On Farm Euthanasia of Swine: Options for the Producer (2001). American Association of Swine Practitioners : National Pork Producers Council in cooperation with the National Pork Board: Des Moines, Iowa, 4 p. ISBN: 1-892769-10-7.
Online: http://www.aasp.org/aasv/euthanasia.pdf
NAL Call Number: HV4731.O5 2001
Abstract: Good information on euthanasia of swine with tables on Appropiatness of various methods and Specific euthanasia methods for swine with diagrams for blunt trauma, captive bolt, gun shot and electrocution.
Descriptors: Internet resource, euthanasia, swine, methods, appropiatness, pain, distress.

Anonymous (1997). Equine euthanasia and client bereavement. Equine Practice 19(3): 39-42. ISSN: 0162-8941.
NAL Call Number: SF951.E62
Descriptors: horses, destruction of animals, grieving, emotions.

Arnemo, J.M. (2005). Eutanasi av husdyr ved skyting. [Euthanasia of domestic animals by firearms]. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 117(6): 457-463. ISSN: 0332-5741.
Descriptors: animal welfare, euthanasia of livestock, firearms, guidelines.
Language of Text: Norwegian, Summary in English.

Baert, K. and P. de Backer (1999). The development of a routine method for detecting embutramide, the main component of the veterinary euthanasia drug, T-61Reg. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 68(3): 145-147. ISSN: 0303-9021.
Descriptors: euthanasia, injectable anesthetics, drug residue detection, horses, T-61, embutramide.
Language of Text: Dutch.

Baird, J. (2000). Euthanasia of horses. The Veterinary Record 147(1): 28. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: euthanasia, horses, wounds, gunshot, animal welfare, catheterization, skull.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2000 Jun 24;146(26):754-7.

Barnekow, K.H. and J. Beck Friis (2002). Veterinarer anser att djurskyddet paverkats av nedlagd nodslakt. [Veterinarians consider that animal welfare considerations have had an influence on the discontinuation of euthanasia (in abattoirs)]. Svensk Veterinartidning 54(1): 27-29. ISSN: 0346-2250.
Descriptors: abattoirs, animal welfare, euthanasia, legislation, slaughterhouses, veterinary medicine.
Language of Text: Swedish.

Barrowman, R.J. (2006). Euthanasia of exotic pigs. The Veterinary Record 158(25): 872. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: exotic pigs, euthanasia, swine, pot bellied pigs.

Baumans, V., J.C. Meijer, Z.L. Haberham, H.N.M.d. Groot, and L.J. Hellebrekers (1998). Euthanasie bij jonge biggen: gas of injectie? [Piglet euthanasia: gas or injection?]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 123(24): 738-742. ISSN: 0040-7453.
Descriptors: euthanasia, piglets, carbon dioxide, swine, pentobarbital, animal welfare, discomfort, comparison.
Language of Text: Dutch, Summary in English.

Bengtsson, B., R. Niskanen, and K. Forslund (1999). Avlivning av vuxna notkreatur med pentobarbitalnatrium i etanollosning. [Euthanasia of adult beef cattle by intravenous injection of pentobarbital sodium]. Svensk Veterinartidning 51(13): 633-636. ISSN: 0346-2250.
Descriptors: beef cattle, intravenous injection, pentobarbital, euthanasia, xylazine, heart diseases, animal welfare, dosage, injectable anesthetics, analgesics, cardiac arrest.
Language of Text: Swedish, Summary in English.

Berg, C. (2001). Une mort "Humaine" pour les bovins: l'euthanasie des bovins: La mort sans la souffrance. [Euthanasia of cattle: Death without pain]. Point Veterinaire 32(215): 14-15. ISSN: 0335-4997.
Descriptors: euthanasia, slaughter, cattle.
Language of Text: French.

Biggs, A. and J.M. Blackwell (2005). Emergency slaughter, and changes to the OTM rule. The Veterinary Record 157(16): 490-491. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: consumer product safety, euthanasia, legislation, cattle, emergencies, Great Britain.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2005 Oct 1;157(14):423-4.

