Laboratory
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Bakken M, Vangen O, Rauw WM (1998)
Biological limits to selection and animal
welfare. Proceedings of the 6th World
Congress on Production, Armidale, Australia, January 11-16, 1998. Volume 27:
Reproduction; Fish Breeding; Genetics and the Environment; Genetics in Agricultural
Systems; Disease Resistance; Animal Welfare; Computing and Information Technology;
Tree Breeding. World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production.
Armidale, Australia. p.381-388
NAL Call No. SF105 W67 1998
This paper discusses the relationships between selection
of livestock for improved production, the biological limits to selection and
animal welfare. Consideration is given to (1) the definition of animal welfare,
(2) the application of resource allocation theory to study the relationships
between animal welfare and artificial selection, (3) experiments on selection
limits in laboratory animals, and (4) undesirable correlated responses resulting
from selection for performance in poultry and farm animals.
Descriptors: selection, animal welfare, livestock
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Blackshaw JK, Allan DJ, Martin AA,
Tyler MJ (1987) Principles of Laboratory Animal Management. 3rd ed.
N.S.W.,
NAL Call No. SF406.B5 1987
Descriptors: laboratory animals, animal welfare
Bourdon RM, Enns RM (1998) Physiological breeding values: rethinking
the way we express genetic values for improving production systems. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock
Production, Armidale, Australia, January 11-16, 1998. Volume 27: Reproduction;
Fish Breeding; Genetics and the Environment; Genetics in Agricultural Systems;
Disease Resistance; Animal Welfare; Computing and Information Technology; Tree
Breeding. World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Armidale,
Australia. 227-234
NAL Call No. SF105 W67 1998
This paper is concerned with the determination of breeding
objectives for different combinations of management systems and biotypes in
order to arrive at the optimal combination of management system and breeding
objectives. Bioeconomic simulation is suggested as a technique for evaluating
production systems. The genetic inputs to a bioeconomic simulation model should
satisfy 2 criteria: (1) they must indicate the underlying genetic potential,
i.e. genetic potential that is not compromised by the constraints commonly found
in field data; (2) they must measure traits that are logical inputs for mechanical
modelling. Physiological breeding values (PBV) are such inputs. PBV are similar
to conventional breeding values, except that the definition of genetic potential
is different. PBV are independent of population and environment but dependent
on the model used. The problems associated with estimating PBV from conventional
breeding values are discussed in relation to body weight and milk yield in cattle.
Descriptors: breeding value, production, systems, models, livestock,
fishes
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Casebolt DB, Speare DJ, Horney BS (1998) Care and use of fish as laboratory animals:
current state of knowledge. Laboratory Animal Science (
NAL Call No. 410.9 P94
Descriptors: animal welfare, animals, laboratory, fishes,
genetically modified, genetic engineering, veterinary
Chen TT, Lu JK, Dunham RA, Powers
DA (1994) Transgenic fish: Ideal models for basic research and biotechnological
application. 3rd International Marine Biotechnology Conference: Program,
Abstracts and List of Participants., Tromsoe University, Tromsoe (Norway), p. 70.
A wide range of transgenic animal species including fish have been produced
by microinjecting or electroporating transgenes into developing embryos. This
technology offers excellent opportunities for creating model animals for basic
research as well as biotechnological applications. In basic research, transgenic
animals provide excellent experimental models for studying molecular genetics
of early vertebrate development, actions of oncogenes, and the biological actions
of hormones at different stages of development. In applied biotechnology, transgenic
technology offers unique opportunities for producing animal models for research
in biomedical problems and environmental toxicology, improving the genetic background
of broodstock for animal husbandry or aquaculture, and designing bioreactors
for producing valuable proteins for pharmaceutical or industrial purposes. We
have been studying the biological actions of growth hormone and insulin-like
growth factor as well as concept of molecular toxicology, using transgenic common
carp, channel catfish and medaka as experimental animals. In this paper we will
use results from our own studies as well as these from others to demonstrate
the potential application of transgenic fish technology.
