Health

American Kennel Club (1998). National parent club canine health conference of the American Kennel Club and the AKC Canine Health Foundation (St. Louis, Missouri, USA; October 31-November 3, 1997). Canine Practice 23(1): 11-28. ISSN: 1057-6622.
NAL Call Number: SF991.A1C3
Abstract: This meeting contains abstracts of 28 papers, written in English, covering nutrition, genetics, eye diseases, endocrine disorders, and kidney disease in dogs.
Descriptors: endocrine disorders, endocrine disease, eye disease, kidney disease, urologic disease, genetics, nutrition, meeting summary.

Anderson, G.S. and N.R. Huitson (2004). Myiasis in pet animals in British Columbia: the potential of forensic entomology for determining duration of possible neglect. Canadian Veterinary Journal 45(12): 993-998. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Abstract: Results of a survey of veterinarians in British Columbia included 25 past cases of myiasis and 10 active cases. Most respondents received at least 5 to 10 cases per year, with some as high as 30 per year. This study revealed some advantages and disadvantages of using forensic entomology in living animals.
Descriptors: neglect, forensic entomology, myiasis.

Battersby, I., K. Murphy, S. Tasker, and K. Papasouliotis (2006). Retrospective study of fever in dogs: laboratory testing, diagnoses and influence of prior treatment. Journal of Small Animal Practice 47(7): 370-376. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: Objectives: To analyse the demographic information of dogs referred for investigation of fever, to determine the usefulness of various diagnostic investigations and to assess the effect of treatment before referral on the presence of fever at referral, the duration of the investigation and the ability to reach a final diagnosis. Methods: The clinical records of 66 dogs, in which fever was part of the clinical signs documented by the referring veterinary surgeon, were reviewed. The effects of treatment 24 hours before referral on temperature at initial consultation and on time to diagnosis were evaluated. The effect of body temperature at initial consultation on cost and on time to diagnosis was also determined. The effect of insurance on costs incurred was assessed. The utility of different diagnostic investigations was recorded, and cases were classified according to the final diagnosis. Results: Only 34.8 per cent of dogs were diagnosed with immune-mediated disease, with most frequent diagnoses being steroid-responsive meningitis and polyarthritis. Treatment 24 hours before referral significantly increased the time to diagnosis (P=0.004) and affected the presence of fever at referral (P=0.006). Insurance status did not significantly affect cost incurred by the owner. Clinical Significance: This study documents a high incidence of immune-mediated disease in dogs referred for investigation of fever. It also documents a higher incidence of inflammatory central nervous system disease in febrile dogs than that reported previously. Of the diagnostic modalities employed in the majority of cases, radiography, cytology and bacteriological and fungal cultures (fluids/tissues) were the most useful. It is suggested that treatment is withdrawn or withheld before commencing diagnostic investigation of fever..
Descriptors: animal health, central nervous system, cytology, diagnosis, fever, immunological diseases, laboratory diagnosis, laboratory tests, medical treatment, radiography, small animal practice, veterinarians, dogs.

Benetka, V., J. Kolodziejek, K. Walk, M. Rennhofer, and K. Mostl (2006). M gene analysis of atypical strains of feline and canine coronavirus circulating in an Austrian animal shelter. Veterinary Record 159(6): 170-174. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Coronavirus-positive samples of faeces collected in an Austrian animal shelter from 12 cats and 10 dogs were analysed by reverse transcriptase-pcr with primers amplifying a segment of the M protein gene, and by sequence analysis. In addition, the samples were subjected to S gene typing, using primers that differentiated between feline coronavirus (fcov) types I and II. A phylogenetic analysis of the M gene sequences revealed not only clearly segregating canine coronavirus (ccov) in the dogs, typical ccov sequences and the recently described fcov-like ccov, but also at least two genetic clusters of fcov in the cats, one species-specific, the other more closely related to fcov-like ccov. The M gene sequences of these new feline strains had at most 88 per cent identity with the fcov-like ccov strain 259/01 and only up to 85 per cent with any fcov sequence available in GenBank. In the phylogenetic tree they occupy an intermediate position between feline and canine coronaviruses.
Descriptors: coronavirus, animal shelters, Austria, dogs, cats, genetic techniques, M gene sequences.

Benjamin, S.A., A.C. Lee, and W.J. Saunders (1999). Classification and behavior of canine mammary epithelial neoplasms based on life-span observations in Beagles. Veterinary Pathology 36(5): 423-436. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: As part of a study of the effects of low-level radiation, 1343 Beagles, including 671 males and 672 females, were evaluated over their full lifetime for the occurrence of mammary neoplasia; there were 139 control males and 138 control females and 532 irradiated males and 534 irradiated females. All nodules found in surgical specimens or at necropsy were evaluated histologically. The overall incidence, metastasis and recurrence rates, and contribution to mortality of mammary neoplasms were determined. A histogenetically based reclassification of epithelial mammary tumours is proposed. Of the 672 female dogs, 70.8% (476) had at least one mammary neoplasm; 60.7% (408) had more than one. Two male dogs had mammary neoplasms. Of 1639 mammary carcinomas in the 672 females, 18.7% (307) were classified as ductular carcinomas (arising from the small interlobular or intralobular ductules), whereas 80.7% (1,322) were classified as adenocarcinomas of other histogenetic origin. Of 73 fatal carcinomas, ductular carcinomas accounted for 48 fatalities (65.8%), whereas other adenocarcinomas accounted for only 20 fatalities (27.4%). Radiation had no effect on this ratio. Ductular carcinomas also had a higher rate of metastasis than did adenocarcinomas. It is concluded that existing classifications of mammary carcinomas do not recognize the characteristic morphological features, the degree of malignancy, and the prognostic importance of these ductular carcinomas. Metastasis rates did not differ between simple and complex carcinomas or between those lesions and adenocarcinomas in mixed tumours. True carcinosarcomas metastasized more frequently (100%, or 5/5) than did adenocarcinomas in mixed tumours (34.4%, or 22/64), emphasizing the importance of not lumping these tumours under the classification of malignant mixed tumours.
Descriptors: neoplasms, adenocarcinoma, carcinoma, classification, lesions, malignant course, metastasis, mortality, radiation, mammary gland diseases, mammary glands, adenoma.

Bensignor, E. and D.N. Carlotti (2002). Sensitivity patterns to house dust mites and forage mites in atopic dogs: 150 cases. Veterinary Dermatology 13(1): 37-42. ISSN: 0959-4493.
NAL Call Number: SF901.V47
Abstract: This study investigated intradermal test reactions to extracts of six species of mites in 150 dogs with atopic dermatitis. At least one positive reaction was seen in 120 animals (80%). Dermatophagoides farinae attracted the highest number of positive reactions (108 dogs, 90% of dogs and 72% of atopic dogs showing positive reactions). Positive reactions to other mites were not uncommon, with many dogs testing positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (32% of dogs tested), Acarus siro (35%), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (30%), Glycyphagus domesticus (27%) and Lepidoglyphus destructor (23%). Sensitivity to D. farinae alone occurred commonly (57% of cases), but multiple sensitivities were seen frequently with the other mites. Cases of sensitivity to only one mite were also seen: D. pteronyssinus (five cases), T. putrescentiae (one case) and G. domesticus (one case). Further studies are needed to appreciate more clearly the precise role played by the different species of mite in canine atopic dermatitis.
Descriptors: case reports, diagnosis, house dust mites, skin tests, Acarus siro, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, dogs, Glycyphagus domesticus, Lepidoglyphus destructor, mites, Tyrophagus putrescentiae.
Language of Text: English, Summaries in German, Spanish and French.

Bhopale, V.M., E.K. Kupprion, F.T. Ashton, R. Boston, and G.A. Schad (2001). Ancylostoma caninum: the finger cell neurons mediate thermotactic behavior by infective larvae of the dog hookworm. Experimental Parasitology 97(2): 70-76. ISSN: 0014-4894.
NAL Call Number: 436.8 Ex7
Descriptors: ancylostoma caninum, neurons, ultrastructure, host seeking behavior, nematode larvae.

Brodzki, A., W. Lopuszynski, R. Komsta, M. Orzelski, and I. Balicki (2004). Die beurteilung der ergebnisse in der therapie und analyse des therapieverlaufs von malignen tumoren der zehen beim hund. [Analyses of the treatment of malignant digital neoplasia of dogs: Clinical, radiological and histological evaluation.]. Tierarztliche Umschau 59(10): 594-596, 599-600. ISSN: 0049-3864.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: malignant digital neoplasia, malignant melanoma, neoplastic disease, mortality, surgery, pulmonary metastases, squamous cell carcinoma, clinical examination, histological examination, subungual squamous cell carcinoma, dogs.
Language of Text: German.

Day, T.K. (2003). Current development and use of hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying (HBOC) solutions. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 13(2): 77-93. ISSN: 1534-6935.
NAL Call Number: SF778.J68
Descriptors: blood, hemoglobin, morbidity, oxygen, product development, literature reviews, hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solutions.

de Oliveira Mendes C, Paraguai de Souza E, Borja-Cabrera GP, Maria Melo Batista L, Aparecida dos Santos M, Ellner Parra L, Menz I, Palatnik M, and Palatnik de Sousa CB (2003). IgG1/IgG2 antibody dichotomy in sera of vaccinated or naturally infected dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. Vaccine 21(19-20): 2589-2597. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL Call Number: QR189.V32
Abstract: Canine antibody IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 anti-FML responses were investigated in dogs vaccinated with the fucose-mannose ligand (FML)-vaccine of Leishmnania donovani and in dogs with naturally acquired visceral leishmaniosis. While similar levels of total IgG antibodies were seen in the seropositive naturally infected dogs and in vaccinees, significant differences between the groups were found regarding their IgG1/IgG2 anti-FML antibody composition (P < 0.005). Higher IgG1 absorbencies were seen in infected dogs, while the IgG2 subtype was predominant in pre-immune sera, and in vaccinated animals, both after the first and the third dose (P < 0.005). The average ratio between IgG1/IgG2 was then 1.124 for infected animals and 0.733 for FML-vaccinees. Also, a significant increase in IgG2 antibodies was observed from the first to the third vaccine injection (P < 0.005). In the infected dogs, a high correlation between their IgG absorbance (Abs) values and the number of symptoms (P = 0.017) was disclosed. Thus, the analysis of IgG subclasses disclosed a dichotomous response to visceral leishmaniosis: IgG1 associated to natural infection and IgG2 associated to a humoral response subsequent to the FML-vaccine treatment. An IgG1/IgG2 gtoreq 1 would characterize the sera of visceral leishmaniasis infected animals evoluting towards the overt disease while ratios ltoreq 1 would characterize the sera response of vaccinated protected dogs.
Descriptors: immune system, parasitology, visceral leishhumaniasis, parasitic disease, immunoglobulin G1, immunoglobulin G2, antibody dichotomy.