Butterworth, A. (2000). Euthanasia of large animals. The Veterinary Record 147(3): 84. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: euthanasia, cattle, veterinary medicine.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2000 Jul 1;147(1):28.

Butterworth, A. and S. Wotton (2005). Emergency slaughter, and changes to the OTM rule. The Veterinary Record 157(16): 491. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: consumer product safety legislation, euthanasia, cattle, emergencies, veterinary medicine, Great Britain.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2005 Oct 1;157(14):423-4.

Chevillon, P., C. Mircovich, S. Dubroca, and J.Y. Fleho (2005). Tecnicas de eutanasia en granja. [On-farm euthanasia of pigs]. SUIS(19): 26-35. ISSN: 1510-2173.
Descriptors: captive bolt, stunning, carbon dioxide, electronarcosis, euthanasia, piglets, slaughtering equipment, trauma, pigs, cranial trauma.
Language of Text: Spanish, Summary in English.

Chevillon, P., C. Mircovich, S. Dubroca, and J.Y. Fleho (2004). Euthanasie en elevage de porc. [Euthanasia in pig farming]. Techni Porc 27(4): 21-27. ISSN: 0181-6764.
Descriptors: captive bolt pistol, euthanasia method, piglets, pigs, stunning.
Language of Text: French, Summary in English.

Choiniere, M. (2005). Method of euthanasia in food animals must be practical and safe. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 46(2): 105; Author Reply 106. ISSN: 0008-5286.
Descriptors: euthanasia, animal ethics, animal welfare, Canada, cost benefit analysis, safety, swine.
Notes: Comment On: Can Vet J. 2004 Oct;45(10):806.

Deegen, E. (2004). Totung von Pferden im Rahmen der Pferdepraxis. [Killing of horses in equine practice]. Praktische Tierarzt 85(6): 417-419. ISSN: 0032-681X.
Descriptors: anesthetics, animal welfare, euthanasia, slaughter, horses.
Language of Text: German.

Deleu, S. (2002). 'Massale vernietiging gezonde dieren Middeleeuws'. [Massive destruction of healthy animals is from the Middle Ages]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 127(3): 87-89. ISSN: 0040-7453.
Descriptors: disease outbreaks, euthanasia, foot and mouth disease, meat standards, animal welfare, consumer product safety.
Language of Text: Dutch.

DiNucci, N. (2000). Euthanasia of horses. The Veterinary Record 147(23): 668. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: euthanasia, animal welfare, horses.

Endenburg, N., J. Kirpensteijn, and N. Sanders (1999). Equine euthanasia: The veterinarian's role in providing owner support. Anthrozoos 12(3): 138-141. ISSN: 0892-7936.
Descriptors: euthanasia, horses, human behavior, veterinary services, equine, owner support.
Notes: In the special issue: Papers from IAHAIO Conference, Prague, 1998, "The Changing Roles of Animals in Society" Part 1 / edited by J.A. Serpell, D.C. Turner and N. Endenburg. Meeting held September 10-12, 1998, Prague, Czech Republic.

