Tests, Detection and
Diagnosis
Abraham, A., V. Sivanandan, D.A. Halvorson, and J.A.
Newman (1986). Standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
avian influenza virus antibodies in turkeys. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 47(3): 561-6.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: The signal-to-noise ratio was useful in
determining the optimal dilution of rabbit anti-turkey conjugate. Optimum
dilution for rabbit anti-turkey conjugate to be used in the enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 1:1,000. The avian influenza virus antigen
concentration was 128 hemagglutinating units (0.3 microgram of protein) per
well, as determined by checkerboard titration. Bovine serum albumin fraction V
increased nonspecific binding of conjugate and was not used to coat the plates
in subsequent tests. Using ELISA, nonspecific binding to avian influenza
virus-coated plates were not found with antibodies to Newcastle disease virus,
infectious bursal disease, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli.
Chromogens o-phenenediamine, and 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benz-thiazoline
sulfonic acid) were almost equal in sensitivity for detecting released oxygen
from the H2O2. The substrate plate was more sensitive than was the polystyrene
plate. Dual wavelength was reliable in reading ELISA results.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, fowl plague
immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay, hemagglutination inhibition tests, turkeys.
Abraham, A., V. Sivanandan, J.A. Newman, and S.K.
Maheswaran (1984). Rapid purification of avian influenza virus for use in
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. American Journal of Veterinary
Research 45(5): 959-62. ISSN:
0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: A rapid and easy purification method was
developed to obtain avian influenza antigen for use in immunochemical assays.
This was achieved by rapid concentration of virus from infective allantoic
fluid, using 8% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000, and later, by purification on
gel-permeation chromatography through controlled-pore glass beads. Rabbit
anti-turkey globulins were made specific for turkey globulins, using affinity
chromatography, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used in enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay. A significant increase in specificity and sensitivity of
the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was observed when purified antigen was
used in place of a crude antigen preparation. This purified antigen eliminated
the false-positives obtained as a result of the turkeys being previously
vaccinated with egg-grown virus vaccines (Newcastle disease virus). The details
of the technique and the importance of antigen preparation are discussed.
Descriptors: antigens, viral isolation and purification,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, immunoenzyme techniques, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, antibodies, anti idiotypic isolation and
purification, chick embryo, chromatography, affinity, chromatography, gel, fowl
plague diagnosis, horseradish peroxidase, avian immunology, rabbits immunology,
turkeys immunology.
Adair, B.M., K. Burns, M.S. McNulty, and D. Todd
(1990). A study of ELISA systems incorporating pooled viral and Mycoplasma
antigen preparations for antibody screening of chicken sera. Avian
Pathology 19(2): 263-278. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, screening techniques,
ELISA, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Gallus
gallus, chickens.
Al Attar, M., K. Nielsen, and W.R. Mitchell (1981). The
application of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis
of avian influenza. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine Revue
Canadienne De Medecine Comparee 45(2):
140-6. ISSN: 0008-4050.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 C162
Abstract: The application of the soluble antigen
fluorescent test as a tool for serological investigation of influenza type A
infection in wild birds was studied. The soluble antigen fluorescent antibody
test is basically an indirect fluorescent antibody test except that an
artificial matrix of cellulose acetate discs is used as a substrate for antigen
and the test results are scanned and recorded by a fluorometer. THe influenza
type A soluble antigen fluorescent antibody was obtained from concentrated and
detergent disrupted virus particles, absorbed onto cellulose acetate discs.
Anti-influenza sera were prepared in pheasants and ducks to
A/turkey/Ontario/6118/67 and in pigeons to A/turkey/Ontario/6213/68. The
antigen-antibody complex was detected by specific staining with monovalent or
polyvalent fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated rabbit anti-avian
immunoglobulins. The soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test is a sensitive
technique for the detection of specific influenza A antibodies in several avian
species, and could be adapted for use in large scale surveys.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, fluorescent
antibody technique, fowl plague diagnosis, influenza A virus avian immunology,
antigens, viral, birds, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, poultry,
solubility.
Al Natour, M.Q. and M.N. Abo Shehada (2005). Sero-prevalence
of avian influenza among broiler-breeder flocks in Jordan. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 70(1-2): 45-50.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.P7
Abstract: Thirty blood samples were collected randomly
from each of the 38 breeder-broiler farms in Jordan. Serum samples were
examined using indirect ELISA for specific antibodies to avian influenza virus.
The overall true flock-level sero-prevalence of avian influenza was 71% (95%
CI: 55,83). Positive flocks had 2-30 sero-positive chickens and half of flocks
had >20 sero-positive birds. The number of sero-positive flocks varied in
the studied localities with more sero-positives in farms located within the migratory
route of migratory wild fowl. The examined broiler-breeder flocks had no
clinical signs, or noticeable decrease in egg production; mortalities were
within the normal range (0.1-1%). The number of positive sera/flock correlated
with flock size. There were a no significant (Pearsons r = 0.21, p = 0.21)
correlation between positive flocks and age. A non-pathogenic AI virus infects
broiler-breeder farms in Jordan. Wild local and migrating birds might promote
the further spread of this virus in Jordan and other countries.
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry, viral diseases,
broiler-breeder, ELISA, age influence, Jordan.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). Highly pathogenic avian
influenza. In: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
List A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees, 4th edition, p. 212-220.
ISBN: 92-9044-510-6.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.M36 2000
Descriptors: fowl plague virus, influenza virus A,
immunization, diagnosis, techniques, mortality, pathogenicity, diagnostic
tests, manual of standards, vaccines, Gallus gallus, poultry.
Allan, G.M. and M.S. McNulty (1985). A direct
immunofluorescence test for the rapid detection of avian influenzavirus antigen
in tissue impression smears. Avian Pathology 14(4): 449-460. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: immunofluorescent test, avian influenza
virus, diagnosis, techniques, detection, poultry.
Allan, W.H. (1981). Diagnostic
procedures--response. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, 167-171 p.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnostic
procedures.
Allan, W.H., D.J. Alexander, B.S. Pomeroy, and G.
Parsons (1977). Use of virulence index tests for avian influenza viruses.
Avian Diseases 21(3): 359-63.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The intravenous and intracerebral
pathogenicity index tests normally used for Newcastle disease virus isolates
were used to measure the virulence of 13 avian influenza viruses. The tests
allowed quantitative measurements of the virulence of the avian influenza
viruses, and the results confirmed the range in virulence, between the two
extremes, of the avian influenza viruses and demonstrated the lack of
correlation between virulence and antigenic type.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague etiology, influenza A
virus avian pathogenicity, antigens, viral analysis, brain, chick embryo, fowl
plague mortality, avian immunology, injections, intravenous, methods,
virulence.
