Aquaculture
[View/Download PDF]
Alestrom P, De la Fuente J (1999)
Genetically modified fish in aquaculture: Technical, environmental and
management considerations. Biotecnologia
Aplicada (
Descriptors: aquaculture, genetic engineering, health hazard,
animal welfare, ethics, environmental impact assessment, research, international
cooperation, nonhuman, review
Annonymous (1991) The
role of the veterinarian in fish farming and aquaculture. Veterinary Record (
NAL Call No. 41.8
V641
Descriptors: fisherie, standards, fishes, veterinary medicine, animal
welfare, consumer product safety, fish products
Baeverfjord G, Aasgaard T, Lein I,
Rye M (1999) Egg Incubation Temperature is a Critical Factor for
Farmed fish is marketed as high quality products and
as healthy foods. Producers are faced with increasing requirements for documentation
on sound farming practices, i.e. contents of fish feeds, drug use etc. The average
consumer may perhaps be satisfied to know that the fish itself is healthy and
normal at the time of slaughter. Deformities in farmed fish clearly represent
a problem in this context. If fish with deformities reach the market, consumers
may react adversely. A strategy in which deformed fish is produced and subsequently
rejected before marketing is hazardous as well as expensive, and can hardly
be sustained for a prolonged period of time. And, although individuals displaying
deformities may be regarded as a normal feature of any biological population,
sudden increases in number of deformed specimen clearly indicates suboptimal
conditions. Therefore, substantial efforts were made by the Norwegian industry,
as problems with deformed fish came to attention some years ago. During a period
of 4-5 years in the mid-nineties, a variety of malformations were observed in
farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. The observations
caused great concern, both as a cause of considerable economical loss to the
fish farmers and as an issue of ethical concern. In a project which was initiated
by Norwegian Research Council and supported by industry partners, possible causes
for malformations were screened.
Descriptors: embryonic development,
temperature effects, fish culture, abnormalities, Salmo salar
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Baeverfjord G (1998) Ethics and Animal Welfare in Intensive Aquaculture Production.
Descriptors: aquaculture development
Begout ML, Lagardere JP (1999) Effects
of Stocking Densities on Swimming Characteristics of Raibow Trout: Applying
Acoustic Telemetry to the Culture Environment.
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
The authors designed an experiment in order to evaluate
the effects of stocking densities on behavioural plasticity considered as potential
welfare indicator. The authors measured swimming activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) cultivated at three stocking densities : 25, 75 and 125 kg/m3.
Using acoustic telemetry in tanks, the authors measured swimming activity during
48 h for three fish reared at each density. Water renewal rate was proportionate
to fish density to ensure equal water quality and current speed was also similarly
regulated. Fish were fed at 1 % ratio through automatic feeders. Strong differences
in swimming activity appeared for activity patterns and amplitude. Fish reared
at 25 kg/ m3 showed identical patterns and were day active with a
maximum level of 117 m/h. One fish reared at medium density displayed a similar
pattern to the 25 kg/m3 fish, whereas the other two showed high pattern
variability and high swimming activity, up to 221 m/h. At the highest density,
the three fish showed similar even patterns with a maximum swimming amplitude
of 180 m/h. Other swimming Descriptors such as space use, swimming complexity
and instantaneous swimming speeds also differed in each density. From this first
experiment, we can infer that behavioural plasticity exists at medium density,
whereas swimming activity is constrained at the highest density. (DBO).
Descriptors: Stocking density,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, behaviour
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Bell A, Bron J, Turnbull JF, Adams CE, Huntingford
FA (2002) Factors influencing the welfare
of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in commercial marine cages. Research in Veterinary Science 72(Supplement A):7-8
NAL Call No. 41.8 R312
Descriptors: aquaculture, behavior, philosophy and ethics,
Salmo salar, Atlantic salmon, animal
welfare, behavior, commercial fish farm, marine cage, space utilization, stocking
density
Bell JG, McGhee F, Campbell PJ, Sargent
JR (2003) Rapeseed oil as an alternative to marine fish oil in diets of post-smolt
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): changes
in flesh fatty acid composition and effectiveness of subsequent fish oil “wash
out”. Aquaculture –
NAL Call No. SH1 A6
Descriptors: nutrition, fish
oil alternative, fish physiology, Salmo
salar, Atlantic salmon
Bernoth EM (1991) Intensivhaltung
von Susswasserfischen. [Intensive culture of fresh water fish.] Deutsche
Tierarztliche Wochenschrift (Germany). 98(8):312-316. (In German with English summary)
NAL
Call No. 41.8 D482
Recently, eel recirculation systems have provoked increasing
attention in intensive fish culture,
especially concerning animal welfare. “Aquaculture”, “Intensive Culture”, and
“Recirculation Systems” are often confused with each other. This study, first
of all, differentiates among these terms. The economic relevance of aquaculture
in the Federal Republic of Germany is demonstrated by figures. A tendency towards
intensive methods can only be seen in trout and eel culture. The problems of
recirculation systems are explained comprehensively. Particular emphasis is
laid on the conflict between theoretical suitability of intensive fish production
and the absence of commercially working systems. At present, intensive fish
culture does not pose a serious animal welfare problem in Germany. However,
it is necessary to define the biological requirements of fish concerning their
optimal accommodation in aquaculture facilities. According to the Law for the
Protection of Animals, these requirements have to be laid down in an ordinance.
