Addison, R.F. and P.F. Brodie (1973). Occurrence of DDT residues in Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30(11): 1733-1736.
Descriptors: Canada, DDT, residues, Beluga whales, Mackenzie Delta, Delphinapterus leucas.
Aguilar, A. (1985). Compartmentation and reliability of sampling procedures in organochlorine pollution surveys of cetaceans. Residue Reviews 95: 91-114.
Descriptors: insecticides, Cetacea, organochlorine compounds, methods, agricultural chemicals, mammals, organic compounds, organic halogen compounds, pesticides, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Aguilar, A. (1983). Organochlorine pollution in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, from the temperate waters of the Eastern North Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 14(9): 349-352. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: Atlantic Ocean, pollution, organochlorine, sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus.
Aguilar, A. and A. Borrell (2005). DDT and PCB reduction in the western Mediterranean from 1987 to 2002, as shown by levels in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Marine Environmental Research 59(4): 391-404. ISSN: 0141-1136.
Abstract: Temporal trends in DDT and PCB contamination were recorded in the offshore waters of the western Mediterranean Sea during 1987-2002 using striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) as indicators. Despite the fact that the use of DDT and PCB was banned at the end of the 1970s-early 1980s, dolphins were still found to carry moderate to high levels of these chemicals in their tissues, reflecting their ubiquity and environmental persistence. Concentrations of both groups of compounds have slowly decreased, although the decline in PCB has been steeper than that of DDT. Consequently, the tDDT/PCB ratio increased significantly. Indices of metabolisation of both DDT and PCB substantiated progressive aging of pollutant loads and degradation, suggesting that the offshore marine environment has not been exposed to significant releases of these contaminants in recent years. This all indicates a decline in organochlorine pollution in oceanic waters which is consistent, albeit not always, with trends observed in coastal surveys. Dolphins and other top predators are thus confirmed as useful indicators to assess long-term trends of pollutants in oceanic ecosystems and large water masses.
Descriptors: DDT analysis, dolphins, environmental pollutants analysis, polychlorinated biphenyls analysis, water pollutants, chemical analysis, adipose tissue, ddt pharmacokinetics, environmental monitoring, environmental pollutants pharmacokinetics, Mediterranean region, polychlorinated biphenyls pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics.
Aguilar, A. and A. Borrell (1994). Reproductive transfer and variation of body load of organochlorine pollutants with age in fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27(4): 546-554. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls, pollutants, whales, adipose tissues, age, sex, side effects, animal morphology, animal tissues, aromatic compounds, Cetacea, connective tissues, halogenated hydrocarbons, mammals, organic halogen compounds, toxicity, blubber, ddt, body fat, concentration, age differences, sex differences, nontarget organisms, nontarget effects.
Aguilar, A. and A. Borrell (1994). Abnormally high polychlorinated biphenyl levels in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) affected by the 1990-1992 Mediterranean epizootic. Science of the Total Environment 154(2-3): 237-247. ISSN: 0048-9697.
NAL Call Number: RA565.S365
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion and assimilation, infection, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, metabolism, pollution assessment control and management, skeletal system, movement and support, toxicology, blubber, distemper, lipid, liver, mortality, pollution.
Alne, J.I. (1995). Fluor i beinvevet hos vagehval. [Fluorine in the bone tissue of minke whales]. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 107(12): 1135-1138. ISSN: 0332-5741.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N81
Descriptors: pollution, marine areas, marine mammals, fluorine, bones, whales, Cetacea, Balaenopteridae.
Alzieu, C., R. Duguy, and P. Babin (1982). France: Pathologie des Delphinidae: contamination foetale et neo-natale par les PCB [polychlorobiphenyles] lesions cutanees ulceratives [Mediterranee, composes organochlores, intoxication, dauphins, marsouins, littoral francais. [Delphinidae pathology: fetal and neonatal contamination by PCB's [polychlorobiphenyls], cutaneous ulcerative lesions [Mediterranean sea, organochlorine compounds, pollutants, dolphins, porpoises, littoral zone]. Revue Des Travaux De L'Institut Des Peches Maritimes 46(2): 157-166. ISSN: 0035-2276.
Descriptors: pathology, Delphinidae, fetal, neonatal, contamination, PCB's, Mediterranean, dolphins, porpoises, pollutants.
Language of Text: French and English summaries.
Amiard Triquet, C. and F. Caurant (1994). Les formes physico-chimiques de stockage des metaux chez les organismes marins. [Physico-chemical forms of metal accumulation in marine organisms]. Analusis 22(1): M24-M26. ISSN: 0365-4877.
NAL Call Number: QD71.A52
Descriptors: pollution, heavy metals, marine environment, toxicity, fauna, metabolism, metalloproteins, mollusca, dolphins, aquatic environment, biota, Cetacea, elements, environments, mammals, metallic elements, proteins.
Language of Text: French summary.
Ancora, S., R. Rossi, P.D. Simplicio, L. Lusini, and C. Leonzio (2002). In vitro study of methylmercury in blood of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42(3): 348-53. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Abstract: The biochemical behavior of methylmercury (MeHg) in dolphin blood was investigated in vitro. MeHg distribution between plasma and erythrocytes and its release from erythrocytes into plasma or medium without SH group was determined. At the subcellular level its distribution among different thiol-containing molecules was also investigated in erythrocytes and plasma. When blood was treated with 0.1 mM MeHg, about 98.1% was found in red cells and 1.9% in plasma; only 0.6% of MeHg present in the cellular compartment was bound to membranes.Hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin, principal proteins containing SH groups (PSH), and glutathione (GSH) appeared to be the main targets of MeHg in dolphin blood. Gel filtration of stroma-free hemolysate of treated red blood cells (RBCs) revealed that MeHg was almost equally present in high (52.5%) and low (47.5%) molecular weight fractions, whereas in plasma it only eluted with proteins (high molecular weight fractions). Hemoglobin was identified as the main intracellular protein binding MeHg. The exchange reaction of MeHg between GSH and dolphin hemoglobin was also evaluated and the equilibrium constants calculated.
Descriptors: dolphins, environmental exposure, methylmercury compounds blood, water pollutants, chemical blood, binding sites, erythrocytes chemistry, hemoglobins analysis, methylmercury compounds adverse effects, plasma chemistry, serum albumin analysis, water pollutants, chemical adverse effects.
Andre, J.M. (1997). Problematic and methodological approach of the study of the bioaccumulation of trace elements in Delphinids. Bulletin De La Societe Royale Des Sciences De Liege 66(1-3): 39-50. ISSN: 0037-9565.
Abstract: Because of their position at the end of the trophic network, their long life span, and their specificity of mammals adapted to marine life, Delphinids are considered as a particularly interesting biological material for ecotoxicological studies. However, confronted with many restrictions basically associated with sampling difficulties due to economic, technical and legal reasons, many authors have only published occasional studies on dolphin's contamination by trace elements. Thus, amongst the previous works published in this field, only a few of them had enough samples and biological and ecological information at their disposal, to enable them to conduct a thorough study supported by a statistical approach. Nevertheless, the collection of a "suitable" sample is far from being the only difficulty met in this field of research. As with many ecotoxicological approaches "in situ" the study of the bioaccumulation of trace elements is confronted with the following problems 1. the number and complexity of the influence of environmental factors, 2. the lack of knowledge concerning the biology and physiology of the studied organisms, 3. the uncertainty surrounding the physico-chemical behaviour of the elements analyzed. Despite a strong scientific interest, the weakness of the methodological approach of many works in this field currently affects their credibility. The continuation or even the development of this type of research depends on our capacity to define coherent objectives which will open the door for a solid scientific prospective making necessary the establishment of a common method of approach. We propose some points of reflection on this topic. Faced with this problematic and being based on a particularly large sample of specimens, an example of a method of approach and procedure of data analysis is proposed. This allows us to go beyond the simple establishment of the contamination levels to reveal and quantify the actions of the different factors taken into account. As an example, the results concerning the influence of the geographical localization on the determinism of the bioaccumulation of mercury will be developed.