Apisarnthanarak, A., R. Kitphati, K. Thongphubeth, P.
Patoomanunt, P. Anthanont, W. Auwanit, P. Thawatsupha, M. Chittaganpitch, S.
Saeng Aroon, S. Waicharoen, P. Apisarnthanarak, G.A. Storch, L.M. Mundy, and
V.J. Fraser (2004). Atypical avian influenza (H5N1). Emerging
Infectious Diseases 10(7): 1321-4.
ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: We report the first case of avian influenza
in a patient with fever and diarrhea but no respiratory symptoms. Avian
influenza should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with
predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly if they have a history of
exposure to poultry.
Descriptors: gastrointestinal diseases physiopathology,
influenza physiopathology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, adult,
chickens virology, fatal outcome, gastrointestinal diseases virology, health
personnel, influenza virology, influenza, avian transmission, influenza, avian
virology, poultry diseases transmission, poultry diseases virology.
Astorga, R.J., L. Leon, M.J. Cubero, A. Arenas, A.
Maldonado, M.C. Tarradas, and A. Perea (1994). Avian influenza in wild
waterfowl and shorebirds in the Donana National Park: Serological survey using
the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Pathology 23(2): 339-344. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The indirect ELISA was used to detect
antibodies to influenzavirus A in the sera of wildfowl from the Donana National
Park. Of the 712 birds examined, 44 (6.2%) were seropositive. Positive birds
belonged to 10 of the 13 species studied. Infection rates varied widely:
spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia, 32.2%), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos,
9.9%), gadwall (Anas strepera, 8.6%), red-crested pochard (Netta
rufina, 8.1%), pochard (Aythya ferina, 6.4%), shoveler (Anas
clypeata, 5%), great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus, 4.3%),
avocet (Recurostra avosetta, 3.1%), grey heron (Ardea cinerea,
3.1%) and coot (Fulica atra, 0.8%). Although infection rates were not
high, the wide range of avian species susceptible to influenzavirus A suggests
circulation of the virus amongst wildfowl at Donana.
Descriptors: enzymology, immune system, infection, methods
and techniques, pathology, veterinary medicine, diagnostic method ELISA
epidemiology.
Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (1988). Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for
Animal Diseases. Nos. 1-51, ISBN: 0643040765.
Descriptors: standard diagnostic techniques, animal
diseases, Australia, booklet series.
Barli Maganja, D., U. Krapez, S. Manko, I. Toplak, J.
Grom, P. Hostnik, and O.Z. Rojs (2004). New approaches in diagnosis and
typing of viruses causing diseases in poultry. Praxis Veterinaria
(Zagreb) 52(1/2): 19-26. ISSN:
0350-4441.
Abstract: In the last two decades, various molecular
biological methods were introduced in diagnostic virology. They are used for
the rapid detection of viral nucleic acids, genetic characterization of the
pathogens responsible for many viral infections and tracking of the origin and
spread of viruses. In this review, the application of molecular biology
methods, particularly the combined approach of amplifying defined fragments of
viral genomes, using the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent nucleotide
sequencing analysis, is described. Emphasis is placed on some of the few
important viruses causing economically important diseases in poultry, like
Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus
and chicken anaemia virus.
Descriptors: avian infectious bursitis, diagnosis,
diagnostic techniques, DNA sequencing, fowl diseases, genomes, influenza,
methodology, molecular biology, Newcastle disease, polymerase chain reaction,
poultry, reviews, avian influenza virus, chicken anaemia virus, fowls,
infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus.
Barr, D.A. and M.D. O'Rourke (1993). Avian
influenza: pathology, virology and serology. In: L.A. Corner and T.J.
Bagust (editor), Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for Animal
Diseases, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002
Australia, 6 p. ISBN: 0-643-05243-7.
NAL
Call Number: SF772.6.A97 1993
Descriptors: standard diagnostic techniques, avian
influenza virus, Gallus gallus, Australia.
Barr, D.A. and M.D. O' Rourke (1987). Virulent
avian influenza. In: Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for
Animal Diseases, Vol. 51, 14 p.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.A8A97 no.51
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, standard diagnostic
techniques, Australia.
Beard, C.W. (1970). Avian influenza antibody
detection by immunodiffusion. Avian Diseases 14(2): 337-41. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: antibodies analysis, immunodiffusion,
influenza diagnosis, poultry diseases diagnosis, antigens isolation and
purification, chickens, hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza
immunology, orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae isolation and
purification, poultry diseases immunology,
turkeys.
Beard, C.W. and B.C. Easterday (1975). Isolierung
und Identifizierung eines Vogel-Influenza-Virus mit dem Hamagglutinin des
Geflugelpestvirus. [Isolation and identification of an avirulent avian influenza
virus with the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus]. Proceedings of the 5th World Veterinary
Poultry Association Congress, Munich 1973 1: 725-736.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis, fowl plague
virus, identification, isolation.
Beard, C.W. and B.C. Easterday (1973). A-Turkey-Oregon-71,
an avirulent influenza isolate with the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus.
Avian Diseases 17(1): 173-81.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral, influenza A virus avian
immunology, orthomyxoviridae immunology, antibodies, viral analysis, chickens,
fowl plague immunology, fowl plague microbiology, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, immunization, influenza immunology, influenza microbiology, influenza
veterinary, avian enzymology, avian isolation and purification, neuraminidase
analysis, neutralization tests, orthomyxoviridae enzymology, orthomyxoviridae
isolation and purification, poultry diseases immunology, poultry diseases
microbiology, virulence.
Becht, H. (1968). Properties of erythrocytes
stabilized with sulfosalicylic acid and their use in an indirect hemagglution
test with influenza virus RNP-antigen. Journal of Immunology 101(1):
18-22. ISSN: 0022-1767.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J8232
Descriptors: antigens, erythrocytes, hemagglutination
tests, indicators and reagents, orthomyxoviridae, salicylic acids, sulfonic
acids, complement fixation tests, immune sera, influenza A virus avian,
nucleoproteins, sheep.
Becht, H. and B. Malole (1975). Comparative
evaluation of different fixation procedures and different coupling reagents for
the demonstration of influenza virus-specific antibodies by the indirect
hemagglutination test. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 162(1):
43-53. ISSN: 0300-8584.
