Acevedo Gutierrez, A. (2002). Interactions between marine predators: dolphin food intake is related to number of sharks. Marine Ecology Progress Series 240: 267-271. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Descriptors: pisces, mammalian predators, Tursiops truncatus, piscean predators, Carcharhinus falciformis, feeding competition between predators, east Pacific, Cocos Island, feeding competition between mammalian and piscean predators.
Acevedo Gutierrez, A. and S.C. Stienessen (2004). Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) increase number of whistles when feeding. Aquatic Mammals 30(3): 357-362. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, echolocation, sound production rate, relationships, feeding behavior, cooperative behavior, North Pacific, Costa Rica, Isla del Coco, recruitment to feeding events, sound production rate relationships.
Akamatsu, T., Y. Hatakeyama, and K. Ishii (1991). Process of harbor porpoise's entanglement in the gill net. Technical Report of National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering. Fishing Gear and Methods (5): 25-36. ISSN: 0289-5153.
Abstract: In the Bering sea and Northern Pacific Ocean, Dall's porpoises Phocoenoides dalli get entangled in gill nets. To reduce the number of entangled porpoises, we researched the mechanism of porpoise's entanglements. We used Harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the coastal area of Hokkaido, Japan. Harbor porpoises are of the same family as Dall's porpoises. We observed the porpoise's behavior in the net enclosure in which we set the gill net, the float line, as well as the rope. The results may be summarized as follows: Harbor porpoises can recognize the gill net at daytime, if they are aware of it. At night, porpoises can also recognize the gill net, if they have already know the existence of it. Porpoises can easier recognize a line than a netting. The fin of porpoises get entangled in the gill net. When they obliquely thrust into the gill net, they get entangled in it. The food causes reduction of porpoises' cautiousness. The source level of porpoise's clicks is in the range 125 to 150dB.
Descriptors: Phocoena, gillnets, experimentation, behavior, animal resources, equipment, fishing gear, fishing nets, natural resources.
Akamatsu, T., Y. Hatakeyama, and N. Takatsu (1993). Effects of pulse sounds on escape behavior of false killer whales. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 59(8): 1297-1303. ISSN: 0021-5392.
Descriptors: dolphins, noise, behavior, accident prevention, equipment, sound, Cetacea, mammals, pollutants, radiations, safety.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Akamatsu, T., D. Wang, K. Wang, Z. Wei, Q. Zhao, and Y. Naito (2002). Diving behaviour of freshwater finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in an oxbow of the Yangtze River, China. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59(2): 438-443. ISSN: 1054-3139.
Descriptors: behavior, freshwater ecology, bottom time, dive depth, diving behavior, horizontal travel distance, swimming speed, finless porpoise, Yangtze River, China.
Amano, M. and N. Miyazaki (2004). Composition of a school of Risso's dolphins, Grampus griseus. Marine Mammal Science 20(1): 152-160. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Grampus griseus, schooling, population structure, north Pacific, Japan, Honshu, Wakayama, school composition.
Amano, M. and M. Yoshioka (2003). Sperm whale diving behavior monitored using a suction-cup-attached TDR tag. Marine Ecology Progress Series 258: 291-295. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, activity recording, telemetry techniques, foraging, aquatic diving, north Pacific, Japan, Kumano coast, diving behavior monitoring using suction cup attached tdr tag.
Amano, M., M. Yoshioka, and K. Mori (2003). Study on diving behavior of sperm whales using suction cup attached TDR tag: an overview. Otsuchi Marine Science 28: 1-5. ISSN: 1344-8420.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, behavioral techniques, west Pacific, Japan and Ogasawara Islands, diving behavior analysis using suction cap attached time depth recorder tag, overview.
Anderson, J.R. (1995). Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 239-43. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, animal communication, discrimination learning, orientation, social behavior.
Baird, R.W. and P.J. Stacey (1988). Foraging and feeding behavior of transient killer whales. Whalewatcher 22(1): 11-15. ISSN: 0273-4419.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, foraging, transients comparison with residents, British Columbia, north Pacific, foraging behavior of transients, comparison with residents.
Baird, R.W. and P.J. Stacey (1987). Foraging behavior of transient killer whales. Cetus 7(1): 33. ISSN: 0736-542X.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, foraging, coordinating behavior within transient pods, British Columbia, north Pacific, foraging behavior within transient pods.
Baird, R.W., J.F. Borsani, M.B. Hanson, and P.L. Tyack (2002). Diving and night-time behavior of long-finned pilot whales in the Ligurian Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 237: 301-305. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Descriptors: behavior, dive depths, diving, foraging, night time behavior, social behaviors, pilot whales, Ligurian Sea, deep dives, radio tags, foraging.
Baird, R.W. and L.M. Dill (1995). Occurrence and behaviour of transient killer whales: seasonal and pod-specific variability, foraging behaviour, and prey handling. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73(7): 1300-1311. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Abstract: We studied the occurrence and behaviour of so-called transient killer whales (Orcinus orca) around southern Vancouver Island from 1986 to 1993. Occurrence and behaviour varied seasonally and among pods; some pods foraged almost entirely in open water and were recorded in the study area throughout the year, while others spent much of their time foraging around pinniped haulouts and other nearshore sites, and used the study area primarily during the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) weaning-postweaning period. Overall use of the area was greatest during that period, and energy intake at that time was significantly greater than at other times of the year, probably because of the high encounter rates and ease of capture of harbour seal pups. Multipod groups of transients were frequently observed, as has been reported for "residents", but associations were biased towards those between pods that exhibited similar foraging tactics. Despite the occurrence of transients and residents within several kilometres of each other on nine occasions, mixed groups were never observed and transients appeared to avoid residents. Combined with previous studies on behavioural, ecological, and morphological differences, such avoidance behaviour supports the supposition that these populations are reproductively isolated.
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, genetics, nutrition, population genetics, population studies, reproductive system, reproduction, avoidance behavior, reproductive isolation.
Barber, D.G., E. Saczuk, and P.R. Richard (2001). Examination of beluga-habitat relationships through the use of telemetry and a geographic information system. Arctic 54(3): 305-316. ISSN: 0004-0843.
Descriptors: marine ecology, kolmogorov smirnoff statistical test, beluga whale, geographic information system, field techniques, bathymetry, climate change, habitat, spatial relationship, temporal relationship, telemetry.
Barrett, L.L.G., T.G. Smith, and G.M. Ellis (1996). A cetacean biopsy system using lightweight pneumatic darts, and its effect on the behavior of killer whales. Marine Mammal Science 12(1): 14-27. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Lightweight untethered pneumatic darts were used to biopsy killer whales, Orcinus orca, for genetic and toxicological analysis. Samples of epidermal, dermal, and hypodermal tissue weighing approximately 0.5 g were obtained by 65% of the 91 darts fired during the study. Sufficient DNA for multiple analyses was extracted from the biopsies, which were also used for fatty acid and toxic contaminant analyses. Reactions such as momentary shakes or accelerations were observed after 81% of the dart hits and 53% of the misses. Aversion to the research vessel was assessed by reapproaching target whales after the sampling attempts. In 6% of the hits and 8% of the misses aversion to the research boat increased immediately following the attempt. No similar increases in aversion were seen when killer whales were reapproached one day to one year after being hit. The darts were also tested successfully on humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae. In view of the simplicity of the system, its effectiveness in acquiring multipurpose samples, and the apparently short-term disturbance it caused, it is recommended for future cetacean biopsy studies.
Descriptors: behavior, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, equipment, apparatus, devices and instrumentation, genetics, methods and techniques, population genetics, population studies, systematics and taxonomy, toxicology, DNA, field apparatus, field method, population genetics, toxicology.
Barros, N.B., T.A. Jefferson, and E.C.M. Parsons (2004). Feeding habits of indo-pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) stranded in Hong Kong. Aquatic Mammals 30(1): 179-188. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Dietary information derived from the examination of stomach contents of 29 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) stranded in Hong Kong waters is presented in this study. Humpback dolphins in this area have a diet comprised nearly exclusively of fish. Prey spectrum from the 15 dolphins with contents includes a minimum of 24 species of fish, and one species of cephalopod. The croaker (Johnius sp.) was the most frequent and numerically most important prey, followed by the lionhead (Collichthys lucida) and anchovies (Thryssa spp.). The fish families Sciaenidae, Engraulidae, Trichiuridae, and Clupeidae accounted for over 93% of all prey consumed. Most of these prey are common in murky, brackish waters of estuaries and often occur in large shoals. There is some dietary overlap with finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides); the two species share some 13 fish species, but only anchovies figure among the top five prey for both species. In addition, finless porpoises rely more heavily on cephalopods (squids, cuttlefishes, and octopus) and may venture into deeper, clearer waters during foraging, whereas humpback dolphins seem to exploit demersal and shoaling fish of productive estuaries. The stocks of some fish species important in the diet of humpback dolphins may have been subjected to heavy exploitation by the fisheries in Hong Kong waters. Behavioral observations of dolphins feeding in association with pair trawlers suggest a somewhat different prey preference for some dolphins from the results of this study.
Descriptors: behavior, estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, estuaries, feeding behavior, feeding ecology, fish stocks, fisheries exploitation, prey preference, prey spectrum, trawler association feeding.
Bauer, G.B. and C.M. Johnson (1994). Trained motor imitation by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Perceptual and Motor Skills 79(3 Pt. 1): 1307-15. ISSN: 0031-5125.
Abstract: Each of two bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, was trained to mimic a set of behaviors on command. They were tested on transfer of the mimic command to a set of familiar behaviors which they had not previously been commended to mimic. They were similarly tested on two novel behaviors. One dolphin demonstrated complete mimicry of 5 of 11 familiar behaviors; the other dolphin mimicked 1 of 9 behaviors. None of the mimicked behaviors was exhibited to an inappropriate model, suggesting that performance was not due to chance. Neither dolphin imitated the novel behaviors.
Descriptors: dolphins psychology, imitative behavior, motor skills, mental recall, transfer psychology.
Baumgartner, M.F. and B.R. Mate (2003). Summertime foraging ecology of North Atlantic right whales. Marine Ecology Progress Series 264: 123-135. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Descriptors: Eubalaena glacialis, food availability, feeding rate, foraging, aquatic diving, ecology, salinity, temperature, north Atlantic, Canada, lower Bay of Fundy and southwestern Scotian Shelf, summer foraging ecology and influences.
Beasley, I. and T.A. Jefferson (2002). Surface and dive times of finless porpoises in Hong Kong's coastal waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 10: 125-129.
Descriptors: behavior, finless porpoise, ecology, helicopter survey, land based survey, line transect method, coastal waters, dive times, surfacing behavior, trackline detection probability, Hong Kong.
Belikov, R.A. and V.M. Bel'kovich (2003). Underwater vocalization of the beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in a reproductive gathering during different behavioral situations. Okeanologiya 43(1): 118-126. ISSN: 0030-1574.
Descriptors: communication, disturbance, reproductive gathering, sexual behavior, social interactions, swimming, underwater acoustical communication, underwater vocalization, vocalization rate, beluga whales.
Benoit, B.K.J. (2004). Prey caloric value and predator energy needs: foraging predictions for wild spinner dolphins. Marine Biology (Berlin) 145(3): 435-444. ISSN: 0025-3162.