Finnie, J.W., P.C. Blumbergs, J. Manavis, G.E. Summersides, and R.A. Davies (2000). Evaluation of brain damage resulting from penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolt stunning using lambs. Australian Veterinary Journal 78(11): 775-778. ISSN: 0005-0423.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the brain damage in sheep resulting from penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolt stunning. DESIGN: The unrestrained heads of anaesthetised lambs were impacted in the temporal region with penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolt pistols (humane stunners) using a constant charge. Two hours after head impact, brains were perfusion-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Coronal sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically for amyloid precursor protein, a sensitive marker of axonal and neuronal reaction in brains after trauma. Pathological changes in these brains were then quantified by morphometric analysis. RESULTS: The skull was fractured in 50% of lambs after a non-penetrating head impact and in all animals after a penetrating head wound. Impact contusions were present in 80% of lambs receiving a non-penetrating head injury and in all of those with a penetrating wound. Total contusion area was similar in both groups. Amyloid precursor protein-positive axons and neurons, and haemorrhage, were widely distributed in the brain after both head impact types, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Multifocal necrosis of the cerebellar granular layer was found in all lambs with non-penetrating head injury, but in none with a penetrating injury. CONCLUSIONS: The structural brain damage, a mixture of focal and diffuse injury, produced by penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolt pistols was overall similar and of sufficient severity to suggest that both types of weapon are acceptable for euthanasia.
Descriptors: brain injuries, euthanasia, sheep injuries, gunshot wounds, animal welfare, euthanasia.

Finnie, J.W., J. Manavis, P.C. Blumbergs, and G.E. Summersides (2002). Brain damage in sheep from penetrating captive bolt stunning. Australian Veterinary Journal 80(1-2): 67-69. ISSN: 0005-0423.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the severity and distribution of structural changes in the brains of adult sheep stunned by penetrating captive bolt. PROCEDURE: The unconstrained heads of ten, anaesthetised, unhorned, 2-year-old Merino sheep were impacted at the summit of the head with a penetrating captive bolt pistol. Six sheep were ventilated and four received no respiratory support. Two hours after impact, brains from the six ventilated sheep were perfusion-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Sixteen whole, serial coronal sections from each brain were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically for amyloid precursor protein, a sensitive marker of axonal and neuronal reaction in the brain after trauma. Pathological changes in these brains were then quantified by morphometric analysis. RESULTS: Structural change in all impacted brains was a mixture of focal injury around the wound track and more widely distributed damage in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brainstem, but varied considerably in severity between individual sheep. All nonventilated sheep died rapidly following respiratory arrest. CONCLUSIONS: After penetrating captive bolt stunning, damage to the central reticular formation, axonal connections, and the cortical mantle is the likely reason for failure of respiratory control and traumatic loss of consciousness.
Descriptors: brain injuries, sheep, captive bolt, stunning, euthanasia , gunshot wounds, trauma severity indices.

Gardner, D.L. (1999). Practical and humane methods for bovine euthanasia. Veterinary Medicine 94(1): 92-93. ISSN: 8750-7943.
Descriptors: cattle, euthanasia, animal welfare, practical, humane, methods.

Gardner, D.L. (1997). Practical and humane bovine euthanasia. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference(no. 30): 124-126. ISSN: 0743-0450.
NAL Call Number: SF961.A5
Descriptors: cattle, euthanasia, humane, practical.
Notes: Conference Information: Meeting held on Sept. 18-21, 1997, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Garry, F.B. and D.L. Gardner (1998). Methods for bovine euthanasia. In: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, January 10, 1998-January 14, 1998, Orlando, Florida, Vol. 12, p. 906-907.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: cattle, euthanasia methods, animal welfare, bovine, cattle.

Grandin, T. (1998). Handling of crippled and nonambulatory livestock. Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin 9(1-2): 1-2. ISSN: 1050-561X.
Online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v9n1/9n1grand.htm
Descriptors: cattle, swine, lameness, body condition, animal transport, euthanasia, slaughter, animal welfare.

Hellebrekers, L.J. and V. Baumans (2000). Gebruik schietmasker zonder het dier te laten verbloeden. [Use of captive bolt pistol without exsanguinating the animal.]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(19): 586. ISSN: 0040-7453.
Descriptors: abattoirs, slaughterhouses, ethics, euthanasia, pain, cattle, firearms, swine.
Language of Text: Dutch.

Herbert, W.J. (1996). Chemical euthanasia of horses. [Correspondence]. Veterinary Record 139(4): 100. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: horses, destruction of animals, magnesium, sulphates, euthanasia, horses.