Only then control is possible as to whether aquaculture systems fulfill fish welfare
demands.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, methods, animal welfare, legislation
and jurisprudence, fisheries, fishes, growth and development, Germany
Brandt TM, Graves KG, Berkhouse CS,
Simon TP, Whiteside BG (1993) Laboratory spawning and rearing of the endangered
fountain darter. Progressive Fish Culturist. 55(3):149-156
NAL Call No. 157.5 P94
Survival of the fountain darter (Etheostoma
fonticola), a U.S. federally listed endangered species, may depend on captive
propagation. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of temperature on
spawning and to develop methods for culture. The fountain darter spawned and
produced viable offspring in aquaria at 27, 24, 21, 18, 15, 12, 9, and 6°C.
The fish also spawned at 3 and 30°C but did not produce viable eggs. Daily egg
production of individual fish held at 27, 21, 15, and 9°C was variable. The
mean critical thermal maximum for the fountain darter was 34.8°C. Early life
stages, 4-14 mm long, were offered a variety of live protozoans, rotifers, and
microcrustaceans. Food selection varied with fish size and food size. Fountain
darters reached sexual maturity in about 180 d when maintained at 21°C. Three-year-old
darters produced viable offspring, and several lived longer than 4 years. Tricaine
methanesulfonate was an effective anesthetic at 60 mg/L but was fatal to subadults
at 100 mg/L.
Descriptors: rare species, fish culture, Etheostoma fonticola, water temperature,
spawning, food organisms, USA, Texas, San Marcos R., laboratory culture, aquaculture
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Broom DM (1998) Fish welfare and the public perception of
farmed fish. (Eds:) Nash CE, Julien V. Report
Aquavision ' 98 The second Nutreco Aquaculture Business Conference Stavanger
Forum, Norway, 13 15 May 1998 Addressing the challenges to maintain a sustainable
10 20% annual growth of the aquaculture industry. Stavanger Norway Nutreco
Aquaculture. pp. 89-91
A discussion is presented on fish welfare and the fish
farming industry. Recommendations for improving fish welfare are provided under
the following headings: 1) stocking density; 2) feeding methods; 3) stunning;
4) environmental quality enrichment; 5) disease and parasitism; and, 6) handling,
grading and transport. It is concluded that the fish farming industry has to
have a good image with the public in relation to animal welfare. The industry
is vulnerable at the moment, however with some relatively inexpensive changes,
the welfare of farmed fish can be good and this fact may be used in marketing.
Descriptors: fish culture,
fish diseases, husbandry diseases, environmental diseases, food fish, marketing
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Brown L
(1991) Farmed fish. Anderson, R.S.;
Edney, A.T.B. (eds.) Practical Animal
Handling. Pergamon Press plc, Oxford,
UK. p. 167-169
NAL Call No. SF61 P73 1991
Descriptors: fishes,
fish diseases, transport of animals, animal welfare, restraint of animals, fish
culture, animal diseases, animal health, animal husbandry, methods, aquaculture, transport
Chatain B, Corrao D (1992) A sorting
method for eliminating fish larvae without functional swimbladders. Aquaculture.107(1):81-88
NAL Call No. SH1 A6
The authors describe a simple sorting method for separating cultured fish larvae
with functional swimbladders from those without based on density differences.
The whole population was first anaesthetized with MS 222 and then the fish were
separated: fish with a functional swimbladder float and those without sink.
The efficiency of the separation method was tested at several anaesthetic doses
(0.02 to 0.1 g/l) with sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus auratus) larvae in the 6-34 mm (total length) range. The minimal
sorting size was 15 mm for sea bass with an optimal anaesthetic dose of 0.07
g MS 222/l. There were not enough data to draw conclusions for sea bream. The
method was satisfactory when applied in real conditions to a large (90,000)
population of sea bass fry with an efficiency ratio of over 80%.
Descriptors: fish larvae, aquaculture techniques, fish culture,
Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, swim bladder, separation
processes
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Cooke M (2001) Ethical
considerations for the production of farmed fish--the retailer's viewpoint. (Eds:)
NAL Call No. SH151 F37
2001
It may appear anomalous in a chapter about ethics in the context of fish quality,
but I am focusing here on trade. Ethics, even in this context, is not just a
synonym for animal welfare; it is the cornerstone of exchange. It can be argued
that the production and marketing of farmed fish is the subject of four ethical
domains: (1) Employment (2) Trading (3) Animal Husbandry, and (4) Environment.