Descriptors: transgenic animals, Pisces, research programs,
biotechnology, models, genetics, genomes, aquaculture techniques
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
DeTolla LJ, Srinivas S, Whitaker
BR, Andrews C, Hecker B, Kane AS, Reimschuessel R (1995) Guidelines for the care and use of fish in research. ILAR Journal 37(4):159-173.
NAL Call No. QL55.A1I43
Descriptors: fishes, laboratory
animals, animal experiments, animal husbandry, animal welfare, medical research,
anesthesia, anesthetics, euthanasia, zoonoses, guidelines, regulations
Goolish EM, Evans R, Okutake K, Max
R (1998) Chamber volume requirements for reproduction of the zebrafish Danio rerio. Progressive Fish Culturist.
60(2):127-132
NAL Call No. 157.5 P94
The zebrafish or zebra danio Danio
(=Brachydanio) rerio has recently become a major vertebrate model for the study of
developmental biology, neurobiology, and molecular genetics. As a result, most
research universities have now invested considerable resources in the construction
of large zebrafish facilities. A key element in the design of these facilities
is maximizing the efficiency of available space. Here we report on the effects
of aquarium chamber volume on the reproduction of zebrafish, with the objective
of identifying the minimal volume required for normal egg production. Six adults
(two males and four females) were tested in chamber volumes of 500, 400, 300,
200, and 100 mL. Results were compared with those from a control volume of 3.5
L. Eggs were removed from the test chambers after spawning and incubated in
petri dishes at 28°C. Total egg production, percent of eggs hatching, and larval
length at 96 h postfertilization were used to evaluate breeding success. Compared
with the control, egg production was not significantly affected by reduced aquaria
volumes of 500, 400, and 300 mL. However, mean egg production from a test volume
of 200 mL was only 48% of the control egg production (P < 0.05), and at a
test volume of 100 mL, egg production was reduced to 26% of the control value
(P < 0.005). Percent egg hatch and 96-h larval length were not affected at
any test volume.
Descriptors: laboratory culture, test organisms, aquaculture
facilities, stocking density, Danio rerio,
Zebra danio
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Grunwald DJ, Eisen JS (2002) Headwaters
of the zebrafish - emergence of a new model vertebrate. Nature Reviews:
Genetics. 3(9):717-724
The understanding of vertebrate development has advanced considerably in recent
years, primarily due to the study of a few model organisms. The zebrafish, the
newest of these models, has risen to prominence because both genetic and experimental
embryological methods can be easily applied to this animal. The combination
of approaches has proven powerful, yielding insights into the formation and
function of individual tissues, organ systems and neural networks, and into
human disease mechanisms. Here, we provide a personal perspective on the history
of zebrafish research, from the assembly of the first genetic and embryological
tools through to sequencing of the genome.
Descriptors: reviews, animal models, embryogenesis, models,
genetics, embryology, research, historical account, Danio rerio, Zebra danio
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Ivetac I, Becanovic J, Krishnapillai
V (2000) Zebrafish: Genetic tools and genomics. Asia Pacific Journal
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. 8(1):1-11
The emergence of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
as a model organism with applications in vertebrate developmental genetics,
modeling and study of human genetic diseases, study of vertebrate genome evolution
and improved aquaculture of transgenic fish, has been accompanied by the development
of a vast array of zebrafish-specific genetic tools and genomic resources. Owing
to its amenability to both phenotypic analysis and mutational screening and
availability of a multitude of molecular genetic techniques, numerous zebrafish
mutations have been assayed, extensive genetic maps created and many genes cloned.
Comparative genomics using mammalian genomes is important to the provision of
candidate genes for positional cloning strategies and gaining further insights
into vertebrate genome evolution. With the likely sequencing of the entire zebrafish
genome in the foreseeable future and further identification and cloning of zebrafish
gene loci, the assignment of functions to uncharacterised human genes, known
only by sequence from the Human Genome Project, is likely to become a reality.
Descriptors: reviews, genetic mapping, genomics, test organisms,
genetics, laboratory culture, genomes, biological development, morphogenesis,
organogenesis, Danio rerio, Zebra
danio, genetic mapping
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Khudoley VV (1984) Use of aquarium
fish, Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata, as test species for
evaluation of nitrosamine carcinogenicity. Use of Small Fish Species
in Carcinogenicity Testing., Monograph Series.
