Barnett, J.E., P.D. Jepson, and I.A. Patterson (1999). Drug-induced euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. The Veterinary Record 145(10): 292. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: cetacea, euthanasia, analgesics, etorphine, methotrimeprazine.

Battison, A., R. MacMillan, A. MacKenzie, P. Rose, R. Cawthorn, and B. Horney (2000). Use of injectable potassium chloride for euthanasia of American lobsters (Homarus americanus). Comparative Medicine 50(5): 545-550. ISSN: 1532-0820.
NAL Call Number: SF77.C65
Abstract: Potassium chloride (KCl: 330 mg/ml) was assessed as an euthanasia agent in American lobsters (Homarus americanus). Two groups of 10 lobsters (408.2 to 849.9 g) were maintained at 11.9 to 12.1 degrees C ('warm') and 1.5 to 2.5 degrees C ('cold') to evaluate the possible effect of ambient temperature on response to KCl. Death was defined as time of cardiac arrest, as viewed and measured by use of ultrasound. The KCl solution was injected (100 mg of KCl/100 g of body weight) at the base of the second walking leg to flood the hemolymph sinus containing the ventral nerve cord with potassium. Disruption of this 'central nervous system' was immediate, followed by cardiac arrest within 60 to 90 seconds. Group median ( +/- SD) baseline heart rate was 42 +/- 14 'warm' and 36 +/- 5 'cold' beats per minute. Time until cardiac arrest ranged from 35 to 90 (57 +/- 18) seconds in the 'warm' group and from 40 to 132 (53 +/- 34) seconds in the 'cold' group. There was no significant difference between group medians for either parameter. Histologic lesions were limited to mild to moderate acute degeneration, characterized by cell swelling, loss of contraction bands, and occasional mild cytoplasmic vacuolation of skeletal muscle at the injection site. Injectable KCl solution was an effective, reliable method for euthanasia of H. americanus.
Descriptors: euthanasia methods, potassium chloride, abdominal muscles, heart rate, histocytochemistry temperature, ultrasonography, American lobsters, Homarus americanus.

Beklova, M. and M. Svoboda (1999). Vyuziti oxidu uhliciteho k euthanasii ryb po testech toxicity]. [Utilization of CO2 for euthanasia of fishes after toxicity tests]. In: Toxicity and Biodegradability of Matters Important in Water Management. Proceedings of the 9th Conference, September 13, 1999-September 15, 1999, Solan, Czech Republic, Vyzkumny Ustav Rybarsky a Hydrobiologicky: Vodnany, Czech Republic, p. 41-45. ISBN: 8085887134.
Descriptors: fishes, CO2 euthanasia, carbon dioxide, toxicity testing.
Language of Text: Czech, Summary in English.

Blackmore, D.K., A. Nutman, G.R.G. Barnes, P. Madie, A.S. Davies, M.C. Bowling, M. Donoghue and E.J. Kirk (1997). Preliminary investigations of techniques for killing whales. In: M. Hindell and C. Kemper (Editors), Marine Mammal Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Ecology and Medicine, Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton, Australia, p. 174-178. ISBN: 0949324760.
Descriptors: cetaceans, killing techniques, stranded animals, euthanasia.

Blackmore, D., P. Madie, M. Bowling, A. Nutman, A. Davies, W. McLeod, J. Taylor, and M. Degen (1995). The use of a shotgun for the euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 43(4): 158-159. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, Globicephala melaena, euthanasia techniques, stranded animals, shotgun usage.

Boonman, J. (1998). Euthanasie bij reptielen en amfibieen. [Euthanasia of reptiles and amphibians]. Lacerta 56(4): 117-125. ISSN: 0023-7051.
Descriptors: amphibians, reptiles, literature review, euthanasia methods.
Language of Text: Dutch, Summary in English.

Borski, R.J. and R.G. Hodson (2003). Fish research and the institutional animal care and use committee. ILAR Journal 44(4): 286-294. ISSN: 1084-2020.
Descriptors: fish, animal welfare, anesthetics, euthanasia, animal care.

Brakes, P. and C. Bamber (2004). Euthanasia of Cetaceans. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: A Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 78-83. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: philosophy, ethics, euthanasia, killing techniques, cetaceans, whales, whaling.

Burns, R. (1995). Considerations in the euthanasia of reptiles, amphibians, and fish. In: Proceedings: Joint Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, August 12-17 (1995), East Lansing, Michigan, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: p. 243-249.
Descriptors: fish, amphibians, reptiles, killing techniques, euthanasia methods.

Chessington World of Adventures Animal Presentations Team (2000). Euthanasia - A keeper perspective. Ratel 27(3): 102-103. ISSN: 0305-1218.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.R37
Descriptors: Zalophus californianus, care in captivity, England, euthanasia, zoo, case report, animal keepers.

Daoust, P.Y. and A.I. Ortenburger (2001). Successful euthanasia of a juvenile fin whale. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42(2): 127-129. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Abstract: A stranded juvenile fin whale was successfully euthanized with an intravenous injection of sedative and cardioplegic drugs. Veterinarians may face a number of serious difficulties if called to perform this task, and advance preparation is required for successful euthanasia of these animals.
Descriptors: euthanasia, mepivacaine, whales, Prince Edward Island.

Dunn, J.L. (2006). Multiple-agent euthanasia of a juvenile fin whale, Balanoptera physalus. Marine Mammal Science 22(4): 1004-1007. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: fin whales, euthanasia, Balanoptera physalus, use of multiple euthanizing agents.

Greer, L.L. and J. Whaley (2006). Marine mammals. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 66-74. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: animal welfare, barbiturates, capture of animals, carbon dioxide, carcass disposal, euthanasia, explosives, inhaled anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, potassium chloride, cetaceans, pinnipeds, whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Greer, L.L., J. Whaley and T.K. Rowles (2001). Euthanasia. In: L.A. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (Editors), CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2nd edition, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, p. 729-738. ISBN: 0849308399.
Descriptors: marine mammals, euthanasia techniques.

Hartman, K.H. (2006). Fish. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 28-38. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthesia, animal welfare, aquaculture, aquarium fishes, euthanasia, immobilization, pain, regulations, fishes.
Notes: Available from the AAZV.

Lawrence, K. (2003). Euthanasia of stranded whales. The Veterinary Record 153(17): 540. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: euthanasia, whales, Falkland Islands.

Murray, M.J. (2006). Sea otters. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 75-77. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthesia, animal welfare, euthanasia, restraint of animals, sea otters.
Notes: Available from AAZV .

Wright, K.M. (2001). Restraint techniques and euthanasia. In: K.M. Wright and B.R. Whitaker (Editors), Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry., Krieger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 111-122. ISBN: 0894649175.
Descriptors: amphibians, euthanasia techniques, literature overview, physical restraint, sedation, anesthesia, husbandry.