Descriptors: fish culture, seafood , quality control, sociological aspects
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Costello MJ, Grant A, Davies IM,
Cecchini S, Papoutsoglou S, Quigley D, Saroglia M. (2001) The control of chemicals used in aquaculture in Europe. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 17(4):173-180
NAL Call No. QL614
Z44
A range of chemicals are used in European marine aquaculture
and these may be categorized as disinfectants, antifoulants and medicines (includes
vaccines). This article provides a review of chemicals used in aquaculture in
Europe, their regulatory status, and a checklist of points considered best practice
in the use (and avoidance of use) of medicines in marine aquaculture. The release
of antifoulants and disinfectants into the marine environment is controlled
by local and/or national waste discharge regulations that may in turn be guided
by wider environmental quality objectives. The authorization of veterinary medicines,
biologicals (vaccines) and pharmaceuticals (chemicals), in
Descriptors: marine aquaculture,
medicine, disinfectants, antifouling substances, waste disposal, legal aspects,
Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Dicentrarchus
labrax, Sparus aurata
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Dobosz S, Kuzminski H (1997) Full
cycle production of the Pomeranian Gulf whitefish. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii
/ Polish Archives of Hydrobiology. 44(1-2):287-292
NAL Call No. QL614 Z44
In the Inland Fisheries Institute, Salmonid Research Laboratory Rutki the successful
attempt of the Pomeranian Gulf whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) full cycle production
was performed. In November 1994 the 154 farmed whitefish females were spawned
and 16 liters of fertilized eggs obtained. Before spawning fish were immobilized
with “Propiscin“ anesthetic, which prevented post spawning broodfish mortality.
The hatching was delayed by the incubation in controlled (low) temperature,
to obtain alevins during favourable water temperatures. During the first 3 weeks
fry were fed with brine shrimps exclusively until obtaining 23.5 mg mean body
weight. During the next 4 weeks fish were fed with brine shrimps and trout starter
feed alternatively, until fry obtained individual weight 163 mg. During the
next 5 weeks fish were fed with trout feed exclusively until the weight 0.95
g. The survival from hatch being 72%. It was proved that the “trout” technology
is usefull in whitefish fingerlings and elder fish production.
Descriptors: fish culture, life cycle, induced breeding,
mortality, hatching, brood stocks, aquaculture techniques, developmental stages,
temperature preferences, Coregonus lavaretus,
Poland, Baltic whitefish
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Eknath AE, Dey MM, Rye M, Gjerde
B, Abella TA, Sevilleja R, Tayamen MM, Reyes RA, Bentsen HB (1998) Selective breeding of Nile tilapia from Asia.
Proceedings of the 6th World Congress
on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Armidale, Australia, January 11-16,
1998. Volume 27: Reproduction; Fish Breeding; Genetics and the Environment;
Genetics in Agricultural Systems; Disease Resistance; Animal Welfare; Computing
and Information Technology; Tree Breeding. World Congress on Genetics Applied
to Livestock Production. Armidale, Australia. 89-96
NAL Call No. SF105 W67 1998
A programme implemented by
Descriptors: body weight, genetic improvement, tropics, tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus, fishes
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Ellis T, North B, Scott AP, Bromage NR, Porter
M, Gadd D (2002) The relationships between
stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Journal
of Fish Biology. 61(3):493-531
NAL Call No. QL614 J68
There is increasing public, governmental
and commercial interest in the welfare of intensively farmed fish in
Descriptors: aggressive behaviour, animal behaviour,
animal welfare, fish culture, fish farms, overcrowding, stocking density, stress,
water quality, rainbow trout, Salmo,
aquatic
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Etscheidt J, Manz D (1992) Susswasseraquaristik und tierarztliche Praxis. Teil 2: Untersuchungen
zur artgerechten Haltung von Zierfischen. [Fresh water aquaria and veterinary
practice. 2. Studies of proper raising of ornamental fish.] Tierarztliche
Praxis (Germany). 20(2):221-226.
(In German with English summary)
NAL
Call No. SF603.V4
The environmental conditions in 103 fresh-water aquaria
were examined and the results compared to the standards as described in part
1 of this publication. The aim was to assess whether the care of aquarium fish
was adequate in regard to management and the legal requirements of animal welfare.
Disclosed faults are discussed and recommendations for their elimination and
avoidance are suggested.
Descriptors: animal welfare, fishes, physiology, fresh water, chemistry,
algae growth and development, animal fee, legislation and jurisprudence, Germany,
temperature, microbiology
Ewbank R, Kim-Madslien F, Hart CB
(1999) Management and Welfare of Farm Animals: UFAW Farm Handbook.
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare UK, 308 pp.
NAL Call No. SF61 M35 1999
At a time when the quality of management of farm livestock
is under threat from economic forces, this new edition is as relevant as ever
in pointing the way to optimum conditions. There are chapters on the care of
dairy cattle, beef cattle (and veal calves), sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, red
deer, laying hens, broiler chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail production, guineafowl
and fish farming. Students of agriculture and of veterinary medicine will benefit
from it. Previous editions appeared in 1971, 1978 and 1988.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal welfare, livestock, animal
production, poultry, nutrition, animal breeding, fishes, cattle, sheep, goats,
pigs, rabbits, red deer, aquatic animals
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Gregory NG (2000) Animal welfare
in the fish industry. Surveillance
(Wellington). 27(2):8-10
NAL Call No. SF604.63.N45S87
Descriptors: animal welfare, fisheries, aquaculture, stress, fishing,
fish farming, fishes, aquatic animals
Hussain MG (1998) Manipulation
of chromosomes in fish: Review of various techniques and their implications
in aquaculture.