National Cancer Institute.
65:65-70
The carcinogenic effects of various doses of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA),
diethylnitosamine (DENA), and mitrosomorpholine (NM), as well as the results
of varying temperature and length of exposure to these carcinogens, were studied
in short-term (20-21 wk) experiments in aquarium fish (820 Danio rerio and 944 Poecilia
reticulata). All nitroso compounds induced liver tumors and esophageal papillomas.
Exposure to NM also induced intestinal adenocarcinomas in D. rerio. When exposure time was shortened
to 2 weeks, the dosage was decreased, or if the temperature was reduced to 17°
± 1° C, the tumor incidence dropped and the latency increased. An increase in
temperature to 27° ± 1°C resulted in a 72-89% tumor incidence and shortened
the latency to 11.3-14.1 weeks.
Descriptors: test organisms, nitrosamines, carcinogenesis,
carcinogenicity testing, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine,
laboratory testing, carcinogenesis, Danio rerio, Poecilia reticulata, aquatic organisms
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Klontz, GW (1995) Care of fish in biological research. Journal of Animal Science. 73(11): 3485-3492.
NAL Call No. 49 J82
Fish live in a very complex, dynamic environment.
Their use as biological research subjects during the past three decades has
increased almost exponentially because of the demand for an increased knowledge
base in response to the need for better aquaculture technology. To use fish
as biological research subjects requires the investigator to take into account
approximately 40 interactive environmental variables, if the research data are
to be free of unwanted biases. These environmental factors are classified into
five major groups, all important to the well-being of fish. These five include
intrinsic factors (fish associated) and extrinsic factors (water, container,
nutrition, and management associated). The stress response is the primary intrinsic
factor of concern, and associated pathological changes should be used to monitor
animal well-being and prevent secondary infectious disease problems. The water-associated
factors are the primary extrinsic factors affecting the well-being of fish.
Thus, the investigator must design research protocols that maintain fish within
documented environmental limits for the species.
Descriptors: fishes,
fish culture, environmental control, water quality, animal welfare, fish feeding
Lin S, Yang S, Hopkins N (1994) LacZ
expression in germline transgenic zebrafish can be detected in living embryos.
Developmental Biology. 161(1):77-83
NAL Call No. 442.8 D49
Use of transgenic technology in zebrafish (Brachydanio
rerio) has been limited by the inability to efficiently express transgenes
in early embryos of F1 and subsequent generations and to rapidly detect transgenic
fish. We generated transgenic fish by injecting fertilized eggs with the Escherichia
coli lacZ gene under the control of the Xenopus
elongation factor 16a transcriptional regulatory element. Four of five lines
of transgenic fish we obtained express the lacZ gene in early embryos. The pattern
of expression was distinct for each line, with two lines showing extensive expression
beginning at approximately the midblastula transition, one showing patchy expression
and one showing expression almost exclusively in motor neurons. Expression patterns
were stable through the F2 generation in the three lines studied to date. The
availability of these lines facilitated the development of a reliable and rapid
method for live-staining lacZ-expressing embryos using the substrate fluorescein-di-
beta -D-galactopyranoside (FDG). Positive embryos of the two most highly lacZ-expressing
lines could be identified after 2-3 min of staining in FDG and then picked out
and raised. These observations should prove useful for a variety of studies
in zebrafish.
Descriptors: transgenic animals, Danio rerio, production, use, lacZ gene, germ cells, gene expression,
embryos, genes, experimental research, genetics, biotechnology, Brachydanio rerio, transgenic zebrafish
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
McHugh Law J (2001) Mechanistic considerations in small fish carcinogenicity
testing. ILAR Journal 42(4): Fish
Models in Biomedical Research.