NAL Call Number: QH91.A1M35
Abstract: Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) feed on individual small (2-10 cm long) prey that undergo diel vertical migrations, presumably making them inaccessible to dolphins during the day. To examine how time, prey behavior, prey distribution, and energy needs constrain dolphin foraging, a calorimeter was used to measure the caloric content of prey items. These data were combined with information on prey distribution in the field and the energetic needs of dolphins to construct basic bioenergetic models predicting the total prey consumption and mean feeding rates of wild dolphins as well as potential prey preferences. The mean caloric density of mesopelagic animals from Hawaii was high (2,837 cal/g wet weight for shrimps, squids, and myctophid fishes). Their total caloric content, however, was low because of their small size. Energy value of prey and energetic needs of spinner dolphins were used to examine the effect of time and energy constraints on dolphin foraging. The results predict that spinner dolphins need to consume an estimated minimum of 1.25 large prey items per minute to meet their maintenance energy needs. If the additional energy costs of foraging are considered, the estimated necessary foraging rate is predicted to increase only slightly when large prey are consumed. If smaller prey are consumed, the total energy demand may be twice the basic maintenance value. Prey density and size are predicted to be important in determining if dolphins can forage successfully, meeting their energetic needs. The prey size predictions compare well with results from previous gut content studies and from stomach contents of a recently stranded spinner dolphin that had enough prey in its stomach to meet its estimated basic maintenance energy needs for a day. Finally, the results suggest that spinner dolphins are time and therefore efficiency limited rather than being limited by the total amount of available prey. This may explain the diel migration exhibited by spinner dolphins that allows them to follow the movements of their prey and presumably maximizes their foraging time.
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, bioenergetic model, mathematical and computer techniques, foraging prediction, prey caloric value, predator energy needs.
Benoit Bird, K.J., B. Wuersig, and C.J. McFadden (2004). Dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) foraging in two different habitats: active acoustic detection of dolphins and their prey. Marine Mammal Science 20(2): 215-231. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Active-acoustic surveys were used to determine the distribution of dusky dolphins and potential prey in two different New Zealand locations. During seven survey days off Kaikoura Canyon, dusky dolphins were found within the Deep-Scattering Layer (DSL) at 2000 when it rose to within 125 m of the surface. As the DSL rose to 30 m at 0100, the observed depth of dolphins decreased, presumably as the dolphins followed the vertical migration of their prey. acoustically identified subgroups of coordinated animals ranged from one to five dolphins. Time, depth of layer, and layer variance contributed significantly to predicting foraging dusky dolphin subgroup size. In the much shallower and more enclosed Admiralty Bay, dolphins noted at the surface as foraging were always detected with the sonar, but were never observed in coordinated subgroups during the brief (two-day) study there. In Admiralty Bay dolphin abundance was correlated with mean volume scattering from potential prey in the water column; and when volume scattering, an index of prey density, was low, dolphins were rarely present. Ecological differences between the deep waters of Kaikoura Canyon and the shallow nearshore waters of Admiralty Bay may result in differences in how, when, and in what social groupings dusky dolphins forage.
Descriptors: Lagenorhynchus obscurus, foraging, deep and shallow waters, social behavior, ecology, South Pacific, New Zealand, Admiralty Bay and Kaikoura Canyon, foraging strategy, active acoustic analysis.
Benyus, J.M. and J.C. Barberis (1992). Beastly Behaviors: a Zoo Lover's Companion: What Makes Whales Whistle, Cranes Dance, Pandas Turn Somersaults, and Crocodiles Roar: a Watcher's Guide to How Animals Act and Why, Addison-Wesley: Reading, Massachusetts, 366 p. ISBN: 02-015-70084.
NAL Call Number: QL751.B368 1992
Descriptors: behavior, zoo animals, useful animals, wildlife watching.
Bhaagat, H.B. (1999). Introduction, distribution, conservation and behavioral ecology of Indus blind dolphin (Platanista indi) in River Indus (Dolphin reserve), Sindh-Pakistan. Tigerpaper 26(1): 11-16. ISSN: 1014-2789.
NAL Call Number: QL84.5.A1T53
Descriptors: dolphins, geographical distribution, nature conservation, behavior, ecology, nature reserves, biogeography, Cetacea, mammals, resource conservation, resource management.
Bisther, A. and D. Vongraven (1993). Presence of "baby-sitting" males among Norwegian killer whales (Orcinus orca): alloparenting behaviour as an indicator of social complexity. European Research on Cetaceans 7: 24-25. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, parental care, alloparenting by males indication of social complexity, social organization, social complexity indication from male alloparenting, Norway, Arctic Ocean, male alloparenting indication of social complexity.
Bjorge, A. (2003). The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Atlantic: variability in habitat use, trophic ecology and contaminant exposure. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 223-228. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: Harbour porpoises inhabit coastal waters, in habitats that are characterized by high diversity and complexity in terms of their bathymetry, substrate, fish communities and point sources of contaminants. The complexity in these habitats influences both the habitat use and feeding ecology of porpoises. Congregations of porpoises feeding primarily on one species are observed in some areas and seasons, while wide movements and diets composed of several species are observed in other areas. Due to these observations, this paper suggests that caution is needed when extrapolating knowledge from one area to another with regard to porpoise habitat use, exposure to contaminants, and interactions with fisheries. Management plans should be site specific and based on local knowledge incorporating porpoise population structure, habitat use, and multiple environmental factors in order to ensure appropriate conservation of this abundant but still vulnerable small cetacean species.
Descriptors: Phocoena, conservation measures, pollutants, diet, feeding behavior, trophic ecology, habitat utilization, chemical pollution, north atlantic, habitat use, trophic ecology and contaminant exposure, conservation implications, review.
Blomqvist, C. and M. Amundin (2003). High-frequency burst-pulse sounds in agonistic/aggressive interactions in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. In: J.A. Thomas, C.F. Moss and M. Vater (Editors), Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins, University of Chicago Press: Chicago & London, p. 425-431. ISBN: 0226795993.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C5E28 2004
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, echolocation, agonistic behavior, acoustic signals, high frequency burst pulse sounds characterization during agonistic interactions.
Bloom, P.R.S., A.D. Goodson, M. Klinowska, and C.R. Sturtivant (1995). The activities of a wild, solitary bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 21(1): 19-42. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The movements and activities of a wild, solitary bottlenose dolphin with a small home range have been studied through six 24 hour watches, conducted between June 1989 and January 1992. Possible relationships with environmental factors were investigated. The opportunity was also taken to compare these results with patterns indicated by reports from informal watches. Foraging activity accounted for more than half the dolphin's time budget. The proportion of foraging noted during daylight hours alone differed significantly from records for entire 24 hour periods. Tidal rhythms appeared to be the major influence on the dolphin's position, showing a strong preference for the harbour mouth during ebb tide, where he was generally found foraging. The dolphin spent a considerable part of his time associating with boats and swimmers (averaging 34% during daylight), which was termed,recreational' activity. However, the number of recreational opportunities accepted by the dolphin varied considerably from watch to watch (27% to 83%), and had no apparent pattern. This suggests that the animal was able to prevent visitors from dictating his entire pattern of behaviour. Data from informal watches indicated a higher incidence of recreational activity, lower resting, and lower foraging than from the formal watches. These results were to be expected, since the informal data was often gathered by people involved in recreation activity with the dolphin. Acoustic monitoring of foraging greatly aided determination of this activity at night, and throughout the entire watch provided a more accurate method of detecting hunting events than purely visual observation. A regular patrol pattern and steady echolocation were common features during foraging, whereas travel from one area to another within the dolphin's home range was observed with no discernible echolocation activity. Resting behaviour was also acoustically monitored and proved to be essentially silent.
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, systematics and taxonomy, acoustic monitoring, behavior.
Boily, P. (1995). Theoretical heat flux in water and habitat selection of phocid seals and beluga whales during the annual molt. Journal of Theoretical Biology 172(3): 235-244. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Abstract: The heat flux of marine mammals in water during the annual molt is estimated with theoretical calculations. The model is applied to typical small (the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina) and large (the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina) phocid seal and to the only cetacean known to molt annually, the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). The results suggest that phocid seals could tolerate the heat flux associated with molting in water, but at a high energetic cost and only in relatively warm water temperatures, which are unlikely to be encountered. This agrees with the view that phocid seals must become terrestrial during the molt to satisfy the thermal requirements of their epidermis. The results also suggest that belugas would be able to molt in water, and would be thermoneutral while molting in water temperatures of 5 degree C or higher. Movement into warm water estuaries during the molt would, however, allow them either to save energy or to molt more rapidly than if they stayed in colder open waters. While there is apparently some thermal benefit associated with fresh water compared to salt water, this would occur only under conditions that are unlikely to be encountered by belugas in the wild.
Descriptors: estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, physiology, epidermis, thermoregulation.
Boran, J.R., P.G.H. Evans and M.J. Rosen (2001). Behavioural ecology of cetaceans. In: P.G.H. Evans and J.A. Raga (Editors), Marine Mammals: Biology and Conservation, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York, p. 197-242. ISBN: 0306465736.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M354 2001
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, behavior, ecology.
Bouetel, V. (2005). Phylogenetic implications of skull structure and feeding behavior in balaenopterids (Cetacea, Mysticeti). Journal of Mammalogy 86(1): 139-146. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Abstract: Balaenopteridae actively feed by engulfment. They swim rapidly at their prey (40-50 km/h), with their mouth open and their lower jaw pulled wide open at a 90[degree] angle. Their mouth and ventral pouch engulf up to 60 m3 of water, then the mouth closes and food is swallowed after the expulsion of water through the baleen. These highly specialized feeding mechanisms are associated with a developed ascending process of the maxilla and a hooklike and outwardly bent coronoid process of the dentary. These features participate in the strengthening of the architecture of the skull and jaw. Although all fossil baleen mysticetes bear a developed coronoid process, only 6 taxa (Piscobalaena nana. Cetotherium rathkei, Herpetocetus sendaicus, Metopocetus durinasus, Mixocetus elysius, and Nannocetus eremus) have a posteromedially expanded ascending process of the maxilla. Feeding strategies and mechanisms of each extant family of baleen whales are compared and correlated with the associated skull and dentary features. This correlation suggests a preliminary phylogeny of the mysticetes and a new definition of the Cetotheriidae sensu stricto (Piscobalaena nana, Cetotherium rathkei, Herpetocetus sendaicus, Metopocetus durinasus, Mixocetus elysius, and Nannocetus eremus).
Descriptors: balaenopteridae, skull, skull structure, feeding behavior, phylogeny, relationships among higher taxa inferred from skull structure and feeding behavior.
Brown, M.R., P.J. Corkeron, P.T. Hale, K.W. Schultz, and M.M. Bryden (1994). Behavioral responses of east Australian humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae to biopsy sampling. Marine Mammal Science 10(4): 391-400. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: The response of migrating humpback whales to biopsy sampling was investigated off North Stradbroke Island, South East Queensland. Whales were allocated a behavioral category prior to biopsy sampling according to the general behavior of their pod. Behavioral reactions were recorded after each attempt. Sex was determined using a molecular genetic technique. Detectable reactions occurred in 41.6% of successful biopsy attempts, a significantly lower response rate than that reported by two studies carried out on the feeding and breeding grounds of the North Atlantic. There was no difference in the response rate of whales on their northward or southward migration. Pod size was not an important factor in predicting the response of an individual. Females responded to biopsy sampling at a significantly higher rate than males. Our results indicate that a substantial difference in response rate can occur between studies. Factors such as the type of boat used and the prior exposure of whales to human impact may be of importance. Our study suggests that female humpback whales may be particularly responsive to human disturbances. Overall, however, biopsy sampling has minimal impact on humpback whales.
Descriptors: behavior, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, ecology, environmental sciences, genetics, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, population genetics, population studies, gender differences, migration, molecular genetics, sex determination.
Browne, D. (2004). Do dolphins know their own minds? Biology and Philosophy 19(4): 633-653. ISSN: 0169-3867.