Hodgkinson, O., J.M. Morris, and E.J.A. Macholc (2006). Euthanasia of exotic pigs. The Veterinary Record P.: 28. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: Veterinary-euthanasia, Potbellied-pig.

House, C.J. (2000). Euthanasia of horses. The Veterinary Record 147(3): 83. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: adjuvants, anesthesia, anesthetics, chloral hydrate, dibucaine administration, euthanasia, firearms, horses, secobarbital administration, cellulose administration, injections, intravenous.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2000 Jun 24;146(26):754-7.

Huxley, J. (2006). Assessment and management of the recumbent cow. In Practice 28(4): 176-184. ISSN: 0263-841X.
Descriptors: dairy cows, downer animals, medical history, disease diagnosis, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory agents, animal welfare, euthanasia.

Jones, R.S. and D.C. Knottenbelt (2001). Disagree with use of muscle relaxant before euthanasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218(12): 1884. ISSN: 0003-1488.
Descriptors: euthanasia, horses, neuromuscular depolarizing agents, succinylcholine, muscle relaxants.
Notes: Comment On: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 Mar 1;218(5):669-96.

Knottenbelt, D.C. (1999). Chemical destruction of horses. The Veterinary Record 145(2): 54-55. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: animal welfare, euthanasia, horses, barbiturates, dehydration, veterinary medicine.

Lenz, T.R. (2004). An overview of acceptable euthanasia procedures, carcass disposal options, and equine slaughter legislation. In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, December 4, 2004-December 8, 2004, Denver, Colorado, American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP): Lexington, Kentucky, USA, p. 191-195.
Online: http://www.aaep.org
Descriptors: equine slaughter legislation, carcass disposal, euthanasia methods, horses, equine.

Luy, J., E. Deegen, A. Grabner, and B.W. Hertsch (2006). Totung von Equiden. [Killing of equidae]. Pferdeheilkunde 22(6): 795-802. ISSN: 0177-7726.
Descriptors: animal welfare, euthanasia, law and legislation, horses, professional ethics.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English.

Maisch, A., M. Ritzmann, and K. Heinritzi (2005). Die tierschutzgerechte Euthanasie beim Schwein mit Pentobarbital. [The humane euthanasia of pigs with pentobarbital]. Tierarztliche Umschau 60(12): 679-683. ISSN: 0049-3864.
Descriptors: pigs, euthanasia, humane, pentobarbital, horses, small animals, stress free.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English.

Mantell, J.A.R. (1996). mBEVA [British Equine Veterinary Association] guidelines for the destruction of horses under an all risks mortality insurance policy. [Correspondence]. Veterinary Record 139(14): 352. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: destruction of animals, horses, livestock insurance, agricultural insurance, euthanasia.

Mantell, J.A.R. (1999). Chemical destruction of horses. Veterinary Record 145(1): 27. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: euthanasia of horses, detomidine, codeine, barbiturates, injectable anesthetics, case reports.

Mason, D.E. (1995). How I treat euthanasia in horses when the clients are present. North American Veterinary Conference 9: 431. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: destruction of animals, horses, euthanasia, veterinary profession.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting held on Jan. 14-18, 1995 in Orlando, Florida.

Maxwell, G.A. (2006). Euthanasia of exotic pigs. The Veterinary Record 159(2): 60. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: animal euthanasia, azaperone, carbon dioxide, hypnotics, sedatives, intramuscular injections, pentobarbital administration, swine.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2006 Jun 24;158(25):872.

Meyer, R.E. and W.E.M. Morrow (2005). Carbon dioxide for emergency on-farm euthanasia of swine. Journal of Swine Health and Production 13(4): 210-217. ISSN: 1537-209X.
Online: http://www.aasv.org/shap/issues/v13n4/v13n4p210.html
Descriptors: swine, euthanasia, carbon dioxide, biosecurity.