NAL Call No. QL55
A1I43
URL: http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/42_4/mechanistic.shtml
Historically, small fish species have proven useful both
as environmental sentinels and as versatile test animals in toxicity and carcinogenicity
bioassays. They can be bred in large numbers, have low maintenance and bioassay
costs, and have a low background incidence of tumors. However, more mechanistic
information is needed to help validate the information garnered from these models
and to keep pace with other more fully developed animal models. This paper focuses
on mechanistic considerations when using small fish models for carcinogenicity
testing. Several small aquarium fish species have proven useful. The Japanese
medaka is perhaps the best characterized small fish model for carcinogenicity
testing; however, the zebrafish is emerging as an important model because it
is well characterized genetically. Both route and methodology of exposure may
affect the outcome of the study. Most studies have been conducted by introducing
the test compound into the ambient water, but dietary exposures and embryo microinjection
have also been used. Other considerations in study design include use of an
initiating carcinogen, such as diethlynitrosamine, and differences in xenobiotic
metabolism, such as the fact that fish CYP2B is refractory to Phenobarbital
induction. The small size of these models has perhaps limited some types of
mechanistic studies, such as formation and repair of DNA adducts in response
to carcinogen exposure. However, improved analytical methods are allowing greater
resolution and should be applied to small fish species. Slide-based methods
such as immunohistochemistry are an important adjunct to routine histopathology
and should be included in study design. However, there is a need for development
of more species-specific antibodies for fish research. There is also a need
for more fish-specific data on cytokines, serum biochemistry, and oncogenes
to strengthen the use of these important test models.
Descriptors: fish models,
human disease, biomedical research, carcinogenicity, cytochrome P450, diethylnitrosamine,
DNA adduct, hepatocarcinogenesis, medaka, small fish models, zebrafish
Note: Abstract
reprinted with permission from ILAR Journal, Institute for Laboratory Animal
Research, National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC
20001 (http://dels.nas.edu/ilar). To purchase copies of this article and the entire
issue in which it appears, email <ilarj@nas.edu>.
Midtlyng PJ (1997) Novel vaccines
and new vaccination strategies for fish. Bulletin of the European. Association
of Fish Pathologists. 17(6):239-244 ISSN: 0108-0288
Sixty years after the first attempts to vaccinate fish, immunoprophylaxis has
become the dominant strategy for disease control in commercial fish farming.
Successful immunisation programmes against bacterial diseases of salmon leave
little need for chemotherapy, thus providing pioneer evidence how the use of
antimicrobials in industrial animal production can be curbed. The population
of farmed fish now equals the numbers in other segments of world animal production,
and aquaculture is rapidly moving into the focus f the international agrochemical
and pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, fish immunology and fish vaccinology
from an academic discipline of pioneers to a commercially driven biotechnology
and biomedical science. The present paper attempts to summarise the scientific
contributions of the IABS symposium on Fish Vaccinology, which took place in
Oslo, Norway June 5-7 1996, and from which the proceedings volume containing
45 review articles recently have been published. Among the subjects covered
are recent achievements in research on fish immune mechanisms; development of
vaccines against bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of fish; issues relative
to the production, evaluation and licensing of fish vaccines; safety and environmental
issues; and recommended vaccination strategies for various aquacultured species
and productions.
Descriptors: vaccination, fish culture, disease control
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Midtlyng PJ (2001) Vaccination
of fish - achievements and challenges. NATO Science Series: Series A:
Life Sciences. Modern Aquaculture
in the Coastal Zone-Lessons and Opportunities. 314:197-211.
The first written scientific communications of fish vaccination are now more
than 60 years old, and immunoprophylaxis has become the dominant strategy for
disease control in commercial fish farming. Successful immunization programmes
against bacterial diseases of salmon have dramatically diminished the need for
chemotherapy, thus providing pioneer evidence how the use of antimicrobials
in industrial animal production can be reduced. The population of farmed fish
has now surpassed other segments of world animal production in numbers, and
aquaculture is rapidly moving into the focus of the international agrochemical
and pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, fish immunology and fish vaccinology
has evolved from an academic discipline of pioneers to a commercially driven
biotechnology and biomedical science. This paper presents an overview of immunoprophylaxis
in current fish farming, giving some examples of current opportunities and practices
of vaccination in European coastal aquaculture. Recent achievements in research
on fish immune mechanisms; in the development of vaccines against bacterial,
viral and parasitic diseases of fish; issues relative to the production, evaluation
and licensing of fish vaccines; safety and environmental issues; and recommended
vaccination strategies for various aquacultured species and productions are
being outlined.