Decaro, N., A. Pratelli, A. Tinelli, V. Martella, M. Camero, D. Buonavoglia, M. Tempesta, A.M. Caroli, and C. Buonavoglia (2004). Fecal immunoglobulin a antibodies in dogs infected or vaccinated with canine coronavirus. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11(1): 102-105. ISSN: 1071-412X.
Abstract: Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in dogs infected or vaccinated with canine coronavirus (CCV) were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study was carried out with 32 fecal samples collected just before inoculation and at 28 days postinoculation. Five groups were studied: naturally infected dogs, experimentally infected dogs, dogs inoculated with a modified live (ML) CCV vaccine by the intramuscular route, dogs inoculated with an ML CCV vaccine by the oronasal route, and dogs given an inactivated CCV vaccine. Both the naturally and the experimentally infected dogs developed high levels of fecal IgAs. Interestingly, dogs inoculated with the ML CCV vaccine by the oronasal route developed levels of fecal IgA that were higher than those observed in the dogs inoculated with the same CCV vaccine by the intramuscular route or those observed in dogs inoculated with the inactivated vaccine. A relationship between the level of fecal IgAs to CCV and the degree of protection against CCV infection was observed.
Descriptors: immune system infection, ELISA, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques.

Edwards, D.S., W.E. Henley, E.R. Ely, and J.L.N. Wood (2004). Vaccination and ill-health in dogs: a lack of temporal association and evidence of equivalence. Vaccine 22(25-26): 3270-3273. ISSN: 0264-410X.
NAL Call Number: QR189.V32
Descriptors: immune system, infection, pharmacology, immunization, vaccination, canine health, evaluation, canine pathologies, ill health, equivalence evidence, temporal associations, field studies, methodology, questionnaire results, vaccination adverse events, vaccine safety studies.

Feldman, E.C., B. Hoar, R. Pollard, and R.W. Nelson (2005). Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism: 210 cases (1987-2004). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 227(5): 756-761. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with naturally occurring primary hyperparathyroidism. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 210 dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism and 200 randomly selected, age-matched control dogs that did not have primary hyperparathyroidism. PROCEDURE: Medical records for dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism were reviewed for signalment; clinical features; and results of clinicopathologic testing, serum parathyroid hormone assays, and diagnostic imaging. RESULTS: Mean age of the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism was 11.2 years (range, 6 to 17 years). The most common clinical signs were attributable to urolithiasis or urinary tract infection (ie, straining to urinate, increased frequency of urination, and hematuria). Most dogs (149 [71%]) did not have any observable abnormalities on physical examination. All dogs had hypercalcemia, and most (136 [65%]) had hypophosphatemia. Overall, 200 of the 210 (95%) dogs had BUN and serum creatinine concentrations within or less than the reference range, and serum parathyroid hormone concentration was within reference limits in 135 of 185 (73%) dogs in which it was measured. Urolithiasis was identified in 65 (31 %) dogs, and urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 61 (29%). Mean serum total calcium concentration for the control dogs-was significantly lower than mean concentration for the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism, but mean BUN and serum creatinine concentrations for the control dogs were both significantly higher than concentrations for the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that urolithiasis and urinary tract infection may be associated with hypercalcemia in dogs-with primary hyperparathyroidism, but that development of renal insufficiency is uncommon.
Descriptors: urinary tract infections, blood, dog diseases, urine, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphatemia, retrospective studies, risk factors, urinalysis.

Foster, A.P., T.G. Knowles, A.H. Moore, P.D.G. Cousins, M.J. Day, and E.J. Hall (2003). Serum IgE and IgG responses to food antigens in normal and atopic dogs, and dogs with gastrointestinal disease. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 92(3-4): 113-124. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: In human food allergy, with or without concurrent atopy, there may be significant increases in serum allergen-specific IgE. Serological methods have been tried but are not currently recommended for diagnosis of suspected food allergy in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate humoral immune responses to food antigens in dogs. Serum IgG and IgE antibodies specific for food antigens were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal anti-dog IgG and IgE reagents. Antigens tested were beef, chicken, pork, lamb, chicken, turkey, white fish, whole egg, wheat, soybean, barley, rice, maize corn, potato, yeast and cow's milk. Three groups were examined: normal dogs, dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD); and dogs with one of four types of gastrointestinal (GI) disease: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), food-responsive disease, and infectious diarrhoea. Statistically significant differences in food-specific antibodies were not detected between the GI subgroups. There were statistically significant differences in the IgE concentration between the normal dogs, and dogs with atopic or GI disease, for all of the antigens tested. There were statistically significant differences in the average IgG concentrations between the normal dogs, and dogs with atopic or GI disease, for all of the antigens tested, except egg and yeast. The relationship of antigen responses for pooled data was analysed using principle component analysis and cluster plots. Some clustering of variables was apparent for both IgE and IgG. For example, all dogs (normal and diseased) made a similar IgG antibody response to chicken and turkey. Compared with other groups, atopic dogs had more food allergen-specific IgE and this would be consistent with a Th2 humoral response to food antigens. Dogs with GI disease had more food allergen-specific IgG compared with the other groups. This may reflect increased antigen exposure due to increased mucosal permeability which is a recognised feature of canine intestinal disease.
Descriptors: atopic dermatitis, food allergy, infectious diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, humoral immune responses, food antigens, canines, serum IgG antibodies, serum IgE antibodies, beef, meat products, chicken, egg, poultry products, cow's milk, dairy products, lamb, pork, maize corn, grain products, barley, wheat, potato, vegetable, rice, soybean, turkey, white fish, seafood, yeast.

Foster, A.P., J.D. Littlewood, P. Webb, J.L.N. Wood, K. Rogers, and S.E. Shaw (2003). Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for allergen-specific ige using a fcepsilonrialpha-based assay in atopic dogs in the uk. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 93(1-2): 51-60. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: Atopic dermatitis in dogs is a common allergic skin disease that affects substantial numbers of dogs in the UK. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of an intradermal test (IDT) and an in vitro test in a large cohort of dogs. Dogs were intradermal tested with Greer allergens (Greer Labs Inc, Lenoir, NC, USA) using standard techniques. At the same time blood samples were drawn and submitted for evaluation by ELISA using the ALLERCEPTTM Definitive Allergen Panels for allergen-specific IgE, a commercial assay that uses a biotinylated recombinant extracellular domain of the high affinity Fc-epsilon receptor alpha chain protein (FcepsilonRIalpha). The allergens used in the two tests included grass, tree and weed pollens, moulds, flea saliva/whole flea extract and house dust mite species. The optical density readings from the ELISA for each allergen were compared with the results of the IDT for 265 dogs. The prevalence of positive reactions in the ELISA was equal to or greater than the results of the IDT in the case of almost all of the allergens, but two notable exceptions were the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. These two allergens were the most common positive reactions by IDT (prevalence D. farinae 78.9%, D. pteronyssinus 66.4%). The results of the two tests were significantly different (McNemar's test, P<0.05) for 16 of the 22 allergens. The sensitivities of the ELISA compared to the IDT (where there were more than 3 dogs with positive reactions in both tests) varied between 19.3 and 77.1% (D. pteronyssinus 19.3% and D. farinae 67.9%) and the specificities varied between 64.2 and 96.6% (D. pteronyssinus 96.6% and D. farinae 89.3%).
Descriptors: immune system, veterinary medicine, atopic dermatitis, genetic disease, immune system disease, integumentary system disease, elisa, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, definitive allergen panel, allercept, bioassay techniques, intradermal test, serum testing, allergen hypersensitivity.

Ghisleni, G. and F. Caretto (1999). Alcune piante d'appartamento tossiche per il cane e il gatto. [Some house plants poisonous for cats and dogs.]. Veterinaria Cremona 13(3): 65-73. ISSN: 0394-3151.
Descriptors: pets, reviews, poisonous plants, therapy, treatment, poisoning, toxic substances, Gloriosa superba, Helleborus niger.
Language of Text: Italian, Summary in English.

Ghorbel, A., S. Zrelli, S. Haddad, A. Ghram, A. Chabchoub, F. Landoulsi, and M.B. Ayed (2000). Profils serologique et hematologique de l'ehrlichiose canine et humaine dans les chenils de Tunis et Bizerte (Tunisie). [Serological and haematological survey of canine and human ehrlichiosis in the kennels of Tunis and Bizerte (Tunisia).]. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire 151(5): 429-436.
NAL Call Number: SF604.R48
Abstract: In a survey of 153 dogs and 195 dog owners in Tunisia, the seroprevalence of ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis or E. chaffeensis) was 68.62% in dogs and 4.1% in owners. In the seropositive dogs, thrombocytopenia was the most frequently observed abnormality (63.3%).
Descriptors: seroprevalence, thrombocytopenia, surveys, dogs.
Language of Text: French, Summary in English.

Gieger, T.L., A.P. Theon, J.A. Werner, M.C. McEntee, K.M. Rassnick, and H.E.V. DeCock (2003). Biologic behavior and prognostic factors for mast cell tumors of the canine muzzle: 24 cases (1990-2001). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17(5): 687-692. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J65
Abstract: The medical records of 24 dogs with histologically confirmed mast cell tumours (MCT) of the muzzle were retrospectively evaluated to determine their biologic behaviour and prognostic factors. Information on signalment, tumour grade and stage, treatment methods, and pattern of and time to failure and death was obtained from the medical record. Twenty-three dogs were treated with combinations of radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy; 1 dog received no treatment. There were 2 Grade I, 15 Grade II, and 7 Grade III tumours. Tumours were stage 0 (n=8), stage 1 (5), stage 2 (6), stage 3(4), and stage 4 (1). Mean and median survival times of treated dogs were 36 and 30 months, respectively. Prognostic factors affecting survival time included tumour grade and presence of metastasis at diagnosis. Dogs with Grade I and II tumours survived longer than dogs with Grade III tumours. Variables, including sex, age, gross versus microscopic disease, and treatment type were not found to affect survival. Local control rate was 75% at 1 year and 50% at 3 years. Tumour grade was the only variable found to affect local control. Dogs with Grade 1 tumours had longer disease-free intervals than those with Grade II tumours, and dogs with Grade II tumours had longer disease-free intervals than dogs with Grade III tumours. Eight of 9 dogs dying of MCT had local or regional disease progression. Muzzle MCT are biologically aggressive tumours with higher regional metastatic rates than previously reported for MCT in other sites.
Descriptors: case reports, clinical aspects, disease course, mast cells, metastasis, neoplasms, nose, pathogenesis, prognosis, reviews, skin diseases, therapy, dogs.

Giroux, P. (1998). Chiropractic care of sporting dogs. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 12: 690-691.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: medicine, spine, chiropractic medicine.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting held on January 10-14, 1998, Orlando, Florida.