Descriptors: stenella, marine environment, toxicology, trace elements, mercury, zinc, selenium, cadmium, bioaccumulation, food chains, aquatic environment, Cetacea, contamination, dolphins, ecosystems, elements, environment, heavy metals, mammals, metallic elements, semimetals.
Language of Text: English summary.
Angell, C.M., J.Y. Wilson, M.J. Moore, and J.J. Stegeman (2004). Cytochrome p450 1a1 expression in cetacean integument: implications for detecting contaminant exposure and effects. Marine Mammal Science 20(3): 554-566. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Contaminant related health risks to marine mammals are typically inferred from the levels of contaminants measured in blubber. Such measurements alone are insufficient to indicate the likelihood of biological effects from contaminant exposure, especially for contaminants that do not bioaccumulate. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) in mammals is induced by, and involved in, the metabolism of planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chemicals of concern in aquatic systems. CYP1A induction is a molecular response to exposure to these inducers in many vertebrates. Using immunohistochemistry, we semiquantitatively measured CYP1A1 expression in integument (epidermis and blubber) collected by biopsy or at necropsy from 17 species of cetaceans. CYP1A1 expression was detected in all species and, in some cases, varied both within and between species. CYP1A1 expression in mysticetes was comparable to that in odontocetes. Assessing how the differences in contaminant burdens, life history parameters, and physiological condition between individuals, populations, or species affect CYP1A1 expression in cetacean integument is essential to the interpretation of this induction as a biomarker of exposure to and effects of contaminants. Detection of CYP1A1 expression in integument samples offers a relatively simple, non-lethal technique to study biological changes associated with contaminant exposure in cetaceans.
Descriptors: enzymology, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, pollution assessment control and management, population studies, toxicology, biopsy, clinical techniques, necropsy, clinical techniques, contaminant exposure, health risks, life history.
Antoine, N., I. Jansegers, J.M. Bouquegneau, L. Holsbeek, and C. Joiris (1992). Contamination par les metaux lourds des oiseaux marins et des marsouins de la mer du Nord. [Heavy metal contamination of seabirds and porpoises in the North Sea]. Bulletin De La Societe Royale Des Sciences De Liege 61(1-2): 163-176. ISSN: 0037-9565.
Abstract: In the North Sea, the contamination level of cadmium in porpoises, zinc and copper in seabirds, and mercury in both appear to be very high. The other studied metal (Cr, Ti, Fe, Pb) concentrations are comparable to literature. Seabirds and porpoises are located at top of the food chains, however their use as bioindicators of the contamination level of the ecosystem they are feeding on remains debatable. Actually many differences appear in both the contamination level and the storage and detoxification mechanisms from a species to another.
Descriptors: porpoises, waterfowl, heavy metals, food chains, bioaccumulation, contamination, North Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, contamination, Eastern Atlantic, ecosystems, elements, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic.
Language of Text: English summary.
Anupma, K., R.K. Sinha, G. Krishna, and L. Swarn (2002). Concentration of organochlorines in Ganges River dolphins from Patna, Bihar. Journal of Environmental Biology 23(3): 279-281. ISSN: 0254-8704.
NAL Call Number: SH540.J65
Descriptors: aldrin, animal tissues, DDT, endosulfan, HCH, insecticide residues, insecticides, pollutants, polluted water, rivers, water pollution, water quality, dolphins, India, Ganges River.
Aono, S., S. Tanabe, Y. Fujise, H. Kato, and R. Tatsukawa (1997). Persistent organochlorines in minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and their prey species from the Antarctic and the North Pacific. Environmental Pollution 98(1): 81-89. ISSN: 0269-7491 .
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Descriptors: whales, ddt, organochlorine compounds, chlordane, hch, fats, water pollution, indicator organisms, Antarctica, Pacific Ocean, agricultural chemicals, Cetacea, mammals, marine areas, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, polar regions, pollution, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, balaenopteridae, hexachlorobenzene, biological indicators.
Arai, T., T. Ikemoto, A. Hokura, Y. Terada, T. Kunito, S. Tanabe, and I. Nakai (2004). Chemical forms of mercury and cadmium accumulated in marine mammals and seabirds as determined by XAFS analysis. Environmental Science and Technology 38(24): 6468-6474. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Abstract: Marine mammals and seabirds tend to exhibit high accumulations of mercury, cadmium, and selenium in their livers and kidneys. In this study, chemical forms of mercury, cadmium, and selenium accumulated in the livers and kidneys of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus),and black-footed albatross (Diomedea nigripes) were studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to reveal the detoxification mechanisms of these metals. It was found that mercury and selenium exist in the form of HgSe in the liver of northern fur seal. Mercury levels were found to be higher than those of Se, based on their molar ratio, in black-footed albatross. XAFS analysis disclosed an existence of chalcogenide containing both Hg-Se and the Hg-S bonds, suggesting the existence of a solid solution Hg(Se, S) as granules in black-footed albatross. In contrast, Cd concentrations in the kidney were higher than those in the liver for northern fur seal, black-footed albatross, and Risso's dolphin. It was found that Cd was bound to sulfur, which was probably derived from the metallothionein, The Cd-O bond was observed in the tissues of northern fur seal.
Descriptors: Diomedea nigripes, Callorhinus ursinus, Grampus griseus, pollutants, cadmium and mercury accumulation, liver and kidney, chemical forms accumulated, liver, kidney.
Arima, S. and K. Nagakura (1979). Mercury and selenium content of Odontoceti [whales and porpoises]. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 45(5): 623-626. ISSN: 0021-5392.
NAL Call Number: 414.9 J274
Descriptors: whales, porpoises, odontoceti, mercury, selenium, content.
Language of Text: English summary.
Augier, H., L. Benkoel, A. Chamlian, W.K. Park, and C. Ronneau (1993). Mercury, zinc and selenium bioaccumulation in tissues and organs of Mediterranean striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba meyen. Toxicological result of their interaction. Cellular and Molecular Biology 39(6): 621-34. ISSN: 0145-5680.
NAL Call Number: QH573.C4558
Abstract: Neutron activation analysis of 13 Mediterranean striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba showed high mercury and selenium contaminations of main tissues and organs of these cetaceans. The mercuric contents were excessive, particularly in liver (from 68 to 2272 micrograms/g dry wt. basis), then in kidney, lung, muscle, heart and brain. The selenium concentrations were also high in liver (from 45 to 1320 micrograms/g dry wt. basis), then in kidney, lung, muscle, skin and heart. The main way of contamination seems to be the food through trophic network, but skin and lung are also able to play a part which must be elucidated. The average Hg/Se ratios in liver and kidney were respectively 1.82 and 1.59. Linear relationship between mercury and selenium concentrations in tissues and organs, particularly in liver and kidney, were confirmed. The mercury and selenium interaction on a toxicological point of view was established by a statistical approach; in the same way, intervention of zinc, metallothioneins and glutathiones have been discussed.