Descriptors: vaccines, vaccination, fish diseases, disease
control, Pisces, salmonids
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Moorman SJ (2001) Development of sensory systems in zebrafish
(Danio rerio). ILAR Journal 42(4): Fish Models in Biomedical Research.
NAL Call No. QL55
A1I43
URL: http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/42_4/sensory.shtml
Zebrafish possess all of the classic sensory modalities:
taste, tactile, smell, balance, vision, and hearing. For each sensory system,
this article provides a brief overview of the system in the adult zebrafish
followed by a more detailed overview of the development of the system. By far
the majority of studies performed in each of the sensory systems of the zebrafish
have involved some aspect of molecular biology or genetics. Although molecular
biology and genetics are not major foci of the paper, brief discussions of some
of the mutant strains of zebrafish that have developmental defects in each specific
sensory system are included. The development of the sensory systems is only
a small sampling of the work being done using zebrafish and provides a mere
glimpse of the potential of this model for the study of vertebrate development,
physiology, and human disease.
Descriptors: fish models,
human disease, biomedical research, dorsal root ganglion, inner ear, lateral
line, olfactory system, vestibular system, visual system
Note: Abstract
reprinted with permission from ILAR Journal, Institute for Laboratory Animal
Research, National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC
20001 (http://dels.nas.edu/ilar). To purchase copies of this article and the entire
issue in which it appears, email <ilarj@nas.edu>.
Mottet NK, Landolt ML (1987) Advantages
of using aquatic animals for biomedical research on reproductive toxicology.
Environmental Health Perspectives.
71:69-75
NAL Call No. RA565 A1E54
Major advantages of the use of aquatic animals, such as trout (Salmo gairdneri), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), or sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), for studying
the mechanisms of reproductive toxicology are discussed. The remarkable synchrony
of differentiation of gametes in large quantities for detailed morphologic and
biochemical measurements enables research not readily done on mammalian nonseasonal
breeders. Structural differences such as the absence of a fibrous sheath in
the more simple structure of fish and sea urchin sperm flagella facilitates
comparative study of the mechanism of action of microtubules in flagella movement
and the coupling of mitochondrial energy production to microtubules movement.
Descriptors: toxicology, reproduction, animal models, aquatic
animals, toxicants, sexual reproduction, aquatic organisms, models, Salmo gairdneri, Parophrys vetulus, Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus, mechanisms
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Ostrander GK (2000) Laboratory Fish. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 678p
Descriptors: animals, laboratory; fishes; fish as laboratory animals.
Reimschuessel R (2001) A fish model of renal regeneration and development.
ILAR Journal 42(4): Fish Models in Biomedical Research.
NAL Call No. QL55
A1I43
URL: http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/42_4/fish_model.shtml
The fish kidney provides a unique model for investigating
renal injury, repair, and development. Like mammalian kidneys, fish kidneys
have the remarkable ability to repair injured nephrons, designated renal regeneration.
This response is marked by a recovery from acute renal failure by replacing
the injured cells with new epithelial cells, restoring tubule integrity. In
addition, fish have the ability to respond to renal injury by de novo nephron
neogenesis. This response occurs in multiple
fish species including goldfish, zebrafish, catfish, trout, tilapia, and the
aglomerular toadfish. New nephrons develop in the weeks after the initial injury.
This nephrogenic response can be induced in adult fish, providing a more abundant source of developing
renal tissue compared with fetal mammalian kidneys. Investigating the roles
played by different parts of the nephron during development and repair can be
facilitated using fish models with differing renal anatomy, such as aglomerular
fish. The fish nephron neogenesis model may also help to identify novel genes
involved in nephrogenesis, information that could eventually be used to develop
alternative renal replacement therapies.
Descriptors: fish models,
human disease, biomedical research, development, fish, kidney, model, nephron,
regeneration, repair
Note: Abstract
reprinted with permission from ILAR Journal, Institute for Laboratory Animal
Research, National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC
20001 (http://dels.nas.edu/ilar). To purchase copies of this article and the entire
issue in which it appears, email <ilarj@nas.edu>.
