of trade bans.
Descriptors: commerce, disease outbreaks, influenza A
virus, pathogenicity, prevention and control, transmission, poultry, wild
animals, ducks, avian genetics, epidemiology, public policy, United States.
Heijmans, J.F. (2000). Alarm in the Netherlands
due to the threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza occurring in Italy. Tijdschrift
Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(6): 188-189.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: outbreaks, pathogenesis, avian influenza
virus, Italy, Netherlands.
Hirst, M., C.R. Astell, M. Griffith, S.M. Coughlin,
M. Moksa, T. Zeng, D.E. Smailus, R.A. Holt, S. Jones, M.A. Marra, M. Petric, M.
Krajden, D. Lawrence, A. Mak, R. Chow, D.M. Skowronski, S.A. Tweed, S. Goh,
R.C. Brunham, J. Robinson, V. Bowes, K. Sojonky, S.K. Byrne, Y. Li, D. Kobasa,
T. Booth, and M. Paetzel (2004). Novel avian influenza H7N3 strain outbreak,
British Columbia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(12): 2192-5. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: Genome sequences of chicken (low pathogenic
avian influenza [LPAI] and highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI]) and human
isolates from a 2004 outbreak of H7N3 avian influenza in Canada showed a novel
insertion in the HA0 cleavage site of the human and HPAI isolate. This
insertion likely occurred by recombination between the hemagglutination and
matrix genes in the LPAI virus.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian genetics, avian influenza epidemiology, amino acid sequence,
British Columbia epidemiology, chickens, avian influenza pathogenicity, avian
influenza virology, models, molecular, molecular sequence data, mutagenesis,
insertional, protein conformation, sequence alignment, viral proteins
chemistry.
Hoffrogge, W., K.P. Linn, J.J. Arnold, J. Bachmeier,
K.P. Behr, U. Lohren, M. Poppel, G. Reetz, and M. Voss (2003). Lessons and
consequences of the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the
Netherlands, Belgium and Germany for the German Poultry Association
[Erfahrungen und Konsequenzen aus dem HPAI-influenza-Geschehen in den
Niederlanden, Belgien und Deutschland]. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde
67(6): 264-283. ISSN: 0003-9098.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 Ar2
Descriptors: disease control, consequences, outbreaks,
poultry, vaccination, avian influenza virus, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium.
Huang, P., H. Ni, G. Shen, H. Zhou, G. Peng, and S. Liu (2001). Analysis
of the 1991-2000 influenza epidemic in Guangdong Province, China. Southeast
Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 32(4): 787-90.
ISSN: 0125-1562.
NAL
Call Number: RC960.S6
Abstract: Influenza surveillance networks in Guangdong
were established to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of
influenza and influenza epidemics. Influenza activity peaked annually from
March to July in Guangdong in 1991-2000; influenza H3N2 predominated in the epidemic
(7 years of 10); the outbreak of influenza in 1996 was the remarkable result of
antigenic drift of H3N2 strain. Ten isolates of H9N2 strains were discovered
from human subjects in 1998 and 1999: chicken strains isolated after the Hong
Kong fowl influenza outbreak. It was found that there was just one influenza
activity season per annum in Guangdong and that the influenza H3N2 subtype
still predominates in Guangdong. Further research into the pathogenicity of
influenza H9N2 in humans warranted.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
animals, domestic virology, chickens virology, China epidemiology, disease
notification, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, avian
pathogenicity, population surveillance.
Huntley, J.P. (1998). Avian influenza monitoring
program in the Northeast [USA]. In: 33rd National Meeting on Poultry
Health & Processing, Ocean City, Maryland, USA, p. 31-37.
Descriptors: monitoring, disease surveys,
control programs, disease transmission, prevalence, disinfection, hygiene,
avian influenza virus, northeast, United States.
Hurd, H.S., K. Forsythe, and S.C. Trock (1998). Risk
analysis of potential options for the 1997 nonpathogenic avian influenza
outbreak in Pennsylvania. Foreign Animal Disease Report (Summer
1998): 32-40. ISSN: 0091-8199.
Online: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fadrep.pdf
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, disease
control, risk assessment, Pennsylvania.
Inoue, K. (2004). Highly pathogenic avian flu,
Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(7): 1327-8. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: birds virology, carrier state transmission,
carrier state virology, chickens virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, animal migration, influenza, avian influenza transmission, avian
influenza virology, Japan, Korea, poultry diseases virology, virulence.
Itamura, S. (2004). [SARS, pandemic influenza,
avian influenza: quest for missing link]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso;
Protein, Nucleic Acid, Enzyme 49(6): 772-80. ISSN: 0039-9450.
NAL
Call Number: QD431.T3
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, SARS
virus pathogenicity, severe acute respiratory syndrome virology, Asia
epidemiology, disease outbreaks, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza
transmission, avian influenza virology, poultry diseases epidemiology, poultry
diseases transmission, poultry diseases virology, severe acute respiratory syndrome
epidemiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission, virulence,
zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses transmission.
Jennings, L. (2004). Avian influenza: a public
health risk for New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal 117(1192):
U843. ISSN: 1175-8716.
NAL
Call Number: R99.N4
Descriptors: influenza, avian epidemiology, public health,
communicable disease control methods, disease outbreaks statistics and
numerical data, influenza A virus isolation and purification, avian influenza
transmission, avian influenza virology, New Zealand epidemiology, poultry, risk
factors, world health, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses
virology.
Joffe, H. and N.Y. Lee (2004). Social
representation of a food risk: the Hong Kong avian bird flu epidemic. Journal
of Health Psychology 9(4): 517-33.
ISSN: 1359-1053.
Abstract: The paper explores the social representation
of the 2001 Hong Kong avian bird flu epidemic from the perspective of local
women. Fifty women were asked to describe their first thoughts about the flu,
and these were subsequently explored. Thematic analysis of the semi-structured
interviews revealed that the first thoughts were characterized by: (a) the
origin of the epidemic, (b) anchors for it, (c) emotions about it, and (d)
images of it. Aspersion concerning the lack of hygiene of Mainland Chinese
chicken rearers and chicken sellers in Hong Kong dominated the interviews.
Other environmental factors were also stressed, as was regulation leniency and a
drive to profit. Comparisons between old traditions and newer practices formed
a central feature. The findings are discussed in terms of their continuity with
western risk findings as well as their specific cultural nuances.
Descriptors: bird diseases epidemiology, food, social
behavior, adult, bird diseases virology, culture, disease outbreaks, health
behavior, Hong Kong epidemiology, hygiene, influenza A virus, avian isolation
and purification, middle aged, questionnaires.
Johnson, D.C., B.G. Maxfield, and J.I. Moulthrop
(1977). Epidemiologic studies of the 1975 avian influenza outbreak in
chickens in Alabama. Avian Diseases 21(2): 167-77. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The epidemiology of the first reported
non-fowl-plague avian influenza (AI) virus, A/Chicken/Alabama/75 (Hav4Neq2),
isolated from chickens in the United States is discussed. The signs and
pathologic changes have been described. The environment, nutrition, and stress
factors are discussed as possible contributors to the disease syndrome observed
in 3 commercial egg-laying flocks. Avian influenza antibody was demonstrated by
agargel precipitation in convalescent chickens through 83 days postinfection. A
serological survey of 321 additional poultry flocks was negative for antibodies
against avian influenza. A survey was made by serology and virus isolation
techniques on 387 wild free-flying birds that fed and roosted in the area. Wild
waterfowl are discussed as a possible source of the AI virus.
Descriptors: chickens, disease outbreaks veterinary,
influenza veterinary, poultry diseases epidemiology, Alabama, bird diseases
immunology, birds, influenza epidemiology, influenza immunology, poultry
diseases immunology.
Johnston, A.M. (2004). Avian influenza outbreak in
south east Asia. Journal of the Royal Society of Health 124(2):
64-5. ISSN: 0264-0325.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, avian influenza
epidemiology, southeastern Asia epidemiology, birds, influenza prevention and
control, influenza transmission, avian influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza transmission.
Kaleta, E.F. (1997). Epidemiology of avian
diseases. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 45(3): 267-80. ISSN: 0236-6290.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 AC83
Abstract: A large number of diseases occur in domestic,
farm-raised poultry. Only two of the many different diseases are notifiable and
subject to governmental control: highly pathogenic avian influenza and
Newcastle disease. Diagnosis and treatment or prevention of all other
conditions are left to the skills of farmers and their veterinarians. Poultry
production is aimed at providing more and tastier food for the ever growing
human community. Infectious diseases and technical errors during production and
processing need to be minimised. The concept of hazard analysis critical
control point (HACCP) has already been introduced into food processing and
quality assessment. The regulations laid down in ISO 9000 will soon become a
powerful and practical tool for monitoring and improving the productivity of
live poultry. Approved epidemiological concepts and tools will enable the
poultry industry to achieve constant and safe production. Certification on the
basis of ISO 9000 of all areas of poultry production is a new approach for
maintaining the health of poultry, for tracing and subsequently eliminating
breaks in productivity, and securing production without health hazards for the
consumer.
Descriptors: chickens, communicable diseases veterinary,
poultry diseases epidemiology, turkeys,
communicable diseases epidemiology, consumer product safety standards,
disease outbreaks, food handling standards, guidelines, incidence, meat
standards, poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases etiology, poultry
products standards, proportional hazards models.
Kaleta, E.F. and A. Honicke (2004). Review of the
literature on avian influenza A viruses in pigeons and experimental studies on
the susceptibility of domestic pigeons to influenza A viruses of the
haemagglutinin subtype H7. DTW Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift
111(12): 467-72. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 D482
Abstract: The scientific literature of the past century
is reviewed on fowl plague (presently termed highly pathogenic avian influenza,
HPAI) in pigeons. HPAI viruses cause epidemic disease outbreaks with high rates
of losses in many avian species, particularily in chickens and turkeys. Also
susceptible to disease are quails, guinea fowl, ducks, geese, ostriches,
passerine birds, and birds of prey whereas conflicting reports on the
susceptibility of the domestic pigeon exist. Based on literature reports and on
own experiments, and applying as criteria for judgements clinically overt forms
of disease, virus multiplication plus shedding and seroconversion, it is
concluded that domestic pigeons are only partially susceptible to influenza A
viruses of the haemagglutinin subtype H7. Infection of pigeons with H7 viruses
results only in some of them in signs, virus shedding and seroconversion. Using
the same criteria, pigeons appear to be even less susceptible to infection with
influenza A viruses of the H5 subtype. Only one of five publications describe
in 1/19 pigeons exposed to H5 influenza A virus depression one day before
death, and only 2/19 multiplied and excreted virus, and 1/19 developed
circulating antibodies. Consequently, pigeons play only a minor role in the
epidemiology of H5 influenza viruses. In contrast, following infection with
influenza A virus of the subtype H7 clinical signs in pigeons consist of
conjunctivitis, tremor, paresis of wings and legs, and wet droppings.
H7-infected pigeons multiply and excrete H7 viruses and develop circulating
antibodies. Albeit of the status of infection, free-flying domestic pigeons can
act as mechanical vectors and vehicles for long-distance transmission of any
influenza A virus if plumage or feet were contaminated.
Descriptors: Columbidae virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, avian influenza virology, chick embryo, chickens, disease
susceptibility veterinary, ducks, avian classification, avian influenza
pathology, avian influenza transmission, species specificity, virus shedding.
Kaman, S. (1993). Avian influenza in the northeastern
United States: January 1992 through May 1993. Foreign Animal Disease
Report 21(2-3): 7. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: poultry, north eastern states United States,
avian influenza virus, epidemiology, America, domestic animals, domesticated
birds, influenza virus, livestock, North America, United States, useful
animals, viruses.
Karunakaran, D., J.A. Newman, D.A. Halvorson, A.
Abraham, C. Bailey, and C. Kelleher (1981). Avian influenza in Minnesota--an
update. Miscellaneous Report Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station
(179): 85-91.
NAL
Call Number: 100 M66 1
Descriptors: turkeys, avian influenza virus, viral
diseases, epidemiology, disease transmission, diagnosis, vaccination,
Minnesota.
Kemink, S.A., R.A. Fouchier, F.W. Rozendaal, J.M.
Broekman, M. Koopmans, A.D. Osterhaus, and P.M. Schneeberger (2004 ). Een
fatale infectie door aviair influenza-A (H7N7)-virus en aanpassing van het
preventiebeleid. [A fatal infection due to avian influenza-A (H7N7) virus and
adjustment of the preventive measures]. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor
Geneeskunde 148(44): 2190-4. ISSN:
0028-2162.
Abstract: In February 2003, the highly pathogenic avian
influenza-A virus, subtype H7N7, was the causative agent of a large outbreak of
fowl plague in the Netherlands. Two days after visiting a poultry farm that was
infected by fowl plague, a 57-year-old male veterinarian developed malaise,
headache and fever. After 8 days he was admitted to hospital with signs of
pneumonia. Five days later, his condition deteriorated alarmingly. Despite
extensive pharmacotherapy he died 4 days later of acute pneumonia. Influenza-A
virus, subtype H7N7, was identified by means of reverse transcriptase/PCR in
broncho-alveolar washings that had been obtained earlier; routine virus culture
yielded the isolate A/Nederland/219/03, which differs by 14 amino-acid
substitutions from the first isolate in a chicken (A/kip/Nederland/1/03).
Partly as a result of this case, the preventive measures were then adjusted;
people who came into contact with infected poultry were given increased
possibilities for vaccination and the administration of oseltamivir.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, avian influenza transmission, occupational diseases prevention
and control, poultry diseases transmission, zoonoses, disease outbreaks, fatal
outcome, avian influenza pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, avian
influenza prevention and control, avian influenza virology, middle aged,
Netherlands epidemiology, occupational diseases virology, poultry, poultry
diseases epidemiology, veterinarians.
Kermode Scott, B. (2004). WHO confirms avian flu
infections in Canada. BMJ Clinical Research 328(7445): 913. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: influenza, avian epidemiology, Canada
epidemiology, poultry.
Kida, H. (2004). [Avian influenza virus]. Uirusu
Journal of Virology 54(1): 93-6.
ISSN: 0042-6857.
Abstract: Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian
influenza in chickens and ducks that occurred in 9 Asian countries including
Japan alarmed to realize that there is no border for infections and gave a rise
to great concern for human health as well as for agriculture. This H5N1 virus
jumped the species barrier and caused severe disease with high mortality in
humans in Viet Nam and Thailand; 15 deaths of 22 cases and 8 of 12,
respectively. A second concern was the possibility that the situation could
give rise to another influenza pandemic in humans since genetic reassortment
may occur between avian and human influenza viruses when a person is
concurrently infected with viruses from both species. This process of gene
swapping inside the human body can give rise to a new subtype of the influenza
virus to which humans would not have immunity. The outbreaks also emphasized
the need to continue active surveillance on avian influenza throughout the year
to undertake aggressive emergency control measures as soon as an infection is
detected.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian
pathogenicity, Asia epidemiology, disease outbreaks, Europe epidemiology,
influenza epidemiology, influenza virology, avian influenza epidemiology, avian
influenza virology, poultry, zoonoses epidemiology, zoonoses transmission,
zoonoses virology.