Descriptors: dolphins metabolism, mercury pharmacokinetics, selenium pharmacokinetics, zinc pharmacokinetics, absorption, diet, drug interactions, glutathione physiology, intestinal absorption, lung metabolism, Mediterranean Sea, mercury toxicity, metallothionein physiology, neutron activation analysis, selenium toxicity, skin metabolism, tissue distribution, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics, zinc toxicity.
Beck, H., E.M. Breuer, A. Dross, and W. Mathar (1990). Residues of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and other organochlorine compounds in harbour seals and harbour porpoise. Chemosphere 20(7-9): 1027-1034. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: porpoises, residues, sea pollution, trials, gas chromatography, adipose tissues, organochlorine compounds, biphenyl, dolphins, seals, analytical methods, animal morphology, animal tissues, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, carnivora, Cetacea, chromatography, connective tissues, experiments, hydrocarbons, mammals, organic halogen compounds, Pinnipedia, pollution, water pollution.
Beck, K.M., P. Fair, W. McFee, and D. Wolf (1997). Heavy metals in livers of bottlenose dolphins stranded along the South Carolina coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(9): 734-739. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: heavy metals, South Carolina, dolphins, water pollution, wild animals, toxicology, liver, America, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, dolphins, elements, mammals, metallic elements, North America, pollution, south eastern states, southern states, USA, wildlife, Tursiops truncatus.
Becker, P.R., E.A. Mackey, R. Demiralp, M.M. Schantz, B.J. Koster, and S.A. Wise (1997). Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace elements in marine mammal tissues archived in the U.S. National biomonitoring specimen bank. Chemosphere 34(9/10): 2067-2098. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: side effects, pesticides, residues, organochlorine compounds, seals, Phocoena, lagenorhynchus, Delphinapterus leucas, whales, ddt, carnivora, Cetacea, delphinapterus, dolphins, mammals, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, Pinnipedia, whales, nontarget effects, phoca, phocidae, Callorhinus ursinus, Phoca hispida, Phoca largha, Erignathus barbatus, Globicephala melas, Phocoena Phocoena, Lagenorhynchus autus, Balaena mysticetus.
Notes: Meeting Information: Biological Environmental Specimen Banking. Second International Symposium and Workshop, Stockholm, Sweden, May 20-23, 1996.
Beineke, A., U. Siebert, M. McLachlan, R. Bruhn, K. Thron, K. Failing, G. Muller, and W. Baumgartner (2005). Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Environmental Science and Technology 39(11): 3933-3938. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Abstract: Harbor porpoises from the German North and Baltic Seas exhibit a higher incidence of bacterial infections compared to whales from less polluted arctic waters. The potential adverse effect of environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals on the immune system and the health status of marine mammals is still discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), toxaphene, (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)trichlorethane (DDT), and (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl)dichlorethene (DDE) on the immune system of harbor porpoises. Lymphoid organs are influenced by a variety of factors, and therefore special emphasis was given to separating the confounding effect of age, health status, nutritional state, geographical location, and sex from the effect of contaminant levels upon thymus and spleen. Contaminant analysis and detailed pathological examinations were conducted on 61 by-caught and stranded whales from the North and Baltic Seas and Icelandic and Norwegian waters. Stranded harbor porpoises were more severely diseased than by-caught animals. Thymic atrophy and splenic depletion were significantly correlated to increased PCB and PBDE levels. However, lymphoid depletion was also associated with emaciation and an impaired health status. The present report supports the hypothesis of a contaminant-induced immunosuppression, possibly contributing to disease susceptibility in harbor porpoises. However, further studies are needed to determine if lymphoid depletion is primarily contaminant-induced or secondary to disease and emaciation in this cetacean species.
Descriptors: harbor porpoise, Baltic Sea, thymus, spleen, environmental contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls, immunosuppression.
Beland, P. (1996). Les belugas du Saint-Laurent. [St. Lawrence beluga whales]. Pour La Science (225): 56-63. ISSN: 0153-4092.
Descriptors: whales, mortality, hunting, water pollution, estuaries, St. Lawrence River, Cetacea, international inland waters, mammals, North American inland waters, physiographic features, pollution.
Belang, P., S. Deguise, and D. Martineau (1995). Pollution: menaces sur le Beluga du Saint-Laurent (Quebec, Canada). Pollution et destruction: trois siecles de menaces sur les belugas. [Pollution: jeopardy to the Saint Lawrence beluga whale. Pollution and destruction: three centuries of threats on the belugas]. Cahiers D'Ethologie Fondamentale Et Appliquee, Animale Et Humaine (Belgium) 14(4): 323-334. ISSN: 0778-7103.
Descriptors: Quebec, Delphinapterus leucas, toxic substances, organochlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, aromatic hydrocarbons, pathology, population dynamics, survival, life tables, postmortem examination, estuaries, America, aromatic compounds, biological analysis, Canada, Cetacea, delphinapterus, halogenated hydrocarbons, histocytological analysis, hydrocarbons, mammals, North America, organic halogen compounds, physiographic features, population dynamics, vital statistics, whales.
Bennett, E.R., P.S. Ross, and R.J. Letcher (2002). Halogenated phenolic contaminants and metabolites in the blood of killer whale (Orcinus orca). Organohalogen Compounds 58: 81-84. ISSN: 1026-4892.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, pollutants, blood, chemical pollution, chemical factors, halogenated phenolic contaminants and metabolites.
Bennett, P.M., P.D. Jepson, R.J. Law, B.R. Jones, T. Kuiken, J.R. Baker, E. Rogan, and J.K. Kirkwood (2001). Exposure to heavy metals and infectious disease mortality in harbour porpoises from England and Wales. Environmental Pollution 112(1): 33-40. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Descriptors: diseases, heavy metals, metals, mortality, toxic substances, toxicology, trauma, water pollution, Phocoena.
Berge, J.A., E.M. Brevik, A. Bjorge, N. Folsvik, G.W. Gabrielsen, and H. Wolkers (2004). Organotins in marine mammals and seabirds from Norwegian territory. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 6(2): 108-112. ISSN: 1464-0325.
Abstract: An increasing number of studies indicate that marine mammals and some seabirds are exposed to organotins. However, results from northern and Arctic areas are few. Here results from analysis of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPhT), diphenyltin (DPhT) and monophenyltin (MPhT) in harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), common seal (Phoca vitulina), ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) from Norwegian territory are presented. Relatively high concentrations of DBT, TBT and MBT were observed in muscle, kidney and liver from harbour porpoises caught in northern Norway in 1988, just before restrictions on the use of tributyltin (TBT) (mainly on small boats) were introduced in several European countries. The concentrations in harbour porpoise muscle tissue were reduced significantly 11 years later, possibly as a result of the introduced restrictions. Considerably lower concentrations of butyltins were observed in the seals compared to porpoises. The lowest levels of organotins were found in ringed seals from Spitsbergen, where only traces of dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were observed. Traces of DBT and MBT were also found in some individual glaucous gulls from Bear Island. The sum of the degradation products MBT and DBT in liver samples from all analysed species were generally higher than TBT itself. Triphenyltin (TPhT) was observed in all porpoise samples arid in livers of common seals. Also the sum of the degradation products MPhT and DPhT in liver samples from porpoise and common seals were higher than TPhT. No traces of phenyltins were found in ringed seals from Spitsbergen or in glaucous gulls from Bear Island. The limited data available indicate low to moderate exposure to organotins in northern areas (Spitsbergen and Bear Island). Marine mammals are however more exposed further south along the Norwegian Coast.