Abstract: Knowledge of one's own states of mind is one of the varieties of self-knowledge. Do any nonhuman animals have the capacity for this variety of self-knowledge? The question is open to empirical inquiry, which is most often conducted with primate subjects. Research with a bottlenose dolphin gives some evidence for the capacity in a nonprimate taxon. I describe the research and evaluate the metacognitive interpretation of the dolphin's behaviour. The research exhibits some of the difficulties attached to the task of eliciting behaviour that both attracts a higher-order interpretation while also resisting deflationary, lower-order interpretations. Lloyd Morgan's Canon, which prohibits inflationary interpretations of animal behaviour, has influenced many animal psychologists. There is one defensible version of the Canon, the version that warns specifically against unnecessary intentional ascent. The Canon on this interpretation seems at first to tell against a metacognitive interpretation of the data collected in the dolphin study. However, the model of metacognition that is in play in the dolphin studies is a functional model, one that does not implicate intentional ascents I explore some interpretations of the dolphin's behaviour as metacognitive, in this sense. While this species of metacognitive interpretation breaks the connection with the more familiar theory of mind research using animal subjects, the interpretation also points in an interesting way towards issues concerning consciousness in dolphins.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, philosophy and ethics, behavior, self knowledge, states of mind, discussion.
Buckstaff, K.C. (2004). Effects of watercraft noise on the acoustic behavior of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 20(4): 709-725. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Watercraft may provide the greatest source of arithropogenic noise for bottlenose dolphins living in coastal waters. A resident community of about 140 individuals near Sarasota, Florida, are exposed to a vessel passing within 100 m approximately every six minutes during daylight hours. I investigated the circumstances under which watercraft traffic may impact the acoustic behavior of this community, specifically looking for short-term changes in whistle frequency range, duration, and rate of production. To analyze whistles and received watercraft noise levels, acoustic recordings were made using two hydrophones towed from an observation vessel during focal animal follows of 14 individual dolphins. The duration and frequency range of signature whistles did not change significantly relative to vessel approaches. However, dolphins whistled significantly more often at the onset of approaches compared to during and after vessel approaches. Whistle rate was also significantly greater at the onset of a vessel approach than when no vessels were present. Increased whistle repetition as watercraft approach may simply reflect heightened arousal, an increased motivation for animals to come closer together, with whistles functioning to promote reunions. It may also be an effective way to compensate for signal masking, maintaining communication in a noisy environment.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, disturbance by man, acoustic signals, whistles, physical pollution, effect on acoustic behavior, sound, watercraft noise, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, Sarasota Bay, watercraft noise effect on acoustic behavior.
Calambokidis, J., Francis, J., Marshall, G., Croll, D., McDonald, M., & Williams, T. (2002). Underwater Behavior of Blue Whales Using a Suction-Cup Attached CRITTERCAM. Final Technical Report. Cascadia Research, Olympia:
Descriptors: Balaenoptera musculus, foraging, underwater behavior, diving, depth records, north Pacific, Mexico, USA, California, underwater foraging behavior and dive depths.
Notes: Report to Office of Naval Research under Grant Number: N00014-00-1-0942.
Carter, N. (1982). Effects of psycho-physiological stress on captive dolphins. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 3(3): 193-198. ISSN: 0195-7554.
Descriptors: dolphins, stress, handling, animal welfare, effects, captivity.
Chilvers, B.L. and P.J. Corkeron (2001). Trawling and bottlenose dolphins' social structure. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 268(1479): 1901-5. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Human activities can affect the behaviour of mammals through the modification of habitats, changes in predation pressure or alterations in food distribution and availability. We analysed the association and ranging patterns of 242 individually identified bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in eastern Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, and distinguished two separate communities of dolphins. Unlike bottlenose dolphins elsewhere, the communities' core areas overlapped substantially. There was a correlation between the dolphins' responses to fishing activities and community membership-members of one community feed in association with trawlers and members of the other do not. Apart from feeding mode, the communities differed in habitat preference and group sizes. Inadvertent anthropogenic impacts on animals' societies are likely to be far more widespread than just this study and can increase conservation challenges. In this instance, managers need to consider the two communities' differing habitat requirements and their behavioural traditions in conservation planning.
Descriptors: behavior, animal, dolphins, social isolation, feeding behavior.
Chilvers, B.L., P.J. Corkeron, and M.L. Puotinen (2003). Influence of trawling on the behaviour and spatial distribution of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Moreton Bay, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(12): 1947-1955. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: Tursiops aduncus, fishing and fisheries, trawling, effects on behavior and spatial distribution, foraging, social behavior, segregation of sympatric communities, habitat utilization, south Pacific, Australia, Queensland, Moreton Bay, behavior and spatial distribution, trawling effects, sympatric communities.
Ciaramitaro, S., M. Azzali, S. Catacchio, M. Jones, R. Simoni, and A. Ruggeri (2000). The evolution of the acoustic and social behaviour in an artificial community of dolphins. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 81-85. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, acoustic signals, social behavior, evolution in artificial community.
Clapham, P.J., E. Leimkuhler, B.K. Gray, and D.K. Mattila (1995). Do humpback whales exhibit lateralized behaviour? Animal Behaviour 50(1): 73-82. ISSN: 0003-3472.
NAL Call Number: 410 B77
Abstract: Lateralized behaviour has been documented in non-human species, although many observers believe that it occurs at the individual rather than the population level. Its occurrence in humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in Massachusetts Bay was investigated by examining active behaviour types in which preference could be given to one direction or side. These included head breaching (direction of spin), flippering (right or left) and tail breaching (direction of movement). In addition, persistent abrasions on the right or left jaw resulting from turns to one side during bottom feeding were noted. Of 75 individuals with jaw abrasions, 60 (80%) showed abrasions on only the right jaw, while 15 (20%) had abrasions on only the left. No whales had abrasions on both jaws. Location of abrasions was consistent in all resighted individuals for up to 12 years. Two of the three active behaviour types were not strongly lateralized: directional bias was seen in only five of 21 bouts (23.8%) of breaching, and in three of 11 bouts (27.3%) of tail breaching. However, 22 of 34 bouts (64-7%) of flippering showed a bias towards one direction (generally the right). Furthermore, direction of bias in all behaviour types was individually consistent between bouts and was strongly correlated with abrasions on the corresponding jaw (P=0.0032). The sex ratio of individuals with jaw abrasions, and of those showing directional bias in active behaviour, did not differ significantly from that of the overall population. Overall, these data suggest that humpback whales exhibit some behavioural asymmetries, at least one of which is at the population level. This result suggests asymmetry of function in motor or somatosensory representations, although too little is known about the brain of this species to permit definitive conclusions.
Descriptors: behavior, dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, ecology, environmental sciences, estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, nutrition, bottom feeding, directional bias, flippering, head breaching, jaw abrasion, lateralized behavior, Massachusetts Bay, tail breaching.
Clark, S.T. and D.K. Odell (1999). Nursing parameters in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca). Zoo Biology 18(5): 373-384. ISSN: 0733-3188.
Online: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0733-3188/
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: whales, lactating females, suckling, lactation stage, feeding frequency, sex differences, lactation number.
Coakes, A.K. and H. Whitehead (2004). Social structure and mating system of sperm whales off northern Chile. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82(8): 1360-1369. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Abstract: We studied the social structure and mating system of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus L., 1758) off northern Chile over 10 months in 2000, photographically identifying 898 individuals. The mean size of encountered groups of females with immatures was about 23 animals, while the estimated mean size of units (sets of females and immatures with permanent relationships) was 11 animals. About 4% of the population consisted of large mature males, although this varied seasonally. Groups of females and immatures, as well as large males, spent only a matter of days within the study area at a time. There was no evidence for preferred ranges for the males, for males consistently accompanying particular groups, or for males forming coalitions. Males roved between the groups of females and immatures. Both mature males and females or immatures appeared to take the initiative in maintaining or breaking close associations. These results are similar to those from studies off the Galapagos Islands, even though the habitat, nonsocial behaviour, and relative abundance of mature males were quite different in the two areas.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, reproductive behavior, social behavior, population density, north Pacific and south Pacific, north Pacific, Galapagos Islands, south Pacific, Chile and Galapagos Islands, population densities, reproductive and social behavior.
Connor, R.C., M.R. Heithaus, and L.M. Barre (2001). Complex social structure, alliance stability and mating access in a bottlenose dolphin 'super-alliance'. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 268(1464): 263-7. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Large brain size in mammals has been related to the number and complexity of social relationships, particularly social alliances within groups. The largest within-group male alliance known outside of humans is found in a social network (> 400) of Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay Western Australia. Members of this dolphin 'super-alliance' cooperate against other alliances over access to females. Males within the super-alliance form temporary trios and occasionally pairs in order to consort with individual females. The frequent switching of alliance partners suggests that social relationships among males within the super-alliance might be relatively simple and based on an equivalence rule', thereby allowing dolphins to form large alliances without taxing their 'social intelligence'. The equivalence model predicts that the 14 males in the super-alliance should not exhibit differences in alliance stability or partner preferences. However, data from 100 consortships do not support the equivalence hypothesis. The 14 males exhibited striking differences in alliance stability and partner preferences suggesting that the super-alliance has a complex internal structure. Further, within the super-alliance, alliance stability correlates with consortship rate, suggesting that differentiated relationships within the super-alliance are based on competition for access to females.
Descriptors: cooperative behavior, dolphins physiology, sexual behavior physiology, social behavior, brain anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, hierarchy, social.
Connor, R.C. (2001). Bottlenose dolphins: social relationships in a big-brained aquatic mammal. In: L.A. Dugatkin (Editor), Model Systems in Behavioral Ecology: Integrating Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Approaches, Princeton University Press: Princeton & Oxford, p. 408-432. ISBN: 0691006520.
Descriptors: Tursiops aduncus, social behavior, behavioral ecology model system, autobiographical essay.
Connor, R.C. (2000). Group living in whales and dolphins. In: J. Mann, R.C. Connor, P.L. Tyack and H. Whitehead (Editors), Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales, Chicago University Press: Chicago & London, p. 199-218. ISBN: 0226503410.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4C39 2000
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, social behavior, group living, review.
Connor, R.C. and M. Kruetzen (2003). Levels and patterns in dolphin alliance formation. In: F.B.M. de Waal and P.L. Tyack (Editors), Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, Harvard University Press: Cambridge & London, p. 115-120. ISBN: 0674009290.
Descriptors: Tursiops aduncus, social behavior, alliance formation, overview.
Connor, R.C. and D.M. Peterson (1994). The Lives of Whales and Dolphins, 1st edition, Holt: New York, 233 p. ISBN: 0805019502.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4C595 1994
Descriptors: Cetacea behavior, whales, dolphins, lives.
Connor, R.C., A.J. Read and R. Wrangham (2000). Male reproductive strategies and social bonds. In: J. Mann, R.C. Connor, P.L. Tyack and H. Whitehead (Editors), Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales, Chicago University Press: Chicago & London, p. 247-269. ISBN: 0226503410.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4C39 2000
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, reproduction, male strategies, social behavior, male social bonds, review.
Constantine, R., D.H. Brunton, and T. Dennis (2004). Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. Biological Conservation 117(3): 299-307. ISSN: 0006-3207.
NAL Call Number: S900.B5
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, leisure and sport, dolphin watching tour boats, effect on behavior, behavior, south Pacific, New Zealand, Bay of Islands, dolphin watching tour boats effect on behavior.