Human ingenuity has made it possible to advent the chromosome manipulation techniques
to produce individuals with differing genomic status in a number of fish using
various causal agents such as physical shocks (temperature or hydrostatic pressure),
chemical (endomitotics) and anaesthetic treatments either to suppress the second
meiotic division shortly after fertilization of eggs or to prevent the first
mitotic division shortly prior to mitotic cleavage formation. This results in
the induction of polyploidy (triploidy and tetraploidy), gynogenesis (both meiotic
and mitotic leading to clonal lines) and androgenesis in fish population. The
rationale for the induction of such ploidy in fish has been its potential for
generating sterile individuals, rapidly inbred lines and masculinized fish,
which could be of benefit to fish farming and aquaculture. In this paper, these
are critically reviewed and the implication of recently developed chromosome
manipulation techniques to various fin fishes is discussed.
Descriptors: aquaculture techniques, fish culture, biotechnology,
reproduction, chromosomes, cell division, fish eggs, polyploids, gynogenesis,
androgenesis, clones, hybrid culture
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Hurnik JF, Lehman H (1988) Ethics and farm animal welfare. Journal of Agricultural Ethics. 1(4):305-318.
NAL Call No. BJ52.5 J68
Descriptors: Salmo
gairdneri, mucus, toxicity, water, pollution, acids, aluminium, zinc, animal
morphology, body fluids, bony, fishes, elements, heavy metals, metallic elements,
salmonoidei
Kolle P, Hoffmann R (1997) Qualzuchten bei Fischen [Excessive breeding
in ornamental fish]. Deutsche Tierarztliche
Wochenschrift. 104(2):74-75 (In German with English summary)
NAL Call No. 41.8
D482
Descriptors: breeding, fish, ornamental fishes, aquarium fishes,
animal welfare, goldfish, Carassius,
poeciliidae
Lines JA, Frost AR (1999) Review of opportunities for low stress and
selective control of fish. Aquacultural
Engineering. 20 (4):211-230.
NAL Call No. SH1.A66
Descriptors: fishes, animal
welfare, fish culture, fish farms, equipment, selection, sampling, senses, trauma,
diseases, inspection, evaluation, literature reviews
Lefrancois C, Mercier C, Claireaux
G (1999) Effect of Rearing Density on the Routine Metabolic Expenditure of Farmed
Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Copenhagen Denmark ICES. Council
Meeting of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Stockholm
(Sweden), 27 Sep-6 Oct 1999. 16
pp. Compact Disc.
For an intensive rearing system, increasing the fish
stocking density is one way to optimize productivity. However, a too high density
can become stressful for the fish and constrain its growth capacity. This negative
effect seems to partly mediate through fish behavioral changes (increase of
social interactions: aggression, chase, hampering,..) which induce supplementary
metabolic expenditure to the detriment of the fish growth. The objectives of
this study are (i) to examine the effects of rearing density on the rainbow
trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) routine
metabolic rate (RMR), (ii) to estimate the species metabolic scope, which represents
the energy available to ensure the animal activities (iii) to determine the
share of metabolic scope consumed by the density dependent RMR changes. Respirometry
experiments were conducted at three densities: 25, 65 and 100 kg/m3
with 11°C-acclimated and starved rainbow trout (261 ± 5 g). The only significant
effect of density was shown between 65 and 100 kg /m3 (100.76 ± 1.28
and 104.72 ± 1.29 mgO2/kg/h, respectively). No significant difference
was observed neither between 25 (102.83 ± 1.47 mgO2/kg/h) and 65,
nor between 25 and 100 kg/m3. Furthermore,
the metabolic scope of the rainbow trout was estimated to 285 mgO2/kg/h.
When analyzed with regard to fish metabolic capacities, the RMR corresponded
to less than 16% of the animal scope, and RMR variations to less than 1.4%.
In the range tested, the density does not affect the routine metabolism of rainbow
trout and is not harmful to the realization of the natural fish activities,
such as growth. However, if a density of 100 kg /m3seems to be applied
in routine conditions without increasing oxygen demand, similar studies need
to be conducted in different experimental stimulation, e.g. during feeding phase.
Descriptors: rearing, stocking
density, animal metabolism, biological stress, aggressive behaviour, Oncorhynchus mykiss
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Lymbery P (1992) Welfare of farmed
fish. Veterinary Record (England). 131(1):19-20.