Descriptors: Larus hyperboreus, Phoca hispida, Phoca vitulina Phocoena phocoena, pollutants, content, chemical pollution, chemical factors, organotins, Norway, organotin pollutant content.
Berrow, S.D., B. McHugh, D. Glynn, E. McGovern, K.M. Parsons, R.W. Baird, and S.K. Hooker (2002). Organochlorine concentrations in resident bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Shannon estuary, Ireland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44(11): 1296-1302. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: animal behavior, nontarget effects, organochlorine pesticides, pesticide residues, polluted water, polychlorinated biphenyls, water pollution, dolphins, Tursiops truncatus.
Boer, J. de, P.G. Wester, E.H.G. Evers, and U.A.T. Brinkman (1996). Determination of tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane in fish, marine mammals and sediment. Environmental Pollution 93(1): 39-47.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Descriptors: sediment, pollution, dyes, pesticides, seals, Cetacea, gadiformes, anguilla genus, modiolus, cod, dolphins, mussels, eels, North Sea, residues, aquatic animals, mammals, aquatic mammals, fish, anguilloidei, animal products, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, Atlantic Ocean, bivalvia, bony fishes, carnivora, Cetacea, diadromous fishes, Eastern Atlantic, fishery products, fishes, mammals, marine areas, mollusca, North Atlantic, northeast Atlantic, Pinnipedia, saltwater fishes, shellfish, otariidae, phocidae, phocoenidae, delphinidae, gadidae, marine mammals.
Boon, J.P., H.M. Sleiderink, M.S. Helle, M. Dekker, A. van Schanke, E. Roex, M.T.J. Hillebrand, H.J.C. Klamer, B. Govers, D. Pastor, D. Morse, P.G. Wester, and J. de Boer (1998). The use of a microsomal in vitro assay to study phase I biotransformation of chlorobornanes (toxaphene) in marine mammals and birds. Possible consequences of biotransformation for bioaccumulation and genotoxicity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 121(1-3): 385-403.
Descriptors: camphechlor, insecticides, side effects, aquatic animals, seals, physeter, experimentation, metabolism, agricultural chemicals, aquatic organisms, Carnivora, Cetacea, mammals, pesticides, Pinnipedia, whales, nontarget effects, marine animals, Phoca vitulina, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Physeter catodon, Diomedea immutabilis, assays.
Notes: Forms and functions of cytochrome P450.
Booth, S. and D. Zeller (2005). Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(5): 521-526. ISSN: 0091-6765.
Abstract: We modeled the flow of methyl mercury, a toxic global pollutant, in the Faroe Islands marine ecosystem and compared average human methyl mercury exposure from consumption of pilot whale meat and fish (cod, Gadus morhua) with current tolerable weekly intake (TWI) levels. Under present conditions and climate change scenarios, methyl mercury increased in the ecosystem, translating into increased human exposure over time. However, we saw greater changes as a result of changing fishing mortalities. A large portion of the general human population exceed the TWI levels set by the World Health Organization [WHO; 1.6 microg/kg body weight (bw)], and they all exceed the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 microg/kg bw/day set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; equivalent to a TWI of 0.7 microg/kg bw). As a result of an independent study documenting that Faroese children exposed prenatally to methyl mercury had reduced cognitive abilities, pregnant women have decreased their intake of whale meat and were below the TWI levels set by the WHO and the U.S. EPA. Cod had approximately 95% lower methyl mercury concentrations than did pilot whale. Thus, the high and harmful levels of methyl mercury in the diet of Faroe Islanders are driven by whale meat consumption, and the increasing impact of climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation. Significantly, base inflow rates of mercury into the environment would need to be reduced by approximately 50% to ensure levels of intake below the WHO TWI levels, given current levels of whale consumption.
Descriptors: food webs, marine mammals, mercury, diet, global pollutant, human health, Faroe Islanders, whale meat.
Borrell, A. and A. Aguilar (2005). Differences in DDT and PCB residues between common and striped dolphins from the southwestern Mediterranean. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48(4): 501-8. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Abstract: Organochlorine concentrations (OCs) and stable isotopes were investigated in the blubber of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the southwestern Mediterranean. Samples were obtained from dolphins entangled in fishing nets during the 1992-1994 fishing season and from biopsies taken in 1992. Intrapopulation variations were studied, but because most of the dolphins were juveniles or calves (90%), no significant differences were found on the basis of reproductive condition or sex. Only mature male common dolphins showed significantly higher levels of most of the compounds studied than immature individuals did. There were quantitative and qualitative interspecific differences in organochlorine compounds profile. As compared to common dolphins, striped dolphins carried higher concentrations of organochlorine concentrations (OCs), their %DDE/tDDT and PCB/tDDT ratios were significantly higher, and recalcitrant PCB congeners were more abundant. Distribution and information on composition of stomach contents would in principle support a higher exposure to OCs in common dolphins as compared to striped dolphins, thus apparently contradicting the observed results. However, stable isotopes showed that striped dolphins exploit a higher trophic level, thus explaining observed differences. Interspecific dissimilarities in metabolic capacity to handle OCs may be an added factor. Although in the two species OC concentrations exceeded levels considered to be ineffective in marine mammals, pollution-induced effects on populations could not be properly assessed.
Descriptors: ddt analysis, dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene analysis, dolphins metabolism, polychlorinated biphenyls analysis, water pollutants, chemical analysis, adipose tissue chemistry, adipose tissue metabolism, ddt metabolism, dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene metabolism, environmental monitoring, Mediterranean Sea, polychlorinated biphenyls metabolism, principal component analysis, species specificity, water pollutants, chemical metabolism.
Borrell, A., A. Aguilar, G. Cantos, C. Lockyer, M.P. Heide Jorgensen, and J. Jensen (2004). Organochlorine residues in harbour porpoises from Southwest Greenland. Environmental Pollution 128(3): 381-391. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Descriptors: DDT, feeding habits, hexachlorobenzene, organochlorine compounds, pesticide residues, pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls, Phocoena, harbour porpoise, Greenland.
Borrell, A., A. Agular, S. Corsolini, and S. Focardi (1996). Evaluation of toxicity and sex-related variation of PCB levels in Mediterranean striped dolphins affected by an epizootic. Chemosphere 32(12): 2359-2369.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: evaluation, toxicity, dolphins, polychlorinated biphenyls, morbillivirus, water pollution, stenella, biphenyl, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, Cetacea, dolphins, hydrocarbons, mammals, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, paramyxoviridae, pollution, viruses, Stenella coeruleoalba.
Borrell, A., D. Bloch, and G. Desportes (1995). Age trends and reproductive transfer of organochlorine compounds in long-finned pilot whales from the Faroe Islands. Environmental Pollution 88(3): 283-292. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Descriptors: whales, ddt, polychlorinated biphenyls, metabolites, pollutants, concentration, body fat, lactation, age differences, water pollution, nontarget organisms, nontarget effects, Faroe Islands, blubber.