Abstract: The indirect hemagglutination technique has
been improved by fixing the carrier erythrocytes successively with
glutaraldehyde and sulfosalicylic acid. Sensitization by covalent conjugation
of influenza virus antigens to the erythrocytes with various coupling reagents,
which resulted in stable and highly sensitive test cells, has been defined. An
economical affinity chromatography procedure using antibody-coated agarose has
been developed to prepare sufficiently pure antigens from fowl plague
virus-infected choriollantoic membranes.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, erythrocytes
immunology, hemagglutination tests methods, antibody specificity, blood
preservation, chromatography, affinity, cytological techniques, glutaral,
hemagglutinins viral isolation and purification, influenza A virus avian
immunology, salicylic acids.
Beck, J.R., D.E. Swayne, S. Davison, S. Casavant, and
C. Gutierrez (2003). Validation of egg yolk antibody testing as a method to
determine influenza status in white leghorn hens. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1196-1199. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Determination of the avian influenza (AI)
status of a flock has traditionally been done by detection of serum antibodies.
However, for many diseases, detection of antibodies in egg yolk has been
effective in monitoring the disease status of laying flocks. This study
compared the utility of egg yolk vs. serum for determining AI status in laying
hen flocks. Specific-pathogen-free white leghorn hens were inoculated via the
respiratory tract with a low-pathogenic H7N2 AI virus or sterile allantoic
fluid or subcutaneously with an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine produced from
the same AI virus or normal allantoic fluid. Antibody levels were determined by
the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)
test, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-influenza
antibodies were detected in sera of all live virus-inoculated hens by day 7
postinoculation (PI) (AGID and ELISA tests), but detection of antibodies in egg
yolk was delayed by a few days, with all being positive by day 14 PI. Sera from
all vaccinated hens were positive by day 14 PI (AGID and ELISA tests), and egg
yolk was positive by day 18 PI. The HI test was less sensitive than the ELISA
and AGID tests in detecting anti-influenza antibodies in both sera and yolk.
Serum and yolk from all control birds remained negative throughout the study.
These studies show that currently used serologic tests can detect antibodies in
serum and yolk samples from hens exposed to live AI virus or from those that
have been vaccinated. Antibody is detected earlier in the serum than in the
yolk and antibody is detected earlier from birds exposed to a live infection
compared to birds vaccinated with an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, immune system, infection,
avian influenza, infectious disease, viral disease, ELISA immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques, agar gel immunodiffusion test, agid test, egg yolk
antibody testing, hemagglutination inhibition test, influenza status, laying
flock disease status.
Berinstein, A., B.S. Seal, and D.L. Suarez (2002). Heteroduplex
mobility assay for detection of new avian influenza virus variants. Avian
Diseases 46(2): 393-400. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in
poultry causes high morbidity and mortality, and it is a List A disease of the
Office International des Epizooties. An outbreak of HPAI in commercial poultry
not only causes direct disease losses but often results in trade restrictions
for the affected country. Because HPAI viruses can mutate from H5 and H7 low
pathogenic avian influenza viruses, it is necessary to monitor and control even
the low pathogenic form of the virus. We report a practical approach for
screening large numbers of isolates that uses amplification by reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of a segment of the hemagglutinin (HA)
gene (536-560 bp) of H7 avian influenza viruses followed by the heteroduplex
mobility assay (HMA). The HMA test compares the amplified polymerase chain
reaction product from unknown samples with reference isolates, which allows the
identification of new variants. The HMA test results were compared with
sequence analysis of the isolates used in the study. On the basis of the HMA,
we could identify several new variant viruses present in the live bird markets
in the northeastern United States. New strains gave a distinct pattern of bands
in the gels in accordance with the different heteroduplexes formed when their
HA region amplification products were incubated together with the same
amplification product of a reference strain. These differences correlate with
phylogenetic analysis from sequence data.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, molecular
genetics, avian influenza virus infection, infectious disease, viral disease,
gene sequencing cycle DNA sequencing, sequencing method, heteroduplex mobility
assay bioassay method, phylogenetic analysis genetic method, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction genetic method, polymerase chain
reaction, morbidity mortality.
Brugh, M. and C.W. Beard (1980). Collection and
processing of blood samples dried on paper for microassay of Newcastle disease
virus and avian influenza virus antibodies. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 41(9): 1495-8.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: A practical method for collection and
processing of dried whole blood samples on filter paper was developed to
facilitate large-scale testing programs for Newcastle disease virus and avian
influenza virus antibodies. A modified paper punch was used to cut and place
dried blood samples simultaneously in a standard 96-well microlate for elution
of antibody. Twelve eluted samples were simultaneously transferred to another
microplate for the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) microtest. Similar HI
titers were obtained with simultaneously collected serum and dried blood
samples. Minor differences were not considered of practical importance in
diagnostic serologic studies. Dried blood titers were not markedly affected by
method of drying (37 C for 2 hours or 26 C for 4 hours), by storage for 24
hours before drying, or by storage of dried samples at 4 C for 28 days or 30 C
for 14 days. Blood dried on paper was a satisfactory sample for assay of HI
antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, blood specimen
collection veterinary, chickens immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology,
Newcastle disease virus immunology, blood specimen collection instrumentation,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, paper.
Capua, I., G. Cattoli, and S. Marangon (2004). DIVA--a
vaccination strategy enabling the detection of field exposure to avian
influenza. Developmental Biology (Basel) 119: 229-33. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Abstract: The present paper reports on the development,
validation and field application of a control strategy for avian influenza
infections in poultry. The "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from
Vaccinated Animals) strategy is based on the use of an inactivated oil emulsion
vaccine containing the same haemagglutinin (H) subtype as the challenge virus,
but a different neuraminidase (N). The possibility of using the heterologous N
subtype, to differentiate between vaccinated and naturally infected birds, was
investigated through the development of an "ad hoc" serological test based
on the detection of specific anti-N antibodies. This test is based on an
indirect fluorescent antibody assay, using as an antigen a baculovirus
expressing recombinant N proteins. The vaccination strategy has been tested in
the laboratory and shown to be efficacious both against challenge with highly
pathogenic AI viruses and with low pathogenicity AI viruses, ensuring clinical
protection, reduction of duration and titre of shedding. In addition,
vaccination resulted in an increased resistance to infection. The companion
diagnostic tests directed to the detection of anti-N1 and anti-N3 antibodies
have been validated in the laboratory and using field samples. The serological
assay showed an "almost perfect agreement" (Kappa value) with the HI
test, with relative sensitivity and specificity values of 98.1 and 95.7,
respectively. The results of the present investigation suggest that the
"DIVA" control strategy may represent a tool to support the
eradication of avian influenza infections in poultry.
Descriptors: animals, viral blood antibodies, viral
immunology antibodies, genetic engineering, avian influenza A virus enzymology,
avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza prevention and control,
neuraminidase genetics, poultry, sensitivity and specificity, veterinary serologic
tests, marker vaccines, viral vaccines immunology, virus shedding.