Glass, E.V., R.A. Reid, A. Hillier, and G.R. Needham (2003). Use of an amplified ELISA technique for detection of a house dust mite allergen (Der f 1) in skin and coat dust samples from dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(2): 162-165. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Objective: to use an amplified ELISA technique to document the presence and quantify the concentration of the house dust mite allergen, Der f 1, in skin and coat dust samples collected from dogs. Animals: 29 pet dogs of various breeds. Procedure: dogs were weighed, and body surface area in square meters was determined. Skin and coat dust samples were obtained by vacuuming dogs. Collected dust was analysed by use of standard and amplified ELISA techniques. Results: by use of the standard ELISA technique, Der f 1 was detected in skin and coat dust samples from 6 of 29 (21%) dogs. Mean concentration of Der f 1 in the 6 samples with positive assay results was 16.16 ng/ml (range, 5.61 to 31.24 ng/ml). Samples with negative assay results were retested for dust mite allergen by use of an amplified ELISA technique; an additional 14 dogs had positive assay results. Mean concentration of allergen was 0.36 ng/ml (range, 0.19 to 2.20 ng/ml). Combining both techniques, 20 of 29 (69%) dogs had positive assay results for Der f 1. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: results of our study indicate that house dust mite allergens are present on the skin and in the coat of dogs, and this source of allergen may act as a reservoir for allergen exposure in hypersensitive dogs. Use of an amplified ELISA technique to determine environmental concentrations of house dust mite allergens in homes and on dogs will help to identify the relationship between immunologic findings and environmental exposures in dogs with atopic dermatitis.
Descriptors: allergens, coat, ELISA, house dust mites, skin, Dermatophagoides, dogs, mites.

Gmeiner, H., A. Zaisser, and K.J. Saers (2001). Chirurgische Versorgung von malignen, rippenassoziierten Brustwandtumoren beim Hund. [Surgical treatment of malignant, rib cage associated tumors in dogs.]. Praktische Tierarzt 82(3): 166-172. ISSN: 0032-681X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P882
Abstract: The article describes a surgical treatment of malignant, rib cage associated tumors in the dog. After a description of clinical signs and pathology of the two most common neoplasia in this localization (osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma) an overview of literature of this rarely performed operation is given. A combination of diaphragma transposition and abdominal flap was used. The results of these operations are shown and analysed in 10 cases. As a potential form of analgesia the intercostal nerve block was used. It was possible to verify a relatively positive prognosis for the treatment of chrondrosarcoma.
Descriptors: abdomen, neoplasms, reviews, ribs, surgery, surgical operations, dogs.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English.

Goossens, H.A.T., J.H.J. Maes, and A.E.J.M. Van Den Bogaard (2003). The prevalence of antibodies against b. Burgdorferi, an indicator for lyme borreliosis in dogs? A comparison of serological tests. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 128(21): 650-657. ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Abstract: Five serological tests for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative micro-organism of Lyme borreliosis (LB), were compared in 1177 sera from Dutch dogs: 401 healthy working hunting dogs, 100 healthy city pet dogs, 629 city dogs suspected of having LB with various clinical symptoms, and 47 hunting dogs with intermittent lameness. The results of the in-house species-independent enzyme immunoassay (i.e. an EIA which can be used to test serum samples from different animal species) showed a strong agreement (kappa: 0.78-0.81) with those of an experimental and a commercially available EIA (Genzyme VirotechTM, Ruesselsheim, Germany) for the detection of canine IgG antibodies to B. burgdorferi. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the in-house EIAs for the detection of antibodies to B. burgdorferi was independent of the antigenic heterogeneity, as demonstrated by the results of sera from dogs suspected of LB with various clinical symptoms: lameness (n=60), and neurological (n=60) and skin disorders (n=52). Because of its high sensitivity for IgM antibodies, the indirect assay (DiagastTM, Pessac, France) proved to be an interesting tool for the detection of an acute Lyme infection in dogs. However, in this study a positive serological result could not be linked to any clinical symptom that has been related to LB in dogs. Results showed no difference in seroprevalence between dogs considered at high or at low risk of a B. burgdorferi infection. It was concluded that LB is an uncommon disease in the Dutch dog population despite the fact that many of Dutch dogs are infected with B. burgdorferi. Because of this low prevalence, the use of any immunoassay to support the clinical diagnosis of LB in dogs might be of limited value. Nevertheless, the species-independent EIA could be valuable in seroepidemiological studies when sera of several different animal species need to be tested.
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, Lyme borreliosis, bacterial disease, diagnosis, symptom, diagast enzyme immunoassay, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, genzyme virotech enzyme immunoassay, in house species independent enzyme immunoassay, antigenic heterogeneity, method comparison, method sensitivity.

Goy Thollot, I., C. Pouzot, M. Chambon, and J.M. Bonnet (2005). Regulation de la natremie et desequilibres hydrosodes chez le chien et le chat en soins intensifs. [Natremia regulation and hydro-electrolytic desequilibriums in dogs and cats in intensive care.]. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire 156(11): 556-568. ISSN: 0035-1555.
NAL Call Number: SF604.R48
Abstract: Sodium ion is the major component of the extra-cellular fluid. As an osmotic solute, he plays a key role in water movements between intra- and extracellular compartments, and in electrolytes homeostasis. Patients with hyponatremia may have decreased, normal, or increased plasma osmolarity, whereas hypernatremia always induces increased plasma osmolarity. Hypoosmotic hyponatremia, called true hyponatremia, can be associated to normal, decreased or increased extra-cellular volume. Hypernatremia develops most often because of loss of pure water or hypotonic solutes from the animal, but in rare cases it results from gain of sodium. Hyponatremia induces a cellular edema and hypernatremia leads to an intracellular dehydration. Cerebral cells are particularly sensitive to water movements. Nervous symptoms are most likely associated with sodium disorders: confusion, seizures, coma or death. The clinical signs are more related to the rapidity of the onset than to the severity of the associated osmolarity variations. The main goals of treatment are to normalize plasma osmolarity and sodium concentration as well as to manage the underlying disease. Because of cerebral cells adaptations mechanisms, all corrections have to be progressive to avoid irreversible cerebral injury..
Descriptors: animal welfare, brain, cerebral cortex, extracellular fluids, hypernatraemia, hyponatraemia, intensive care, ions, osmolarity, sodium, cats, dogs.

Green, S.L., D.M. Bouley, M.J. Pinter, L.C. Cork, and G.T. Vatassery (2001). Canine motor neuron disease: Clinicopathologic features and selected indicators of oxidative stress. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 15(2): 112-119. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J65
Descriptors: dog breeds, hereditary diseases, peripheral nerves, dominant lethals, neuromuscular diseases, atrophy, histopathology, blood chemistry, vitamin E, stress, creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, enzyme activity, Brittany spaniels.

Guglielmone, A.A., A. Estrada Pena, A.J. Mangold, D.M. Barros Battesti, M.B. Labruna, J.R. Martins, J.M. Venzal, M. Arzua, and J.E. Keirans (2003). Amblyomma aureolatum (pallas, 1772) and amblyomma ovale koch, 1844 (acari: ixodidae): hosts, distribution and 16s rdna sequences. Veterinary Parasitology 113(3-4): 273-288. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call Number: SF810.V4
Abstract: DNA sequences of Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772) and Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844 were obtained to determine genetic differences between these tick species. Collections of these species are discussed in relation to distribution and hosts. Seven ticks collections (four from Brazil, one from Argentina, one from Uruguay and one from USA) house a total of 1272 A. aureolatum (224 males, 251 females, 223 nymphs and 574 larvae) and 1164 A. ovale (535 males, 556 females, 66 nymphs and 7 larvae). The length of the sequenced mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fragment for A. aureolatum was 370 bp and for A. ovale was 373 bp. The DNA sequence analysis showed a 13.1% difference between the two species. Apart from one male A. ovale found on a toad, all adult ticks were found on mammals. The majority of adult specimens of both tick species were removed from Carnivora (96.1 and 84.3% of A. aureolatum and A. ovale, respectively), especially from dogs (53.1% of A. aureolatum, and 46.4% of A. ovale). Collections on wild Canidae were higher for A. aureolatum (23.3%) than for A. ovale (7.1%). On the other hand, collections of A. ovale adults on wild Felidae were higher (18.3%) than findings of A. aureolatum (9.2%). The contribution of other mammalian orders as hosts for adults of A. aureolatum and A. ovale was irrelevant, with the exception of Perissodactyla because Tapiridae contributed with 13.0% of the total number of A. ovale adults. Adults of both tick species have been found occasionally on domestic hosts (apart of the dog) and humans. Most immature stages of A. aureolatum were found on Passeriformes birds, while rodents and carnivores were the most common hosts for nymphs and larvae of A. ovale. A. aureolatum has been found restricted to the Neotropical region, covering the eastern area of South America from Uruguay to Surinam, including northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay, southeastern Brazil and French Guiana. A. ovale showed a distribution that covers the Neotropical region from central-northern Argentina throughout the Neotropics into the Nearctic region of Mexico with a few records from the USA, also with collection sites in Paraguay, Bolivia, most Brazilian states, Peru, Ecuador, French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Belize, Guatemala and several states of Mexico.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, molecular genetics, parasitology, DNA sequence analysis, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, genetic differences, host preferences, species distribution.

Gunnarsson, L., G. Zakrisson, D. Christensson, and A. Uggla (2003). Transmission of the canine nasal mite, Pneumonyssoides caninum. Acta Parasitologica 48(1): 64-67. ISSN: 1230-2821.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A27
Abstract: Three Beagle bitches were experimentally inoculated with between 28 and 36 Pneumonyssoides caninum mites. The bitches were housed together with a male Beagle for up to 33 weeks and mated when were in heat. The aim of the experiment was to study if transmission of P. caninum from the bitches to the puppies took place. Whelping occurred between 10 and 34 weeks post inoculation (p.i.). Two bitches were kept isolated with their litters until the puppies were 8 weeks old. Then they were euthanized and necropsies performed. The 3rd bitch had only one puppy born alive which died after one week. At that point, the bitch was euthanized and necropsies were performed. Two to 4 P. caninum mites were found in the inoculated bitches 18 to 42 weeks p.i. but no mites were found in their offspring. Thus, the transmission of P. caninum infection is still unknown.
Descriptors: Beagle, bitches, disease transmission, experimental infection, laboratory animals, Pneumonyssoides caninum.