Corkeron, P.J. (1995). Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hervey Bay, Queensland: behaviour and responses to whale-watching vessels. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73(7): 1290-1299. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Abstract: The effects of the presence of vessels on the behaviour of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) was studied in Hervey Bay, Queensland, where southward-migrating whales are the focus of a commercial whale-watching industry. The behaviour of whales was observed from a small yacht under sail. Rates of occurrence of units of behaviour for entire pods were obtained from continuous sampling of pods. Pods without calves showed lower rates of behaviour generally when vessels were within 300 m of them. Pods both with and without calves were more likely to dive rather than slip under when vessels were within 300 m. Hybrid multidimensional scaling of rates of behaviours of pods indicated differences between suites of behaviours exhibited by pods when vessels were within 300 m of them and when they were not. Classification of the patterns of occurrence of behaviours demonstrated that for pods both with and without calves, different units of behaviour tended to occur together when vessels were within 300 m and when they were not. Whale watching offers a nonlethal commercial use of whales, but in Hervey Bay, whale watching affects the behaviour of whales, which, although migrating, can be involved in breeding ground activities. Whether the short-term behavioural changes described here are accompanied by longer term avoidance of Hervey Bay by humpback whales as they migrate south remains to be determined.
Descriptors: reproductive system, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, wildlife management, conservation, breeding, migration.
Croll, D.A., C.W. Clark, J. Calambokidis, W.T. Ellison, and B.R. Tershy (2001). Effect of anthropogenic low-frequency noise on the foraging ecology of balaenoptera whales. Animal Conservation 4(1): 13-27. ISSN: 1367-9430.
NAL Call Number: QH75.A1A54
Descriptors: Balaenoptera, low frequency noise, diving behavior, foraging ecology, spatial scale, vocal behavior, whale encounter rate, effect.
Czech, N. and D.M. Jedlicka (2002). Harmful effects on whales and dolphins by ultra low frequency waves. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 95 (Suppl.): 89. ISSN: 0019-2252.
Descriptors: pollution assessment, control, management, radiation biology, beaching, naval ships, submarines, ultra low frequency sound waves, ulf sound waves, harmful effects, whales, dolphins, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: 94th Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Academy of Science, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA, 2002.
Dawson, S.M. and D. Lusseau (2005). Pseudoreplication problems in studies of dolphin and porpoise reactions to pingers. Marine Mammal Science 21(1): 175-176. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Odontoceti, mathematical techniques, statistical analysis, reactions to pingers on gill nets, pseudoreplication problems, avoidance behavior.
De Master, D.P. and J.K. Drevenak (1988). Survivorship patterns in three species of captive cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 4(4): 297-311. ISSN: 0824-0469.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinapterus leucas, survival in captivity.
Deecke, V.B., J.K.B. Ford, and P.J.B. Slater (2005). The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales: communicating with costly calls. Animal Behaviour 69(2): 395-405. ISSN: 0003-3472.
NAL Call Number: 410 B77
Abstract: The cost of vocal behaviour is usually expressed in energetic terms; however, many animals may pay additional costs when predators or potential prey eavesdrop on their vocal communication. The northeastern Pacific is home to two distinct ecotypes of killer whales, Orcinus orca, called residents and transients. Resident killer whales feed on fish, a prey with poor hearing abilities, whereas transient killer whales hunt marine mammals, which have sensitive underwater hearing within the frequency range of killer whale vocal communication. In this study, we investigated how the superior hearing ability of mammalian prey has shaped the vocal behaviour of the transient killer whale ecotype. We recorded pulsed calls and the associated behavioural context of groups of transient and resident killer whales in British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. Transient killer whales produced pulsed calls significantly less frequently than residents. Transient killer whales only showed significant amounts of vocal behaviour after a marine mammal kill or when the whales were displaying surface-active behaviour. Vocal activity of transients increased after a successful attack on a marine mammal. Since marine mammals are able to detect killer whale pulsed calls and respond with antipredator behaviour, the reduced vocal activity of transients is probably due to a greater cost for calling in this ecotype resulting from eavesdropping by potential prey. The increase in vocal behaviour after a successful attack may represent food calling (informing other animals in the area about the presence of food), but is more likely to reflect an increase in social interactions during feeding and/or the fact that the cost for vocal behaviour is comparatively low after a successful attack.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, acoustic signals, vocal behavior, transient and resident individuals, north Pacific, USA, Alaska and Canada, British Columbia, vocal behavior of transient and resident individuals.
Delfour, F. (2000). Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus, T. gilli) using an underwater touchscreen in a cognitive task: role of social constraints on the learning process. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 122-124. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Tursiops gilli, Tursiops truncatus, learning, social constraints, captive study, social behavior.
Delfour, F. and K. Marten (2001). Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: Killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Behavioural Processes 53(3): 181-190. ISSN: 0376-6357.
Descriptors: Zalophus californianus, Orcinus orca, Pseudorca crassidens, intelligence, cognitive abilities, species recognition, self recognition, mirror image processing, behavior.
Desportes, G., J.H. Kristensen, D. Benham, S. Wilson, T. Jepson, U. Siebert, B. Korsgaard, J. Driver, M. Amundin, K. Hansen, and G. Shephard (2003). Multiple insights into the reproductive function of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): an ongoing study. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 91-106. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: The harbour porpoises kept at the Fjord & Baelt since April 1997 offer a unique opportunity to gain a better understanding of the reproductive function in harbour porpoises, especially in terms of physiological cycle and concomitant behavioural traits. A study was initiated in 1997 with the following aims: 1) characterising the annual reproductive cycle in terms of behaviour and endocrine activity; 2) finding the most suitable techniques for a longitudinal investigation of the reproductive function, in particular with respect of the small size of the species; 3) ensuring a precise monitoring of the reproductive state of the Fjord & Bµlt porpoises; 4) evaluating the best techniques for a vertical assessment of the reproductive state in wild harbour porpoises; 5) providing comparative basis for toxicological studies. Three harbour porpoises have participated in the study: a male and a female estimated 2-3 old years at their arrival at the Centre in 1997, and a one-year old female. The different methods for investigating their reproductive function include techniques not previously used with harbour porpoises, such as behavioural observation, measurement of sexual hormones in blood and other matrices, vaginal cytology, body temperature, and ultrasound scanning of testes and ovaries. These methods are discussed in terms of practicality and invasiveness. Selected examples of the preliminary results obtained are reported. Projects have concentrated on the sexual behaviour of the adult male and female (frequency, initiative, courtship behaviours) and their hormonal correlates, as well as on the interaction of the juvenile with the 2 adult animals. Behavioural sexual activity is very seasonal (peaking at the end of July and August), as is the testosterone cycle (levels increasing from less than 1ng/ml to 30ng/ml in May) and the development of the testis (peaking in July-August). Progesterone and oestrogen levels vary between less than 1 to 17ng/ml and less than 0.1 to 1.8 ng/ml respectively, but infrequent blood sampling precluded obtaining a detailed picture of the ovarian cycle. We are attempting to measure sexual hormones in saliva and eye secretion. Successful matings have been confirmed by the presence of sperm on vaginal smears in 4 consecutive summers, but no pregnancy has occurred yet.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, hormones, sex steroids, reproduction, annual reproductive cycle, physiological and behavioral functions, captive study.
Domenici, P., R.S. Batty, T. Simila, and E. Ogam (2000). Killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on schooling herring (Clupea harengus) using underwater tail-slaps: kinematic analyses of field observations. Journal of Experimental Biology 203(2): 283-94. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on herring (Clupea harengus) in a fjord in northern Norway were observed using underwater video. The whales cooperatively herded herring into tight schools close to the surface. During herding and feeding, killer whales swam around and under a school of herring, periodically lunging at it and stunning the herring by slapping them with the underside of their flukes while completely submerged. The kinematics of tail-slapping were analysed in detail. Tail-slaps were made up of a biphasic behaviour consisting of two phases with opposite angles of attack, a preparatory phase (negative angles of attack) and a slap phase (positive angles of attack). During the slap phase, the mean maximum angle of attack of the flukes was 47 degrees. The maximum speed of the flukes, measured at the notch, increased with whale length (L(w)) and was 2.2 L(w )s(-)(1), while the maximum acceleration of the flukes was size-independent and was 48 m s(-)(2). When killer whales slapped the herring successfully, disoriented herring appeared on the video at approximately the time of maximum fluke velocity, in synchrony with a loud noise. This noise was not heard when the tail-slaps 'missed' the target, suggesting that the herring were stunned by physical contact. Killer whales then ate the stunned herring one by one. Of the tail-slaps observed, 61 % were preceded by lunges into the school. We suggest that lunging was aimed at directing the school rather than at capturing the herring, since it occurred at a relatively low speed and there were no observations of the killer whales attempting to capture the herring during lunging behaviour. Given the high performance of the tail-slaps in terms of speed and acceleration, we suggest that tail-slapping by killer whales is a more efficient strategy of prey capture than whole-body attacks, since acceleration and manoeuvrability are likely to be poor in such large vertebrates.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, feeding behavior physiology, tail physiology, biomechanics, fishes, water.
Drouot, V., A. Gannier, and J.C. Goold (2004). Diving and feeding behaviour of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Mammals 30(3): 419-426. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is one of the common cetacean species inhabiting the western Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this study was to describe the dive cycle of sperm whales in this region and gain insight into their foraging activity. Dedicated summer field seasons were conducted from 2001-2003. Visual and acoustic measures were undertaken and their relationships analyzed. The measures included surface/dive periods, blow rate, distance travelled, timing of clicks & creak activity, and inter-pulse interval measurements of sperm whale clicks. The whales exhibited dive cycle parameters consistent with those measured in other parts of the world: approximately 45 min dive duration, 9 min surface period (i.e., inter-dive interval), with 5 blows/min, and 1.3 nmi horizontal displacement between dives. An average of 25 creaks per dive were registered. Whale body size appeared to be significantly related with both the number of creaks per dive and the dive time at which the first creak occurred, suggesting that larger whales may increase their prey intake and use deeper water layers than smaller whales. The timing of the first creak and the last click of the dive (around 6 min after fluke-up, and just before the surfacing, respectively) suggest a foraging depth of between 500 and 800 m, based on known descent and ascent rates.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, echolocation, creak and click phenology, foraging, aquatic diving, foraging relationships, activity patterns, dive cycle, vertical distribution, depth, foraging depth, Mediterranean Sea, France, provence, dive cycle and foraging relationships.
Drouot, V., J.C. Goold, and A. Gannier (2004). Regional diversity in the social vocalizations of sperm whale in the Mediterranean Sea. Revue D'Ecologie 59(4): 545-558. ISSN: 0249-7395.
Abstract: Passive acoustic techniques combined with visual survey have been used to study Sperm Whale ecology in the Mediterranean Sea. Among Sperm Whale vocalizations, the "codas" consist of series of 3 to 20 clicks emitted in a distinctive temporal pattern and believed to have a communication function. It has been reported that coda repertoire of Mediterranean Sperm Whales was restricted to a "3 + I" coda pattern. Results obtained during extensive acoustic surveys between 1997 and 2001 in different regions of the Mediterranean Sea let to rule out that assumption. 751 codas were analysed from 13 groups of Sperm Whales from the south-western basin, the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian Sea. The temporal patterns of these codas were analysed by measuring the inter-click intervals, and codas were sorted into different pre-defined pattern categories. The codas ranged from 3 to I I clicks, with the 4-click codas being the most common. The majority of codas embedded a "root" of 3 rapid and consistent clicks. Codas sharing this common root seemed to conserve a consistent click timing and differed only by the number of final clicks. These results evidence a more extensive coda repertoire than previously reported, and suggest some regional variations between different basins of the Mediterranean Sea. Although some similarities in the coda structure were observed with other parts of the world, in term of frequency of occurrence, the Mediterranean coda repertoire described here appears distinct from those reported from other oceans, suggesting limited exchange between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, behavioral variation, acoustic signals, codas, social behavior, social vocalizations, Mediterranean sea, social vocalization codas, regional diversity.