Kinde, H., D.H. Read, B.M. Daft, M. Hammarlund, J.
Moore, F. Uzal, J. Mukai, and P. Woolcock (2003). The occurrence of avian
influenza A subtype H6N2 in commercial layer flocks in Southern California
(2000-02): Clinicopathologic findings. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1214-1218. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Between February 2000 and February 2002, the
California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System diagnosed 26 cases
of low-pathogenic H6N2 avian influenza from 12 commercial egg-laying farms. The
most common gross and histologic lesions observed in infected chickens were
fibrinous yolk peritonitis, salpingitis, oophoritis, and nephritis. Edema of
the mesentery of the oviduct and pale, swollen kidneys were also observed.
Mortality in infected flocks ranged from 0.25% to 3%, and egg production
dropped 7% to 40%.
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, avian
influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
fibrinous yolk peritonitis, digestive system disease, reproductive system
disease, female, nephritis, urologic disease, oophoritis, endocrine disease,
gonads, reproductive system disease, female, salpingitis, reproductive system
disease, female, clinicopathology commercial egg laying farms commercial layer
flocks.
Kohler, M. and W. Kohler (2001). Zentralblatt fur
bakteriologie--100 years ago an outbreak of fowl plague in Tyrol in 1901. International
Journal of Medical Microbiology 291(5): 319-21. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL
Call Number: QR1.Z443
Descriptors: disease outbreaks history, disease outbreaks
veterinary, fowl plague history, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, Austria epidemiology, filtration instrumentation, fowl plague
diagnosis, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl plague etiology, Germany
epidemiology, history of medicine, 19th century, history of medicine, 20th
century, Italy epidemiology, poultry.
Krilov, L.R. (2004). Emerging infectious disease
issues in international adoptions: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),
avian influenza and measles. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
17(5): 391-5. ISSN: 0951-7375.
Abstract:
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: New emerging
infections over the last few years demonstrate the potential for the
introduction of epidemic illness through global migration. The increasing
number of children adopted internationally (>20,000 in 2003, from the United
States State Department) provides a unique situation for the spread of emerging
infections through the combination of international travel by parents through
areas where such infections may be contracted and the nature of the living
conditions for many of the orphans being placed by this process. RECENT
FINDINGS: The recent literature on three emerging infections--avian influenza,
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and measles--describes clinical
aspects of the illnesses and their epidemiology. For avian influenza aspects of
the agrarian economy in southeast Asia enabled the virus to reach the human
population. The potential for further adaptation to people could set the stage
for a new pandemic. SARS evolved in rural China and spread worldwide in one season
with an approximate 10% mortality. Attention to public-health measures led to
control of this new illness. Most recently, outbreaks of measles in Chinese
orphanages have been documented. These findings demonstrate the potential of
such infections to be transmitted during the process of international adoption,
and in the case of measles the realization of this potential in recent reported
cases from Chinese orphanages brought to the United States on commercial
airlines. SUMMARY: Clinicians involved in international adoption and
public-health officials assessing emerging infections need to work together in
monitoring these issues.
Descriptors: adoption, communicable diseases, emerging
epidemiology, emigration and immigration, severe acute respiratory syndrome
epidemiology, adolescent, adult, child, preschool child, communicable disease
control, communicable diseases, emerging transmission, infant, influenza
epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza A virus, avian, SARS virus,
severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission.
Lang, G. (1981). A review of influenza in Canadian
domestic and wild birds. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 21-27.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, ducks,
turkeys, pheasants, wild birds, Canada, outbreaks.
Laver, W.G., R.G. Webster, and C.M. Chu (1984). From
the National Institutes of Health. Summary of a meeting on the origin of
pandemic influenza viruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases 149(1):
108-15. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Abstract: Influenza type A virus periodically undergoes
major antigenic shifts in which the hemagglutinin (HAG) and sometimes the
neuraminidase (NA) antigens are replaced by HAG and NA antigens of another
subtype. Three such shifts have taken place since the virus was first isolated,
and all appear to have occurred in China. The way in which these
"new" influenza type A viruses suddenly appear (or reappear) in the
human population is not known. At a meeting held in Beijing, China, on November
10-12, 1982, participants discussed the latest findings on the molecular
biology of influenza viruses and on aspects of their ecology that may offer
insight into the factors responsible for the origin of pandemic influenza
viruses. Information obtained in earlier studies has provided some clues about
how the antigenic shifts may occur. For example, the H3N2 virus has been found
to be a recombinant deriving seven of its eight genes from an H2N2 strain and
gene 4 (which encodes for the HAG) from some other virus, possibly an avian
influenza virus of the H3 subtype [1-3]. In addition, studies of the genome of
the H1N1 virus that appeared in Anshan, China, in 1977 have shown that this
virus almost certainly underwent no replication for 27 years. This finding
suggests that the virus existed in an animal reservoir during this period [4,
5].
Descriptors: influenza microbiology, influenza A virus
human physiology, orthomyxoviridae physiology, antigens, viral immunology,
China, disease reservoirs, ecology, epitopes immunology, genes viral,
hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza therapy, human genetics, influenza A
virus physiology, influenza vaccine immunology, macromolecular systems, neuraminidase
genetics, neuraminidase immunology, orthomyxoviridae genetics, orthomyxoviridae
immunology, recombination, genetic, T
lymphocytes, cytotoxic immunology, virus replication.
Lee, C.W., D.A. Senne, J.A. Linares, P.R. Woolcock,
D.E. Stallknecht, E. Spackman, D.E. Swayne, and D.L. Suarez (2004). Characterization
of recent H5 subtype avian influenza viruses from US poultry. Avian
Pathology 33(3): 288-97. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: In the US, the isolation of H5 subtype avian
influenza (AI) viruses has been uncommon in commercial chickens and turkeys,
although sporadic isolations have been made from the live bird markets or its
supply chain since 1986. In 2002, two different outbreaks of H5 AI occurred in
commercial chicken or turkey operations. The first occurred in Texas and was
identified as a H5N3 subtype AI virus. The second outbreak was caused by a H5N2
virus isolated from a turkey farm in California. In this study we analyzed
recent H5 subtype AI viruses from different avian species and different sources
in the US. Most recent H5 subtype isolates shared a high sequence identity and
phylogenetically assorted into a separate clade from the Pennsylvania/83
lineage isolates. However, no established lineage was found within this clade
and the recent H5 subtype isolates seemed to be the result of separate
introductions from the wild bird reservoir. The Texas H5N3 isolate shared the
lowest homology with the other recent isolates in the haemagglutinin gene and
had a unique haemagglutinin cleavage site sequence of REKR/G (other recent
isolates have the typical avirulent motif, RETR/G). Furthermore, this isolate
had a 28 amino acid deletion in the stalk region of the neuraminidase protein,
a common characteristic of chicken adapted influenza viruses, and may indicate
that this virus had actually been circulating in poultry for an extended period
of time before it was isolated. In agreement with genetic evidence, the Texas
H5N3 isolate replicated better than other H5 isolates in experimentally
infected chickens. The outbreak in Texas with a more chicken-adapted H5N3 virus
underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance and control efforts
regarding the H5 subtype AI virus in the US.
Descriptors: chickens virology, disease outbreaks
veterinary, influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian epidemiology, poultry
diseases epidemiology, turkeys virology, amino acid sequence, base sequence,
geography, hemagglutinins genetics, avian pathogenicity, avian virology,
molecular sequence data, phylogeny, poultry diseases virology, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, sequence alignment, sequence analysis,
DNA, sequence homology, species specificity, United States epidemiology.
Li, C.H., X.Z. Zhou, and M.X. Li (2004). [Discoveries
of avian influenza A(H9N2) virus in chickens and men infected by H9N2 virus in
Guangzhou area]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi
18(3): 213-4. ISSN: 1003-9279.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemic status
of avian influenza A virus in chickens and men in Guangzhou area and to prevent
men suffering from avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. METHODS: Etiologic and
serological surveys were conducted in chickens and men who were working in the
poultry farms and slaughter house. Viruses were isolated with both MDCK cells
and embryonated chicken eggs. Hemagglutination inhibition tests were performed
by routine method. RESULTS: Anti-H9N2 antibody was found in 12.8% of the
chickens and 5.1% of the workers. CONCLUSIONS: Avian influenza virus H9N2 subtype
existed in chickens and this subtype of influenza A virus might infect men.
Descriptors: antibodies, influenza A virus, blood serum,
epidemics, fowl diseases, human diseases, poultry, serological surveys, viral
diseases, zoonoses, Asia, Gallus gallus, avian influenza virus,
developing countries, China, birds.
Li, K.S., Y. Guan, J. Wang, G.J. Smith, K.M. Xu, L. Duan, A.P. Rahardjo,
P. Puthavathana, C. Buranathai, T.D. Nguyen, A.T. Estoepangestie, A. Chaisingh,
P. Auewarakul, H.T. Long, N.T. Hanh, R.J. Webby, L.L. Poon, H. Chen, K.F.
Shortridge, K.Y. Yuen, R.G. Webster, and J.S. Peiris (2004). Genesis of a
highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern
Asia. Nature 430(6996):
209-13. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,
H5N1, caused disease outbreaks in poultry in China and seven other east Asian
countries between late 2003 and early 2004; the same virus was fatal to humans
in Thailand and Vietnam. Here we demonstrate a series of genetic reassortment
events traceable to the precursor of the H5N1 viruses that caused the initial
human outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 (refs 2-4) and subsequent avian outbreaks
in 2001 and 2002 (refs 5, 6). These events gave rise to a dominant H5N1
genotype (Z) in chickens and ducks that was responsible for the regional
outbreak in 2003-04. Our findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern
China had a central role in the generation and maintenance of this virus, and
that wild birds may have contributed to the increasingly wide spread of the
virus in Asia. Our results suggest that H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential
have become endemic in the region and are not easily eradicable. These
developments pose a threat to public and veterinary health in the region and
potentially the world, and suggest that long-term control measures are
required.
Descriptors: evolution, molecular, influenza epidemiology,
influenza virology, orthomyxoviridae genetics, orthomyxoviridae pathogenicity,
birds virology, far east epidemiology, genes, viral genetics, genotype,
influenza transmission, molecular sequence data, mutation genetics,
orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, phylogeny, reassortant viruses
genetics, reassortant viruses isolation and purification, reassortant viruses
pathogenicity, time factors.
Lipkind, M., Y. Weisman, E. Shihmanter, and D.
Shoham. (1981). Review of the three-year studies on the ecology of avian
influenza viruses in Israel. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 69-78.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, cloacal
swabs, poultry, wild birds, Israel, ecological studies.
Lopez, H.C., E.R. Cruz, and M.I. Enrich (1996). Situacion
y perspectivas del programa de erradicacion de la influenza aviar en Mexico.
[Status and perspective of the avian influenza eradication program in Mexico].
Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 13-16.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Mexico, America,
influenza virus, Latin America, North America, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Lu, H., P.A. Dunn, E.A. Wallner Pendleton, D.J.
Henzler, D.C. Kradel, J. Liu, D.P. Shaw, and P. Miller (2004). Investigation
of H7N2 avian influenza outbreaks in two broiler breeder flocks in
Pennsylvania, 2001-02. Avian Diseases 48(1): 26-33. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An avian influenza (AI) outbreak occurred in
meat-type chickens in central Pennsylvania from December 2001 to January 2002.
Two broiler breeder flocks were initially infected almost simultaneously in
early December. Avian influenza virus (AIV), H7N2 subtype, was isolated from
the two premises in our laboratory. The H7N2 isolates were characterized as a
low pathogenic strain at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories based on
molecular sequencing of the virus hemagglutinin cleavage site and virus
challenge studies in specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens. However, clinical
observations and pathologic findings indicated that this H7N2 virus appeared to
be significantly pathogenic in meat-type chickens under field conditions.
Follow-up investigation indicated that this H7N2 virus spread rapidly within
each flock. Within 7 days of the recognized start of the outbreak, over 90%
seroconversion was observed in the birds by the hemagglutination inhibition
test. A diagnosis of AI was made within 24 hr of bird submission during this
outbreak using a combination of virus detection by a same-day dot-enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay and virus isolation in embryonating chicken eggs. Follow-up
investigation revealed that heavy virus shedding (90%-100% of birds shedding
AIV) occurred between 4 and 7 days after disease onset, and a few birds (15%)
continued to shed virus at 13 days post-disease onset, as detected by virus
isolation on tracheal and cloacal swabs. AIV was not detected in or on eggs
laid by the breeders during the testing phase of the outbreak. The two flocks
were depopulated at 14 days after disease onset, and AIV was not detected on
the two premises 23 days after depopulation.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, avian influenza
epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology, antibodies, viral blood, enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay veterinary, influenza A virus, avian classification,
avian immunology, avian isolation and purification, avian diagnosis, avian
virology, Pennsylvania epidemiology, poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry
diseases virology, quarantine veterinary.
Mannelli, A., N. Ferre, S. Marangon, and M. Drigo.
(2004). Spatio-temporal analysis of the 1999-2000 avian influenza epidemic
in the main poultry production area in Northern Italy. In: Society for
Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Proceedings of a meeting,
Martigny, Switzerland, p. 13-20.
NAL
Call Number:
SF780.9.S63
Descriptors: disease distribution, disease
surveys, disease transmission, epidemiological surveys, epidemics, outbreaks,
logistic regression analysis, risk factors, survival analysis, susceptibility,
temporal variation, avian influenza virus, turkeys, poultry, fowl, Italy.
Manuel Arriola, J. (2000 ). The Mexican
experience. World Poultry (Special): 23-24. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: poultry, vaccines, immunization, disease
prevention, disease control, avian influenza virus, Mexico, developing
countries.
Marabelli, R. (2000). Highly pathogenic avian
influenza in Italy. Summary of the outbreaks that occurred in January and
February 2000. Disease Information Office International Des Epizooties
13(10): 2. ISSN: 1012-5329.
NAL
Call Number: SF781.D57
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, pathogenicity,
poultry, turkeys, quails, guineafowls,
Italy.
Marangon, S. and M. dalla Pozzo (1998). Avian
influenza in Veneto and Friuli-Veneto Giulia: description of the outbreaks.
Selezione Veterinaria (Italy) (12): 930-934. ISSN: 0037-1521.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: outbreaks, poultry, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, guineafowl, Italy.