Gwaltney Brant, S.M., J.C. Albretsen, and S.A. Khan (2000). 5-Hydroxytryptophan toxicosis in dogs: 21 cases (1989-1999). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 216(12): 1937-1940. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: To determine epidemiological characteristics, clinical findings, and treatment outcome of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) toxicosis in dogs, the cases of 21 dogs with evidence of accidental 5-HTP ingestion were examined. Information was retrieved from the National Animal Poison Control Center database. Records of dogs ingesting 5-HTP between January 1989 and February 1999 were reviewed for information on signalment, dose ingested, clinical signs (onset, severity, duration), treatments administered, and outcome. Clinical signs of toxicosis developed in 19 of 21 (90%) dogs. Neurological signs included seizures (9 dogs), depression (6), tremors (5), hyperaesthesia (5), and ataxia (4). Gastrointestinal tract signs included vomiting or diarrhoea (12 dogs), signs of abdominal pain (3), and hypersalivation (2). Other clinical signs were hyperthermia (7 dogs) and transient blindness (3). Three dogs died. No important clinical laboratory or PM findings were reported. The doses of 5-HTP ingested ranged from 2.5 to 573 mg/kg (1.1 to 260 mg/lb) of body weight; the minimum toxic dose reported in the study was 23.6 mg/kg (10.7 mg/lb), and the minimum lethal dose was 128 mg/kg (58.1 mg/lb). Onset of signs ranged from 10 minutes to 4 hours after ingestion, and signs lasted up to 36 hours. Of 17 dogs with clinical signs of toxicosis that received treatment, 16 recovered; treatment consisted of decontamination, seizure control, thermoregulation, fluid therapy, and supportive care. It is concluded that ingestion of 5-HTP in dogs can result in a potentially life-threatening syndrome resembling serotonin syndrome in humans, which requires prompt and aggressive care.
Descriptors: poisoning, ataxia, blindness, diarrhoea, fluid therapy, hyperthermia, ingestion, vomiting, drug toxicity, adverse effects.

Halliwell, R.E.W., S.M. Gilbert, and M. Tan (1998). Induced and spontaneous IgE antibodies to Dermatophagoides farinae in dogs and cats: evidence of functional heterogeneity of IgE. Veterinary Dermatology 9(3): 179-184. ISSN: 0959-4493.
NAL Call Number: SF901.V47
Abstract: Sixty-five atopic dogs and 10 atopic cats from the UK were examined for D. farinae-specific IgE using intradermal skin tests and ELISA. 24 healthy dogs and 5 laboratory dogs, and 15 healthy cats and 10 laboratory cats were controls. There were no significant differences in IgE levels in atopic and in healthy animals. However, IgE levels in laboratory dogs and cats, presumably unexposed to house dust mites, were very low or undetectable. IgE antibodies were induced in 10 laboratory-reared cats using low-dose antigenic stimulation in aluminium hydroxide. All cats developed detectable IgE, but not all developed positive skin tests. However, serum from those cats with positive skin tests gave positive Prausnitz-Kustner tests. It is suggested that the distinction between atopic and healthy dogs may result from a heterogeneity of either IgE or of the high-affinity mast cell receptor. The feline data indicated the existence of a heterogeneity of IgE.
Descriptors: IgE, ELISA, antibodies, heterogeneity, diagnosis, skin tests, skin diseases, blood serum, house dust mites, dermatitis, Dermatophagoides farinae, dogs, cats, Arachnida, Acari.
Language of Text: English, Summaries in French, Spanish and German.

Hansen, B.D. (2003). Assessment of pain in dogs: veterinary clinical studies. ILAR Journal 44(3): 197-205. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1143
Abstract: Hundreds of thousands of animals are presented to US veterinarians annually for surgery or for evaluation of painful disease. This large population offers the opportunity for clinical research of both acute and chronic pain syndromes. Although there is growing interest by veterinary clinical specialists to explore the nature of animal pain and how best to treat it, this resource is relatively unknown to the pain research community. Computer-assisted collection of behavioral data has created new opportunities for characterizing the pain experience in animal species for the benefit of both animals and humans. This review describes the current state of veterinary clinical pain studies in dogs and an application of computer-assisted behavioral analysis.
Descriptors: surgery, disease, pain, assessment, chronic, acute, surgery, behavioral paramenters, behavioral analysis.

Hart, R.C., R.M. Jerram, and K.S. Schulz (2000). Il trattamento postoperatorio nei cani sottoposti a interventi di chirurgia spinale: Parte II. [Postoperative care for dogs after spinal surgery. II.]. Veterinaria Cremona 14(2 Suppl.): 5-15. ISSN: 0394-3151.
Abstract: Postoperative complications are discussed.
Descriptors: postoperative care, spinal surgery, recovery, dogs.
Language of Text: Italian.

Harvey, J.W. (2006). Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical implications of erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies in dogs, cats, and horses. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 35(2): 144-156. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A54
Abstract: Deficiencies of enzymes involved in erythrocyte metabolism can have significant effects on erythrocyte function and survival. Animals with pyruvate kinase (PK) or phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiencies have shortened erythrocyte life spans and regenerative anemia. PK-deficient dogs (but not PK -deficient cats) develop progressive myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis of bone marrow and hemochromatosis and cirrhosis of the liver. PFK-deficient dogs have sporadic episodes of hyperventilation-induced intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cb5R) deficiency in dogs and cats results in persistent methemoglobinemia and cyanotic mucous membranes. Severe deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-controlling enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulted in anemia with eccentrocytosis in an American saddlebred colt. Horses with erythrocyte flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) deficiency have both eccentrocytosis (attributable to severe deficiency in glutathione reductase activity) and methemoglobinemia (attributable to Cb5R deficiency); the dual enzyme deficiency occurs because FAD is a required cofactor for both enzymes. Erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies do not usually shorten life expectancy, except for PK-deficient dogs and potentially PFK -deficient dogs during a hemolytic crisis. Although enzyme deficiencies are rare causes of anemia and methemoglobinemia, the ability to diagnose deficient animals allows for the possibility of eliminating these undesirable traits in future breeding. DNA-based assays are available for PK and PFK deficiencies; whereas, biochemical tests of enzyme activity are required for other deficiencies. Continued research is needed to document additional enzyme deficiencies that likely occur and to develop additional DNA-based assays to detect heterozygous animals.
Descriptors: anemia, bone marrow, cirrhosis, clinical aspects, enzyme activity, enzymes, erythrocytes, glucose 6 phosphatase, hemochromatosis, hemoglobinuria, laboratory diagnosis, metabolic disorders, methemoglobinaemia, pathogenesis, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, cats, dogs, horses.

Hayashiya, S., K. Tani, T. Iwanaga, and Y. Taura (2001). Hyposensitization therapy using a house dust-mite antigen on canine atopic dermatitis. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 54(3): 204-207. ISSN: 0446-6454.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 J275
Abstract: Hyposensitization therapy using dust mite allergens was performed on 16 dogs with atopic dermatitis [Japan]. Efficacy evaluations conducted 6 months after initial hyposensitization therapy showed that 4 dogs (25.0%) demonstrated an excellent response, 7 dogs (43.8%) a good response, and 5 dogs (31.3%) a poor response. Overall, the therapy was considered successful in the cases of 11 dogs (68.8%), most of which improved within one or 2 months. In short, hyposensitization therapy using house dust mite allergens are effective in treating dogs with atopic dermatitis.
Descriptors: allergens, dermatitis, house dust mites, immune desensitization, atopy, arthropod allergies, skin diseases, dogs, Dermatophagoides.
Language of Text: Japanese, Summary in English.

Hillier, A., L.K. Cole, K.W. Kwochka, and C. Mccall (2002). Late-phase reactions to intradermal testing with dermatophagoides farinae in healthy dogs and dogs with house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63(1): 69-73. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of late-phase reactions to intradermal testing with Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis and an immediate reaction to D farinae. Animals: 6 healthy dogs and 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis and immediate reactions to D farinae. Procedure: Intradermal tests were performed with D farinae at 1:1,000 wt/vol and 1:50,000 wt/vol concentrations, and skin reactivity was evaluated after 0.25, 6, and 24 hours. Serum D farinae-specific IgE antibodies were assayed. Extent of lesions (atopy index) and pruritus (visual analogue scale) were evaluated in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Results: Late-phase reactions were observed in healthy dogs at 6 hours (n=2 dogs) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration, and at 6 hours (1) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. Late-phase reactions in healthy dogs were only observed in dogs with an immediate reaction to D farinae. Late-phase reactions were observed in 11 of 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration and in 10 of 20 at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. There was no difference in mean atopy index, mean visual analogue scale of pruritus, or mean serum D farinae-specific IgE concentration of dogs with a late-phase reaction, compared to dogs without a late-phase reaction. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Late-phase reactions may be observed after an immediate reaction to intradermal skin testing in healthy and allergic dogs but are more commonly observed in dogs with atopic dermatitis.
Descriptors: Dermatophagoides farinae, house dust mites, atopy, dermatitis, skin tests, allergic reactions, allergens, dosage, clinical aspects, IgE, immune system, integumentary system, veterinary medicine, house dust mite induced atopic dermatitis, genetic disease, immune system disease, integumentary system disease, lesion, injury, pruritus, atopy index, evaluation method, intradermal testing, detection method, visual analogue scale, evaluation method, late phase reactions.

Hillier, A., K.W. Kwochka, and L.R. Pinchbeck (2000). Reactivity to intradermal injection of extracts of dermatophagoides farinae, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis: 115 cases (1996-1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217(4): 536-540. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Objective: To compare reactivities to intradermal injection of extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis. Design: Retrospective study. Animals: 115 dogs. Procedures: Records of all dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis that underwent intradermal testing between October 1996 and July 1998 were reviewed. Reactivities to intradermal injection of crude mixed house dust mite (1:25,000 wt/vol) and crude house dust (25 PNU/ml) extracts were compared with reactivities to intradermal injection of individual extracts of D farinae and D pteronyssinus (1:50,000 wt/vol). Results: Ninety dogs were confirmed to have atopic dermatitis including 61 of the 69 dogs with positive reactions to either or both of the individual house dust mite extracts. Intradermal testing with the mixed house dust mite extract had sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 96%, and accuracy of 83%. Intradermal testing with the house dust extract had sensitivity of 30%, specificity of 93%, and accuracy of 56%. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggest that use of crude mixed house dust mite and crude house dust extracts for intradermal testing in dogs is not as accurate a method of determining house dust mite hypersensitivity as is the use of individual D farinae and D pteronyssinus extracts mainly because of the high percentage of false-negative results. Extracts of individual house dust mites are recommended for intradermal testing of dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis.
Descriptors: skin tests, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mites, house dust, atopy, dermatitis, accuracy, immune system, veterinary medicine.

Hirose, M., S. Chiba, and K.R. Laurita (2003). Pacap causes triggered activity in isolated canine left atria. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 91 (Suppl.): 98P. ISSN: 1347-8613.
Descriptors: atrial fibrillation, heart disease, action potentials, left atria, pacap.
Notes: Meeting Information: 76th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society, Fukuoka, Japan; March 24-26, 2003.

Hoffman, M. and L.J. Ackerman (1998). Dogs: The Ultimate Care Guide: Good Health, Loving Care, Maximum Longevity, Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA, 450 p. ISBN: 0875965326 .
NAL Call Number: SF427.D57 1998
Descriptors: care, health, husbandry.

