United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center

Housing, Husbandry, Care & Welfare of Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant, Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot & Others) AWIC Resource Series No. 26 - February 2004 Updated by: Housing, Husbandry, Care & Welfare of Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant, Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot & Others) , May 2008   Updates - Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant, Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot), QB94-26, April 1994 by Michael D. Kreger http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb9426.htm Compiled by: Richard L. Crawford, D.V.M. D’Anna Jensen, B.S., LATG Heidi Erickson, Ph.D. Tim Allen, M.S. Animal Welfare Information Center National Agricultural Library U.S. Department of Agriculture Published by: U. S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Contact Us Web site: http://awic.nal.usda.gov Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Policies and Links Information on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found at http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml. Please read carefully as there are certain restrictions on media and document types.

This publication is an update and expansion of the previous publication (QB-94-26), dated December 1980 - December 1993. The references listed in this publication were selected from various resources and arranged in six alphabetical sections: Analgesia/Anesthesia; Anatomy; Care/Behavior/Husbandry/Biology/Enrichment; Diseases/Parasites/Conditions; Feeding/Nutrition and Veterinary. Abstracts are included when available. Reference citations are listed chronologically and alphabetically. The citations in this publication pertain basically to wild/exotic birds and those used in research. Production birds such as chickens are not included here but there are a few citations on ducks and turkeys which may have application to other birds in general. Also, there are some references pertaining to the commercial use of birds, such as ostrich and emu, when the information might have application to other birds. Birds are presently being brought under regulation by USDA, APHIS, Animal Care. This will affect research facilities, exhibitors, dealers and transporters. It is hoped this publication will provide a useful reference source for anyone handling or caring for birds. An additional section of Selected Websites is included at the end of the publication.

Anaesthesia of Birds. Lightfoot, T.; Coles, G. (ed); Dobson, J, (ed); Elliot, J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill, P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed); Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed); Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Program: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 46^th Annual Congress, Birmingham, UK, Apr. 2003, p. 404-405. ISBN: 0905214773.

            Descriptors: birds, avian species, anesthesia, pain, methods.

2002

Air sac functional anatomy of the sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) during isoflurane anesthesia. Jaensch, Susan M.; Cullen, Len; Raidal, Shane R. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mar. 2002, v. 16 (1), p. 2-9. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Cacatua galerita, sedation, isoflurane, anesthesia, air sacs, anatomy, blood gas analysis.

Abstract: The air sac functional anatomy of sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatus galerita) during isoflurane anesthesia was studied by evaluation of respiratory casts of sulphur-crested cockatoos, blood gas analysis, and air sac gas analyses. The air sac anatomy of the sulphur-crested cockatoo was different from that described previously in psittacine bird species, with more extensive cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs and smaller abdominal air sacs. Blood gas analysis results indicated arterial and venous hyperoxia as a result of using 100% 0₂ as the anesthetic carrier gas, the significance of which in birds is currently unclear. Cranial and caudal thoracic air sac oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PO₂ and PCO₂, respectively) were similar to those previously described in birds ventilated with 100% 0₂. Clavicular air sac Pos and POC₂ were significantly lower than the cranial thoracic air sac, indicating significantly less ventilation of the clavicular air sac than of either the cranial or caudal air sacs.

Anaesthesie und Analgesie bei Ziervogein. [Anesthesia and analgesia of pet birds.] Hatt, J.M. Schweizer Archiv fuer Tieheilkunde, Nov. 2002, v. 144 (11), p. 606-613. ISSN: 0036-7281. Note: In German.

            NAL call no: 41.8 SCH9

            Descriptors: birds, analgesia, anesthesia, clinical techniques.

Abstract: Pet birds are frequently viewed as difficult patients for anaesthesia. The present paper revises the current anaesthetic procedures for injectable and inhalant anaesthetics. Currently the method of choice for the anaesthesia of pet birds is the isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia. Special emphasis is given to the preanaesthetic preparations. Fasting is shorter for pet birds than for mammals. Anaesthetized birds are at special risk for hypothermia. Methods for the prevention of heat loss are given. The use of analgesics are recommended both for welfare reasons but also because of the possibility to reduce the concentration of inhalation anaesthetics and therefore the amount of possible exposure of personnel to waste gases.

Anesthesia and analgesia in the avian patient. Echols, M.S.; Marx, K.L.(ed).; Roston, M.A. Proceedings of the 23^rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 28-30, 2002, p. 10-19.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, aviary birds, pain, respiration, reviews.

Assessment of the analgesic effects of ketoprofen in ducks anesthetized with isoflurane. Machin, K.L.; Livingstone, A. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Jun. 2002, v. 63 (6), p. 821-826. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 medetoAm3A

            Descriptors: ducks, ketoprofen, drug effects, heart rate, respiration rate, dosage.

Abstract: Objective: To determine whether administration of ketoprofen would have analgesic effects in spontaneously breathing ducks anesthetized with isoflurane. Animals: 13 healthy adult wild-strain Mallard ducks. Procedure: Each duck was anesthetized twice in a crossover study design with 6 days between randomized treatments. Ducks were given ketoprofen (5 mg/kg, IM) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution after a constant plane of anesthesia was established. Analgesia was assessed by measuring heart and respiratory rates and duration of application of a noxious stimulus. The noxious stimulus was applied 30, 50, and 70 minutes after drug administration and was maintained until gross purposeful movements were seen or for a maximum of 5 seconds. Result: At all 3 evaluation times, heart rate increases in response to the noxious stimulus were greater when ducks were given saline solution than when they were given ketoprofen. The increase in respiratory rate in response to the noxious stimulus was greater when ducks were given saline solution than when they were given ketoprofen only 70 minutes after drug administration. When ducks were given ketoprofen, duration of the noxious stimulus was significantly longer 50 and 70 minutes, but not 30 minutes, after drug administration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Ketoprofen reduced the increase in heart and respiratory rates associated with application of a noxious stimulus in spontaneously breathing adult Mallard ducks anesthetized with isoflurane delivered at approximately 2.9%, suggesting that ketoprofen had analgesic effects in these ducks. The onset of analgesic effects may be longer than 30 minutes in some ducks.

Effect of medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia and atipamezole on heart and respiratory rate and cloacal temperature of domestic pigeons. Atalan, G; Usun, M.; Demirkan, I.; Cenesiz, M. Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Series A, 2002, v. 49 (6), p. 281-285. ISSN: 0931-184X.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Z5

            Descriptors: domestic pigeon, ketamine, zolazepam, tiletamine, dosage.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sedative-anaesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine (M, 50 mug per pigeon), butorphanol (B, 50 mug pe pigeon) and ketamine (K, 25 mg per pigeon) in domestic pigeons. Eight domestic pigeons (four male and four female, 8-15 months old) were used. The combination of Medetomidine and butorphanol injectable solutions were used to produce sedation. Ten minutes after M+B administration, K was injected. The anaesthetic effects of the drugs were reversed by administration of Atipamazole (AT) at 60 min after K administration. All drugs were injected into the pectoral muscles. The sedative-anaesthesia effects of the M+B-K combination and, alterations in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and cloacal temperature (CT) were investigated before and 10 min after pre-medication with M+B, at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during the onset of K anaesthesia and at 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min following the administration of AT. The HR and RR of pigeons decreased within 10 min following M+B administration and remained lower until 1^st and 5 min of AT injection, respectively. In ECG, no significant alterations in P, Q, R and S values were observed, however, arrhythmia was recorded for three pigeons, which returned to normal values following AT administration throughout the measurement. Cloacal temperature decreased gradually during the anaesthesia from 41.0 to 32.7 degrees C. The drug combination used in this study produced a satisfactory general anaesthesia for seven of the eight pigeons. All pigeons were unconscious within 5 min after K administration as indicated by disappearance of the palpebral and corneal reflexes and lack of reaction to the pain stimuli during the study. The effect of AT administration was observed within 10 min as all pigeons responded partly against stimuli and all reflexes. It is concluded that M+B-K anaesthesia in pigeons is a safe and reliable anaesthetic protocol for surgery.

Field immobilization of King Penguins with tiletamine-zolazepam. Thil, Marie Anne; Groscolas, Rene. Journal of Field Ornithology, Summer, 2002, v. 73 (3), p. 308-317. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

            Descriptors: tiletamine, general anesthetic drug, zolazepam, IM administration.

Abstract: The use of an injectable combination of tiletamine-zolazepam to immobilize King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) in the field was tested in non-incubating and incubating adults and in chicks. We also compared the behavioral and physiological response to this anesthetic agent according to the position used for immobilization (dorsal: lying on the back; ventral: lying on the belly) and following repeated administrations at one or several day intervals throughout a prolonged natural fast. A 5-mg/kg dosage administered intra-muscularly allowed an efficient immobilization of 97% of the adults for about one hour and after an induction time averaging 5 min. Birds kept in the dorsal position and without thermal insulation remained immobilized longer than those kept in the ventral position. Chicks were immobilized for 80 min. after receiving a 4-mg/kg dosage. The anesthetized birds lost the pain, noise, touch and podal reflex but not the palpebral one and showed no major side effects. Penguins responded similarly to repeated injections and recovered without complications or adverse reactions. Five of eight incubating adults resumed incubation after having been anesthetized. We concluded that immobilization of King Penguins with tiletamine-zolazepam is safe and efficient, allowing routine health examination and interventions such as, for example, vein catheterization and adipose tissue biopsies.

Oral administration of tiletamine/zolazepam for the immobilization of the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo). Janovsky, Martin; Ruf, Thomas; Zenker, Wolfgang. Journal of Raptor Research, Sept. 2002, v. 36 (3), p. 188-193. ISSN: 0892-1016.

            NAL call no: QL696 F3J682

            Descriptors: common buzzard, tiletamine, dosage, zolazepam, oral administration.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy or oral administration of tiletamine/zolazepam in a bait for immobilizing Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) (N=20). Two different dosages and two different methods of administration were compared. A dosage of 80 mg/kg was sufficient in most birds to enable safe handling after 30-60 min, whereas the majority of animals receiving 40 mg/kg still showed defensive reflexes. Birds receiving the drug in a powder form reached the deepest stage of anaesthesia after 30 min, whereas birds receiving a solution reached this stage significantly later, but not before 60 min. When the prepared bait with 80 mg/kg powder was stored for 7 to 14 hr, respectively, effectiveness of immobilization was significantly decreased compared to bait which was administered immediately after preparation.

O sevofluorano em psitacideos (Amazonas aestiva). Determinacao da dose minima (D.A.M) para producao de anestesia geral. Sevoflurane in psitacines (Amazonas amazona aestiva). [Determination of minimal anesthetic concentration to produce general anesthesia.] Alves-Nicolau, Alexandra; Auler, Jose Otavio; Tabbachi,-Fantoni, Denise; Ambrosio, Aline. Ciencia Rural, 2002, v. 32 (5), p. 781-786. ISSN: 0103-8478. Note: In Portuguese.

            NAL call no: S192 R4

            Descriptors: Amazona aestiva, Psittacidae, sedation, general anesthesia, sevoflurane.

Abstract: Ten adult psittacines (Amazonas aestiva) were used. After appropriate immobilization the anesthetic induction was accomplished with facial mask connected to modified circuit of Maffil using 6V% of Sevoflurane with oxygen flow rate at 1.5/l. The minimal concentration was determined in a manner similar to that proposed by LUDDERS et. al. (1990). The MAC obtained was 3.44V% higher than MAC. Proposed to mammals. Sevoflurane can be used safely in avian species once it did not alter significantly all physiological parameters analyzed.

2001

Advances in avian anesthesia. Heard, D.J. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 13-17, 2001, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 2001, v. 15, p. 736-737. In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia.

Analgesia and analgesic techniques. Robertson, Sheilah. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Jan. 2001, v. 4 (1), p. 1-18. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF601.V523

            Descriptors: analgesia and analgesic techniques, sedation, treatment techniques.

Analgesia and anesthesia. Heard, Darryl L. (Ed.). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Jan. 2001, v. 4 (1), i-xii. P. 1-308. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors: analgesia, sedation, anesthesia, exotic taxa, treatment techniques.

Anesthesia update: Agents, definitions, and strategies. Heavner, J.E. Comparative Medicine, Dec. 2001, v. 51 (6), p. 500-503. ISSN: 1532-0820.

            NAL call no: SF77.C65

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, inhaled anesthetics, blood gases, halothane, isoflurane, birds.

Avian analgesia. Paul-Murphy, Joanne; Ludders, John W. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Jan. 2001, v. 4 (1), p. 35-45. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors: Aves, analgesia, treatment techniques, birds.

Avian anesthesia. Abou-Madi, Noha. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Jan. 2001, v.4 (1), p. 147-167. ISSN: 1094-9194.

            NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, anesthesia, birds.

Capnographic monitoring of anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Edling, T.M.; Degernes, L.A.; Flammer, K.; Horne, W.A. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Dec. 15, 2001, v. 219 (12), p. 1714-1718. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: African grey parrots, anesthesia, monitoring, isoflurane, blood gases, heart rate, pH.

Abstract: Objective: To determine whether end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO₂) correlated with PaCO₂in isoflurane-anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Design Prospective study. Animals 4 healthy mature African grey parrots Psittacus erithacus timnusl. Procedure. Each bird was anesthetized via mack with isoflurane, intubated, and connected to a pressure-limited intermittent-flow ventilator. Respiratory rate was altered while holding peak inspiratory pressure constant (5cm H₂O) to achieve a PETCO₂ in 1 of 3 ranges: <30 mm Hg., 30 to 40 mm Hg, and >40 mm Hg. Blood was collected from the superficial ulnar artery of each bird at least once during each of the 3 ranges. Arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis while PETCO₂ was recorded simultaneously. Results- A strong correlation between PETCO₂ and Pace₂ was detected over a wide range of partial pressures, although PETCO₂ consistently overestimated PaCO₂ by approximately 5 mm Hg. End tidal partial pressure of CO₂ and PaCO₂ also correlated well with arterial blood pH, and the acute response of the bicarbonate buffer system to changes in ventilation was similar to that of mammals. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Results indicated that PETCO₂ reliably estimates PaCO₂ in isoflurane-anesthetized African grey parrots receiving IPPV and suggest that IPPV combined with capnography is a viable option for anesthetic-maintenance in avian anesthesia.

Injectable Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds. J. Paul-Murphy; J. Fialkowski. (Updated Aug. 5, 2001). In: Recent Advances in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: Companion Animals, R.D. Gleed and J.W. Ludders (eds.). Covers various types of drugs and contains charts with drug, dosage and route, and species remarks. Available: www.ivis.org. Document No. A1409.0801.

            Descriptors: anesthesia, analgesia, injectable, birds.

Order Passeriformes (songbirds). Anesthesia. Guimaraes, Marta Brito. Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds.)., Iowa State University Press, 2001, i-x, p. 1-536: Chapter pagination: 200-201. ISBN: 0813828465.

            NAL call no: SF996.4.B56 2001

            Descriptors: Passeriformes, care in captivity, sedation, anesthesia, captive management.

Pharmacodynamics of flunixin and ketoprofen in mallard ducks (Anas platyhynchos). Machin, Karen L.; Tellier, Lise A.; Lair, Stephane; Livingston, Alexander. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Jun. 2001, v. 32 (2), p. 222-229. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: pharmacology, toxicology, birds, analgesic drug, dosage, anti-inflammatory.

Abstract: Flunixin (FLX) and ketoprofen (KET) are potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) used to alleviate pain and decrease inflammation. The se drugs block access of arachidonic acid to its binding site on the cyclooxygenase enzyme, thus preventing conversion to thromboxane A2 and subsequent degradation to thromboxane B2 (TXB). Consequently, plasma TBX may be used to estimate duration of NSAID action. Sixteen adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control (n=4), FLX 5 mg/kg (n=6), or KET 5 mg/kg (n=6). Blood samples were taken 1 hour prior to and just before (0 hr) injection and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr after injection. Plasma samples were analyzed for corticosterone and TBX. The feces were tested for the presence of hemoglobin and the ducks were euthanized for complete necropsy at the end of the study. Samples of muscle, kidney, liver, proventriculus, and intestine were taken for histologic analysis. Thrombaxane was suppressed significantly in all birds following administration or either FLX or KET for 4 hr and decreased for approximately 12 hr compared with baseline samples (-1 and 0 hr). In the control group, TBX gradually declines over time. None of the ducks showed evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding, but the FLX group had muscle necrosis present at injection sites. FLX and KET likely exert pharmacological effects for at least 12 h. Although degree of TBX inhibition cannot be correlated absolutely with degree of analgesia or anti-inflammatory effects, it is possible that these effects are present during this time. This work suggests that FLX and KET can potentially be used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents in waterfowl. However, because of muscle necrosis at the injection site, we do not recommend parenteral use of FLX in ducks.

Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists 25^th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA Oct. 12-13, 2001. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2001, v. 28 (2), p. 97-110. ISSN: 1467-2987.

            NAL call no: SF914.V47

            Descriptors: analgesics, inhaled anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, pharmacokinetics.

Abstract: This proceedings contains 29 papers on anaesthesia education and the use of anaesthetics and its effects on small animals (dogs and cats), ruminants (sheep and goats), horses, laboratory animals (guinea pigs) and exotic species (ostriches, tapirs, greater bush baby).

The use of haloperidol during the transport of adult ostriches. Pfitzer, S.; Lambrechts, H. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, Mar. 2001, v. 72 (1), p. 2. ISSN: 0038-2809.

            NAL call no: 41.8 SO12

            Descriptors: animal behavior, transport, halperidol, pharmacology, restraint.

Veterinary Anesthesia. Cornick, Seahorn J.L.; 2001, x, 318 p. Butterworth-Heinemann; Woburn; USA. ISBN: 0750672277.

            NAL call no: SF914.C67 2001

            Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, dosage, equipment, pain, monitoring, care.

Abstract: The book contains 18 papers and 3 appendixes. Topics covered are: Introduction to anaesthesia and patient preparation; pharmacology and application of parenteral anaesthetic agents; local/regional anaesthetic techniques; inhalation agents; anaesthetic equipment; monitoring anaesthesia; supportive care during anaesthesia; pain management; introduction to anaesthetic management in specific diseases; anaesthetic management of dogs and cats; anaesthetic management of birds; anaesthetic management of small mammals; anaesthetic management of reptiles; anaesthetic management of horses; anaesthetic management of ruminants and camelids; anaesthetic management of pigs and overview of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Appendixes contains topics about approximate dosages of anaesthetic agents and adjuncts for common domestic species; drug scheduling classification and guidelines for storing, dispensing and administering scheduled agents and suggestions for anaesthetic preparation and management of high-risk patients.

2000

Anestesia em aves: agentes anestesicos. [Anesthesia in birds: Anesthetic agents.] Guimaraes, Luciana Dambrosio; Moraes, Aury Nunes de. Ciencia Rural, Nov./Dec. 2000, v. 30 (6), p. 1073-1081. ISSN: 0103-8478. Note: In Portuguese.

            NAL call no: S192.R4

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, anesthetic agents, effects, literature review.

Anesthesia and analgesia. Lawrence, M. Canadian Veterinary Journal, Mar. 2000, v. 41 (3), p. 229-230. ISSN: 0008-5286.

            NAL call no: 41.8 R3224

            Descriptors: anesthesia, pain, control, drugs, methods, techniques.

Avian analgesia. Clyde, V.L.; Paul, Murphy J.; Bonagura, J.D. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, 2000, p. 1126-1128. W.B. Saunders C., Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721655238.

            NAL call no: SF745 K57

            Descriptors: analgesics, pain, opioids, anesthetics, anti-inflammatory agents, birds.

Evaluation of isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for intraabdominal transmitter placement in nesting female canvasback ducks. Machin, Karen L.; Caulkett, Nigel A. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Apr. 2000, v. 36 (2), p. 324-334. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL call no: 41.9 W64B

            Descriptors: isoflurane, adverse effects, anesthetic drug, heart rate, body temperature.

Abstract: Heart rate, occurrence of apnea, body temperature quality of anesthesia and nest abandonment were compared during either propofol or isoflurane anesthesia of nesting female canvasback ducks (Aythya valisineria) at 15 to 18 days of incubation. One hundred eighteen canvasbacks were assigned randomly to three treatments so that nest abandonment could be compared among treatments from May to July, 1995 and 1996. Sterile dummy silicone implants were placed during an abdominal laparotomy while ducks were anesthetized with either propofol or isoflurane, or ducks were flushed from the nest but not captured (control). Propofol was delivered through an intravenous catheter, while isoflurane was delivered in oxygen. Propofol provided smooth, rapid induction and recovery, whereas ducks recovering from isoflurane tended to struggle. At the nest, ducks in the propofol group were given additional boluses until they were lightly anesthetized, whereas birds that received isoflurane were released. All birds survived surgery but one death occurred prior to surgery in 1995 using propofol during a period without ventilation and monitoring. Adequate artificial ventilation is recommended to prevent complications. Heart rate declined significantly in both years during isoflurane anesthesia and in 1995 during propofol anesthesia but not in 1996. During both isoflurane and propofol anesthesia body temperature declined significantly over time. Nest abandonment was significantly different among treatments and occurred in all treatment groups in both years, but propofol (15%) and control groups (8%) had lower than expected abandonment compared to isoflurane (28%). Propofol offers several advantages over isoflurane for field use; equipment is easily portable, lower anesthetic cost, and ambient temperature does not alter physical characteristics of the drug, Advantages over isoflurane, including lower nest abandonment following intraabdominal radio transmitter placement make propofol a good anesthetic choice for field studies.

Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia. 3^rd ed. Muir, William, 1946. C.V. Mosby, c 2000. xviii, 574 p. ill. ISBN: 0323008011.

            NAL call no: SF914.M85 2000

            Descriptors: veterinary anesthesia, handbooks, manuals, includes avian species.

Immobilization of budgerigars using ketamine and diazepam. Jayathangaraj, M.G.; John, Mathew C. Indian Veterinary Medical Journal, Jun. 2000, v. 24 (2), p. 165-166. ISSN: 0250-5266.

            NAL call no: SF601.I45

            Descriptors: diazepam, ketamine, efficacy, intramuscular administration.

Pain management in birds. Bennett, R.A. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 15-19, 2000. Eastern States Veterinary Association, v. 14, p. 867.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: analgesics, birds, pain management.

Veterinary Anaesthesis and Analgesia. Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists, American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists, European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia. Previous title: Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, c 2000 v. ill. ISSN: 1467-2987. www.blackwell-science.com/vaa

            NAL call no: SF914.V47

            Descriptors: veterinary anesthesia, periodicals, includes avian species.

1999

Anaesthesia of cranes with alphaxolone-alphadolone. Bailey, T.A.; Toosi, A.; Samour, J.H. Veterinary Record, Jul. 17, 1999, v. 145 (3), p. 84-85. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, dosage, safety, recovery, complications.

Anesthesia for small to medium sized exotic mammals, birds, and reptiles. Sedgwick, C.F.; Paddleford, R.R. Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia, 1999, ed. 2, p. 318-353. W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721649695.

            NAL call no: SF914.M36 1999

            Descriptors: pets, anesthesia, small mammals, exotics, anesthetics, avian species.

Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh). Paul-Murphy, Joanne R.; Brunson, David B.; Miletic, Vjekoslav. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1999, v. 60 (10), p. 1218-1221. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A

            Descriptors: African grey parrot, butorphanol, buprenorphine, analgesic drug.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate effects of butorphanol tartrate and buprenorphine hydrochloride on withdrawal threshold to a noxious stimulus in conscious African grey parrots. Animals: 29 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh). Procedure: Birds were fitted with an electrode on the medial metatarsal region of the right leg, placed into a test box, and allowed to acclimate. An electrical stimulus (range 0.0 to 1.46 mA) was delivered to each bird’s foot through an aluminum perch. A withdrawal response was recorded when the bird lifted its foot from the perch or vigorously flinched its wings. Baseline threshold to a noxious electrical stimulus was determined. Birds were then randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, butorphanol (1.0mg/kg of body weight), or buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg), and threshold values were determined again. Results: Butorphanol significantly increased threshold value, but saline solution or burprenorphine did not significantly change threshold values. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Butorphanol had an analgesic effect, significantly increasing the threshold to electrical stimuli in African grey parrots. Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus. Butorphanol provided an analgesic response in half of the birds tested. Butorphanol would be expected to provide analgesia to African grey parrots in a clinical setting.

Avian analgesia. Langenberg, J. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 9-13, 1999. Eastern States Veterinary Association, v. 13, p. 718-719.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: birds, analgesics, pain.

Avian analgesia. Clyde, Victoria L.; Paul-Murphy, Joanne. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4^th ed. Fowler, Murray E.; Miller, R. Eric. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 1999 ed. 4, i-xxiii, p. 1-747. Chapter pagination: 309-314. ISBN: 0721686648.

            NAL call no: SF996 Z66

            Descriptors: Aves, analgesia, pain, treatment techniques, analgesics.

Current anesthesia recommendations for companion birds. Miller, W.; Buttrick, M. Iowa State University Veterinarian, Fall, 1999, v. 61 (2), p. 67-75. ISSN: 0099-5851.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V6452

            Descriptors: birds, anesthetics, anesthesia, respiratory system.

The effects of isoflurane anesthesia on hematologic and plasma biochemical values of American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Dressen, Priscilla J.; Wimsatt, Jeffery; Burkhard, Mary Jo. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, Sept. 1999, v. 13 (3), p. 173-179. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: sedation, isoflurane anesthesia, blood and plasma, effects.

Abstract: The effect of repeat blood sampling and anaesthesia on haematological and plasma biochemical values of American kestrels was investigated. In a validation study, blood samples from 6 awake kestrels were collected twice, 10 min apart, and results of haematological testing and plasma biochemical analysis were compared. Of the analytes measured, only the packed cell volume (PCV) value significantly changed (decreased) in the second sample. A weight-normalized model was used to correct for the dilutional effect of the first blood collection on the second sample values. However, with correction, the decrease in the PCV value remained, suggesting that this decrease was not likely to be caused solely by sampling-induced haemodilution. In a second study of 29 kestrels, haematological and plasma biochemical values were compared before and after 10 min of isoflurane anaesthesia. In this comparison, significant differences were observed in the basophil cpunt and in the values of albumin, alanine, aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, creatinine, globulin, PCV, plasma protein, potassium, total protein and uric acid. However, after correcting for the effects of sampling dilution, only the changes in uric acid and potassium values could be attributed to the effects of anaesthesia. Age, sex and weight-related effects were also observed for selected values. It is concluded that the combined effect of isoflurane anaesthesia and repeat blood sampling causes more dramatic changes in analyte values than repeat sampling alone. Both the method and frequency of blood sample collection in kestrels must be considered when interpreting blood values.

Essential of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia. Thurmon, John C.; Tranquilli, William J.; Benson, G. John.1999, viii, 580 p. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0683301071.

            NAL call no: SF914.E77 1999

            Descriptors: analgesics, anesthetics, fluid therapy, birds, amphibians, mammals.

Abstract: Written by leading experts on the subject, this easy-to-use handbook provides concise information on the principles of anesthesia for dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in routine clinical settings. Chapters cover such topics as perioperative pain management; pharmacology; anesthesia and the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems; local anesthetic and analgesic techniques; acid-base balance and fluid therapy; euthanasia; and anesthetic emergencies and accidents. The text, intended for use as a guide to the more comprehensive third edition of Lumb and Jone’s textbook, Veterinary Anesthesia, is adequately illustrated and includes a subject index, tables, charts, and cross references to the parent book. Students and practitioners of veterinary medicine will benefit from this volume.

Evaluation of tiletamine-zolazepam as an anesthetic in quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Nicolau, A.A.; Spinosa, H. De S.; Maiorka, P.C.; Guerra, J.L. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, Jan. 1999, v. 38 (1), p. 73-75. ISSN: 1060-0558.

            NAL call no: SF405.5.A23

            Descriptors: Japanese quail, anesthesia, drug combinations, dosage, drug effects.

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) administered alone or in combination with atropine, xyl azine, and levomepromazine to quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The induction time, duration of hypnosis and anesthesia, and time to recovery were determined. The presence or absence of tremor, upper respiratory tract secretions, and excitability and the degree of muscular tone were also observed. The results showed that doses from 10 to 100 mg/kg TZ administered alone or in combination with xylzine or levomepromazine failed to produce anesthesia; only hypnosis was obtained in a dose-dependent manner. Immediately after injection of the drug, histopathologic examination of the site of drug injection indicated the presence of discrete acute focal myositis. After 21 days, a discrete fibrosis between muscle fibers was detected in the pectoral muscle as a sign of scarring. We concluded that the administration of TZ to a dose of 100 mg/kg does not produce anesthesia in quail. For noninvasive and minimally painful procedures requiring chemical restraint and recumbency, the recommended dose is 30 mg/kg.

Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia. Paddleford, R.R. 1999. ed. 2, 372 p. W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0712640605.

            NAL call no: SF914 M36 1999

            Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, pets, avian species.

Abstract: This manual has been thoroughly revised and updated since the first edition, published in 1988. The entire anaesthetic process is examined, including preanaesthetic agents, general anaesthesia, neuromuscular blocking agents, equipment, ventilation and monitoring, emergencies and complications, fluid, electrolyte and acid balance and postoperative patient care. There is a separate chapter on anaesthesia of exotic mammals, birds and reptiles. The 5 contributors are recognized experts in anaesthesia and critical care.

Propofol anesthesia. Short, Charles E.; Bufalari, Antonello. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, May, 1999, v. 29 (3), p. 747-778. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL call no: SF601 SO12

            Descriptors: birds, mammals, side effects, metabolism, induction, maintenance.

Sevoflurane anesthesia in psittacines. Quandt, Jane E.; Greenacre, Cheryl B. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Jun., 1999, v. 30 (2), p. 308-309. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, sedation, isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia.

Abstract: Duration of anaesthesia onset (time to intubation) and recovery (time to extubation, sternal and standing) and quality of recovery were compared for sevoflurane and isoflurane in 10 adult psittacines (1 yellow-napped amazon [Amazona ochraacephala auropalliata], 3 Hispaniolan Amazons [A. ventralis], 2 blue-fronted Amazons [A. aestiva], 1 Congo African grey parrot [Psittacus erithacus erithacus], 1 umbrella cockatoo [Cactua alba] and 2 Goffin’s cockatoos [C. goffini]. Both agents were initially administered at an equal volume percentage (2%) rather than at equal minimum alveolar concentrations (MACs), therefore the initial concentration was above the isoflurane MAC for dogs and birds (1.3%) but below the sevoflurane MAC for dogs (2.3%). The time to intubation was significantly longer with sevoflurane because of initially delivering the sevoflurane below suspected MAC for birds. Although recovery times (time to extubation, sternal, and standing) were not significantly different, birds recovering from sevoflurane were less ataxic. It is concluded that sevoflurane is a suitable inhalant agent for use in psittacines.