NAL Call No. 41.8 V641
Descriptors: animal welfare, fisherie, standard, fishes, Great Britain
Maule AG, Schrock RM, Fitzpatrick
MS, Schreck CB (1994) Immune-endocrine interactions during final maturation
and senescence of spring chinook salmon. High Performance Fish: Proceedings
of an International Fish Physiology Symposium at the University of British Columbia
in Vancouver, Canada, July 16-21 1994. Fish Physiology Association, Vancouver, BC (Canada). pp. 170-171
NAL Call No. QL639.1
I58 1994
Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus
spp.) present a unique model for immune-endocrine interactions because the
processes of sexual maturation and senescence occur simultaneously. We examined:
(1) the ability of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) to generate specific antibody-producing
cells (APC) and (2) lysozyme activity in skin, nares, mouth, intestinal mucus,
and in serum from the primary and secondary circulation in adult spring chinook
salmon (O. tshawytscha). We also measured
concentrations of steroid hormones in primary and secondary circulation and
cortisol receptors in PBLs. Plasma concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol
were high (> 200 ng/ml) compared to that of unstressed juvenile salmon (Maule
et al. 1989); cortisol decreased (< 175 ng/ml) in fish held under constant
environmental conditions. However, these values may not reflect true resting
levels because of stress associated with collecting fish and the sublethal doses
of anesthetic used (Barton et al., 1986). APCs were low (less than or equal
to 250 APC per culture) in fish sampled during their migration, but increased
significantly (greater than or equal to 400 APC per culture) when fish were
held in constant environmental conditions. While the APC response was not sexually
dimorphic, concentrations of several sex steroids were correlated with APC in
females but not males. Lysozyme activity was significantly higher in mucus from
skin, nares and vent than in serum from primary or secondary circulation.
Descriptors: sexual maturation, biological aging, endocrinology,
sex hormones, immunity, spring, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
McLay HA, Youngson AF, Wright RS,
Johnstone R (1992) Effects of rearing density on sexual maturation and growth
in sea-cage reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 23(3):353-365.
Paired subgroups of fish were derived in January from each of two parent
sea-cages of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.
The proportion of fish which later became sexually mature in each parent group,
after one winter (as grilse) and under commercial rearing density, was determined.
Maturity rates in the subgroups, reared in sea-cages at low density, were significantly
greater than in the parent groups. Rearing at reduced density was associated
with increased growth in some, but not all, comparisons. Periodic anaesthesia,
handling and sampling of blood for steroid hormone determinations did not consistently
affect maturation rate or growth among fish in one of each pair of subgroups.
Sexual development was assessed by determining levels of the steroid hormones
11-oxotestosterone or 17 beta -oestradiol in samples of blood serum taken monthly
from individually marked fish in one of each pair of subgroups.
Descriptors: growth, population density, fish culture, sex
hormones, Salmo salar, density dependence,
sexual maturity
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Midtlyng
PJ, Bjerkas E, Waagbo R, Rodger H, Wall T, Palmer R, Breipohl W (1998) Cataracts in farmed fish---A multidisciplinary
initiative for scientific programme. Third
European Marine Science and Technology Conference MAST Conference, Lisbon, 23
27 May 1998: Project Synopses Vol 6: Fisheries and Aquaculture FAIR: 1994 98,
Selected Projects from the Research Programme for Agriculture and Fisheries
including Agro Industry, Food Technology, Forestry, Aquaculture and Rural Development
FAIR. Luxembourg Luxembourg European Commission DG
12 Science, Research and Development. 6:341-343
Cataracts (reversible or irreversible
lens opacities) is a production disorder of several species of fish. The aim
of this project is to disseminate knowledge on occurrence and causation of cataracts
in farmed fish, and to initiate further research to prevent and control the
disease. To achieve this goal, we propose to create a multidisciplinary network
of European scientists and aquaculture industrialists to overcome present restraints
in research. The project will thus contribute to secure the health and well
being of farined fish, and improve the cost effectiveness of European aquaculture.
The competitive advantage of European suppliers of materials or services to
the international aquaculture market will be increased. Successful control of
cataracts is considered even more important in order not to compromise consumer
perception of the aquaculture industry as such, particular regarding its ethical
standards of production and the quality of its products. These issues are of
major importance for the industry's further competitiveness in the international
food market. Bringing the aquaculture industry, fish pathologies and nutritionists
together with multidisciplinary working ophthalmologists, a new and unique scientific
collaboration for the benefit of future aquaculture production, fish welfare
and fish health research will be created, in itself a most valuable goal. These
main objectives have been detailed as follows:
The project will disseminate scientific knowledge and state of the art
in cataract research, and discuss current and planned work conducted in this
field. The project will facilitate exchange of study specimen and transfer of
research methodology between laboratories. The project will initiate epidemiological
studies and thus provide new scientific data on the occurrence and economy of
the disease. New research on the physiology of the fish eye and the pathogenesis
of lens cataracts will be stimulated. Financial support for explanatory studies
on the cataract problem will be sought.
Descriptors: animal physiology, aquaculture, fish culture,
pathology, eyes
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Olesen I, Bentsen HB (1999) Breeding programs for sustainable fish production.