NAL Call No. 157.5 P94
Adult and immature summer flounder (Paralichthys
dentatus) captured in Narragansett Bay and Block Island Sound were transported
to the Northeast Fisheries Center, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, Rhode Island,
in 1970-71 and 1972. A photoperiod of 11 hr light 13 hr dark (11L:13D) was maintained
by time clocks for 3 seasons, and water temps in the observation aquarium were
allowed to fluctuate and coincide with bay temps during the seasons of 1970
and 1971. During the season of 1972, water temps in the observation aquarium
and smaller fiberglass holding tank were maintained at 18° ± 1°C. The size and
strength of the adult summer flounder necessitated the application of anaestesia
before administering hormone injections or spawning the fish. The anaesthetic
Tricaine Methane Sulfonate (MS-222) at a conc of 1:20,000 was used without any
harmful effects. Carp pituitary (freeze-dried powder) administered at the dosage
levels of 0.5 mg and 5.0 mg/454 g fish caused hydration and subsequent ovulation
at both dosage levels. The low fertilization percentages of eggs experienced
in the lab resulted from an insufficient number of running ripe males readily
available. It is hoped that in the future a major effort will be made to obtain
and maintain larger numbers of ripe males in the lab. The eggs obtained from
these hormonal induced spawnings appeared to be normal in all respects. They
had an average diam of 1.02 mm and contained 1 large oil globule which averaged
0.25 mm. Incubation was carried out at 2 temps 15° and 18°C. Hatching occurred
between 72 and 96 hr at a salinity of 32 ppt. Larvae obtained from hormone-induced
spawnings appeared to be normal in all respects and no abnormalities were noted.
Their survival percentage was greater at water temps of 15°C and when reared
in black-sided aquariums as opposed to clear-sided aquaruims. Survival was also
greater when a Chlorella sp like algae was introduced into their rearing aquariums
regardless of the colour background. Appropriate sixed zooplanktons, introduced
at the proper time and amounts, are extremely important in rearing summer flounder
larvae. It is hoped that in the future food density studies can be carried out
to determine optimum food levels necessary for survival for this sp. As far
as is known, these are the first successful hormone-induced spawnings reported
with summer flounder and the subsequent rearing of their larvae through metamorphosis
in the lab. The entire early life cycle of this flat fish can now be completed
under controlled lab conditions.
Descriptors: induced breeding, hormones, rearing, fish larvae,
Paralichthys dentatus
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Stoskopf
MK (2002) Biology and health of
laboratory fishes. Eds: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW. Laboratory
Animal Medicine (Ed 2) :886-907. Academic
Press London, UK
NAL Call No. SF996.5 L33
Descriptors: animal health, animal welfare, bacterial
diseases, biology, laboratory animals, fishes
Stoskopf M (2001) Introduction. ILAR Journal 42(4):
NAL Call No. QL55
A1I43
URL: http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/42_4/introduction.shtml
Descriptors: fish models,
human disease, biomedical research
Vogl C, Grillitsch B*, Wytek R, Spieser
OH, Scholz W (1999) Qualification of spontaneous undirected locomotor behavior
of fish for sublethal toxicity testing Part I. Variability of measurement parameters
under general test conditions. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
18(12):2736-2742
NAL Call No. QH545.A1E58
An automated, personal computer-based video-processing,
object-recognition, and object-tracing system was used to record and analyze
undirected spontaneous locomotor behavior of small groups of undisturbed semiadult
zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) in
laboratory tanks. The primary data provided by the monitoring system were the
individually assigned, time-stamped coordinates of the fish in two-dimensional
projection. Secondary parameters (position, velocity of movement in the horizontal
and the vertical direction, and temporal intraindividual and interindividual
association) were calculated. The computed parameters offered a multidimensional
description of spontaneous undirected swimming behavior of the fish and proved
to be largely independent of water temperature, length, weight, and sex ratio
of the zebra fish within the standardized range, but varied significantly with
the feeding regime, time of day, number of fish per tank, and batch. Statistical
characteristics of the behavioral parameters confirmed them as being appropriate
for parametric statistical analyses.