Borrell, A., G. Cantos, T. Pastor, and A. Aguilar (2004). Levels of organochlorine compounds in spotted dolphins from the Coiba archipelago, Panama. Chemosphere 54(5): 669-677. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Abstract: Blubber and skin samples from 63 spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) (18 males, 40 females and 5 of unknown sex) were collected by biopsy techniques in the waters of the Coiba archipelago. Blubber was analyzed for organochlorine compounds and skin for gender determination. Mean levels of HCB (hexachlorobenzene), tPCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) and tDDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) were 0.064, 2.30 and 6.4 mg kg-1, respectively. These levels are low and are not considered to represent a threat to the S. attenuata population. No significant differences either in concentrations of HCB, tPCB and tDDT or in PCB profiles were observed between males and females. The ratio tDDT/tPCB was 2.69, indicating predominantly agrarian versus industrial activities in the area. The ratio ppDDE/tDDT was 0.83, a high figure that suggests both a local reduction of DDT inputs and a high rate of DDT degradation. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were observed between two schools, suggesting intra-population heterogeneity in organochlorine exposure possibly due to demographic segregation.
Descriptors: Stenella attenuata, pollutants, dermis, blubber, chemical pollution, chemical factors, North Pacific, Panama, Ciba National Park, organochlorine compounds, levels in blubber.
Bouquegneau, J.M., V. Debacker, S. Gobert, and J.P. Nellissen (1997). Toxicological investigations on four sperm whales stranded on the Belgian coast: inorganic contaminants. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: Nine heavy metals have been analysed in the liver, muscle and kidneys of sperm whales that stranded on the Belgian coast, November 18, 1994. The concentrations of most of the studied inorganic contaminants except mercury and cadmium - were low. The mercury content of the tissues was high, but in the range of those found in sperm whales previously described in the literature, as shown by Joiris et al. (this volume), and most of the mercury was found under an inorganic form. We found a close correlation between the mercury and selenium contents of the livers, which strongly suggests that the pollutant was detoxified under the tiemannite form, and therefore was not potentially toxic for the animals. On the contrary, cadmium was found in high concentrations, which was expectable owing to the normal diet of the species (cephalopods), but twice those previously described in the literature for sperm whales. Moreover, the metal was not found, as it is generally the case, to be bound to metallothioneins (a protein well known for its protective effect against heavy metals toxicity) and therefore may have contributed to the debilitation of the animals.
Descriptors: Physeter, beaches, postmortem examination, heavy metals, detoxification, liver, North Sea, Atlantic Ocean, biological analysis, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, eastern Atlantic, elements, histocytological analysis, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, northeast Atlantic, physiographic features, processing, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Brousseau, P., S. de Guise, I. Voccia, S. Ruby and M. Fournier (2003). Immune status of St. Lawrence Estuary beluga whales. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 381-403. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, immune response, chemical pollution, chemical factors, north west Atlantic, Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence Estuary, overview, possible effects of environmental contaminants.
Bruhn, R., N. Kannan, G. Petrick, D.E. Schulz Bull, and J.C. Duinker (1995). CB pattern in the harbour porpoise: bioaccumulation, metabolism and evidence for cytochrome P450 IIB activity. Chemosphere 31(7): 3721-32. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Abstract: Metabolism of chlorobiphenyls (CBs) was studied in harbour porpoise by comparing patterns of CB-X/CB-153 ratios in blood, brain, liver and blubber with the patterns in herring, the main food source. The CBs were classified in five groups, based on the presence/absence of vicinal H-atoms (vic. Hs) in meta,para (m,p) and/or ortho,meta (o,m) positions and the number of ortho-Cl-atoms (ortho-Cls). Plots of CB-X/CB-153 ratios in porpoise tissue vs the ratios in herring appeared to be linear for each CB group in all tissues. Slopes of these plots (metabolic slopes) were used as quantitative indicators of metabolic activity. In this way, activity of PB-type isozymes of the P450 monooxygenase system was apparent: in contrast to existing literature data, harbour porpoise appears to be able to metabolize congeners with m,p vic. Hs, even in the presence of more than 2 ortho-Cls. The presence of 3-MC-type (MC-type) isozymes was also detected. The metabolic slopes were also used as basis for risk assessment. Due to their metabolism the most toxic non-ortho CBs were not present in the tissues at detectable levels. We suggest a risk assessment approach which takes this into account. It is considered to be an alternative and more reliable basis for risk assessment than the use of toxic equivalent factors. The results support the model of equilibrium distribution of CBs in harbour porpoise and the role of blood as central transport medium. The model has been developed for persistent compounds; it appears to hold for metabolizable CB congeners as well.
Descriptors: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases, cytochrome p 450 enzyme system metabolism, environmental pollutants metabolism, polychlorinated biphenyls metabolism, steroid hydroxylases metabolism, adipose tissue enzymology, adipose tissue metabolism, brain chemistry drug effects, cytochrome p 450 enzyme system blood, dolphins, environmental pollutants blood, enzyme activation drug effects, liver enzymology, liver metabolism, polychlorinated biphenyls blood, risk assessment, steroid hydroxylases blood.
Bustamante, P., C. Garrigue, L. Breau, F. Caurant, W. Dabin, J. Greaves, and R. Dodemont (2003). Trace elements in two odontocete species (Kogia breviceps and Globicephala macrorhynchus) stranded in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Environmental Pollution 124(2): 263-71. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Abstract: Liver, muscle and blubber tissues of two short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and two pygmy sperm whales(Kogia breviceps) stranded on the coast of New Caledonia have been analysed for 12 trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu. Fe, organic and total Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn). Liver was shown to be the most important accumulating organ for Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn in both species, G. macrorhynchus having the highest Cd, Hg, Se and Zn levels. In this species, concentrations of total Hg are particularly elevated, reaching up to 1452 microg g(-1) dry wt. Only a very low percentage of the total Hg was organic. In both species,the levels of Hg are directly related to Se in liver. Thus, a molar ratio of Hg:Se close to 1.0 was found for all specimens, except for the youngest K. breviceps. Our results suggest that G. macrorhynchus have a physiology promoting the accumulation of high levels of naturally occurring toxic elements. Furthermore, concentrations of Ni, Cr and Co are close to or below the detection limit in the liver and muscles of all specimens. This suggests that mining activity in New Caledonia, which typically elevates the levels of these contaminants in the marine environment, does not seem to be a significant source of contamination for these pelagic marine mammals.
Descriptors: dolphins metabolism, environmental pollutants analysis, trace elements analysis, whales metabolism, adipose tissue chemistry, food chain, liver chemistry, muscles chemistry, New Caledonia.
Cardellicchio, N. (1995). Persistent contaminants in dolphins: an indication of chemical pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Water Science and Technology 32(9/10): 331-340.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1P7
Descriptors: dolphins, Mediterranean Sea, metals, pesticides, residues, stenella, pollutants, water pollution, aquatic animals, mammals, aquatic mammals, indicator organisms, polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury, selenium, cadmium, lead, heavy metals, insecticides, organochlorine compounds, ddt, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, Cetacea, dolphins, elements, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, pesticides, pollution, semimetals, Stenella coeruleoalba, contaminants, marine mammals, biological indicators.
Cardellicchio, N., A. Decataldo, A. Leo di, and S. Giandomenico (2002). Trace elements in organs and tissues of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Mediterranean sea (Southern Italy). Chemosphere 49(1): 85-90. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: cadmium, chromium, copper, heavy metals, iron, kidneys, lead, liver, mortality, organs, poisoning, pollutants, tin, tissue distribution, toxicity, trace elements, wild animals, zinc, dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba.
Carvalho, M.L., R.A. Pereira, and J. Brito (2002). Heavy metals in soft tissues of Tursiops truncatus and Delphinus delphis from west Atlantic Ocean by X-ray spectrometry. Science of the Total Environment 292(3): 247-54. ISSN: 0048-9697.