Dudzinski, K.M., M. Sakai, K. Masaki, K. Kogi, T. Hishii, and M. Kurimoto (2003). Behavioural observations of bottlenose dolphins towards two dead conspecifics. Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 108-116. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Tursiops aduncus, behavior, response to dead conspecifics, west Pacific, Japan, Honshu, Mikura, behavioral response to dead conspecifics, observations and analysis.
Dudzinski, K.M., T.G. Frohoff, and N.L. Crane (1995). Behavior of a lone female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) with humans off the coast of Belize. Aquatic Mammals 21(2): 149-153. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: For at least eight years, a lone female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), named 'Pita', has frequented the waters surrounding Northern Two Cay, Lighthouse Reef Atoll, in Belize. She has actively sought human contact for the past four to five years. This study investigated the history of her interactions with humans and documented her behavior nearby humans. There are some concerns for the well-being of both the dolphin and the people with whom she interacts. Specific concerns include an increase in the number of people seeking interaction with this dolphin, and a need for official guidelines or regulations governing these encounters. We have analyzed both underwater and surface video recordings and conducted interviews with people who have interacted with this dolphin. Pita exhibited sexual behavior towards objects, such as anchor lines, and occasionally towards swimmers. She sometimes touched swimmers or postured near swimmers. Pita has directed aggression towards people, especially those attempting to leave the water. Several people have been injured when Pita blocked them or hit them with her rostrum as they attempted to leave the water. Many human visitors remain naive, and somewhat over-zealous, and continue with attempts to ride her, touch her body in sensitive areas (including the genitals and blowhole), and generally appear to excite her into potentially aggressive and harmful behavior. Pita is unusual in that the majority of lone dolphins that interact with humans world-wide have been male.
Descriptors: behavior, conservation, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, systematics and taxonomy, wildlife management, conservation, aggression, wildlife management.
Ersts, P.J. and H.C. Rosenbaum (2003). Habitat preference reflects social organization of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on a wintering ground. Journal of Zoology (London) 260(4): 337-345. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: Megaptera novaeangliae, social organization, distribution within habitat and habitat preference relations, distribution within habitat, habitat preference, south west Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Antongil Bay, distribution within habitat and habitat preference, social organization relations, winter.
Fedorowicz, S.M., D.A. Beard, and R.C. Connor (2003). Food sharing in wild bottlenose dolphins. Aquatic Mammals 29(3): 355-359. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Tursiops, piscean prey, food sharing, piscean prey interchange between male and female, new record and observations, north Pacific, Costa Rica, Golfo Dulce, food sharing between male and female, observations with piscean prey, new record.
Felix, F. (2001). Escorting behaviour: a territorial manifestation in wild bottlenose dolphins? Estudios Oceanologicos 20: 67-70. ISSN: 0071-173X.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, behavior, territoriality, east Pacific, Ecuador, Gulf of Guayaquil, escorting behavior, possible territorial function.
Ferrey, M., A. Collet, and C. Guinet (1993). Statut et comportement social du grand dauphin Tursiops truncatus Mont. 1821 dans le bassin d' Arcachon. [Status and social behaviour of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Mont. 1821) in the Bassin d'Arcachon, south-western France]. Revue D'Ecologie 48(3): 257-278. ISSN: 0249-7395.
Descriptors: Tursiops, social behavior, adaptation, inland lagoons, aquitaine, behavior, Cetacea, dolphins, Europe, France, lagoons, mammals, Mediterranean countries, physiographic features, Western Europe.
Language of Text: English summary.
Finneran, J.J., C.E. Schlundt, D.A. Carder, J.A. Clark, J.A. Young, J.B. Gaspin, and S.H. Ridgway (2000). Auditory and behavioral responses of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) to impulsive sounds resembling distant signatures of underwater explosions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(1): 417-31. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: A behavioral response paradigm was used to measure masked underwater hearing thresholds in two bottlenose dolphins and one beluga whale before and after exposure to impulsive underwater sounds with waveforms resembling distant signatures of underwater explosions. An array of piezoelectric transducers was used to generate impulsive sounds with waveforms approximating those predicted from 5 or 500 kg HBX-1 charges at ranges from 1.5 to 55.6 km. At the conclusion of the study, no temporary shifts in masked-hearing thresholds (MTTSs), defined as a 6-dB or larger increase in threshold over pre-exposure levels, had been observed at the highest impulse level generated (500 kg at 1.7 km, peak pressure 70 kPa); however, disruptions of the animals' trained behaviors began to occur at exposures corresponding to 5 kg at 9.3 km and 5 kg at 1.5 km for the dolphins and 500 kg at 1.9 km for the beluga whale. These data are the first direct information regarding the effects of distant underwater explosion signatures on the hearing abilities of odontocetes.
Descriptors: auditory perception physiology, behavior, animal physiology, sound, vocalization, animal physiology, dolphins physiology, water, whales physiology.
Fognani, P., P.G. Bracchi, and G. Gnone (1998). Osservazione di delfinidi (Tursiops truncatus) in cattivita' e variazioni del comportamento successive all'introduzione di stimoli ambientali. [Observations on dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in captivity and changes in their behaviour after the introduction of stimulants into their environment]. Annali Della Facolta Di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita Di Parma 18: 233-254. ISSN: 0393-4802.
Descriptors: zoo animals, animal behavior, animal welfare, dolphins, Tursiops, stimulants, environment.
Language of Text: English and French.
Frankel, A.S. and C.W. Clark (2000). Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to full-scale ATOC signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(4): 1930-7. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: Loud (195 dB re 1 microPa at 1 m) 75-Hz signals were broadcast with an ATOC projector to measure ocean temperature. Respiratory and movement behaviors of humpback whales off North Kauai, Hawaii, were examined for potential changes in response to these transmissions and to vessels. Few vessel effects were observed, but there were fewer vessels operating during this study than in previous years. No overt responses to ATOC were observed for received levels of 98-109 dB re 1 microPa. An analysis of covariance, using the no-sound behavioral rate as a covariate to control for interpod variation, found that the distance and time between successive surfacings of humpbacks increased slightly with an increase in estimated received ATOC sound level. These responses are very similar to those observed in response to scaled-amplitude playbacks of ATOC signals [Frankel and Clark, Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, 521-535 (1998)]. These similar results were obtained with different sound projectors, in different years and locations, and at different ranges creating a different sound field. The repeatability of the findings for these two different studies indicates that these effects, while small, are robust. This suggests that at least for the ATOC signal, the received sound level is a good predictor of response.
Descriptors: arousal, auditory perception, behavior, animal, whales, sound spectrography.
Fripp, D., C. Owen, E. Quintana Rizzo, A. Shapiro, K. Buckstaff, K. Jankowski, R. Wells, and P. Tyack (2005). Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) calves appear to model their signature whistles on the signature whistles of community members. Animal Cognition 8(1): 17-26. ISSN: 1435-9448.
Abstract: Bottlenose dolphins are unusual among non-human mammals in their ability to learn new sounds. This study investigates the importance of vocal teaming in the development of dolphin signature whistles and the influence of social interactions on that process. We used focal animal behavioral follows to observe six calves in Sarasota Bay, Fla., recording their social associations during their first summer. and their signature whistles during their second. The signature whistles of five calves were determined. Using dynamic time warping (DTW) of frequency contours, the calves' signature whistles were compared to the signature whistles of several sets of dolphins: their own associates, the other calves' associates, Tampa Bay dolphins, and captive dolphins. Whistles were considered similar if their DTW similarity score was greater than those of 95% of the whistle comparisons. Association was defined primarily in terms of time within 50 in of the mother/calf pair. On average, there were six dolphins with signature whistles similar to the signature whistles of each of the calves. These were significantly more likely to be Sarasota Bay resident dolphins than non-Sarasota dolphins, and (though not significantly) more likely to be dolphins that were within 50 in of the mother and calf less than 5% of the time. These results suggest that calves may model their signature whistles on the signature whistles of members of their community, possibly community members with whom they associate only rarely.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, learning, acoustic signals, social behavior, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, Sarasota Bay, signature whistles, learning in young, influence of social interactions.
Fujii, F. (1978). Keeping of bottle-nosed dolphin, Trusiops gilli, in closed circumstance. Journal of Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums 19(3-4): 63-67.
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphin, keeping, closed circumstance, Tursiops gilli, Japan.
Galhardo, L., M.C. Appleby, N.K. Waran, and M.E. Santos dos (1996). Spontaneous activities of captive performing bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Welfare 5(4): 373-389. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: dolphins, aquaria, animal behavior, behavior patterns, social behavior, enrichment, diurnal variation, individual characteristics, animal welfare, captivity, environmental enrichment, individuality.
Gallup Jr., G.G. (1995). Mirrors, minds, and cetaceans. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 226-8. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, discrimination learning, social behavior.
Gannon, D.P., N.B. Barros, D.P. Nowacek, A.J. Read, D.M. Waples, and R.S. Wells (2005). Prey detection by bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus: an experimental test of the passive listening hypothesis. Animal Behaviour 69: 709-720. ISSN: 0003-3472.
NAL Call Number: 410 B77
Descriptors: behavior, sense organs, sensory reception, evolution and adaptation, predation, foraging, echolocation, prey detection, passive listening hypothesis, fish sound.
Gazda, S.K., R.C. Connor, R.K. Edgar, and F. Cox (2005). A division of labour with role specialization in group-hunting bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off Cedar Key, Florida. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 272(1559): 135-140. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Individual role specialization during group hunting is extremely rare in mammals. Observations on two groups of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Cedar Key, Florida revealed distinctive behavioural roles during group feeding. In each group, one individual was consistently the 'driver', herding the fishes in a circle toward the remaining 'barrier' dolphins. Aerial fish-capture rates differed between groups, as well as between the driver and barrier dolphins, in one group but not in the other. These differences between the two groups may reflect differences in group stability or in prey school size.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, piscean prey, feeding rate, piscean prey capture rate, foraging, cooperative behavior, group foraging with division of labour and individual role specialization, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, Florida Keys, Cedar Key, division of labour with individual role specialization during group hunting.
Geertsen, B.M., J. Teilmann, R. Kastelein, H.N.J. Vlemmix, and L.A. Miller (2004). Behaviour and physiological effects of transmitter attachments on a captive harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(2): 139-146. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: A captive harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) was monitored for 80 consecutive days, 10 days before attachment of a satellite dive recorder and a VHF-radio tag, 30 days during attachment and 40 days after removal of the transmitters. Dive data recorded by the satellite transmitter was collected during the attachment. Daily food intake was measured and each week the porpoise was taken out of the water for a physical examination. Behavioural observations logged on the handheld computer showed an immediate effect of the tagging in time spent resting at the surface (logging), which was four to six times higher on the day of attachment. Digital video recordings showed a significant increase in the mean duration of rolls at the surface immediately after attachment. The mean duration of dives was shorter before attachment than both after the tagging and after removal of the transmitters. Furthermore the frequency of surfacings farthest away from where the porpoise was taken out of the pool for tagging, was highest the first five days following the tagging. Dive data from the satellite tag showed a semidiurnal diving pattern, with increased mean dive depth in the first 24 hours after attachment. The heart rate was fairly constant during the tagging. but the mean heart rate increased significantly from 161 beats per minute (bpm) to 180 bpm after the first hole in the dorsal fin was made. The body weight of the porpoise increased up to the time of tagging (16 May 2000), after which it decreased until six days prior to release (28 July 2000) this was probably due to the seasonal trend in blubber thickness of harbour porpoises rather than an effect from the tagging. After one month of attachment, a reaction occurred around the frontal pinhole and the transmitters were removed. This reaction was probably due to drag from two tags and seaweed attached to the tags during the last part of the attachment period. After the tags were removed epithelia closed the pinholes after two days.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, tracking techniques, satellite dive recorder and vhf radio tag, behavioral and physiological effects, weight, body weight, feeding rate, heart beat, swimming, aquatic diving, behavior.
