Zoonotic Implications
Abbott, A. and D. Cyranoski (2004). Bird flu
sparks worldwide bid to prevent human pandemic. Nature 427(6972): 274. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL
Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: influenza prevention and control, influenza
veterinary, poultry diseases epidemiology, zoonoses epidemiology, Asia
epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, influenza transmission, influenza A
virus, avian isolation and purification, poultry diseases prevention and
control, poultry diseases transmission, poultry diseases virology, World Health
Organization, zoonoses transmission, zoonoses virology.
Akkina, R.K. (1990). Antigenic reactivity and
electrophoretic migrational heterogeneity of the three polymerase proteins of
type A human and animal influenza viruses. Archives of Virology
111(3-4): 187-97. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Antigenic reactivity of the three polymerase
proteins PB1, PB2, and PA of type A influenza viruses of animal and human
origin were analysed by radioimmunoprecipitation using monospecific antisera.
Each of the polymerase monospecific antisera made against the polymerase
proteins of the human A/WSN/33 (H1N1) influenza virus reacted efficiently with
the homologous proteins of all the known thirteen HA subtype viruses of avian
influenza virus, three subtypes of human influenza virus, swine and equine
influenza viruses. This broad reactivity of each of the antisera indicated that
the polymerase proteins are antigenically related among the type A influenza
viruses and therefore can be considered as type specific antigens similar to
the other viral internal proteins nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein (M). No
electrophoretic migrational heterogeneity was found among the PB2 proteins of
different subtype viruses, whereas PB1 protein exhibited minor variation.
However, PA protein from among various viral subtypes showed considerable
heterogeneity. Each of the polymerase antisera also immunoprecipitated
additional antigenically related polypeptides with distinct electrophoretic
mobilities from cells infected with each of the influenza viral subtypes.
Descriptors: DNA directed RNA polymerases immunology,
influenza A virus human enzymology, influenza A virus enzymology, viral
proteins immunology, antigens, viral immunology, human immunology, influenza A
virus immunology, precipitin tests.
Alexander, D.J. (1998). Avian influenza viruses
and pandemic influenza in humans. State Veterinary Journal (United
Kingdom) 8(3): 8-10.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.S8
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, viroses, mankind,
zoonoses, pathogenicity, biological properties, infectious diseases, influenza
virus, microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, viruses, influenza.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). How dangerous are avian
influenza viruses for humans? World Poultry (Special): 11-12. ISSN: 1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: zoonoses, pathogenesis, avian influenza
virus, poultry, humans, dangers.
Alexander, D.J. (1988). Influenza A isolations
from exotic caged birds. Veterinary Record 123(17): 442. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: birds microbiology, fowl plague epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, England, fowl plague
microbiology, quarantine.
Altmuller, A., W.M. Fitch, and C. Scholtissek (1989).
Biological and genetic evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of human
influenza A viruses. Journal of General Virology 70(Pt. 8): 2111-9.
ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: There is a significant difference in the
ability of human influenza A virus H1N1 strains isolated up to 1977 and those
isolated later to rescue temperature-sensitive mutants of fowl plague virus
with a defect in the nucleoprotein (NP) gene. Therefore the NP genes of five
human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A virus strains, isolated between 1950 and 1978,
have been sequenced. By comparison with previous and more recent isolates, an
evolutionary pathway has been established. Three amino acid replacements were
found which might be responsible for the functional difference between the USSR
(1977) and the Brazil (1978) strains. The California (H1N1) strain isolated in
1978 had acquired by reassortment the NP gene of a human H3N2 virus circulating
at about 1977 as had been previously suggested by investigations involving
RNase fingerprint or hybridization techniques.
Descriptors: evolution, genes viral, influenza A virus
human genetics, nucleoproteins genetics, viral core proteins, viral proteins
genetics, amino acid sequence, base sequence, chick embryo, chickens, influenza
A virus avian genetics, molecular sequence data, mutation, sequence homology,
nucleic acid.
Altmuller, A., M. Kunerl, K. Muller, V.S. Hinshaw,
W.M. Fitch, and C. Scholtissek (1992). Genetic relatedness of the
nucleoprotein (NP) of recent swine, turkey, and human influenza A virus (H1N1)
isolates. Virus Research 22(1): 79-87. ISSN: 0168-1702.