Holloway, S.A. (1998). Stress- and performance-related illness in sporting dogs. In: M.S. Bloomberg, J.F. Dee and R.A. Taylor (Editors), Canine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, p. 28-34. ISBN: 0721650228.
NAL Call Number: SF991.6.C36 1998
Descriptors: dogs, stress, athletic perforhumance, disease control, physiology, racing animals, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, greyhound, symptoms, literature reviews.

Holm, J.L., D.L. Chan, and E.A. Rozanski (2003). Acute pancreatitis in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 13(4): 201-213. ISSN: 1534-6935.
NAL Call Number: SF778.J68
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, drug therapy, necrosis, pancreatitis, physiopathology, prognosis, surgical operations, dogs.

Holton, L., J. Reid, E.M. Scott, P. Pawson, and A. Nolan (2001). Development of a behaviour-based scale to measure acute pain in dogs. Veterinary Record 148(17): 525-531. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: A composite scale for assessing pain in dogs in a hospital setting has been developed on the basis of observations of their behaviour. Initially, 279 words and expressions suggested by 69 veterinary surgeons were reduced into 47 words and expressions which were allocated into 7 behaviour categories: demeanour and response to people, posture, mobility, activity, response to touch, attention to painful area and vocalization. Three statistical methods, hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and analysis of variance with multiple comparisons and empirical cumulative distributions, were used to validate these procedures, and a questionnaire accompanied by a list of definitions was designed around the expressions. The new composite scale is more detailed than previously reported scales for assessing pain in dogs on the basis of their behaviour, and the methods used in its development are based on sound scientific principles.
Descriptors: analytical methods, animal behavior, pain, posture, vocalization.

Horak, I.G. and S. Matthee (2003). Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. Xliii. Ixodid ticks of domestic dogs and cats in the Western Cape province. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 70(3): 187-195. ISSN: 0030-2465.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 On1
Abstract: Ticks were collected at monthly intervals for 16 consecutive months from individual dogs by their owners in or close to the town of Stellenbosch, Western Cape Province. They were also collected for 27 consecutive months from dogs presented for a variety of reasons at three veterinary clinics in Stellenbosch, and from dogs upon admission to an animal welfare shelter. At one of the veterinary clinics ticks were also collected from cats. Dog owners collected six ixodid species from their pets and the most numerous of these were Haemaphysalis leachi and Rhipicephalus gertrudae. Twelve ixodid tick species and the argasid tick, Otobius megnini were collected from dogs at veterinary clinics and the animal shelter, and H. leachi, R. gertrudae and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were the most numerous. A total of nine dogs were infested with the Karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus. No clear pattern of seasonality was evident for H. leachi, which was present throughout the year. The largest numbers of adult R. gertrudae were generally present from August to October, while adult R. sanguineus were collected during October 2000, February and March 2001, from January to April 2002 and during October 2002. Five ixodid tick species, of which H. leachi was the most numerous and prevalent, were collected from cats.
Descriptors: epidemiology, population studies, parasitology, veterinary medicine, tick infestation, parasitic disease, seasonality.

Horwitz, D., D.S. Mills and S. Heath (2002). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine., British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Quedgeley, Gloucester, 288 p. ISBN: 0905214595.
NAL Call Number: SF433 .B79 2002
Descriptors: dogs, cats, behavior, behavior therapy.

Hoskins, J.D. and C.E. Swiderski (2006). Neonatal care of puppy, kitten, and foal. In: D.M. McCurnin and J.M. Bassert (Editors), Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians., 6th edition, Elsevier Saunders: St. Louis, MO, p. 382-399. ISBN: 0721606121.
NAL Call Number: SF745 .C625 2006
Descriptors: newborn animals, puppies, kittens, young animals, foals, husbandry, dogs, cats, horses.

Hunter, T.L. (2001). Acute respiratory distress syndrome in a 10-year-old dog. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42(9): 727-729. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: diagnosis, hematology, histopathology, postmortem examinations, respiratory diseases, acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Language of Text: English, Summary in French.

Inokuma, H., S. Yamamoto, and C. Morita (1998). Survey of tick-borne diseases in dog infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus at a kennel in Okayama prefecture, Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 60(6): 761-763. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: Serological tests were performed to investigate extent of tick-borne diseases in dogs infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus at a kennel in Okayama Prefecture. Three of 22 dogs (13.6%) were positive for Ehrlichia canis. Two of 19 dogs (10.5%) were positive for Rickettsia japonica. Three of 22 dogs (13.6%) were positive for Babesia gibsoni. None of these animals were positive for Coxiella burnetti or Hepatozoon canis. A microfilaria was detected in a drop smear of hemolymph from an engorged female tick, however species was not determined. It is possible that these ticks can transmit pathogens to domestic dogs which are rare in Japan.
Descriptors: infection, parasitology, vector biology, veterinary medicine, tick borne bacterial diseases, bacterial disease, tick borne parasitic diseases, parasitic disease.

Inoue, S., Y. Motoi, T. Kashimura, K. Ono, and A. Yamada (2003). Safe and easy monitoring of anti-rabies antibody in dogs using his-tagged recombinant n-protein. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 56(4): 158-160. ISSN: 1344-6304.
Abstract: The virus neutralization (VN) test is a reliable indicator of adequate vaccination in animals. However, the VN test is tedious and complicated to perform. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), though rapid and simple compared to the VN test, is complicated and hazardous during preparation of the viral antigen. In an effort to overcome the disadvantage of ELISA, the recombinant His-tagged nucleoprotein (His-rNP) expressed in Escherichia coli was used as a safe antigen for ELISA (i.e., live virus was not used). Antirabies antibody levels were determined by fluorescent ELISA (FELISA) using His-rNP as an antigen. The presence of anti-rabies VN antibody was determined by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). The VN titers by RFFIT were found to correlate well with the FITC-signal determined by the FELISA (r=0.616). The sensitivity and specificity of the FELISA were 91.7 and 100%, respectively. This study showed that the His-rNP could be useful as an antigen of ELISA to test for anti-rabies antibody in vaccinated dogs. Several studies in Japan have investigated the antibody level in the sera of vaccinated dogs. A safe and convenient test using His-rNP would contribute to our understanding of the status of herd immunity among not only domestic dogs but also stray dogs in Japan.
Descriptors: immune system, fluorescent ELISA, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, virus neutralization test, herd immunity status.

Itoh, N., N. Muraoka, M. Aoki, and T. Itagaki (2003). Prevalence of Strongyloides spp. infection in household dogs. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 77(6): 430-435. ISSN: 0387-5911.
Abstract: A total of 1,505 household dogs were investigated for the prevalence of Strongyloides spp. infection by fecal examination in relation to their fecal conditions, rearing environments, origins, age, sex and breed. Strongyloides spp. infection was demonstrated in 29 of 1,505 (1.93%) dogs. Strongyloides stercoralis was detected in 28 dogs, and Strongyloides planiceps was detected in one dog. The rate of Strongyloides spp. infection was higher in dogs reared indoors, originated from pet shops/breeding kennels and aged 1-6 months. The infected rate was higher in dogs excreting soft feces. No significant sex-related difference was observed in Strongyloides spp. infection. The rate was high in Pomeranians and low in mongrels. The detection of S. stercolaris in dogs reared indoors will involve a serious problem in public health, because the parasite has zoonoitic potential. It suggests that a positive sanitary instruction against a dog's owner and a worker in pet shops/breeding kennels seems necessary for prevention of transmission from dogs to humans. Furthermore, the reliable treatment for dogs infected with S. stercoralis seems to be important.
Descriptors: household dogs, Strongyloidiasis, fecal examination, isolation, purification, zoonoses.

Jogeland, M., H. Raue, and U. Petersson (2002). Inventering av invartesparasiter hos hundar i Skane 1999-2000. [Inventory of internal parasites in dogs in Skane 1999-2000.]. Svensk Veterinartidning 54(13): 635-637. ISSN: 0346-2250.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N813
Abstract: Samples were taken from 230 dogs living in Skane, the southern part of Sweden. The dog owners were supplied with sampling material and took care of the sampling themselves. Three faecal samples on three consecutive days were taken from each dog. These three samples were thereafter sent by post to a laboratory where they were carefully mixed into one collecting sample. This collecting sample was analysed by a NaCl-flotation method and Telemanns sedimentation method. Of the 230 sampled dogs 15 (6,5%) were positive, one dog with coccidia and 14 with T. canis. One of the dogs with T. canis also shed eggs from Alaria alata.
Descriptors: feces, infestation, Alaria alata, dogs, Toxocara canis, Sweden.
Language of Text: Swedish, Summary in English.

Junot, S., C. Decosne Junot, and E. Troncy (2002). Diagnostic du coup de chaleur chez le chien et chez le chat. [Diagnosis of heat stress in dogs and cats.]. Point Veterinaire 33(227): 38-40. ISSN: 0335-4997.
NAL Call Number: SF602.P6
Descriptors: clinical aspects, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, heat stress, physiopathology, cats, dogs.
Language of Text: French.

Junot, S., C. Decosne Junot, and E. Troncy (2002). Traitement du coup de chaleur chez le chien et chez le chat. [Treatment of heat stress in dogs and cats.]. Point Veterinaire 33(228): 38-40. ISSN: 0335-4997.
NAL Call Number: SF602.P6
Descriptors: body temperature, clinical aspects, diagnosis, heat stress, hyperthermia, cats, dogs.
Language of Text: French.

Kaenkangploo, D., P. Kamonrat, M. Kalpravidh, K. Duangdaun, K. Phiwipha, and K. Marissak (2002). Radiographic evaluation of coxofemoral joint laxity in dogs. Part II: Comparison of stress-radiographic positioning techniques in dogs with hip dysplasia. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 32(3): 61-69. ISSN: 0125-6491.
NAL Call Number: SF604.T43
Abstract: Two stress-radiographic positioning techniques for evaluation of coxofemoral joint laxity in dogs with hip dysplasia were compared with the standard technique. Forty, healthy, large breed dogs were divided into two groups of 20 dogs. Group 1 had normal hips. Group 2 were dogs with mild to moderate grade of hip dysplasia according to the Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) standard. Dogs were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency before 3 radiographic techniques, standard hip-extended, 60° and 90° stress techniques, were taken. For the 60° stress technique, hind legs were extended in parallel to each other at 60° to the table top and femoral heads were manually pushed craniodorsally during exposure. For the 90° stress technique, femurs were positioned perpendicular to the table top; stifles were 90° flexed and adducted and femoral heads were manually pushed in a craniodorsal direction during exposure. Subluxation index (SI) and dorsolateral subluxation score (DLS score) of coxofemoral joints were assessed from radiographs. The SI of normal dogs from standard, 60°, and 90° stress techniques were 0.15, 0.20, and 0.23, and of dysplastic dogs were 0.34, 0.40, and 0.41, respectively. The degrees of subluxation assessed from the two stress technique radiographs were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those shown on the standard technique radiographs in both groups of dogs. DLS scores of normal dogs from standard, 60° and 90° stress techniques were 65.1%, 64.3%, and 61.0%, and of dysplastic dogs were 55.4%, 53.6%, and 47.6%, respectively. Mean of DLS scores assessed from the 90° radiographs was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those assessed from radiographs of other two techniques in both groups of dogs. The findings suggested that the 90° stress technique is more efficient than the standard and 60° stress techniques for radiographic evaluation of coxofemoral joint laxity in dogs with mild hip dysplasia and early detection of hip dysplasia in dogs that show no clinical signs.
Descriptors: femur, hip dysplasia, hips, joints animal, radiography, dogs.
Language of Text: Thai, Summary in English.