A technique for evaluating analgesia in conscious perching birds. Paul-Murphy, J.R.; Brunson, D.B.; Miletic, V. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Oct. 1999, v. 60 (10), p. 1213-1217. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3A

            Descriptors: Psittacus, pain, analgesics, assessment, opioids.

Abstract: Objective: to develop a technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds. Animals: 31 adult African grey parrots. Procedure: Birds were randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (n=10), butorphanol tartrate (11), or buprenorphine hydrochloride (10), IM. Birds were fitted with a surface electrode on the medial tarsus of 1 leg. An electrical stimulus was delivered to the bird’s foot through an aluminum surface on half of the perch. The alternate side of the perch delivered a noxious thermal stimulus. A withdrawal response to either stimulus was recorded when the bird lifted its foot or vigorously flinched its wings. Results: Responses to thermal stimuli were extremely variable during baseline testing and after administration of drugs. Thus, significant differences were not detected after drug injection. In contrast, responses to an electrical stimulus were predictable with much less variation. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This method and device allowed for the reliable determination of withdrawal threshold in perching birds. Use of this technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds will enable assessment of analgesic drugs.

1998

Anesthesia of pet birds. Curro, Thomas G. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Jan. 1998, v. 7 (1), p. 10-21. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, anesthesia procedures, review.

Anesthesia and surgery of ratites. Gilsleider, Edward F. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, Nov. 1998, v. 14 (3), p. 503-524. ISSN: 0749-0720.

            NAL call no: SF601.V535

            Descriptors: ratite sedation, anesthesia, treatment techniques, surgical techniques.

Avian anesthesia. Forbes, N.A. Voorjaarsdagen Congress, 1998, Veterinary Quarterly, 20: supplement, S65-S66. ISSN: 0165-2176.

            NAL call no: SF601.V46

            Descriptors: anesthesia, aviary birds, flunixin.

Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol and a medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination in mallard ducks. Machin, K.L.; Caulett, N.A. American Journal of Veterinary Research, May 1998, v. 59 (5), p. 598-602. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3A

            Descriptors: ducks, propofol, injectable anesthetics, drug combinations, drug effects.

Evaluation of pulse oximetry as a monitoring method in avian anesthesia. Schmitt, Petra M.; Gobel, Thomas; Trautvetter, Eberhard. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, Jun. 1998, v. 12 (2), p. 91-99. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, blood oxygen, metabolism, anesthesia monitoring.

Abstract: The heart rate and pulse rate were measured in 47 anaesthetized birds of 5 species using 2 commercial pulse oximeters. The trend of oxygenation was well recorded, but the saturation values recorded by pulse oximetry did not correlate well (r =0.81) with arterial saturation derived from blood gas analyses. Pulse rate correlated well with heart rate in both oximeters. Good recordings were obtained in calm birds, however, values fluctuated during the surgery and with incidents such as dysrhythmia or severe blood loss. It is concluded that pulse oximetry is not satisfactory for routine use in avian practice and that an avian calibration curve, which would consider the specific avian photometric behavior of haemoglobin, should be developed before oximetry can be adapted for use in birds.

Investigation of injectable anesthetic agents in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos): A descriptive study. Machin, K.L.; Caulkett, N.A. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1998, v. 12 (4), p. 255-262. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: injectable anesthetics, anesthesia, drug combinations.

Abstract: 30 healthy mallard ducks were used in the study. The injectable anaesthetics investigated included xylazine, medetomidine, katamine, midazolam, butorphanol, fentanyl, sufentanil, methohexital, alphaxalone-alphadolone and propofol. The reversal agents atipamezole and flumazenil were also examined. Drugs were administered alone or in combination by the i.m., intranasal (i.n.) or i.v. route. Anaesthetic effects were recorded, and analgesia was assessed by response to toe pinching and feather plucking. Incremental doses were given when the effect of the initial dose was poor. No anaesthetic regimen was effective when administered by the i.m. route, and i.n. administration resulted in unreliable depth of anaesthesia. Intravenous administration of anaesthetic agents was more effective, but few regimens provided adequate duration of anaesthesia or analgesia for a surgical procedure. Intravenous administration of s medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination produced adequate anaesthesia and analgesia of a 30- min duration, and the effects of the combination could be reversed with atipamezole and flumazenil. Administration of i.v. propofol produced smooth induction and recovery, excellent muscle relaxation, and short duration of anaesthesia requiring additional boluses to prolong and maintain anaesthesia.

A method for anaesthesia and post-operative care for experimental procedures in avian species. Blogg, S.L.; Townsend, P.P.; Butler, P.J.; Taylor, E.W. Animal Technology (Sussex), The Institute. Aug. 1998, v. 49 (2), p. 101-109. ref. ISSN: 0264-4754.

            NAL call no: QL55.I5

Descriptors: ducks, Aythya fuligula, Anas platyhynchos, diving, injectable anesthetics, medetomidine, ketamine.

Abstract: This paper describes a successful method of anaesthesia for prolonged and/or invasive avian surgery, along with an appropriate protocol for post-operative care. These methods were determined during a neuroanatomical study of two species of bird, the tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) and the domestic duck (Anas platyhynchos), as part of an ongoing scientific study. Descriptions of current, relevant techniques of anaesthesia suitable for this study, were not readily available, therefore we felt that details of our methods would be a valuable contribution to this field. A standard operating procedure for use in similar studies and an example of an avian post-operative score sheet are outlined.

Recommendations for anesthesia in raptors with comments on trumpeter swans. Redig, Patrick T. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Jan. 1998, v. 7 (1), p. 22-29. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, sedation, anesthesia, recommended procedures, review.

Respiratory physiology of birds: Considerations for anesthetic management. Ludders, John W. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Jan. 1998, v. 7 (1), p. 3-9. ISSN: 1055-937X.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, anesthesia, anatomy, physiology, literature review.

Safety of isoflurane anaesthesia in high risk avian patients. Olkowski, A.A.; Classen, H.L. Veterinary Record, Jul. 18, 1998, v. 143 (3), p. 82-83. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, isoflurane, anesthesia, safety, adverse effects.

Twenty years of progress in avian anesthesia and surgery. Altman, R.B. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Apr. 15, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1233-1235. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8.Am3

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, surgery, history.

1997

Anesthesia and analgesia. Heard, Darryl J. Avian Medicine and Surgery, Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan L.; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 1997. i-xv. p. 1-1070. Chapter pagination: 807-827. ISBN: 0721654460.

            NAL call no: SF994.A95 1997

            Descriptors: analgesia, sedation, anesthesia, treatment techniques, review.

Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals. Kohn, Dennis F. American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Series. San Diego: Academic Press c 1997. xvii, 426 p. ill. ISBN: 0124175708.

            NAL call no: SF996.5.A54 1997

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, surgery, veterinary anesthesia, analgesia.

Anesthetic management of ratites. Lin, H.C.; Ko, J.C.H. The Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, Apr. 1997, v. 19 (4, suppl.) p. S127-S132. ISSN: 0193-1903.

            NAL call no: SF601.C66

            Descriptors: ostriches, restraint, preanesthetic medication, injectable anesthetics.

Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in wild turkeys. Schumacher, J.; Citino, S.B.; Hernandez, K.; Hutt, J.; Dixon, B. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Sept. 1997, v. 58 (9), p. 1014-1017. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: SF914.V47

            Descriptors: turkeys, anesthesia injectable anesthetics, safety heart rate, blood gases.

Abstract: Objective- to determine safety, anesthetic variables, and cardiopulmonary effects of IV infusion of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in wild turkeys. Animals-10 healthy, adult turkeys. Procedure-Anesthesia was induced by IV administration of propofol (5 mg/kg of body weight) over 20 seconds and was maintained for 30 minutes by constant IV infusion of propofol at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/min. Heart rate and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, and arterial blood gas tensions were obtained prior to propofol administration (baseline values) and again at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. All birds were intubated immediately after induction anesthesia, and end tidal CO₂ concentration was determined at the same time intervals. Supplemental oxygen was not provided. Results-Apnea was observed for 10 to 30 seconds after propofol administration, which induced a decrease in heart rate; however, the changes were not significant. Compared with baseline values, respiratory rate was significantly decreased at 4 minutes after administration of propofol and thereafter. Systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure decreased over the infusion period, but the changes were not significant. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 30% after 15 minutes of anesthesia; end-tidal CO₂ concentration increased from baseline values after 30 minutes; Po, was significantly decreased at 5 minutes after induction and thereafter; P-CO₂ was significantly (P it 0.05) increased after 15 minutes-of anesthesia; and arterial oxygen saturation was significantly (P it 0.05) decreased at the end of anesthesia. Two male turkeys developed severe transient hypoxemia, 1 at 5 and the other at 15 minutes after induction. Time to standing after discontinuation of propofol infusion was 11+6 minutes. Recovery was smooth and unremarkable. Conclusion-Propofol is an effective agent for IV induction and maintenance of anesthesia in wild turkeys, and is useful for short procedures or where the use of inhalation agents is contraindicated.

Repair of femur fracture in a peacock under ketamine anaesthesia: A case report. Singh, Y.P.; Singh, Man. Indian Veterinary Journal, 1997, v. 74 (2), p. 170-171. ISSN: 0019-6479.

            NAL call no: SF601.I45

            Descriptors: femur fracture, general anesthetic drug, intramedullary pinning, leg repair.

Abstract: Surgical repair of femur fracture in a peacock is described. The repair was achieved using intramedullary pinning under ketamine anaesthesia.

Use of xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in ratites. Lin, H.C.; Todhunter, P.G.; Powe, T.A.; Ruffin, D.C. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jan. 15, 1997, v. 210 (2), p. 244-248. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: emus, rhea, ostriches, opioids, injectable anesthetics, drug combinations.

Abstract: Anesthesia with xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane in ratites (9emus, 3 rheas, 6 ostriches) was investigated. Anaesthetic treatments included 4 regimens: induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane, preanaesthetic sedation with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane, induction of anaesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam and maintenance with isoflurane, and pre-anaesthetic sedation with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction of anaesthesia with tiletamine-zolazeoam and maintenance with isoflurane. None of the birds developed irreversible adverse effects, but 2 developed bradycardia (1 was treated with atropine and responded) and 2 others developed transient apnoea. Intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam produced rapid and smooth induction of anaesthesia in adult ostriches.

1996

Anaesthesia. Lawton, Martin P.C. Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl, 1996, p. 79-88. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. eds. Iowa State University Press. ISBN: 0813828767.

            NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996

            Descriptors: analgesia, anesthesia, monitoring, postoperative care, sedation, birds.

Anaesthesia. Lawton, Martin P.C. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New edition. 1996. p. 49-59. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawto n, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press. ISBN: 0813823498.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996

            Descriptors: analgesia, premedication, sedation, psittacine birds, anesthesia, parrots.

Anesthesiology of ratites. Cornick-Seahorn, J.L. Ratite Management, Medicine, and Surgery, Krieger Publishing Co. 1996, p. 79-94. ISBN: 0894648748.

            NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

            Descriptors: ostriches, emus, rheas, birds, preanesthetic medication, anesthesia.

Anesthetic agents. Altman, R.B.; Johnston, D. (ed.); Waner, T. Proceedings and Abstracts 21^st Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA), Jerusalem, Israel. Oct. 20-23, 1996, 96 p.

            Descriptors: anesthesia, ketamine, diazepam, aviary birds, anesthetics.

Avian anesthesia administration. Rosskopf, Walter J.; Woerpel, Richard W.; Reed, Sue: Snider, Karen; Dispirito, Tony. University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science Proceedings, 1996, v. 279, p. 173-199. ISSN: 1326-5091.

            NAL call no: SF604.R37 

            Descriptors: Aves, treatment techniques, sedation, anesthesia administration.

Avian anesthesia and patient monitoring.. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 28-30, 1996, 1996, v. 17, p. 34-39.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: Aves, sedation, anesthesia, patient monitoring, birds, review .

Capturing Humbolt Penguins, Spheniscus humboldti, with the use of an anaesthetic. Luna, Jorquera G.; Culik, B.; Aquilar, R. Marine Ornithology, 1996, v. 24 (1-2), p. 47-50. ISSN: 1018-3337.

            Descriptors: ketamine hydrochloride, birds, general anesthetic, drug delivery.

Clinical perspectives of intravenous ketamine anaesthesia in peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Athar, M.; Shakoor, A.; Muhammad, G.; Sarwar, M.N.; Chaudry, N.I. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 1996, v. 44 (3), p. 357-361. ISSN: 0236-6290.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AC83

            Descriptors: injectable anesthetics, anesthesia, surgery, dosage, ketamine.

Abstract: At the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during [1994/1995?], 29 peafowl were surgically treated for infraorbital abscesses (22 birds), lacerated wounds (4 birds) and fractures of tibia (2 birds) and radius (1 bird) and were anaesthetized by i.v. administration of ketamine hydorchloride (Inj. Calypsol) at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Divided doses (10+5+5 mg/kg) were used with an interval of 1-2 min between each dose. Anaesthesia lasted for about 15 min and the birds recovered completely after 30 min to 3 hours. The respiration rate was greatly depressed during anaesthesia (8 to10 cycles/min) and birds had a deep abdominal respiratory pattern. Analgesia was incomplete and muscle relaxation was not satisfactory. Mild salivation was noticed in 3 anaesthetized birds. Recovery, although not smooth, was uneventful.

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a continuous infusion of gualfenesin, xylazine, and ketamine for maintenance of anesthesia in emus. Cornick, Seahorn J.L. Veterinary Surgery, 1996, v. 25 (2), p. 180. Scientific Abstracts from the 1995 American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists Meeting, Oct. 20, 1995, Atlanta, GA. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: safety, efficacy, drug combinations, anesthesia, immobilization.

Evaluation of sedation in quail by use of midazolam and reversed by use of flumazenil. Day, T.D.; Roge, C.K. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Sept. 1, 1996, v. 209 (5), p. 969-971. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: anesthesia, dosage effects, heart rate, respiration rate, drug antagonism.

Practical anesthesia administration. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard W. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, Third ed. 1996: p. 664-671. Williams & Wilkins, London, UK. ISBN: 0683073826.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57

            Descriptors: anesthetic administration, dosing, maximum alveolar concentration, inhalants.

Principles of avian anesthesia and surgery. Altman, R.B.; Johnston, D. (ed).; Waner, T. Proceedings and Abstracts 21^st Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA), Jerusalem, Israel. Oct. 20-23, 1996, p. 91-92.

            Descriptors: surgery, clinical examination, aviary birds, anesthesia.

Use of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in a barn owl (Tyto alba) undergoing tracheal resection. Mama, Khursheed R.; Phillips, Lyndsay G. Jr.; Pascoe, Peter J. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Sept. 1996, v. 27 (3), p. 397-401. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: sedation, propofol, Strigiformes, Aves, short term anesthesia, surgery, owls.

Abstract: An adult barn owl was evaluated for respiratory distress. A partial proximal tracheal obstruction was diagnosed, and surgical resection of the affected segment was elected. Anaesthesia was induced with 4 mg i.v. propofol and maintained with 0.5 mg/kg/min propofol by continuous i.v. infusion. Heart rate, direct arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, and arterial blood gases were measured before and during the anaesthetic period. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased from 148 mm Hg to 130 mm Hg transiently following anaesthetic induction. Arterial blood gas values were within normal limits (carbon dioxide = 34.3 mm Hg and oxygen = 86.7 mm Hg 15 min following induction). No complications were noted, and recovery was timely and uneventful. It is concluded that propofol may be used as an i.v. anaesthetic for short surgical procedures in barn owls.

1995

Anaestesia negli uccelli. Utilizzo dell'associazione medetomidina-ketamina e dell'atipamezolo nell'anestesia degli uccelli non domestici. [Anesthesia of birds. Use of a medetomidine-ketamine combination and atipamezole in the anaesthesia of non-domestic birds.] Scrollavezza, P.; Zanichelli, S. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari, 1995, v. 16 (11), p. 13-16, 19-21. ISSN: 0392-1913. Note: In Italian.

            Descriptors: anesthetics, reviews, anesthesia, medetomidine, ketamine.

Arrhythmias associated with isoflurane anesthesia in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Aguilar, Roberto F.; Smith, Victoria E.; Ogburn, Phillip; Redig, Patrick T. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Dec. 1995, v. 26 (4), p. 508-516. ISSN: 1042-7260.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: sedation, isoflurane anaesthesia, cardiac arrhythmia, heart beat, frequency.

Abstract: 12 bald eagles were each subjected to two 30 min sessions of anaesthesia. Each subject was anaesthetized with increasing amounts of isoflurane through a mask until a concentration of 4% was reached. Each eagle was then intubated and the isoflurane concentration was reduced to 2.5 - 3.5 % for anaesthetic maintenance. Electrocardiograms were obtained before induction and after 30 min of anaesthesia. Continuous lead II electrocardiographic monitoring was initiated before induction and continued until after recovery. Pulse and O₂²saturation were monitored on all birds with a plethysmograph. Continuous gas flow was monitored following intubation with a sidestream gas analyser. In 5 randomly selected birds, 1 ml of venous blood was drawn at predetermined intervals from the ulnar vein into a syringe and refrigerated for subsequent blood gas and electrolyte analysis. Levels of venous O₂, PO₂, potassium, and pH were determined for each sample. In the same 5 birds, mean arterial and systolic blood pressures were monitored indirectly every 23 min. Temperatures were measured at the same intervals as those used for blood sampling. Arrhythmias were observed in 75% of the eagles and occurred during periods of induction or recovery in 80% of the cases. Though hypercapnia was suspected as a contributing factor, paired sample t-test analysis of measured data failed to indicate causality.

Chemical immobilization of red-necked ostriches (Struthio camelus) under field conditions. Ostrowski, S.; Ancrenaz, M. Veterinary Record, Feb. 11, 1995, v. 136 (6), p. 145-147. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, immobilization, dosage, drug combinations, effects.

Abstract: Sixteen red-necked ostriches (Struthio camelus) were darted under field conditions with combinations of etorphine hydrochloride with medetomidine of ketamine on 13 birds; xylazine hydrochloride and metomidate alone were used on one or 2 birds. The times to recumbency and recovery were recorded and compared. The principal complications during the anaesthetic procedure were myopathy due to over exertion and respiratory collapse. Etorphine combined with medetomidine produced good quality but short duration sedation, which allowed minor procedures to be carried out.

Inhalant anesthetics and inspired oxygen: Implications for anesthesia in birds. Ludders, J.W.; Seaman, G.C.; Erb, H.N. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, Jan./Feb. 1995, v. 31 (1), p. 38-41. ISSN: 0587-2871.

            NAL call no: SF601.A5

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, oxygen, respiration, heart rate, inhaled anesthetics.

Ostrich anaesthesia: Xylazine premedication followed by alphaxalone/alphadolone and isoflurane. Cullen, L.K.; Goerke, M.A.; Swan, R.A.; Clark, W.T.; Nandapi, D.; Colbourne, C. Australian Veterinary Journal, Apr. 1995, v. 72 (4), p. 153-154. ISSN: 0005-0423.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Au72

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, preanesthetic medication, drug combinations.

Principles and techniques of analgesia for zoological medicine. Heard, Darryl J. Proceedings of the Annual Veterinary Medical Forum American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 1995, v. 13, p. 62-64. ISSN: 0894-7708.

            NAL call no: SF605.V47

            Descriptors: analgesia, sensory reception, principles and techniques, review.

1994

Anesthesia and analgesia. Cooper, J.E. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, Jan. 15-20,1994, p. 895-896.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: small mammals, anesthesia, analgesics, birds, methods, drugs, techniques.

Avian anesthesia for the general practitioner. Ludders, J.W. Proceeding of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, Jan. 15-20, 1994, p. 791-793.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, veterinary medicine, methods, drugs.

Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effect of butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.). Curro, T.G.; Brunson, D.B.; Paul, Murphy J. Veterinary Surgery, 1994, v. 23 (5), p. 429-433. ISSN: 0161-3400.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, analgesia, cockatoo.

Abstract: The use of butorphanol as an analgesic in a psittacine species was evaluated by determining its isoflurane-sparing effect. The Effective Dose 50 (ED 50) of isoflurane was determined using a bracketing technique based on the purposeful movement elicited by pressure applied to a digit with a haemostat. The ED50 of isoflurane for 11 cockatoos (4 greater sulfur crested, 3 lesser sulfur crested, and 4 citron crested) was determined to be 1.44 + 0.07%. After the administration of 1 mg/kg of butophanol tartrate intramuscularly (IM), the ED50 was significantly decreased to 1.08 + 0.05%. Physiological variables that changed significantly included decreases in heart rate, tidal volume (Vt), inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory times (Te), and an increase in respiratory rate. No complications resulted because of these changes. Based on the results, butorphanol produces an isoflurane-sparing effect in cockatoos and has the potential to be a useful analgesic in psittacines.

Effects of low and high fractions of inspired oxygen on ventilation in ducks anesthetized with isoflurane. Seaman, G.C.; Ludders, J.W.; Erb, H.N.; Gleed, R.D. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Mar. 1994, v. 55 (3), p. 395-398. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3A

            Descriptors: ducks, lung ventilation, oxygen, anesthesia, respiratory disorders.

Abstract: High fractions of inspired oxygen are commonly used during general anesthesia in birds. Observations in ducks anesthetized with halothane or pentobarbital indicated that high fractions of inspired oxygen depress ventilation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that ducks hypoventilate when breathing high fractions of inspired oxygen, compared with the same ducks breathing low fractions of inspired oxygen. Respiratory variables were recorded in 7 ducks anesthetized with 1.4% isoflurane in oxygen. Four concentrations of oxygen (21, 40, 70, and >90%) were used for each duck. Respiratory rate decreased as the fraction of inspired oxygen increased, but not significantly. There was a significant decrease in tidal volume as Paco2 increased. Hyperoxia was observed to contribute to hypoventilation in ducks anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen.

Research Animal Anesthesia, Analgesia and Aurgery: Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by SCAW held in Atlanta. Smith, Alison, C.; Swindle, M. Michael. Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, 1994. iv. 170 p. ill.

            NAL call no: SF914.R49 1994

Descriptors: veterinary anesthesia congress, veterinary surgery, laboratory animals, includes birds.

Small animal anesthesia part I and II. Muir, W.W. III. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 15-20, 1994, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 17-21.

            NAL call no: SF605.N672

            Descriptors: anesthesia.

1993 

Anesthesia monitoring of avian surgical patient. Thorstad, C.L. Veterinary Practice Staff, 1993, v. 5 (5), p. 8-11. ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL call no: SF601.V4747

            Descriptors: inhaled anesthetics, complications, anesthesia, aviary birds.

Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the analgesic properties of the butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.). Curro, T.G.; Brunson, D.B.; Paul Murphy J. Veterinary Surgery, 1993, v. 22 (6), p. 546. Abstracts from the Ninth Annual Veterinary Midwest Anesthesia Conference, Jun. 5, 1993, Champaign-Urbana, IL. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, analgesics, cockatoos.

Effects of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia on adrenal function and cardiac conduction in goshawks and pigeons. Lumeij, J.T. Raptor Biomedicine, Redig, Patrick T.; Cooper, John E.; Remple, J. David; Hunter, D. Bruce (eds). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1993, i-xvii, p. 1-265. Chapter pagination: 145-149. ISBN: 0816622191.

            NAL call no: SF994.5.R36 1993

            Descriptors: sedation, ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, comparative effects.

The influence of midazolam on the minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in racing pigeons. Smith, J.; Mason, D.E.; Muir, W.W. Veterinary Surgery, 1993, v. 22 (6), p. 546-547. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: racing animals, anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, preanesthetic.

Inhalation anesthesia in birds of prey. Fitzgerald, Guy; Blais, Diane. Raptor Biomedicine, Redig, Patrick T.; Cooper, John E.; Remple, J.David; Hunter, D. Bruce (eds). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1993, i-xvii. p. 1-265. Chapter pagination: 128-135. ISBN: 0816622191.

            NAL call no: SF994.5.R36 1993

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, sedation, inhalation anesthesia techniques, review.

Principles and techniques of anesthesia and analgesia for exotic practice. Heard, D.J. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, W.B. Saunders Co. Nov. 1993, v. 23 (6), p. 1301-1327. ISSN: 0195-5616.

            NAL call no: SF601.V523

            Descriptors: pets, anesthesia, sedation, treatment techniques, birds.

1992

Anesthesia administration for pet birds. Part 1. Anesthetic agents. Rosskopf, W. Jr.; Woerpel, R.W.; Reed, S.; Snider, K.; Dispirito, T. Veterinary Practice Staff, 1992, v. 4 (2), p. 34-37. ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL call no: SF601.V4747

            Descriptors: aviary birds, injectable anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, anesthesia.

Anesthesia administration in pet birds: Successful anesthetic protocol. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.; Reed, S.; Snider, K.; Dispirito, T. Veterinary Practice Staff, 1992, v. 4 (5), p. 10-14. ISSN: 1047-8639.

            NAL call no: SF601.V4747

            Descriptors: anesthetics, anesthesia, aviary birds.

Anesthetic management of ostriches. Cornick, J.L.; Jensen, J. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jun. 1, 1992, v. 20 (11), p. 1661-1666. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 Am3

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, anesthetics, heart rate, blood pressure, blood gases.

Abstract: Several anaesthetic induction protocols used to facilitate intubation and anaesthetic maintenance with isoflurane in 7 adult ostriches and 1 juvenile ostrich were evaluated. Induction protocols included i.v. administration of Telazol (zolazepam/tiletamine) i.v. administration of Vallium//Ketaset (diazepam/ketamine) with and without Rompun (xylazine), i.v. administration of xylazine/ketamine, i.m. administration of Wildnil (carfentanil) or xylamine/carfentanil, and mask induction with Aerrane (isoflurane). General anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen for various procedures, including proventriculotomy (6 birds), tibial (1 bird) or mandibular (1 bird) fracture repair, and drainage of an iatrogenic haematoma (1 bird). Heart rate and respiratory rate varied greatly among birds. The arterial blood pressure values recorded from 6 of the birds during maintenance of general anaesthesia were higher than for most mammalian species, but were comparable to values reported for awake chickens and turkeys.

Anesthetic management for surgery in 10 ostriches. Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Sanders, E.A.; Light, G.S. Veterinary Surgery, 1992, v. 21 (2), p. 164. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: surgical operations, diazepam, ketamine, xylazine, anesthesia.

Effects of yohimbine as a reversing agent for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in budgerigars. Heaton, J.T.; MD; Brauth, S.E. Laboratory Animal Science, Feb. 1992, v. 42 (1), p. 54-56. ISSN: 0023-6764.

            NAL call no: 410.9 P94

            Descriptors: budgerigars, anesthesia, yohimbine, ketamine, xylazine, dosage effects.

Abstract: Fourteen adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were anesthetized with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (40mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (10mg/kg) intramuscularly. Forty-five minutes after ketamine-xylazine injection, one of four yohimbine hydrochloride doses )0.0, 0.11, 0.275 0r 0.44 mg/kg, IM) was administered in a 0.7% saline vehicle. Latencies are recorded in minutes from yohimbine injection until subjects’ behavior indicated three different points of recovery: 1) lifting the head, 2) standing unaided without ataxia, and 3) perching. Means for all three recovery point latencies ere significantly reduced by 0.275 mg/kg of yohimbine compared with saline vehicle alone. Mean latencies among treatment groups for each of the three recovery points were not significantly different, other than control versus treated groups. Based on these results, we recommend a yohimbine dose of 0.275 mg/kg as an effective reversing agent for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in budgerigars.

Minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary dose-response to halothane in ducks. Ludders, J.W. Veterinary Surgery, 1992, v. 21 (4), p. 319-324. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, cardiovascular system, halothane.

Abstract: The minimal anaesthetic conc (MAC) for halothane and cardiopulmonary dose-responses at several conc of halothane were determined during spontaneous ventilation in 9 young adult Pekin ducks. The MAC for halothane was 1.04+0.11. There were dose-dependent decreases in ventilation, significant reductions in inspiratory and expiratory times, and prolongation of expiratory pause times. The end-tidal haolthane conc at apnoea in 5 ducks was <1.35% and anaesthetic index was <1.51. Heart rate increased significantly as the conc of halothane was increased, but arterial blood pressure did not change. Cardiac arrhythmias developed in 5 ducks at end-tidal halothane conc as low as 1.15%, and one duck died of cardiac arrest.

Moglichkeiten der Schmerzausschaltung beim Vogel - eine Ubersicht. [Possibilities for analgesia in birds. A review.] Warncke, G. Tierlaboratorium, 1992, no. 15, p. 67-82. ISSN: 0179-0862. Note: In German.

            NAL call no: QL55.Z46

            Descriptors: anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, analgesics.

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) immobilization using carfentanil and xylazine and reversal with yohimbine and naltrexone. Raath, J.P.; Quandt, S.K.F.; Malan, J.H. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, Dec. 1992, v. 63 (4), p. 138-140. ISSN: 0301-0732.

            NAL call no: 41.8 SO8

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, drug restraint.

Pain in birds. Gentle, M.J. Animal Welfare, 1992, v. 1 (4), p. 235-247. ISSN: 0962-7286.

            NAL call no: HV4701.A557

            Descriptors: animal welfare, debeaking, analgesics, pain, reviews.

Abstract: The physiology of pain, pain receptors, behavioural and physiological responses to pain, pain following trauma (including beak amputation), and analgesia in birds are reviewed.

1991

Anesthesia in caged birds. Doolen, M.D.; Jackson, L. Iowa State University Veterinarian, 1991, v. 53 (2), p. 76-80. ISSN: 0099-5851.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V6425.

            Descriptors: aviary birds, inhaled anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, anesthesia.

Intravenously administered propofol for anesthesia of the common buzzard (Buteo buteo), the tawny owl (Strix aluco), and the barn owl (Tyto alba). Milaelian, J. Proceedings of the First Conference of the European Committee of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, Vienna, Mar. 13-16, 1991, p. 97-101.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, birds.