NAL
Call Number: QR375.V6
Abstract: The sequences of nucleoprotein (NP) genes of
recent human and turkey isolates of influenza A viruses, which serologically
could be correlated to contemporary swine viruses, were determined. These
sequences were closely related to the NPs of these swine viruses and they
formed a separate branch on the phylogenetic tree. While the early swine virus
from 1931 resembled the avian strains in consensus amino acids of the NP and in
its ability to rescue NP ts mutants of fowl plague virus in chicken embryo
cells, the later strains on that branch were different: at 15 positions they
have their own amino acids and they rescued the NP ts mutants only poorly. Of
the NPs of the human New Jersey/76 isolates analysed, one clustered with the
recent H1N1 swine viruses of the U.S.A., the other one with contemporary human
strains. Since the NP is one of the main determinants of species specificity it
is concluded that, although the H1N1 swine isolates from the U.S.A. form their
own branch in the phylogenetic tree, they can be transmitted to humans and
turkeys, but they do not spread further in these populations and so far have
not contributed to human pandemics. It is not very likely that they will do so
in future, since its branch in the phylogenetic tree develops further away from
the human and avian branch.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian genetics, human
genetics, porcine genetics, nucleoproteins genetics, fowl plague microbiology,
influenza microbiology, phylogeny, sequence homology, nucleic acid, turkeys.
Anonymous (1999). Avian strain of influenza A
virus isolated from humans in Hong Kong. Communicable Disease Report.
CDR Weekly 9(15): 131, 134. ISSN:
1350-9357.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, influenza epidemiology,
influenza A virus avian, child, preschool, Hong Kong epidemiology, infant.
Anonymous (1998). From the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from
humans--Hong Kong, May-December 1997. JAMA the Journal of the American
Medical Association 279(4): 263-4.
ISSN: 0098-7484.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, adolescent, adult, child, child, preschool,
Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza virology, middle aged.
Anonymous (1998). From the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Update: isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses
from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. JAMA the Journal of the American
Medical Association 279(5): 347-8.
ISSN: 0098-7484.
NAL
Call Number: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Hong Kong epidemiology,
seroepidemiologic studies.
Anonymous (1997). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
infection in humans. Communicable Disease Report. CDR Weekly 7(50):
441. ISSN: 1350-9357.
Descriptors: fowl plague transmission, influenza
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian classification, adolescent, bacterial
typing techniques, chickens, child,
preschool, fowl plague epidemiology, Hong Kong epidemiology, incidence, avian
isolation and purification, middle aged, survival rate.
Anonymous (1998). Isolation of avian influenza
A(H5N1) viruses from humans - Hong Kong, 1997-1998. MMWR. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report 46(52/53): 1245-1247. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Descriptors: avian influenza, human infection,
transmission, Hong Kong.
Anonymous (1997). Isolation of avian influenza
A(H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, May-December 1997. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46(50): 1204-7. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: A strain of influenza virus that previously
was known to infect only birds has been associated with infection and illness
in humans in Hong Kong. The first known human case of influenza type A(H5N1)
occurred in a 3-year-old child who died from respiratory failure in May 1997.
In Hong Kong, the virus initially was identified as influenza type A, but the
subtype could not be determined using standard reagents. By August, CDC; the
National Influenza Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and the National
Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom, had independently
identified the virus as influenza A(H5N1). An investigation conducted during
August-September by the Hong Kong Department of Health and CDC excluded the
possibility of laboratory contamination. Since this initial case was
identified, six additional persons in Hong Kong have been confirmed to have influenza
A(H5N1) infection, and two possible cases have been identified. This report
summarizes the nine cases identified thus far and describes preliminary
findings from the ongoing investigation, which indicate that multiple influenza
A(H5N1) infections have occurred and that both the source and mode of
transmission are uncertain at this time.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, adolescent, adult, child, child, preschool,
Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza virology, middle aged.
Anonymous (2004). Lessons from the outbreak of
avian influenza across Asia. Indian Veterinary Journal 81(3):
A9. ISSN: 0019-6479.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 In2
Descriptors: avian influenza virus infection, quarantine,
clinical techniques, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, World
Health Organization, Office International des Epizooties, Asia.