Martins, N.R. da S. (2001). Avian influenza: a
review of the last ten years. Revista Brasileira De Cięncia Avícola
3(2): 97-140. ISSN: 1516-635X.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.R485
Descriptors: diagnosis, disease control, prevention,
disease surveys, poultry, reviews, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease
virus, Brazil, South America.
Marwick, C. (1998). Investigators present latest
findings on Hong Kong 'bird flu' to the FDA. JAMA the Journal of the
American Medical Association 279(9): 643-4.
ISSN: 0098-7484.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
genetics, disease outbreaks, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza epidemiology,
poultry virology.
Meede, S.L., R.M. Ceniceros, I.G. Tellez, and M.L.
Paasch (1996). Influeunza aviar en Mexico: estudio recapitulativo. [Avian
influenza in Mexico: a recapitulative study]. Proceedings of the Western
Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 301-304.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Mexico, America,
influenza virus, Latin America, North America, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Meijer, A., B. Wilbrink, M. du Ry van Beest Holle,
R.A.M. Fouchier, G. Natrop, A. Bosman, A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, J.E. van
Steenbergen, M.A.E. Conyn van Spaendonck, and M. Koopmans (2004). Highly
pathogenic avian influenza virus A(H7N7) infection of humans and human-to-human
transmission during avian influenza outbreak in the Netherlands. International
Congress Series 1263: 65-68.
Abstract: During the outbreak of highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N7) in the Netherlands in 2003, human infection
occurred in unexpectedly high numbers. Initially, all those involved in the
culling of poultry were advised to wear protective clothing, goggles, and
nose-mouth masks, and to wash their hands after work. In a later stage,
vaccination and antiviral prophylaxis of all poultry workers and antiviral
treatment of all cases was initiated. Case finding was implemented immediately.
Conjunctival and nose/throat swabs were collected from 453 persons. Eighty-nine
persons were A(H7) positive, 78 with conjunctivitis only, 5 with conjunctivitis
and influenza-like illness (ILI), 2 with ILI only and 4 did not fit the case
definitions. Nine A(H7) cases had both positive conjunctival and nose/throat
swabs. One A(H7) case had an A(H7) positive nose/throat swab only. Of the two
A(H7) cases presenting with ILI only, a veterinarian who developed a
respiratory distress syndrome died. Three contacts of two A(H7) positive
poultry workers developed A(H7) conjunctivitis. One of these, the 12-year-old
daughter of a poultry worker, additionally developed ILI. Since they had no
direct exposure to infected poultry, these observations strongly suggest human-to-human
transmission. No simultaneous infection with A(H7) and human influenza virus in
one patient was detected.
Descriptors: highly pathogenic avian influenza A, H7N7,
poultry, epizootic, poultry to human transmission, conjunctivitis, Netherlands,
human to human transmission.
Meulemans, G. (1981). Avian influenza in Belgium.
In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Avian Influenza,
Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 19-20.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, ducks,
laying hens, poultry, Belgium.
Meza, G.G. (1990). Virginia 1989 H7-N3 avian
influenza outbreak: an interesting experience. Proceedings of the
Western Poultry Diseases Conference 39: 87-89. ISSN: 0094-8780.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: broilers, avian influenza virus, outbreaks,
Virginia.
Mixson, M.A. (1988). Avian influenza [and
Newcastle disease] survey update. Foreign Animal Disease Report
16(2): 2-3. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease
virus, disease surveys, poultry, turkey, duck, guineafowl, New York, New
Jersey.
Mixson, M.A. and J.L. Williams (1989). Avian
influenza antibodies in Virginia and Florida chickens. Foreign Animal
Disease Report 17(4): 3-4. ISSN:
0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: antibodies, avian influenza virus,
poultry, Virginia, Florida.
Miyamoto, H., K. Sahara, and M. Sugieda (2004). Seroepidemiological
analysis of influenza pandemics in Shizuoka Prefecture and all Japan. International
Congress Series 1263: 413-416.
Abstract: (1) Seroepidemiological analysis of influenza
pandemics (1986-2003) in Shizuoka Prefecture and all Japan revealed differences
in geographical, annual, seasonal, and age distributions. (2) For 17 years, the
pandemics generally began at the 50th week every year showing over 1.0
patient/clinic, reached the peak at 5th week the following year, and ended over
10-15th week. Two big A/H3N2 pandemics were seen in 1989/1990 and 1997/1998
seasons, claiming over 1 million patients in Japan. (3) As herald strains,
A/H3N2 strains (A/Sydney-like) were found in October 1999, and B strains
(B/Victoria- and B/Yamagata-like) were detected in July and November 1998 and,
in August and December 2000 in Shizuoka. B/Shizuoka/1/98 strain was registered
internationally as a vaccine-recommended strain. (4) A/H3N2 and B viruses were
detected in 55-78% of flu patients (almost under 10 years) with encephalopathy
in 1999/2000 and 78-91% in 2000/2001 by MDCK and reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. (5) High hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) titers over 40 in 250 persons were shown against A/Sydney/5/97
(H3N2), A/Yokohama/8/98 (H3N2), A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) and A/Moscow/10/99
(H1N1) strains, while low titers showed against A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1) and
A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), and B/Beijing/243/97, B/Shangdong/7/97 and
B/Yamanashi/106/98 strains in 1998-2000. (6) In anti-HA titers against A/H3N2,
A/H1N1 and B subtypes, clear generation gaps were observed between children
(0-19 years), adults (20-59 years) and old men (over 60 years). (7) The
pandemics are dependent on host immunity (acquired and vaccinated) and climatic
conditions (low temperature, low humidity and limited rainfall), considering
highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (A/H5N1, A/H7N7) like severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona virus in 2002-2003.
Descriptors: active dynamic surveillance, Herald strain,
vaccine recommended strain, influenza associated encephalopathy, highly
pathogenic avian influenza, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,
hemagglutination inhibition, SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome,
coronavirus, Japan.
Morgan, I.R. and A.P. Kelly (1990). Epidemiology
of an avian influenza outbreak in Victoria in 1985 [broiler chickens]. Australian
Veterinary Journal 67(4): 125-128.
ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: In May 1985 an outbreak of avian influenza, a
disease exotic to the Australian poultry industry, occurred on a farm in
central Victoria. The outbreak was contained on that farm by immediate
depopulation and disinfection measures. Although the origin of the infection
was not established, it is considered most likely that wild birds introduced
the virus. The infection status of wild bird populations in the area has not
been ascertained but sampling surveys of the poultry industry indicated that
there were no other infected flocks in the state. The infection may have
entered the affected flock as long as 2 weeks prior to the clinical outbreak
although the exact timing could not be ascertained. The spread of disease on
the farm appeared to be largely due to humans acting as mechanical vectors.
Descriptors: poultry, broiler chickens, viroses, avian
influenza virus, epidemiology, Victoria, Australia, birds, chickens, domestic
animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, infectious diseases, influenza virus,
livestock, meat animals, Oceania, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Moulthrop, J.I. and A. Langston (1980). Report on
avian influenza outbreak in Minnesota turkeys--1978. Comparative
Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 3(1-2): 193-200. ISSN: 0147-9571.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.C62
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, fowl plague economics, fowl plague prevention and control,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Minnesota, turkeys
microbiology.
Mubiru, J.N. (1998). Contributing factors to the
avian influenza outbreak in Hong Kong. World Poultry 14(6): 53-54.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Hong Kong, birds,
primates, mammals, humans, poultry, contributing factors, outbreaks, zoonoses,
disease control.
Mueller, H. (2003). Praxisrelevante Hinweise zur
Klassischen Gefluegelpest (Hoch pathogene Aviaere Influenza). [Practical information on highly pathogenic
avian influenza (Klassische Gefluegelpest).]. DTW Deutsche
Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 110(8): 330-332. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 D482
Abstract: This brief review summarises some structural
and biological properties of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and
its biological significance for animal and man. Sources of actual information
in case of an acute disease outbreak are also given.
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, avian influenza
virus infection, viral disease.
Muhammad, I., M. Rashid, and A.W. Qazi (2003). Isolation
and identification of avian influenza virus in layer flocks in Karachi,
Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Veterinary Research 1(2): 37-39. ISSN: 1684-002x.
Descriptors: clinical aspects, disease distribution,
disease prevalence, epidemiology, avian influenza virus, outbreaks, poultry,
hens, fowl, Pakistan.
Mullaney, R. (2003). Live-bird market closure
activities in the northeastern United States. Avian Diseases 47(Special
Issue): 1096-1098. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Over the last 10 years, low-pathogenicity
avian influenza (LPAI) viruses have been isolated from the live-bird markets
(LBMs) of the Northeast. Despite educational efforts, surveillance, and
increased state regulatory efforts, the number of positive markets has
persisted and increased. In an effort to address the continued levels of LPAI
in the retail LBM and address the question of persistence and circulation of
the virus within the LBM system itself, these markets were closed for a
continuous 3-day period. This effort was a cooperative effort between the State
Departments of Agriculture and coordinated by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture and led to the first successful system-wide closure of the retail
LBMs in the Northeast.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health, avian
influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
disease surveillance live bird markets market closure.
Mustakimov, R.G., Z.V. Popova, A.E. Bakaev, A.I. Kir'
yanova, and L.S. Smorzhevskaya (1973). Ob enzootii grippa sredi kur. [An
outbreak of influenza among fowls (in Tadzhikstan)] . Doklady
Vsesoyuznoi Akademii Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk (12): 19-21.
Descriptors: fowl diseases, avian influenza, outbreaks,
symptoms, mortality, egg production, Tadzhikstan.
Mutinelli, F., I. Capua, C. Terregino, and G. Cattoli
(2003). Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species
naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza
epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. Avian Diseases 47(Special
issue): 844-848. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: chicken, turkey, guinea fowl, quail,
ostrich, water fowl, pheasant, poultry,
avian influenza epidemic, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques,
epidemiology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, pathogenicity, postmortem
examinations, Italy.
Mânzat, R.M. and M. Decun (1998). Epidemiological
considerations on avian influenza. Revista Româna De Medicina Veterinara
8(2): 22-28.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.R48
Descriptors: epidemiology, avian influenza virus, disease
transmission, reviews, zoonoses, poultry,
fowl.
Naeem, K. and M. Hussain (1995). An outbreak of
avian influenza in poultry in Pakistan. Veterinary Record 137(17):
439. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian classification, fowl plague
complications, fowl plague prevention and control, fowl plague virology, avian
isolation and purification, Pakistan epidemiology, poultry.
Nili, H. and K. Asasi (2003). Avian influenza
(H9N2) outbreak in Iran. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 828-831. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An epidemic of avian influenza (AI) (H9N2)
occurred in broiler chicken farms in Iran during 1998-01. Mortality between 20%
and 60% was commonly observed on the affected farms. Mixed infections of the
influenza virus with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious
bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were thought to be
responsible for such high mortality, which resulted in great economic losses.
Clinical signs included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses,
typical respiratory discharge, and severe respiratory distress. Gross lesions
included extensive hyperemia of the respiratory system followed by exudation
and cast formation in the tracheal biforcation extending into the secondary
bronchi. Light microscopy lesions were characterized by severe necrotizing
tracheatis. Serological examination using H9N2 AI viral antigen produced
inconsistent results. Ultrastructural findings showed typical viral replication
through budding processes on cell membranes of the tracheal epithelium.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, respiratory system,
avian influenza, infectious disease, mortality, respiratory system disease,
viral disease, mixed respiratory infection, light microscopy imaging and
microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, serology, clinical techniques,
diagnostic techniques, broiler chicken farm, disease mortality, economic
losses, viral replication.
Nili, H. and K. Asasi (2002). Natural cases and an
experimental study of H9N2 avian influenza in commercial broiler chickens of
Iran. Avian Pathology 31(3): 247-252. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Since 1998, an epidemic of avian influenza
has occurred in the Iranian poultry industry. The agent was pathotyped as
non-highly pathogenic and subtyped as an H9N2 avian influenza virus. Therefore
it did not require eradication. However, frequent incidences of high mortality
were observed commonly on broiler farms. No other species of bird were
affected. The circulation of the virus and mixed infection with other
respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were incriminated in the high mortality on
poultry farms and resulting great economic losses. Clinical signs in both field
and experimental studies included swelling of the periorbital tissues and
sinuses, nasal and ocular discharge, and severe respiratory distress. However,
in the experimental study, the mortality rate was much lower than in the
natural outbreak. Gross lesions identified included extensive congestion of the
respiratory tissues, and exudation with cast formation in the tracheal
bifurcation, which extended to the secondary bronchi. Severe necrotizing
tracheatis was the predominate histological lesion. Ultrastructurally,
orthomyxovirus-like particles were identified in the inoculum used for the
experimental study. An inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine prevented
mortality in experimentally challenged chickens.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, respiratory system,
veterinary medicine, Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, bacterial
disease, avian influenza virus infection, prevention and control, viral
disease, infectious bronchitis virus infection, respiratory system disease,
viral disease, mortality ultrastructure.
Normile, D. (2005). Avian flu. First human case in
Cambodia highlights surveillance shortcomings. Science 307(5712):
1027. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
influenza A virus, avian, influenza, avian epidemiology, population
surveillance, adult, southeastern Asia epidemiology, Cambodia epidemiology,
disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza transmission, poultry.
Normile, D. (2004). Infectious diseases. Ducks may
magnify threat of avian flu virus. Science 306(5698): 953. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL
Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: ducks, influenza transmission, influenza A
virus, avian pathogenicity, avian physiology, influenza, avian virology, Asia,
chickens, influenza prevention and control, influenza virology, avian influenza
prevention and control, poultry diseases prevention and control, poultry
diseases virology, virus replication, virus shedding, World Health
Organization.
Office International des Epizooties (2000). World
Animal Health. 732 p.
Abstract:
This report contains two parts: part
one provides reports on the animal health status and disease control methods
and tables on incidence of list "A" diseases and part two contains
tables on animal health status and diseases control methods and number of
veterinarians and animal health auxiliary personnel. The reports on animal
health and disease control methods covers disease status worldwide in the year
2000, wildlife diseases, and country reports. The list "A" diseases
are foot and mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, swine vesicular disease,
rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia,
lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever, bluetongue, sheep pox and goat pox,
African horse sickness, African swine fever, classical swine fever, highly
pathogenic avian influenza, and Newcastle disease. The country reports includes
reports from most of the countries in the world and they contain sections on
new activities of the veterinary services, list "A" diseases,
comments on selected list "B" diseases, and other diseases. The
reports are presented in English, French, Spanish, or Russian.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, public health,
veterinary medicine, transmissible disease, infectious disease, animal health
status, animal products, aquaculture, epizootiology, international trade,
veterinary disease control.