Premature ventricular contractions and apparent hypertension during anesthesia in an ostrich. Matthews, N.S.; Burba, D.J.; Cornick, J.L. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jun. 1, 1991, v. 198 (11), p. 1959-1961. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

            Descriptors: ostriches, anesthesia, hypertension, ventricles contraction, adverse effects.

Abstract: Premature ventricular contractions and apparent hypertension were seen in an adult ostrich anaesthetized with isoflurane. The ostrich had septic joints and was anaesthetized to allow joint lavage. The premature ventricular contractions occurred at the rate of 1 to 2 min, with a brief period of 12 to 15 min, and were not treated with any antiarrhythmic drugs. Normal blood pressures for awake or anaesthetized adult ostriches are not readily available, but the blood pressures in this bird were higher than in other ostriches measured with the same technique. Systolic pressures ranged from 199 to 249 mm of Hg, diastolic pressures from 107 to 177 mm of Hg, and mean pressures were from 165 to 220 mm of Hg during isoflurane anaesthesia of approximately 45 min duration. Recovery from anaesthesia was uncomplicated, although the ostrich died 12 days later from mycotic pneumonia attributed to Aspergillus sp. and Candida albicans.

A technique for liver biopsy performed in Pekin ducks using anesthesia with Telazol. Carp, N.Z.; Saputelli, J.; Halbherr, T.C.; Mason, W.S.; Jilbert, A.R. Laboratory Animal Science, Oct. 1991, v. 41 (5), p. 474-475. ISSN: 0023-6764.

            NAL call no: 410.9 P94

            Descriptors: ducks, liver biopsy, anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, safety.

Abstract: Infection of Pekin ducks with duck hepatitis B virus is a useful model for studying the hepadenoviruses, of which human hepatitis B virus is the prototype. The utility of this model had been limited, however, by the difficulties associated with anesthetizing and obtaining liver biopsies from ducks. We developed a technique using Telazol, (13mg/kg) to anesthetize ducks before surgical biopsy of the liver in ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus. Eight Pekin ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus underwent serial biopsies at 4- to 5- week intervals. There was one perioperative death in 34 surgical procedures with no evidence on intr-abdominal sepsis or wound complications. Telazol can be used safely and humanely to anesthetize ducks without the need for general endotracheal anesthesia.

Use of medetomidine as a preanaesthetic in birds. Kalpravidh, M. Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia, 1991, Special supplement, 245-248; Proceedings of the 4^th International Congress of Veterinary Anaesthesia, Utrecht, Netherlands, Aug. 25-31, 1991. ISSN: 1467-2987.

            NAL call no: SF914 V47

            Descriptors: anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, ketamine, medetomidine.

Abstract: Medetomidine, a alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist wae used to balance ketamine anaesthesia in birds. Twenty zebra doves weighing 40 to 60 g were equally divided into 2 groups. Group 1 was used to evaluate the effects of 100 mg/kg bwt of 5% ketamine and 0.1 mg/kg bwt of 0.005% medetomidine in combination with 100 mg/kg bwt or 5% ketamine. Group 2 was used to study the effects of 200 mg/kg bwt of 5% ketamine and 30 mg/kg bwt of 1% pentobarbital. All injections were made i.m. Medetomidine-ketamine combination provided better analgesia, deeper anaesthesia, and smoother recovery with less wing flapping than with ketamine alone. The anaesthetic effect of the combination was comparable to that of pentobarbital but recovery was smoother.

Veterinary Anaesthesia. Hall, J.W.; Clarke, K.W. 1991, ed. 9, 410 p. Bailliere Tindall, Ltd, London; UK. ISBN: 0702014214.

            NAL call no: SF914.H39 2000

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, wild animals, anesthetics, pre-medication, anesthesia.

Abstract: The 9^th extensively revised edition is aimed at students and provides a reference for veterinary surgeons in general practice. Part one “Principles and Procedures” covers: general considerations, patient monitoring and clinical measurement, introduction to general anaesthesia, principles of sedation, analgesia and premedication, general pharmacology of intravenous and inhaled anaesthetic agents, relaxation of the skeletal muscles, artificial ventilation of the lungs, apparatus for the administration of anaesthetics and principles of local analgesia. Part 2 “Anaesthesia of the species” includes species-specific details for the horse, cattle, sheep, goat and other herbivores, pig, dog, cat, birds, laboratory and wild animals. Part 3 “Special anaesthesia” deals with obstetrics, intrathoracic and cardiac surgery as well as accidents and emergencies. Appendices include duties of an anaesthetist, glossary of abbreviations, and UK and US approved names of some drugs used in anaesthesia. There is a subject index.

1990

Anesthesia of birds and miscellaneous laboratory animals. Bush, M. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals Proceedings, 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia, MD, May 3-6, 1990, p. 107-109.

            NAL call no: SF914.A53 1990

            Descriptors: birds, laboratory animals, anesthesia.

Chemical immobilization in ostriches (Struthio camelus) using etorphine hydrochloride. Samor, J.H.; Irwin, Davies J.; Faraj, E. Veterinary Record, Dec. 8, 1990, v. 127 (23), p. 575-576. ill. ISSN: 0042-4900.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V641

            Descriptors: ostriches, immobilization, etorphine, anesthesia.

Isoflurane as an inhalational anesthetic agent in clinical practice. Dohoo, S.E. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 1990, v. 31 (12), p. 847-850. ISSN: 0008-5286.

            NAL call no: 41.8 R3224

            Descriptors: anesthesia, pharmacokinetics, inhaled-anesthetics.

Abstract: Isoflurane is the most recently available inhalation anaesthetic agent on the market. Although there have been few clinical trials comparing the use to halothane and methoxyflurane, the pharmacology of the agent suggests certain situations in which it may be the preferred agent. These include avian anaesthesia, geriatric patients, patients with cardiovascular disease or hepatic disease, critically ill and unstable patients, cases such as brachiocephalics where upper airway obstructions is a concern during recovery, patients where increases in intracranial pressure should be avoided, and caesarean section. In addition, the rapid recoveries seen with isoflurane may be an advantage for outpatient surgeries.

Minimal anesthetic concentrations and cardiopulmonary dose response of isoflurane in ducks. Ludders, J.W.; Mitchell, G.S.; Rode, J. Veterinary Surgery, 1990, v. 19 (4), p. 304-307. ISSN: 0161-3499.

            NAL call no: SF911.V43

            Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, hemodynamics.

Abstract: The minimal anaesthetic concentration (MAC) for isoflurane was determined during spontaneous ventilation in nine male Pekin ducks (7 to 12 weeks of age; 3.0 +0.4 kg). While each bird was awake, arterial blood was collected for analysis of pH, PaCO², and PaO². After anaesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen, MAC was determined for isoflurane in each bird during spontaneous ventilation in a manner similar to MAC determinations in mammals. Pulmonary dose-response data were collected at 1 and 1;5 MAC. Anaesthetic index (AI; an index of anaesthetic-induced apnoea) was calculated from ducks that became apnoeic. The MAC for isoflurane was 1.30 + 0.23%)mean + SD). There was a dose dependent decrease in ventilation as evidenced by significant increase in PaCO². Apnoea or unacceptable hypercarbia (PaCO²> 110 mm Hg), or both, were common occurrences at the end-tidal isoflurane concentrations greater than 1.5 MAC. Anaesthetic index calculated from 4 ducks was 1.65+0.13 (mean +SEM). There was no significant difference between the means of either heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure in birds at 1.0 and 1.5 MAC.

Pharmacology and physiologic effects of anesthesia and analgesics: Anesthetics. Benson, G.J. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals Proceedings. 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, May 3-6, 1990, p. 7-10.

            NAL call no: SF914.A53 1990

            Descriptors: anesthetics, pharmacology, includes birds.

Principles of anesthesia and analgesia. Brown, M.J. Essentials for Animal Research: A Primer for Research Personnel, B.T. Bennett; M.J. Brown, J.C. Schofield, 1990, p 39-58. ref.

            NAL call no: QL55.B36

            Descriptors: domestic animals, laboratory animals, anesthesia, analgesics, pain.

1989

Common anesthetic dosages for use in psittacine birds. McDonald, S.E. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1989, v. 3 (4), p. 186-187. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: aviary birds, injectable anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, anesthesia.

Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazine in Pekin ducks. Ludders, J.W.; Rode, J.; Mitchell, G.S.; Nordheim, E.V. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Feb. 1989, v. 50 (2), p. 245-249. ISSN: 0002-9645.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A

            Descriptors: ducks, ketamine, xylazine, drug combinations, anesthesia, adverse effects.

Abstract: Effects of ketamine, xylazine, and a combination of ketamine and xylazine were studied in 12 male Pekin ducks (7 to 12 weeks old [+SD] body weight, 3.1 +0.3kg). After venous and arterial catheterization and fixation of a temperature probe in the cloaca, each awake duck was confined, but not restrained, in an open box in a dimly lit room. Blood pressure and lead II ECG were recorded. Three arterial blood samples were collected every 15 minutes over a 45-minute period (control period) and were analyzed for pHa, Paco2 and Pao2. After the control period, each duck was assigned at random to 1 0f 3 drug groups: (1) ketamine (KET; 20 mg/kg of body weight, IV), (2) xylazine (XYL; 1 mg;kg, IV) and (3) KET+XYL (KET 20mg.kg and XYL, 1 mg/kg, IV). Measurements were made at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after drug administration. All ducks survived the drug study. Cloacal temperature was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased above control cloacal temperature at 90 minutes after the administration of ketamine, and from 10 to 90 minutes after the administration of ketamine plus xylazine. In ducks of the KET group, pHa, Paco2, and Pao2, remained unchanged after administration of the drug. In ducks in the XYL group, pHa and Pao2 decreased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) from control values for all time points up to and including 15 minutes after drug administration. In ducks of the KET+XYL group, pHa and Pao2 were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) decreased at all time points up to and including 45 and 15 minutes respectively, after administration of the drugs. In ducks of the XYL group, Paco2 increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) during the first 15 minutes after drug administration, and for 45 minutes after administration of KET+XYL. Results indicated that ketamine when given alone to ducks, was not associated with pulmonary depression. There was drug-associated respiratory depression after IV administration of XYL or KET+XYL.

Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia. Muir, William, 1946; Hubbell, John A.E. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby, 1989, xi, 340 p. ill. ISBN: 0801635937.

            NAL call no: SF914.M85

            Descriptors: veterinary anesthesia handbook, manuals, animal welfare.

1988

Air sac anesthesia technique. MacCoy, D. AAV Today, 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 97. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, abdominal air sac, anesthesia technique.

Anesthesia in waterfowl. Kaufman, E.; Pokras, M.; Sedgwick, C. AAV Today, 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 98. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: Anseriformes, anesthesia.

Avian anesthesia, part 2: Injectable agents. Mandelker, L. Companion Animal Practice, 1988, v. 2 (10), p. 21-23. ISSN: 0894-9794.

            NAL call no: SF981.C64

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, Serinus canaria, anesthesia, injectable agents, guidelines.

Effects of surgical pentobarbital anesthesia on blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial blood pH and gas tension in turkeys. Lee, J.C.; McGrath, C.J.; Leighton, A.R.; Wilson, M.H. Laboratory Animal Science, 1988, v. 38 (2), p. 208-210. ISSN: 0023-6764.

            NAL call no: 410.9 P94

            Descriptors: barbituates, laboratory animals, blood chemistry, anesthesia, turkeys.

Abstract: Forty two broad breasted white turkeys aged 4-16 weeks received an i.v. bolus injection of sodium pentobarbital at 5 mg/kg every 2 minutes until anaesthesia reached the surgical plane. There was no relationship between age and dosage rate, which varied between 36.8+2.2 and 42.1+2.9 mg/kg. The mean arterial blood pressure was reduced in all age groups, with a significant difference from 6 weeks; the heart rate rose significantly at all ages except 4 weeks; these changes largely obviated age-related differences. There were minimal changes in arterial pH and hematocrit values but arterial PO₂ was significantly decreased and PCO₂ increased. The results are tabulated.

Inefficacy of oral ketamine for chemical restraint in turkeys. Clutton, R.E. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Apr.1988, v. 24 (2), p. 380-381. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL call no: 41.9 W64B

            Descriptors: turkeys, ketamine, anesthesia, restraint of animals.

Introduction to avian anesthesia. Mandelker, L. Companion Animal Practice, 1988, v. 2 (6), p. 31-32. ISSN: 0894-9794.

            NAL call no: SF981.C64

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, introductory notes.

Ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in red-tailed hawks with antagonism by yohimbine. Degernes, L.A.; Kreeger, T.J.; Mandsager, R.; Redig, P.T. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1988, v. 24 (2), p. 322-326. ISSN: 0090-3558.

            NAL call no: 41.9 W64B

            Descriptors: anesthesia, ketamine/xylazine, yohimbine antagonism, Falconiformes.

Abstract: Five red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) were anaesthetized at weekly intervals with intravenous ketamine hydrochloride (KET, 4.4 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (XYL, 2.2 mg/kg). 20 minutes after anaesthesia, yohimbine hydrochloride (YOH, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 mg/kg) or a control was administered. All doses of YOH significantly reduced the head-up-times and the standing times, compared to the control group. The heart and respiratory rates following YOH (all doses) were significantly greater than the anaesthetized rates, but were comparable to the rates observed in restrained, unanaesthetized hawks. Yohimbine did not appear to have any significant effect of body temperature. Based upon administration of 4.4 mg/kg KET and 2.2 mg/kg XYL, a dose of 0.10 mg/kg YOH was recommended to achieve antagonism without causing profound cardiovascular or respiratory changes.

Overview of avian anesthesia. Heard, D.J. AAV Today, 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 92-95, ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, overview of techniques and methodology.

Quality anesthesia in the field. Taylor, M. AAV Today, 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 97. ISSN: 0892-9904.

            NAL call no: SF994.A2

            Descriptors: Gruidae, anesthesia, field use of portable system, Balearica pavonina, birds.

1987

Anesthesia and surgery. Mandelker, L. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed). Iowa State University Press, Ames. 1997, i-x. p. 1-247. Chapter pagination: 148-154.

            NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66 1987

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, surgical techniques, range of anesthetics, small birds.

Avian anesthesia - A clinical update. Taylor, M. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Zoological and Avian Medicine, Association of Avian Veterinarians & American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 1987, p. 1-586. Chapter pagination: 519-524.

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, review.

Pain, anesthesia, and analgesia in common laboratory animals. Jan. 1980 through Dec. 1986, 514 citations. Gluckstein, Fritz P. Literature Search no. 86-17, PHS, NIH, Bethesda, MD (1987) 45 p.

            NAL call no: Z7994.L3G5

            Descriptors: laboratory animals, pain, analgesia, bibliography, includes birds.

Special considerations for general anesthesia of birds. Carter, Storm A. Modern Veterinary Practice, 1987, v. 68 (6), p. 358-360. ISSN: 0362-8140.

            NAL call no: 41.8 N812

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, respiratory system, considerations.

1986

[A contribution to the knowledge or ether general anesthesia of singing birds and parrots.] Bajric, A.; Ozegovic, T.; Hlubna, D. Veterinaria (Sarajevo), 1986, v. 35 (1), p. 119-122. ISSN: 0372-6827. Note: In Serbo-Croatian.

            NAL call no: 41.8 V6494

            Descriptors: Psittaciformes, anesthesia, ether, exposure time, effect.

Effect of tolazoline on xylazine-ketamine-induced anesthesia in turkey vultures. Allen, J.L.; Oosterhuis, J.E. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1986, v. 189 (9), p. 1011-1012. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

            Descriptors: Cathartes aura, anesthesia, xylazine-ketamine, tolazoline, effect.

Inhalation anesthesia for captive wild mammals, birds and reptiles. Sedgwick, C.J. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Fowler, M.E. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 1986. i-xxiv, p. 1-1127. Chapter pagination: 51-56.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, anesthesia, inhalation, review.

Prolonged isoflurane anesthesia in the golden eagle. Clutton, R.E. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 1986, v. 17 (3), p. 103-105. ISSN: 0093-4562.

            NAL call no: SF601.J6

            Descriptors: anesthesia, prolonged use of isoflurane, Aquila chrysaetos.

Restraint and anesthesia. Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Fowler, M.E. (ed). W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia. 1986, i-xxiv. p. 1-1127. Chapter pagination: 488-491.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, restraining technique, anesthesia, parrots, songbirds, review.

1985

Isoflurane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia in an Andean condor. Bednarski, R.M.; Ludders, J.W.; LeBlanc, P.H.; Pickett, J.P.; Sedgwick, C.J. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1985, v. 187 (11), p. 1209-1210. ISSN: 0003-1488.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

            Descriptors: Vultur gryphus, anesthesia, isoflurane/nitrous-oxide/oxygen, evaluation.

1983

L'anesthesie des especes insolites en pratique veterinaire courante. 2. L'anesthesie des oiseaux. [Anaesthesia of uncommon species in current veterinary practice. 2. Bird anaesthesia.] Genevois, J.P.; Fayolle, P.; Autefage, A.; Cazieux, A.; Bonnemaison, P. Rev. Med. Vet.: Ecole nationale veterinaire de Toulouse, Nov. 1983, v. 134 (11), p. 601-607. ISSN: 0035-1555. Note: In French with English, German and Spanish summaries.

            NAL call no: 41.8 R32

            Descriptors: anesthesia, uncommon species, bird anesthesia.

Stimulation-produced analgesia. Wolfle, T.L.; Liebeskind, J.C. Animal Pain: Perception and Alleviation, Kitchell, R.L.; Erickson, H.H. (eds). American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD. 1983, i-x. P. 1-221. Chapter pagination: 107-115.

            NAL call no: QP451.4.A54

            Descriptors: pain, analgesia, brain, sensory reception, nervous system and behavior.

1982

Hypothermia used instead of anesthesia for surgery on nestling passerines. Mueller, N.S. Journal of Field Ornithology, 1982, v. 53 (1), p. 60. ISSN: 0273-8570.

            NAL call no: 413.8 B534

Descriptors: Passeriformes, surgical techniques, nestlings, hypothermia, young animals, temperature reduction, evaluation.

A review of avian anesthesia. Hartsfield, S.M. Southwestern Veterinarian, College Station, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, 1982, v. 35 (2), p. 117-126. ISSN: 0038-495X.

            NAL call no: 41.8 SO82

            Descriptors: avian, anesthesia, review.

1980

[Application of tentatively prepared circuit and accessories to halothane inhalation anesthesia in small birds.] Yamamura, H. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association, 1980, v. 33 (5), p. 213-219. ISSN: 0046-6454. Note: In Japanese.

            NAL call no: 41.9 J275

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, halothane inhalation, administration equipment.

1979

Effects of anesthesia on the temperature and electrocardiogram of birds. Altman, R.B.; Miller, M.S. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings, 1979, p. 61-62a. ISSN: 0095-0610.

            NAL call no: SF605.A4

            Descriptors: halothane, ketamine, effects on body temperature, anesthesia effects.

1978

[Anesthesia in birds with metomidate.] Samejima, M.; Sakawa, T. Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Medical Association, May 1978, v. 31 (5), p. 267-271. ill. ISSN: 0046-6454. Note: In Japanese with an English summary.

            NAL call no: 41.9 J275

            Descriptors: birds, anesthesia, metomidate.

Anesthesia in companion birds. Dolphin, R.E. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings, 1978, p. 61-62. ISSN: 0095-0610.

            NAL call no: SF605.A4

            Descriptors: Aves, anesthesia, pet birds.

Drugs used for avian anesthesia: A review. Fedde, M.R. Poultry Science, 1978, v. 57 (5), p. 1376-1399. ISSN: 0032-5791.

            NAL call no: 47.8 AM33P

            Descriptors: Aves, anasthesia, local and general anesthetics, pharmaceuticals, review.

Fowl, quail, pheasants (Galliformes). Restraint and anesthesia. Franchetti, D.R.; Klide, A.M. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Fowler, M.E. (ed). W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia. 1978, i-xvi. p. 1-951. Chapter pagination: 303-304.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: Galliformes, restraint, chemical and physical, anesthesia, agents, dosages.

An outline guide to general anesthesia in exotic species. Stunkard, J.A.; Miller, J.C. Auburn Veterinarian, 1978, v. 34 (2), p. 57-64. ISSN: 0446-6454.

            NAL call no: 41.8 AU1

            Descriptors: Pisces, amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, anesthesia, birds, review.

Perching birds, parrots, cockattos and macaws (psittacines and passerines). Restraint and anesthesia. Franchetti, D.R.; Kilde, A.M. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Fowler, M.E. (ed). W.B. Saunders Co., 1978, i-xvi. P. 1-951. Chapter pagination: 359-364.

            NAL call no: SF996.Z66

            Descriptors: restraint, physical and chemical, anesthesia, handling techniques.

Return to:    Contents

2003

The role of mechanical forces on the patterning of the avian feather bearing skin: A biomechanical analysis of the integumentary musculature in birds. Homberger, D.G.; de Silva, K.N. Journal of Experimental Zoology: Part B Molecular Development and Evolution, Aug. 2003, v. 298 (1), p. 123-139.

            NAL call no: 410 J825

            Descriptors: integumentary musculature, smooth muscles, skin.

Abstract: The integumentary musculature of birds consists of three distinct componentss. The smooth musculature comprises feather and apterial muscles, which form a continuous musculo-elastic layer within the dermis. The feather muscles, which consistently include at least erectors and depressors, interconnect contour feathers within pterylae (i.e., feather tracts) along gridlines that are oriented diagonally to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the body. The apterial muscles interconnect pterylae by attaching to the contour feathers along their peripheries. The striated musculature is composes of individual subcutaneous muscles, most of which attach to contour feathers along the caudal periphery of pterylae. A new integrative functional analysis of the integumentary musculature proposes how apterial muscles stabilize the pterylae and modulate the tension of the musculo-elastic layer, and how subcutaneous muscles provide the initial stimulus for erector muscles being able to ruffle the contour feathers within pterylae. It also shows how the arrangement of the contour feathers and integumentary muscles reflects the stresses and strains that act on the avian skin. These mechanical forces are in effect not only in the adult, especially during flight, but may also be active during feather morphogenesis. The avian integument with its complex structural organization may, therefore, represent an excellent model for analyzing the nature of interactions between the environment and genetic material. The predictions of our model are testable, and our study demonstrates the relevance of integrated analyses of complex organs as mechanically coherent systems for evolutionary and developmental biology.

2002

Anatomy. Zucca, P. Birds of Prey: Health and Diseases, 3^rd ed. Cooper, John E. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, Malden etc. 2002, i-xvii, p. 1-345. Chapter pagination: 13-27. ISBN: 0632051159.

            NAL call no: SF994.5.C65 2002

            Descriptors: Falconiformes, Strigiformes, anatomy, general morphology, overview.

Air sac functional anatomy of the sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) during isoflurane anesthesia. Jaensch, Susan M.; Cullen, Len; Raidal, Shane R. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mar. 2002, v. 16 (1), p. 2-9. ISSN: 1082-6742.

            NAL call no: SF994.J6

            Descriptors: sedation, respiratory system, air sacs, anaesthesia, gases.

Avian anatomy and physiology. Harcourt Brown, N.; Meredith, A.(ed.).; Redrobe, S. BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets, 2002, Ed. 4, p. 138-148. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.

            NAL call no: SF981.B78 2002

            Descriptors: animal anatomy, physiology, musculoskeletal system.

Avian GI tract morphology and diseases. Orosz, S.E.; Marx, K.L. (ed.); Roston, M.A. Proceedings of the 23^rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 28-30, 2002, p. 116-120.

            NAL call no: SF994.M52

            Descriptors: anatomy, aviary birds, digestive tract, morphology.

Avian long bones, flight and bipedalism. Casinos, A.; Cubo, J.; Russell, A.P.(ed.); Bels, V. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2002, v. 131 (1), p. 159-167. ref. ISSN: 1095-6433.

            NAL call no: QP1.C6

            Descriptors: bones, flight, locomotion, wings, phylogeny, bird anatomy, legs.

Comparative anatomy of the paratympanic organ (vitali organ) in the middle ear of birds and non-avian vertebrates: Focus on alligators, parakeets and armadillos. Neeser, Jason A.; von Bartheld, Christopher S. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 2002, v. 60 (2), p. 65-79. Available: www.karger.com/journals/bbe/bbe_ih.htm ISSN: 0006-8977.

Descriptors: lumen, middle ear, sensory system, vestibular brainstem.

Abstract: The paratympanic organ (PTO) in the middle ear has been described in numerous bird species, but little is known about the distribution of this presumed lateral line remnant in other vertebrate classes. Here we provide evidence for a PTO in juvenile alligators, and make the first detailed description of its location and relation to ligaments in the reptilian middle ear. The alligator PTO measures about 450 mum in diameter. The alligator PTO contains hair cells whose cilia extend into a mucous substance within the lumen. The PTO connects through a ligament to the ear drum, suggesting that pressure onto the tympanic membrane might induce fluid movement in the PTO. Labeling of innervating nerve fibers with fluorescent dye, Dil, indicates that the alligator PTO is connected with the vestibular brainstem. Because all bird species examined possess a PTO except owls and possibly parakeets, we verified the absence of a PTO in parakeets by examination of aerial sections combined with GABA immunolabeling for potential hair cells. Bird species with significant upper beak movement lack a PTO, suggesting that PTO function is incompatible with upper beak movement. We also examined the middle ear of an armadillo, a mammal that has a very basal position within the eutherian phylogenetic tree. A small vesicle with ciliated cells was found but did not label with a hair-cell specific marker, antibodies to myosin Vlla, and thus is not likely to represent a true PTO. Our evidence for a PTO in non-avian species, the alligator, together with previous reports suggesting the presence of a PTO in some mammals, indicates that ancestral stem amniotes possessed a PTO, and that the PTO was not a de novo invention of birds.

Comparative histomorphological study on the duodenum of fowl (Gallus gallus), duck (Anas boscas) and quail (Cortutnix corturnix). Partha, Das; Roy, M.M.; Mondal, M. Das, P. Journal of Interacademicia, 2002, v. 6 (2), p. 202-205. ref. ISSN: 0971-9016.

Descriptors: duodenum, histology, villi, animal anatomy, species differences.

Abstract: The fowls (n=6), ducks (n=6) and quails (n=6) used in the study were reared up to 8 weeks of age before they were sacrificed. It was observed that the topographic positions of the duodenum in all birds were similar and only the length and diameter varied. Histologically, all 5 layers of the duodenum (tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica mucosa) were present in fowls, ducks and quails. Villi were found in all layers of the duodenum of the three bird species with a variation again in sizes and shapes.

Composite cellular defence stratagem in the avian respiratory system: Functional morphology of the free (surface) macrophages and specialized pulmonary epithelia. Naganpiep, L.N.; Maina, J.N. Journal of Anatomy, 2002, v. 200 (5), p. 499-516. ref. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: lungs, macrophages, morphology, defence mechanisms, respiratory.

Abstract: Qualitative and quantitative attributes of the free respiratory macrophages (FRMs) of the lung - air sac systems of the fowl (Gallus gallus variant domesticus) and the muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) were compared with those of the alveolar macrophages of the lung of the black rat (Rattus rattus). The birds had significantly fewer FRMs compared to the rat. In the birds, the FRMs were found in both the lungs and the air sacs. Under similar experimental conditions, the most robust FRMs were those of the domestic fowl followed by those of the rat and the duck. Flux of macrophages onto the respiratory surface from the subepithelial compartment and probably also from the pulmonary vasculature was observed in the birds but not in the rat. In the duck and domestic fowl, a phagocytic epithelium that constituted over 70% of the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier lines the atrial muscles, the atria and the infundiblae. The epithelial cells of the upper respiratory airways contain abundant lysosomes, suggesting a high lytic capacity. By inference, the various defence strategies in the avian lung may explain the dearth of FRMs on the respiratory surface. We counter-propose that rather than arising directly from paucity of FRMs, an aspect that has been over-stressed by most investigators, the purported high susceptibility of birds (particularly table birds) to respiratory ailments and afflictions may be explained by factors such as inadequate management and husbandry practices and severe genetic manipulation for fast growth and high productivity, manipulations that may have weakened cellular and immunological defences.

Embryonic development from first cleavage through seventy-two hours incubation in two strains of pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Dupuy, V.; Nersessian, B.; Bakst, M.R. Poultry Science, 2002, v. 81 (6), p. 860-868. ref. ISSN: 0032-5791.

NAL call no: 47.8 Am33P

Descriptors: cleavage, embryonic development, embryos, incubation.

Abstract: Embryonic mortality is a significant problem plaguing the commercial duck industry worldwide, yet an objective means to stage development of the duck embryo is lacking. Such a staging procedure, which is described in this study, is essential for the critical and reproducible assessment of embryo development. The morphological features associated with duck embryo development are very similar to those of the chicken, although the duck embryo develops more slowly. The staging scheme presented here provides objective morphological criteria describing the embryonic development of the duck.

The histological observations on the large intestine of the goose (Anser anser) during the pre- and post-hatching periods. Liman, N.; Asian, S.; Gulmez, N. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2002, v. 64 (8), p. 705-709. ref. ISSN: 0916-7250.

NAL call no: SF604.J342

Descriptors: animal anatomy, caecum, colon, histology, large intestine.

Abstract: The development of the caecum and colon in the goose was investigated using light microscopy during the period from the 15^th to 28^th day of incubation and from 1 - 30 d of age after hatching. By day 15 of incubation in the caecum and colon, the lumen was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium. The previllous ridges appeared on the 15^th and 17^th d of incubation in the colon and caeca, respectively. At the base of the previllous ridges, the epithelium changed into a simple prismatic epithelium on the 15^th and 17^th d of incubation in the colon and caecum respectively. The villi appeared at the 21^st d of incubation. The crypts and goblet cells appeared on the 1^st d after hatching. In the prehatching period, the lamina muscularis mucosa was present only in the colon. The submucosa consisted of loosely aggregated connective tissue in the prehatching period. In the posthatching period, it consisted of a very thin layer of connective tissue. Its presence was only obvious where the cells of the submucosal nerve plexus or occasional large blood vessels considerably increased its thickness. The nerve plexus corresponding to the Auerbach’s plexus of the mammalian intestine and submucosal nerve plexus appeared by the 15^th d of incubation. From the 15^th to 28^th d of incubation, the tunica muscularis consisted of circular smooth muscle cells in the caeca. On the 28^th day of incubation, a thinner longitudinal muscle layer was added to the circular smooth muscle layer. In the colon, there was an outer longitudinal and a thicker circular muscle layer.