Meyer, R.E. and W.E.M. Morrow (2006). Physiology of euthanasia. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 6-8. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthetics, animal welfare, euthanasia, hypoxia, pain physiology, stunning.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Millar, G.I. and D.S. Mills (2000). Observations on the trajectory of the bullet in 15 horses euthanased by free bullet. Veterinary Record Journal of the British Veterinary Association 146(26): 754-757. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: horses, euthanasia, trajectories, brain, skull, gunfire and bomb damage.

Miller, N. (2006). Provisions for emergency slaughter of cattle. The Veterinary Record 158(13): 454. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: animal welfare, cattle, animal euthanasia, consumer product safety.

Morris, J.M. (2006). Euthanasia of exotic pigs. The Veterinary Record 159(1): 28. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: euthanasia, animal, firearms, swine, animal welfare.
Notes: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2006 Jun 24;158(25):872.

Morris, P.J. and B. Gonzales (2006). Swine. In: C.K. Baer (Editor), Guidelines for Euthanasia of Nondomestic Animals, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: Lawrence, USA, p. 87-88. ISBN: 0-689-70726-6.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, analgesics, antiinflammatory agents, euthanasia, feral pigs, wild pigs, pigs, Suidae, Tayassuidae.
Notes: Available from AAZV.

Morrow, W.E.M., R.E. Meyer, J. Roberts, and D. Lascelles (2006). Financial and welfare implications of immediately euthanizing compromised nursery pigs. Journal of Swine Health and Production 14(1): 25-34. ISSN: 1537-209X.
Descriptors: animal welfare, costs, economic analysis, euthanasia, pigs, compromised pigs.
Language of Text: Spanish.

Nau, J.Y. (2006). Le veterinaire et l'euthanasie par temps d' epizootie (2). [The veterinarian and euthanasia during times of animal epidemics (2)]. Revue Medicale Suisse 2(88): 2706. ISSN: 1660-9379.
Descriptors: domestic animals, cattle diseases, disease outbreaks, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, euthanasia, veterinarians, cattle, France, legislation.
Language of Text: French.

Reynolds, J. (2004). Euthanasia of livestock: Why, when and how. In: Large animal: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 18, January 17, 2004-January 21, 2004, Orlando, Florida, Eastern States Veterinary Association: Gainesville, Florida, USA, p. 60.
Descriptors: euthanasia methods, livestock, animal welfare.

Rollin, B.E. (2004). An ethicist's commentary on good versus natural death. Canadian Veterinary Journal 45(10): 806. ISSN: 0008-5286.
Descriptors: animal welfare, euthanasia, animal ethics, Canada, pentobarbital administration and dosage, swine.
Notes: Comment In: Can Vet J. 2005 Feb;46(2):105; author reply 106.

Shalev, M. (2001). Implementing revised guidelines on euthanasia and preventing farm animal disease transmission. Lab Animal 30(6): 16. ISSN: 0093-7355.
Descriptors: animal disease transmission, animal welfare legislation, euthanasia, domestic animals, guidelines, public policy, United States.

Shalev, M. (2004). USDA encourages humane slaughter of animals. Lab Animal 33(10): 14-15. ISSN: 0093-7355.
Descriptors: abattoirs, animal welfare, euthanasia, United States Department of Agriculture, cattle, sheep, swine.

Shearer, J.K. (2005). Euthanasia of cattle: Indications and practical considerations. In: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Large animal Volume 19, January 8, 2005-January 12, 2005, Orlando, Florida, Eastern States Veterinary Association: Gainesville, Florida, USA, p. 28-29.
Descriptors: cattle, euthanasia methods, indications, considerations.

Siegmann Ruland, G.S. and A. Schedel Stupperich (1999). Euthanasie bei Pferden: Einschlafern oder Bolzenschuss? [Euthanasia by injection or killing by captive bolt]. Tierarztliche Umschau 54(9): 504-508. ISSN: 0049-3864.
Descriptors: slaughter, animal welfare, legislation, euthanasia of animals, stunning, horses, animal care.
Language of Text: German, Summary in English.