Office International des Épizooties (2001). Avian influenza in Honduras;
Classical swine fever in Spain; Foot and mouth disease in Argentina and
Uruguay; Newcastle disease in Turkey; Rabies in France. Disease
Information Office International Des Épizooties 14(25): 153. ISSN: 1012-5329.
NAL
Call Number: SF781.D57
Descriptors: case reports, diagnostic techniques, disease
control, epidemiology, avian influenza, Honduras, swine fever, Spain, foot and
mouth disease, Argentina, Uruguay, Newcastle disease, Turkey, rabies, France,
outbreaks, seroprevalence, surveys, immunity, mortality, vaccination,
livestock, poultry.
Oliveira, J.J.G., M.S.P. Belluci, J.S.M. Vianna, C.
Mazur, C.M. Andrade, L.P.L. Fedullo, C. Portz, and B.O. Loureiro (2001). Avaliacao
soroepidemiologica do virus influenza em aves domesticas e silvestres no Estado
do Rio de Janeiro. [Serological survey
on influenza virus in domestic and wild birds from Rio de Janeiro State,
Brazil.]. Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia
53(3): 299-302. ISSN: 0102-0935.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.A76
Abstract: The presence of antibodies to the avian
influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, was studied through the technique of
hemagglutination inhibition in the plasma of 225 birds of RIO-ZOO Foundation,
Bwana Park and of small flocks of the Rio de Janeiro State. Among the studied
birds, 60 (26.6%) were seropositives, being 22 (9.8%) for the subtype H1N1, 28
(12.4%)for the subtype H3N2 and 10 (4.4%) for both subtypes. These results indicate
the occurrence of these avian influenza virus subtypes in Rio de Janeiro and
point out the potential risk of their transmission for the industrial poultry
and humans.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
hemagglutination inhibition technique detection method, serological survey
survey method.
Ortiz, A.M., L.S. Rodriguez, A.F. Garcia, and J.F.
Aguirre (1995). First outbreaks of avian influenza in Mexico. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 44: 12-13.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Mexico, America,
influenza virus, Latin America, North America, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Ortiz, M.A. (1996). Experiencias internacionales
para la erradicacion de influenza aviar. [International experiences in the
eradication of avian influenza]. Proceedings of the Western Poultry
Diseases Conference 45: 305-307.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Osidze, N.G. and V.N. Syurin. (1974). Izuchenie
grippa ptits. [Study on avian influenza (in USSR)]. In: Proceedings
& Abstracts. XV World's Poultry Congress & Exposition, New Orleans,
Louisiana, p. 283-285.
Descriptors: avian influenza, study, diagnosis,
economics, USSR, congress, exposition.
Oxford, J.S. (2000). Influenza A pandemics of the
20th century with special reference to 1918: virology, pathology and
epidemiology. Reviews in Medical Virology 10(2): 119-33. ISSN: 1052-9276.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza history, Alaska epidemiology, France epidemiology, Great Britain
epidemiology, history of medicine, 20th century, Hong Kong epidemiology,
influenza pathology, influenza virology, Norway epidemiology, United States
epidemiology.
Panigrahy, B., D.A. Senne, and J.C. Pedersen (2002). Avian
influenza virus subtypes inside and outside the live bird markets, 1993-2000: a
spatial and temporal relationship. Avian Diseases 46(2):
298-307. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Between 1993 and 2000, gallinaceous birds,
waterfowl, and environmental specimens from the live bird markets (LBMs) of the
northeastern United States and non-LBM premises were tested for the presence of
avian influenza virus (AIV), pathogenic properties of AIV subtypes, especially
of hemagglutinin (H) subtypes H5 and H7, and a possible association between LBM
and non-LBM infections. Ten H subtypes of AIV were isolated from the LBM
specimens: H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H9, H10, and H11. During this period,
the 10 subtypes also were isolated from birds in non-LBM premises. In the LBMs,
subtypes H2, H3, H4, H6, H7, and H11 were present for 5-8 yr despite efforts to
clean and disinfect the premises. The H5 or H7 subtypes present during the same
year in both LBMs and non-LBMs within a state or in contiguous states were
(subtype/year): H5N2/1993, 1999, and H7N2/1994-99. The AIV subtypes including
the H5 and H7 that were evaluated for pathogenicity in chickens were low
pathogenic. The deduced amino acid sequence at the H cleavage site of H5 and H7
subtypes was consistent with those of low pathogenic AIV. Although the H5N2 and
H7N2 subtypes remained low pathogenic, they did undergo mutations and acquired
an additional basic amino acid at the H cleavage site; however, the minimum
number of basic amino acids in correct sequence (B-X-B-R, where B = basic amino
acid, X = need not be basic amino acid, and R = arginine) required for high
pathogenicity was lacking. A low pathogenic H5 or H7 subtype may become highly
pathogenic by acquiring additional basic amino acids at the H cleavage site.
The LBMs have been and will likely continue to be a source of AIV for
commercial poultry.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague virology, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza A virus avian
classification, amino acid sequence, birds, cloaca pathology, cloaca virology,
fowl plague epidemiology, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus
chemistry, influenza A virus avian genetics, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity,
New England epidemiology, polymerase chain reaction methods, polymerase chain
reaction veterinary, specific pathogen free organisms, trachea pathology,
trachea virology, virulence.
Papanikolaou, J. and M. Koumbati-Artopiou (2002). Epidemiological
investigation of avian influenza in regions of Northern Greece. Journal
of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 53(2): 132-137. ISSN: 0257-2354.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 So18
Descriptors: epidemiology, avian influenza virus, disease
prevalence, chickens, turkeys, Greece, wild birds.
Parker, D., M. Alcorn, and A. Johnston (2003). Outbreak
of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the Netherlands. Veterinary
Record 152(11): 338. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Netherlands,
mortality, poultry, outbreak, highly pathogenic.
Parry, J. (2005). Officials report first Cambodian
case of avian flu. BMJ Clinical Research 330(7486): 273. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza A virus, avian, Cambodia epidemiology, influenza virology.
Parry, J. (2004). South East Asia sets up task
force to tackle avian flu. BMJ Clinical Research 329(7471):
876. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, southeastern
Asia epidemiology, disease outbreaks, influenza mortality, influenza
veterinary, influenza A virus, avian, avian influenza epidemiology, poultry.
Parry, J. (2004). WHO confirms avian flu outbreak
in Hanoi. BMJ Clinical RRearch
328(7432): 123. ISSN: 1468-5833.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
birds, influenza A virus, avian, human, influenza, avian epidemiology, poultry,
Vietnam epidemiology.
Pascucci, S. (2000). On the subject of avian
influenza. Professione Veterinaria 10(1): 10-11. ISSN: 1121-1547.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease prevalence,
disease control, vaccination, epidemiology, poultry, turkeys, guinea fowl,
Italy.
Peiris, J.S., W.C. Yu, C.W. Leung, C.Y. Cheung, W.F.
Ng, J.M. Nicholls, T.K. Ng, K.H. Chan, S.T. Lai, W.L. Lim, K.Y. Yuen, and Y.
Guan (2004). Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease.
Lancet 363(9409): 617-9. ISSN: 1474-547X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 L22
Abstract: Human disease associated with influenza A
subtype H5N1 re-emerged in January, 2003, for the first time since an outbreak
in Hong Kong in 1997. Patients with H5N1 disease had unusually high serum
concentrations of chemokines (eg, interferon induced protein-10 [IP-10] and
monokine induced by interferon gamma [MIG]). Taken together with a previous
report that H5N1 influenza viruses induce large amounts of proinflammatory
cytokines from macrophage cultures in vitro, our findings suggest that cytokine
dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of H5N1 disease. Development of
vaccines against influenza A (H5N1) virus should be made a priority.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza
transmission, influenza, avian epidemiology, zoonoses epidemiology, China
epidemiology, disease outbreaks statistics and numerical data, Hong Kong
epidemiology, influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, human isolation and purification, influenza, avian influenza
transmission, avian influenza virology, poultry, poultry diseases epidemiology,
poultry diseases transmission.
Perdue, M.L., D.L. Suarez, and D.E. Swayne (2000). Avian
influenza in the 1990s. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 11(1):
1-20. ISSN: 1470-2061.
NAL
Call Number: QL698.C7
Abstract: Avian influenza (AI) viruses comprise the
vast majority of the type A Orthomyxoviridae. Evolution has produced an
enormous array of viral antigenic subtypes and variants based upon the
structure of the two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (HA) and the
neuraminidase (NA). These viruses appear to be perpetuated in nature in a
select few wild avian species, but some strains are capable of sporadic and
unpredictable entry into other animal populations, including humans. The fate
of these occasional entries is likewise unpredictable, and investigators are
left only with retrospective analysis. It is clear, however, that AI viruses
(or some of their genes) have fixed themselves into circulating lineages in
some mammalian hosts. In birds, particularly commercial poultry, AI can undergo
a dramatic shift and take the unique form of a highly lethal and systemic
disease. This has happened at least eight times in this decade on four
different continents. In this review we explore these outbreaks and what we
have learned from them regarding virulence acquisition and interspecies
transmission. We further attempt to explore the implications of these outbreaks
for the future of both avian and non-avian species and discuss current methods
of diagnosis and control of AI.
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, avian
influenza, clinical pathology, control, diagnosis, epidemiology, interspecies
transmission, outbreak, viral disease, epizootiology phylogenetic tahara
vaccination.
Perez Brena, P. and I. Casas (2004). Infecciones
producidas por los virus de la gripe aviar A (H5N1) en las poblaciones de aves
del sudeste asiatico y en la especie humana. [Avian influenza A (H5N1)
infectious in both birds and humans in South-Eastern Asian countries]. Enfermedades
Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica 22(7): 412-8. ISSN: 0213-005X.
Abstract: Avian influenza affects most types of birds
and occurs in epidemics on poultry farms. The fatal disease is named
"highly pathogenic avian influenza" and is caused by influenza A
virus subtypes H5 and H7. The natural reservoir is the migratory waterfowl that
occasionally infects domestic poultry. In 1997 in Hong Kong, 18 persons were
infected and 6 of them died. At the end of 2003 and the beginning of 2004,
avian influenza H5N1 infected numerous farms in several South-Eastern Asian
countries. The virus was transmitted to humans in close contact with infected
birds. A total of 34 persons were infected and 23 of them died. There is
currently a considerable concern about the H5N1 avian influenza that has
infected humans: the high virulence, evolution rate, the possibility of
recombination with other influenza viruses, how H5N1 variants that infect
humans or different approaches to the development of influenza vaccines.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus,
avian isolation and purification, avian influenza pathogenicity, avian
influenza epidemiology, southeastern Asia epidemiology, birds, influenza
prevention and control, influenza virology, virulence, world health.
Peroulis, I. and K. O'Riley (2004). Detection of
avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in
Victoria. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(1-2): 79-82. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Australia, avian paramyxoviruses, avian
influenza viruses, isolation and characterization, Aves, wild birds, wild duck,
pigeon, quail.
Petek, M. (1981). Current situation in Italy.
In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Avian Influenza,
Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 31-34.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, turkeys,
outbreaks, control measures, hygiene, Italy, symposium.
Pollack, C.V.J., C.W. Kam, and Y.K. Mak (1998). Update
on emerging infections from the centers of disease control and prevention. Annals
of Emergency Medicine 31(5): 647-648.
ISSN: 0196-0644.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, infectious disease,
emerging, infectious disease, influenza, complications, respiratory system
disease, viral disease, neutralization assay detection method.
Pomeroy, B.S. (1981). Avian influenza in the
United States (1964-1981). In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 13-17.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry,
turkeys, history, United States,
symposium.
Pomeroy, B.S. (1995). Report of the subcommittee
on avian influenza. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United
States Animal Health Association 99: 569-584.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, turkeys,
United States.
Rainat, J. (2004). Avian influenza in Thailand:
learning the hard way. World Poultry 20(3): 32-33. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: control methods, culling, disease control,
disease prevention, disease surveys, economic impact, influenza, losses,
outbreaks, zoonoses, avian influenza virus, poultry, fowl, Thailand.
Reid, A.H., J.K. Taubenberger, and T.G. Fanning
(2004). Evidence of an absence: the genetic origins of the 1918 pandemic
influenza virus. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2(11): 909-14. ISSN: 1740-1526.
Abstract: Annual outbreaks of influenza A infection are
an ongoing public health threat and novel influenza strains can periodically
emerge to which humans have little immunity, resulting in devastating
pandemics. The 1918 pandemic killed at least 40 million people worldwide and
pandemics in 1957 and 1968 caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. The influenza
A virus is capable of enormous genetic variation, both by continuous, gradual
mutation and by reassortment of genome segments between viruses. Both the 1957
and 1968 pandemic strains are thought to have originated as reassortants in
which one or both human-adapted viral surface proteins were replaced by
proteins from avian influenza strains. Analyses of the genes of the 1918
pandemic virus, however, indicate that this strain might have had a different
origin. The haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genome segments in particular are
unlikely to have come directly from an avian source that is similar to those
that are currently being sequenced. Determining whether a pandemic influenza
virus can emerge by different mechanisms will affect the scope and focus of
surveillance and prevention efforts.
Descriptors: influenza history, influenza virology,
influenza A virus, human genetics, variation genetics, viral proteins genetics,
disease outbreaks, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics,
history, 20th century, influenza epidemiology, mutation, neuraminidase
genetics, nucleoproteins genetics, reassortant viruses genetics, viral matrix
proteins genetics, viral nonstructural proteins genetics.
Reid, A.H. and J.K. Taubenberger (2003). The
origin of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus: A continuing enigma. Journal
of General Virology 84(9): 2285-2292.
ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Influenza A virus is a major public health
threat, killing more than 30 000 per year in the USA alone, sickening millions
and inflicting substantial economic costs. Novel influenza virus strains emerge
periodically to which humans have little immunity, resulting in devastating
pandemics. The 1918 pandemic killed nearly 700 000 Americans and 40 million
people worldwide. Pandemics in 1957 and 1968, while much less devastating than
1918, also caused tens of thousands of deaths in the USA. The influenza A virus
is capable of enormous genetic variability, both by continuous, gradual
mutation and by reassortment of gene segments between viruses. Both the 1957
and 1968 pandemic strains are thought to have originated as reassortants, in
which one or both human-adapted viral surface proteins were replaced by
proteins from avian influenza virus strains. Analyses of the surface proteins
of the 1918 pandemic strain, however, suggest that this strain may have had a
different origin. The haemagglutinin gene segment of the virus may have come
directly from an avian source different from those currently circulating. Alternatively,
the virus, or some of its gene segments, may have evolved in an intermediate
host before emerging as a human pathogen. Determining whether pandemic
influenza virus strains can emerge via different pathways will affect the scope
and focus of surveillance and prevention efforts.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, molecular genetics,
influenza, respiratory system disease, viral disease.