Abstract: In this work, the concentration of heavy metals in muscle, liver, fat tissue and skin is studied in 15 Delphinus delphis and two Tursiops truncatus dolphins, stranded along the Portuguese coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Sample collection was performed post-mortem and the tissues were kept frozen until analysed. Sample preparation included lyophilising and grounding in a Teflon mill to avoid contamination by metals. The obtained powder was prepared as pellets for each sample and analysed directly by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The concentrations of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Hg and Pb were obtained. Significant differences between the muscle, the skin and the fat tissues were detected. Cobalt concentrations were similar in liver, skin and muscle. The levels of Ni, Rb and Sr are at the level of the detection limit and whenever measurable are rather constant in all the analysed tissues. The results show that the highest concentrations of Mn, Cu and Hg are always in liver tissues. Zinc and Se concentrations are higher in skin and Pb is present in very low concentrations in all the analysed tissues except in skin; Fe and As are enhanced in muscle and liver. In general, the two studied species did not seem to differ significantly in their heavy metals concentration in a given tissue.
Descriptors: dolphins metabolism, metals, heavy analysis, water pollutants, chemical analysis, adipose tissue chemistry, Atlantic Ocean, environmental monitoring, liver chemistry, muscles chemistry, Portugal, skin chemistry, species specificity, spectrum analysis, tissue distribution, x rays.
Carvan III, M.J. and D.L. Busbee (2003). Mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity: implications for cetacean morbidity and mortality. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 429-457. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, pollutants, chemical pollution, metabolic and physiological effects, review, chemical factors, aromatic hydrocarbons.
Carvan III, M.J., L.P. Flood, B.D. Campbell, and D.L. Busbee (1995). Effects of benzo(a)pyrene and tetrachlorodibenzo-(p)-dioxin on fetal dolphin kidney cells: inhibition of proliferation and initiation of DNA damage. Chemosphere 30(1): 187-198. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Abstract: Dolphin kidney cells (CDK) were exposed in vitro to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the presence or absence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin (TCDD), a cytochrome P450-inducing agent, and/or a-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF), an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 induction. BaP inhibited mitosis in CDK cells in a dose-dependent manner. TCDD, while inhibiting cell proliferation, did not show a strict dose-dependent mode of action. BaP inhibition of mitosis was decreased by alpha NF, which also decreased the inhibitory effects of TCDD on CDK proliferation. BaP treatment initiated both 3H-thymidine incorporation and the increased alkali lability of DNA functions of the initiation of excision repair. Cells pre-treated with TCDD and then exposed to BaP exhibited increased BaP-DNA adduct levels and increased DNA excision repair. These data indicate that dolphin cells metabolized BaP in vitro as a function of cytochrome P450-associated activities, that BaP metabolites covalently bound to cellular DNA and initiated excision repair. Inhibition of the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of BaP decreased the BaP-associated inhibition of mitosis in dolphin cells.
Descriptors: development, enzymology, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, pollution assessment control and management, toxicology, urinary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, alpha naphthoflavone, cytochrome p450, DNA adducts.
Chou, C.C., Y.N. Chen, and C.S. Li (2004). Congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls in cetaceans from Taiwan waters. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47(4): 551-560. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, polychlorinated biphenyls, toxic substances, Cetacea, dolphins.
Ciesielski, T., A. Wasik, I. Kuklik, K. Skora, J. Namiesnik, and P. Szefer (2004). Organotin compounds in the liver tissue of marine mammals from the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science and Technology 38(5): 1415-20. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Abstract: Butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PhTs) were determined in the livers of marine mammals found by-caught or stranded along the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. During the investigation an original analytical method was developed. Butyltin compounds were detected in all the liver samples, whereas phenyltins were not detected in any of the samples. The total concentrations of BTs ranged from 43.9 to 7698 ng(Sn) x g(-1) dry weight. Age-related trends to accumulate BTs in immature porpoises were found. At the same time there were no male-female differences in BTs concentrations observed. No statistically significant spatial distribution differences were found between the locations corresponding to the open Baltic Sea waters and inside the Gulf of Gdansk, which is characterized by high maritime activity. In comparison to butyltin levels in marine mammals from other geographic regions, the samples analyzed indicate a significant degree of tributyltin pollution along the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. On the basis of a literature review, higher BT levels are usually found in waters close to highly industrialized areas, such as Japan, Hong Kong, and the United States.
Descriptors: dolphins, organotin compounds pharmacokinetics, porpoises, seals, earless, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics, age factors, environmental monitoring, geography, liver chemistry, organotin compounds analysis, Poland, water pollutants, chemical analysis.
Clarke, S.C., A.P. Jackson, and J. Neff (2000). Development of a risk assessment methodology for evaluating potential impacts associated with contaminated mud disposal in the marine environment. Chemosphere 41(1-2): 69-76. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Abstract: In order to assess impacts associated with disposal of contaminated mud arising from Hong Kong's dredging and reclamation projects, a methodology has been formulated to determine the level of risk posed by consumption of seafood/marine prey species to humans and to the Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa chinensis). This methodology improves on previously used techniques by incorporating risks for organic contaminants, accounting for doses from sources other than seafood, and incorporating additional local knowledge on Sousa chinensis behaviour. It thus represents an advance in risk assessment techniques and a new integration of risk assessment and monitoring in environmental management.
Descriptors: dolphins, environmental monitoring methods, refuse disposal, seafood, food contamination, organic chemicals, public health, risk assessment.
Colborn, T. and M.J. Smolen (1996). Epidemiological analysis of persistent organochlorine contaminants in cetaceans. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 146: 91-172. ISSN: 0179-5953.
NAL Call Number: TX501.R48
Abstract: Information is provided to test the hypothesis that organochlorines introduced into the environment since the early 1940s could threaten the reproductive potential of baleen whales and other cetaceans. Comparisons are made using data on the role of organochlorines in a model system, the Great Lakes region of North America, and in model animals, including humans, pinnipeds, and other wildlife. DDT and PCB are used as model organochlorines with the caveat that there may be thousands of other chemicals in the environment also involved. Improved sensitivity in analytical quantification of synthetic chemicals in biological tissue has been accompanied by an increase in knowledge about biochemical processes that control development and function. The effects described in this review are the result of disrupted gene expression, not damage to the gene. The mechanisms of action of the organochlorines reveal their ability to affect developing organisms at very low concentrations during critical life stages: embryonic, fetal, and early postnatal. Exposure during early development can disrupt the organization of the endocrine, reproductive, immune and nervous systems, effecting irreversible damage that may not be expressed until the individuals reach adulthood. The recent discovery that human sperm count is declining worldwide at a rate of 1 x 10(6) sperm/(mL.yr) suggests common exposure to estrogen-like chemicals during prenatal and early postnatal development. This raises concern for other top predator species that also share the same exposure. Periods of intense feeding followed by long periods of fasting are common among species of baleen whales. This unique strategy places the embryonic and nursing calves in vulnerable positions, because under both situations maternal blood levels are elevated as a result of absorption from food intake or as a result of mobilization as fat is metabolized. Estimates of Toxic Equivalents (TEQs) based on the occurrence of four PCB congeners (118, 183, 153, 180) in sigma PCB reported in whales are highest for St. Lawrence belugas and Faroe Island long-finned pilot whales. This conservative approach reveals that some whale species are within the range of enzyme-induced TEQs at which effects have been associated with adverse health effects in other aquatic species. The epidemiological approach was used for analysis because it was developed to handle multiple exposure scenarios in which direct causal links are virtually impossible to isolate. The analysis includes the tenets of timeorder, strength of association, specificity of cause and effect, consistency, coherence, and predictive performance.