Siegmann Ruland, G.S. and A. Schedel Stupperich (1999). Euthanasia by injection or killing by captive bolt. Tieraerztliche Umschau 54(9): 504-508. ISSN: 0049-3864.
Descriptors: euthanasia, method, injection, captive bolt, horse, quick, pain, stress.
Language of Text: German.

Simmons, A. (2006). Provisions for emergency slaughter of cattle. The Veterinary Record 158(15): 522. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: cattle diseases, euthanasia, cattle, veterinary emergencies, legislation, Scotland, veterinary medicine.
Notes: Comments: Comment On: Vet Rec. 2006 Apr 1;158(13):454.

Slater, S. (2007). Older cattle disposal scheme. The Veterinary Record 160(3): 451. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: cattle, veterinary emergencies, animal euthanasia methods, legislation, Great Britain, letter.

Thomsen, P.T., A.M. Kjeldsen, J.T. Sorensen, and H. Houe (2004). Mortality (including euthanasia) among Danish dairy cows (1990-2001). Preventive Veterinary Medicine 62(1): 19-33. ISSN: 0167-5877.
Descriptors: dairy cows, mortality, cattle diseases, risk assessment, dairy breeds, animal age, euthanasia, lactation, Netherlands, cause of death.

Tzika, E.D., A. Sbiraki, S.K. Kritas, C. Alexopoulos, and S.C. Kyriakis (2000). Indications and methods of the compulsory application of euthanasia in swine enterprises. Deltion Tes Ellenikes Kteniatrikes Etaireias (Bulletin of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society) 51(3): 188-194. ISSN: 0257-2354.
Descriptors: euthanasia, pig farming, pigs, methods.
Language of Text: Greek, Summary in English.

UK Humane Slaughter Association. (1999). Humane Killing of Livestock Using Firearms. 23 p.
Descriptors: guidance notes, humane killing, balistics, correct shooting positions, carcass disposal, euthanasia technique, diagrams.

UK Humane Slaughter Association. (1999). Farewell: Making the Right Decision [Destruction of Horses]. 14 p.
Descriptors: pamphlet, horse owners, methods of euthanasia, carcass disposal, horses.

van den Bogaard, A.E. and R. Hoenderken (2000). Alternatief voor verbloeden na het gebruik van een schietmasker. Een aanvulling op een advies: gebruik schietmasker zonder het dier te laten verbloeden. [Alternative way to use the captive bolt pistol. Additional advice: Use the captive bolt pistol without bleeding the animal to death]. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 125(23): 725-726. ISSN: 0040-7453.
Descriptors: abattoirs, euthanasia, hemorrhage, phlebotomy, captive bolt.
Language of Text: Dutch.

von Holleben, K. and M. von Wenzlawowicz (1999). Tierschutzgerechtes Toten von Tieren in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben. [Humane killing of animals in agricultural management]. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 106(4): 163-165. ISSN: 0341-6593.
Abstract: The special problem of handling weak, chronically ill, injured farm animals or those not sellable for slaughter is described. Farmers generally do not have sufficient knowledge in killing animals. They need external help or they must take specific training courses to get the necessary knowledge. Solutions how to improve animal welfare in this field are given.
Descriptors: animal diseases, animal husbandry, animal welfare, domestic animals, euthanasia, Germany.
Language of Text: German.

Von Maisch, A., M. Ritzmann, and K. Heinritzi (2005). We fierschutzgerechte euthannsie beim schwein mit pentobarbital. [The humane euthanasia of pigs with pentobarbital]. Tieraerztliche Umschau 60(12): 679-683. ISSN: 0049-3864.
Descriptors: swine, pigs, humane euthanasia, pentobarbital, horses, small animals, study, healthy, sick, saline solution.

Woodward, K.N. and A.K. Gray (1996). Chemical euthanasia of horses. The Veterinary Record 138(24): 600. ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: animal feed, barbiturates, euthanasia, food contamination, horses.