Resanovic, R. (2003). The incidence of avian
influenza in various countries. Zivinarstvo 38(8/9): 23-33. ISSN: 0354-4036.
Descriptors: clinical aspects, diagnosis, incidence,
disease prevention, treatment, avian influenza virus, poultry.
Romvary, J., J. Meszaros, J. Tanyi, J. Rozsa, and L.
Fabian (1976). Influenza infectedness of captured and shot wild birds on
north-eastern and south-eastern parts of Hungary. Acta Veterinaria
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 26(3): 363-368.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemiology, carrier
state, Cairina, Aanas, Phasianus, Fulica, Gallinula, Anseriformes, wild birds,
Hungary.
Roth, A.J. (1984). Avian influenza task force
depopulation concern in Virginia. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of
the United States Animal Health Association 88: 421-429.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 Un3r
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, quarantine, outbreaks,
poultry, carcass disposal, disease control.
Samaan, G. (2005). Rumor surveillance and avian
influenza H5N1. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11(3): 463-6. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: We describe the enhanced rumor surveillance
during the avian influenza H5N1 outbreak in 2004. The World Health
Organization's Western Pacific Regional Office identified 40 rumors; 9 were
verified to be true. Rumor surveillance informed immediate public health action
and prevented unnecessary and costly responses.
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, avian
influenza A virus, population surveillance methods, communication, disease
outbreaks, influenza epidemiology, avian influenza epidemiology, World Health
Organization.
Samberg, Y., K. Davidov, F. Basel, and I. Meir
(1982). Epizootological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of avian
influenza in turkey breeding flocks [Israel]. Refuah Veterinarith
39(3): 116-119.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: epidemiology, avian influenza virus,
outbreaks, egg production, turkeys, Israel.
Schafer, J.R., Y. Kawaoka, W.J. Bean, J. Suss, D.
Senne, and R.G. Webster (1993). Origin of the pandemic 1957 H2 influenza A
virus and the persistence of its possible progenitors in the avian reservoir.
Virology 194(2): 781-8. ISSN:
0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: H2N2 influenza A viruses caused the Asian
pandemic of 1957 and then disappeared from the human population 10 years later.
To assess the potential for similar outbreaks in the future, we determined the
antigenicity of H2 hemagglutinins (HAs) from representative human and avian H2
viruses and then analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequences to determine
their evolutionary characteristics in different hosts. The results of
longitudinal virus surveillance studies were also examined to estimate the
prevalence of avian H2 isolates among samples collected from wild ducks and
domestic poultry. Reactivity patterns obtained with a large panel of monoclonal
antibodies indicated antigenic drift in the HA of human H2 influenza viruses,
beginning in 1962. Amino acid changes were clustered in two regions of HA1 that
correspond to antigenic sites A and D of the H3 HA. By contrast, the antigenic
profiles of the majority of avian H2 HAs were remarkably conserved through
1991, resembling the prototype Japan 57 (H2N2) strain. Amino acid changes were
distributed throughout HA1, indicating that antibodies do not play a major role
in the selection of avian H2 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two
geographic site-specific lineages of avian H2 HAs: North American and Eurasian.
Evidence is presented to support interregion transmission of gull H2 viruses.
The human H2 HAs that circulated in 1957-1968 form a separate phylogenetic
lineage, most closely related to the Eurasian avian H2 HAs. There was an
increased prevalence of H2 influenza viruses among wild ducks in 1988 in North
America, preceding the appearance of H2N2 viruses in domestic fowl. As the
prevalence of avian H2N2 influenza viruses increased on turkey farms and in
live bird markets in New York City and elsewhere, greater numbers of these
viruses have come into direct contact with susceptible humans. We conclude that
antigenically conserved counterparts of the human Asian pandemic strain of 1957
continue to circulate in the avian reservoir and are coming into closer
proximity to susceptible human populations.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, disease reservoirs,
hemagglutinins viral genetics, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus
genetics, orthomyxoviridae infections epidemiology, Americas epidemiology,
antibodies, monoclonal, antibodies, viral immunology, Asia epidemiology, birds
microbiology, Europe epidemiology, evolution, fowl plague epidemiology, fowl
plague genetics, genes viral genetics, hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza
virus, influenza genetics, influenza A virus avian genetics, avian immunology,
human genetics, human immunology, influenza A virus immunology, molecular
sequence data, orthomyxoviridae
infections genetics, phylogeny, population surveillance, time factors.
Senne, D.A. (2003). Avian influenza in the Western
Hemisphere including the Pacific Islands and Australia. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 798-805. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Between 1997 and 2001, there was one report
of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the Western Hemisphere and
Pacific Basin. In 1997, in New South Wales, Australia, an outbreak caused by
avian influenza (AI) virus subtype H7N4 involved both chickens and emus. All
other reports of infections in poultry and isolations from wild bird species in
the region pertained to low pathogenicity (LP) AI virus. Animal Health
Officials in Canada reported isolations of subtypes HI, H6, H7, and H10 from
domestic poultry and subtypes H3 and H13 from imported and wild bird species.
In Mexico, the H5N2 LPAI virus, the precursor of the HPAI outbreak in 1994-95,
was isolated from poultry in each year from 1997 to 2001. Since 1997, Mexico
has used approximately 708 million doses of a killed H5N2 vaccine and an
additional 459 million doses of a recombinant fowlpox-H5 vaccine in their H5N2
control program. In Central America, avian influenza was diagnosed for the
first time when H5N2 LPAI virus was isolated from chickens in Guatemala and El
Salvador in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The H5N2 virus was genetically similar
to the H5N2 virus found in Mexico. Surveillance activities in the United States
resulted in the detection of AI virus or specific antibodies in domestic
poultry from 24 states. Eleven of the fifteen hemagglutinin (HI, H2, H3, H4,
H5, H6, H7, H9, H10, HI 11, and H13) and eight of the nine neuraminidase (N1,
N2, N3, N4, N6, N7, N8, and N9) subtypes were identified. Two outbreaks of LPAI
virus were reported in commercial table-egg producing chickens; one caused by
H7N2 virus in Pennsylvania in 1996-98 and the other caused by H6N2 virus in
California in 2000-01. In addition, isolations of H5 and H7 LPAI virus were
recovered from the live-bird markets (LBMs) in the northeast United States.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, animal health,
live bird markets.
Seo, S.H. and H.S. Kim (2004). Epidemiology of
influenza virus in Korean poultry. International Congress Series 1263:
758-761.
Abstract: Epidemiological information on currently
circulating influenza viruses in poultry in Korea has not been available. We
performed the surveillance of avian influenza viruses in the live poultry
markets where chickens, ducks, geese, and doves are sold. H9N2, H3N2, and H6N1
influenza viruses were isolated from poultry in the Korean live bird markets.
H9N2 influenza viruses were mainly isolated from chickens; H3N2 influenza
viruses were isolated from ducks and a dove, and an H6N1 influenza virus was
isolated from a duck. Serological surveillance in chickens showed that chickens
were infected over 50% with H9N2 viruses.
Descriptors: poultry market, surveillance, H9N2,
epidemiology, avian influenza virus, poultry, Korea, chickens, ducks, geese,
doves, live bird markets.
Shalala, D.E. (1998). Collaboration in the fight
against infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4(3):
354-357. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, pharmacology,
infectious diseases, global strategy, response, infectious disease, surveillance,
influenza, avian, pandemic, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
antibiotic resistance, behavioral problem, medical problem,bioterrorism,
pandemic, 1918 influenza pandemic.
Shane, S.M. (1995). Avian influenza: the current
world situation. Zootecnica International 18(10): 14-20. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, epidemiology,
pathology, diagnosis, control, prevention, poultry.
Shane, S.M. (1997). Update on avian influenza in
Mexico. Zootecnica International 20(6): 19. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, diagnosis,
poultry, epidemiology, control, Mexico.
Shane, S.M. (1994). Update on avian influenza in
the U.S.A. Zootecnica International 17(9): 60-61. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, epidemiology,
control, United States.
Shieh, H.K., W.C. Huang, J.H. Shien, L.F. Lee, Y.S.
Lu, and Y.L. Lee. (1992). Surveillance on avian influenza of chicken in
Taiwan, R.O.C. In: Proceedings 19th World's Poultry Congress Amsterdam.
Volume 2, Amsterdam, p. 156. ISBN:
90-71463-57-5
NAL
Call Number:
SF481.2.W6 1992
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
surveillance, chickens, Taiwan.
Shieh, H.K., W.J. Huang, J.H. Shien, S.Y. Chiu, L.F.
Lee, and Y.S. Lu (1992). Studies of avian influenza in Taiwan, R.O.C. III.
Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity tests on the viruses isolated from
breeding chickens. Taiwan Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Husbandry (59): 45-55. ISSN:
0253-9128.
NAL
Call Number: 49 J822
Descriptors: serotypes, disease surveys, avian influenza
virus, pathogenicity, identification, chickens, Taiwan.
Shimshony, A. (1988). Avian influenza in Israel.
Disease Information, Office International Des Épizooties 1(2): 7.
NAL
Call Number: SF781.D57
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease prevalence,
poultry, turkeys, Israel.
Shimshony, A. (1988). Status of avian influenza in
Israel. Disease Information, Office International Des Épizooties
1(3): 9-10.
NAL
Call Number: SF781.D57
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Israel.
Shortridge, K.F. (1981). Avian influenza in Hong
Kong. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Avian
Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p. 29.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry,
ducks, geese, chickens, Hong Kong, market surveillance, symposium.
Shortridge, K.F. (1981). Epidemiology of avian
influenza and sources of infection in domestic species. In: Proceedings
of the First International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland,
USA, p. 54-68.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus,
epidemiology, infection sources, domestic species, poultry, dressing plant,
China, Hong Kong.
Shortridge, K.F. (1999). Poultry and the influenza
H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong, 1997: abridged chronology and virus isolation. Vaccine
17(Suppl. 1): S26-9. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
chickens, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification.
Simmerman, J.M., P. Thawatsupha, D. Kingnate, K.
Fukuda, A. Chaising, and S.F. Dowell (2004). Influenza in Thailand: a case
study for middle income countries. Vaccine 23(2): 182-7. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Recent studies in Hong Kong and Singapore
suggest that the annual impact of influenza in these wealthy tropical cities
may be substantial, but little is known about the burden in middle-income
tropical countries. We reviewed the status of influenza surveillance,
vaccination, research, and policy in Thailand as of January 2004. From 1993 to
2002, 64-91 cases of clinically diagnosed influenza were reported per 100,000
persons per year. Influenza viruses were isolated in 34% of 4305 specimens
submitted to the national influenza laboratory. Vaccine distribution figures
suggest that less than 1% of the population is immunized against influenza each
year. In January 2004, Thailand reported its first documented outbreak of
influenza A H5N1 infection in poultry and the country's first human cases of
avian influenza. Thailand's growing economy, well-developed public health
infrastructure, and effective national immunization program could enable the
country to take more active steps towards influenza control.
Descriptors: disease prevalence, epidemiology, human
diseases, immunization, influenza, middle classes, outbreaks, poultry,
surveillance, vaccination, viral diseases, avian influenza A virus, Thailand.
Sims, L. (1998). Avian influenza in Hong Kong.
Singapore Veterinary Journal 21-22: 75-79.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.S56
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, disease
control, disease transmission, zoonoses, poultry, human, Hong Kong.
Sims, L.D., T.M. Ellis, K.K. Liu, K. Dyrting, H.
Wong, M. Peiris, Y. Guan, and K.F. Shortridge (2003). Avian influenza in
Hong Kong 1997-2002. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 832-838. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In 1997, a high-pathogenicity H5N1 avian
influenza virus caused serious disease in both man and poultry in Hong Kong,
China. Eighteen human cases of disease were recorded, six of which were fatal.
This unique virus was eliminated through total depopulation of all poultry
markets and chicken farms in December 1997. Other outbreaks of high-pathogenicity
avian influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 viruses occurred in poultry in 2001 and
2002. These H5N1 viruses isolated had different internal gene constellations to
those isolated in 1997. No new cases of infection or disease in man due to
these or other H5N1 viruses have been reported. This paper provides an overview
and chronology of the events in Hong Kong relating to avian influenza, covering
the period from March 1997 to March 2002.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, chicken farms,
epidemic chronology, inteRNAl gene constellations, poultry markets.
Skowronski, D., A. King, T. Tam, T. Wong, L. Brammer
, K. Teates, S. Harper, A. Klimov, N. Cox, and N. Bhat (2004). Update:
influenza activity - United States, 2003-04 season. MMWR. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report 53(13): 284 287.
ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Descriptors: human diseases, influenza, poultry, avian
influenza virus.
Stech, J., H. Garn, M. Wegmann, R. Wagner, and H.D.
Klenk (2005). A new approach to an influenza live vaccine: modification of
the cleavage site of hemagglutinin. Nature Medicine 11(6):
683-689. ISSN: 1078-8956.
Abstract: A reverse genetics approach provides a new mutant
strain where a modified cleavage site within its hemagglutinin depends on
proteolytic activation strictly by elastase.
The new strain grows well in cell culture and is entirely attenuated to
mice. It induced complete protection
against a lethal challenge at a dose of 105 plaque-forming units. This provides an approach that allows
conversion of any epidemic strain into a genetically homologous attenuated
virus.
Descriptors: mutant strain A, WSN, 33, elastase, cell
culture, attenuated virus, strain conversion
Stegeman, A., A. Bouma, A.R. Elbers, M.C. de Jong, G.
Nodelijk, F. de Klerk, G. Koch, and M. van Boven (2004). Avian influenza A
virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: course of the epidemic and
effectiveness of control measures. Journal of Infectious Diseases
190(12): 2088-95. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Abstract: An epidemic of high-pathogenicity avian
influenza (HPAI) A virus subtype H7N7 occurred in The Netherlands in 2003 that
affected 255 flocks and led to the culling of 30 million birds. To evaluate the
effectiveness of the control measures, we quantified between-flock transmission
characteristics of the virus in 2 affected areas, using the reproduction ratio
Rh. The control measures markedly reduced the transmission of HPAI virus: Rh
before detection of the outbreak in the first infected flock was 6.5 (95%
confidence interval [CI], 3.1-9.9) in one area and 3.1 in another area, and it
decreased to 1.2 (95% CI, 0.6-1.9) after detection of the first outbreak in
both areas. The observation that Rh remained >1 suggests that the
containment of the epidemic was probably due to the reduction in the number of
susceptible flocks by complete depopulation of the infected areas rather than
to the reduction of the transmission by the other control measures.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian influenza isolation and purification, avian influenza
epidemiology, disease outbreaks prevention and control, avian influenza
prevention and control, avian influenza transmission, models, statistical,
Netherlands epidemiology, poultry.