Nordisk Jordbrugsforskning.
81(3):258-266
NAL Call No. 11
N752
The definition of breeding goals for sustainable fish
production are considered, with emphasis on ethical as well as economic values.
Compared with livestock, fish farming is at an early stage of domestication
and breeding, although rapid selection responses for growth rate have already
been established in several species. More basic knowledge is needed so that
welfare standards and normal behaviour of fish can be maintained during selection
programmes. The genetic requirements for a long-term selection programme are
discussed including continuous (re)introduction of genetic variability from
outside the breeding nucleus without adverse performance consequences.
Descriptors: fish production, aquaculture, breeding programmes, domestication,
ethics, fitness, genetic drift, genetic variation, growth rate, inbreeding,
natural selection, selection, selection responses, adverse effects, sustainability
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Pante MJR, Gjerde B, McMillan I (1998)
Inbreeding levels and inbreeding depression
in a farmed population of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Proceedings
of the 6th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Armidale,
Australia, January 11-16, 1998. Volume 27: Reproduction; Fish Breeding; Genetics
and the Environment; Genetics in Agricultural Systems; Disease Resistance; Animal
Welfare; Computing and Information Technology; Tree Breeding. World Congress
on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Armidale, Australia.
119-122
NAL Call No. SF105 W67 1998
Data on a population of rainbow trout that had been selected
(mainly for growth rate) for 6 generations were analysed. The level of inbreeding
in generations 2-6 averaged 2.9, 2.8, 8.5, 8.0 and 6.6% respectively; corresponding
values of the percentage of individuals with inbreeding greater than zero were
59.3, 49.8, 87.1, 82.8 and 81.4. The rate of increase in inbreeding over generations
was non-linear, the average being 1.3% per generation. Body weight at harvest
was depressed by 0.2% per 1% increase in inbreeding.
Descriptors: inbreeding depression, inbreeding, body weight, rainbow
trout, fishes, Salmo
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Peters G (1990) Tierschutzprobleme in der Massenhaelterung von Nutzfischen. [Problems concerning
animal protection laws in connection with mass culture of fishes.] Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift. 97(3):157-160.
NAL Call No. 41.8 D482
Descriptors: fishes,
animal husbandry methods, aquaria, animal welfare, large scale husbandry, animal
collections, animal health, animal husbandry methods, animals, aquatic animals,
aquatic organisms, collections, methods, vertebrates, zootechny
Pironet FN, Jones JB (2000) Treatments
for ectoparasites and diseases in captive Western Australian dhufish. Aquaculture
International. 8(4):349-361
NAL Call No. SH1.A627
The Western Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma
hebraicum), an open-water marine finfish, has been identified as a potential
species for aquaculture and a 4 y research project has concentrated on broodstock
collection and maintenance, spawning and larval rearing. This paper describes
treatments which were developed for the ectoparasites and diseases of broodstock
fish. These included bacterial and fungal infections, Cryptocaryon irritans, Haliotrema sp., an unidentified axinid
monogenean, the isopod Aega cyclops
and copepod Caligus sp. Treatments
based on betadine, formalin, freshwater, malachite green, oxytetracycline (terramycin),
2-phenoxyethanol, potassium permanganate and trichlorphon (neguvon) were all
tried. The most effective treatments against parasites were a freshwater bath
or a combined freshwater bath and anaesthesia with 2-phenoxyethanol. Monogeneans
on the gills were difficult to control and exophthalmia was an unresolved problem.
Descriptors: ectoparasites, parasite control, therapy, fish
diseases, pathogenic bacteria, aquaculture development, disease control, fungal
diseases, Haliotrema, Cryptocaryon irritans, Caligus, Aega, Glaucosoma hebraicum,
ISW, Australia, Western Australia
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Poppe TT, Barnes AC, Midtlyng PJ (2002) Welfare and ethics in fish farming. Bulletin
of the European Association of Fish Pathologists. 22 (2):148-151
Descriptors: animal health, animal welfare, fish farming, Atlantic
salmon, fishes, Salmo, aquatic animals
Roberts R (1979) The fish farming industry. The Welfare of the Food Animals. Proceedings
of a UFAW symposium held on 28th-29th September 1978. Universities Federation
for Animal Welfare, 8 Hamilton Close. South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK. p.64-66
NAL Call No. HV4704 U5
Descriptors: slaughter, carbon dioxide, animal welfare, fish farming,
fishes, trout, Salmonidae, Salmoniformes
Schnick
RA (1996) Cooperative Fish Therapeutic Funding Initiative: States in partnership
with federal agencies to ensure the future of public fish culture. Transactions
of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. pp.
553-557
NAL Call No. 412.9 N814
The impetus for the Cooperative Fish Therapeutic Funding Initiative was and
is the lack of properly approved drugs to reduce disease-related mortality and
improve production efficiency and product quality on public aquaculture facilities.