Cattoli, G., A. Drago, S. Maniero, A. Toffan, E.
Bertoli, S. Fassina, C. Terregino, C. Robbi, G. Vicenzoni, and I. Capua (2004).
Comparison of three rapid detection systems for type A influenza virus on
tracheal swabs of experimentally and naturally infected birds. Avian
Pathology 33(4): 432-7. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, avian diagnosis, poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases
virology, immunoenzyme techniques methods, avian classification, avian
genetics, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods, sensitivity
and specificity, trachea virology, turkeys.
Cattoli, G., C. Terregino, V. Brasola, J.F.
Rodriguez, and I. Capua (2003). Development and preliminary validation of an
ad hoc N1-N3 discriminatory test for the control of avian influenza in Italy.
Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1060-1062. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The development of a discriminatory test,
based on the differentiation between N1 and N3 antibodies, to be used in the
framework of a vaccination program, based on vaccination with a heterologous
H7N3 inactivated vaccine against the Italian H7N1 field virus, is reported. The
indirect immunofluorescence antibody (iIFA) assay was based on the expression
of the N1 protein in a baculovirus system. HighFive(R) insect cells were
transfected with the recombinant virus and used as an antigen in the iIFA test.
Preliminary validation on 608 turkey sera yielded relative sensitivity and
specificity of 98.1% and 95.7%, respectively, when compared to the HI test with
an almost perfect agreement between the two methods (Kappa value = 0.93). It is
concluded that the iIFA test is a valid tool for monitoring avian influenza
infection in a vaccinated population.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, immune system, infection,
antibody differentiation test, immunologic techniques, immunofluorescence
antibody assay, bioassay techniques, laboratory techniques, vaccination,
clinical techniques, influenza control.
Ceron, H.M., V.H. Rodriguez, M.A. Hernandez, R.K.
Blasco, J. Garcia Garcia, and R.G. Webster ( 1996). Estudios basicos de las
cepas de desafio de influenza aviar y evaluacion de la prueba de patogenicidad.
[Basic studies with avian influenza challenge viruses, and evaluation of the
pathogenicity test]. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 45: 50-51.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, basic studies,
challenge, pathogenicity test.
Chu, H.P., N.M. Barhouma, S. Eid, J.R. Fuller, and
M.K. Fuller (1975). Egg yolk haemagglutination-inhibition tests for
Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Proceedings of the 5th World
Veterinary Poultry Association Congress, Munich 1973 II: 1014-1019.
Descriptors: diagnosis, hemagglutination inhibition test,
Newcastle disease, avian influenza, egg yolk, poultry.
Collins, R.A., L.S. Ko, K.L. So, T. Ellis, L.T. Lau,
and A.C.H. Yu (2003). A NASBA method to detect high- and low-pathogenicity
H5 avian influenza viruses. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1069-1074. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
(NASBA) allows the rapid amplification of specific regions of nucleic acid
obtained from a diverse range of sources. It is especially suitable for
amplifying RNA sequences. A NASBA technique was developed that allows the
detection of avian influenza A subtype H5 from allantoic fluid harvested from
inoculated chick embryos. The amplified viral RNA is detected by
electrochemiluminescence. The described NASBA technique is a specific, rapid,
and sensitive method of detection of influenza A subtype H5 viruses. More
importantly, it can be used to distinguish high- and low-pathogenicity strains
of the H5 subtype.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, molecular genetics,
electrochemiluminescence, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques,
nucleic acid amplification, genetic techniques, nucleic acid sequence based
amplification, NASBA.
Collins, R.A., L.S. Ko, K.Y. Fung, K.Y. Chan, J.
Xing, L.T. Lau, and A.C.H. Yu (2003). Rapid and sensitive detection of avian
influenza virus subtype H7 using NASBA. Biochemical and Biophysical
Research Communications 300(2): 507-515.
ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 B5236
Abstract: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
with electrochemiluminescent detection (NASBA/ECL) is an isothermal technique
allowing rapid amplification and detection of specific regions of nucleic acid
from a diverse range of sources. It is especially suitable for amplifying RNA.
A NASBA/ECL technique has been developed allowing the detection of RNA from
avian influenza virus subtype H7 derived from allantoic fluid harvested from
inoculated chick embryos and from cell cultures. Degenerate amplification
primers and amplicon capture probes were designed enabling the detection of low
and highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H7 subtype from the Eurasian and
North American lineages and the Australian sub-lineage. The NASBA/ECL technique
is specific for subtype H7 and does not cross-react with other influenza
subtypes or with viruses containing haemagglutinin-like genes. The assay is 10-
to 100-fold more sensitive than a commercially available antigen capture
immunoassay system. The NASBA/ECL assay could be used in high throughput
poultry screening programmes.
Descriptors: molecular genetics, influenza, diagnosis,
respiratory system disease, viral disease, nucleic acid based amplification
with electrochemiluminescent detection genetic techniques, laboratory
techniques.
Collins, R.A., L.S. Ko, K.L. So, T. Ellis, L.T. Lau,
and A.C.H. Yu (2002). Detection of highly pathogenic and low pathogenic
avian influenza subtype H5 (Eurasian lineage) using NASBA. Journal of
Virological Methods 103(2): 213-225.
ISSN: 0166-0934.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.J6
Abstract: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
(NASBA) is a technique that allows the rapid amplification of specific regions
of nucleic acid obtained from a diverse range of sources. It is especially
suitable for amplifying RNA sequences. A NASBA technique has been developed
that allows the detection of avian influenza A subtype H5 from allantoic fluid
harvested from inoculated chick embryos. The amplified viral RNA is detected by
electrochemiluminescence. The NASBA technique described below is rapid and
specific for the identification of influenza A subtype H5 viruses of the
Eurasian lineage. More importantly, it can be used to distinguish highly
pathogenic and low pathogenic strains of the H5 subtype.
Descriptors: human medicine, infection, methods and
techniques, molecular genetics, DNA sequencing analytical method, recombinant
DNA technology, sequencing techniques, electrochemiluminescence technique
analytical method, applications, description, molecular method, nucleic acid
sequence based amplification technique molecular biology techniques and
chemical characterization, applications, description, molecular method, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction molecular method, polymerase chain
reaction, diagnostics, pathogenicity, viral genetics, virological methodologies
applications, virulence.