Stires, D. (2004). By the numbers. The bird flu
that's sweeping across Asia. Fortune 149(4): 34.
ISSN: 0015-8259.
NAL
Call Number: 110 F772
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, avian
influenza epidemiology, birds, China epidemiology, Creutzfeldt Jakob syndrome
epidemiology, Creutzfeldt Jakob syndrome mortality, hemorrhagic fever, Ebola
epidemiology, hemorrhagic fever, Ebola mortality, influenza, avian mortality,
severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemiology, severe acute respiratory
syndrome mortality, West Nile fever epidemiology, West Nile fever mortality.
Sturm Ramirez, K.M., T. Ellis, B. Bousfield, L.
Bissett, K. Dyrting, J.E. Rehg, L. Poon, Y. Guan, M. Peiris, and R.G. Webster (2004). Reemerging H5N1
influenza viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are highly pathogenic to ducks. Journal
of Virology 78(9): 4892-901. ISSN:
0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all
influenza A viruses, which are usually nonpathogenic in wild aquatic birds.
However, in late 2002, outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus
caused deaths among wild migratory birds and resident waterfowl, including
ducks, in two Hong Kong parks. In February 2003, an avian H5N1 virus closely
related to one of these viruses was isolated from two humans with acute
respiratory distress, one of whom died. Antigenic analysis of the new avian
isolates showed a reactivity pattern different from that of H5N1 viruses
isolated in 1997 and 2001. This finding suggests that significant antigenic
variation has recently occurred among H5N1 viruses. We inoculated mallards with
antigenically different H5N1 influenza viruses isolated between 1997 and 2003.
The new 2002 avian isolates caused systemic infection in the ducks, with high
virus titers and pathology in multiple organs, particularly the brain. Ducks
developed acute disease, including severe neurological dysfunction and death.
Virus was also isolated at high titers from the birds' drinking water and from
contact birds, demonstrating efficient transmission. In contrast, H5N1 isolates
from 1997 and 2001 were not consistently transmitted efficiently among ducks
and did not cause significant disease. Despite a high level of genomic
homology, the human isolate showed striking biological differences from its
avian homologue in a duck model. This is the first reported case of lethal
influenza virus infection in wild aquatic birds since 1961.
Descriptors: bird diseases virology, communicable
diseases, emerging virology, ducks virology, influenza A virus, avian
pathogenicity, avian classification, avian isolation and purification, avian
physiopathology, avian transmission, virus replication, influenza, avian
virology, bird diseases physiopathology, bird diseases transmission,
communicable diseases, emerging mortality, emerging transmission,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, Hong Kong.
Suarez, D.L., M. Garcia, J. Latimer, D. Senne, and M.
Perdue (1999). Phylogenetic analysis of H7 avian influenza viruses isolated
from the live bird markets of the Northeast United States. Journal of
Virology 73(5): 3567-73. ISSN:
0022-538X.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: The presence of low-pathogenic H7 avian
influenza virus (AIV), which is associated with live-bird markets (LBM) in the
Northeast United States, was first detected in 1994 and, despite efforts to
eradicate the virus, surveillance of these markets has resulted in numerous
isolations of H7 AIVs from several states from 1994 through 1998. The
hemagglutinin, nonstructural, and matrix genes from representative H7 isolates
from the LBM and elsewhere were sequenced, and the sequences were compared
phylogenetically. The hemagglutinin gene of most LBM isolates examined appeared
to have been the result of a single introduction of the hemagglutinin gene.
Evidence for evolutionary changes were observed with three definable steps. The
first isolate from 1994 had the amino acid threonine at the -2 position of the
hemagglutinin cleavage site, which is the most commonly observed amino acid at
this site for North American H7 AIVs. In January 1995 a new genotype with a
proline at the -2 position was detected, and this genotype eventually became
the predominant virus isolate. A third viral genotype, detected in November
1996, had an eight-amino-acid deletion within the putative receptor binding
site. This viral genotype appeared to be the predominant isolate, although
isolates with proline at the -2 position without the deletion were still
observed in viruses from the last sampling date. Evidence for reassortment of
multiple viral genes was evident. The combination of possible adaptive
evolution of the virus and reassortment with different influenza virus genes
makes it difficult to determine the risk of pathogenesis of this group of H7
AIVs.
Descriptors: fowl plague virology, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza A virus avian genetics,
viral matrix proteins genetics, viral nonstructural proteins genetics, amino
acid sequence, base sequence, birds virology, DNA, viral, fowl plague
epidemiology, avian classification, avian isolation and purification, molecular
sequence data, New England epidemiology, phylogeny, sequence homology, amino acid.
Suarez, D.L. and D.A. Senne (2000). Sequence
analysis of related low-pathogenic and highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza
isolates from United States live bird markets and poultry farms from 1983-1989.
Avian Diseases 44(2): 356-364.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The last highly pathogenic outbreak of avian
influenza in the United States was caused by an H5N2 influenza virus in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1983-84. Through a combined federal and state
eradication effort, the outbreak was controlled. However, in 1986-89, multiple
H5N2 viruses were isolated from poultry farms and the live bird markets (LBMs)
in the United States. To determine the epidemiologic relationships of these
viruses, the complete coding sequence of the nonstructural gene and the
hemagglutinin protein subunit I of the hemagglutinin gene was determined for 11
H5N2 viruses and compared with previously available influenza sequences. The
H5N2 isolates from 1986-89 were all closely related to the isolates from the
1983-84 Pennsylvania outbreak by nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis
for both genes, providing additional evidence that the Pennsylvania/83 (PA/83)
virus lineage was not completely eradicated. The PA/83 lineage also had a large
number of unique amino acid changes not found in other avian influenza viruses,
which was suggestive that this lineage of virus had been circulating in poultry
for an extended period of time before the first isolation of virus in 1983.
High substitution and evolutionary rates were measured by examining the number
of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions over time as compared with the index
case, CK/PA/21525/83. These rates, however, were similar to other outbreaks of
avian influenza in poultry. This study provides another example of the
long-term maintenance and evolution of influenza viruses in the U.S. LBMs and
provides further evidence of the connection of the LBMs and the Pennsylvania
1983 H5N2 outbreak.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, poultry, outbreaks,
phylogenetics, DNA sequencing, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences,
pathogenicity, evolution, hemagglutinins, genes, United States, nonstructural
genes.
Suarez, D.L., D.A. Senne, J. Banks, I.H. Brown, S.C.
Essen, C.W. Lee, R.J. Manvell, C. Mathieu Benson, V. Moreno, J.C. Pedersen, B.
Panigrahy, H. Rojas, E. Spackman, and D.J. Alexander (2004). Recombination
resulting in virulence shift in avian influenza outbreak, Chile. Emerging
Infectious Diseases 10(4): 693-9.
ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: Influenza A viruses occur worldwide in wild
birds and are occasionally associated with outbreaks in commercial chickens and
turkeys. However, avian influenza viruses have not been isolated from wild
birds or poultry in South America. A recent outbreak in chickens of H7N3 low
pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) occurred in Chile. One month later, after a
sudden increase in deaths, H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus
was isolated. Sequence analysis of all eight genes of the LPAI virus and the
HPAI viruses showed minor differences between the viruses except at the
hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. The LPAI virus had a cleavage site similar to
other low pathogenic H7 viruses, but the HPAI isolates had a 30-nucleotide
insert. The insertion likely occurred by recombination between the HA and
nucleoprotein genes of the LPAI virus, resulting in a virulence shift. Sequence
comparison of all eight gene segments showed the Chilean viruses were also
distinct from all other avian influenza viruses and represent a distinct South
American clade.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza A virus, avian
influenza genetics, avian influenza epidemiology, recombination, genetic, amino
acid sequence, Chile epidemiology, avian influenza classification, avian
influenza pathogenicity, avian influenza virology, molecular sequence data,
phylogeny, virulence.
Suss, J., J. Schafer, H. Sinnecker, and R.G. Webster
(1994). Influenza virus subtypes in aquatic birds of eastern Germany. Archives
of Virology 135(1/2): 101-114. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: We report the findings of a 12-year
surveillance study (1977-89) of avian influenza A viruses in eastern Germany.
Viruses were isolated directly from feral ducks (n = 236) and other wild birds
(n = 89); from domestic ducks (n = 735) living on a single farm; and from white
Pekin ducks (n = 193) used as sentinels for populations of wild aquatic birds;
mainly sea birds. The efficiency of virus isolation was 9.9% overall, with
considerable variability noted among species: 8.7% in wild ducks, 0.9% in other
feral birds and 38% in Pekin ducks. Use of sentinel ducks in wild pelagic bird
colonies improved virus detection rates fivefold, suggesting that this approach
is advantageous in ecological studies. Among the 40 different combinations of
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes we identified, H6N1
predominated (23.6% for all avian species), followed by H4N6 (11%). Among
individual species, the frequency profiles favored H2N3 (20.8%) and H4N6
(20.3%) in feral ducks; H7N7 (22.3%), H4N6 (24.4%) and H2N3 (10.4%) in Pekin
ducks used as sentinels; and H6N1 (34.8%) and H6N6 (15.1%) in domestic ducks
maintained on a single farm. By relying on sentinel birds for serological
assays, it was possible to trace an "influenza season" in feral swan
populations, beginning in August and continuing through the winter months.
Comparison of subtype distribution of influenza viruses for Europe and North
America showed significant differences. This supports the fact of two
geographically distinct gene pools of influenza viruses in birds connected with
their distinct flyways of each hemisphere. The high frequency of isolation of
H2 influenza viruses is of considerable interest to those interested in. the recycling of this subtype in humans.
Similarly the frequent isolation of H7N7 influenza viruses raises concern about
reservoirs of potentially pathogenic influenze virus for domestic poultry. Out
results confirm the existence of a vast reservoir of influenze A viruses in
European aquatic birds, which possesses sufficient diversity to account for
strains that infect lower animals and humans.
Descriptors: ducks, avian influenza virus, Anas
platyrhynchos, sentinel animals, waterfowl, disease prevalence, geographical
distribution, species differences, epizootiology, reservoir hosts, seasonal
variation, Germany, North America, virus subtypes.
Swayne, D.E., M.L. Perdue, and D.L. Suarez. (1998). Avian
influenza - global and United States perspectives. In: 33rd National
Meeting on Poultry Health & Processing, Ocean City, Maryland, USA, p.
1-6.
Descriptors: virus strains, strain differences,
zoonoses, outbreaks, avian influenza virus, poultry, pigs, human, horses,
United States, Italy, Australia, Hong Kong.
Swayne, D.E. and D.L. Suarez (2003). Transcript of
the question and answer sessions from the Fifth International Symposium on
Avian Influenza. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1219-1255. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: diagnosis, disease control, disease
distribution, disease prevalence, disinfection, drug therapy, epidemiology,
outbreaks, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, public health, quarantine, regulations,
risk assessment, strains, trade, vaccination, vaccines, avian influenza virus,
ducks, fowl, quails, turkeys, China, Hong Kong, Italy, symposium.
Swayne, D.E., D.L. Suarez, T.M. Bestebroer, S.
Herfst, L. van der Kemp, G.F. Rimmelzwaan, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (2003). Influenza
A virus surveillance in wild birds in Northern Europe in 1999 and 2000. Avian
Diseases 47(Special issue): 857-860.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: disease surveys, disease transmission, viral
proteins, wild birds, avian influenza virus A.
Swayne, D.E. and R.D. Slemons. (1998). Avian
influenza: a global problem. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA, Kennett
Square, Penn.: American Association of Avian Pathologists, xix, 401 p.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.6.I6I58
1997
Descriptors: avian influenza congresses,
proceedings, symposium, avian influenza.
Tacken, G.M.L., M.G.A. van Leeuwen, B. Koole, P.L.M.
van Horne, J.J. de Vlieger, and C.J.A.M. de Bont (2003). Chain consequences
of the outbreak of avian influenza. Rapport Landbouw Economisch
Instituut (LEI) (6.03.02): 53. ISSN:
90-5242-807-7.
NAL
Call Number: 280.9 L23
Descriptors: broilers, hens, outbreaks, poultry farming,
avian influenza virus, fowl plague virus, Netherlands.
Talan, D.A., G.J. Moran, and R. Pinner (2005). Update
on emerging infections: News from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention: Outbreaks of avian influenza
A (H5N1) in Asia and interim recommendations for evaluation and reporting of
suspected cases--United States, 2004. Annals of Emergency Medicine
45(1): 88-90.
Descriptors: public health, emerging infections, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, avian influenza virus, Asia, United States,
reporting.
Tam, J.S. (2002). Influenza A (H5N1) in Hong Kong:
an overview. Vaccine 20(Suppl 2): S77-81. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Worldwide pandemics of human influenza virus
caused extensive morbidity and mortality around the world had been documented
in the 20th century. However, the mechanisms involved in the emergence of novel
influenza virus and the epidemiological factors leading to pandemics are
unpredictable. Southern China is postulated as the epicentre of influenza
epidemics due to its agricultural-based communities and high population
density. Pandemic influenza viruses are through to arise from avian viruses
through genetic reassortment among influenza viruses.An influenza virus (H5N1)
known to infect only birds previously was found to infect human causing disease
and death in Hong Kong in 1997 and the outbreak involved 18 patients with six
deaths. Prior to the human outbreak, the H5N1 virus was found to cause
extensive death in chickens in three farms in Hong Kong. The significance of
this outbreak raised worldwide concern on the possibilities that such an
influenza virus may become the next influenza pandemic strain. Investigations
were initiated to find the source of the virus. In addition the extend of
spread in individuals in contact with the index case and infected poultry was
studied by H5-specific serology. Results demonstrated that individuals in close
contact with the index case or with exposure to poultry were at risk of being
infected. Out of the 18 cases of human infection, eleven had severe infection
with symptoms of pneumonia and multi-organ failure. All severe cases presented
with lower respiratory infection and lymphopenia and six eventually died.
Case-fatality ratio was high among patients over 12 years of age (five out of
nine).Control measures aimed at reducing exposure of human to potential
H5-positive poultry were instituted which included culling of all poultry in
Hong Kong, the segregation of water fowls and chicken, and the introduction of
import control measures for chickens. Such measures had successfully controlled
the outbreak and continuous surveillance of the poultry in Hong Kong of H5N1
infection is maintained to minimize future human exposure.
Descriptors: chickens virology, disease outbreaks, fowl
plague transmission, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus avian isolation
and purification, zoonoses epidemiology, adult, child, preschool, Hong Kong
epidemiology, influenza diagnosis, influenza etiology.