Descriptors: Cetacea metabolism, environmental health, hydrocarbons, chlorinated, insecticides metabolism, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics, body burden.
Colborn, T. and M.J. Smolen (2003). Cetaceans and contaminants. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 291-332. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: Cetacea, pollutants, contaminant concentrations and effects, overview, chemical pollution, chemical factors.
Crane, K., J. Galasso, C. Brown, G. Cherkashov, G. Ivanov, V. Petrova, and B. Vanstayan (2001). Northern ocean inventories of organochlorine and heavy metal contamination. Marine Pollution Bulletin 43(1-6): 28-60. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: geologic sediments analysis, hydrocarbons, chlorinated analysis, metals, heavy analysis, seawater chemistry, water pollutants, chemical analysis, water pollution, chemical analysis, arctic regions, climate, oceans and seas, seasons, whales metabolism.
Das, K., V. Jacob, and J.M. Bouquegneau (2002). White-sided dolphin metallothioneins: purification, characterisation and potential role. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Toxicology and Pharmacology 131(3): 245-251. ISSN: 1532-0456.
NAL Call Number: QP901.C6
Descriptors: cadmium, mercury, metallothionein, toxicity, toxicology, Lagenorhynchus, characterisation, purification.
Das, K., U. Siebert, M. Fontaine, T. Jauniaux, L. Holsbeek, and J.M. Bouquegneau (2004). Ecological and pathological factors related to trace metal concentrations in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from the North Sea and adjacent areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 281: 283-295. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Abstract: There is growing concern about the health status of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the North Sea and adjacent areas. The interaction between toxicological results (Zn, Cd, Cu, Fe, Se, Hg), stable isotope data ([delta]13C and [delta]15N) and the most common pathological findings, namely emaciation and lesions of the respiratory system, were investigated in 132 porpoises collected along the coasts of northern France, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Iceland and Norway between 1994 and 2001. The body condition of harbour porpoises stranded on the French, Belgian and German coasts was poor compared to that of by-catch individuals from Iceland and Norway, as reflected by blubber thickness and hepatic to total body-mass ratio. High Zn and Hg concentrations were observed in some porpoises collected along the southern North Sea coast compared to by-catch individuals from Iceland, Norway and the Baltic Sea. Increasing Zn levels were observed with deteriorating health condition (emaciation and bronchopneumonia), while Hg increases were not significant. The increases were not related to shrinking liver mass which remained unchanged. These observations indicate a general redistribution of trace metals within the organs (muscles and blubber to liver), as a result of protein and lipid catabolism. Muscle [delta]13C and [delta]15N values remained unchanged with deteriorating body condition. Cd concentrations were associated only with age and low [delta]15N values, indicating that high Cd concentrations in Iceland and Norway porpoises may be partly diet-related, i.e. a result of Cd contaminated prey.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, inorganic substances, stable isotope levels, pollutants, diseases and disorders, metal pollution, metals, heavy metal levels, North Sea, heavy metal and stable isotope levels, ecological and pathological implications.
De Luna, C.J. and L. Rosales Hoz (2004). Heavy metals in tissues of gray whales Eschrichtius robustus, and in sediments of Ojo de Liebre Lagoon in Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 72(3): 460-466. ISSN: 0007-4861.
NAL Call Number: RA1270.P35A1
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus pollutants, heavy metals content, tissues, musculature, muscles, bone, skin, kidney, lagoon habitat, metal pollution, heavy metal pollution, metals, heavy metals, north Pacific, Mexico, Baja California, Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, tissue heavy metal content, sediment heavy metal content relations.
Duinker, J.C. and M.T.J. Hillebrand (1979). Mobilization of organochlorines from female lipid tissue and transplacental transfer to fetus in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in a contaminated area. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23(6): 728-732. ISSN: 0007-4861.
NAL Call Number: RA1270.P35A1
Descriptors: harbour porpoise, fetus, organochlorines, transplacental, tranfer, lipid tissue.
Echarri, I., C. Nerin, D.E. Wells, C. Domeno, and J. Cacho (1998). Multivariate analysis applied to the study of the distribution of chlorobiphenyls (CBs), including the non-ortho-CBs, in fish and sea mammals. Analyst 123(3): 421-427.
NAL Call Number: 382 AN1
Descriptors: aquatic animals, mammals, statistical methods, fish, chromatography, limanda, seals, Tursiops, Cetacea, pollution, toxicology, pleuronectoidei, biphenyl, analytical methods, animal products, aquatic organisms, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, bony fishes, carnivora, Cetacea, dolphins, fishery products, fishes, hydrocarbons, mammals, methods, Pinnipedia, pleuronectoidei, marine mammals, principal component analysis, multivariate analysis, chlorobiphenyls, Phoceana phoceana, Limanda limanda, Phoca vitulina, Tursiops truncatus, phocoenidae, pleuronectidae, phocidae, odontoceti.
Endo, T., K. Haraguchi, F. Cipriano, M.P. Simmonds, Y. Hotta, and M. Sakata (2004). Contamination by mercury and cadmium in the cetacean products from Japanese market. Chemosphere 54(11): 1653-1662. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: mercury, cadmium, contamination, Cetacean, markets, Japan.
Endo, T., K. Haraguchi, and M. Sakata (2003). Renal toxicity in rats after oral administration of mercury-contaminated boiled whale livers marketed for human consumption. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44(3): 412-416. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: whales, livers as food, mercury, food contamination, nephrotoxicity, human food chain.
Evans, K., M. Hindell, and G. Hince (2004). Concentrations of organochlorines in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) from Southern Australian waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(5-6): 486-503. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: Concentrations of DDTs, PCBs and HCHs were measured in sperm whales involved in two mass stranding events on the west coast of Tasmania, Australia in February 1998. DDTs and PCBs were present in all samples analysed, while only three contained HCHs. The relationships between organochlorines, sex, age and reproductive groups were marked by high variability. Differences in organochlorine concentrations were observed between animals from the two stranding sites and discussed in light of the ecology of this species. Concentrations of all pollutants were stratified throughout the vertical aspect of the blubber and possible reasons for and the implications of this are discussed. Concentrations of compounds were higher than those documented in this species in the Southern Hemisphere previously, although were relatively lower than those documented in the Northern Hemisphere. However, comparisons were confounded by spatial and temporal differences. Continued monitoring of marine mammals throughout this region in a co-coordinated, standardized manner is essential for establishing definite temporal and spatial variations in pollutant concentrations.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, pollutants, chemical pollution, chemical factors, south Pacific, Australia, Tasmania, organochlorine concentrations.
Foreid, S., T. Rundberget, T. Severinsen, O. Wiig, and J.U. Skaare (2000). Determination of toxaphenes in fish and marine mammals. Chemosphere 41(4): 521-528. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: camphechlor, insecticide residues, congeners, Gadus morhua, phoca, Thalarctos maritimus, balaenopteridae, whales, body fat, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, detectors, sex differences, Arctic Ocean, chlorinated bornanes, Phoca hispida, Balaenoptera acutostrata, Orcinus orca, electron capture detectors.
Notes: In the special section: Toxaphene edited by M. Oehma.