Kakoma, I., A. Sainz, M. Tesouro, I. Amusategui, C. Kim, J. Biggerstaff, J. McPeak, and M.G. Levy (2000). Standardization of the diagnostic criteria for canine ehrlichiosis. Towards a universal case definition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 916: 396-403. ISSN: 0077-8923.
Abstract: Canine ehrlichiosis is a highly variable syndrome presenting a significant differential diagnostic difficulty. It imitates many metabolic and infectious diseases and lacks standardized diagnostic criteria, common reagents, and database resources. A clinical diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis may be based on the manifestation of fever, thrombocytopenia, anorexia, nasolacrimal discharge, epistaxis, and exclusion of autoimmune and common canine vector borne diseases. These parameters are not invariably observed especially in the atypical form of the disease often caused by species other than Ehrlichia canis. A definitive diagnosis is based on the presence of specific antibodies to ehrlichial agent(s), the demonstration of the aetiological agent(s) itself, or specific amplicons by a strigently quality controlled PCR protocol. The relationship of the various clinical and laboratory parameters, the status of the currently available tests, and their real or presumed predictive value are discussed in the context of stimulating an effort to formulate an international standard for the diagnosis of this and related diseases of man and animals.
Descriptors: anorexia, antibodies, autoimmune diseases, case definitions, thrombocytopenia, Ehrlichia canis.
Notes: Meeting Information: 5th Biennial Conference of the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Key West, Florida, USA; June 12-16, 1999.

Kamonrat, P., D. Kaenkangploo, K. Phiwipha, and K. Duangdaun (2002). Radiographic evaluation of coxofemoral joint laxity in dogs. Part I: New stress-radiographic positioning techniques. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 32(3): 47-59. ISSN: 0125-6491.
NAL Call Number: SF604.T43
Abstract: Two new stress-radiographic positioning techniques, namely 60° and 90° stress techniques, were introduced for quantifying hip joint laxity in dogs. The comparative characteristics and efficiency of these new techniques with angled hindlimbs were evaluated relative to the standard hip-extended radiographic technique. Forty, healthy, mongrel dogs with normal hip joint conformation were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency before 3 radiographs of the standard, 60°, and 90° stress techniques were taken. For the 60° stress technique, hindlimbs were extended in parallel to each other at 60° angled to the table top and stifles were slightly rotated inward; femoral heads were manually pushed in a craniodorsal direction during exposure. For the 90° stress technique, femurs were positioned perpendicular to the table top; stifles were 90° flexed and adducted and femoral heads were manually pushed in a craniodorsal direction during exposure. The subluxation index (SI) and dorsolateral subluxation score (DLS score) were calculated from 3 radiographic views for both hip joints to quantitate the relative degree of joint laxity. Results of the study indicated that the 60° (SI=0.20±0.045; DLS score=62.5±7.96%) and 90° (SI=0.23±0.044; DLS score=61.2±9.47%) stress-radiographs yielded significantly (p < 0.001) higher degree of hip joint laxity than the standard technique (SI=0.17±0.035; DLS score=66.9±8.09%). The 90° stress technique is the most sensitive technique for measurement of the hip joint laxity as the SI values of the 90° stress technique were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than those of the 60° technique. The findings suggested that the 60° and 90° stress-radiographic positioning techniques, oriented similarly to those of a standing dog are more practical and efficient than the standard hip-extended technique for demonstrating maximal coxofemoral joint laxity in dogs with normal hip joint conformation. Both new techniques may prove useful in studies of hip joint laxity or subluxation related to canine hip dysplasia in more susceptible dogs.
Descriptors: diagnosis, femur, hip dysplasia, hips, joints animal, radiography, surgery, dogs.
Language of Text: Thai, Summary in English.

Kang, S., C. Lee, O. Park, J. Leem, H. Yoon, O. Kweon, S.M. Kang, C.H. Lee, O.J. Park, J.H. Leem, H.J. Yoon, and O.K. Kweon (2002). Efficacy of fipronil-applied canine hair against house dust mites. Journal of Veterinary Clinics 19(2): 215-218. ISSN: 1598-298X.
Abstract: It is known that house dust mites which settle on sofa, carpet, and dust in the house ignite asthma and allergic rhinitis. Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus are distributed widely and densely in Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of shed hair of dogs which were applied topically with fipronil (Frontline) against house dust mites. House dust mites were cocultured with fipronil-applied hair of dog for 12 h. The death rate of mites in the coculture was compared with that of mites cultured without hair. The larger amount of hair, the more mites were killed. The death rate of mites was significantly higher than control until 2 weeks after Frontline application. Hair which had been shed at 3 days after Frontline application always killed the smaller number of mites than those not shed. It is suggested that the use of Frontline in pets controls house dust mites effectively.
Descriptors: disease control, hair, mortality, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, dogs.
Language of Text: Korean, Summary in English.

Kayali, U., R. Mindekem, N. Yemadji, A. Oussiguere, S. Naissengar, A.G. Ndoutamia, and J. Zinsstag (2003). Incidence of canine rabies in n'djamena, chad. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 61(3): 227-233. ISSN: 0167-5877.
NAL Call Number: SF601.P7
Abstract: This work describes for the first time the incidence risk of passively reported canine rabies, and quantifies reported human exposure in N'Djamena (the capital of Chad). To diagnose rabies, we used a direct immunofluorescent-antibody test (IFAT). From January 2001 to March 2002, we were brought 34 rabies cases in dogs and three cases in cats. Canine cases were geographically clustered. The annual incidence risk of canine rabies was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2, 1.7) per 1000 unvaccinated dogs. Most of the rabid dogs were owned-although free-roaming and not vaccinated against rabies. Most showed increased aggressiveness and attacked people without being provoked. Eighty-one persons were exposed to rabid dogs and four persons to rabid cats (mostly children < 15 years old). Most of the exposed persons were neighbours or family members of the animal owner. Most exposures were transdermal bites, but nearly half of all exposed persons did not apply any first wound care or only applied a traditional treatment. In N'Djamena, humans are often exposed to canine rabies but do not use the full-course post-exposure treatment and wound care is insufficient. Most rabid dogs would be accessible to parenteral vaccination. Pilot vaccination campaigns are needed to determine the success of dog mass vaccination in N'Djamena as a way to prevent animal and human rabies.
Descriptors: epidemiology, population studies, infection, public health, allied veterinary medicine, rabies, viral disease, epidemiology, prevention and control, transmission, direct immunofluorescent antibody test, ifat, diagnostic techniques, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, vaccination.

Kayali, U., R. Mindekem, N. Yemadji, P. Vounatsou, Y. Kaninga, A.G. Ndoutamia, and J. Zinsstag (2003). Coverage of pilot parenteral vaccination campaign against canine rabies in n'djamena, chad. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81(10): 739-744. ISSN: 0042-9686.
NAL Call Number: 449.9 W892B
Abstract: Canine rabies, and thus human exposure to rabies, can be controlled through mass vaccination of the animal reservoir if dog owners are willing to cooperate. Inaccessible, ownerless dogs, however, reduce the vaccination coverage achieved in parenteral campaigns. This study aimed to estimate the vaccination coverage in dogs in three study zones of N'Djamena, Chad, after a pilot free parenteral mass vaccination campaign against rabies. We used a capture-mark-recapture approach for population estimates, with a Bayesian, Markov chain, Monte Carlo method to estimate the total number of owned dogs, and the ratio of ownerless to owned dogs to calculate vaccination coverage. When we took into account ownerless dogs, the vaccination coverage in the dog populations was 87% (95% confidence interval (CI), 84-89%) in study zone I, 71% (95% CI, 64-76%) in zone II, and 64% (95% CI, 58-71%) in zone III. The proportions of ownerless dogs to owned dogs were 1.1% (95% CI, 0-3.1%), 7.6% (95% CI, 0.7-16.5%), and 10.6% (95% CI, 1.6-19.1%) in the three study zones, respectively. Vaccination coverage in the three populations of owned dogs was 88% (95% CI, 84-92%) in zone I, 76% (95% CI, 71-81%) in zone II, and 70% (95% CI, 66-76%) in zone III, Participation of dog owners in the free campaign was high, and the number of inaccessible ownerless dogs was low. High levels of vaccination coverage could be achieved with parenteral mass vaccination, Regular parenteral vaccination campaigns to cover all of N'Djamena should be considered as an ethical way of preventing human rabies when post-exposure treatment is of limited availability and high in cost.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, veterinary medicine, canine rabies, viral disease, pilot parenteral vaccination campaign, canine rabies immunization, coverage .

Kelly, P.J., G.N. Eoghain, and D. Raoult (2004). Antibodies reactive with bartonella henselae and ehrlichia canis in dogs from the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 75(3): 116-120. ISSN: 1019-9128.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 So8
Abstract: The prevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Ehrlichia canis were determined in sera from 228 dogs in 5 communal lands of Zimbabwe, areas where traditional subsistence agro-pastoralism is practised. The sera were collected from apparently healthy dogs during routine rabies vaccination programmes and tested with indirect fluorescent antibody assays using B. henselae (Houston-I) and E. canis (Oklahoma) as antigens. We found reactive antibodies ( 1:80) against B. henselae in 14 % of the dogs tested. Seropositive animals were found in Bikita (41 %; 17/42), Omay (13 %; 6/48), Chinamora (5 %; 2/38) and Matusadona (15 %; 7/48). No seropositive dogs were found in Chiredzi (0 %; 0/52). Antibodies reactive with E. canis ( :1:80) were found in 34 % of the dogs tested, from Bikita (88 %; 37/42), Chiredzi (31 %; 16/52), Omay (17 %; 8/48), Chinamora (26 %; 10/38) and Matusadona (15 %; 7/48). Our survey shows dogs in the communal lands of Zimbabwe are frequently exposed to E. canis and B. henselae or closely related species. Further studies are indicated to determine the pathogenicity of the organisms infecting these dogs and their clinical significance.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, pharmacology, bartonella infection, immunology, ehrlichiosis, bacterial disease, rabies, viral disease, drug therapy, prevention and control, fluorescent antibody assay, laboratory techniques.