Tamba, M., E. Finelli, P. Massi, and G. Tosi (2000). Sorveglianza
dell' influenza aviare in Emilia-Romagna. Risultati del monitoraggio
sierologico gennaio-maggio 2000. [Surveillance on avian influenza in
Emilia-Romagna region. Results of a survey carried out from January to May
2000]. 39. Meeting of Italian Society of Poultry Pathology on Campylobacter
infections in poultry]. Forli (Italy). 5-6 Oct 2000. Selezione
Veterinaria (Italy) (11): 1028-1031.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Abstract: From January to May 2000 a serological survey
on AI virus subtype H7N1 was carried out in the flocks of Emilia-Romagna region
of Italy. 153 out of the 51,997 samples examined by HI resulted positive. One
LPAI outbreak in turkeys was detected. Most of the positive sera samples was
collected from ducks and geese, pheasants and partridges. A flock of one
day-old chickens showing transitory seropositivity was recorded. Survey results
seem to indicate a limited spread of AI in Emilia-Romagna region during the
HPAI epidemics involving the other regions of Northern Italy.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, layer chickens,
turkeys, pigeons, guinea fowl, game
birds, geese, ducks, ostriches, pathogenicity, identification, serotypes,
disease surveys, epidemiology, avian influenza virus, monitoring, Emilia
Romagna, Anseriformes, biological differences, biological properties, birds,
chickens, Columbiformes, domestic animals, Europe, Galliformes, game, influenza
virus, Italy, livestock, meat animals, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae,
poultry, Struthioniformes, surveys, useful animals, viruses, western Europe,
wild animals, wildlife.
Tanyi, J. and I. Gyorvari (1983). Madarinfluenza
pulykaban. [Avian influenza in turkeys in Hungary]. Magyar Allatorvosok
Lapja 38(7): 409-413. ISSN:
0025-004X.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V644
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, turkeys, eggs,
hatchability, outbreak.s, Hungary.
Tarbell, R.W. (1985). Avian influenza epidemic in
Central, California, 1984. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 34: 26-27.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: turkeys, avian influenza virus, disease
distribution, disease transmission, epidemics, egg production, economic impact,
California.
Taubenberger, J.K., A.H. Reid, T.A. Janczewski, and
T.G. Fanning (2001 ). Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic
data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza
virus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series
B Biological Sciences 356(1416): 1829-1839.
ISSN: 0962-8436.
NAL
Call Number: 501 L84Pb
Abstract: The Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-1919
caused acute illness in 25-30% of the world's population and resulted in the
death of 40 million people. The complete genomic sequence of the 1918 influenza
virus will be deduced using fixed and frozen tissues of 1918 influenza victims.
Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the complete 1918 haemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA) genes show them to be the most avian-like of mammalian
sequences and support the hypothesis that the pandemic virus contained surface
protein-encoding genes derived from an avian influenza strain and that the 1918
virus is very similar to the common ancestor of human and classical swine H1N1
influenza strains. Neither the 1918 HA genes nor the NA genes possessed
mutations that are known to increase tissue tropicity, which accounts for the
virulence of other influenza strains such as A/WSN/33 or fowl plague viruses.
The complete sequence of the non-structural (NS) gene segment of the 1918 virus
was deduced and tested for the hypothesis that the enhanced virulence in 1918
could have been due to type I interferon inhibition by the NS1 protein. The
results from these experiments were inconclusive. Sequence analysis of the 1918
pandemic influenza virus is allowing us to test hypotheses as to the origin and
virulence of this strain. This information should help to elucidate how
pandemic influenza strains emerge and what genetic features contribute to their
virulence.
Descriptors: epidemiology, history, infection, molecular
genetics, pandemic influenza, epidemiology, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, tissue tropicity, virulence.
Teates, K., L. Brammer, A. Balish, T. Wallis, H.
Hall, A. Klimov, K. Fukuda, N. Cox, and M. Katz (2004). Update: influenza
activity - United States and worldwide, May-October 2004. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(42): 993-995. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, public health,
etiology, mortality, pathology, disease outbreaks, sporadic disease activity,
viral characterization, Collaborating Center for Surveillance, National
Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System, NREVSS, WHO, World Health
Organization.
Turner, A.J. (1981). Current world-wide situation
of avian influenza in Australia. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
18.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
virus isolation, Australia.
Turner, A.J. (1981). Economic impact of avian
influenza in domestic fowl [Victoria, Australia]. Feedstuffs 53(32):
15. ISSN: 0014-9624.
NAL
Call Number: 286.81 F322
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, domestic fowl,
economic impact, Australia.
Tuszynski, C. (1995). Economic impact of 1983-84
outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United States--comparison
with 1995 dollars. Foreign Animal Disease Report 22(4): 9-10. ISSN:
0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: poultry, avian influenza virus, outbreaks,
economic impact, United States.
Tweed, S.A., D.M. Skowroski, S.T. David, A. Larder,
M. Petric, W. Lees, Y. Li, J. Katz, M.
Krajden, R. Tellier, C. Halpert, M. Hirst, C. Astell, D. Lawrence, and A. Mak
(2004). Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerging
Infectious Diseases 10(12): 2196-9.
ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: Avian influenza that infects poultry in close
proximity to humans is a concern because of its pandemic potential. In 2004, an
outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 occurred in poultry in
British Columbia, Canada. Surveillance identified two persons with confirmed
avian influenza infection. Symptoms included conjunctivitis and mild
influenzalike illness.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza
transmission, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, adolescent, adult, aged,
British Columbia epidemiology, chickens, child, preschool child, infant,
influenza virology, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza transmission,
middle aged, mutagenesis, insertional, population surveillance.
Underwood, A. and J. Adler (2004). Scary strains.
Newsweek 144(18): 46-8. ISSN: 0028-9604.
NAL
Call Number: 280.8 N47
Descriptors: influenza, avian epidemiology, disease
outbreaks, Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza, avian virology.
United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service. Veterinary Services. Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health.
(1995). U.S. Risk for Avian Influenza Due to an Outbreak in Mexico:
Executive Summary, USDA, APHIS, VS, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal
Health: Fort Collins, Colo,
NAL
Call Number: aSF995.6.I6U8 1995
Descriptors: avian influenza United States, poultry virus
diseases United States, avian influenza Mexico, poultry virus diseases Mexico,
food safety.
Urrutia, S. (1998). Hong Kong's outbreak of avian
influenza disrupts market. World Poultry 14(2): 18-19.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, economics,
public health, Hong Kong.
Utterback, W. (1984). Update on avian influenza
through February 21, 1984 in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Proceedings of
the Western Poultry Conference 33: 4-7.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, slaughter, losses,
disinfection, turkeys, guineafowls, Pennsylvania, Virginia, United States.
van der Sluis, W. (2000). AI in southern Asia and
the middle east. World Poultry (Special): 25. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, outbreaks, disease
control, disease prevention, _vaccination, Asia, Pakistan.
van Tongeren, H.A. and K.H. Voous (1987). Influenzavirus
epidemiologie en oecologie, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot aan water
gebonden vogelsoorten. Literatuuroverzicht en beschouwing. [Influenza virus
epidemiology and ecology, with special reference to bird species associated
with water. Literature review and observations]. Tijdschrift Voor
Diergeneeskunde 112(23): 1337-54.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: Only a limited number of A-subtypes of
influenza virus so far caused disease in human subjects, pigs and horses; this
occurred in more or less defined areas which occasionally showed epidemic
aggravations, becoming apparent as rapidly spreading epidemics or otherwise in
even the form of pandemics. However this number of antigenic subtypes was found
to be fairly constant and host-specific. Earlier studies were done in
domesticated fowl and birds, though particularly in water birds in recent
years, and numerous subtypes were detected, only a small number of these
subtypes also being found to occur in man, pigs and horses. It became
increasingly apparent that particularly mallards, but also other water birds
play an extremely important role in the maintenance as well as in the
distribution and circulation of these orthomyxoviruses in nature. These
infections in water birds were not merely caused by a single subtype but
occasionally by two or more antigenically different subtypes. This could be
conducive to the appearance of recombinants as a result of genetic
rearrangement in the cells lining the alimentary tracts of birds. Occasionally,
subtypes observed in man were also found to occur in birds, which gave rise to
the question of the extent to which birds are the origin or sources of
infections of human epidemics caused by these subtypes. This also holds good
for the subtypes in pigs. In addition to a number of oecological and
ornithological considerations, reference was also made to systematic facts and
routes along which further investigations on the presence of influenza viruses
in the world of birds could be taken up, particular attention being paid to
migratory birds. As birds of passage pass over and find their way into isolated
areas as well as human population centres, these birds play a role which is yet
unknown both in the distribution and in the overwintering of influenza viruses.
Conditions in which wild and domesticated (water) birds, pigs, horses and man
form a chain of close contact, and the areas in which new influenza viruses
pathogenic for man are most likely to appear. Studies on the transgression of
these barriers of species by subtypes of influenza virus still are entirely
separate matter. The fact that a multidisciplinary approach is essential admits
of no discussion.
Descriptors: bird diseases microbiology, ducks
microbiology, influenza veterinary, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, birds microbiology, disease reservoirs, influenza transmission,
avian classification, avian pathogenicity, porcine isolation and purification,
serotyping, swine microbiology.
Vanmarcke, J. (2003). Experiences with AI [Avian
Influenza] in Europe and the Middle East. Poultry Bulletin South Africa
Poultry Association : 160-161. ISSN:
0257-201X.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 So89
Descriptors: poultry, avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
disease control, vaccination, case studies, Europe, Middle East, domestic
animals, immunization, immunostimulation, immunotherapy, livestock, therapy,
useful animals.
Villarreal, C.C. and C.E. Rivera (2003). An update
on avian influenza in Mexico. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1002-1005. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The avian influenza high-pathogenicity virus
was eradicated in poultry of Mexico in a relatively short period by the use of
inactivated emulsified vaccine, enforcing biosecurity, and controlling movement
of poultry and poultry products. Mexico maintains a permanent and reliable
monitoring program for AI. H5N2 is the only avian influenza subtype identified.
It is possible to control and eradicate the avian influenza low-pathogenicity
virus mainly by controlled depopulation of positive poultry, reinforcing
biosecurity, and the use of vaccines.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
epidemiology, infectious disease, prevention and control, respiratory system
disease, transmission, viral disease.
Viseshakul, N., R. Thanawongnuwech, A. Amonsin, S.
Suradhat, S. Payungporn, J. Keawchareon, K. Oraveerakul, P. Wongyanin, S.
Plitkul, A. Theamboonlers, and Y. Poovorawan (2004). The genome sequence
analysis of H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from the outbreak among
poultry populations in Thailand. Virology 328(2): 169-76. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: In this report, the genome of the Thai avian
influenza virus A (H5N1); A/Chicken/Nakorn-Pathom/Thailand/CU-K2/04, isolated
from the Thai avian influenza A (AI) epidemic during the early of 2004 was
sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed in comparison to AI viruses
from Hong Kong 1997 outbreaks and other AI (H5N1) isolates reported during
2001-2004. Molecular characterization of the Thai AI (H5N1) HA gene revealed a
common characteristic of a highly pathogenic AI (HPAI), a 20-codon deletion in
the neuraminidase gene, a 5-codon deletion in the NS gene and polymorphisms of
the M2 and PB2 genes. Moreover, the HA and NA genes of the Thai AI displayed
high similarity to those of the AI viruses isolated from human cases during the
same epidemic. Finally, our results demonstrated that the Thai AI emerged as a
member of 2000's AI lineage with most of the genetic sequences closely related
to the Influenza A/Duck/China/E319.2/03 (H5N1).
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, genome, viral,
influenza A virus, avian genetics, avian influenza virology, amino acid
sequence, codon, gene deletion, avian influenza A virus isolation and
purification, avian influenza A virus pathogenicity, avian influenza
epidemiology, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, polymorphism, genetic,
poultry, sequence alignment, Thailand epidemiology, viral proteins genetics.
Voeten, C. (2003). Is the hobby chicken really a
danger for commercial poultry farming [during the recent outbreak of avian
influenza]? Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 128(12): 388-389. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: risk assessment, avian influenza virus,
Netherlands, western Europe, European Union countries, hobby chicken, poultry
farming.
Walker, E. and P. Christie (1998). Chinese avian
influenza. BMJ Clinical Research 316(7128): 325. ISSN: 0959-8138.
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, influenza
epidemiology, disease outbreaks, fowl plague virology, Hong Kong epidemiology,
influenza virology.
Wallensten, A., V.J. Munster, R.A.M. Fouchier, and B.
Olsen (2004). Avian Influenza A virus in ducks migrating through Sweden.
International Congress Series 1263: 771-772.
Abstract: In order to investigate the prevalence and
ecology of the Avian Influenza A virus (AIV) in western Palearctic wild birds,
migrating ducks, mainly Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), have been caught
in a funnel trap at the Ottenby Bird Observatory on the Swedish Island Oland.
After banding and collection of biometrical data, every individual was sampled
for AIV. Since the fall of 2002, more than 3200 samples from 1900 birds have
been collected showing a prevalence of AIV of 12%. Several subtypes have been
found, including the low pathogenic H5N2. Some ducks are re-caught both during
fall and spring migration, and the recruiting and wintering areas of the birds
are known enabling us to draw conclusions about the geographical and reservoir
distribution of AIV.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, Sweden, ecology, wild
birds, migrating ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, banding, data collection.
Webster, R.G., Y. Kawaoka, W.J. Bean, C.W. Naeve,
J.M. Wood, W.G. Laver, A.J. Gibbs (ed.) and
H.R.C. Meischke (ed.) (1985). Lethal
avian influenza (H5N2) in the USA: is a similar outbreak in Australia or New
Zealand possible? In: Pests and Parasites As Migrants, p. 140-146.
NAL
Call Number: QR175.P47
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, pests, parasites,
outbreaks, Australia, New Zealand, United States.
Weir, E., T. Wong, and I. Gemmill (2004). Avian
influenza outbreak: update. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal;
Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne 170(5): 785-6. ISSN: 0820-3946.
NAL
Call Number: R11.C3
Descriptors: avian influenza, outbreak, update.
Welsch, A.C. (1993). Avian influenza (AI)
surveillance in the United States. Foreign Animal Disease Report
(21-1): 13-15. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: poultry, avian influenza virus, viroses,
monitoring, United States, America, domestic animals, domesticated birds,
infectious diseases, influenza virus, livestock, North America, useful animals,
viruses.
Westbury, H.A. and C (1989). Avian influenza
[outbreaks; virus; diagnosis; Australia]. [conference paper]. Australian
Perspectives in Veterinary Virology. Geelong, Vic. (Australia). 11 May 1989.
Australian Veterinary Journal 66(12): 427-428. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: poultry, avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
epidemiology, Australia, domestic animals, domesticated birds, influenza virus,
livestock, Oceania, useful animals, viruses.