Davison, S., A.F. Ziegler, and R.J. Eckroade (1998). Comparison
of an antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay with virus isolation for avian
influenza from field samples. Avian Diseases 42(4): 791-795. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The standard tests used to detect avian
influenza (AI) viral infection include virus isolation from tissues of the
infected birds and the detection of Al antibody in blood or egg yolk. A new
application of an existing human test to rapidly detect the presence of any
influenza A virus is now possible. A commercially available antigen-capture
enzyme immunoassay (AC-EIA), developed for the detection of influenza A in
humans, was tested for relative sensitivity and specificity and for speed of
use in diagnosing nonpathogenic H7N2 AI
in naturally infected poultry. During the recent nonpathogenic H7N2 AI
epornitic, the AC-EIA was used for rapid diagnosis and quarantine decisions.
Between February and August 1997, 1524 samples from 295 commercial layer,
pullet, and broiler flocks were submitted to the Laboratory of Avian Medicine
and Pathology, New Bolton Center, for AI virus isolation and testing by AC-EIA.
The relative specificity of the AC-EIA was 100% and the relative sensitivity
was 79%. We believe that the AC-EIA will
be a useful adjunct to standard AI diagnostic tests.
Descriptors: infection, methods and techniques, veterinary
medicine, avian influenza, detection, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, antigen capture enzyme immunoassay comparison, diagnostic method,
virus isolation comparison, diagnostic method.
de Boer, G.F., W. Back, and A.D. Osterhaus (1990). An
ELISA for detection of antibodies against influenza A nucleoprotein in humans
and various animal species. Archives of Virology 115(1-2):
47-61. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: A double antibody sandwich blocking ELISA,
using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) was
developed to detect antibodies against influenza. Collections of serum samples
were obtained from human and various animal species. All influenza A subtypes
induced antibodies against hemagglutinins and NP. A close correlation between
titers of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the NP-ELISA was seen.
Antibodies against influenza NP were demonstrated in serum samples from humans,
ferrets, swine, horses, chickens, ducks, guinea pigs, mice, and seals. The
serum samples were collected at intervals during prospective epidemiological
studies, from experimental and natural infections, and vaccination studies. The
decline of maternal antibodies was studied in swine and horses. The NP-ELISA
enables rapid serological diagnosis and is suited for influenza A antibody
screening, especially in species which harbor several influenza subtypes. The
HI and neuraminidase inhibition tests, however, must still be used for
subtyping.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, influenza A virus immunology, nucleoproteins immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, viral core proteins immunology,
ferrets, hemagglutination inhibition tests, horses, avian immunology, human
immunology, porcine immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
poultry, prospective studies, Rodentia, seals, species specificity, specific
pathogen free organisms, swine, vaccination.
Durham, S. (2003). A new, rapid test for avian
influenza. Agricultural Research 51(2): 9. ISSN: 0002-161X.
Online: www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/
NAL
Call Number: 1.98 Ag84
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, influenza, poultry
diseases, laboratory tests, rapid methods, reverse transcription, polymerase
chain reaction, pathogenicity, United States.
Dybkaer, K., M. Munch, K.J. Handberg, and P.H. Jorgensen
(2004). Application and evaluation of RT-PCR-ELISA for the nucleoprotein and
RT-PCR for detection of low-pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza
virus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Official
Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians, Inc 16(1): 51-6.
ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL
Call Number: SF774.J68
Abstract: Three 1-tube Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase
Chain Reactions (RT-PCR) directed against the genes encoding the nucleoprotein
(NP) and the H5 and H7 hemagglutinin (HA) gene, respectively, were used for
detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) in various specimens. A total of 1,040
samples originating from chickens experimentally infected with 2 different low
pathogenic avian influenza viruses, from domestic ducks and from wild aquatic
birds were examined. The outcome of 1) the universal AIV RT-PCR including a
PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure directed against NP (NP
RT-PCR-ELISA) and 2) the subtype specific RT-PCR for H5 and H7 were compared to
the results obtained by inoculation of the same specimens into the allantoic
cavity of embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) hen's eggs. Using
inoculation in SPF fowl eggs as standard the sensitivity of the NP RT-PCR-ELISA
and the RT-PCR for H5 or H7 was 91% and 94%, and the corresponding specificity
98% and 96%. In comparison with inoculation into eggs an additional of 9
samples were positive by NP RT-PCR-ELISA and 13 samples were positive by RT-PCR
for one of the HA subtypes. Hence, the 3 RT-PCR procedures described are fast,
sensitive and specific for detecting AIV and subtyping H5 and H7 and they are
obvious alternatives when testing large numbers of samples.
Descriptors: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay veterinary,
hemagglutinins genetics, influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian
classification, avian genetics, avian pathogenicity, nucleoproteins chemistry,
avian isolation and purification, nucleoproteins genetics, poultry diseases
virology, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction veterinary,
antibodies, viral blood, chick embryo, chickens, ducks, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay methods, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
influenza diagnosis, influenza virology, RNA, viral chemistry, viral genetics,
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods, sequence analysis,
DNA, virulence.
Dybkaer, K., M. Munch, K.J. Handberg, and P.H.
Jorgensen (2003). RT-PCR-ELISA as a tool for diagnosis of low-pathogenicity
avian influenza. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1075-1078. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A one-tube reverse transcriptase/polymerase
chain reaction coupled with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR-ELISA)
was developed for the rapid detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) in
clinical specimens. A total of 419 swab pools were analyzed from chickens
experimentally infected with low-pathogenicity AIV, from wild aquatic birds,
and from domestic ducks. The AIV was detected in 32 swab pools by RT-PCR-ELISA
compared to 23 by virus isolation (VI) in embryonated specific pathogen free
(SPF) chicken eggs. Thus, 39% more specimens were positive by RT-PCR-ELISA than
by VI. Two of the twenty-three VI-positive specimens were negative when tested
by RT-PCR-ELISA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR-ELISA
was 91% and 97%, respectively, using VI in SPF eggs as the gold reference
standard.
Descriptors: infection, molecular genetics, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ELISA clinical techniques, diagnostic
techniques, genetic techniques, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques,
clinical specimens.
Elbers, A.R., B. Kamps, and G. Koch (2005). Diagnostische
mogelijkheden van pathologische laesies bij pluimvee voor het opsporen van
uitbraken tijdens de klassieke vogelpestepidemie in Nederland in 2003.
[Diagnostic approaches to pathological lesions in fowl to determine outbreaks
during the classical avian influenza epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003]. Tijdschrift
Voor Diergeneeskunde 130(1): 14.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza pathology, Netherlands
epidemiology, poultry.