Descriptors: toxicity testing, behavior, aquatic organisms,
computer applications, laboratory methods, Pisces, statistical analysis, monitoring
systems, Brachydanio rerio, locomotor
activity, swimming behavior, toxicity tests, bioaccumulation, pollution surveys,
indicator species, swimming, sex ratio, toxicity, testing procedures, fish,
bioindicators, water temperature, Danio rerio, statistical analysis, Zebra danio
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Walter RB, Kazianis S (2001) Xiphophorus
interspecies hybrids as genetic models of induced neoplasia. ILAR
Journal 42(4): Fish Models in Biomedical Research.
NAL Call No. QL55
A1I43
URL: http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/42_4/Hybrids.shtml
Fishes of the genus Xiphophorus (platyfishes and swordtails) are small, internally fertilizing,
livebearing, and derived from freshwater habitats in
Descriptors: fish models,
human disease, biomedical research, CDKN2, melanoma, mnu, platyfish, swordtail,
UV, Xmrk
Note: Abstract
reprinted with permission from ILAR Journal, Institute for Laboratory Animal
Research, National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC
20001 (http://dels.nas.edu/ilar). To purchase copies of this article and the entire
issue in which it appears, email <ilarj@nas.edu>.
Westerfield, M. (2000). The
Zebrafish Book. A Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio).
4th ed., Univ. of Oregon Press, Eugene.
URL: http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/zfbk.html
Descriptors: zebrafish, Danio rerio, developmental genetics, animal
care, methodology, breeding, histology, homozygosity, pattern formation
Note: Hardcopies of the 4th edition of The Zebrafish
Book can be obtained for a nominal fee from the Zebrafish
International Resource Center, 5274
Winn RN (2001) Transgenic fish as models in environmental
toxicology. ILAR Journal 42(4):
NAL Call No. QL55
A1I43
URL: http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/42_4/Transg.shtml
Historically, fish have played significant roles in assessing
potential risks associated with exposure to chemical contamination in aquatic
environments. Considering the contributions of transgenic rodent models to biomedicine,
it is reasoned that the development of transgenic fish could enhance the role
of fish in environmental toxicology. Application of transgenic fish in environmental
studies remains at an early stage, but recent introduction of new models and
methods demonstrates progress. Rapid advances are most evident in the area of
in vivo mutagenesis using fish carrying transgenes that serve as recoverable
mutational targets. These models highlight many advantages afforded by fish
as models and illustrate important issues that apply broadly to transgenic fish
in environmental toxicology. Development of fish models carrying identical transgenes
to those found in rodents is beneficial and has revealed that numerous aspects
of in vivo mutagenesis are similar between the two classes of vertebrates. Researchers
have revealed that fish exhibit frequencies of spontaneous mutations similar
to rodents and respond to mutagen exposure consistent with known mutagenic mechanisms.
Results have demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo mutation analyses using
transgenic fish and have illustrated their potential value as a comparative
animal model. Challenges to development and application of transgenic fish relate
to the needs for improved efficiencies in transgenic technology and in aspects
of fish husbandry and use. By taking advantage of the valuable and unique attributes
of fish as test organisms, it is anticipated that transgenic fish will make
significant contributions to studies of environmentally induced diseases.
Descriptors: fish models,
human disease, biomedical research, Fundulus,
lambda, medaka, plasmid, transgenic
Note: Abstract
reprinted with permission from ILAR Journal, Institute for Laboratory Animal
Research, National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC
20001 (
http://dels.nas.edu/ilar). To purchase copies of this article and the entire
issue in which it appears, email <ilarj@nas.edu>.
Woolaston RR (1998) Breeding livestock for reduced reliance on
chemicals. Proceedings of the 6th
World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production,
NAL Call No. SF105 W67
1998
This paper begins with a brief discussion of why chemicals
are used in animal production and then considers the problems associated with
their use, including residues in animal products, resistance of bacteria and
parasites, environmental consequences and carcass damage. It is argued that
many traits targeted by chemicals are heritable and, therefore, breeding can
achieve similar ends, although it would be more practicable, in most cases,
to use both methods to achieve improvement in productivity. Disease is an example
of a trait where reliance on veterinary chemicals can be reduced by breeding
for resistance. The optimal emphasis that should be placed on disease resistance
in breeding programmes depends on a number of factors, some of which are difficult
to measure. Genetic correlations between productivity and disease resistance
appear to be unfavourable or neutral in a number of species.