Gladstone, W. (1988). Killer whale feeding observed underwater. Journal of Mammalogy 69(3): 629-630. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Descriptors: Mola mola, predators, Orcinus orca, first underwater observation of predator feeding, west Pacific, Raine Island, first underwater observation of mammalian predator feeding.
Gnone, G., C. Benoldi, B. Bonsignori, and P. Fognani (2001). Observations of rest behaviours in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 27(1): 29-33. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, resting, captive observations.
Goodwin, L. and P.A. Cotton (2004). Effects of boat traffic on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 30(2): 279-283. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Boat traffic is widely believed to cause disturbance and physical injury to cetaceans and is frequently cited as an important threat to their welfare and conservation. As a result, numerous codes of practice have been proposed which restrict the movement of boats in the vicinity of cetaceans. There are, however, relatively few quantitative studies on the behaviour of cetaceans in the presence of boats. Here, we report on a study of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Teignmouth Bay, UK. We show that the presence of dolphins in the study area was unrelated to the number of boats present. When boats were stationary, the behaviour of dolphins did not differ significantly between boat classes; however, there was a highly significant difference in the response of dolphins to different classes of boats in motion. Speedboats and jet skis were associated with aversive behaviours, even when boats were not directly approaching the dolphins.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, disturbance by man, boat traffic, behavioral responses, avoidance behavior, north Atlantic, United Kingdom, England, Devon, Teignmouth Bay, behavioral responses to boat traffic.
Gormley, G. (1990). Orcas of the Gulf: a Natural History, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, 205 p. ISBN: 087156601X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432G68
Descriptors: killer whale behavior, Orca, history.
Grellier, K., P.S. Hammond, B. Wilson, C.A. Sanders Reed, and P.M. Thompson (2003). Use of photo-identification data to quantify mother-calf association patterns in bottlenose dolphins. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(8): 1421-1427. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, behavioral techniques, parental care, social behavior, North Sea, United Kingdom, Scotland, mother calf association patterns quantification using photo identification data.
Griffin, D.R. (1992). Animal Minds, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 310 p. ISBN: 0226308634.
NAL Call Number: QL785.G715 1992
Descriptors: cognition in animals, animal behavior, animal psychology.
Guinet, C., L.G. Barrett Lennard, and B. Loyer (2000). Co-ordinated attack behavior and prey sharing by killer whales at Crozet Archipelago: strategies for feeding on negatively-buoyant prey. Marine Mammal Science 16(4): 829-834. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Mirounga leonina, mammalian predators, Orcinus orca, prey sharing recorded, south west Indian Ocean, Crozet Islands, prey sharing by mammalian predator recorded.
Gygax, L. (1993). Spatial movement patterns and behaviour of two captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): absence of stereotyped behaviour or lack of definition. Applied Animal Behavior Science 38(3-4): 337-344. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: dolphins, behavior patterns, movement, abnormal behavior, zoo animals.
Haenel, N.J. (1986). General notes on the behavioral ontogeny of Puget Sound killer whales and the occurrence of allomaternal behavior. Zoo Biology Monographs 1: 285-300.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, care of young, allomaternal behavior, ontogenesis, behavioral development, behavior, Washington, north Pacific, Puget Sound, behavioral ontogeny and occurrence of allomaternal behavior.
Hain, J.H.W., G.R. Carter, S.C. Kraus, C.A. Mayo, and H.E. Winn (1982). Feeding behavior of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the western North Atlantic. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fishery Bulletin 80(2): 259-268.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 B87
Descriptors: North Eastern States USA, humpback whale, behavior, feeding.
Hart, D. and J.W. Whitlow Jr. (1995). The experience of self in the bottlenose dolphin. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 244-7. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Abstract: Marten and Psarakos have presented some evidence which suggests that objective self-awareness and possibly representations of self may characterize the dolphins' experience of self. Their research demonstrates the possibility of similarities in the sense of self between primate species and dolphins, although whether dolphins have subjective self-awareness, personal memories, and theories of self--all important facets of the sense of self in humans--was not examined. Clearly, even this limited evidence was difficult to achieve; the difficulties in adapting methods and coding behavior are quite apparent in their report. Future progress, however, may depend upon clarification of what are the necessary components for a sense of self and an explication of how these might be reflected in dolphin behavior. We are mindful of the authors' point (pp. 219 and 220) that the dolphin lives more in an acoustic than a visual environment. Thus, while tasks relying upon vision may reveal the presence or absence of the sense of self in primates, it might well be the case that in dolphins self-related experiences might be better revealed in auditory tasks. But then, what is the nature of human self-awareness in terms of audition? While both conceptual and methodological hurdles remain, Marten and Psarakos have demonstrated that important questions can be asked about the minds and phenomenal worlds of nonanthropoid species.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, animal communication, body image, social behavior, species specificity.
Harvey, J., J. Hurley, and S. Skrovan (2001). Training California sea lions to record whale behavior using a rehabilitating California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 289-293. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, sea lions, animal training, swimming behavior, transport distance, underwater behavior, underwater movements, verbal commands, visual contact, whale behavior, recording, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, grey whale.
Hawue, A.K.M.A., M. Nishiwaki, T. Kasuya, and T. Tobayama (1977). Observations on the behaviour and other biological aspects of the Ganges susu, Platanista gangetica. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (29): 87-94.
Descriptors: Ganges susu, behavior, observations, biological aspects.
Language of Text: English summary.
Heide, J.M.P., D. Bloch, E. Stefansson, B. Mikkelsen, L.H. Ofstad, and R. Dietz (2002). Diving behaviour of long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas around the Faroe Islands. Wildlife Biology 8(4): 307-313. ISSN: 0909-6396.
NAL Call Number: SK351.W663
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, satellite tracking, applied and field techniques, body size, continental slopes, diving behavior, habitat use, niche utilization, offshore areas, swimming speed, water columns, water depth, long finned pilot whales, Faroe Islands.
Heide Jorgensen, M.P., R. Dietz, K.L. Laidre, P. Richard, J. Orr, and H.C. Schmidt (2003). The migratory behaviour of narwhals (Monodon monoceros). Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(8): 1298-1305. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: Monodon monoceros, navigation, homing, migration, climate and weather, sea ice dynamics, Arctic Ocean, Canada, wintering and summering grounds localization and migratory routes.
Heimlich Boran, J.R. (1988). Behavioral ecology of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Pacific northwest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66(3): 565-578. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, food availability, habitat use relationship, habitat exploitation, British Columbia, Washington, north Pacific, habitat use patterns, resident vs transient communities.
Heithaus, M.R. (2001). Predator-prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review. Journal of Zoology (London) 253(1): 53-68. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: animal behavior, predation, predator prey relationships, predators, dolphins, sharks.
Herman, L.M. (2002). Exploring the cognitive world of the bottlenosed dolphin. In: M. Bekoff, C. Allen and G.M. Burghardt (Editors), The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, UK, p. 275-283. ISBN: 0262523221.
NAL Call Number: QL785.C485 2002
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, learning, intelligence, cognitivie characteristics review.
Herman, L.M. (1980). Cetacean Behavior: Mechanisms and Processes, Wiley: New York, 463 p. ISBN: 047137315X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4C37
Descriptors: Cetacea behavior, mammals behavior.
Herman, L.M., D.S. Matus, E.Y.K. Herman, M. Ivancic, and A.A. Pack (2001). The bottlenosed dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) understanding of gestures as symbolic representations of its body parts. Animal Learning and Behavior 29(3): 250-264. ISSN: 0090-4996.
NAL Call Number: QL785.A725
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, intelligence, semantic processing evidence, visual signals, gestural symbol understanding.
Herzing, D.L. (2000). Acoustics and social behavior of wild dolphins: implications for a sound society. In: W.W.L. Au, A.N. Popper and R.R. Fay (Editors), Hearing by Whales and Dolphins, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, p. 225-272. ISBN: 0387949062.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432H43 2000
Descriptors: Delphinidae, literature review, acoustic signals, role in social behavior, review, social behavior.
Hoelzel, A.R. (1991). Killer whale predation on marine mammals at Punta Norte, Argentina; food sharing, provisioning and foraging strategy. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29(3): 197-204. ISSN: 0340-5443.
NAL Call Number: QL751.B4
Descriptors: Otaria flavescens, Mirounga leonina, mammalian predators, Orcinus orca, predator pod feeding behavior, Argentina.
Hoese, H.D. (1971). Dolphin feeding out of water in a salt marsh. Journal of Mammalogy 52(1): 222-3. ISSN: 0022-2372.
Descriptors: appetitive behavior, dolphins.
Hofmann, B., M. Scheer, and I.P. Behr (2004). Underwater behaviors of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) off Tenerife. Mammalia 68(2-3): 221-224. ISSN: 0025-1461.
NAL Call Number: 410 M31
Descriptors: Globicephala macrorhynchus, behavior, underwater observations, north Atlantic, Canary Islands, Tenerife, underwater behavior observations.
Hooker, S.K. and R.W. Baird (2001). Diving and ranging behaviour of odontocetes: a methodological review and critique. Mammal Review 31(1): 81-105. ISSN: 0305-1838.
NAL Call Number: QL700.M24
Descriptors: odontoceti, behavioral techniques, diving and ranging, methodological review and critique, swimming, diving.
Hooker, S.K., R.W. Baird, S. Al Omari, S. Gowans, and H. Whitehead (2001). Behavioral reactions of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) to biopsy darting and tag attachment procedures. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fishery Bulletin 99(2): 303-308. ISSN: 0090-0656.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 B87
Descriptors: Hyperoodon ampullatus, tagging, tag attachment, diagnostic techniques, biopsy darting, behavioral reactions.
Hua Yuanyu and Xiang Chengsheng (1993). Observation on group behavior of black finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) near the beach using net-surroundings in the Yangtze River [China]. Journal of Fisheries of China 17(2): 120-125. ISSN: 1000-0615.
NAL Call Number: QH90.A1S53
Descriptors: Phocoena, porpoises, net fishing, behavior, China, Asia, Cetacea, East Asia, fishing methods, mammals.
Language of Text: Chinese and English summaries.
Hua Yuanyu and Zhang Jian (1995). Study on feeding and copulating behavior of black finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Journal of Aquaculture (1): 19-21. ISSN: 1004-2091.
NAL Call Number: SH1.S68
Descriptors: porpoises, feed intake, copulation, survival, anhui, Asia, behavior, Cetacea, China, East Asia, feeding habits, fertilization, mammals, physiological functions, reproduction, sexual reproduction.
Language of Text: English and Italian summaries.
Jacobsen, T.B., M. Mayntz, and M. Amundin (2003). Splitting suckling data of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) neonates in human care into suckling bouts. Zoo Biology 22(5): 477-488. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, behavioral techniques, suckling bout criterion interval calculation method, mathematical techniques, feeding rate, feeding behavior, suckling behavior.
Janik, V.M. (2000). Food-related bray calls in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 267(1446): 923-7. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Because cetaceans are difficult to study in the wild, little is known about how they use their sounds in their natural environment. Only the recent development of passive acoustic localization systems has enabled observations of the communication behaviour of individuals for correlation with their surface behaviour. Using such a system, I show that bottlenose dolphins in the Moray Firth, Scotland, produce low-frequency bray calls which are clearly correlated with feeding on salmonids. The production of these calls is followed by fast approaches by conspecifics in the area. In animals which use sound as a foraging tool, it is difficult to distinguish between food calls which have evolved because of their role in attracting conspecifics, and food manipulation or searching calls which may attract conspecifics as a by-product. However, the low-frequency structure of the bottlenose dolphin bray suggests that it evolved because of a role in manipulating prey rather than in attracting conspecifics. This conclusion suggests that dolphins exploit the perceptual systems of their prey to facilitate capture.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, feeding behavior, Salmonidae, Scotland, vocalization, animal.