Elbers, A.R., B. Kamps, and G. Koch (2004). Performance
of gross lesions at postmortem for the detection of outbreaks during the avian
influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003. Avian
Pathology 33(4): 418-22. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian, influenza, avian diagnosis, poultry diseases epidemiology, chickens,
edema pathology, edema veterinary, epidemiology, pathology, neck pathology,
Netherlands epidemiology, peritonitis pathology, peritonitis veterinary,
poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases pathology, tracheitis pathology,
tracheitis veterinary.
Elkin, V.S., R.I.A. Podcherniaeva, E.V. Sidorenko,
F.E. Sadykhova, and T.A. Ignatenko (1988). Vyiavlenie antitel s pomoshch'iu
rekombinantnykh shtammov virusov grippa v syvorotakh razlichnykh vidov ptits,
tsirkuliruiushchikh na territorii Ukrainskoi i Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR. [Detection
of antibodies using recombinant strains of influenza viruses in the sera of
various species of birds circulating in the territories of the Ukrainian and
Azerbaijan SSRs]. Voprosy Virusologii 33(6): 674-6. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Examinations of blood sera from different
species of birds trapped in the Ukrainian and Azerbaijan SSRs using diagnostic
preparations from the influenza A/sea gull/Maryland/704/77 virus strain and a
recombinant R117 derived from it revealed the presence of antibodies to
hemagglutinin H13. The diagnostic preparation produced from the recombinant
strain was found to be more active in the detection of antibodies in avian
sera.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, birds immunology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, recombination, genetic, Azerbaijan,
hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, avian genetics, Ukraine.
Ellis, T.M., L. Hustas, J.S. MacKenzie, and I.M.
Watson (1988). Rapid detection of group specific influenza A virus antigen
[avian influenza; fowl plague]. Australian Veterinary Journal
65(11): 357-358. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus, antigens,
diagnosis, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes,
immunological factors, immunology, influenza virus, livestock, poultry, useful
animals, viruses.
Fatunmbi, O.O., J.A. Newman, V. Sivanandan, and D.A.
Halvorson (1989). A broad-spectrum avian influenza subtype antigen for
indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Diseases 33(2):
264-9. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A broad-spectrum viral antigen for the
detection of avian-influenza-virus-specific antibodies, using the indirect
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was identified. Purified and
disrupted antigens were used, which helped to increase the sensitivity of the
assay. All of the antigens tested were able to detect antibodies to homologous
and heterologous viruses to varying degrees. The H9N2 antigen was the best
single antigen to use in the ELISA to screen for avian influenza virus
antibodies. It detected antibodies against six viruses as early as day 4
postinfection.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, antigens, viral
immunology, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, fowl plague immunology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, antigens, viral analysis, turkeys
immunology.
Fatunmbi, O.O., J.A. Newman, V. Sivanandan, and D.A.
Halvorson (1992). Efficacy of avridine and liposomes as adjuvants for avian
influenza virus antigens in turkeys. Avian Pathology 21(2): 225-237. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: disease control, adjuvants, avian influenza
virus antigens, vaccines, turkeys.
Forsyth, W.M., D.C. Grix, and C.A. Gibson (1993). Diagnosis
of highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens: Bendigo 1992. Australian Veterinary Journal 70(3):
118-9. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, antibodies, viral analysis,
chickens, Victoria epidemiology.
Hadjiev, G., V. Bumbarov, Y. Ivanov, G. Kostov, and
S.Z.B. Thracian University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2000). Preparation
of diagnostic agents-ingredients for ELISA and use of double sandwich
procedures for detection of antigens and antibodies in avian influenza A
(grippe). Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3(4):
163-170. ISSN: 1311-1477.
Abstract: Type-specific antigens from horioallantoic
membranes (HAM) and allanto-amnionic fluids (AAF) of chicken embryos (CE),
infected with a referent avian influenza virus strain (AIV) subtype H2, as well
as corresponding hyperimmune rabbit anf guinea pig sera were prepared. The
latter, being highly specific and with a high sensitivity, were used as
ingredients in an indirect double-sandwich ELISA procedure for detection of
type-specific antigen of AIV and antibodies against it in a blockade double
sandwich ELISA procedure. The results of blockade ELISA, applied to 916 hen
sera from different farms from different regions of the country and to 11 sera
from wild birds revealed no antibodies against AIV. Seven hundried and sixty
eight of these sera where parallely studied in agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
test and the results were negative as well. The studies, performed in the
period 1993-1998 for isolation of AIV in Ce from viscera of 212 carcasses from
13 domestic and wild avian species, gave negative results.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, antigens, antibodies,
serotypes, ELISA, immunodiffusion tests,
biological differences, immunoenzyme techniques, immunological factors,
immunological techniques, immunoprecipitation tests, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Hadjiev, G., G. Kostov, I. Chenchev, V. Bumbarov, Y.
Ivanov, and S.Z.B. Thracian University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2000). Preparation
of diagnosticums from referent avian influenza A virus (grippe) strains and
attempts for the detection of the disease in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Journal
of Veterinary Medicine 3(2-3): 81-88.
ISSN: 1311-1477.
Abstract: Inactivated antigens from the allantoamnionic
fluids (AAF) and chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of chicken embryos (CE)
infected with the avian influenza A virus (grippe) were prepared. Referent
viral strains from the subtypes H-2, H-5, H-6 and H-8 were used for that
purpose. The titres for the 50% endpoint infection dose (EID50) of strains for
HE were within the range 5.52-8.26 lg/ml and their haemagglutination titers -
from 1:256 to 1:512. The antigens were predominantly used for screening studies
of avian sera with the tests: agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID),
haemagglutination inhibition (HI), complement fixation reaction (CFR) (with
informative purpose) and the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIFR). With
the AGID test, positive seroreagents were detected among samples from 2 farms.
Using RHI in a previous period in other 2 farms, there were positive samples
against the H-5 subtype.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, antigens, immune
serum, immunodiffusion tests, hemagglutination tests, complement fixation
tests, immunofluorescence, agglutination tests, immunological factors,
immunological techniques, immunoprecipitation tests, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Harley, V.R., P.J. Hudson, B.E. Coupar, P.W. Selleck,
H. Westbury, and D.B. Boyle (1990). Vaccinia virus expression and sequence
of an avian influenza nucleoprotein gene: potential use in diagnosis. Archives
of Virology 113(1-2): 133-41. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: The nucleoprotein (NP) gene from avian
influenza strain A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 (H6N5) was cloned, sequenced, and
expressed in vaccinia virus for the production of potent sera in immunised
rabbits. The NP gene is 1565 bp and shares greater than 95% amino acid sequence
identity with other NPs of the avian subtype. The recombinant NP expressed by
vaccinia virus comigrated with endogenous A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 NP by Western
blot analysis. Polyclonal rabbit sera raised against recombinant NP was
evaluated in an antigen capture ELISA system as a potential diagnostic tool for
the detection of avian influenza. All type A strains, comprising several HA and
NA subtypes, but not type B nor other avian viruses, were detected.