Kinematic parameters of terrestrial locomotion in cusorial (ratites), swimming (ducks), and striding birds (quail and guinea fowl). Abourachid, A.; Russell, A.P.(ed.); Bels, V. Symposium from ESCPB Congress, Liege, Belgium, Jul 24-28, 2000. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2002, v. 131 (1), p. 113-119. ref. ISSN: 1095-6433.

NAL call no: QP1.C6

Descriptors: kinematics, locomotion, morphology, poultry.

Macro-anatomical investigations on sternum in bald ibis. Dursun, Nejdet; Duzler, Ayhan; Bozkurt, Ermine Uman; Ozcan, Ozgel. Indian Veterinary Journal, Feb. 2002, v. 79 (2), p. 160-165. ref. ISSN: 0019-6479.

NAL call no: SF601.I45

Descriptors: sternum, gross anatomy, skeletal system, birds.

Abstract: The sternum of Bald ibis is formed by three main parts; corpus sterni, rostrum sterni and carina sterni. The cranial border of the corpus sterni (margo cranialis sterni) carries six important structures. Three eminent processes form the processus caudolateralis sterni on the caudal border of the corpus sterni (margo caudalis sterni). Facies visceralis sterni (facies dorsalis-facies interna) is a concave surface in contact with internal organs. There are 15-20 orifices called “pori pneumatic” on this surface. Carina sterni is a sharp and high process lying on the median plane of the facies ventralis sterni. Anatomy of the sternum in Bald ibis has suggested that they are stronger and longer flying birds.

Measurement of the cardiac silhouette in psittacines. Straub, J.; Pees, M.; Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2002, v. 221 (1), p. 76-79. ref. ISSN: 0003-1488.

NAL call no: 41.8 AM3

Descriptors: animal anatomy, heart, normal values, sternum, thorax.

Abstract: Objective: to determine reference values for size of the radiographic cardiac silhouette in healthy adult medium-sized psittacines. Design: Prospective case series. Animals: 46 African grey parrots (Psittacus erythacus), 7 Senegal parrots (Poicephalus senegalus), and 6 orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). Procedure: Birds were anaesthetized, and ventodorsal radiographic projections were obtained. Maximum width of the cardiac silhouette, width of the thorax at the level of the maximum width of the cardiac silhouette, and width of the coracoid were measured on the radiographs. Sternum length was directly measured on individual birds. Results of physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography were normal in all birds. Results: Mean cardiac silhouette width-to-sternum length ratio was 38%, mean cardiac silhouette width-to-thorax width ratio was 55%, and mean cardiac silhouette width-to-coracoid width ratio was 600%. Width of the cardiac silhouette was strongly correlated with length of the sternum, width of the coracoid, and width of the thorax. No significant differences between species were detected. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggest that in healthy adult medium-sized psittacines, the cardiac silhouette on a ventrodorsal radiographic projection should be 35 to 41% of the length of the sternum, 51 to 61% of the width of the thorax, and 545 to 672% of the width of the coracoid.

Morphology and distribution of nitrergic neurons in the pheasant small intestine. Schmidtova, K.; Kocisova, M.; Sirotakova, M. Folia Veterinaria, 2002, v. 46 (1), p. 8-10. ref. ISSN: 0015-5748.

NAL call no: 41.8 F712

Descriptors: histochemistry, ilium, morphology, neurons, small intestine.

Morphometry of the heart of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), Alisterus parrots (Alisterus scapularis) and common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Straub, J.; Valerius, K.P.; Pees, M.; Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E. Research in Veterinary Science, Apr. 2002, v. 72 (2), p. 147-151. ref. ISSN: 0034-5288.

NAL call no: 41.8 R312

Descriptors: heart, morphology, normal values, ventricles, species differences.

Abstract: This study was conducted to establish data and reference values for the thickness of the myocardium and the length of the left and the right ventricle of the avian heart. The hearts of 14 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), 5 Alisterus parrots (Alisterus scapularis) (also known as Australian king parrot), and 10 common buzzards (Buteo buteo) of both sexes were examined according to a standard protocol. In order to compare the results of birds of different sizes, all data were related to the size of the bird’s body (length of the sternum) and the results of the measurements of the myocardial thickness in relation to the length of the heart. Results of different zones were compared by means of statistical methods within one species. A comparison between the different species was also performed. With regard to the relative thickness of the myocardium, only minor differences between the species were evident, greater differences were found in the length of ventricles.

Organization of the avian basal forebrain: Chemical anatomy in the parrot (Melopsittacus undulatus). Roberts, Todd Freeman; Hall, William Sterling; Brauth, Steven Earle. Journal of Comparative Neurology, Dec. 23, 2002, v. 454 (4), p. 383-408. ISSN: 0021-9967.

NAL call no: QP351.J68

Descriptors: biochemistry, chemical anatomy, laboratory techniques.

Abstract: Hodological, electrophysiological, and ablation studies indicate a role for the basal forebrain in telencephalic vocal control, however, to date the organization of the basal forebrain has not been extensively studied in any nonmammal or nonhuman vocal learning species. To this end the chemical anatomy of the avian basal forebrain was investigated in a vocal learning parrot, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Immunological and histological stains, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP)-32, the calcium binding proteins calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, iron, substance P, methionine enkephalin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphotase diaphorase, and argenine vasotocin were used in the present study. We concluded that the ventral paleostriatum (cf. Kitt and Brauth (1981) Neuroscience 6:1551-1556) and adjacent archistriatal regions can be subdivided into several distinct subareas that are chemically comparable to mammalian basal forebrain structures. The nucleus accumbens is histochemically separable into core and shell regions. The nucleus taeniae (TN) is theorized to be homologous to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The archistriatum pars ventrolateralis (Avl: comparable to the pigeon archistriatum pars dorsalis) is theorized to be a possible homologue of the central amygdaloid nucleus. The TN and Avl are histochemically continuous with the medial aspects of the bed nucleua of the stria teminalis nucleus and ventromedial striatum, forming an avian analogue of the extended amygdala. The apparent counterpart in budgerigars of the mammalian nucleus basalis of Meynert consists of a field of cholinergic neurons spanning the basal forebrain. The budgerigar septal region is theorized to be homologous as a field to the mammalian septum. Our results are discussed with regard to both the evolution of the basal forebrain and its role in vocal learning processes.

Skeleton of manus of adult greater adjutant stork (Leptoptilos dubius). Sarma, Munmun; Kalita, Arup; Sarma, Kushal Konwar. Indian Journal of Animal Science, Nov. 2002, v. 72 (11), p. 965-966. ISSN: 0367-8318.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN22

Descriptors: skeletal system, movement, Aves, bird anatomy.

Studies on the fine structure of caeca in domestic geese. Chen, YiengHow; Hsu, Hoang Kao; Hsu, Jenn Chung; Chen, Y.H.; Hsu, H.K.; Hsu J.C. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2002, v. 15 (7), p. 1018-1021. ref. ISSN: 1011-2367.

NAL call no: SF55.A78A7

Descriptors: animal anatomy, poultry, villi, tissue ultrastructure, geese, caecum.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the villus distribution in the caeca of domestic geese based on the fine structure. The caeca of White roman geese, 14 weeks old, were sampled and specimens were detected under photomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the villi existed at the proximal caecum. The morphologies of these villi showed finger-like, peak-like or tongue-like shapes. The heights of the villi decreased far from the proximal caecum. No villi were found in the middle and distal caecum. It was obvious that the proximal segment was the main portion for absorbing food nutrients in the caeca. The caecal content particles were small and possessed a viscid character. The larger particles filtered out at the proximal caecum just like a mesh. The surface of the middle caecum exhibited parallel ridges with no villi. There were band plicae circular shapes found in the middle caecum under electron microscopy.

Topographische Anatomie der Hintergliedmasse beim Maussard Buteo butero Linne, 1758 [Topographical anatomy of the back nerves of the common buzzard (Buteo buteo Linne, 1758).] Rinck, M., 2002, 77 p. ref. Note: In German.

            Descriptors: anatomy, arteries, limbs, muscles, pelvis, peripheral nerves, veins.

2001

The arterial supply of Meckel’s diverticulum in geese (Anser anser domesticus). Besoluk, K.; Eken, E. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2001, v. 63 (12), p. 1343-1345. ref. ISSNL 0916-7250.

NAL call no: SF604.J342

Descriptors: geese anatomy, arteries, blood circulation, reference works.

Abstract: The following study was carried out to describe the arterial supply of Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) in geese, using 36 adult healthy geese of both sexes, 50 to 52 weeks of age. The arterial supply of MD was classified into three types. In the first type, MD was supplied by a very distinct branch from the cranial mesenteric artery in 21 geese. In the second type, it was supplied by one terminal branch from the cranial mesenteric artery in nine geese. In the third type, it was supplied by one branch from the jejunal artery and by a terminal branch from the cranial mesenteric artery in six geese. Based on these types, significant differences (P-0.01) in the length of MD were found between type I and II. The blood supply of the third type was observed more frequently in the male than in the female. Results from this study may contribute to the anatomical knowledge of arterial supply of MD in the geese.

Avian anatomy: From the basics to new perspectives. Berkhoudt, Herman; Suthers, Roderick A.; Zweers, Gart A. Journal of Morphology, Jun. 2001, v. 248 (3), p. 207. ISSN: 0362-2525. Also, Netherlands Journal of Zoology, Jun. 2001, v. 51 (2), p. 125-262. ISSN: 0028-2960.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826 and 410 AR27

Descriptors: Aves, skeletal system, anatomy, comparative anatomy, functional anatomy.

Avian tracheal anatomy. Lafortune, M.; Black, S. Exotic DVM, 2001, v. 3 (2), p. 4-5. ref. ISSN: 1521-1363.

NAL call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors: animal anatomy, species differences, trachea.

[Biomechanics of flight of the birds.] Eren, G. Veteriner Fakultesi Anatomi Anabilim Dali, Bursa, Turkey. 2001, v. 19 (1-2), p. 199-203. ref. ISSN: 1301-3173. Note: In Turkish.

Descriptors: anatomy, biophysics, flight, wings.

Clinical avian anatomy: The pelvic limb of raptors. Harcourt-Brown, N. Journal of Morphology, Jun. 2001, v. 248 (3), p. 239. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: skeletal system, support, birds of prey, pelvic limb, gross anatomy.

Comparative morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in raptorial birds. Bragulla, Hermann; Hirschberg, Ruth; Heidbrink, Stefanie. Journal of Morphology, Jun. 2001, v. 248 (3), p. 209. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: digestive system, comparative morphology, stomach.

Comparative ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the avian pineal organ. Fejer, Z.; Rohlich, P.; Szel, A.; David, O.; Zadori, A.; Manzano, M.J.; Vigh, B. Microscopy Research and Technique, 2001, v. 53 (1), p. 12-24. ref. ISSN: 1059-910X.

NAL call no: QH212.E4J69

Descriptors: brain, cytochemistry, histology, pineal body.

Abstract: The breeding of birds is expected to solve problems of nourishment for the growing population. The function of the pineal organ synchronizing sexual activity and environmental light periods is important for successful reproduction. Comparative morphology of the avian pineal completes data furnished by experiments on some frequently used laboratory animals about the functional organization of the organ. According to comparative histological data, the pineal of vertebrates is originally a double organ (the “third and fourth eye”). One of them often lies extracranially, perceiving direct solar radiation, and the other, located intracranially, is supposed to measure diffuse brightness of the environment. Birds have only a single pineal, presumably originating from the intracranial pineal of lower vertebrates. Developing from the epithalamus, the avian pineal organ histologically seems not to be a simple gland (“pineal gland”) but a complex part of the brain composed of various pinealocytes and neurons that are embedded in an ependymal/glial network. In contrast to organs of “directional view” that develop large photoreceptor outer segments (retina, parietal pineal eye of reptiles) in order to decode two-dimensional images of the environment, the “densitometer” like pineal organ seems to increase their photoreceptor membrane content by multiplying the number of photoreceptor perikarya and developing follicle-like foldings of its wall during evolution (“folded retina”). Photoreceptor membranes of avian pinealocytes can be stained by antibodies against various photoreceptor-specific compounds, among others, opsins, including pineal opsins. Photoreseptors immunoreacting with antibodies to chicken pinopsin were also found in the reptilian pineal organ. Similar to cones and rods representing the first neurons of the retina in the lateral eye, pinealocytes of birds possess an axonal effector process which terminates on the vascular surface of the organ as a neurohormonal ending, or forms ribbon-containing synapses on pineal neurons. Serotonin is detectable immunocytochemically on the granular vesicles accumulated in neurohormonal terminals. Pinealocytic perikarya and axon terminals also bind immunocytochemically recognizable excitatory amino acids. Peripheral autonomic fibres regulate the blood supply of the pineal tissue according to the different levels of light-dependent pineal cell activity.

Comparative view of pineal gland morphology of nocturnal and diurnal birds of tropical origin. Haldar, C.; Bishnupuri, K.S. Microscopy Research and Technique, 2001, v. 53 (1), p. 25-32. ref. ISSN: 1059-910X.

NAL call no: QH212.E4J69

Descriptors: brain, morphology, organelles, pineal body, ultrastructure.

Functional morphology of the pecten oculi in the nocturnal spotted owl (Bubo bubo africanus), and the diurnal black kite (Milvus migrans) and domestic fowl (Gallus gallus var. domesticus):A comparative study. Klama, S.G.; Maina, J.N.; Bhattacharjee, J.; Weyrauch, K.D. Journal of Zoology, 2001, v. 254 (4), p. 521-528. ref. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: blood vessels, eyes, morphology, surface area, uses, chickens.

Histological and histochemical studies on the lingual, preglottal and laryngeal salivary glands of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at post-hatching period. Liman, N.; Bayram, G.; Kocak, M. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2001, v. 30 (6), p. 367-373. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: animal anatomy, histochemistry, histology, salivary glands.

Histological and histochemical studies of ureter of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Sreeranjini, A.R.; Lyyanagar, M.P.; Gopinath, S. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2001, v. 36 (2), p. 210-211. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, histology, morphology, ureter, ultrastructure.

The intermesenteric plexus in the pigeon (Columba livia GM). Kuder, T.; Nowak, E.; Szczurkowski, A. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, Apr. 2001, v. 30 (2), p. 85-88. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: Columba livia, nerve plexuses, intermesenteric plexus, histology.

Abstract: Using the thiocholine method and histological techniques the intermesenteric plexus of the pigeon was studied. The intermesenteric plexus of this species is a plexo-ganglionic structure with several (five to seven) ganglia and nerve fibres. The ganglia have an oval-, spindle- or star-like shape. Single nerve cells along the nerve fibres were observed. The intermesenteric plexus of the pigeon is situated on the ventrolateral surface of the aorta, between the cranial mesenteric artery and caudal mesenteric artery. The connections between the intermesenteric and other vegetative plexuses (coeliac plexus, mesenteric inferior plexus) and the pelvic nerve were observed.

In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the reproductive organs in a passerine bird species. Czisch, Michael; Berthold, Peter. Journal of Avian Biology, Sept. 2001, v. 32 (3), p. 278-281. ISSN: 0908-8857.

Descriptors: in vivo magnetic resonance imaging, reproductive system, Aves.

Abstract: For researchers working on the reproductive anatomy of birds, the standard tool has been the scalpel. We demonstrated that magnetic resonance imaging allows us to study non-invasively the testes and ovaries of small birds. Thus, repeated measurements of the same individual can be obtained at different life-history stages or before and after experimental treatment with a minimum of harm done to the birds. We present cross-sectional images of male and female Garden Warblers Sylvia born at different stages of their gonadal maturation cycle to illustrate the high resolution that can be achieved through MRI. Volumetric analyses enabled us to determine the total testicular volume with high accuracy.

Localization of acetylated tubulin positive nerve fibres in the spleen of pheasants. Marettova, E.; Maretta, M.; Schmidtova, K. Acta Veterinaria Beograd, 2001, v. 51 (5-6), p. 291-298. ref. ISSN: 0567-8315.

Descriptors: animal anatomy, immune system, localization, neurons, spleen.

Observations on the histological structure of adrenal glands of quail with reference to age and sex. Ali, M.A. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 2001, v. 45 (90), p. 1-13. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973.

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: adrenal cortex, adrenal glands, histology, cell structure.

Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the histological changes in the adrenal gland of quails as a result of age and sex. The adrenal glands of 75 Japanese quails of both sex, but different age groups (one day to 7 months) were removed, stained, and subjected to electron microscopic examination. The parenchyma of adrenal gland was formed from acidophilic and basophilic cells intermingled with each other and separated by blood sinasoids. The acidophilic and basophilic cells represented the cortical and medullary tissues, respectively. The peripheral cortical cells were arranged in clumps forming loops against the capsule and were large, polyhedral to columnar in shape and with highly vacuolated, lightly acidophilic cytoplasm containing few acid fucshin positive granules. In contrast, the inner cords were large, columnar, less vacuolated, and had a more acidophilic cytoplasm containing numerous acid fucshin granules. Two types of medullary cells could be differentiated according to affinity of their cytoplasm to the stain, cells with deeply stained and lightly stained basophilic cytoplasmic granules. EM examination showed that cortical cells could be classified into two types based on the amount of lipid droplets and mitochondria, cells containing numerous lipid droplets with few large globular mitochondria, and those containing few lipid droplets with numerous smaller globular mitochondria. Medullary cells could also be classified into two types based on the shape of their secretory granules, cells containing homogenous, electron dense secretory granules and those containing secretory granules forming an electron dense core surrounded by a hallow-electron lucent coat. Sex had no effect on the development of adrenal glands in quail. However, with the advancement of age, the cortical cells became more vacuolated and less acidophilic. Moreover, some cells showed pyknotic nuclei and cytolysis.

Osteopathy of the pectoral and pelvic limbs including pentadactyly in a young kestrel (Falco t. tinnunculus). Frey, Roland; Albert, Regina; Krone, Oliver; Liez, Michael. Journal fuer Ornithologie, Jul. 2001, v. 142 (3), p. 335-366. ISSN: 0021-8375.

Descriptors: skeletal musculature, osteopathy, anatomy and possible causes.

Radiographic anatomy of the thoraco-abdominal cavity of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Wagner, W.M.; Kirberger, R.M.; Groenwald, H.B. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2001, v. 72 (4), p. 203-208. ref. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: 41.9 SO12

Descriptors: abdominal cavity, anatomy, radiography, thoracic cavity, standard procedures.

Radiographic anatomy of the thoraco-abdominal cavity in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Wagner, W.M.; Kirberger, R.M.; Groenewald, H.B. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, Mar./Apr. 2001, v. 42 (2), p. 175-176. ISSN: 1058-8183. Also: Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2001, v.72 (4), p. 203-208. ref. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4 and 41.8 SO12

Descriptors: radiographic anatomy, abdomen, Aves, radiology, imaging method.

Radiography of the thoraco-abdominal cavity of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Wagner, Wencke M.; Kirberger, Robert M. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, Mar./Apr. 2001, v. 42 (2), p. 134-140. ISSN: 1058-8183.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: radiography, diagnostic method, six frame technique, three frame technique.

Abstract: A standard radiographic procedure was developed for the thoraco-abdominal cavity of female non-breeding ostriches. Positioning, collimation, centering and a technique chart were defined to give reproducible and consistently good quality radiographs. Radiographs were obtained from one adult ostrich cadaver, two adult female ostriches as well as two growing ostriches at various stages. A 6-frame technique was established for lateral views taking the topographic tissue distribution into consideration and using easily palpable landmarks as centering points. Standing true right lateral radiographs are recommended for standard procedures. For dorsoventral exposures a 3-frame technique in the recumbent ostrich was found to be optimal. Birds should be fasted if possible. A technique chart for lateral exposure is provided.

The renal structure from fishes to birds. Ditrich, H. Vertebrate Functional Morphology: Horizon of Research in the 21^st Century, Dutta, Heran M.; Datta, Munshi, J.S.; (eds). Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield & Plymouth. 2001. i-xii. 1-487 p. Chapter pagination: 343-364. ref. ISBN: 1578080983.

NAL call no: QL805 V47 2001

Descriptors: vertebrata, kidney, renal structure, comparative functional anatomy.

Scanning electron microscopic study on the vascular supply of the dove adrenal gland. Nasu, T.; Morimoto, M. Japanese Poultry Science, 2001, v. 38 (1), p. 28-34. ref. ISSN: 0029-0254.

NAL call no: 47.8 N57

Descriptors: anatomy, arteries, blood flow, portal vein, electron microscopy.

Some anatomical and morphometric studies on the esophagus and stomach of goose, turkey, sparrow, kestrel, hoopoe, owl and darter. Hassouna, E.M.A. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 2001, v. 44 (88), p. 21-46. ref. ISSN: 1012-6973.

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: animal anatomy, oesophagus, stomach, morphometrics, weight, comparative study.

Some anatomical and morphometric studies on the intestinal tract of chicken, duck, turkey, pigeon, dove, quail, sparrow, heron, jackdaw, hoopoe, kestrel and owl. Hassouna, E.M.A. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 2001, v. 44 (88), p. 47-78. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973.

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: digestive tract, morphometrics, poultry comparative study.

Abstract: Similar to that of mammals the intestinal tract of birds can be differentiated into two main divisions: small intestine and large intestine. The small intestine can also be subdivided morphologically into; duodenum, jejunum and ileum. However, there are many differences between the large intestine of birds and that of mammals. The large intestine of birds consisted of two caeca, short single colon, and short rectum open in the cloaca. In relation to the body; the absolute value of the intestinal length was about (3.6-0.8) time that of the total body length in goose and hoopoe respectively. However, the absolute value of the intestinal length was about (11.5-3.2) time that of the total length of the body cavity in duck and hoopoe. The absolute value of the intestinal weight equal to (0.1-0.1) that of the total body weight in goose and hoopoe. The length and weight of the small intestine varied between the different species of birds. The mean relative value of the length of the small intestine to the total intestinal length ranged between (96.5% in dove-82% in hoopoe). While the mean relative value of the weight of the small intestine to the total intestinal weight ranged between (95% in dove-38.4% in owl). However, that for the large intestine measured about (18.3% in hoopoe-3.5% in dove). On the other hand, the mean relative value of the weight of the large intestine to the total intestinal weight constituted about (61.6% in owl-5.3% in dove). The length of the duodenal loop and its parts as well as its shape and extension varied along the examined birds. Concerning the mean percentage of the duodenal length to the total length of the small intestine it was observed that the highest one was noticed in the owl (29.4%) while the lowest one was presented in turkey (10.2%). In all examined bird species the jejunum was the longest part of the small intestine. Its shape and arrangement was differed in different examined birds. Concerning the highest mean percentage of the jejunal length to the total length of the small intestine observed in turkey (83.4%) while the lowest one was present in dove (67%). The ileum lied between the two caeca. Its length was nearly the same length of the caeca in chicken, turkey, goose, duck, and quail. In birds with very short caecum; pigeon, dove, sparrow, kestrel, heron and jackdaw or without caecum as hoopoe; the ileum could be demarcated by the supraduodenal loop of the jejunum. The mean percentage of the length of the ileum to the total length of the small intestine revealed that the highest percentage was in dove (17.6%) and the lowest one was in chicken (2.7%). In all examined bird species there were two caeca, except hoopoe which had no caecum as well as that of heron and kestrel which had only one caecum. The two caeca appeared as short bud in pigeon, sparrow, dove, and jackdaw. While in chicken, duck, goose, turkey, quail and owl they were long cylindrical expansions, with rounded apex in quail, duck and goose; ampullated sac with rounded end in owl. In heron and kestrel the caecum was in the form of finger like projection. The shape of the colon differed among the examined birds. It was very short dilated sac in jackdaw and kestrel; long tube with the same caliber along its length in duck, goose, turkey, quail, dove, and heron. In hoopoe it was in the form of a sac like dilatation. The mean percentage of the length of the colon to the total length of the large intestine reached its highest value (78.3%) in goose and its lowest one (14.3%) in jackdaw. The mean percentage of the weight of the colon to the total weight of the large intestine reached its highest percentage in jackdaw (88%) and its lowest one in quail (7.1%).

Some morphological and morphometrical studies on the liver and biliary duct system in goose, turkey, dove, sparrow, jackdaw, hoopoe, owl and darter. Hassouna, E.M.A.; Zayed, A.E. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 2001, v. 44 (88), p. 1-20. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973.

NAL call no: SF604.A77

Descriptors: bile ducts, length, liver, morphology, morphometrics, weight.

[A study of the gastric blood vessels of the ring-necked pheasant.] Zhang, De Lu; Liu, Zuo Jun. Chinese Journal of Zoology, Apr. 20, 2001, v. 36 (2), p. 11-15. ISSN: 0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: blood vessels, stomach, anatomy, proventriculus, digestive system.

Three-dimensional kinematics of skeletal elements in avian prokinetic and rhynchokinetic skulls determines by Roentgen stereophogrammetry. Gussekloo, Sander W.S.; Vosselman, M. George; Bout, Ron G. Journal of Experimental Biology, May 2001, v. 204 (10), p. 1735-1744. ISSN: 0022-0949.

NAL call no: 442.8 B77

Descriptors: Struthio, Rhea, Dromaius, skull, skull-skeletal elements, morphology.

Abstract: Several different types of cranial kinesis are present within modern birds, enabling them to move (part of) the upper bill relative to the braincase. This movement of the upper bill results from movement of the quadrate and the pterygoid-palatine complex (PPC). The taxon Palaeognathae is characterised by a very distinct PPC and a special type of cranial kinesis (central kinesis) that is very different from that found in the Neognathae. This has led some authors to hypothesis that there is a functional relationship between the morphology of the PPC and the type of cranial kinesis. This hypothesis is tested here by analysing the movement pattern of both the upper bill and the PPC in birds with three different types of cranial kinesis: prokinesis, distal rhynchokinesis and central rhynchokinesis. Movement patterns were determined using a Roentgen stereophotogrammetry method, which made it possible to detect very small displacements (0.5mm) of bony elements in three dimensions, while the jaw muscles and ligaments remained intact. We found that in all types of kinesis investigated the movements of the quadrate, jugal bars and PPC are similar. Movement of the quadrate is transferred to the upper beak by the jugal bar and the PPC, which moves almost exclusively forwards, thereby elevating or depressing the upper bill. The differences between the types of kinesis lie only in the position of the point of rotation. These findings indicate that there is no correlation between the specific morphology of the PPC and the type of cranial kinesis. Several other factors, including the external forces applied during food acquisition, may influence the morphology of the PPC. Differences in PPC morphology therefore appear to be the result of different functional demands acting on the system simultaneously but with different strengths, depending on the species.

Transcutaneous ultrasonography of the coelomic viscera of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Wagner, W.M.; Kirbeger, R.M. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 2001, v. 42 (6), p. 546-552. ref. ISSN: 1058-8183.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: animal anatomy, imagery, ultrasonography, female animals.

2000

Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology. Bozhilova, Pastirova A.; Ovtscharoff, W. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, 2000, 155 p. i-vi; p.1-88. ISSN: 0301-5556.

NAL call no: QP361.H45

Descriptors: glial cells, nervous system, inferior olivary complex.

Abstract: The inferior olivary complex is one of the precerebellar nuclei. This monograph presents an anatomical study of the inferior olivary complex in several submammalian and mammalian species, including humand, in order to provide new information and morphometric data about the normal structure of the olivary neurons and glial cells using light microscopy, electron microscopy, freeze-etching, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. The species studied were carp (Cyprinus carpio), frog (Rana temporaria), lizards (Lacerta muralis), tortoise (Testudo graeca), pigeons (Columba livia), Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats, ground squirrels (Citellus citellus), cats (Felis domestica), and 14 human brain stems. Electron micrographs, photomicrographs, graphs, diagrams, and line drawings illustrate the text. References and a subject index are provided

Anatomy and histochemistry of flight muscles in a wing-propelled diving bird, the Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica. Kovacs, Christopher E.; Meyers, Ron A. Journal of Morphology, May, 2000, v.244 (2), p. 109-125. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL: call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: Aves, muscular system, anatomy, histochemistry.

Abstract: Twenty-three species within the avian family Alcidae are capable of wing propelled flight in the air and under water.. Alcids have been viewed as Northern Hemisphere parallels to penguins, and have often been studied to see if their underwater flight comes at a cost, compromising their aerial flying ability. We examined the anatomy and histochemistry of select wing muscles (Mm. pectoralis, supracoracoideus, latissimus dorsi caudalis, coracobrachialis, triceps scapularis, and scapulo humeralis caudalis) from Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) to assess if the muscle fiber types reveal the existence of a compromise associated with “duel-medium” flight. Pectoralis was found to be proportional in size with that of nondiving species, although the supracoracoideus was proportionally larger in puffins. Muscle fiber types were largely aerobic in both muscles, with two distinct fast-twitch types demonstrable: a smaller, aerobic, moderately glycolytic population (FOg), and a larger, moderately aerobic, glycolytic population (FoG). The presence of these two fiber types in the primary flight muscles of puffins suggests that aerial and underwater flight necessitate a largely aerobic fiber complement. We suggest that alcids do not represent an adaptive compromise, but a stable adaptation for wing-propelled locomotion both in the air and underwater.

Anatomical and physiological properties of the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate of the pigeon (Columba livia). Mpodozis, J.; Letelier, J.C.; Marin, G.; Cecchi, C.; Henny, P.; Madrid, C.; Morales, D.; Sentis, E.; Karten, H. Journal of Physiology, Cambridge, Feb. 2000, (532p.): 50p. ISSN: 0022-3751.

NAL call no: 447.8 J82

Descriptors: Aves, Columbiformes, visual system, anatomy.

[Anatomization and identification of ostrich hind limb muscle.] Chow, H.M.; Huang, Y.S.; Hong, W.S. Report of the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute (TSRI), 2000, No. 169, p. 31-49. ref. ISSN: 0257-5493. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: 65.9 F76R

Descriptors: animal anatomy, limbs, muscles.