Wieliczko, A., B. Tomanek, and M. Kuczkowski (2003). Prevalence
of infectious diseases in ring-necked pheasant flocks in Poland. Polish
Journal of Veterinary Sciences 6(3): 177-182. ISSN: 1505-1773.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.P65
Abstract: The health status of ring-necked pheasants in
view of the prevalence of infectious diseases was estimated in Polish
pheasantries in the years 1997-2000. Anatomicopathological, microbiological and
serological examinations were carried out on birds derived from 26
pheasantries, including birds randomly selected from 18 flocks and sick or dead
birds sent from 8 pheasantries. Antibodies specific to the following viruses
were detected in serum blood samples: HE, AE, AP, REO, AI, Adeno group 1, MD,
ND, as well as Mycoplasma gallisepticum specific antibodies. However, in
none of the examined flocks was the presence of antibodies against
reticuloendoteliosis virus found. Marble spleen disease and salmonellosis
proved to be the most frequent cause of death during the growing period.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
avian influenza virus infection, viral disease, avian pox virus infection,
viral disease, hemorrhagic enteritis virus infection, viral disease, Marek's
disease, blood and lymphatic disease, immune system disease, neoplastic disease,
viral disease, Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, bacterial disease,
reticuloendotheliosis virus infection, viral disease, adenovirus group I
infection, viral disease, avian encephalomyelitis virus infection, viral
disease, marble spleen disease, blood and lymphatic disease, immune system
disease, viral disease, reovirus infection, viral disease, salmonellosis,
bacterial disease, serology clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, health
status mortality pheasantry.
Williams, J.L. (1989). Emergency field investigations.
Avian influenza. Foreign Animal Disease Report 17(1): 1. ISSN: 0091-8199.
NAL
Call Number: aSF601.U5
Descriptors: disease surveys, disease prevalence, avian
influenza virus, United States, OECD countries.
Wilson, T.M., D.A. Gregg, D.J. King, D.L. Noah,
L.E.L. Perkins, D.E. Swayne, and W.I. Inskeep (2001). Agroterrorism,
biological crimes, and biowarfare targeting animal agriculture: The clinical,
pathologic, diagnostic, and epidemiologic features of some important animal
diseases. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 21(3): 549-591. ISSN: 0272-2712.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, government and law,
infection, Newcastle disease, viral disease, avian influenza, viral disease,
classic swine fever, hog cholera, viral disease, foot and mouth disease, viral
disease, infectious animal diseases, infectious disease, agroterrorism,
biological crimes, biological terrorism, biowarfare, clinical features,
clinical signs, differential diagnosis, disease control, disease definition,
disease eradication, epidemiology, etiology, geographic distribution, host
range, incubation period, intentional outbreak, morbidity, mortality, natural
outbreak, pathology, public health, transmission, zoonotic potential.
Wit, J.J., G. Koch, T.H. Fabri, and A.R. Elbers
(2004). A cross-sectional serological survey of the Dutch commercial poultry
population for the presence of low pathogenic avian influenza virus infections.
Avian Pathology 33(6): 565-70.
ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: After the discovery of poultry infected with
highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of subtype H7N7 in the central
area of the Netherlands on 28 February 2003, the hypothesis was put forward
that an outbreak of the low pathogenic (LP) variant of H7N7 had preceded,
unnoticed, the occurrence of the HPAI virus. Consequently, a cross-sectional
serological survey of the Dutch poultry population was executed in the second
week of March 2003. The basic requirements set were detection of a 5%
prevalence of flocks exposed to LPAI virus with 95% confidence within the
production type stratification level within each province in the Netherlands.
Because of supposed higher risk of avian influenza infections in ducks, turkeys
and free-range poultry, all the commercial flocks of these production types
present in the Netherlands were sampled. The serological screening of 28018
sera from 1193 randomly selected poultry farms, located outside surveillance
zones showed that LPAI H7 virus infections had occurred on three neighbouring
farms all located in the southwest of the Netherlands. No antibodies against
the neuraminidase N7 subtype were detected in the sera of these farms,
indicating that the subtype was different from the HPAI H7N7 subtype that
caused the avian influenza epidemic in 2003. In addition, evidence of
infections with non-H5 or non-H7 subtypes of influenza A virus were obtained in
two other farms located in the northeast and the southeast of the Netherlands.
It was concluded that the HPAI subtype H7N7 outbreak was most likely not
preceded by a significant circulation of a LPAI subtype H7N7 virus. Based on
the Dutch experience, recommendations are made to detect avian influenza
infections faster in the future.
Descriptors: antibodies, disease prevalence, egg
production, ELISA, poultry, serology, avian influenza virus, ducks, turkeys,
Netherlands epidemiology, avian influenza A virus pathogenicity, avian
influenza epidemiology, viral antibodies, cross-sectional studies, disease
outbreaks, chickens virology, ducks virology, oviposition, seroepidemiologic
studies, time factors, virulence, turkeys virology, virulence.
World Health Organization (2004). Assessment of
risk to human health associated with outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian
influenza in poultry--situation as at 14 May 2004. Weekly
Epidemiological Record; Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 79(21):
203-4. ISSN: 0049-8114.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, avian influenza A virus
pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, poultry diseases epidemiology,
zoonoses epidemiology, southeastern Asia epidemiology, China epidemiology,
avian influenza transmission, Japan epidemiology, poultry diseases
transmission, risk assessment.
World Health Organization (2004). Avian influenza
A(H5N1)--situation on 4 February 2004. Weekly Epidemiological Record
Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 79(6): 53-4. ISSN: 0049-8114.
Descriptors: avian influenza, WHO, weekly record.
World Health Organization (2004). Avian influenza
A(H5N1)--situation (poultry) in Asia as at 2 March 2004: need for a long-term
response, comparison with previous outbreaks. Weekly Epidemiological
Record; Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 79(10): 96-9.
ISSN: 0049-8114.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, avian influenza
A virus pathogenicity, avian influenza epidemiology, Asia, influenza A virus,
avian influenza A virus isolation and purification, avian influenza economics,
avian influenza prevention and control, poultry.
World Health Organization (2004). Avian
influenza--current evaluation of risks to humans from H5N1 following recent
reports. Weekly Epidemiological Record; Releve Epidemiologique
Hebdomadaire 79(29): 265-9. ISSN:
0049-8114.
Descriptors: influenza virology, avian influenza A virus
pathogenicity, avian influenza transmission, Asia epidemiology, disease
outbreaks, avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza virology, risk
assessment.
World Health Organization (2004). Avian
influenza--situation in Viet Nam as of 18 August 2004. Weekly
Epidemiological Record; Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 79(34):
309. ISSN: 0049-8114.
Descriptors: birds, disease outbreaks, avian influenza
epidemiology, Vietnam epidemiology.
World Health Organization (2004). Avian influenza,
Thailand. Weekly Epidemiological Record; Releve Epidemiologique
Hebdomadaire 79(42): 377-8. ISSN:
0049-8114.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,,
avian influenza epidemiology, child, fatal outcome, influenza vaccines, avian
influenza prevention and control, avian influenza transmission, Thailand
epidemiology.
World Health Organization (2005). Avian influenza,
Viet Nam--update. Weekly Epidemiological Record; Releve Epidemiologique
Hebdomadaire 80(4): 29-30. ISSN:
0049-8114.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza, avian
epidemiology, adult, middle aged, Vietnam epidemiology.
World Health Organization (1998). Influenza
A(H5N1) in Hong Kong, special administrative region of China. Weekly
Epidemiological Record; Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 85(73):
12. ISSN: 0049-8114.
Descriptors: human disease outbreaks, viral diseases,
epidemiology, transmission, influenza virus, Hong Kong, avian influenza,
primates, mammals, case control study, China, Asia.
World Health Organization (2004). WHO consultation
on priority public health interventions before and during an influenza
pandemic, Geneva, 16-18 March 2004. Weekly Epidemiological Record;
Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 79(11): 107-8. ISSN: 0049-8114.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, health priorities,
influenza epidemiology, avian influenza A virus pathogenicity, public health,
World Health Organization, Asia epidemiology avian influenza epidemiology.
Yi, X.F. and H.M. Luo (2004). [Avian influenza:
crisis and respondence]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi; Zhonghua
Liuxingbingxue Zazhi 25(3): 185-7.
ISSN: 0254-6450.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks prevention and control,
avian influenza epidemiology, avian influenza prevention and control, birds,
Hong Kong epidemiology, poultry, public health, public health administration.
Yuanji, G. (2002). Influenza activity in China:
1998-1999. Vaccine 20(Suppl. 2): S28-S35. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: During 1989-1999, influenza A H3N2 and H1N1
subtypes and B type viruses were still co-circulating in human population in
China, while influenza A (H3N2) virus was predominant strain. The two
antigenically and genetically distinguishable strains of influenza B virus were
also still co-circulating in men in southern China. The antigenic analysis
indicated that most of the H3N2 viruses were A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2)-like
strain, the most of the H1N1 viruses were antigenically similar to
A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1) virus. However, most of the influenza B viruses were
B/Beijing/184/93-like strain, but few of them were antigenically similar to
B/Shandong/7/97 virus. In the summer of 1998, the influenza outbreaks caused by
H3N2 subtype of influenza A virus occurred widely in southern China.
Afterwards, during 1998-1999 influenza season, a severe influenza epidemic
caused by H3N2 virus emerged in northern China. The morbidity was reached as
high as 10% in Beijing area. It was interesting that during influenza,
surveillance from 1998 to 1999, five strains of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus
were isolated from outpatients with influenza-like illness in July-August of
1998, and another one was repeatedly isolated from a child suffering from
influenza-like disease in November of 1999 in Guangdong province. The genetic
analysis revealed that the five strains isolated in 1998 were genetically
closely related to H9N2 viruses being isolated from chickens (G9 lineage
virus), whereas, A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2) virus was a reassortant derived from
reassortment between G9 and G1 lineage of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses due
to its genes encoding the HA, NA, NP and NS proteins, closely related to G9
lineage virus, the rest of the genes encoding the M and three polymerase (PB2,
PB1 and PA) were closely related to G1 lineage strain of H9N2 virus. However,
no avian influenza A (H5N1) virus has so far been isolated neither from in or
outpatients with influenza-like disease in mainland China. Unfortunately, where
did the reassortment occur and how did the reassortant transmit to men? These
questions are still unknown.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, influenza,
respiratory system disease, viral disease.
Zanella, A. (2003). Avian influenza attributable
to serovar H7N1 in light layers in Italy. Avian Diseases 47(Special
Issue): 1177-1180. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In March 1999 a syndrome characterized by
depression, anorexia, fever, and respiratory and enteric signs appeared in many
flocks of turkeys and, to a lesser extent, chickens in the densely populated
poultry-rearing regions of Northeastern Italy. Initially the disease was
characterized by sinusitis, tracheitis, peritonitis, and pancreatitis. The
responsible agent was identified as low-pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza (AI)
of H7N1 subtype. Concerning the light layers, the mortality was variable, from
1.7% to 9.5%, whereas egg production decreased by 10% to 40%. According to the
epidemiologic data, chickens seemed to be less sensitive to the virus than were
turkeys. Nine months later, the AI virus changed to a highly pathogenic (HP) AI
virus and affected, besides turkeys, a great number of pullet and layer flocks,
with high mortality (80%-100%) in a few days. However, the course of disease
was more prolonged in pullets. Within 3 1/2 mo, over 100 outbreaks were
reported. Following the HPAI outbreaks, in late 2000 and early 2001, LPAI
reemerged, but only one flock of layers was affected.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, veterinary medicine,
avian influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
epidemiological data, poultry flocks.
Zanella, A. (2003). Avian influenza strikes
Italy's poultry industry once again. World Poultry 19(2):
30-31. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, disease control, outbreaks,
pathogenicity, poultry housing, vaccination, turkeys, Italy, biosecurity.
Zanella, A., P. Dall'Ara, and P.A. Martino (2001). Avian
influenza epidemic in Italy due to serovar H7N1. Avian Diseases
45(1): 257-61. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Beginning at the end of March 1999, a
syndrome characterized by severe depression, anorexia, fever, and respiratory
and enteric symptoms appeared in flocks of turkeys and, to a lesser extent, of
chickens in the densely populated poultry-rearing regions of northeast Italy.
The disease was characterized by sinusitis, tracheitis, peritonitis, and
pancreatitis. The mortality varied between 5% and 90%. The disease was
diagnosed as low pathogenic avian influenza, H7N1 serotype. After a summer period
of declining cases, the disease reappeared in autumn exclusively in turkeys.
Since the middle of December 1999, many farms of chickens, turkeys, and guinea
fowl were abruptly affected by a highly pathogenic H7N1 virus, with very severe
depression and mortality up to 100% in a few days. By the end of March 2000,
nearly 500 farms, representing over 15 million birds, were affected or
depopulated. To date, control measures have focused on improved biosecurity
measures. Vaccine was not allowed, but its use was debated.
Descriptors: fowl plague epidemiology, poultry diseases
epidemiology, chickens, influenza A virus avian, Italy epidemiology,
pancreatitis complications, pancreatitis veterinary, peritonitis complications,
peritonitis veterinary, serotyping,
sinusitis complications, sinusitis veterinary, tracheitis complications,
tracheitis veterinary, turkeys.
Zanella, A., P. Dall'Ara, and P.A. Martino (2000). Avian
influenza epidemic serovar H7N1 in Italy. Zootecnica International
23(11): 54-60. ISSN: 0392-0593.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.Z6
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, serovars, Galliformes,
epidemic, Italy.
Zanella, A., P.A. Martino, A. Merino Martin, M.
Stonfer, and G. Zanardi (2000). Avian influenza due to serovar H7N1 in light
layers in Italy. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference
49: 116-119.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: Italy, chickens, turkeys, avian influenza
virus.
Zanella, A., P.A. Martino, A. Moreno Martin, and D.
Gallazzi (2000). Influenza aviare. Su alcuni episodi di malattia in ovaiole
leggere. [Avian influenza. About some outbreaks of diseases in light layers].
38. Meeting of Italian Society of Poultry Pathology on immune response related
to age and genetic type]. Forli (Italy). 30 Sep-1 Oct 1999. Selezione
Veterinaria (Italy) (8-9): 639-644.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Abstract: Some outbreaks of avian influenza due to H7N1
serotype in light egg layers are reported. The mortality resulted variable from
1.7 to 9.5%, whereas the laying decrease resulted variable from 10 to 40% in
the different farms. According to epidemiological data, the light layers
appeared less sensitive to avian influenza virus than turkeys and broiler
breeders.
Descriptors: layer chickens, avian influenza virus,
epidemiology, viroses, serotypes, etiology, mortality, oviposition,
reproductive performance, laying performance, animal performance, biological
differences, birds, chickens, domestic animals, Galliformes, infectious
diseases, influenza virus, livestock, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, reproduction,
sexual reproduction, useful animals, viruses.