Descriptors: fowl plague diagnosis, genes viral, influenza
A virus avian genetics, nucleoproteins genetics, vaccinia virus genetics, viral
core proteins, viral proteins genetics, amino acid sequence, antibodies, viral
immunology, base sequence, blotting, southern, cloning, molecular, DNA, viral,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, avian immunology, molecular sequence data,
nucleoproteins immunology, predictive value of tests, thymidine kinase
genetics, vaccinia virus immunology, viral proteins immunology.
Horimoto, T. and Y. Kawaoka (1995). Direct reverse
transcriptase PCR to determine virulence potential of influenza A viruses in
birds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33(3): 748-751. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: A reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used
for rapid determination of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence, a
marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses. When applied to
specimens from chickens experimentally infected with either a virulent or an
avirulent virus, RT-PCR uniformly detected the HA gene, even in specimens that
were negative for virus by standard testing in eggs. This technique, combined
with sequencing of the HA cleavage site, offers a rapid and sensitive way to
assess the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses. Early detection of
field isolates with virulence-associated structural motifs at the HA cleavage
site would allow better control of influenza among large poultry populations.
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, PCR, experimental infection, in vivo experimentation,
agglutinins, genes, biological properties, birds, cell structure, chromosomes,
disease transmission, domestic animals, domesticated birds, experimentation,
Galliformes, infection, influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties,
nucleus, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, poultry, proteins, useful animals, viruses,
hemagglutinins.
Huang ShuJian
(1999). The diagnosis and control of avian influenza. Poultry
Husbandry and Diseases Control (8): 8-10.
Descriptors: disease control, diagnosis, avian influenza
virus, China.
Jin, M., G. Wang, R. Zhang, S. Zhao, H. Li, Y. Tan,
and H. Chen (2004). Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with
nucleoprotein as antigen for detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus.
Avian Diseases 48(4): 870-8.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract:
During the avian influenza outbreak of
2003-04 in Southeast Asia, two avian influenza viruses (AIV), one of H5N1
subtype and the other H9N2 subtype, were isolated and identified from local
farms. The nudeoprotein (NP) gene of the H5N1 AI isolate was cloned, and the
segment encoding amino acid 47-384, which covers its major antigenic domains,
was subcloned and expressed in E. coli. Subsequently, the NP (47-384)
expression product was purified and used as the diagnostic antigen to develop a
NP-based type-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
detecting antibodies to AI from chicken sera. The ELISA is shown to be specific
for AIV and does not cross-react with chicken sera that has antibodies to other
avian viruses. The NP(47-384)-ELISA was compared with a hemagglutination
inhibition test and a commercial AIV ELISA kit in evaluating 150 sera samples
from experimentally AIV-infected or vaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF)
chickens. Our NP(47-384)-ELISA was more sensitive than the two tests and showed
an 82% agreement ratio with the HI test and an 80.67% agreement ratio with the
commercial kit. The NP(47-384)-ELISA and the commercial AIV ELISA were used to
evaluate 448 field sera samples from diseased chickens or vaccinated chickens
during the 2003-04 AI outbreak in China. The two ELISA tests had a 95%
agreement ratio. We conclude that the NP(47-384)-ELISA developed in our
laboratory was specific and sensitive and it has great application potential in
China's long-term prevention and control of AI.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay methods, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, nucleoproteins immunology, viral proteins immunology, amino acid
sequence, chick embryo, chickens, avian immunology, avian influenza diagnosis,
molecular sequence data, nucleoproteins chemistry, reagent kits, diagnostic,
reproducibility of results, specific pathogen free organisms, viral proteins
chemistry.
Jover, A., R. Manvell, R. Jackson, A. Medrano, A.
Pages, and C. Artigas (2004). Screening for avian influenza: do it now! World
Poultry 20(3): 26-27. ISSN:
1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: antibody testing, disease control, disease prevention,
disease transmission, ELISA, public health, screening, zoonoses, avian
influenza virus.
Kaleta, E.F., H. Will, E. Bernius, W. Kruse, and A.L.
Bolte (1998). Zum serologischen Nachweis virusbedingter Infektionen bei der
Hausgans ( Anser anser dom.). [The serologic detection of virus-induced
infections in the domestic goose (Anser anser dom.)]. Tierarztliche
Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere Nutztiere 26(4): 234-8. ISSN: 1434-1220.
NAL
Call Number: SF603.V43
Abstract: The most important virus-induced diseases
associated with heavy losses in the domestic goose are Derzsy's disease which
is caused by a goose parvovirus and duck plague (duck viral enteritis) which is
caused by an avian herpesvirus. Both diseases still occur but can be prevented
by timely vaccinations. Antibodies against Influenza A viruses of the subtypes
H1, H5, and H7 as well as against avian paramyxoviruses of the serogroups 4, 6,
and 8, respectively, were not detected in any of the examined sera. However,
antibodies against paramyxovirus type 1 were detected in sera of one source.
Haemagglutination inhibition or neutralizing antibodies against avian
adenoviruses (EDS76 virus and goose adenovirus of the serotypes 1, 2, and 3)
were quite often detected. Based on the present knowledge their pathogenic
potential is minor. Neutralizing antibodies against a reovirus originating from
Muscovy ducks and against a chicken reovirus (strain U Con S 1133) were quite
frequently detected. In 35 of 564 examined geese sera hepatitis B virus was
found.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, geese, poultry
diseases diagnosis, virus diseases veterinary, aviadenovirus immunology,
avulavirus immunology, hepatitis B virus, duck immunology, hepatitis virus,
duck immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, parvovirus immunology,
poultry diseases prevention and control, reoviridae immunology, virus diseases
diagnosis, virus diseases prevention and control.
Kodihalli, S., V. Sivanandan, D.A. Halvorson, K.V.
Nagaraja, and M.C. Kumar (1993). Antigen-capture ELISA for rapid diagnosis
of avian influenza virus in commercial turkey flocks. Journal of
Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Official Publication of the American
Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc 5(3): 438-40. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL
Call Number: SF774.J68
Descriptors: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay veterinary,
fowl plague diagnosis, poultry diseases diagnosis, turkeys microbiology,
antigens, viral analysis, cloaca microbiology, enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay methods, fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, poultry diseases microbiology, sensitivity and specificity,
trachea microbiology.
Kodihalli, S., V. Sivanandan, K.V. Nagaraja, S.M.