This crisis requires more cost-effective methods to gain approval of drugs for
use in public aquaculture. Public concerns about human food safety, human health
and environmental impacts have resulted in increasingly strict interpretation
and enforcement of regulations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Such actions have drastically curtailed the availability and use of drugs essential
to maintain fish health in hatcheries. Drug and chemical manufacturers are reluctant
to undertake any significant efforts to gain approval of aquaculture drugs because
the market potential for these products is below the potential sales target
for research investment (estimated to be $3.5 million for one fish species and
one disease). The approval of a drug by FDA can only be obtained with the development
of required safety and efficacy data that leads to a new animal drug application
(NADA) that is submitted to FDA for review and approval. The process to generate
all the data and have the NADA approved by FDA may take 5 to 10 years. Only
three therapeutants and one anesthetic are currently approved and available
to hatchery managers. It became apparent to a number of individuals, agencies
and organizations that a massive, coordinated and cooperative effort was needed
to resolve this crisis. This is the story of how various groups have joined
together to meet this awesome responsibility.
Descriptors: drugs, disease control, fish culture, government
policy, public health, product development, USA
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Schnick RA, Gingerich WH, Koltes
KH (1996) Federal-state aquaculture drug registration partnership: A success
story in the making. Fisheries. 21(5):4
NAL Call No. SH1.F54
During the past 20 years, aquaculture has grown both as a vital tool for fisheries
management and as a viable industry. But now a crisis has arisen from the Food
and Drug Administration's (FDA) increased regulation of drug use in aquaculture
in response to public concerns about human food safety, human health, and environmental
effects. Lack of approved drugs and chemicals has dramatically reduced the effectiveness
and increased the cost of fish production for natural resource management agencies.
To make badly needed therapeutants available, the FDA is requiring an array
of specialized laboratory research studies and clinical field trials. Pharmaceutical
manufacturers are reluctant to undertake any major efforts to gain approval
of aquaculture drugs because each (i.e., use on one species for one purpose)
is estimated to cost a minimum of $3.5 million. Hence, the expenditure is not
warranted by the apparent market potential. Only three therapeutants and one
anesthetic are currently approved and available to hatchery managers.
Descriptors: aquaculture products, aquatic drugs, pharmacology,
legislation, USA, disease control, aquaculture, pharmaceuticals
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Schwedler TE, Johnson SK (2000) Animal welfare issues. Responsible care and
health maintenance of fish in commercial aquaculture. Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin. 10(3/4):3-9
NAL Call No. aHV4701 A952
Descriptors: aquaculture, animal welfare, angling, fish
farming, stress, water quality, stocking density, fish diseases, disease prevention,
fishes
Sievers G, Lobos C, Inostroza R,
Ernst S (1996) The effect of the isopod parasite Ceratothoa gaudichaudii on the body weight of farmed Salmo salar in southern Chile. Aquaculture.
143 (1):1-6
NAL Call No. SH1 A6
A study of the isopod Ceratothoa gaudichaudii,
a parasite on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was carried out on Guar Island, Chile, between May 1993
and August 1994. A total of 671 salmon, with an initial body weight of 0.9 kg
to 1.1 kg, was selected; one third were naturally infected with one or two growing
parasites. The fish were kept in a separate cage and were examined individually,
under anaesthesia, five times during the study. On each occasion, the weight
and number of the parasites on each fish was recorded. There was an increase
in the prevalence of the parasitosis from 33.4% to 98.2%; concurrently, the
total number of parasites on salmon rose from 309 to 3987 with an increase of
infestation intensity from 1.4 to 6.1 parasites per fish. No adult females with
eggs or larvae were found. At the end of the study, salmon with less than three
parasites weighed 4428 ± 949 g; those with three to eight parasites weighed
4151 ± 983 g, and those with more than eight parasites weighed 3763 ± 1056 g.
A significant difference in weight (P<0.05) among the three groups was detected.
Descriptors: Ceratothoa
gaudichaudii, ectoparasites, body weight, Salmo salar, PSW, Chile, Los Lagos, Guar Island, fish culture, isopoda,
Chile, fish diseases
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Stankovic B (1998) Higijensko-sanitarni i zootehnicki standardi
u uzgoju morske ribe. [Hygienic and zootechnical standards in marine fish farming.]
Ed: Vinkovic B. The Proceedings of
the 3rd Scientific Symposium on DDD with International Participation. Let Healthy
Stay Healthy,
Descriptors: disinfection, hygiene, marine fishes, animal welfare,
Aquaculture
Stobo WT (1972) Effects of formalin
on the length and weight of yellow perch. Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society. 101(2):362-364
NAL Call No. 414.9 AM3
Data for fish growth studied often derive from formalin preserved specimens,
but little information is available on the effect of the preservation on spiny-rayed
fishes. The effect of 10% formalin on length and weight of yellow perch (Perca
flavescens) was checked during an 18.5 months period. 55 perch were left
in anaesthetic solution (0.8% ethylether) until death. Length and weight were
recorded prior to death, after 1 hour, then after 1 hour in formalin. Observations
were repeated on a geometric time scale for 1 week, weekly for 1 month, then
monthly for 7 months and finally 18.5 months after killing. Tabled results show
immediate shrinkage in small fish, largely complete in 24 hour but an initial
increase in large fish with subsequent shrinkage complete in 5 days. No length
corrections are thought necessary for preserved perch. In all perch weight showed
an initial rapid increase, which slowed for a short period, then a protracted
period of increase followed by a period of decrease (135 to 557 days).