Descriptors: breeding, disease resistance, livestock, diseases
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Aquaria Fish Models of Human Disease
http://www.xiphophorus.txstate.edu/
…
Ronald B. Walter* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
419
Centennial ...
Aquatic Animal Models of Human Disease Conference.
September 29-
http://pasteur.atcc.org/aqua/AbstractSubmission.cfm
http://zfin.org/zf_info/stckctr/dis_man/Fish_Diseases.html
Marine Biotechnology Volume 3 – Supplement
(2001) SPECIAL ISSUE: Aquaria Fish Models of Human Disease
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to=journal,8,26;linkingpublicationresults,1,1
How the Xiphophorus Problem Arrived in Cell Cultures and Retroviral Particles from a Tumor of
a Moray Eel Xiphophorus Genetic Linkage Map: Beginnings of Comparative
Gene Mapping in Fishes Four Resource Centers for Fishes: Specifies, Stocks,
and Services Cryopreservation in Aquarium Fishes Progression of Infection and Tumor Development in Damselfish Resolution of UV-Induced DNA Damage in Xiphophorus Fishes Use of the Japanese Pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) in Comparative
Genomics Bacteriophage 5 and Plasmid pUR288
Transgenic Fish Models for Detecting In Vivo Mutations Transformation-Associated Recombination (TAR) Cloning
of Tumor-Inducing Xmrk2 Gene from Xiphophorus maculates Production of Transgenic Live-Bearing Fish and Crustaceans
with Replication-Defective Pantropic Retroviral Vectors Application of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
to Fish Genetics and Genome Mapping Comparative Genomics of Medaka: The Major Histocompatibility
Complex (MHC) The Medaka as a Model for Studying Germ-Cell Mutagenesis
and Genomic Instability Retinoblastoma Gene Mutations in Chemically Induced Liver
Tumor Samples of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) Introduction: Aquaria Fish Models of Human Disease
Genetic Analysis of Neoplasia Induced by N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
in Xiphophorus Hybrid Fish A Proposed Classification Scheme for Xiphophorus Melanomas
Based on Histopathologic Analyses Lesser Known Aquarium Fish In Appreciation of Klaus D. Kallman Genetic Analysis of Susceptibility to Spontaneous and
UV-Induced Carcinogenesis in Xiphophorus Hybrid Fish Aquaria Fish Models Attendee Roster Genetic Relationship of Tumor-Associated Piscine Retroviruses Genomic Plasticity and Melanoma Formation in the Fish
Xiphophorus Dioxin Toxicology and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor:
Insights from Fish and Other Non-traditional Models Relative Base Excision Repair in Xiphophorus Fish Tissue
Extracts
Aquaria Fish Models of Human Disease: Reports and Recommendations
from the Working Groups Three Unique Experimental Fish Stories: Poecilia (the
Past), Xiphophorus (the Present), and Medaka (the Future) Reporter Gene Expression in Fish Following Cutaneous
Infection with Pantropic Retroviral Vectors Utility of Natural Populations for Microarray Analyses:
Isolation of Genes Necessary for Functional Genomic Studies Model Organisms: Fish Toxicological Pathology Atlas of Small Laboratory Fish UM MFBSC Marine Models Westerfield, M. (2000). The zebrafish book. A guide for the laboratory
use of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The Zebrafish Information Network Return to: Contents Last updated: October 25, 2011
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Part I - Normal Histology and Effects of Endocrine Disruptors in Zebrafish Danio rerio
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Marine
Models of Human Disease. ... Importantly,
fish and invertebrates represent
a vast
phylogenetic diversity that far exceeds that of mammals. ...
4th ed.,
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Hardcopies of the 4th edition of The Zebrafish Book can be obtained for a nominal
fee from the
Zebrafish
International Resource Center, 5274 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
USA;
fax: 541-346-6151.
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