Abstract: This study focuses on anatomizing the ostrich hind limb muscles and identifying their location, shape, weight, origin and insertion. These individual muscles were divided into preacetabular muscles (including M. iliotibialis cranialis and M. ambians); acetabular muscles (including M. iliofemoralis externus, M. iliotrochantericus cranialis, M. iliofemoralis internus and M. iliotrochantericus caudalis); femoral muscles (including M. femerotibialis externus, M. femerotibialis medius, M. femerotibialis accessotius, M. femerotibialis internus); postacetabular muscles (including M. iliotibialis lateralis, M. iliofibularis, M. iliofemoralis, M. flexor crurislateralis, M. flexor cruris medialis, M. pubo-ischio femoralis, M. pectineus, M. ishiofemoralis, M. obturatorius medialis and M. obturatorius lateralis) and lower leg muscles (including M. gastrocnemius, pars internus, M. gastrocnemius, pars externus, M. peroneus longus, flexor, and extensor). These data of individual muscles may further provide referential information regarding ostrich meat yield, marketing, processing and consumer acceptability.

Aspects of the functional morphology of the ductus epididymidis in domestic anseriform and galliform birds. Aire, T.S. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 2000, v. 29 (3), p. 179-191. ref. ISSN: 0034-5288.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: lipids, epididymis, histology, Golgi apparatus, ultrastructure.

Abstract: The structure of the ductus epididymidis, and its capacity to take up luminal particulate material (Indian ink) were studied, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail (Order Galliformes) and drakes (Order Anseriformes). The epithelium appeared contractile and stable structurally, especially in drakes in which, among other cytoskeletal features, abundant perinuclear intermediate filaments radiated peripherally in the principal, non-ciliated (Type III) cell. The Golgi complex was well developed, except in turkeys in which it was extremely inconspicuous. Sparsely granulated profiles were the main component of the elaborate endoplasmic reticulum, which was best developed in drakes and least in turkeys. The cells in the turkeys were uniquely laden with large aggregates of lipid droplets. Generally, characteristics of cells active in the synthesis and merocrine secretion of proteinaceous material were evident. There was no evidence of apocrine-like secretion in well-fixed tissues. The cells lacked the capacity to take up luminal Indian ink particles, and displayed very poorly developed endocytic structural features which are also probably only selectively and minimally absorptive. Ultrastructural features varied between and within the orders studied, necessitating further studies.

The autonomic nervous system of avian species. Kuenzel, Wayne J. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5^th ed. Whittow, G. Causey. (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 101-122. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, autonomic nervous system, functional anatomy and physiology.

The avian ear and hearing. Necker, Reinhold. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5^th ed. Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 21-38. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, brain, sound reception, hearing, anatomy, physiology, ear.

The avian spleen: Anatomy, physiology, and diagnostics. Powers, L.V. Compendium in Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, Sept. 2000, v. 22 (9), p. 838-843, 880. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

NAL call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors: birds, spleen, species differences, radiography, ultrasonography, histology.

Basic anatomy, physiology and nutrition. Macwhirter, Patricia. Avian Medicine, Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Lawton, Martin P.C.; Dorrestein, Gerry M. (eds.). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford & Woburn, 2000. in-xiv, p. 1-411. Chapter pagination: 1-25. ISBN: 0750635983.

NAL call no: SF994.A93

Descriptors: Aves, general morphology, nutrition, whole animal physiology, bird anatomy.

Brain growth in mallards, Pekin and Muscovy ducks (Anatidae). Gille, U.; Salomon, F.V. Journal of Zoology, 2000, v. 252 (3), p. 399-404. ref. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: brain growth, age, domestication, ducks.

Abstract: Post-hatching changes in brain mass were investigated in mallards and four stocks of domesticated ducks (n=48 per stock) using growth curve analysis and allometry. The birds varied in age between hatching and 154 days. Percentage brain size at hatching in ducks varies between 22.5 and 28% which fits well into the precocial category. Brain growth shows a sigmoid course. The point of inflection is very early when compared to other organs. However, growth is slow after passing the growth rate maximum. Pekins show higher absolute brain masses than mallards. However, the growth patterns with respect to time are very similar among stocks. Strongly negative allometry is found with allometric exponents between 0.31 and 0.37 with the highest value in mallards. Allometrically, there is an increasing reduction of brain mass in Pekins when compared to mallards to about 12.5% in adults. No differences were found between mallards and either Muscovies or the Muscovy x Pekin cross. The reduction in relative brain size in domesticated animals when compared to their wild ancestors is generally attributed to a decrease in functional demands resulting from the artificial environment. Because brain growth is more conservative and less influenced by selection than body weight, we assume that this is, at least in part, a result of the constancy of brain growth patterns.

The cardiovascular system. Smith, Frank M.; West, Nigel H.; Jones, David R. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5^th ed, Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000. i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 141-231. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, circulatory system, functional anatomy and physiology, birds, cardiovascular system.

Chemical anatomy of the avian basal forebrain: A histochemical, and cytoarchitectural study in a parrot (Melopsittacus undulatus). Roberts, T.F.; Hall, W.S.; Brauth, S.E. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 2000, v. 26 (1-2), Abstract no. 462.12. ISSN: 0190-5295.

Descriptors: Aves, Psittaciformes, basal forebrain, nervous system, histochemistry, parrots, cytoarchitectonic methods, buderigar.

Abstract: We used histochemical and cytoarchitectonic methods to investigate the organization of the basal forebrain in a vocal learning Australian parrot, the buderigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). We wished to obtain more information about the chemical architecture of this area because lesion studies (cf. Brauth et al, 1994) indicate a role for the basal forebrain in vocalization. Our results show that the basal forebrain can be subdivided into a nucleus accumbens (Ac), ventral pallidum (VP), substantia innominata (SI), olfactory tubercle (TO), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), diagonal brand of broca (DBB) and medial and lateral septal nuclei (SM/SL). Ac is located ventromedial to the parolfactory lobe (LPO) and surrounding the ventral horn of the lateral telencephalic ventricle can be distinguished by high levels of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ELI), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), and neurotensin (NT). Based on these features and position this nucleus corresponds to the mammalian Ac. The VP is located ventral to LPO and the paleostriatum augmentatum (PA). VP can be distinguished with high levels of ELI, CGRP, TH, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The region underlying PA, in the lateral portion of VP, contains high levels of SP and NT. The SI, which overlaps VP, is most evident by high levels of Chat and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) reactivity. TO can be seen in rostral sections, underlying the ventral paleostriatal complex and evidenced by heavy labeling for ELI, ChAT, and TH. The BNST, located ventral and ventrolateral to the ventral horn of the lateral telencephalic ventricle, stains intensely for arginine vasotocin (AVT), AchE, TH, CGRP, and SP. The DBB is seen most clearly with staining for ChAT, NADP-h, and CGRP while the SL/SM are delineated with heavy staining for TH, NADP-h, AChE, ChAT, ENK, CGRP, and SP. Staining for nissl and myelin were also used to identify cellular characteristics and fiber bundles traversing the basal forebrain. Taken together our results indicate that the budgerigar basal forebrain can be delineated into distinctive cellular structures using a combination of chemical markers and that these structures correspond to nuclei which are quite similar to those of the mammalian basal forebrain. IBN 9816061 to SEB.

The cranial nerves of the bee eater Merops albicollis (Meropidae, Coraciformes). The nervus facialis and the cranial sympathetic branches. Abd, Elkader I.Y.; Samah, S.M. Fathy. Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology, Jul. 2000, v. 33 (B), p. 41-56.

NAL call no: QL1.E49

Descriptors: nerves, cranial nerves, anatomy.

The cranial nerves of the bee eater Merops albicollis (Meropidae, Coraciformes). The eye muscle nerves and the ciliary ganglion. Abd, Elkader I.Y.; Samah, S.M. Fathy. Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology, Jul. 2000, v. 33 (B), p. 21-40.

NAL call no: QL1.E49

Descriptors: musculature, ganglia, nerves, cranial nerves, eye muscles, anatomy.

[The digestive tract anatomy of crowned crane.] Zhao, Jing; Zhang, Zi Hui; Lu, Yan Ping; Xiao, Fang; Zhou, Xiao Li. Chinese Journal of Zoology, Jun. 2000, v. 35 (3), p. 32-35. ISSN: 0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: digestive system, size, relationship with body length.

Flight. Butler, P.J.; Bishop, C.M. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5 ^th ed. Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p.1-685. Chapter pagination: 391-435. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, flight, functional anatomy and physiology, birds.

Fragmental notes on on avian morpho-anatomy: 1. Gloss myological sketches of a Sula leucogaster. Kuroda, Nagahisa. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, May 31, 2000, v. 32 (1), p. 31-33. ISSN: 0044-0183.

Descriptors: muscular system, Aves, brown booby, movement, support, birds.

Fragmental notes on avian morpho-anatomy: 2. Myological sketch of a Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis. Kuroda, Nagahisa. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Dec. 29, 2000, v. 32 (2), p. 80-85. ISSN: 0044-0183.

Descriptors: avian morpho anatomy, Brown pelican, Aves, myological sketch.

Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. Denbow, D. Michael. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5^th ed. Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 299-325. ISBN: 1027476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, digestion, functional physiology, anatomy and physiology, birds.

Greater song complexity is associated with augmented song system anatomy in zebra finches. Airey, David C.; DeVoogd, Timothy J. Neuroreport, Jun. 5, 2000, v. 11 (8), p. 1749-1754. Available: www.neuroreport.com/ ISSN: 0959-4965.

Descriptors: anatomy, brain anatomy, high vocal center, behavior.

Abstract: We revisited the relationship between brain anatomy and song behavior in zebra finches. Consistent with previous studies in other song birds, we find that differences in volume of the telencephalic song control nucleus HVc is predictive of differences in repertoire size and phase duration in zebra finches. We extended the study of brain and behavior correlations in song birds by showing that repertoire size in zebra finches can be predicted by variance in several brain nuclei, providing the first demonstration that volumetric differences across multiple components of a neural network are predictive of song behavior.

Histological observations on the infundibulum of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Parida, S.; Greeta, Ramesh; Kumar, M.S.; Vijayagavan, C.; Ramesh, G. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 69-75. ref. ISSN: 0971-1937.

Descriptors: epithelium, histology, infundibulum, mucosa, lymphocytes.

Histology of the lingual glands in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Maya, S.; Lucy, P. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2000, v. 35 (3), p. 306-308. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

             NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, salivary glands, tongue.

Histological studies on the extra-hepatic ducts and gall bladder of the domestic duck. Lakshmi, M.S.; Rao, T.S.C.; Kumar, D.P.; Nagamalleswari, Y.; Ramadevi, V. Indian Veterinary Journal, 2000, v. 77 (5), p. 415-417. ref. ISSN: 0019-6479.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN2

Descriptors: gall bladder, histology, bile ducts, poultry.

Histological studies on the pineal gland of domestic ducks (Anas boschas domesticus). Prasad, R.V.; Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, v. 35 (2), p. 121-123. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, cells, glands, histology, pineal body.

Histomorphological and histochemical study of ovary in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Parida, S.; Sivakumar, M.; Geetha, Ramesh; Vijayragavan, C.; Ramesh, G. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 69-75. ref. ISSN: 0971-1937.

Descriptors: histochemistry, ovaries, smooth muscle, reproductive organs, females.

Microanatomical studies on the copulatory apparatus of the domestic drake (Anas boschas domesticus). Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 2000, v. 12 (1), p. 76-80. ref. ISSN: 0971-1937.

Descriptors: capillaries, histology, muscle fibres, penis, male ducks.

A morphological study on the postnatal development of the bursa of Fabricius in White Pekin ducks. Indu, V.R.; Chungath, J.J.; Harshan, K.R.; Ashok, N. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2000, v. 35 (2), p. 124-127. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, morphology, bursa Fabricii, development, growth and development.

[Preliminary studies on the skeleton system of Tragopan caboti.] Zhang, Zi Hui; Zheng, Guang Mei. Chinese Journal of Zoology, Apr. 20, 2000, v. 35 (2), p. 25-27. ISSN: 0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy and observations, Tragopan caboti.

Radiographic analysis of the growth of long bones in bustards. Naldo, J.L.; Bailey, T.A.; Samour, J.H. Research in Veterinary Science, 2000, v. 69 (3), p. 233-240. ref. ISSN: 0034-5288.

NAL call no: 41.8 R312

Descriptors: bone formation, growth rate, limb bones, radiography, comparative study.

Abstract: A serial radiographic study was conducted on seven houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii), 10 rufous-crested bustard (Eupodotis ruficrista), four white-bellied bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis) and eight kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) chicks to determine the growth rate of long bones and to establish radiographic standards for assessing skeletal maturity. The growth rate of the tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus in the bustard species investigated were similar to those in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and some long-legged avian species. Maturation of long bones occurred earlier in houbara bustards compared with rufous-crested, white-bellied and kori bustards.

Renal anatomy in sparrows from different environments. Casotti, Giovanni; Braun, Eldon. Journal of Morphology, Mar. 2000, v. 243 (3), p. 283-291. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: Aves, urinary system, renal medulla, excretory system.

Abstract: The renal anatomy of three species of sparrows, two from mesic areas, the House sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and one salt marsh species, the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) was examined. Electron microscopy was used to describe the ultrastructure of the nephron. In addition, stereology was used to quantify the volumes of cortex, medulla, and major vasculature of the kidneys, and the volumes and surface areas occupied by individual nephron components. There appeared to be no differences in the ultrastructural anatomy of the nephrons among sparrows. Proximal tubules contained both narrow and wide intercellular spaces filled with interdigitations of the basolateral membrane. The thin limbs of Henle contained very wide intercellular spaces which were absent in the thick limbs of Henle. The distal tubule cells contained short, apical microvilli and infoldings of the basolateral membrane. In cross section, the medullary cones of all birds display an outer ring of thick limbs of Henle which surround an inner ring of collecting ducts, which in turn surround a central core of thin limbs of Henle. The Savannah Sparrow has a significantly higher volume of medulla compared to the two more mesic species. Within the cortex, the Savannah Sparrow also has a significantly higher volume of proximal tubules but a significantly lower volume of distal tubules than the other species. Within the medulla, the Savannah Sparrow has a significantly higher volume and surface area of capillaries, and a significantly higher surface area of thick limbs of Henle. And collecting ducts than the mesic species. These data suggest that the salt marsh Savannah Sparrow has the renal morphology necessary to produce a more highly concentrated urine than the mesic zone species.

Respiration. Powell, F.L. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5th ed. Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, London etc. 2000. i-xiii. p. 1- 685. Chapter pagination: 233-264. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, respiration, functional anatomy and physiology, birds.

Rostral Wulst in passerine birds. 1. Origin, course, and terminations of an avian pyramidal tract. Wild, J.M.; Williams, M.N. Journal of Comparative Neurology, Jan. 24, 2000, v. 416 (4), p. 429-450. ISSN: 0021-9967.

NAL call no: QP351.J68

Descriptors: brain, neurons, spinal cord, pyramidal tract of Rostral Wulst, perching birds.

Sensory physiology: Vision. Gunturkun, Onur. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 5^th ed. Whittow, G. Causey (ed.). San Diego, London etc. 2000, i-xiii. p. 1-685. Chapter pagination: 1-19. ISBN: 0127476059.

NAL call no: QL698.S787

Descriptors: Aves, brain, vision, anatomy and function, eye, structure, birds.

Some morphological and morphometric studies on the orbit of chicken, duck, goose, turkey, pigeon, dove, quail, heron, hoopoe, jackdaw, kestrel and owl. Hassouna, Eman M.A. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Assiut University E-Zoology, 2000, v. 29 (2), p. 65-82.

Descriptors: Aves, orbit morphometry, skull, orbit, species comparison, various bird species.

Structure and postnatal development of pharynx in Japanese quails. Maya, S.; Paily, L. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, v. 35 (2), p. 128-131. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, glands, morphology, pharynx.

Surgery of the avian reproductive tract. Bennett, R.A. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 2000, v. 14, p. 864-866. ref.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, surgical operations, animal anatomy, reproductive organs, birds.

Systematic revision, skeletal anatomy, and paleoecology of the New World Early -Tertiary Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes). Ericson, Per G.P. Paleobios, Sept. 2000, v. 20 (2), p. 1-23. ISSN: 0031-0298.

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy and ecology, phylogeny, systematics, evolution, birds.

Three-dimensional kinematics of skeletal elements in avian prokinetic and rhynchokinetic skulls determined by Roentgen stereophotogrammetry. Guessekloo, Sander W.S.; Vosselman, M. George; Bout, Ron G. Journal of Experimental Biology, May 2000, v. 204 (10), p. 1735-1744. ISSN: 0022-0949.

NAL call no: 442.8 B77

Descriptors: skull skeletal elements kinematics and morphology relationship, Aves, birds.

Abstract: Several different types of cranial kinesis are present within modern birds, enabling them to move (part of) the upper bill relative to the braincase. This movement of the upper bill results from movement of the quadrate and pterygoid-palatine complex (PPC). The taxon Palaeognathae is characterised by a very distinct PPC and a special type of cranial kinesis (central kinesis) that is very different from that found in the Neognathae. This has led some authors to hypothesis that there is a functional relationship between the morphology of the PPC and the type of cranial kinesis. This hypothesis is tested here by analysing the movement pattern of both the upper bill and the PPC in birds with three different types of cranial kinesis: prokinesis, distal rhynchokinesis and central rhynchokinesis. Movement patterns were determined using a roentgen stereophotogrammetry method, which made it possible to detect very small displacements (0.5 mm) of bony elements in three dimensions, while the jaw muscles and ligaments remained in tact. We found that in all types of kinesis investigated the movements of the quadrate, jugal bars and PPC are similar. Movement of the quadrate is transferred to the upper beak by the jugal bar and the PPC, which moves almost exclusively forwards and backwards, thereby elevating or depressing the upper bill. The differences between the types of kinesis lie only in the position of the point of rotation. These findings indicate that there is no correlation between the specific morphology of the PPC and the type of cranial kinesis. Several other factors, including external forces applied during food acquisition, may influence the morphology of the PPC. Differences in PPC morphology therefore appear to be the result of different functional demands acting on the system simultaneously but with different strengths, depending on the species.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen am Skelettsystem von Farb- und Positurkanarienvogeln. [Comparative investigation of the skeletal system of canaries.] Rienhoff, W. Vergleichende Untersuchungen am Skelettsystem von Farb und Positurkanarienvogein, 2000, 145 p. Thesis. Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover; Hannover, Germany. Note: In German.

NAL call no: DISS F2000356

Descriptors: anatomy, bones, skeleton, comparative study, canaries.

1999

Anatomy. Bezuidenhout, A.J. The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health, Deeming, D.C. (ed.). CABI Publishing Co., Wallingford & New York, 1999. i-x. p. 1-358. Chapter pagination: 13-49. ISBN: 0851993508.

NAL call no: SF511.0774-1999

Descriptors: Struthio camelus, general morphology, anatomy, Aves.

The anatomy and timing of vocal learning in birds. Nottebohm, Fernando. The Design of Animal Communication, Hauser, Mark D; Konishi, Mark (eds.). MIY Press, Cambridge, MA. 1999, i-xi. p. 1-701. Chapter pagination: 63-110. ISBN: 0262082772.

Descriptors: Aves, brain, song learning pathways, acoustic signals, learning.

Approach to the thoracic cavity of birds. Bennett, R.A. Exotic DVM, 1999, v. 1 (3), p. 55-58.

NAL call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors: thoracic cavity, thorax, radiography, anatomy, morphology.

Avian gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. Klasing, Kirk C. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Apr. 1999, v. 8 (2), p. 42-50. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: nutrition, digestive system, Aves, anatomy physiology, birds.

The avian respiratory system. Orosz, S.E. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 1999, v. 21 (10), p. 935-943. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.

NAL call no: SF601.C66

Descriptors: respiratory system, poultry, anatomy, reviews, physiology, birds.

Cardiac ganglia of Japanese quail: Distribution and morphology. Kuder, T.; Tekieli, A. Annals of Anatomy, Sept. 1999, v. 181 (5), p. 467-473. ISSN: 0940-9602.

Descriptors: Japanese quail, histochemistry, cardiac ganglia, circulatory system.

Abstract: The cardiac ganglia in Japanese quail were studied with the use of histological, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Histological investigations revealed the presence of a number of cholinergic ganglia in the fatty tissue of the epicardium. They were grouped in plexo-ganglionic forms localized in three regions: (1) on the ventral surface of the cardiac atria, (2) on the ventral surface of the cardiac ventricle, (3) on the dorsal surface of the cardiac ventricle. These plexoganglia are structures composed of many ganglia differing in size (from 77 mum to 577 mum length and from 53 mum to 163 mum width), connected by fascicles of nerve fibers. The cells of cardiac ganglia have single, round or oval nuclei with one or several dense nucleoli. There were myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the intercellular spaces. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes were localized mainly in the perinuclear part, RER was less abundant, but mitochondria were more numerous in this part of the cytoplasm. In the peripheral parts of the neurones, axo-somatic synapses were usually observed. Profiles of the end sections of axons contained two kinds of synaptic vesicles: small, agranular ones and among them large ones with a dense core.

Comparative anatomy. Oglesbee, B. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 9-13, 1999. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1999, v. 13, p. 734-736.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, animal anatomy.

Comparative avian surgical anatomy. Harcourt-Brown, N.H. Exotic DVM, 1999, v. 1 (3), p. 35-40.

NAL call no: SF981.E96

Descriptors: surgery, anatomy, pets, birds.

Fibre composition in the interosseous nerve of the pigeon. Necker, R.; Rosenberg, J. Journal of Anatomy, 1999, v. 194 (4), p. 525-530. ref. ISSN: 0021-1006.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: fibula, myelin, peripheral nerves, nervous system.

Functional anatomy of the avian centrifugal visual system. Miceli, Dom; Reperant, Jacques; Bertrand, Christine; Rio, Jean Paul. Behavioral Brain Research, Feb. 1, 1999, v. 98 (2), p. 203-210. ISSN: 0166-4328.

Descriptors: ground feeding behavior, visual attention, visually guided behavior, eyes, retina, birds.

Abstract: Although first described over a century ago, the centrifugal visual system (CVS) projecting to the retina still remains somewhat of an enigma with regard to its functional role in visually-guided behavior. The highly developed avian CVS has been the most extensively investigated and the anatomical organization of its two component centrifugal structures, the n. isthmo-opticus (NIO) and ectopic neurons (EN), including its afferent brainstem projections is reviewed. The results of double-labeling studies combining axonal tracing techniques and immunohistofluorescence have demonstrated GABA immunoreactivity (-ir) of interneurons within the neutopilar zone of the NIO, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-ir and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-ir in the centrifugal cells of the NIO and EN as well as in the afferent projection neurons of layers 9/10 of the optic tectum. The data are discussed in terms of neurochemical and excitatory/inhibitory mechanisms withing the different components of the avian CVS in relation to hypotheses which have implicated this system in visual attention and ground-feeding behavior.

The functional anatomy of the basal ganglia of birds. Medina, L.; Jiao, Y.; Reiner, A. European Journal of Morphology, Apr. 1999, v. 37 (2-3), p. 160-165. ISSN: 0924-3860.

Descriptors: functional anatomy, movement, control, Aves.

Abstract: To study how the basal ganglia can control movement in birds, we have reinvestigated the connections of the pigeon dorsal pallidum. Our results indicate that avian basal ganglia appear to control movement through major projections to several premotor pretectal and tegmental centres which innervate the tectum, and through a minor projection to a possible motor thalamic centre which innervates the Wulst. For such control, separate striatopallidal output circuits appear to exist in birds that are remarkably similar to those described in Mammals, suggesting that avian and mammalian basal ganglia may control movement through similar mechanisms, and that the morphological substrate for such control evolved earlier than previously thought.

Gross anatomical studies on the copulatory apparatus of the domestic drake (Anas boschas domesticus). Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 99-102. ref.

Descriptors: anatomy, penis, male genitalia.

Gross anatomy of pancreas of domestic duck (Anas boschas domesticus). Madhavi, G.; Rao, T.S.C.; Kumar, D.P.; Nagamalleswari, Y.; Makkena, Sreenu; Sreenu, M. Cheiron, 1999, v. 28 (5), p. 171-178. ref. ISSN: 0379-542X.

NAL call no: SF604.C56

Descriptors: pancreas, anatomy, poultry.

Histoarchitecture of the oviductal magnum in birds. Naragude, H.B.; Mugale, R.R.; Bhosle, N.S.; Gayake, H.P. Indian Veterinary Journal, 1999, v. 76 (8), p. 725-727. ref. ISSN: 0019-6479.

NAL call no: 41 8IN2

Descriptors: anatomy, oviducts, histology, poultry.

Histochemical studies on the liver of the domestic duck (Anas boschas domesticus). Lakshmi, M.S.; Rao, T.S.C.; Kumar, D.P.; Nagamalleswari, Y.; Ramadevi, V. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, v. 11 (2), p. 143-145. ref.

Descriptors: liver, histochemistry, poultry.

Histochemical studies on the ovary of the domestic duck (Anas boschas domesticus). Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 139-142. ref.

Descriptors: domestic duck, ovary, histochemisty, studies.

Histogenesis of the pancrease of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Sivakumar, M.; Geetha, Ramesh; Vijayaragavan, C.; Ramesh, G. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 1999, v. 69 (11), p. 905-907. ref. ISSN: 0367-8318.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN22

Descriptors: embryonic development, pancreas, organogenesis.

Histology and histochemistry of the thyroid gland of domestic duck. Prasad, R.V.; Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 112-119. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: thyroid gland, histology, histochemistry, epithelium.

Histological studies on the liver of the domestic duck (Anas boschas domesticus). Lakshmi, M.S.; Rao, T.S.C.; Pramodkumar, D.; Nafamalleswari, Y.; Devi, V.R. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 133-138. ref.

Descriptors: liver, histology, poultry.

The innervation of the ureter in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). A morphological and quantitative study. Mirabella, N.; Paino, G.; Germano, G.; Pelagalli, G.V. Annals of Anatomy, 1999, v. 181 (6), p. 537-544. ref. ISSN: 0940-9602.

Descriptors: innervation, ureter, motility, muscles, histochemistry, young and adult ducks.

Abstract: The morphology and distribution of the innervation in the duck ureter were studied using acetylcholinesterase (AchE) histochemistry and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 immunohistochemistry. The density of AChE positive ganglia and neurons was calculated in the adventitial and muscular layers both in young and adult birds. Separate neuron counts and neuron density calculations were performed for the upper, intermediate and lower parts of the ureter. Three nerve plexuses located in the tunica adventitia, in the tunica muscularis and in the lamina propria respectively, sere observed. Both in young and adult ducks, the density of adventitial neurons was significantly greater in the lower tract than in the upper and intermediate tracts. It is suggested that, in birds, the innervation may play a role in ureteric functions such as muscular motility and closure and/or opening of the ureteric papilla.

Integration of renal and gastrointestinal function. Braun, E.J. Special Issue: Avian Gastrointestinal and Renal Function. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 1999, v. 183 (4-5), p. 495-499. ref. ISSN: 0022-104X.

NAL call no: 410 J825

Descriptors: reviews, digestive tract, kidneys, colon, urine, osmoregulation, birds.

Abstract: In birds, the kidney does not independently regulate the composition of the extra-cellular fluid, as is the case for mammals. The urine of birds enters the cloaca and is moved by a reverse peristaltic action into the colon. In the colon, the urine comes in contact with an epithelium that modifies its composition. If the osmotic potential of the urine is significantly higher than that or the plasma, the urine will not be refluxed into the colon. The composition of the ureteral urine is sensed in the cloaca which in turn modulates the refluxing activity. It appears to be the large contraction waves of the colon that are modified by changes in the composition of the urine, although radiographic evidence indicates that the small contraction waves of the colon do the actual refluxing. It is necessary for the urine to be moved into the colon. This may be driven by the need to recover some, if not all, of the protein in the urine. This protein maintains uric acid in a colloidal suspension that prevents the formation of uric acid crystals which would block the renal tubules. Thus, the kidneys and lower gastrointestinal tract must function in concert in the regulation of the composition of the extracellular fluid.

Light microscopy of the post-hatch endocrine pancreas of Japanese quail. Sivakumar, M.; Kannan, T.A.; Geetha, Ramesh; Parida, S.; Basha, S.H.; Vijayaragavan, C.; Ramesh, G. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 1999, v. 69 (12), p. 1024-1027. ref. ISSN: 0367-8318.

NAL call no: 41.8 IN22

Descriptors: pancreas, microscopy, ultrastructure, age groups.

Microanatomical studies on the epididymal region of the domestic drake. Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 107-111. ref.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, epididymis, epithelium, male ducks.

Microanatomical studies on the isthmus of the domestic duck. Rao, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 235-239. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: animal anatomy, mucosa, serosa, epithelium.

Microanatomical studies on the ovary of the domestic duck (Anas boschas domesticus). Roa, T.S.C.; Vijayaragavan, C. Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 1999, v. 11 (2), p. 128-132. ref.

Descriptors: ovaries, histology, female genitalia.

Morphological and histological study on the liver and the biliary system of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Stornelli, M.R.; Ricciardi, M.P.; Giannessi, E. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Oct./Dec. 1999, v. 104 (4), p. 172. ISSN: 1122-6714.

NAL call no: QM1.A7

Descriptors: biliary system, digestive system, histology, morphology.

Note on the osteology and taxonomic position of the African long-tailed hawk, Urotriorchis macrourus (Aves: Accipitridae). Mlikovsky, Jiri. Bulletin of the British Ornithology Club, Mar. 1999, v. 119 (1), p. 32-37. ISSN: 0007-1595.

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy, taxonomic significance, Aves.

Olfaction in birds. Roper, Timothy J. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 1999, v. 28 p. 247-332. ISSN: 0065-3454.

NAL call no: QL750.A33

Descriptors: Aves, brain, olfactory system anatomy, chemoreception, review.

Physiology. Skadhauge, E.; Dawson, A. The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health, Deeming, D.C. (Ed.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford & New York, 1999. i-x. p. 1-358. Chapter pagination: 51-81. ISBN: 0851993508.

NAL call no: SF511.0774 1999

Descriptors: whole animal physiology, review, Struthio camelus, Aves, ostriches.

Reproduction. Soley, J.T.; Groenwald, H.B.; Deeming, D.C. The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health, 1999, v. p. 129-158. ref. ISBN: 0851993508.

NAL call no: SF511.0774-1999

Descriptors: reproduction, reviews, anatomy, histology, endocrinology, males and females, ostriches.

Abstract: This review covers the gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive system of the ostrich, reproductive endocrinology, and infertility in males and females.

Rostral Wulst of passerine birds. 2. Intratelencephalic projections to nuclei associated with the auditory and song systems. Wild, J.M.; Williams, M.N. Journal of Comparative Neurology, Nov. 1, 1999, v. 413 (4), p. 520-534. ISSN: 0021-9967.