Jaquet, N., D. Gendron, and A. Coakes (2003). Sperm whales in the Gulf of California: Residency, movements, behavior, and the possible influence of variation in food supply. Marine Mammal Science 19(3): 545-562. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Dosidicus gigas, population density, population abundance, mammalian predators, Physeter macrocephalus, prey supply variation effects on residency, movements and behavior in predator, north Pacific, Mexico, Gulf of California, abundance variation effects on residency, movements and behavior in mammalian predator.
Jepson, P.D. and J.R. Baker (1998). Bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) as a possible cause of acute traumatic injuries in porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Veterinary Record 143(22): 614-615. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, trauma, Phocoena, lesions, Wales, England.
Johnson, K.R. and C.H. Nelson (1984). Side-scan assessment of gray whale feeding in the Bering Sea [Eschrichtius robustus]. Science 225(4667): 1150-1152. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: feeding, gray whale, side scan, Bearing Sea, Eschrichtius robustus.
Kastelein, R.A., W.W. Au, and D. de Haan (2000). Detection distances of bottom-set gillnets by harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Marine Environmental Research 49(4): 359-75. ISSN: 0141-1136.
NAL Call Number: QH545.W3M36
Abstract: Many odontocetes die annually in gillnet fisheries. Why they become entangled is not yet clear. Maybe some species detect the nets too late to avoid collision. Therefore, the target strength of 11 types of bottom-set gillnets was measured under 0 and 45 degrees angles of incidence. From these target strengths and from knowledge on the echolocation abilities of two odontocete species (harbour porpoises, bottlenose dolphins), the detection ranges of the nets by these small cetaceans could be estimated. The 90% detection range by echolocating harbour porpoises, approaching the nets at right (perpendicular) angles under low noise level conditions, varied between 3 and 6 m depending on the net type. For bottlenose dolphins, under high noise conditions, the 90% detection range varied between 25 and 55 m. At other angles of approach, the estimated detection ranges are shorter. The study suggests that echolocating bottlenose dolphins can detect nets in time to avoid collision, whereas echolocating harbour porpoises cannot in most cases. Suggestions for future research to reduce small cetacean bycatch by improving the nets' detectability by echolocation are given.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, echolocation physiology, fisheries instrumentation, porpoises physiology, avoidance learning physiology.
Kastelein, R.A., D. de Haan, N. Vaughan, C. Staal, and N.M. Schooneman (2001). The influence of three acoustic alarms on the behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen. Marine Environmental Research 52(4): 351-71. ISSN: 0141-1136.
NAL Call Number: QH545.W3M36
Abstract: Harbour porpoise bycatch may be reduced by deterring porpoises from nets acoustically. In this study, two harbour porpoises were subjected to three acoustic alarms. The effect of each alarm was judged by comparing the animals' position and respiration rate during a test period with that during a baseline period. The XP-10 alarm produced 0.3 s tonal signals randomly selected from a set of 16 with fundamental frequencies between 9 and 15 kHz, with a constant pulse interval of 4.8 s (duty cycle 6%). The 2MP alarm produced 0.3 s tonal signals randomly selected from a set of 16 with similar fundamental frequencies but with random pulse intervals of between 2 and 5 s (duty cycle 8%). The frequency spectra and source levels of the 2MP and XP-10 alarms varied depending on the signal selected. The HS20-80 alarm produced a constant, but asymmetrical frequency modulated sinewave between 20 and 80 kHz with total pulse duration of 0.3 s. with random pulse intervals of between 2 and 5 s (duty cycle 4.6%). The porpoises reacted to all three alarms by swimming away from them and by increasing their respiration rate. The XP-10, which on average had the highest source level, had the strongest effect.
Descriptors: acoustics, avoidance learning, porpoises psychology, respiration.
Kastelein, R.A., W.C. Verboom, M. Muijsers, N.V. Jennings, and S. van der Heul (2005). The influence of acoustic emissions for underwater data transmission on the behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen. Marine Environmental Research 59(4): 287-307. ISSN: 0141-1136.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, conservation measures, sound reception, underwater communication system for shipping, behavioral response to sound and conservation relations, avoidance behavior, physical pollution, sound pollution, sound, acoustic emissions for underwater data transmission.
Kilborn, S.S. (1994). Object carrying in a captive beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) as possible surrogate behavior. Marine Mammal Science 10(4): 496-501. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: behavior, development, ecology, environmental sciences, reproductive system, reproduction, calf mortality, parental behavior.
Kilian, A., L. von Fersen, and O. Gunturkun (2005). Left hemispheric advantage for numerical abilities in the bottlenose dolphin. Behavioural Processes 68(2): 179-84. ISSN: 0376-6357.
Descriptors: cognition, discrimination learning, dolphins psychology, mathematics, laterality, optic nerve, task performance and analysis, visual perception.
Kilian, A., S. Yaman, L. von Fersen, and O. Gunturkun (2003). A bottlenose dolphin discriminates visual stimuli differing in numerosity. Learning and Behavior 31(2): 133-42. ISSN: 1543-4494.
Abstract: A bottlenose dolphin was trained to discriminate two simultaneously presented stimuli differing in numerosity (defined by the number of constituent elements). After responding correctly to stimuli consisting of three-dimensional objects, the dolphin transferred to two-dimensional stimuli. Initially, a variety of stimulus parameters covaried with the numerosity feature. By systematically controlling for these stimulus parameters, it was demonstrated that some of these attributes, such as element configuration and overall brightness, affected the animal's discrimination performance. However, after all the confounding parameters were under control, the dolphin was able to discriminate the stimuli exclusively on the basis of the numerosity feature. The animal then achieved a successful transfer to novel numerosities, both intervening numerosities and numerosities outside the former range. These findings provide substantial evidence that the dolphin could base his behavior on the numerosity of a set independently of its other attributes and that he represented ordinal relations among numerosities.
Descriptors: discrimination learning, dolphins psychology, pattern recognition, visual, cognition, mathematics, mental processes, problem solving, transfer psychology.
Kingsley, M.C.S., S. Gosselin, and G.A. Sleno (2001). Movements and dive behaviour of belugas in northern Quebec. Arctic 54(3): 262-275. ISSN: 0004-0843.
Abstract: Three adult and three juvenile belugas were fitted with satellite-linked radio tags in eastern Hudson Bay in mid-August 1993, and one adult was tagged in mid-October 1995 in extreme northeastern Hudson Bay. The tags transmitted data on dive behaviour, and the receiving satellite calculated positions by Doppler-shift triangulation. The belugas tagged in summer in eastern Hudson Bay made no directed or long-distance movements while the tags were attached. Their range did not include the Belcher Islands, and belugas observed in aerial surveys of those islands do not appear to belong to the eastern coastal stock. The single beluga tagged in northern Quebec in October moved into the deep water of western Hudson Strait and travelled east along the southern coast of Hudson Strait, slowing up on reaching shallower water off Salluit and near Charles Island. This whale was still off Salluit when the tag stopped transmitting. All the tagged belugas dived intensively while the tags were attached, although there were individual differences, some belugas diving noticeably less than others. Dive behaviour varied over time, with periods lasting several days of concentrated diving interspersed with periods of less intense diving. 'Intense' periods entailed diving for up to 80% of the time. All belugas, even the one that was in deep water in Hudson Strait, showed dive depth characteristics that were consistent with diving usually to the bottom. However, all belugas always - even in deep water - made dives that usually lasted less than 10 min and very seldom lasted more than 12 min. Belugas tagged as pairs of adults and young showed striking correlations of dive behaviour. The data obtained indicate that it would be appropriate to correct aerial surveys by adding 85% to aerial counts.
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, aquatic diving, behavior, distribution within habitat, north Atlantic, Canada, Quebec, Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, distribution within habitat and diving behavior.
Kopelman, A.H. and S.S. Sadove (1995). Ventilatory rate differences between surface-feeding and non-surface-feeding fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the waters off eastern Long Island, New York, USA 1981-1987. Marine Mammal Science 11(2): 200-208. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Observations of feeding and ventilatory behavior of individual fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were made from various vessels during the months of May-September, 1981-1987, in the waters off eastern Long Island, N.Y., U.S.A. Intervals between blows were measured and recorded to the nearest second. Information about behavior was recorded, as were location, depth, and surface temperature at sounding dives. Animals observed feeding at the surface were noted as such, all others were considered non-surface-feeding animals. Data were compiled by individual, month, year, and analyzed for mean interblow interval during surface activity bouts; mean dive duration; and overall mean blow interval. Overall mean blow intervals (+- SE) of 47.89 +- 0.81 sec for surface-feeding (n = 10,411), and 57.92 +- 0.97 sec for non-surface-feeding animals (n = 11,024), differed significantly (Mann-Whitney U, P lt 0.001). Interblow intervals for surface activity bouts (+-SE) of 12.29 +- 0.05 sec for surface-feeding (n = 7,894), and 13.58 +- 0.06 sec, for non-surface-feeding animals (n = 8,187), also differed significantly (Mann-Whitney U, P lt 0.001), as did mean dive duration (159.53 +- 2.16 sec, n = 2,517, for surface-feeding animals; 185.86 +- 2.53 sec, n = 2,837, for non-surface-feeding animals). Yearly comparisons of blow intervals between surface-feeding and non-surface-feeding animals during surface activity bouts yielded significant differences for each year except 1981, while comparisons of dive durations yielded significant differences for all years except 1981, 1982, and 1985.
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, nutrition, respiratory system, respiration, behavior, dive duration.
Koschinski, S., B.M. Culik, O.D. Henriksen, N. Tregenza, G. Ellis, C. Jansen, and G. Kathe (2003). Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator. Marine Ecology Progress Series 265: 263-273. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Abstract: Operational underwater noise emitted at 8 m s-1 by a 550 kW WindWorld wind-turbine was recorded from the sea and modified to simulate a 2 MW wind-turbine. The sound was replayed from an audio CD through a car CD-player and a J-13 transducer. The maximum sound energy was emitted between 30 and 800 Hz with peak source levels of 128 dB (re 1 [mu]Pa2 Hz-1 at 1 m) at 80 and 160 Hz (1/3-octave centre frequencies). This simulated 2 MW wind-turbine noise was played back on calm days (<1 Beaufort) to free-ranging harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena and harbour seals Phoca vitulina in Fortune Channel, Vancouver Island, Canada. Swimming tracks of porpoises and surfacings of seals were recorded with an electronic theodolite situated on a clifftop 14 m above sea level. Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises close to the sound source was recorded simultaneously via an electronic click detector placed below the transducer. In total we tracked 375 porpoise groups and 157 seals during play-back experiments, and 380 porpoise groups and 141 surfacing seals during controls. Both species showed a distinct reaction to wind-turbine noise. Surfacings in harbour seals were recorded at larger distances from the sound source (median = 284 vs 239 m during controls; p = 0.008, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and closest approaches increased from a median of 120 to 182 m (p < 0.001) in harbour porpoises. Furthermore, the number of time intervals during which porpoise echolocation clicks were detected increased by a factor of 2 when the sound source was active (19.6 % of all 1 min intervals as opposed to 8.4% of all intervals during controls; p < 0.001).These results show that harbour porpoises and harbour seals are able to detect the low-frequency sound generated by offshore wind-turbines. Controlled exposure experiments such as the one described here are a first step to assess the impact on marine mammals of the new offshore wind-turbine industry.