Kemming, G.I., J.B. Messick, G. Enders, M. Boros, B. Lorenz, S. Muenzing, H. Kisch Wedel, W. Mueller, A. Hahmann Mueller, K. Messmer, and E. Thein (2004). Mycoplasma haemocanis infection: A kennel disease? Comparative Medicine 54(4): 404-409. ISSN: 1532-0820.
NAL Call Number: SF77 .C65
Abstract: Mycoplasma haemocanis (formerly Haemobartonella canis) is a red blood cell parasite that causes disease mainly in immunosuppressed and splenectomized dogs. Clinical outbreak of the disease resulted in failure of a large experimental project. We aimed to identify whether M. haemocanis has increased prevalence in kennel-raised dogs. In a prospective study, we compared the prevalence of M. haemocanis in whole blood (anti-coagulated by use of EDTA) collected from pet dogs (University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Ill.; n = 60) with that in blood from dogs raised in three distinct kennels in western Europe (WE; n = 23), eastern Europe (EE; n = 20), and North America (NA, n = 20). Screening included antibody testing and microscopy of blood smears. The presence of M. haemocanis was identified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for specific DNA of the organism. None of the pet dogs (0%) was test positive for M. haemocanis DNA. Mycoplasma haemocanis was found in dogs tested at all of the kennels. Infection rate in the three kennels was 30,35, and 87%, respectively (all P 0.001 versus control, chi2-test). Latent infection with M. haemocanis was not a single observation in kennel-raised dogs. Prevalence may be higher than that in a pet dog population. The potential exists for these latent infections to adversely affect or confound research results.
Descriptors: animal care, blood and lymphatics, transport and circulation, epidemiology, population studies, immune system, infection, molecular genetics, veterinary medicine, PCR assay, diagnostic techniques, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, dog kennel site, immunosuppressed state, infection rate, veterinary epidemiology.

Khatlani, T.S., Z. Ma, M. Okuda, H. Inokuma, and T. Onishi (2003). Autoantibodies against t-cell costimulatory molecules are produced in canine autoimmune diseases. Journal of Immunotherapy 26(1): 12-20. ISSN: 1524-9557.
Abstract: Autoantibodies to surface molecules on lymphocytes have already been described in various immune conditions, such as, autoimmune diseases, infections, and blood transfusions. Because T-cell costimulatory molecules play a central role in the immune response of T-cells, we investigated the presence of autoantibodies against T-cell costimulatory molecules in canine autoimmune diseases. In this study, we prepared recombinant proteins of CTLA-4 (CD152) and CD28 and investigated the presence of autoantibodies against them in serum samples obtained from dogs with various autoimmune diseases and from healthy dogs as controls, using the recombinant GST fusion proteins by ELISA. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies were found in 31.8% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 20% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 12.5% of patients with pemphigus, 0% of patients with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, and 0% of healthy donors. Anti-CD28 antibodies were not found in any of the patients or healthy donors. The ELISA results were further confirmed by immunoblotting. The presence of anti CTLA-4 antibodies suggests the existence of a CTLA-4-specific immune response. The autoantibodies against CTLA-4, demonstrated here for the first time in canine autoimmune diseases, may modulate the immune response in dogs with autoimmune diseases.
Descriptors: immune system, autoimmune disease, immune system disease, immune mediated hemolytic anemia, blood and lymphatic disease, pemphigus, integumentary system disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, joint disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, elisa, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, immune response.

Kikuzaki, T., K. Suzuki, and T. Ajito (1999). Abnormal behaviour in a dog with brain metastasis of adenocarcinoma. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 52(1): 23-26. ISSN: 0446-6454.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 J275
Descriptors: neoplasms, adenocarcinoma, brain, metastasis, brain diseases, histopathology, abnormal behavior.
Language of Text: Japanese, Summary in English.

Kim, J., Y. Lee, R. Tak, J.W. Kim, Y.J. Lee, and R.B. Tak (2003). Occurrence of canine brucellosis in large kennels and characterization of Brucella canis isolates by PCR-RFLP. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 43(1): 67-75. ISSN: 1225-0198.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 T12
Abstract: A total of 260 dogs were randomly selected from two different breed kennels, the first was with a history of brucellosis (group 1, n=126 dogs) and the second was a randomly selected breed kennel (group 2, n=134 dogs), and monitored for Brucella canis by 2-mercaptoethanol rapid slide agglutination test (2ME-RSAT) and bacterial culture method. For differentiation, PCR-RFLP using omp-31, wbkA and per genes were used for 52 B. canis strains (strain I) isolated in this study and 3 B. canis strains (strain II) isolated in 1994 in Korea. 2ME-RSAT revealed that 63/126 (50.0%) and 12/134 dogs (9.0%) were positive in group I and group II, respectively. Bacterial culture revealed that 47/126 (37.3%) and 5/134 dogs (3.7%) were positive in groups I and II, respectively. As a result of PCR-RFLP, omp-31 was amplified from all Brucella sp., except B. abortus. All B. canis isolates showed unique PCR-RFLP pattern following digestion with BmeI8I. However, all Brucella sp. showed the same PCR-RFLP pattern following digestion with SalI. PCR-RFLP analysis of wbkA analysis of per revealed that B. abortus 544 and B. melitensis 63/9 showed the same pattern, but different from B. suis and B. canis following digestion with HindIII.
Descriptors: brucellosis, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, genes, polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, dogs.
Language of Text: Korean, Summary in English.

King, L.G., J.S. Wohl, A.M. Manning, S.G. Hackner, M.R. Raffe, and G. Maislin (2001). Evaluation of the survival prediction index as a model of risk stratification for clinical research in dogs admitted to intensive care units at four locations. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62(6): 948-954. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: dogs, survival, prediction, indexes, accuracy, animal hospitals, probability, calculation.

King, L. and R. Hammond (1999). Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care., British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Cheltenham, UK, 300 p. ISBN: 0905214404.
NAL Call Number: SF778 .B73 1999
Descriptors: veterinary emergencies, critical care, wounds and injuries, treatment, dogs, cats.

Klomp, A.E.M., B. Van De Sluis, L.W.J. Klomp, and C. Wijmenga (2003). The ubiquitously expressed murr1 protein is absent in canine copper toxicosis. Journal of Hepatology 39(5): 703-709. ISSN: 0168-8278.
NAL Call Number: RC845
Abstract: Background/Aims: Copper toxicosis (CT) in Bedlington terriers is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by massive lysosomal copper accumulation in livers of affected dogs, and a defect in the biliary excretion of this metal. We propose that MURR1, the gene defective in canine CT, has a role in the regulation of copper excretion into bile during copper overload. Methods: Polyclonal antibodies raised against full-length recombinant human MURR1 were used for immunoblot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence studies. Results: Using Western blot analysis, these antibodies abundantly detected MURR1 as a 23 kDa protein in liver extracts of mice and dogs, but MURR1 was undetectable in the livers of affected Bedlington terriers. MURR1 was also detected in different tissues and cell lines; in cell lines the protein was found both in cytosol and membrane preparations. Consistent with this observation, indirect immunofluorescence staining revealed that in some cells MURR1 was associated with a vesicular compartment diffusely localized throughout the cell. Conclusions: The genomic deletion in MURR1 results in complete absence of MURR1 protein. Based on the unanticipated subcellular localization, our results suggest a role for MURR1 in the regulation of vesicular copper sequestration during copper overload.
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion and assimilation, metabolism, molecular genetics, toxicology, canine copper toxicosis, digestive system disease, genetic disease, metabolic disease, northern blot, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, imaging and microscopy techniques, immunologic techniques.

Komiya, T., K. Sadamasu, H. Toriniwa, K. Kato, Y. Arashima, H. Fukushi, K. Hirai, and Y. Arakawa (2003). Epidemiological survey on the route of coxiella burnetii infection in an animal hospital. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 9(2): 151-155. ISSN: 1341-321X.
Abstract: The source of Q fever infection, was investigated by serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of specimens from humans and pets in an animal hospital. Two animal health technicians showed a positive serological reaction against Coxiella burnetii at the start. One of the two positive subjects remained PCR-positive for about 1 year and the other converted to PCR-negative, but the IgG antibody titer remained at 1:128 after minocycline treatment. Among animals housed in the hospital, two dogs were PCR-positive at the start, and the infection was transmitted to three cats about 5 months later. All these animals became negative for C. burnetii DNA after minocycline treatment. Furthermore, C. burnetii was isolated from the sera of the two humans and two dogs. C. burnetii isolates from the humans and dogs were analyzed, and it was found that the sequence homology of the com1 region was high, 99.9%, and the QpH1 plasmid was detected. These results suggest that these isolates were the same type, and it was considered that the infection was derived from the dogs, though the time of infection could not be confirmed.
Descriptors: infection, pharmacology, Q fever, bacterial disease, epidemiological survey, applied and field techniques, polymerase chain reaction, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques.

Koo, K.T., G. Polimeni, J.M. Albandar, and U.M. Wikesjo (2004). Periodontal repair in dogs: analysis of histometric assessments in the supraalveolar periodontal defect model. Journal of Periodontology 75(12): 1688-1693. ISSN: 0022-3492.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Traditionally, the mean value from histometric assessments of several histologic sections from the same site has been, used for the histometric characterization of the site. The histometric analysis of the supraalveolar periodontal defect model uses observations from buccal and lingual sites in three step-serial sections representing the central aspect of the mesial and distal root for the third and fourth mandibular premolar teeth. The objectives of this study were to investigate the correlations and determine whether there are significant differences in the measurement values of various histometric parameters between the three step-serial sections and to test the hypothesis that, in this animal model, histometric assessments using the most central section of each root are comparable to the mathematical means of corresponding assessments of the site using the three step-serial sections. METHODS: Histometric analysis using light microscopy, an attached digital camera system, and a personal computer-based image analysis system including a custom program for the supraalveolar periodontal defect model was performed on histologic sections acquired from one jaw quadrant in each of 12 dogs. The animals had received a protocol including placement of a coral biomaterial and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes, and were evaluated following a 4-week healing interval. Twelve parameters were assessed using three central step-serial sections from each root. For each parameter, pair-wise comparisons were performed using the mixed models analysis of variance, and the correlations between measurements were assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: For all parameters assessed, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the three sections. The differences between the central section and the means of the three step-serial sections were small and not statistically significant. Parameters that could be assessed on most or all specimens, such as defect height and area, membrane height, and bone regeneration area, showed high correlations among the three step-serial sections (intraclass coefficient [ICC] approximately 0.91 to 0.98), and between each of the three sections and the mean for the three step-serial sections (ICC > or = 0.95). The most central section had somewhat higher correlation with the mean than measurements made on the lateral sections. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that using the supraalveolar periodontal defect model representative histometric data can be obtained evaluating only the central section from each defect site.
Descriptors: periodontal defect model, histometric data, histologic sections, jaw quadrant.