NAL call no: QP750.J68

Descriptors: brain, rostral wulst projections, auditory and song systems, perching birds.

Structure and postnatal development of infundibulum in Japanese quail. Lucy, K.M.; Harshan, K.R. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 125-128. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: oviducts, postnatal development, smooth muscle, epithelium.

Structural and postnatal development of vagina in Japanese quail. Lucy, K.M.; Harshan, K.R. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 1999, v. 34 (2), p. 120-124. ref. ISSN: 0019-5529.

NAL call no: SF481.I5

Descriptors: vagina, uterus, smooth muscle, oviducts, postnatal development.

Surgical anatomy of the pelvic limb. Orosz, Susan E. Birds and All That Jazz, Bergman, Eric (ed.). Proceedings of the 20^th Annual Conference & Expo, Association of Avian Veterinarians, Sept. 1-2, 1999. i-x. p. 1-449. Chapter pagination: 389-398.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomy and surgical fracture repair techniques, hindlimbs, birds.

Surgical anatomy of the pelvic limb. Orosz. S.E.; Roston, M.A.(ed.); Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 20^th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery. Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 25-27, 1999, p. 46-55.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: hips, surgery, skeleton, musculoskeletal system, anatomy, joints, birds.

[The visceral anatomy of the Oriental white stork.] Luan, Xiaofeng; Li, Wenfa; Yuan, Hongye. Journal of the Northeast Forestry University, Mar. 25, 1999, v. 27 (2), p. 74-76. ISSN: 1000-5382. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: size, weight, digestive system, heart, kidney, anatomy.

1998

The anatomy of the air sacs of the ostrich. Bezuidenhout, A.; Putter, G.; Groenwald, H.B.; Soley, J.T.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Sept. 21-25, 1998, p. 94-95. ref.

Descriptors: air sacs, anatomy, respiratory system.

[Anatomical research on the brain of African ostrich.] Peng, Kemei; Zhang, Weimin; Feng, Yueping. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, Aug. 1998, v. 17 (4), p. 373-377. ISSN: 1000-2421. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no:S471.C6H833

Descriptors: ostrich, brain anatomy and biometrics, size, weight.

[Anatomy of the skeletal system of black-headed gull, Larus riabundns (ridibundus).]Wu, Jieyun; et al. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, Nov. 28, 1998, v. 17 (4), p. 181-184. ISSN: 1000-7083. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy, Larus ridibundus.

[The avian alimentary tract: Some unique features, unique disorders, and some common fallacies.] Graham, David L. Proceedings Avian Specialty Advanced Program, Small Mammal and Reptile Program, in Conjunction with the 1998 Annual Conference and Expo, Association of Avian Veterinarians, Aug. 25, 1998. i-v. p. 1-119. Chapter pagination: 35-41. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: SF994.M5

Descriptors: Aves, digestive system, anatomy and function, clinical significance, birds.

The avian digestive system: Anatomy and physiology for the clinician. Orosz, Susan E. Strike Gold in Reno, Wissman, Margaret. Proceedings Avian Specialty Advanced Program & Small Mammal and Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Sept. 9, 1997, in Conjunction with the Annual Conference & Expo Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1997, i-v. p. 1-117. Chapter pagination: 3-7.

            NAL call no: SF994.M5

            Descriptors: Aves, digestive system, anatomy and physiology, clinical significance, birds.

Avian nutrition: Anatomy of the avian digestive system. Part 2. Klasing, K.C. Exotic Bird Report, May 1998, v. 10 (1), p. 4-6.

Descriptors: Aves, digestive system, anatomy, birds.

The avian shoulder. Pokras, M.A. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 10-14, 1998. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12, p. 776-777.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, animal anatomy, shoulders.

The avian thyroid gland. Part one: A review of the anatomy and physiology. Merryman, Joyce I.; Buckles, Elizabeth, L. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v. 12 (4), p. 234-237. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, thyroid gland, histology and physiology, development, birds.

The comparative functional gizzard morphology of several species of birds. Moore, Suzanne J. Australian Journal of Zoology, 1998, v. 46 (4), p. 359-368. ISSN: 0004-959X.

NAL call no: QL1.I68

Descriptors: Aves, functional anatomy comparisons, digestion, morphology, birds.

Comparative renal function in reptiles, birds and mammals. Braun, Eldon J. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Apr. 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 62-71. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, excretory system, renal function, kidney, comparative study, birds.

Comparative skeletal muscle fibre morphometry among wild birds with different locomotor behavior. Torrella, J.R.; Fouces, V.; Palomeque, J.; Viscor, G. Journal of Anatomy, Feb. 1998, v. 192 (2), p. 211-222. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: skeletal muscle fibre morphometry, metabolic rate, biochemistry.

Fine structure of the tongue and lingual papillae of the penguin. Kobayashi, Kan.; Kumakura, Masahiko; Yoshimura, Ken; Inatomi, Mititomo; Asami, Tomoichiro. Archives of Histology and Cytology, Mar. 1998, v. 61 (1), p. 37-46. ISSN: 0914-9465.

Descriptors: tongue, histology, ultrastructure, lingual papillae, Aves.

Gross anatomy and imaging of the avian and reptilian urinary system. Canny, Carol. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Apr. 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 72-80. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Aves, Reptilia, anatomical techniques, radiographical, ultrasound, birds.

Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function. Proctor, Noble S.; Lynch, Patrick J. 1998; xii, 340 p. ISBN: 0300076193 (paper); 0300057466 (cloth).

Descriptors: skeletal system, skeleton, musculature, bibliography.

Abstract: This book is a laboratory manual presenting a highly detailed and thoroughly illustrated introduction to avian anatomy. It is intended for use as a textbook in undergraduate and graduate lab courses as well as a reference for birdwatchers. Chapter topics include systematics, topography, feathers, skeleton, musculature, organ systems (five chapters), and field techniques. This softback version (a reprint of the 1993 hardcover) closes with a classification of birds, a bibliography, and an index.

Morphological and functional anatomy of the cloaca and terminal solon of the African ostrich. Warui, C.N.; Skadhauge, E.; Huchzemeyer, F.W. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Sept. 21-25, 1998, p. 88-90. ref.

Descriptors: digestive tract, morphology, excretion, urine, intestines.

The origin of birds and their flight. Padian, Kevin; Chiappe, Luis M. Scientific American, Feb. 1998, v. 278 (2), p. 38-47. ISSN: 0036-8733.

NAL call no: 470 SCI25

Descriptors: aerodynamics, anatomy, origin of flight, Aves.

Osmoregulation in ratite birds: Kidney-gut interactions in excretion of electrolytes and water in ostrich, emu and rhea. Skadhauge, E.; Huchzemeyer, F.W. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Oudtshoorn, South Africa, 21-25 Sept. 1998. p. 84-87. ref.

Descriptors: electrolytes, excretion, kidneys, water, osmoregulation, intestines.

Pelvic limb musculature in the Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae (Aves: Struthioniformes: Dromaiidae): Adaptation to high-speed running. Patak, A.R.; Baldwin, J. Journal of Morphology, Oct. 1998, v. 238 (1), p. 23-37. ISSN: 0365-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: anatomy, cursorial locomotion, high-speed running, leg muscles.

Abstract: Emus provide an excellent opportunity for studying sustained high-speed running by a bird. Their pelvic limb musculature is described in detail and morphological features characteristic of a cursorial lifestyle are identified. Several anatomical features of the pelvic limb reflect the emu’s ability for sustained running at top speeds: (1) emus have a reduced number of toes and associated muscles, (2) emus are unique among birds in having a M. Gastrocnemius, the most powerful muscle in the shank, that has four muscle bellies, not the ususal three, and (3) contribution to total body mass of the pelvic limb muscle of emus is similar to that of the flight muscles of flying birds, whereas the pelvic limb muscles of flying birds constitute a much smaller proportion of total body mass. Generally, the pelvic limb musculature of emus resembles that of other ratites with the notable exception of M. gastrocnemius. The presence and arrangement of four muscle bellies may increase the effectiveness of M. gastrocnemius and other muscles during cursorial locomotion by moving the limb in a cranio-caudal rather than a latero-medial plane.

Renal anatomy of the cat bird, Dumetella carolinis. Angelo, D.; Casotti, G. American Zoologist, 1998, v. 38 (5), p. 204A. ISSN: 0003-1589.

NAL call no: 410 Am3

Descriptors: renal anatomy, urinary system, Aves, Passeriformes, perching birds.

A scanning electron microscope study of the luminal surface specializations in the blood vessels of the pecten oculi in a diurnal bird, the black kite (Milvus migrans). Klama, S.G.; Maina, J.N.; Bhattacharjee, J.; Weyrauch, K.D.; Gehr, P. Annals of Anatomy, Oct. 1998, v. 180 (5), p. 455-460. ISSN: 0940-9602.

Descriptors: eye, pectinal blood vessels, pectin oculi, Aves.

Ultrastructural features of the epithelial lining of the air sacs of the ostrich. Solry, J.T.; Groenewald, H.B.; Bezuidenhout, A.J.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Sept. 21-25, 1998, p. 96-98. ref.

Descriptors: air sacs, anatomy, ultrastructure, epithelium, microscopy.

The use of computer assisted tomography as an instrument in collecting information on anatomical structures of the respiratory tract in live birds. Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E.; Schumacher, F.; Sohn, H.G. Zoology, 1998, v. 101 (3), p. 139-147. ref. ISSN: 0007-1498.

NAL call no: 410.9 B772B

Descriptors: computed tomography, respiratory system, anatomy, morphology.

1997

Anatomia macroscopica e histologica de esofago, estomago, intestino y recto de la garcita azulada, Butorides striatus (Aves: Ardeidae). [Macroscopic and histological anatomy of the esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum of the striated heron, Butorides striatus (Aves: Ardeidae).] Rosa de Montaner, Angela; Beltzer, Adolfo H.; De Carlo, Estela, B.; Mosso, Eduardo D. Revista Ceres, Jan./Feb. 1997, v. 44 (251), p. 83-93. ISSN: 0034-737X. Note: In Spanish.

NAL call no: 9.2 C332

Descriptors: digestive system, anatomy and histology, striated heron.

Anatomy and electrophysiological properties of the ostrich coprodeum (coprodaeum). Skadhauge, E.; Erlwanger, K.H.; Ruziwa, S.; Dantzer, V.; Elbrond, V.S.; Chamunorwa, J.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Sept. 21-25, 1998, p. 91-93. ref.

Descriptors: anatomy, physiology, cloaca, electrophysiology.

Anatomy and histochemistry of spread-wing posture in birds. I. Wing drying posture in the double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus. Meyers, Ron A. Journal of Morphology, Jul. 1997, v. 233 (1), p. 67-76. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.9 J826

Descriptors: anatomy, histochemistry, muscular system, wing spread posture.

Abstract: Spread-wing posture of birds often have been studied with respect to the function of behavior, but ignored with regard to the mechanism by which birds accomplish posture. The double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, was used as a model for this study of spread-wing posture. Those muscles capable of positioning and maintaining the wing in extension and protraction were assayed histochemically for the presence of slow (postural) muscle fibers. Within the forelimb of Phalacrocoeax, Mm. coracobrachialis cranialis, pectoralis thoracicus (cranial portion), deltoideus minor, triceps scapularis, and extensor metacarpi radialis pars dorsalis and ventralis were found to contain populations of slow-twitch or slow-tonic muscle fibers. These fibers in the above muscles are considered to function during spreadwing postures in this species.

Anatomy and histochemistry of spread-wing posture in birds: 2. Gliding flight in the California gull, Larus californicus: A paradox of fast fibers and posture. Meyers, Ron A.; Mathias, Edward. Journal of Morphology, Sept. 1997, v. 233 (3), p. 237-247. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: wings, skeletal musculature, flight, gliding, posture, Aves.

Anatomy and microbiology of the digestive tract of the Adelie penguin. Olsen, Monica Alterskjaer; Mathiesen, Svein, Disch. Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser, 1997, v. 148, p. 35-41. ISSN: 0373-5605.

NAL call no: 409 N76M no.106

Descriptors: digestive system, anatomy and microbiology, bacteria, birds.

Avian anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system: A review. Orosz, Susan E. Strike Gold in Reno. Wissman, Margaret (ed.). Proceedings Avian Specialty Advanced Program & Small Mammal and Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Sept. 9, 1997, in Conjunction with th Annual Conference & Expo, Association of Avian Veterinarians. 1997, i-v. p. 1-117. Chapter pagination: 3-7.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, respiratory system, anatomy and physiology, review, birds.

Avian respiratory anatomy and physiology. Heard, Darryl J. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Oct. 1997, v. 6 (4), p. 172-179. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Aves, respiratory system, anatomy overview, respiratory function, birds.

The avian respiratory system: A unique model for studies of respiratory toxicosis and for monitoring air quality. Brown, Richard E.; Brain, Joseph D.; Wang, Ning. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1997, v. 105 (2), p. 188-200. ISSN: 0091-6765.

NAL call no: RA565.A1E54

Descriptors: biochemistry, toxicology, respiratory system, air quality, animal model.

Abstract: There are many distinct differences (morphologic, physiologic, and mechanical) between the bird’s lung-air-sac respiratory system and the mammalian bronchoalveolar lung. In this paper, we review the physiology of the avian respiratory system with attention to those mechanisms that may lead to significantly different results, relative to those in mammals, following exposure to toxic gases and airborne particulates. We suggest that these differences can be productively exploited to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms of inhalant toxicology (gases and particulates). The large mass-specific gas uptake by the avian respiratory system, at rest and especially during exercise, could be exploited as a sensitive monitor of air quality. Birds have much to offer in our understanding of respiratory toxicology, but the expectations can only be realized by investigating, in a wide variety of avian taxa, the pathophysiologic interactions of a broad range of inhaled toxicants on the bird’s unique respiratory system.

Comparative anatomy of the alimentary canal of the marabou stork and domestic fowl. Amongi, T.; Kaziro, M. Journal of Morphology, 1997, v. 232 (3), p. 230. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: alimentary canal, comparative anatomy, digestive system.

The functional anatomy of the ciliary muscle in four avian species. Pardue, Machelle, T.; Sivak, Jacob G. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, Jun. 1997, v. 49 (6), p. 295-311. ISSN: 0006-8977.

Descriptors: Aves, musculature, eye, functional anatomy, ciliary muscle, comparative study, birds.

Functional anatomy of forebrain vocal control pathways in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Brauth, Steven E.; Heaton, James T.; Shea, Stephen D.; Durand, Sarah E.; Hall, William S. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, Jan. 1997, v. 15 (807), p. 368-385. ISSN: 0077-8923.

NAL call no: 500 N484

Descriptors: brain, forebrain, functional anatomy, innervation, control and learning.

Functional anatomy of neural pathways contributing to the control of song production in birds. Wild, J.M. European Journal of Morphology, Oct. 1997, v. 35 (4), p. 303-325. ISSN: 0924-3860.

Descriptors: syrinx, tongue vocal tract, behavior, jaw muscular system.

Abstract: In birds, as in humans, vocal control involves the intricate coordination of three major groups of muscles, namely, those of the vocal organ, the respiratory apparatus, and the vocal tract, including the jaw and tongue. The neural pathways involved in the control of each of these groups of muscles are described for songbirds and compared with those of non-oscine birds and mammals. The pathway in songbirds that controls the syrinx, the birds vocal organ, originates in the telencephalon and projects via the occipito-mesencephalic tract directly upon vocal motoneurons in the medulla. Activity in this pathway configures the syrinx into phonatory positions for the production of species typical vocalizations. Another component of this pathway medicates control of respiration during vocalization, since it projects upon both expiratory and inspiratory groups of premotor neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, as well as upon several other nuclei en route. This pathway appears to be primarily involved with the control of the temporal pattern of song, but is also importantly involved in the control of vocal intensity, mediated via air sac pressure. There are extensive interconnections between the vocal and respiratory pathways, especially at brainstem levels, and it may be these that ensure the necessary temporal coordination of syringeal and respiratory activity. The pathway mediating control of the jaw appears to be different than those mediating control of the syrinx and respiratory muscles. It originates in a different part of the telencephalon and projects upon premotor neurons in the medulla that, on preliminary analysis, appear to be separate from those projecting upon the syringeal motor nucleus. The separateness of this pathway may reflect the imperfect correlation of jaw movements with the dynamic and acoustic features of song. The brainstem pathways medicating control of vocalization and respiration in songbirds have distinct similarities to those in non-oscine birds and in mammals such as cats and monkeys. However, songbirds and parrots, like humans, but unlike other non-songbirds, have developed a special telencephalic vocal control system for the production of learned vocalizations.

Hos birds breath. Frederickson, J. Proceedings, 18^th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1997, p. 27-29.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: respiration, muscles, anatomy, physiology.

Musculoskeletal system. Quesenberry, Katherine; Orosz, Susan; Dorrestein, Gerry M. Avian Medicine and Surgery, Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, London. 1997, i-xv. 1-1070 p. Chapter pagination: 517-539. ISBN: 0721654460.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, musculoskeletal system anatomy, skeleton.

The role of the larynx in articulated vocalization of birds. Homberger, D.G. American Zoologist, 1997, v. 37 (5), p. 136A. ISSN: 0003-1569.

NAL call no: 410. Am3

Descriptors: Aves, skeleto-muscular anatomy, vocal complexity.

Studies of neurotrophin biology in the developing trigeminal system. Davies, Alun M. Journal of Anatomy, Nov. 1997, v. 191 (4), p. 483-491. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: development, endocrine system, nervous system, trigeminal system, mice, chickens.

Abstract: The accessibility of the primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal system at stages throughout their development in avian and mammalian embryos and the ease with which these neurons can be studied in vivo has facilitated investigation of several fundamental aspects of neurotrophin biology. Studies of the timing and sequence of action of neurotrophins and the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in this well characterized neuronal system have led to a detailed understanding of the functions of neurotrophins in neuronal development. The concepts of neurotrophin independent survival, neurotrophin switching and neurotrophin cooperativity have largely arisen from work on the trigeminal system. Morever, in vitro studies of trigeminal neurons provided some of the first evidence that the neurotrophin requirements of sensory neurons are related to sensory modality. The developing trigeminal system has been studied most extensively in mice and chickens, each of which has particular advantages for understanding different aspects of neurotrophin biology. In this review, I will outline these advantages and describe some of the main findings that have arisen from this work.

Topographical anatomy of the distal pelvic limb of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Liswaniso, D.; Purton, M.D.; Boyd, J.S.; Deeming, D.C. Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal, 1997, v. 28 (1), p. 35. ISSN: 1016-1511.

NAL call no: SF601.R5

Descriptors: anatomy, limbs, pelvis, limb bones, muscles.

Vergleichende Anatomie der Nasenhohle und Nasenebenhohlen bei Stelzvogeln (Ardeidae, Ciconidae, Gruidae sowie Phoenicopteridae). [Comparative Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses in Wading Birds.] Herkt, B. 1997, 131 p. fig. ref. Note: In German.

Descriptors: anatomy, head, wild birds.

[Visual system in the bird’s brain.] Sugita, Shoei. Animal Science and Technology, 1997, v. 68 (1), p. 91-104. ISSN: 0918-2365. Note: In Japanese.

NAL call no: SF1.H36

Descriptors: anatomy, brain, nervous system, visual system, Aves.

1996

Anatomy of the budgerigar and other birds. Evans, Howard E. Diseases of Caged and Aviary Birds, 3^rd ed. p. 79-162. fig. ref. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. 1996. ISBN: 0683073826.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors: anatomy, body form, body structures, skeleton, body systems, comparative study, captive small birds.

Avian anatomy and physiology. Cannon, Michael. University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science Proceedings, 1996, v. 279, p. 377-396. ISSN: 1326-5091.

Descriptors: Aves, general morpholgy, anatomy, whole animal physiology, birds.

Clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, M.E. Ratite Management, Medicine, and Surgery, Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Shane, Simone M. (eds.). Krieger Publishing Co., 1996, i-xvii. 1-188 p. Chapter pagination: 1-10. ref. ISBN: 0894648748.

NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996

Descriptors: ostriches, emus, rhea, birds, body parts, animal anatomy.

Perspectives on the structure and function in birds. Maina, J.N. Diseases of Caged and Aviary Birds, 3^rd ed. Rosskopf, W.L.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. 1996. ISBN: 0683073826.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996

Descriptors: anatomy, evolution, zoology, physiology.

Tibiofibular junction of the south African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis). Fuss, Franz K. Journal of Morphology, Feb. 1996, v. 227 (2), p. 213-226. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: biomechanics, tibiofibular junction, hindlimb skeleton, anatomy.

1995

Anatomy of ostriches, emus, and rheas. Hopkins, Brett A.; Constantinescu, Gheorghe Mircea. The Ratite Encyclopedia: Ostrich, Emu, Rhea. Drenowatz, Claire (ed.). Ratite Records Inc. San Antonio, TX, 1995, i-ix. 1-478 p. Chapter pagination: 30-61. ISBN: 0964294028.

NAL call no: SF511.R23 1995

Descriptors: general morphology, anatomy, ostrich, emu, rhea.

[Anatomy of the pigeon stomach artery.] Yu, Shiyuan; Liu, Zongzhi; Zhang, Delu; Gong, Yun. Chinese Journal of Zoology, Dec. 1995, v. 30 (6), p. 5-7. ISSN: 0250-3263. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: QL1.T8

Descriptors: gizzard, arteries, stomach artery anatomy, Columba livia.

[Anatomy of the visceral organs in a swan.] Cheng, HuiChang; Yin, HuaLong; Xuan, QingFeng; Jin, YeYe; Chen, XiuLan; Wang, YuXin; Ji QingYun; Wang, JianTang; Cheng, H.C.; Yin, H.L.; Xuan, Q.F.; Jin, Y.Y.; Chen, X.L.; Wang, Y.X.; Ji, Q.Y.; Wang, J.T. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 1995, v. 25 (4), p. 46-47. ISSN: 1000-6419. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: aviary birds, anatomy, digestive system, respiratory system.

The avian coxofemoral joint: A review of regional anatomy and report on an open-reduction technique for repair of a coxofemoral luxation. Martin, Howard D.; Kabler, Ronna; Sealing, Les. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 1995, v. 8 (4), p. 164-172. ISSN: 1044-8324.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: articulation, coxofemoral joint, regional anatomy, surgical techniques, birds.

Ciliary muscle anatomy in three avian species. Pardue, M.T.; Sivak, J.G. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 1995, v. 36 (4), p. S761. ISSN: 0146-0404.

Descriptors: muscular system, sense organs, corneal accommodation.

Comparative anatomy of the external and middle ear of palaeognathous birds. Starck, J. Matthias. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology, v. 131. Berlin; New York: Springer, c1995. vii, 1-137 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 3540589910.

NAL call no: QL697.S83 1995

Descriptors: Ratites anatomy, ear anatomy.

Comparative anatomy of nitrergic innervation in avian choroid. Bergua, A.; Neuhuber, W.L.; Mayer, B. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 1995, v. 36 (4), p. S121. ISSN: 0146-0404.

Descriptors: cell biology, sense organs, nervous system, Aves, birds.

Diet and internal anatomy of male sharp-tailed grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus, as related to age and position on the lek. Tsuji, Leonard J.S.; Karagatzides, Jim D.; Sokolowski, Maria B. Canadian Field Naturalist, Oct./Dec. 1995, v. 109 (4), p. 433-436. ISSN: 0008-3550.

NAL call no: 410.9 Ot8

Descriptors: age, heart size, digestive system morphology, relationships.

Effects of hand-rearing on physiology and anatomy in the grey partridge. Putaala, Ahti; Hissa, Raimo. Wildlife Biology, 1995, v. 1 (1), p. 27-31. ISSN: 0909-6396.

NAL call no: SK351.W663

Descriptors: Aves, cardiovascular system, digestive system, muscular system, effects of artificial rearing.

Abstract: Artificial rearing may result in changes in the physiology and anatomy of gallinaceous birds. This may partially explain the poor survival of released birds. To study the effects of hand-rearing on grey partridges, Perdix perdix, we measured the anatomical and physiological characteristics of 14 wild and 15 hand-reared partridges. Captive partridges were heavier, had relatively larger breast muscles but lighter hearts and livers than wild birds. Wild birds had longer small intestines, longer caeca and relatively heavier gizzards than hand-reared birds. They also had higher glycogen content and cytochrome-c oxidase activity in the pectoral muscles, indicating their better flying endurance compared to hand-reared birds. The results suggest that captivity results in altered anatomical and physiological characteristics, and hand-reared partridges may therefore be poorly predisposed for an abrupt release into the wild.

Functional anatomy of the pigeon hand (Columba livia): A muscle stimulation study. Vazquez, Rick J. Journal of Morphology, Oct. 1995, v. 226 (1), p. 33-45. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: digit movement, flight kinematics, flight stress, hand movement.

Abstract: The morphology and function of all muscles controlling the pigeon hand were analyzed. Muscle action was determined in situ by inducing contraction via silver wire electrodes in anesthetized birds. EMG electrodes were implanted in the test muscle and an adjacent muscle to monitor contraction and volume conduction respectively. Results indicate that pigeons have fine control of hand and digit movements. However, the directions of movements are restricted. Movements have been eliminated or severely limited in those directions that experience strong stress during flight. Such restrictions may be reduce the amount of muscular activity required for stabilization of the hand and its components. Mobility is retained in directions not subject to large stresses and where movement is essential for the kinematics of flight to be executed properly.

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the carotid body of native (Iraqi) pigeons. Al Abodi, A.S. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 1995, v. 8 (1), p. 31-34. ref.

Descriptors: cardiovascular system, neck, arteries, histology, anatomy.

Innervation of orbital and choroidal blood vessels by the pterygopalatine ganglion in birds. Cuthbertson, S.; Fitzgerald, M.E.C.; Shih, Y.F.; Toledo, C.B.; Jackson, B.; Reiner, A. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 1995, v. 36 (4), p. S121. ISSN: 0146-0404.

Descriptors: cardiovascular system, cell biology, sense organs.

Mechanics of the avian propatagium: Flexion-extension mechanism of the avian wing. Brown, R.E.; Baumel, J.J.; Klemm, R.D. Journal of Morphology, N.Y., N. Y., Wiley-Liss, Jul. 1995, v. 225 (1), p. 91-105. ref. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8-J826

            Descriptors: birds, wings, flight muscle, ligaments, mechanics, anatomy. birds.

Abstract: The supporting elements of the avian propatagium were examined in intact birds and as isolated components, using static force-length measurements, calculated models, and airflow observations. The propatagial surface supported between Lig. propatagiale (LP) and brachium-antebrachium is equally resistant to distortion over the range of wing extension used in flight. The lengths LP assumes in flight occur across a nearly linear, low-stiffness portion of the force-length curve of its extensible pars elastica. In an artificial airflow, intact wings automatically extend; their degree of extension is roughly correlated with the airflow velocity. Comparisons between geometric models of the wing and the passive force-length properties of LPs suggest that the stress along LP balances the drag forces acting to extend the elbow. The mechanical properties (stiffness) of the LP vary and appear to be tuned for flight-type characteristics, e.g. changes in wing extension during flight and drag. Lig. limitans cubiti and LP combine to limit elbow extension at its maximum, a safety device in flight preventing hyperextension of the elbow and reduction of the propatagium’s cambered flight surface. Calculations using muscle and ligament lengths suggest that M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, via its insertions onto both the propatagial ligaments, controls and coordinates propatagial deployment, leading edge tenseness, and elbow/wing extension across the range of wing extensions used in flight. The propatagial ligaments and M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis, along with skeleto-ligamentous elbow/carpus apparatus, are integral components of the wing’s extension control mechanism.

Normal anatomy of the avian skin and feathers. Pass, David A. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Oct. 1995, v. 4 (4), p. 152-160. ISSN: 1055-937X.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36

Descriptors: Aves, skin and feather anatomy, dermis, epidermis, birds, review.

Surgical anatomy of the avian carpometacarpus. Orosz, Susan E. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, Apr. 1995, v. 8 (4), p. 179-183. ISSN: 1044-8314.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, surgical techniques, wings, forelimb skeleton, surgical anatomy, birds.

1994

Anatomy of the propatagium: The great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). Brown, Richard E.; Baumel, Julian J.; Klemm, Robert D. Journal of Morphology, Feb. 1994, v. 219 (2), p. 205-224. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: carpus, flight, elastic tissue, elbow, skinfold, wing, structure and function.

Abstract: Skinfolds and feathers form the profile of the avian airfoil. The wing of birds has a nearly flat profile from shoulder to carpus, without the presence of the propatagium. The propatagium is the largest skinfold of the wing; it fills the angle formed by the partially flexed elbow, and with its feathers forms a rounded leading edge and dorsally cambered profile added to the cranial aspect of the wing. The propatagium is variably deployed, relative to elbow extension, in flight, support for its cambered shape is maintained by multilayered collagenous and elastic tissue networks suspended between leading edge and dorsal antebrachium. The leading edge ligament (Lig. propatagiale) courses from deltopectoral crest to carpus and, with its highly distensible center section, supports the leading edge of the propatagium across a range of wing extensions. The elbow extension limiting ligament (Lig. limitans cubiti) courses from deltopectoral crest to proximal antebrachium and limits maximum elbow extension. M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis inserts on the proximal end of the common origin of the propatagial ligaments and, by way of the insertions of the two ligaments, coordinates (1) automatic flexion/extension actions of the elbow and wrist, (2) propatagial deployment, and (3) tension along the length of Lig. propatagiale supporting the leading edge.

[Applied anatomy in medical imaging of the lower limb blood vessels.] Li, Yueying; Ma, Zhaolong; Wang; Weixi; et.-al. Xian Yike Daxue Xuebao, 1994, v. 15 (4), p. 359-361. ISSN: 0258-0659. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: femoral artery, anterior tibial artery, cardiovascular system.

Applied avian anatomy and physiology. Orosz, S.E. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 15-20, 1994. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 800-801.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: aviary birds, animal anatomy, animal physiology, veterinary medicine.

The automating skeletal and muscular mechanisms of the avian wing (Aves). Vazquez, R.J. Zoomorphology. Mar. 1994, v. 114 (1), p. 59-71. ISSN: 0720-213X.

NAL call no: 442.8 Z33

Descriptors: Aves, wings, skeletal musculature, functional anatomy.