Goyal, and D.A. Halvorson (1993). Antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay for
detection of avian influenza virus in turkeys. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 54(9): 1385-1390.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: A double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA)
was developed for detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) antigen. A
monoclonal antibody to the viral nucleoprotein (NP) was used to coat the ELISA
plates. A direct DAS-ELISA and an indirect DAS-ELISA were evaluated. In the
direct DAS-ELISA, monoclonal antibody to the AIV NP conjugated with horseradish
peroxidase was used. The direct DAS-ELISA was evaluated for its sensitivity to
detect purified NP; this procedure detected as little as 0.1 ng. In the
indirect DAS-ELISA, rabbit NP antibody and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated
goat anti-rabbit immunoglobin were used as primary and secondary antibodies,
respectively. The indirect DAS-ELISA was evaluated for its ability to detect
the AIV antigen in tracheal and cloacal specimens from turkeys inoculated with
AIV. Results of indirect DAS-ELISA were compared with those of conventional
virus isolation. Percentage agreement between indirect DAS-ELISA and virus
isolation in AIV-positive samples was found to be 76.1% and, in AIV-negative
samples, it was found to be 82.1%. These results indicate that the DAS-ELISA
might be a viable alternative to virus isolation because of its rapidity,
compared with virus isolation.
Descriptors: turkeys, ELISA, avian influenza virus,
antigens, monoclonal antibodies, animal viruses, proteins, antibodies, birds,
Galliformes, immunoenzyme techniques, immunological factors, immunological
techniques, immunology, influenza virus, viruses, viral nucleoproteins, viral
antigens.
Kodihalli, S. (1993). Diagnosis and Control of
Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Turkeys, p. viii, 148 leaves, ill.
Descriptors: avian influenza, diagnosis, control, turkeys.
Lagata, J.R., V. Sivanandan, A.S. Abraham, and J.A.
Newman (1985). Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin of avian influenza
virus. Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. 66(Abstract 327): 60.
NAL
Call Number: SF605.C59
Descriptors: hemagglutinins, avian influenza virus,
diagnosis, monoclonal antibodies, turkeys, ducks.
Lagutkin, N.A. (1991). Aspects of the laboratory
diagnosis of avian influenza and Newcastle disease. Veterinariia
(3): 29-32. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: laboratory diagnosis, Newcastle disease,
avian influenza virus.
Lamichhane, C.M. and L. Kirkegaard Jr. (1997). ELISA
for the detection of antibodies to avian influenza type A virus in chicken sera.
Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 46: 81.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: ELISA, detection, antibodies, avian
influenza, chicken, sera, type A virus.
Lamichhane, C.M., D.E. Swayne, M. Blankfard, B.
Erickson, and J. Beck (1996). Elisa for the detection of antibody to avian
influenza type A virus in chicken and turkey serum. Proceedings of the
Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 56-57.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, avian influenza virus,
birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza virus,
livestock, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Landgraf, J.G., J.E. Pearson, and D.A.n.p. Senne
(1984). Laboratory diagnosis of avian influenza. Proceedings of the
Western Poultry Diseases Conference 33: 3-4.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: laboratory diagnosis, avian influenza virus.
Lau, L.T., J. Banks, R. Aherne, I.H. Brown, N.
Dillon, R.A. Collins, K.Y. Chan, Y.W. Fung, J. Xing, and A.C. Yu (2004). Nucleic
acid sequence-based amplification methods to detect avian influenza virus. Biochemical
and Biophysical Research Communications 313(2): 336-42. ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 B5236
Abstract: Infection of poultry with highly pathogenic
avian influenza virus (AIV) can be devastating in terms of flock morbidity and
mortality, economic loss, and social disruption. The causative agent is
confined to certain isolates of influenza A virus subtypes H5 and H7. Due to
the potential of direct transfer of avian influenza to humans, continued
research into rapid diagnostic tests for influenza is therefore necessary. A
nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) method was developed to
detect a portion of the haemagglutinin gene of avian influenza A virus subtypes
H5 and H7 irrespective of lineage. A further NASBA assay, based on the matrix
gene, was able to detect examples of all known subtypes (H1-H15) of avian
influenza virus. The entire nucleic acid isolation, amplification, and
detection procedure was completed within 6h. The dynamic range of the three AIV
assays was five to seven orders of magnitude. The assays were sensitive and
highly specific, with no cross-reactivity to phylogenetically or clinically
relevant viruses. The results of the three AIV NASBA assays correlated with
those obtained by viral culture in embryonated fowl's eggs.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, genetics, isolation and
purification, self sustained sequence replication methods, base sequence,
birds, chick embryo, DNA primers genetics, DNA probes genetics, diagnosis,
virology, sensitivity and specificity, species specificity, swine.
Lee, C.W. and D.L. Suarez (2004). Application of
real-time RT-PCR for the quantitation and competitive replication study of H5
and H7 subtype avian influenza virus. Journal of Virological Methods
119(2): 151-8. ISSN: 0166-0934.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.J6
Abstract: Avian influenza (AI) viruses are endemic in
wild birds and if transmitted to poultry can cause serious economic losses. In
the study of AI, the quantitation of virus shed from infected birds is valuable
in pathogenesis studies and to determine the effectiveness of vaccines, and is
performed routinely by cultivation of virus containing samples using
embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) and expressed by 50% egg infectious dose
(EID(50)). Although, this assay is accurate and is the standard test for
infectious virus titration, the method is laborious, requires a large number of
ECE, and takes at least 7 days to determine results. In this study, a one-tube
hydrolysis fluorescent probe based real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) was applied for
the quantitation of AI virus and compared with conventional virus titration
method. A strong positive correlation was observed between the amount of RNA
determined by quantitative RRT-PCR and the EID(50)s determined by conventional
methods. This RRT-PCR test was further applied in the study of competitive
replication of co-infected H5 and H7 subtype viruses in chickens. Using
hemagglutinin subtype specific probes, we were able to determine the amount of
individual subtype virus, which could not have easily been done with
conventional methods. This RRT-PCR based quantitation of AI virus, which is
specific, sensitive, easy to perform, and rapid, will be useful for
virological, pathogenesis, and protection studies.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian physiology, avian
classification, avian genetics, avian isolation and purification, poultry,
sensitivity and specificity, poultry diseases virology, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction methods, virus replication, fluorescent dyes,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus analysis.
Levi, R., T. Beeor Tzahar, and R. Arnon (1995). Microculture
virus titration--a simple colourimetric assay for influenza virus titration.
Journal of Virological Methods 52(1-2): 55-64. ISSN: 0166-0934.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.J6