Table 2: Selected Clinical Observations Used in Cancer Research and Toxicological Studies

Parameter	What to Look for
General Appearance	Dehydration, decreased body weight, missing anatomy, abnormal posture, hypothermia, fractured appendage, swelling, tissue masses, prolapse, paraphimosis
Skin and fur	Discoloration, urine stain, pallor, redness, cyanosis, icterus, wound, sore, abscess, ulcer, alopecia, ruffled fur
Eyes	Exophthalmos, microphthalmia, ptosis, reddened eye, lacrimation, discharge, opacity
Nose, mouth, and head	Head tilted, nasal discharge, malocclusion, salivation
Respiration	Sneezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, rales
Urine	Discoloration, blood in urine, polyuria, anuria
Feces	Discoloration, blood in feces, softness/diarrhea
Locomotor	Hyperactivity, hypoactivity, coma, ataxia, circling, muscle, tremors, convulsion/seizure, limb paralysis, prostration

Montgomery, C.A. Jr. (1990). Cancer Bulletin 42(4): 230-237.

This table was referenced in: Olfert, Ernest D. "Defining an Acceptable Endpoint in Invasive Experiments," Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter, 6(1):3-7, Spring 1995.

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December 30, 1997
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