The avian coxofemoral joint: a review of regional anatomy and report of an open-reduction technique for repair of a coxofemoral luxation. Martin, H.D.; Kabler, R.; Sealing, L. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1994, v. 8 (4), p. 164-172. Reprinted from Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1989, v. 1 (1), ref.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: pathology, surgery, hips, dislocations, diagnosis.

Abstract: The regional anatomy of the psittacine coxofemoral joint is reviewed and compared to that of mammals. Differences included angle of the femoral head and neck to the femoral shaft, type of joint and range of motion, and thigh musculature. A 2.5 year-old, 240 g, yellow-collared macaw (Ara auricollis) had a coxofemoral luxation confirmed upon physical and radiographic examination. An open-reduction technique was successfully applied under isoflurane anaesthesia. On re-examination 2 months following surgery the range of motion was 80 to 90% of normal and the bird appeared to use the limb well. Four months following surgery a single egg was laid and hatched, indicating weight-bearing sufficient for copulation.

Blood pressure regulation by aortic baroreceptors in birds. Smith, Frank M. Physiological Zoology, 1994, v. 67 (6), p. 1402-1425. ISSN: 0031-935X.

NAL call no: 410.P56

Descriptors: aortic nerve, arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular control.

Abstract: This review summarizes current knowledge of avian baroreceptor location, innervation pattern, and function. Birds have one set of arterial baroreceptors associated with the root of the aortic arch and innervated bilaterally by the aortic nerves, branches of the vagus originating from the nodose ganglia. There is a tonic level of bareceptor input to the baroregulatory mechanisms in the brain stem, and this braoreceptor input is necessary for the maintenance of normotensive pressure in birds. Arterial blood pressure rises acutely and remains chronically elevated after barodenervation. Few studies of baroreceptor of baroreflex function have been made in birds. Baroreceptors discharge in systole with properties similar to high-threshold, slowly adapting mammalian baroreceptors. Evaluating the results of studies of baroreflex function in birds is problematic, since these studies were inconsistent in methodology. They were done in either awake or anesthetized animals, and several different methods for varying arterial pressure were used. It is recommended that baroreflex function be assessed by examining the correlation between spontaneously occurring values of heart rate or cardiac output and arterial pressure measured simultaneously in awake, unrestrained animals. The contribution of baroreceptors to cardiovascular control during exercise and submersion, and possible roles of the baroreflex in homeostasis, are discussed. This review emphasizes the lack of data about the nature of baroreceptors and their participation in the integrated control of the circulation in birds.

Centriole development and formation of the flagellum during spermiogenesis in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Soley, J.T. Journal of Anatomy, 1994, v. 185 (2), p. 301-313. ref. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: spermatogenesis, spermatozoa, ultrastructure, male birds.

Functional anatomy of the “flight” apparatus in penguins. Bannasch, R. Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming. Bionik, Linda; Bone, Quentin; Rayner, Jeremy M.V. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, 1994. i-x. 1-250 p. Chapter pagination: 163-192. ISBN: 0521460786.

Descriptors: skeletal muscles, flight muscles, functional anatomy, penguins.

Functional anatomy of forebrain auditory pathways in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Brauth, Steven E.; Heaton, James T.; Durand, Sarah E.; Liang, Wenru; Hall, William S. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, Oct./Nov. 1994, v. 44 (4-5), p. 210-233. ISSN: 0006-8977.

Descriptors: brain, neurons, forebrain, learning, sound reception, acoustic signals, parakeet.

Liver anatomy/physiology/medicine. Rosenthal, Karen. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1994, v. 15, p. 118-123.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, diagnostic techniques, anatomy, hepatic medicine, physiology, birds.

A note on the musculature of the proximal part of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Mellett, F.D. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, Mar. 1994, v. 65 (1), p. 5-9. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: 41.8 SO12

Descriptors: hindlimbs, musculature anatomy, skeletal musculature, pelvic limb.

The olfactory mucosa of micrsomatic birds. Donat, K.; Schaefer, C. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 1994, v. 23 (1), p. 69. From the 19^th Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Ghent & Antwerp, Belgium, Aug. 24-28, 1992. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: mucosa, anatomy, olfactory organs.

Renal anatomy/physiology/medicine. Rosenthal, Karen. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1994, v. 15, p. 109-116.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomy, kidney, diagnostic techniques, birds.

Respiratory system anatomy, physiology and disease response. Orosz, S.E. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 15-20, 1994. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 804.

NAL call no: SF605.N672

Descriptors: birds, respiratory system, respiratory diseases.

Surgical anatomy of the avian carpometacarpus. Orosz, S.E. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1994, v. 8 (4), p. 179-183. Reprinted from Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1990, v. 4 (1), ref. ISSN: 1044-8314.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: wild birds, surgery, joints, animal anatomy.

1993

An additional bone in the carpal region of raptorial birds. Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A.; Holladay, S.D. Anatomia, Hostologia, Embryologia, 1993, v. 22 (2), p. 105-113. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: predatory birds, anatomy, limb bones, carpus, comparative study.

Abstract: In a series of 4 species of owls and 12 species of diurnal raptors, an additional bone was present bilaterally in the area of the carpus. Designating the bone as an “additional bone of the raptorial carpal region” is suggested pending appropriate embryological studies to determine the origin of the bone. Generally, the bone was present in owls and in diurnal raptors with relatively short, rounded wings, but was absent in species with longer, more tapered wings. The bone lies at the cranial edge of the carpal area near the radial carpal bone, and is fixed to the surrounding skeleton by ligaments. The tendon of the tensor patagium longus muscle has one slip that attaches to the additional bone and another that passes over its craniodorsal surface en route to insertion. Awareness of the occurrence of this bone in some raptors, but not in others, is essential in clinical evaluation of wing injuries, as well as in forming a prognosis for the return of soundness, the potential for release, and, therefore, the life of an injured raptor.

Anatomical, histological and histochemical investigations on the oesophagus of two birds with different diet preference. El Banhawy, Mahmoud A.; Mohallal, Mahmoud E; Rahmy, Tarek R.; Moawad, Tarek I. Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology, Apr. 1993, v. 11 (C), p. 175-193.

NAL call no: QL1.E49

Descriptors: biochemistry, diet, esophagus, anatomy, histology, histochemistry.

Anatomy of the avian thalamofugal pathway. Gunturkun, Onur; Miceli, Dom; Watanabe, Masami. Vision, Brain and Behavior in Birds. Zeigler, H. Philip; Bischof, Hans Joachim (eds.). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA & London. 1993. i-xxiii. 1-415 p. Chapter pagination: 115-135. ISBN: 026224036X.

Descriptors: Aves, brain, eye, visual system, birds, review.

The anatomy of the cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) in the helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). Onyeanusi, B.I.; Ezeokoli, C.D.; Onyeanusi, J.C.; Ema, A.N. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, Sept. 1993, v. 22 (3), p. 212-221. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: lymphatic system, bursa of Fabricius, anatomy, development.

Abstract: The cloacal bursa in guineafowls appeared either as an oval blind sac with thick stalk in one group or had a pointed cranial blind end with slightly bulging middle part that was followed by a thick caudal stalk in the other group. Both groups of bursa originated from the proctodeal wall of the cloaca and were placed dorsal to the rectum. The average length of the bursa was 18 mm while the average width at the mid-section was 15 mm. The internal surface showed about 10-12 primary folds. Histologically, by the 18 day of incubation the outline was well established, the primary folds had been formed, and lymphocytes had already been encountered within the framework of the bursa. The epithelium bordering the tunica propria was composed principally of 2 layers of cuboidal cells. Epithelial buds had also formed and some were already detached from the epithelial lining. The blood vessels present were positioned just beneath the outer covering. At day 19 of incubation, most of the epithelial buds had 2 layers of cells arranged in a circumscribed manner while a few had 3 layers of cells. Blood vessels had increased in number and were deeper placed inside the bursa than previously. At day 20, the cells of the upper layer of the epithelium were dorsoventrally flattened and stained paler than the cells of the lower layer. The cortex was distinguishable from the medulla and the basement lining between both zones was distinct. Macrophages were also observed within the gland. By day 25, dead cells had increased in number and there was an increase in the number of medium and small-sized lymphocytes within the gland. By day 26 the upper layer of the surface epithelium was composed of primarily of tall columnar cells with numerous large vacuoles. Macrophages had suddenly increased within the thin interfollicular spaces and most of them were crowded internally with various sized of debris. By day 1 post-hatch, each fold was completely filled with follicles that were separated by thin connective tissue strands.

Arthrologia. Baumel, Julian J.; Raikow, Robert J. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1993, v. 23, p. 133-187. ISSN: 0550-4082.

NAL call no: QL697.H26

Descriptors: Aves, articulation, arthrological anatomy and terminology, birds.

The central nervous system of birds: A study of functional morphology. Hartwig, H.G. Avian Biology, 1993; 9: p. 1-119. Farner, D.S.; King, J.R.; Parkes, K.C. (eds.). Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, CA. ISBN: 0122494091.

NAL call no: QL671.S8

Descriptors: Aves, nervous system, birds, anatomy.

Clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, Murray E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 3^rd ed. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London etc. 1993, i-xxv. 1-617 p. Chapter pagination: 194-198.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: musculature, skeleton, digestive system, general morphology.

General avian radiographic anatomy. Smith, Bonnie J.; Smith, Stephen A. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1993, v. 14, p. 121-124.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomical techniques, skeleton, radiographic anatomy, birds.

Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. 2^nd ed. Baumel, Julian J. Cambridge, MA. Nutall Ornithological Club, 1993. i-xxiv, 1 -779 p. ill. ref.

NAL call no: QL697.H26 1993

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, dictionaries.

Interconnections of muscles in the adductor mandibulae complex of birds. Elzanowski, A. Annals of Anatomy, Feb. 1993, v. 175 (1), p. 29-34. ISSN: 0940-9602.

Descriptors: morphology, muscular system, movement, support.

Recognizing radiographically abnormal avian anatomy. Smith, Stephen A.; Smith, Bonnie J. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1993, v. 14, p. 126-127.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: Aves, anatomical techniques, radiographic anatomy, abnormality, birds.

A review of the methods used to study the anatomy of avian sperm storage. Briskie, J.V.; Birkhead, T.R. Ornis Scandinavica, Oct./Dec. 1993, v. 24 (4), p. 323-329. ISSN: 0030-5693.

Descriptors: sperm storage tubules, preservation, sperm competition, techniques, birds.

Abstract: We describe and evaluate a simple technique for studying the anatomy of sperm storage in birds by using whole mount preparations of unstained oviductal tissue. Unlike sectioned material, this technique can be used to estimate the number and size of sperm storage tubules (SST) and study the arrangement of stored sperm in situ. Using whole mount preparations, we compared fresh material with that fixed and preserved in either formalin or alcohol for up to 6 months. SSTs and their contents were easily counted and measured using either fresh or formalin preserved material: however, material fixed in formalin shrunk by approximately 12% and size measurements must be corrected if direct comparisons with fresh material are to be made. Tissue fixed in alcohol gave poor visibility and should not be used to preserve specimens. The use of whole mount preparations provides new possibilities for addressing both the evolution of different sperm storage patterns across species and the proximate mechanisms of sperm competition within a species. We recommend that systematic efforts be made to include formalin fixed and preserved oviducts in museum collections.

Sperm competition and the reproductive anatomy of male superb fairy-wrens. Mulder, Raoul A.; Cockburn, Andrew. Auk. 1993 (1994); v. 110 (3), p. 588-503. ISSN: 0004-8038.

NAL call no: 413.8 AU4

Descriptors: Aves, testes mass, reproductive system, cloacal protuberance, ejaculates.

Abstract: In Superb Fairy-Wrens (Malurus cyaneus), groups of males cooperate with a single female to rear young, yet offspring are usually sired by males from outside the group. In this unusual mating system there is potential for intense sperm competition. During the breeding season, males develop a sperm storage structure (cloacal protuberance) and testes that proportionally are among the largest found in passerines. We compared the development pattern and size of cloacal protuberances of males differing in age and social status. Protuberance size increased with body mass. Age, intragroup dominance, and pairing status did not influence the overall size of the protuberance, but old males had a larger tip on their protuberance. This prominent tip has not been reported in other species, and we speculate that it serves as an intromittent organ. Other birds with large testes and cloacal protuberances have high copulation rates but copulation of superb Fairy-Wrens is only very rarely observed. We propose that the cloacal protuberance and large testes of superb Fairy-Wrens provide large sperm reserves primarily for extrapair copulations. These may occur frequently, or involve the transfer of large ejaculates.

Systema cardiovasculare. Baumel, Julian J. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1993, v. 23, p. 407-475. ISSN: 0550-4082.

NAL call no: QL697.H26 1993

Descriptors: Aves, circulatory system, cardiovascular anatomy and terminology, birds.

1992

[Anatomy on digestive system of rough-legged hawk.] Zhang, Shuyun et. al. Chinese Wildlife, Nov. 1992, v. 6, p. 31-32. ISSN: 1000-0127. Note: In Chinese.

Descriptors: digestive system, morphology, Aves, Buteo lagopus.

Atlas of Avian Radiographic Anatomy. Smith, Stephen A.; Smith, Bonnie J. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co. c1992. xii. 1-226 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 0721636527.

NAL call no: SF767.B57S65 1992

Descriptors: birds, anatomy atlases, veterinary radiography.

Atlas of Radiographic Anatomy and Diagnosis of Cage Birds. Krautwald, Maria Elisabeth; Tellhelm, B.; Hummel, G.H.; Kostka, v.M.; Kaleta, E.F. Berlin: Hamburg. Paul Parey Scientific Publ. 1992. 1-211 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 348952716X. Note: In English and German.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A85 1992 Ov

Descriptors: cage birds anatomy atlases, cage bird diagnosis atlases, radiography.

Abstract: This bilingual atlas, written in German and translated into English by W.G. Siller and A.G. Burnie, provides veterinarians and veterinary students with a reference for diagnosing healthy and diseased cage birds using radiography. After some general remarks on bird anatomy, the technical principles of radiography and special procedures are covered. A subsequent chapter describes and illustrates the positioning of the bird during the x-ray procedure. The next section provides information on the radiological anatomy of parrots, pigeons, birds of prey and hill mynahs. Finally, physiological variations and pathological changes are discussed. The appendix includes a bibliography, subject index and list of species referred to in the text. The atlas features 183 radiographs, 114 illustrations and two tables.

Automating the kinematics of avian flight. Vazquez, R.J. American Zoologist, 1992, v. 32 (5), p. 153A. ISSN: 0003-1569. Annual meeting of the American Society of Zoologists with the Animal Behavior Society, American Microscopical Society, The Canadian Society of Zoologists, The Crustacean Society, The International Association of Astacology, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, Dec. 26-30, 1992.

NAL call no: 410 AM3

Descriptors: muscle anatomy, forelimb movement, wing morphology, birds.

The avian fascia pectoralis: Anatomy and functional implications. Meyers, Ron A. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Abteilung fuer Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, Nov. 1992, v. 122 (3), p. 381-384. ISSN: 0044-5177.

Descriptors: skeletal musculature, sternum, anatomy and functional implications, birds.

The avian muscle spindle. Maier, A. Anatomy and Embryology, 1992, v. 186 (1), p. 1-25. ISSN: 0340-2061.

Descriptors: birds, muscle, anatomy, physiology.

Abstract: The literature on the morphology and physiology of the avian muscle spindle is reviewed, with emphasis placed on the period from 1960 to 1992. Traits similar to or different from mammalian spindles are recognized. Apart from receptors with low intrafusal fiber counts, bird spindles contain two or three types of intrafusal fiber. Unlike that of mammals, the equatorial fiber structure in birds does not lend itself to classification into nuclear bag and nuclear chain types. Avian intrafusal fibers are separable into types based on differences in myosin heavy chain composition and motor innervation, but apportionment of these fiber types of individual spindles is more variable in birds than in mammals. There is morphological evidence in birds for the existence of both gamma and beta innervation; however, confirmation of these systems by physiological experiments is at best sketchy. A general lack of physiological data is currently the greatest drawback to a better understanding of how the avian receptor works, and what role it plays in sensorimotor integration.

Avian Surgical Anatomy: Thoracic and Pelvic Limbs. Orosz, Susan E.; Ensley, Philip K.; Haynes, Carol J. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, Co.c1992. i-xi, 1-139 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 0721636543.

NAL call no: SF994.O76 1992

Descriptors: birds surgery, birds anatomy, extremities surgery, extremities anatomy.

A brief overview of the avian crop. Paster, M.B. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1992, v. 6 (4), p. 229-230. ISSN: 1044-8314.

NAL call no: S994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, crop, anatomy and physiology, birds, overview.

Clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, M.E. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1992, p. 307-309.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: ratites, clinical anatomy, general account.

The comparative anatomy of the pancreas lobi and ducts in the domestic ducks (Anas domestica L.). Jiwu, L.; Qianzheng, L.; Shizhong, X.; Xianbai, D.; Hauncheng, D.; Liu Jiwu; Li, Qianzheng; Xu, Shizhong; Deng, Xianbai; Dong, Hauncheng. Proceedings, 9^th International Symposium on Waterfowl, Pisa, Italy, Sept. 16-18, 1992. P. 73-75. ref.

Descriptors: anatomy, animal anatomy, pancreas, poultry.

The development of the perichondrium in the avian ulna. Rooney, P.; Archer, C.W. Journal of Anatomy, 1992, v. 181 (3), p. 393-401. ref. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: embryonic development, cartilage, ulna, bones, birds.

Functional anatomy of the penguin flipper. Kouw, G.J. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 1992, v. 63 (3), p. 113-120. ISSN: 0038-2809.

NAL call no: 41.8 SO8

Descriptors: flipper, thermoregulation, wing, anatomy.

Abstract: This study investigates the functional anatomy of the flipper of the jackass penguin (Speniscus demersus). The flippers of birds (n=15) were dissected and described. Several adaptations from the typical avian wing were noted and reasons were proposed for these. The conclusion is that the osteological and myological adaptations of the flipper are designed to enable the penguin to progress very effectively through the water, while the vascular adaptations provide a highly efficient mechanism for thermoregulation.

The humeroscapular bone of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) and other raptors. Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 1992, v. 21 (1), p. 32-39. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: Falconiformes, appendicular skeleton, gross anatomy and histology.

Lehrbuch der Anatomy der Haustiere, Band V. Anatomie der Voegel. [Anatomy of Domestic Animals. Vol. V. Anatomy of Birds]. Vollmerhaus, B.; Sinowatz, F.; Frewein, J.; Waibi, H. Verlag Paul Parey; Berlin. 1992, ed. 2, xvi. 446 p. ISBN: 3489576160. Note: In German.

Descriptors: domestic animals, anatomy, poultry.

Abstract: The first edition, prepared by Prof. A.Schummer (who died in 1977), was published in 1973, and an English translation followed in 1977. There has been much revision for the present edition, and the range of birds has been extended to include fowls, ducks, geese and pigeons. Although the Latin nomenclature of Nomina Anatomica Avium (1979) has been adopted, there are discrepancies with Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (1973), and these are pointed out.

Light bones in birds. Buehler, P. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, 1992, (36), p. 385-393. ISSN: 0076-0943.

NAL call no: QL475.C3H63

Descriptors: weight reducing adaptation, skeleton, evolution, Aves, bones.

Makroskopische und mikroskopische Untersuchungen am Verdauungstrakt von Amazonenpapageien (Amazona Less., 1830). [Macroscopic and Microscopic Study of the Digestive Tract of Amazon Parrots.] Barth, U. Tieraztliche Fakultat, Ludwig Maximillians Universitat, Minchen, Germany. 1992, 101 p. ref. Note: In German.

Descriptors: anatomy, histology, gizzard, intestines, digestive system.

Quantitative pulmonary anatomy of a ground-dwelling bird, the white-breasted water-hen (Amaurornis phoenicurus). King, A.S.; Vidyadaran, M.K.; Kassim, H. Journal of Zoology (London), 1992, v. 227 (2), p. 185-191. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: biometrics, quantitative anatomy, pulmonary anatomy.

Spinal neurons projecting to anterior or posterior cerebellum in the pigeon. Necker, R. Anatomy and Physiology, 1992, v. 185 (4), p. 325-334. ISSN: 0340-2061.

Descriptors: birds, spinal afferent fibers, anatomy, nervous system.

Abstract: Spinal afferent fibers have ben shown to project both to lobules III-VI and lobule IX of the cerebellum in the pigeon. In the present investigation the cells of origin of these projections and the course of the axons at spinal levels have been studied by the retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes injected into both parts of the cerebellum. In the upper cervical segments labeled neurons are located predominantly in the ventral horn; the axons cross to the contralateral side. In the cervical enlargement labeled neurons concentrate in the avian cervical Clark’s column (CIC) and in cervical “spinal border cells” (SBC). The axons of CIC neurons project ipsilaterally into the dorsolateral funiculus and SBC project ipsilaterally into the ventrolateral funiculus. In caudal cervical and in thoracic segments dorsal horn neurons (laminae IV/V) are at the origin of an ipsilateral spinocerebellar pathway in the dorsalmost part of the lateral funiculus. In the lumbosacral enlargement there are mainly three spinocerebellar cell groups all of which project contralaterally in the ventral funiculus: CIC, SBC and paragriseal cells. During its ascent this pathway shifts to the lateral funiculus. In addition there is a crossed pathway from ventral horn cells throughout the spinal cord. Whereas approximately equal numbers of dorsal horn cells project to lobules III-IV and th lobule IX, the number of CIC neurons is strongly reduced after lobule IX injections and SBC neurons are nearly absent. Altogether lobule IX gas a substantial input from dorsal horn neurons (cutaneous mechanoreception) whereas that to lobules III-IV is dominated by CIC and SBC proprioreception.

Temporal patterns of muscle formation in the avian limb bud. Lance, Jones C.; Van Swearingen, J. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 1992, v. 18 (1-2), p. 621. ISSN: 0190-5296.

Descriptors: development, muscular system, movement and support, Aves, birds.

Tomographic anatomy of the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Orosa, S.E.; Toal, R.L. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1992, v. 23 (1), p. 39-46. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors: general morphology, thorax, tomographic anatomy.

Vergleichende Anatomie der Nasenhohle und Nasennebenhohlen bei Greifvogeln (Falconiformes) und Eulen (Strigiformes). [Comparative Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and the Associated Sinuses of the Nasal Chamber of Diurnal Birds of Prey (Falconiformes) and Owls (Strigiformes).] Petersen, Anja. Hannover: [s.n.], 1992, 157 p. ill. ref. Doctoral Thesis. Note: In German with an English summary.

NAL call no: DISS F-1992034

Descriptors: Falconiformes, Strigiformes, nasal cavity, sinuses, comparative anatomy.

1991

The avian respiratory system: Anatomy and physiology. Meintjes, R. Pluimvee Bulletin, 1991, No. 11, p. 479-480. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: 47.8 SO89

Descriptors: lungs, air sacs, animal anatomy, physiology, respiratory system, birds.

A Color Atlas of Avian Anatomy. McLelland, J. W.B. Saunders Co., 1991, 127 p. col. ill. ref. ISBN: 0721635369.

NAL call no: QL697.M341 1991

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, atlases.

Comparative clinical anatomy of ratites. Fowler, M.E. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1991, v. 22 (2), p. 204-227. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: general morphology, digestive system, comparative clinical anatomy.

Abstract: Ratites, particularly the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and emu (Dromalus novaehollandiae), have become popular as livestock. This paper provides single source of information based on the author’s dissections of the ostrich, emu, and the rhea (Rhea americana), selected data accumulated from museum specimens, and additional information extracted from the literature. The musculoskeletal, digestive, and reproductive systems are emphasized because of their importance in clinical medicine and management of these animals. All ratites have heavily muscled legs for running and defence against enemies. Unique characteristics are a noncarinate sternum and lack of breast muscles. Stomach and intestinal morphology is highly variable among the families represented. All male ratites have an intromittent organ (phallus), and ostrich and emu females have a diminutive organ.

Fine structure of the pecten oculi of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Braekevelt, C.R. Anatomia, Hisologia, Embryologia, 1991, v. 20 (4), p. 354-362. ref. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: eyes, anatomy, sense organs, tissue ultrastructure.

Abstract: The pecten oculi of the red-tailed hawk has been examined by light and electron microscopy. In this species the pecten is very large and of the pleated type. It consists of 17-18 accordion folds which are joined apically by a heavily pigmented bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan-like shape, widest at its base. It is situated over the optic nerve head and extends into the vitreous. Within each fold are numerous capillaries, larger supply and drainage vessels and melanocytes. The capillaries are specialized and display extensive microfolds on both the luminal and abdominal borders. The endothelial cell bodies are thin with most organelles present in a paranuclear location. The capillaries are surrounded by thick fibrillar basal laminae which are probably structurally important and which often enclose pericytes. The melanocytes which are most plentiful in the bridge region and peripherally in the pecten, form an incomplete sheath around the capillaries and other blood vessels. These melanocytes are also felt to be fulfilling a structural role within the pecten. The morphology of the pecten of the red-tailed hawk is indicative of a heavy involvement in the transport of materials to the avascular avian retina.

The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Dial, K.P.; Goslow, G.E. Jr.; Jenkins, F.A. Jr. Journal of Morphology, 1991, v. 207 (3), p. 327-344. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: biomechanics, skeletal musculature, flight, shoulder functional anatomy.

Normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), with reference to other galliform species. Smith, B.J.; Smith. S.A. Veterinary Radiology, 1991, v. 32 (3), p. 127-134. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: general morphology, anatomy, head, abdomen, limbs.

Normal xeroradiographic anatomy of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), with special reference to the barn owl (Tyto alba). Smith, S.A.; Smith, B.J. Veterinary Radiology, 1991, v. 32 (1), p. 6-16. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Stringifromes, general morphology, radiographic anatomy.

Normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) with reference to other anserine species. Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A. Veterinary Radiology, 1991, v. 32 (2), p. 87-95. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Anseriformes, general morphology, head, abdomen, limbs.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Hindlimb Musculature. McKitrick, Mary C. Ann Arbor, MI. Museum of Zoology, the University of Michigan, 1991. iv. 85 p. ill. no. 179.

NAL call no: 410.9 M58M no. 179

Descriptors: birds phylogeny, birds anatomy, birds classification.

Quantitative observations on the pulmonary anatomy of the domestic Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). Vidyadaran, M.K.; King, A.S.; Kassim, H. Journal of Zoology, 1991, v. 2224 (1), p. 113-119. ref. ISSN: 0952-8369.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: respiratory system, anatomy, physiology.

Abstract: The lungs of five domestic Muscovy ducks, mean body weight 1.627 kg, total lung volume 48.07 cm; were analysed by standard morphometric methods. Principal results obtained are: lung volume per unit body weight, 30.17 cm3/g; volume densities of exchange tissue relative to lung volume, 49.24%, blood capillaries relative to exchange tissue, 29.63%, tissue of the blood gas (tissue) barrier relative to exchange tissue, 5.88%; surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per unit body weight, 30.04 cm2/g; ratios of the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier per unit volume of the lung and per unit volume of exchange area, 979 cm2/cm3 and 200.06 mm2/mm3, respectively; harmonic and arithmetic mean thickness of the tissue barrier, 0.199 um and 0.303 um respectively. The anatomical diffusing capacity of the tissue barrier for oxygen (DTO²) and the total pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLO²), 49.58 ml O2/min/mmHg/kg and 4.55 ml O²/min/mmHg/kg, respectively. The lungs of the domestic Muscovy duck appear to be about as well adapted anatomically for gas exchange as the lungs of wild anatid species, and there is no clear evidence that domestication has been associated with any deterioration in the anatomical capacity for oxygen uptake. The weight-specific anatomical diffusing capacity of the lung for oxygen (DLO²/W) was about 3.6 times greater than the weight-specific physiological value, a factor which falls within the expected range.

Radiology of the avian skull. Kostka, V.; Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E.; Tellhelm, B. Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Series A, 1991, v. 38 (3), p. 175-186. ISSN: 0931-184X.

NAL call no: 41.8 Z5

Descriptors: Buteo buteo, Psittaciformes, Cacatua, skull, radiographic anatomy, hawks.

1990

Anatomical and physiological characteristics of birds and how they differ from mammals. McDonald, S.E. Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1990, p 372-389.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: general morphology, whole animal physiology, skeleton, skull, anatomy.

A Colour Atlas of Avian Anatomy. McLelland, J. London, Wolfe Pub. c1990. 1-127 p. col. ill. ref. ISBN: 0723415757.

NAL call no: QL697.M341 1990

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, atlases, photographic guide, illustrations.

A light microscopic and immunocytochemical study of the grastrointestinal tract of the ostrich (Struthio camelus L.). Bezuidenhout, A.J.; Aswegen, G. Van; Aswegen, G. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 1990, v. 57 (1), p. 37-48. ref. ISSN: 0030-2465.

NAL call no: 41.8 On1

Descriptors: anatomy, digestive system, histology stomach, intestines.

Abstract: The superficial proventricular glands were simple, branched tubular glands, while the deep proventricular glands were restricted to a slipper-shaped area and extended into the muscularis mucosae. The gizzard had a variably developed muscularis mucosae, a feature that seems to be unique to the ostrich. The villi of the small intestine were long and branched profusely, forming a lbyrinthine surface. No Paneth cells were observed. The mucosa of the caeca and the first part of the rectum was thrown into large circular folds, forming a compressed spiral. Numerous melanocytes were seen in the submucosa and the connective tissue around the blood vessels of the muscle layers at the tips of the caeca. A well developed subserosa was present throughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Endocrine cells immunoreactive to somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, bombesin, neurotensin, substance P and pancratic polypeptide were detected in the gastro-intestinal tract of the ostrich. The topographical distribution of those endocrine cells immunoreactive to glucagon, bombesin, neurotensin and substance P differed from that of the chicken. The results of this investigation inferred that at least one of the gut peptides of the ostrich (secretin) is structurally different from its counterparts in mammal and chicken. Molecular heterogeneity of somatostatin was observed in endocrine cells situated in the deep ventricular glands of the ostrich.

The normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandis). Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A.; Spaulding, K.A.; Flammer, K.; Smallwood, J.E. Veterinary Radiology, 1990, v. 31 (5), p. 226-234. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: general morphology, head, abdomen, limbs, anatomy.

The normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the orange-winged Amazon parrot (Amazona amazonica). Smith, B.J.; Smith, S.A.; Flammer, K.; Spaulding, K.A.; Smallwood, J.E. Veterinary Radiology, 1990, v. 31 (3), p. 114-124. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Psittacidae, anatomy, skeleton, digestive system, anatomy.