Descriptors: Phoca vitulina industry, distribution within habitat, sound, wind turbine noise, north Pacific, Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, wind turbine noise effects.
Kraus, S.D. and J.J. Hatch (2001). Mating strategies in the north Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2(Special Issue): 237-244. ISSN: 1561-073X.
Descriptors: behavior, communication, reproduction, wildlife management, conservation, photo identification, identification method, underwater recordings, recording method, videotaping, imaging method, courtship behavior, male competition, mating calls, mating strategies, sperm competition.
Kreb, D. and K.D. Rahadi (2004). Living under an aquatic freeway: effects of boats on Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in a coastal and riverine environment in Indonesia. Aquatic Mammals 30(3): 363-375. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Interactions between boats, and coastal and freshwater Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris), were studied in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, during 2001. The goal was to determine the conditions under which dolphins reacted to boats and to recommend conservation actions. Both coastal and freshwater Irrawaddy dolphins surfaced less in the presence of boats, but the avoidance reaction lasted longer for the river dolphins. River dolphins surfaced significantly less often in the presence of motorized canoes (<40 hp), speedboats (40-200 hp), and container tugboats (> 1,000 hp). Coastal dolphins only reacted to speedboats, and only when they approached at a 50-m distance. River dolphins reacted within a maximum distance of 250 m before and 300 m after a speedboat passed. Besides surfacing changes, river dolphins actively avoided container tugboats. The strength of reactions did not depend on the dolphins' behavior, group size, or age. Hypersensitivity by river dolphins to intensive boat traffic could explain the different responses between coastal and river dolphins. To prevent dolphin displacement from their core areas, an action plan currently is being developed by a nongovernmental organization in cooperation with Indonesian governmental institutions and residents. Speedboat owners will be urged to reduce boat speed in areas indicated on sign boards.
Descriptors: Orcaella brevirostris, disturbance by man, boat disturbance, conservation measures, voluntary boat speed restrictions, activity patterns, surfacing activity, effects of boat disturbance and conservation implications, Indonesia and south Pacific, Indonesia, Mahakam River, south Pacific, Kalimantan, Balikpapan Bay, boat disturbance effects on surfacing activity, conservation relaitonships.
Krushinskiy, L.V. (1972). A study of the complex form of behavior of dolphins Tursiops truncatus (Montagu). Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel'Nosti 22(4): 718-725.
NAL Call Number: TRANSL 20073
Descriptors: dolphins, behavior, study, Tursiops truncatus.
Notes: Translated by the Joint Publications Research Service, 1973. JPRS:57293; CSO:0731/73/W.
Krutzen, M., J. Mann, M.R. Heithaus, R.C. Connor, L. Bejder, and W.B. Sherwin (2005). Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(25): 8939-8943. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: In Shark Bay, wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) apparently use marine sponges as foraging tools. We demonstrate that genetic and ecological explanations for this behavior are inadequate; thus, "sponging" classifies as the first case of an existing material culture in a marine mammal species. Using mitochondrial DNA analyses, we show that sponging shows an almost exclusive vertical social transmission within a single matriline from mother to female offspring. Moreover, significant genetic relatedness among all adult spongers at the nuclear level indicates very recent coancestry, suggesting that all spongers are descendents of one recent "Sponging Eve." Unlike in apes, tool use in this population is almost exclusively limited to a single matriline that is part of a large albeit open social network of frequently interacting individuals, adding a new dimension to charting cultural phenomena among animals.
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphins, sponges, foraging tools, behavior, tool use.
Krutzen, M., W.B. Sherwin, R.C. Connor, L.M. Barre, T. Van de Casteele, J. Mann, and R. Brooks (2003). Contrasting relatedness patterns in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) with different alliance strategies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 270(1514): 497-502. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay have one of the most complex male societies outside humans. Two broad mating strategies have been identified in males. In the first strategy, there are two types of alliances: stable 'first-order' pairs and trios that herd individual females in reproductive condition, and 'second-order' teams of two first-order alliances (five or six individuals) that join forces against rivals in contests for females. In the alternative strategy, a 'super-alliance' of ca. 14 individuals, males form pairs or trios to herd females, but in contrast to the stable alliances, these pairs and trios are highly labile. Here, we show that males in stable first-order alliances and the derived second-order alliances are often strongly related, so that they may gain inclusive fitness benefits from alliance membership. By contrast, members of the super-alliance are no more closely related than expected by chance. Further, the strength of the association of alliance partners within the super-alliance, as measured by an index of joint participation in consorting a female, was not correlated with their genetic relatedness. Thus, within one population and one sex, it appears that there may be simultaneous operation of more than one mode of group formation.
Descriptors: cooperative behavior, dolphins genetics, dolphins physiology, sex behavior, animal, evolution.
Kuczaj, S., K. Tranel, M. Trone, and H. Hill. (2001). Are animals capable of deception or empathy? Implications for animal consciouness and animal welfare. Proceedings of the UFAW Symposium on Consciousness, Cognition and Animal Welfare, May 11, 2000-May 11, 2000, London, Vol. 10 (Suppl.), p. S161-S173.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: awareness, species differences, dolphins, whales, mental ability, animal welfare.
Kuczaj, S.A.I., C.T. Lacinak and T.N. Turner (1998). Environmental enrichment for marine mammals at Sea World. In: D.J. Shepherdson, J.D. Mellen and M. Hutchins (Editors), Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals, Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington & London, p. 314-328. ISBN: 1560987456.
NAL Call Number: SF408.S435 1998
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, zoos and wildlife parks, marine park environmental enrichment programme, design and evaluation, care in captivity, environmental enrichment, behavior, environmental enrichment significance, marine park programme design and evaluation, review.
Kyngdon, D.J., E.O. Minot, and K.J. Stafford (2003). Behavioural responses of captive common dolphins Delphinus delphis to a 'Swim-with-Dolphin' programme. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(2): 163-170. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: Delphinus, animal behavior, females, animal well being, animal stress, social behavior, human animal relations, adaptation, New Zealand.
Laidre, K.L., M.P. Heide Jorgensen, M.L. Logsdon, R.C. Hobbs, R. Dietz, and G.R. Van Blaricom (2004). Fractal analysis of narwhal space use patterns. Zoology (Jena) 107(1): 3-11. ISSN: 0944-2006.
NAL Call Number: QL1.Z769
Descriptors: Monodon monoceros, foraging, territoriality, home range, migration, distribution within habitat, habitat utilization, physical factors, season, Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Canada, space use patterns, fractal analysis.
Laidre, K.L., M.P. Heide Jorgensen, R. Dietz, R.C. Hobbs, and O.A. Jorgensen (2003). Deep-diving by narwhals Monodon monoceros: Differences in foraging behavior between wintering areas? Marine Ecology Progress Series 261: 269-281. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Descriptors: Monodon monoceros, foraging, behavioral variation, habitat preference, habitat selection, Arctic Ocean, Canada, Nnavut, Greenland, diving behavior and habitat selection, differences between subpopulations.
Lammers, M.O. (2004). Occurrence and behavior of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) along Oahu's leeward and south shores. Aquatic Mammals 30(2): 237-250. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) is a delphinid that occurs in both pelagic and coastal tropical and subtropical habitats worldwide. A model of the behavior and ecology of this species was described for a resident population along the Kona coast of the island of Hawaii by Norris et al. (1994). To assess the applicability and variability of this model in divergent coastal habitats, the occurrence and behavior of spinner dolphins resident along the southern and western shores of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, was studied over a five-year period. The findings reveal that spinner dolphins off Oahu carry out their daily cycle in a manner similar to those off Kona, but that some noteworthy differences exist in the manner in which dolphins off Oahu use the nearshore habitat. Spinner dolphins exhibited strong preferences for specific locations along the west coast of Oahu, but not along the southern shore, where the average pod size was consistently larger. Resting and social behaviors were tied primarily to the time of day, rather than to any specific site along the coast. Spinner dolphins consistently exhibited a strong affinity for the 10-fathom isobath, indicating that shallow waters are likely the primary coastal feature promoting daytime residence. Foraging was initiated typically in the late afternoon along the edges of banks where vertically and horizontally migrating mesopelagic prey presumably first ascend to shallower depths. Spinner dolphins on Oahu use the coast opportunistically and, therefore, over time, could respond to recent increases in human encroachment by shifting the location and/or timing of their occurrence and behavioral activities.
Descriptors: Stenella longirostris, foraging, social behavior, circadian activity, diel activity patterns, resting, habitat utilization, north Pacific, Hawaii, Oahu, southern and western shores, habitat use and behavior.
Lennert Cody, C.E. and M.D. Scott (2005). Spotted dolphin evasive response in relation to fishing effort. Marine Mammal Science 21(1): 13-28. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Spotted dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean associate with yellowfin tuna. During the chase and encirclement phases of purse-seining for tunas, dolphin attempt to evade encirclement with the purse-seine net. We used data on evasive behavior (1982-2001) and numbers of purse-seine sets (1959-2001) to study the relationship between evasion and fishing effort. Results show that in nearshore areas first exploited by the fishery in the early 1960s, dolphins exhibited high evasion, but with a limited correlation between evasion and cumulative effort. In areas farther offshore next exploited in the mid- to late-1960s, dolphins showed high evasion and a significant correlation between evasion and cumulative effort. Dolphins in far-western and southern areas, first exploited in the late 1960s to early 1970s, exhibited low evasion, with little relationship to cumulative effort. We hypothesize that this spatial pattern is the result of two types of pressure from fishing: early effort in nearshore areas with a high risk of mortality that generated a lasting evasive response, followed by a longer period of even greater effort but with lower risk of mortality that generated evasion by longer-term learning.
Descriptors: Stenella attenuata, fishing and fisheries, learning, avoidance behavior, north Pacific, east, evasive response to purse seine nets, fishing effort relations.
Lewis, J.S. and W.W. Schroeder (2003). Mud plume feeding, a unique foraging behavior of the bottlenose dolphin in the Florida Keys. Gulf of Mexico Science 21(1): 92-97. ISSN: 1087-688X.
Descriptors: Tursiops, foraging, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, Florida Keys, mud plume feeding, records and observations.
Lockard, J.S. (1986). Research status of Orcinus orca: what is not known about its behavioral biology. Zoo Biology Monographs 1: 407-442.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, feeding, breeding habits, behavior, vocalizations, social behavior, research status, review.
Lockyer, C. (1997). Diving behaviour of the sperm whale in relation to feeding. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: Sperm whales are amongst the deepest and longest diving mammal species. Investigations on dive depth using both indirect evidence of bottom cable entanglements and dietary species from stomach contents, and also direct evidence from both active sonar tracking and passive acoustic listening to sperm whales clicks using directional hydrophones, indicate that dives are possible to depths more than 1,000 m and may even be in excess of 2,000 m. Duration of dive may last up to an hour. In most parts of the world's oceans, the sperm whale feeds on squid, but off Iceland, fish predominate in the diet. Many bottom and deepwater squid species are only known from sperm whale stomachs. The mechanism of food gathering is uncertain. There is a claim that sperm whales are able to stun prey with a beam akin to ultrasound, and another that prey are attracted passively to the whiteness of the mandibular teeth. One matter that is certain is that the teeth are not used for prehension because undigested prey items retrieved from the stomach do not show bite marks. The largest whole item reported was a giant squid nearly 10.5 m in length. In addition, animals with congenitally deformed or broken (but healed) mandibles are still able to feed effectively. Clearly the sperm whale must use some form of powerful suction mechanism in the buccal region to entrap and swallow the prey. At great depth