Anonymous (1998). Update: isolation of avian
influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. MMWR.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 46(52-53): 1245-7. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL
Call Number: RA407.3.M56
Abstract: As of January 6, 1998, a total of 16
confirmed and three suspected cases of human infection with avian influenza
A(H5N1) viruses have been identified in Hong Kong. Confirmed cases are those
from which an influenza A(H5N1) virus was isolated or in which a seroconversion
to influenza A(H5N1) virus was detected by a neutralization assay. Suspected
cases are those with influenza-like illness (ILI) and preliminary laboratory
evidence of influenza A(H5N1) infection. This report summarizes interim
findings from the ongoing epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of
influenza A(H5N1) cases by health officials in Hong Kong and by CDC.
Descriptors: influenza epidemiology, influenza virology,
influenza A virus avian isolation and purification, Hong Kong epidemiology,
seroepidemiologic studies.
Austin, F.J. and R.G. Webster (1986). Antigenic
mapping of an avian H1 influenza virus haemagglutinin and interrelationships of
H1 viruses from humans, pigs and birds. Journal of General Virology
67(Pt. 6): 983-92. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL
Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin
(HA) of the avian H1 influenza virus A/duck/Alberta/35/76 were used to
construct an operational antigenic map of the HA molecule and to study the
interrelationships of H1 viruses from different hosts. Haemagglutination
inhibition tests between the monoclonal antibodies and variants selected by
them provided evidence of four antigenic regions which overlap to varying
degrees. Avian H1 influenza viruses displayed a spectrum of reactivities to the
monoclonal antibody panel. Representatives of the epidemic strains of human H1
influenza viruses and early swine influenza viruses showed little or no
reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies but swine influenza-like viruses
isolated from pigs and humans in the last decade reacted with 11 of 17
antibodies. The antigenic similarity of these viruses to many avian isolates suggests
that there has been a transfer of HA genetic information between mammalian and
avian H1 influenza viruses.
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral immunology, influenza A
virus avian immunology, antibodies, monoclonal diagnostic use, epitopes, human
immunology, porcine immunology, species specificity.
Aymard, M., A.R. Douglas, M. Fontaine, J.M. Gourreau,
C. Kaiser, J. Million, and J.J. Skehel (1985). Antigenic characterization of
influenza A (H1N1) viruses recently isolated from pigs and turkeys in France.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63(3): 537-42. ISSN: 0042-9686.
NAL
Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Descriptors: antigens, viral analysis, influenza A virus
avian immunology, porcine immunology, immunology, swine microbiology, turkeys
microbiology, France, avian isolation and purification, porcine isolation and
purification.
Ayoub, N.N.K., G. Heider, H. Glathe, K. Ziedler, D.
Ebner, and E. Prusas (1974). Influenza-A-Antikorper (human) beim Geflugel.
[Influenza A antibodies (human) in poultry]. Monatshefte Fur
Veterinarmedizin 29(4): 139-143.
ISSN: 0026-9263.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 M742
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, serum samples,
turkeys, fowl, zoonoses, human strains,
Hong Kong strain, Singapore strain, antibodies.
Banbura, M.W., Y. Kawaoka, T.L. Thomas, and R.G.
Webster (1991). Reassortants with equine 1 (H7N7) influenza virus
hemagglutinin in an avian influenza virus genetic background are pathogenic in
chickens. Virology 184(1): 469-471.
ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 V81
Abstract: Reassortants possessing the hemagglutinin
(HA) gene from A/Equine/London/1416/73 (H7N7) [Eq/Lond) and five or more genes
from A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (H5N2) [Ck/Penn] were lethal in chickens.
This result demonstrates that horses can maintain influenza viruses whose HAs
are capable of promoting virulence. Thus, reassortment of equine and avian
influenza virus genes could generate viruses that might be lethal in domestic
poultry.
Descriptors: fowls, horses, avian influenza virus, equine
influenza virus, hemagglutinins, genes, amino acids, virulence, pathogenicity,
mortality, molecular sequence data, EMBL m58657, GENBANK m58657.