Normal xeroradiographic and radiographic anatomy of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), with reference to other diurnal raptors. Smith, S.A.; Smith, B.J. Veterinary Radiology, 1990, v. 31 (6), p. 301-312. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Falconiformes, general morphology, head, abdomen, limbs, anatomy.

The physiology of bird flight. Butler, P.J.; Woakes, A.J. Bird Migration: Physiology and Ecophysiology. Gwinner E. (ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1990. i-xii. 1-435 p. Chapter pagination: 300-318.

NAL call no: QL698.9 B57 1990

Descriptors: Aves, metabolic rate, flight muscles, thermoregulation, functional anatomy.

Psittacine skull radiography. Paul-Murphy, J.R.; Koblik, P.D.; Stein, G.; Penninck, D.G. Veterinary Radiology, 1990, v. 31 (3), p. 125-131. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: Psittacidae, skull, anatomy, anatomical techniques, parrots.

Psittacine skull radiology. Anatomy, radiographic technique, and patient application. Paul-Murphy, J.R.; Koblik, P.D.; Stein, G.; Pennick, D.G. Veterinary Radiology, 1990, v. 31, (4), p. 218-224. ref. ISSN: 0196-3627.

NAL call no: SF757.8.A4

Descriptors: anatomy, skull, radiography, beak, parrots, case reports.

Recent findings on the development of dimorphic anatomy in the avian song system. DeVoogd, T.J. Journal of Experimental zoology Supplement, 1990, No. 4, p. 183-186. ISSN: 1059-8324.

NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: brain, hormones, song system structure, sexual dimorphism, birds.

Surgical anatomy of the avian carpometacarpus. Orosz, S.E. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1990, v. 4 (1), p. 40-45. ISSN; 1044-8314.

NAL call no: SF994.J6

Descriptors: Aves, surgical techniques, forelimb skeleton, birds.

Surgical anatomy of the propatagium. Brown, R.E.; Klemm, R.D. Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1990, p. 176-181.

NAL call no: SF994.M52

Descriptors: forelimbs, anatomy, blood vessels, surgical anatomy, birds.

1989

Anatomy of the avian cecum. McLelland, J. Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement, 1989, No.3, p. 2-9. ISSN: 1059-8324.

NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: Aves, caecum, gross anatomy, birds, review.

Anatomy of the lungs and air sacs. McLelland, J. Form and Function in Birds, vol 4. King, A.S.; McLelland, J. (eds.). Academic Press, London, San Diego, 1989. i-xiv, 1-591 p. Chapter pagination: 221-279.

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, lung innervation, lungs, anatomy, nervous system, birds.

Aspects of the limb anatomy of the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). McSweeney, T,; Stoskopf, M.K. Journal of Zoo & Wildlife Medicine, 1989, v. 20 (2), p. 191-198. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: surgical techniques, repair of limb fractures, wing anatomy.

Feather anatomy and function. Part 1. Joseph, V. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1989, v. 3 (3), p. 136-137. ref. ISSN: 0892-9904.

NAL call no: SF904.A2

Descriptors: anatomy, feathers, birds.

Feather anatomy and function. Part 2. Joseph, V. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1989, v. 3 (4), p. 196. ISSN: 0892-9904.

NAL call no: SF904.A2

Descriptors: Aves, plumage, feather tracts, feathers, growth, molting, birds.

Gross anatomy of the tongue, pharynx and esophagus of the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Rao, T.S.C.; Hafeezuddin, M. Cheiron, 1989, v. 18 (6), p. 242-246. ref. ISSN: 0379-542X.

NAL call no: SF604.C56

Descriptors: tongue, pharynx, oesophagus, animal anatomy, digestive system.

Larynx and trachea. McLelland, J. Form and Function in Birds, vol. 4, 1989. i-xiv, 1-591 p. Chapter pagination: 69-103.

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, skeletal musculature, larynx and trachea, functional anatomy, birds.

The lateral femur in selected avian species: Anatomy and surgical approaches. Orosz, S.E. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1989, v. 4 (1), p. 441-445. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: Falconiformes, Psittaciformes, Strigiformes, surgical techniques, anatomy, birds.

Light microscopic morphometry of the kidneys of fourteen avian species. Wauri, C.N. Journal of Anatomy, 1989, v. 162, p. 19-31. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8.J826

Descriptors: kidney morphometrics, Aves, comparatives study, measurements, birds.

Relationship of cecal and colonic motility to diet, habitat and cecal anatomy in several avian species. Duke, G.E. Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement, 1989, No. 3, p. 38-47. ISSN: 1059-8324.

NAL call no: 410.J825

Descriptors: Aves, peristalsis, diet, caecal and colonic motility, habitat and anatomy, birds.

Respiration and gas exchange in birds. Piiper, J.; Scheid, P. NATO-ASI (Advanced Science Institutes) Series; Series A Life Sciences, 1998, v. 173, p. 153-162. ISSN: 0161-0449.

NAL call no: QH301.N32

Descriptors: Aves, lungs, anatomy review, respiratory gas exchange.

Selected features of the abdominal and thoracic anatomy of the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). McSweeney, T.; Stoskopf, M.K. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1989, v. 20 (2), p. 184-190. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: general morphology, abdominal and thoracic anatomy, anatomy.

[Study on skeleton of the red-crowned crane.] Chang, J.C.; Li, P. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 1989, v. 17 (1), p. 31-39. ISSN: 1000-5382. Note: In Chinese.

NAL call no: SD221.J67

Descriptors: Grus japonensis, measurements, skeleton, anatomy.

Surgical anatomy of the ventral thoracic girdle of raptors and psittacines. Orosz, S.E. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1989, v. 20 (4), p. 435-440. ISSN: 1042-7260.

NAL call no: SF996.Z66

Descriptors: surgical techniques, surgical anatomy, sternum, pectoral girdle.

Thermoregulation in turkey vultures: Vascular anatomy, arteriovenous heat exchange, and behavior. Arad, Z.; Midtgard, U.; Bernstein, M.H. Condor, 1989, v. 91 (3), p. 505-514. ISSN: 0010-5422.

NAL call no: QL671.C6

Descriptors: thermoregulation, circulatory system, heat exchange with veins, skin.

1988

Anatomical study of the wulst in the parakeet (Aratinga canicularis). Diaz-Cintra, S.; Cintra, L.; Ortega, A.; Perez, B.; Ayala, F. Boletin de Estudios Medicos y Biologicos Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1988, v. 36 (1-4), p. 25-34. ISSN: 0067-9666.

Descriptors: brain, wulst anatomy, cell types, Psittacidae.

The anatomy of the middle ear of the Tinamiformes (Aves: Tinamidae). Saiff, E. Journal of Morphology, 1988, v. 196 (1), p, 107-116. ISSN: 0362-2525.

NAL call no: 444.8 J826

Descriptors: ear, middle ear morphology, comparisons, skull, phylogeny, birds.

Image analysis of avian pituitaries. Rahman, Zur; Chiasson, R.B.; Olson, G.B.; Zia, Ur Rahman. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 1988, v. 17 (4), p. 381. ISSN: 0340-2096.

NAL call no: SF761.Z4

Descriptors: histology, pituitary, anatomy, birds.

Selected anatomical features of the neck and gular sac of the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). McSweeney, T.; Stoskopf, M.K. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 1988, v. 19 (3), p. 116-121. ISSN: 0093-4526.

NAL call no: SF601.J6

Descriptors: neck, anatomy, throat, larynx, gular sac anatomy.

An ultrastructural study of the cere of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Purton, M.D. Journal of Anatomy, 1988, v. 157, p. 43-56. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: skin, functional histomorphology, Columbidae.

1987

Microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy of the trachea and bronchi of Melopsittacus undulatus (Aves, Psittaciformes). Smith, J.H.; Meier, J.L.; Lampke, C.; Neill, P. J.G.; Box, E. Zoomorphology (Berlin), 1987, v. 107 (1), p. 1-10. ISSN: 0720-213X.

NAL call no: 442.8 Z33

Descriptors: bronchi, trachea, ultrastructure, anatomy, Psittacidae, buderigars.

Radiographic anatomy of the Texas barred owl, Strix varia helveola. Shively, M.J. Southwestern Veterinarian, 1987, v. 38 (1), p. 61-70. ISSN: 0038-495X.

NAL call no: 41.8 So82

Descriptors: skeleton, radiographic anatomy, distribution, natural history.

1986

Alimentary canal: Anatomy, regulation of feeding, and motility. Duke, G.E. Avian Physiology, Sturkie, P.D. (ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, 1986, 1-516 p. Chapter pagination: 269-288.

NAL call no: QL698.S7

Descriptors: passage of food, digestive system, anatomy, regulating factors, birds.

Anatomy of the avian membrana nictitans. Sivak, J.G,; Glover, R.F. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1986, v. 64 (4), p. 963-972. ISSN: 0008-4301.

NAL call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors: membrana nictitans anatomy, Aves, Anatidae, Anseriformes, ducks.

Anatomy of the Temporal Bone with Surgical Implications. Schuknecht, H.F.; Gulya, A.J. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986, i-xiv, 1-350 p.

Descriptors: Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, Reptilia, skull, temporal bone morphology.

Clinical anatomy with emphasis on the Amazon parrot. McKibben, J.S.; Harrison, G.J. Clinical Avian Medicine and Surgery Including Aviculture, Harrison, G.J.; Harrison, L.R. (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, 1986, i-xviii, 1-717 p. Chapter pagination: 31-66.

NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C5

Descriptors: Aves, general morphology, musculature, skeleton, nervous system.

Heart and circulation: Anatomy, hemodynamics, blood pressure, blood flow. Sturkie, P.D. Avian Physiology, Sturkie, P.D. (ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin. 1986, i-xiii, 1-516 p. Chapter pagination: 130-166.

NAL call no: QL698.S7

Descriptors: Aves, circulatory system, anatomy, haemodynamics, blood flow, birds.

The major blood vessels of the wing of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Bezuidenhout, A.J.; Coetzer, D.J. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 1986, v. 53 (4), p. 201-203. ISSN: 0030-2465.

NAL call no: 41.8 ON1

Descriptors: forelimbs, wings, major blood vessels, anatomy.

Microscopic and submicroscopic anatomy of the parabronchi, air sacs, and respiratory space of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Smith, J.H.; Meier, J.L.; Lamke, C.; Neill, P.J.G.; Box, E.D. American Journal of Anatomy, 1986, v. 177 (2), p. 221-242. ISSN: 0002-9106

NAL call no: 447.8 AM32

Descriptors: bronchi, lungs, air sacs, microscopic and submicroscopic anatomy.

1985

Anatomy and histology of the gut of the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae. Herd, R.M. Emu, 1985, v. 85 (1), p. 43-46. ISSN: 0158-4197.

Descriptors: digestion, fiber, anatomy, histology, Aves.

Foraging behavior and bill anatomy in sandpipers. Gerritsen, A.F.C.; Sevenster, J.G. Progress in Zoology, 1985, v. 30, p. 237-239. ISSN: 0071-7991.

Descriptors: Calidris, bill, chemoreception, foraging behavior, anatomy.

A radiological study of the kiwi, Apteryx australis mantelli. Beale, G. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1985, v. 15 (2), p. 187-200. ISSN: 0303-6758.

NAL call no: QH301.R62

Descriptors: size, volume, weight, anatomy, skeleton, general morphology.

1984

Anatomy and evolution of the feeding apparatus in the avian orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes. Burton, P.K.J. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 1984, v. 47 (6), p. 331-443. ISSN: 0007-1498.

NAL call no: 410.9 B772B

Descriptors: neck, skeletal musculature, beak, skull, bill, vertebral column, birds.

Comparative gross anatomy of ratites. Cho, P.; Brown, R.; Anderson, M. Zoo Biology, 1984, v. 3 (2), p. 133-144. ISSN: 0733-3188.

NAL call no: QL77.5.Z6

Descriptors: general morphology, anatomy, digestive system, kidneys.

The emu as a model for studies into avian respiratory physiology. Love, J.B.; Pierce, R.J.; Baudinette, R.V.; Gannon, B.J.; Skowronski, G.A.; Ilsley, A.H.; Runciman, W.B. Proceedings of the Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society, 1984, v. 15 (2), 226 p. ISSN: 0067-2084.

NAL call no: RM1.A9

Descriptors: lungs, anatomy, gas flow, respiratory exchange.

Surgical anatomy of the pectoral and pelvic limbs of condor-related species. Orosz. S.E.; Ensley, P.K.; Janssen, D.L. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings, 1984, p. 157-158. ISSN: 0095-0610.

NAL call no: SF605.A4

Descriptors: surgical techniques, skeletal musculature, skeleton, anatomy.

1983

The anatomy of the middle ear region of the rheas (Aves: Rheiformes, Rheidae). Saiff, E.I. Historia Natural (Corrientes), 1983, v. 3 (6), p. 45-55. ISSN: 0326-1778.

Descriptors: skull, ear, middle ear anatomy, base and quadrate morphology.

[The functional anatomy of the sanderling and other members of the Scolopacidae.] Gerritsen, A.F.C. Copeia, 1983, v. 56 (4), p. 269. ISSN: 0045-8511. Note: In Dutch.

Descriptors: bill structure, beak structure, skeleton, skull.

Nervous organization of the pineal organs in birds anatomy, cytology, includes domestic fowl. Sato, T.; Wake, K. Avian endocrinology: Environmental Ecological Perspectives. Ed. By Shin, Ichi Mikami; Kazutaka, Homma; Masaru, Wada. Japan Scientific Press, 1983, p. 57-65. ill.ref. ISBN: 4762263443.

NAL call no: QL698.A9

Descriptors: pineal organs, anatomy, cytology.

1982

Anatomia Funzionale degli Uccelli Domestici. [Functional Anatomy of Domestic Birds.] Botte, Virgilio; Pelagalli, Gaetano V. Milano; E.E. Ediermes. 1982, xv, 385 p. ill. ISBN: 8885019196. Note: In Italian.

NAL call no: QL697.B6

Descriptors: birds, anatomy.

The anatomy of the avian digestive tract as related to feed utilization. Turk, D.E. Poultry Science, 1982, v. 61 (7), p. 1225-1244. ISSN: 0032-5791.

NAL call no: 47.8 AM33P

Descriptors: Aves, digestive tract anatomy, anatomy, digestive system.

The feeding system of the pigeon (Columbia livia L.). Zweers, Gart. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, v. 73. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982, vii, 108 p. ill. ISBN: 0387113320.

NAL call no: QL696.C63Z98

Descriptors: pigeons anatomy, food, mouth, pharynx, larynx, birds foot.

The leg muscles of the American coot (Fulica americana Gmelin). Rosser, B.W.C.; Secoy, D.M.; Riegert, P.W. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1982, v. 60 (6), p. 1236-1256. ISSN: 0008-4301.

NAL call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors: hindlimbs, musculature, morphology, skeletal musculature, gross anatomy.

The microanatomy of the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the starling kidney. Nicholson, J.K. Journal of Anatomy, 1982, v. 134 (1), p. 11-23. ISSN: 0021-8782.

NAL call no: 447.8 J826

Descriptors: kidney, distal and collecting tubules, microanatomy.

The middle ear of the skull of the kiwi. Saiff, E.I. Emu, 1982, v. 82 (2), p. 75-79. ISSN: 0158-4197.

Descriptors: skull, ear, middle ear anatomy.

The wing musculature of the brown kiwi, Apteryx australis mantelli, and its bearing on ratite affinities. McGowan, C. Journal of Zoology (London), 1982, v. 197 (2), p. 173-219

NAL call no: QL1.J68.

Descriptors: wings, musculature, skeletal musculature, gross muscle anatomy.

1981

The epididymis and its development in ratite birds (ostrich, emu, rhea). Budras, K.D.; Meier, U. Anatomy and Embryology, 1981, v. 162 (3), p. 281-299. ISSN: 0340-2061.

Descriptors: sperm ducts, anatomy and ontogenesis, epididymis.

Form and Function in Birds. Vol. 2. King, A.S.; McLelland, J (eds.). Academic Press, London, New York. 1981, i-xi, 1-496 p.

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, functional anatomy, anatomy, textbooks.

Functional anatomy of the avian jaw apparatus. Buhler, P. Form and Function in Birds, Vol.2. King, A.S.; McLelland, J (eds.). Academic Press, London, New York. 1981, i-xi. 1-496 p. Chapter pagination: 439-468.

NAL call no: QL698.F7

Descriptors: Aves, jaws, functional anatomy, birds.

Jaw muscles of the common parakeet, Psittacula eupatria L. Vasisht, H.S.; Singla, P.K. Research Bulletin of the Punjab University Science, 1981, v. 26 (1-4), p. 27-30. ISSN: 0555-7631.

NAL call no: 513 EA72

Descriptors: skeletal musculature, jaw, gross muscle anatomy.

The middle ear of the skull of birds: The ostrich, Struthio camelus L. Saiff, E.I. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1981, v. 73 (2), p. 210-212. ISSN: 0024-4082.

NAL call no: 410.9 L64

Descriptors: skull, cranial nerves, ear, middle ear anatomy, blood vessels.

1980

[The anatomy of brain and cytology of the cerebral hemispheres in penguins.] Bogoslovskaya, L.S.; Krushinskaya, E.L. Sensory Systems and the Brain in Birds, Ilichev, V.D.; Bogoslovskaya, L.S. (eds.). Nauka, Moscow. 1980, 1-219 p. Chapter pagination: 180-195. Note: In Russian.

Descriptors: brain, cerebral hemispheres, anatomy and cytology.

Arteriovenous anastomosis and vascularity in the feet of eiders and gulls (Aves). Midtgard, U. Zoomorphology (Berlin), 1980, v. 96 (3), p. 263-270. ISSN: 0720-213X.

NAL call no: 442.8 Z33

Descriptors: hindlimbs, foot arteriovenous anastomosis, anatomy, thermoregulation.

The blood vessels of the ostrich heart. Murakami, T.; Saito, I.; Mochizuki, K. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture Miyazaki University, 1980, v. 27 (1), p. 1-6. ISSN: 0544-6066.

NAL call no: 22.5 M6932B

Descriptors: heart blood supply, anatomy, Struthio camelus.

Functional anatomy of the respiratory system. Duncker, H.R. Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, 1980, v. 1, p. 350-354.

Descriptors: Aves, capillaries, respiratory system, functional anatomy, birds.

Middle ear anatomy of the Struthioniformes. Saiff, E. Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, 1980, v. 1, p. 631-634.

Descriptors: middle ear anatomy, ear, phylogeny, evolutionary significance, ostrich family.

The neuroanatomical basis of avian neuroendocrine systems. Oksche, A. Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, 1980, v. 1, p. 217-222.

Descriptors: Aves, brain, neurons, neuroendocrine system, birds.

Studies of the functional anatomy in birds utilizing museum specimens. Burton, P.J.K. Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, 1980, v. 1, p. 190-194.

Descriptors: Aves, museum collections, use in functional anatomy research.

1979

The anatomy of the eye of the Adelie penguin with special reference to optical structure and intraocular musculature. Sivak, J.G.; Vrablic, O.E. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1979, v. 57 (2), p. 346-352. ISSN: 0008-4301.

NAL call no: 470 C16D

Descriptors: musculature, eye, anatomy, intraocular musculature.

Anatomy of the vascular system of the head and neck of the helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris. Crowe, T.M.; Crowe, A.A. Journal of Zoology (London), 1979, v. 188 (2), p. 221-233.

NAL call no: QL1.J68

Descriptors: head, neck, vascular system anatomy, blood vessels.

The comparative anatomy of the circulatory system. Lawson, R. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 448-554.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, circulatory system, Aves, Mammalia, Pisces, fish, birds.

The comparative anatomy of the coelom and of the digestive and respiratory systems. Lawson, R. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 378-447.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, digestive system, respiratory system, birds.

The comparative anatomy of the integumental skeleton. Krejsa, R.J. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. 1979, i-xi, 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 112-191.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: Aves, bone, cartilage, integument, skin, function and development, birds.

The comparative anatomy of the muscular system. Radinsky, L. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. chapter pagination: 327-377.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, Pisces, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Mammalia, fish, birds.

The comparative anatomy of the nervous system and the sense organs. Northcutt, R.G. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi. 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 615-769.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: comparative anatomy, Pisces, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Mammalia.

The endoskeleton: The comparative anatomy of the vertebral column and ribs. Wake, D.B. Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi, 1-788 p. Chapter pagination: 193-237.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: appendicular skeleton, comparative anatomy, vertebral column, birds.

Form and Function in Birds. Vol. 1. King, A.S.; McLelland, J. Academic Press, London, New York. 1979, i-xi, 1-459 p.

NAL call no: QL698.F67

Descriptors: Aves, functional anatomy, anatomy, textbooks.

Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. Wake, M.H. (ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 1979, i-xi, 1-788 p.

NAL call no: QL812.H87 1979

Descriptors: Aves, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia, anatomy, textbooks, birds, fish.

Radiographic anatomy of the barred owl (Strix varia). Shively, M.J. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician, 1979, v. 74 (4), p. 552-558.

NAL call no: 41.8 M69

Descriptors: skeleton, anatomy, Strix varia.

1978

The anatomy and physiology of the avian nasal salt glands. Thomas, D.H.; Phillips, J.G. Pavo, 1978, v. 16 (1-2), p. 89-104. ISSN: 0031-3297.

NAL call no: 275.29 W27MI

Descriptors: Aves, excretory glands, nasal salt glands, anatomy, physiology, birds.

The middle ear of the skull of birds: The Pelecaniformes and the Ciconiiformes. Saiff, E.I. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1978, v. 63 (4), p. 315-370. ISSN: 0024-4082.

NAL call no: 410.9 L64

Descriptors: skull, ear, middle ear anatomy, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes.

1977

Anatomia i biologia ptakow na przykladzie golebia domowego. [Anatomy and biology of birds with the domestic pigeon as an example.] Bednarz, M. Hodowca Drobnego Inwentarza, 1977, v. 25 (1), p. 19-20. Note: In Polish.

NAL call no: 49 H662

Descriptors: birds, anatomy, domestic pigeon.

1975

Outlines of Avian Anatomy. King, Anthony Stuart; McLelland, J. London: Bailliere tindall, 1975, 154 p. ill. 22 cm.

NAL call no: QL697.K5

Descriptors: bird anatomy, outlines.

1972

[On the anatomy of the pancreas of domestic birds.] Batoeva, S.T.S.; Batoev, T.S. Zh. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol, Nov. 1972, v. 63 (11), p. 105-108. Note: In Russian with an English summary.

NAL call no: QL801.A7

Descriptors: domestic birds, pancreas, anatomy.

The Avian Brain. Pearson, Ronald George. New York, Academic Press, 1972, xi, 658 p. ill.

NAL call no: QL697.P4

Descriptors: brain, birds, anatomy, physiology.

1971

The Lung Air Sac System of Birds a Contribution to the Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory Apparatus. Duncker, Hans Rainer. Berlin, N.Y., Springer Verlag, 1971, 171 p. ill. 25cm.

NAL call no: QL855.D8

Descriptors: air sacs of birds, lungs, structure.

1968

Anatomy and Flight Biology of Birds. Herzog, Karl. Stuttgart, G. Fischer, 1968, 179 p.

NAL call no: QL698.7.H47

Descriptors: flight, birds, anatomy.

1964

Avian Anatomy. McLeod, W.M.1892-1997; Minneapolis, Burgess Press Co., 1964, ii, 143 p. ill.

NAL call no: QL697.M17 1964

Descriptors: birds, anatomy.

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2003

California condors and DDE: a re-evaluation. Snyder, N.F.R.; Meretsky, V.J. Ibis, London. 2003, v. 145 (1), p. 136-151.

            NAL call no: SB359.5.B78

Descriptors: California Condors, Gymnogyps californianus, DDE, reproductive effect, re-evaluation, eggshell thickness, DDT, eggshell breakage, pre and past 1960's, population decline.

Abstract: Eggshells of wild California Condors Gymnogyps californianus were much thinner in the 1960s, when DDT was used heavily, than during earlier pre-DDT and later reduced-DDT periods. However, eggshell thickness was more strongly linked to egg size (mass) than to measured levels of p,p’DDE (the primary metabolite of DDT). Egg size was consistent within the individual females and yielded correlation coefficients with shell thickness ranging from 0.49 to 0.97, depending on the period and the analysis assumptions used. Measured DDE levels, although often substantial, provided only a weak correlation r=0.33) with shell thickness. In part, the absence of a strong DDE/thickness correlation may have been an artefact of losses of DDE from fragment membranes over time. Nevertheless, the extreme (28-29%) shell thinning of the 1960s was not linked with clearly increased egg-breakage or nest-failure rates, and one female of the 1980s with 25.6% shell thinning was the most productive female of her era. Some eggs with over 30% shell thinning hatched successfully, and broken eggs closely resembled hatched eggs in shell thickness, strongly suggesting that shell thinning was not an important cause of breakage. The apparent absence of harmful effects from the extreme shell thinning of the 1960s may have resulted from (1) the fact that historic pre-DDT condor eggs were on average 16.7% thicker shelled for their mass than predicted by the overall egg mass/shell thickness curve for birds, and (2) a possible egg-size decline or sampling bias toward small-egged females in the 1960s. That DDE was an important cause of the Condor’s decline appears unlikely from overall available data.

Colour polymorphism in birds: Causes and functions. Galeotti, P.; Rubolini, D.; Dunn, P.O.; Fasola, M. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Jul. 2003, v. 16 (4), p. 635-646. ISSN: 1010-061X.

            NAL call no: QH359.J68

Descriptors: color polymorphism, birds, function, plumage, evolutionary causes, sexual selection.

Abstract: We studied polymorphism in all species of birds that are presently known to show intraspecific variation in plumage colour. At least three main mechanisms have been put forward to explain the maintenance of polymorphism: apostatic, disruptive and sexual selection. All of them make partly different predictions. Our aims were to investigate evolutionary causes and adaptive functions of colour polymorphism by taking into account a number of ecological and morphological features of polymorphic species. Overall, we found 334 species showing colour polymorphism, which is 3.5% of all bird species. The occurrence of colour polymorphism was very high in Strigiformes, Ciconiiformes, Cuculiformes and Galliformes. Phylogenetically corrected analysis using independent contrasts revealed that colour polymorphism was maximally expressed in species showing a daily activity rhythm extended to day/night, living in both open and closed habitats. All these findings support the hypothesis that colour polymorphism probably evolved under selective pressures linked to bird detectability as affected by variable light conditions during activity period. Thus, we conclude that selective agents may be prey, predators and competitors, and that colour polymorphism in birds may be maintained by disruptive selection.

The effect of night transportation on the heart rate and skin temperature of ostriches during real transportation. Crowther, C.; Davis, R.; Glass, W. Meat Science, Aug. 2003, v. 64 (4), p. 365-370. ref. ISSN: 0309-1740.

            NAL call no: TX373.M4

            Descriptors: skin temperature, heart rate, night transportation, heat stress, animal welfare.

Abstract: Literature has identified a number of stressors that have negative impacts on the welfare of ostriches during transportation. In order to maintain or improve the welfare of animals it is important to minimise or eliminate the impact of such stressors. Literature suggested that ostrich welfare during transit might be improved by using darkened vehicles. A preliminary study was carried out which the response of ostrich heart rate and skin temperature (indicators of stress) to transportation. Comparisons were made between transportation during the day and at night. Statistical tests suggested that heart rates and skin temperatures recorded during the night were lower than those recorded during the day. The usual response of ostriches to darkness is to sit, which provides greater stability for the bird while the transportation unit is in motion. Temperatures inside the transportation unit were significantly lower at night. This may also contribute to the lowering of heart rate and skin temperature as it reduces effects of heat stress. The conclusion has been drawn that transporting ostriches at night is potentially beneficial for the reduction of stress and maintenance of welfare.

Establishing appropriate measures for monitoring aging in birds: Comparing short and long lived species. Ottinger, M.A.; Reed, E.; Wu, J.; Thompson, N.; French, J.B. Jr. Experimental Gerontology, Jul. 2003, v. 38 (7), p. 747-750. ISSN: 0531-5565.

            NAL call no: QP86.E85

Descriptors: aging in birds, monitoring, short and long lived, comparison study, Japanese quail, American kestrel.

Abstract: In order to reveal patterns of reproductive aging in birds we focus on a short lived species, the Japanese quail and the American kestrel, which has a life span of medium length. Quail have been studied extensively in the laboratory as models for understanding avian endocrinology and behavior, and as a subject for toxicological research and testing. In the lab, Japanese quail show age-related deterioration in endocrine, behavioral, and sensory system responses; the American kestrel is relatively long lived and shows moderate evidence of senescence in the oldest birds. Using data collected from captive kestrels at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, a database was designed to document selected parameters over the life cycle of the kestrels. Life table data collected from many species indicate that longer lived species of birds show senescence in survival ability but this pattern has not been established for reproduction function. We suggest that useful comparisons among species can be made by identifying stages in reproductive life history, organized on a relative time scale. Preliminary data from quail and kestrels, admittedly only two species, do not yet indicate a pattern of greater reproductive senescence in longer-lived birds.

Isosexual pair housing improves the welfare of young Amazon parrots. Meehan, C.L.; Garner, J.P.; Mench, J.L. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Mar. 20, 2003, v. 81 (1), p. 73-88. ISSN: 0168-1591.

            NAL call no: QL750.A6

Descriptors: Amazona amazonica, illness, diseases, behavior, handler response test, environmental enrichment.

Abstract: It has been suggested that isolation from conspecifics may contribute to the development of abnormal behaviors that are common in captive parrots, including sterotypy, feather plucking, excessive fearfulness and aggression (e.g. [Proceedings of the European Symposium on Bird diseases, Beerse, Belgium (1987), p. 98; Kleintierpraxis 38 (1993) 511]. Thus, we assessed the influence of isosexual pair housing on the development of these behaviors, as well as the incidence of illness and injury, in young Orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). Parrots (n=21) were parent raised to 6 months of age and then housed either singly or in isosexual pairs. All cages included inanimate enrichments that were changed regularly, and all parrots were handled regularly. Behavioral activity was recorded 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the parrots were housed in the experimental cages, and responses (e.g. willingness to approach, tolerance to touch, flight distance) to familiar and strange human handlers and to novel objects introduced into the home cage were recorded periodically. Paire