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: formalin, yellow perch, spiny-rayed fishes,
anesthetic
Waldbieser GC (1996) Polymerase
chain reaction amplification of genetic loci from diseased channel catfish found
dead in ponds. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 8(2):155-158
NAL Call No. SH171.J68
As part of a selective breeding program for farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, we screened diseased
fish to identify genetic markers linked to disease resistance or susceptibility.
Because many diseased fish in ponds are not detected until after death, we investigated
the utility of DNA isolated from diseased channel catfish found dead in ponds.
Channel catfish (4-25 g) diagnosed with enteric septicemia of catfish or saprolegniasis
were sampled 24-48 h postmortem from infected ponds. Control fish were killed
by anesthetic overdose and sampled immediately. Total DNA isolated from liver,
muscle (with skin), and caudal fin was quantified and analyzed for degradation.
Yield of purified DNA, measured as micrograms of DNA per milligram of tissue,
was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in diseased fish than in controls. Two
sets of DNA primers were used to amplify a portion of the channel catfish growth
hormone gene and the mitochondrial D-loop region with the polymerase chain reaction.
Degradation of DNA in liver and the caudal fin of some diseased fish inhibited
successful amplification. Amplification of fragments up to 1,000 base pairs
long from genomic DNA of post-mortem channel catfish will be useful for identifying
molecular genetic markers linked to disease susceptibility.
Descriptors: selective breeding, disease resistance, Ictalurus
punctatus, DNA, polymerase chain reaction, genetic markers, septicemia, saprolegniasis,
growth hormone, USA, Mississippi
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Wall T, Southgate PJ (1992) Welfare of farmed fish. Veterinary Record (
NAL
Call No. 41.8 V641
Descriptors: animal welfare, fishes, animals, domestic, veterinary
medicine, aquaculture
Wedekind C, Muller R, Steffen A,
Eggler R (2001) A low-cost method of
rearing multiple batches of fish. Aquaculture.
192(1):31-37
NAL Call No. SH1
A6
Experimental studies based on inferential statistics
typically require the rearing of many batches of eggs or fish separately. If
this is done with conventional fish rearing methods, the need for laboratory
space and equipment are normally very high. This may prevent many researchers
from experimentally approaching problems in fish genetics or ecology, especially
if treatment differences are expected to be small. We have developed and successfully
tested a new procedure with Coregonus sp. fry. Eggs were hatched in Petri dishes kept at 6°C.
Yolk-sac fry were reared in a hanging bag system at 15°C with continuous water
exchange. We estimate that our new fry-rearing method reduces space needs, infrastructure
and material costs by a factor of 10 or more, while being comparable to previously
described methods with respect to animal welfare requirements and the experimenter's
working time.
Descriptors: aquaculture techniques,
hatching, rearing, survival, experimental research, economics, costs, test organisms,
fry
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Aspects of Animal Welfare and Aquaculture - A Compendium of Selected Literature by Richard D. Moccia and Kristopher P. Chandroo; Aquaculture Centre,
http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~aquacentre/aec/publications/welfare-bib.html
CVM Guide 1240.4200 CVM Guide 1240.4260 Drugs Approved for Use in Aquaculture Government Response to the Farm Animal Welfare Council's
Report on the Welfare of Farmed Fish In Too Deep:
The Welfare of Intensively Farmed Fish Pisces: Health and Welfare of Fish Report
on the Welfare of Farmed Fish ...
a variety of morphological, physiological and histopathological indicators
of fish UC Davis –Gateway to Information on Optimal
Care and Welfare of Fish Welfare of Farmed Fish
Low Regulatory Priority Aquaculture Drugs
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/PoliciesProceduresManual/UCM046931.pdf
Classification of Aquaculture Species as Food or Nonfood
http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Policy_Procedures/4260.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/cvm/4401.htm
DEFRA,
http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/farmed/othersps/fish/fawc-fish/fawcftoc.htm
A Report for Compassion in World Farming Trust
Philip Lymberly, 2001
http://www.eurocbc.org/itd10pg_In_too_deep_CIWFpdf.pdf
http://www.piscestt.com/pisces/hottopics/healthandwf0_en.asp
Farm Animal Welfare Council
http://www.fawc.org.uk/reports/fish/fishrtoc.htm
UK Department of the Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs
http://www.defra.gov.uk/science/Publications/Report%20of%20the%20Workshop%20on%20Farmed%20Fish%20Welfare.pdf
welfare status ... 3. Review of scientific literature on effects
on rainbow trout ...
http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/CCAB/fish.htm
Pain and Fish Welfare
http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/animalwelfare/Fish%20pain/welfare.htm#FARMED