Ksiazek, T.G., D. Erdman, and C.S. Goldsmith (2003). A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 348(20): 1953-1966. ISSN: 0028-4793.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 N442
Abstract: BACKGROUND: A worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been associated with exposures originating from a single ill health care worker from Guangdong Province, China. We conducted studies to identify the etiologic agent of this outbreak. METHODS: We received clinical specimens from patients in seven countries and tested them, using virus-isolation techniques, electron-microscopical and histologic studies, and molecular and serologic assays, in an attempt to identify a wide range of potential pathogens. RESULTS: None of the previously described respiratory pathogens were consistently identified. However, a novel coronavirus was isolated from patients who met the case definition of SARS. Cytopathological features were noted in Vero E6 cells inoculated with a throatswab specimen. Electron-microscopical examination revealed ultrastructural features characteristic of coronaviruses. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed reactivity with group I coronavirus polyclonal antibodies. Consensus coronavirus primers designed to amplify a fragment of the polymerase gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to obtain a sequence that clearly identified the isolate as a unique coronavirus only distantly related to previously sequenced coronaviruses. With specific diagnostic RT-PCR primers we identified several identical nucleotide sequences in 12 patients from several locations, a finding consistent with a point-source outbreak. Indirect fluorescence antibody tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays made with the new isolate have been used to demonstrate a virus-specific serologic response. This virus may never before have circulated in the U.S. population. CONCLUSIONS: A novel coronavirus is associated with this outbreak, and the evidence indicates that this virus has an etiologic role in SARS. Because of the death of Dr. Carlo Urbani, we propose that our first isolate be named the Urbani strain of SARS-associated coronavirus.
Descriptors: infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome, etiology, immunologic techniques, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopy, serologic assay.

Kube, S., T. Owen, and S. Hanson (2003). Severe respiratory compromise secondary to cervical disk herniation in two dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 39(6): 513-517. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Abstract: Two dogs presented with acute tetraparesis, hypoventilation, and bradycardia with a second-degree atrioventricular heart block. Neurological examination localized both lesions to the cervical spine. Diagnostic imaging revealed a ventral extradural compression at the second to third cervical (C2-C3) region in one dog and at the third to fourth cervical (C3-C4) region in the other. Following surgical correction of the extruded disk, the hypoventilation and bradycardia resolved. Cervical disk extrusions are a common cause of acute tetraparesis in the dog. This report shows that respiratory and cardiac complications may occur concurrently. The authors recommend screening dogs with cervical myelopathies for respiratory and cardiac dysfunctions and treating appropriately. Prompt surgical intervention and supportive care can improve the prognosis.
Descriptors: acute tetraparesis, hypoventilation, bradycardia, atrioventricular heart block, neurology, spine, imaging, cervical myelopathies, repiratory and cardiac dysfunctions, treatment options, surgical intervention.

Kuffer, M., K. Hartmann, and W. Kraft (1997). Canine Parvovirose: Aspekte zu Epidemiologie, Klinik, Laborbefunden, Therapie und Impfung. [Canine parvoviral infection. Observations on epidemiology, symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment and vaccination.]. Tierarztliche Praxis 25(5): 518-524.
NAL Call Number: SF603.V433
Abstract: Features of 82 cases of parvoviral infection seen at Munich during 1994 and 1995 were summarized. Ten dogs died from acute infection. Ten of the survivors required intensive care with fluid therapy and parenteral nutrition.
Descriptors: epidemiology, symptoms, treatment, intensive care, canine parvovirus.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English.

Kukekova, A.V., W. Wang, J.K. Lowe, E.A. Ostrander, G.D. Aguirre, and G.M. Acland (2003). Exclusion of GNGT1 gene as a positional candidate for canine rcd2 disease. In: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) - Annual Meeting Abstract Search and Program Planner, May 4-8, 2003, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, p. Abstract No. 2325.
Descriptors: rod cone dysplasia type 2 (rcd2), canine progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), dogs, molecular genetics, eye disease, genetic diseases, laboratory techniques.

Langova, V., A.J. Mutsaers, B. Phillips, and R. Straw (2004). Treatment of eight dogs with nasal tumours with a alternating doses of doxorubicin and carboplatin in conjunction with oral piroxicam. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(11): 676-680. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: Objective To determine the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in the treatment of canine nasal tumours. Design Retrospective clinical study Procedure Eight dogs with histologically confirmed nasal tumours were staged by means of complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, cytological analysis of fine needle aspirate of the regional lymph nodes, thoracic radiographs and computed tomography scan of the nasal cavity. All dogs were treated with alternating doses of doxorubicin, carboplatin and oral piroxicam. All dogs were monitored for side effects of chemotherapy and evaluated for response to treatment by computed tomography scan of the nasal cavity after the first four treatments. Results Complete remission was achieved in four dogs, partial remission occurred in two dogs and two had stable disease on the basis of computed tomography evaluation. There was resolution of clinical signs after one to two doses of chemotherapy in all dogs. Conclusions This chemotherapy protocol was efficacious and well tolerated in this series of eight cases of canine nasal tumours.
Descriptors: pharmacology, toxicology, tumor biology, nasal tumor, neoplastic disease, respiratory system disease, therapy, chemotherapy, complete blood count, diagnostic techniques, computed tomography scan, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, cytological analysis, serum biochemical analysis, thoracic radiography.

Larson, L.J. and R.D. Schultz (2006). Effect of vaccination with recombinant canine distemper virus vaccine immediately before exposure under shelter-like conditions. Veterinary Therapeutics: Research in Applied Veterinary Medicine 7(2): 113-118. ISSN: 1528-3593.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V4745
Abstract: Vaccination with modified-live virus (MLV) canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine has historically been recommended for animals in high-risk environments because of the rapid onset of immunity following vaccination. Recombinant CDV (rCDV) vaccine was deemed a suitable alternative to MLV-CDV vaccination in pet dogs, but insufficient data precluded its use where CDV was a serious threat to puppies, such as in shelters, kennels, and pet stores. In this study, dogs experimentally challenged hours after a single dose of rCDV or MLV vaccine became sick but recovered, whereas unvaccinated dogs became sick and died. Dogs vaccinated with a single dose of rCDV or MLV vaccine 1 week before being experimentally challenged remained healthy and showed no clinical signs. Dogs given one dose of rCDV vaccine hours before being placed in a CDV-contaminated environment did not become sick. These findings support the hypothesis that rCDV vaccine has a similar time-to-immunity as MLV-CDV vaccines and can likewise protect dogs in high-risk environments after one dose.
Descriptors: distemper virus, canine immunology, dogs, housing, animal classification, random allocation, risk factors, time factors, vaccines.

Larsson, C.E., M. Otsuka, N.S. Michalany, P.S.M. Barros, W. Gambale, and A.M.V. Safatle (2003). Criptococose canina: relato de caso. [Canine ocular cryptococcosis: A case report.]. Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 55(5): 533-538. ISSN: 0102-0935.
NAL Call Number: SF604 .A76
Abstract: A case of cryptococcosis with ocular and cutaneous involvement is reported by the first time in Brazil in a dog. A two-year-old female German Shepherd living in a hold house with other five healthy dogs was infected through the contact with pigeon (Columba livia) feces. The illness started 90 days previously with cutaneous and bone involvement resulting in characteristic clinical signs and lesions, in addition to a initially unilateral asymptomatic chorioretinitis. The diagnosis was established based on anamnesis, physical and dermatologic examinations and complementary exams (radiographs, skin biopsy and histopathology) and the isolation of a Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans strain was accomplished. There was a complete resolution of the disease after nine months of therapy using itraconazole (9mg/kg, q24h, PO) and no side effect was observed.
Descriptors: infection, integumentary system, sense organs, sensory reception, veterinary medicine, chorioretinitis, eye disease, cryptococcosis, fungal disease, histopathology, histology and cytology techniques, laboratory techniques, radiography, diagnostic techniques, skin biopsy, diagnostic techniques.
Language of Text: Portuguese.

Laszlo, M., P. Schawalder, G. Scholtysik, C. Bernasconi, and J. Schulze (1999). Untersuchungen an Hunden uber das Verhalten von Vitamin C bei Stress und Schmerz. [Studies on the behaviour of vitamin C under stress and pain conditions in dog.]. Kleintierpraxis 44(4): 241, 262. ISSN: 0023-2076.
Abstract: Blood samples were obtained from 54 dogs of 4 breeds (German Shepherd, 10; Greyhound, 15; Labrador, 17; mongrels, 12) 2.5-9.25 years of age to determine reference values for vitamin C. From statistical analysis of the results, the dogs could be classified into 2 groups. Group A, the larger, heavier breeds German Shepherd and Labrador, had significantly higher plasma vitamin C contents (7.02 mg/litre) than lighter breeds (Greyhound and mongrel) in group B (4.91 mg/litre). Age and sex had no significant influence on plasma vitamin C. 30 dogs, 2.5 months to 14 years of age and of various breeds, with acute pain (18), sub-acute or chronic pain (9) or which had been castrated (3) were also examined. Vitamin C contents in plasma decreased in all dogs during periods dominated by pain and/or stress. After eliminating the causes of pain, vitamin C contents returned to normal several days later. Even stress had a negative effect on vitamin C. It is concluded that the hypothesis that hypertrophic osteodystrophy is due to low blood vitamin C cannot be sustained.
Descriptors: dog breeds, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Greyhound, blood chemistry, ascorbic acid, pain, stress, bone diseases, fractures, rupture, tendons, ligaments, osteodystrophy, dogs.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English.

Leitner, M., J.E. Aurich, G. Galabova, C. Aurich, and I. Walter (2003). Lectin binding patterns in normal canine endometrium and in bitches with pyometra and cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Histology and Histopathology 18(3): 787-795. ISSN: 0213-3911.
Abstract: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra in the bitch are dioestral syndromes, supposed to be caused by hormonal disturbances and changes in endometrial steroid hormone receptor levels. Histologically, the endometria show cystic dilated glands and, if bacteria succeed in invading the uterus, pyometra may develop in the following metoestrus. In this study, lectin histochemistry was performed on paraffin sections to compare carbohydrate expression of uterine glands and surface epithelium in healthy dogs and in dogs with CEH and pyometra. Lectin binding is a useful tool to identify glycoconjugates, especially of the glycocalyx, which has essential functions in the endometrium during reproduction. Uterine tissue was obtained from 18 healthy bitches in metoestrus or anoestrus and 18 bitches with a clinical diagnosis of CEH or pyometra. Normal endometria showed cycle-dependent changes in SBA, PNA, HPA and UEA binding during metoestrus and anoestrus. LCA did not show cycle-dependent changes and WGA bound to Golgi regions in the apical parts of surface epithelial cells only in metoestrous. Endometria with inflammatory alterations lost cycle-specific lectin binding patterns and, with increasing severity of pathological changes, showed a marked decrease in binding intensity to the glandular and surface epithelial glycocalyx and secretions. In dogs with CEH, unaltered glands with generally strong lectin binding to the glycocoalyx and Golgi regions were found adjacent to altered glands. The decre