Fossi, M.C., L. Marsili, G. Neri, S. Casini, G. Bearzi, E. Politi, M. Zanardelli, and S. Panigada (2000). Skin biopsy of Mediterranean cetaceans for the investigation of interspecies susceptibility to xenobiotic contaminants. Marine Environmental Research 50(1-5): 517-21. ISSN: 0141-1136.
NAL Call Number: QH545.W3M36
Abstract: Various studies on Mediterranean cetaceans have revealed bioaccumulation of contaminants such as organochlorines (OCs) and heavy metals. The susceptibility of these animals to organic pollutants and the relationship between bioaccumulation and population decline (as in the case of Delphinus delphis) are unexplored fields. In this study, we used a non-destructive approach (skin biopsy) to explore OC bioaccumulation processes and mixed-function oxidase activity (BPMO) in four species of cetaceans: striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), common dolphin (D. delphis) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Significant differences in BPMO induction and OC levels were found between odontocetes and mysticetes, the former having mixed-function oxidase activities four times higher than the latter, binding with levels of OCs one order of magnitude higher in odontocetes. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) between BPMO activities and OC levels was found in B. physalus. In an ongoing project, fibroblast cultures have been used as an alternative in vitro method of evaluating interspecies susceptibility to contaminants such as OCs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These results suggest that cetacean skin biopsies are a powerful non-invasive tool for assessing ecotoxicological risk to Mediterranean marine mammals species.
Descriptors: dolphins metabolism, environmental monitoring methods, skin pathology, water pollutants, chemical toxicity, biopsy, cells, cultured, hydrocarbons, chlorinated, insecticides pharmacokinetics, Mediterranean region, metals pharmacokinetics, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics.
Fossi, M.C., L. Marsili, and G.N. Di Sciara (2003). The role of skin biopsy in the detection of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in Mediterranean cetaceans. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5(1): 55-60. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera physalus, Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, diagnostic techniques, skin biopsy, pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, non lethal detection by skin biopsy, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea and western Ligurian Sea, non lethal pollutant detection by skin biopsy.
Fossi, M.C., L. Marsili, G. Lauriano, C. Fortuna, S. Canese, S. Ancora, C. Leonzio, T. Romeo, R. Merino, E. Abad, and B. Jimenez (2004). Assessment of toxicological status of a SW Mediterranean segment population of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) using skin biopsy. Marine Environmental Research 58(2-5): 269-274. ISSN: 0141-1136.
Abstract: Various studies have revealed high concentrations of contaminants such as organochlorines (OCs) and heavy metals in Mediterranean cetaceans. A geographical trend of contamination (PCBs and DDTs) has been found for striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). In this study we used a non-lethal approach (skin biopsy) to investigate bioaccumulation of OCs, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), trace elements (Hg, Cd, Pb) and CYP1A activity (BPMO) in nine striped dolphins sampled in the Aeolian area (Sicily û Italy) in summer 2002. The arithmetic mean value of BPMO activity in this group was 43.46 AUF/g tissue/h. This value is approximately 3 times and 5 times lower, respectively, than the value found in the Ionian and in the Ligurian groups. Skin biopsies of striped dolphins emerged as a suitable material for assessing the toxicological status of the various Mediterranean groups.
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, diagnostic techniques, skin biopsy, pollutants, skin, chemical pollution, Mediterranean Sea, south west, toxicological status assessment, skin biopsy evaluation.
Fossi, M.C., L. Marsili, G. Neri, A. Natoli, E. Politi, and S. Panigada (2003). The use of a non-lethal tool for evaluating toxicological hazard of organochlorine contaminants in Mediterranean cetaceans: new data 10 years after the first paper published in mpb. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(8): 972-982. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: environmental sciences, pollution assessment, control and management, toxicology, skin biopsy, applied and field techniques, non lethal tool, toxicological risk, cetaceans, Mediterranean.
Frodello, J.P. and B. Marchand (2001). Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in five toothed whale species of the Mediterranean Sea. International Journal of Toxicology 20(6): 339-43. ISSN: 1091-5818.
NAL Call Number: RA1190.J61
Abstract: The cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc levels were measured in six organs (lung, liver, kidney, skin, muscle, and bone) from 18 specimens of toothed whales, belonging to five species, found stranded along the Corsican coast between November 1993 and December 1998. The five species examined were the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, the common dolphin Delphinus delphis, the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, the pilot whale Globicephala melas, and the Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus. The values obtained demonstrate that there is a great variability in the accumulation of toxic metals. A comparison of the values with those obtained in other geographical regions also demonstrates an extensive variability in metal levels. The presence of metals in the stomach contents of three of the individuals studied shows that the food source is responsible for a significant input of pollutants to the whales. Measured pollutant levels in whales are thus the result of an accumulation occurring throughout the animal's life.
Descriptors: cadmium pharmacokinetics, copper pharmacokinetics, dolphins metabolism, lead pharmacokinetics, whales metabolism, zinc pharmacokinetics, gastrointestinal contents chemistry, Mediterranean Sea, organ specificity, species specificity, tissue distribution, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics.
Frodello, J.P., D. Viale, and B. Marchand (2002). Metal concentrations in the milk and tissues of a nursing Tursiops truncatus female. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44(6): 551-4. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: Metal concentrations measured in the organs of beached whales are published regularly. Few of these, however, describe metal levels in nursing females. In the present study, mercury, lead, copper and zinc levels were measured in the milk and tissues of a female Bottlenose dolphin. Results reveal that metal pollutants pass from the tissue into the milk.
Descriptors: copper analysis, dolphins physiology, lactation, lead analysis, milk chemistry, water pollutants analysis, zinc analysis, copper pharmacokinetics, environmental exposure, lead pharmacokinetics, reference values, tissue distribution, zinc pharmacokinetics.
Fromberg, A., M. Cleemann, and L. Carlsen (1999). Review on persistent organic pollutants in the environment of Greenland and Faroe Islands. Chemosphere 38(13): 3075-3093. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: insecticide residues, organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, residues, body fat, man, marine fishes, whales, seals, wild birds, Odobenus rosmarus, phocoenidae, shellfish, literature reviews, Greenland, Faroe Islands.
Gallien, I., F. Caurant, M. Bordes, P. Bustamante, P. Miramand, B. Fernandez, N. Quellard, and P. Babin (2001). Cadmium-containing granules in kidney tissue of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus) off the Faroe Islands. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Toxicology and Pharmacology 130(3): 389-95. ISSN: 1532-0456.
NAL Call Number: QP901.C6
Abstract: Top predators from the northern sub-polar and polar areas exhibit high cadmium concentrations in their tissues. In the aim to reveal possible adverse effects, samples of five Atlantic white-sided dolphins Lagenorhyncus acutus have been collected on the occasion of the drive fishery in the Faroe Islands, for ultrastructural investigations and energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses. Cadmium concentrations were less than the limit of detection in both immature individuals and ranged from 22.7 to 31.1 microg x g(-1) wet weight in the mature individuals. Two individuals with the highest cadmium concentrations exhibited electron dense mineral concretions in the basal membranes of the proximal tubules. They are spherocrystals made up of numerous strata mineral deposit of calcium and phosphorus together with cadmium. Cadmium has been detected with a molar ratio of Ca:Cd of 10:1 in the middle of these concretions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such granules in a wild vertebrate. The role of these granules in the detoxification of the metal and the possible pathological effects are considered.
Descriptors: cadmium analysis, cytoplasmic granules chemistry, dolphins anatomy and histology, kidney chemistry, Atlantic Ocean, basement membrane ultrastructure, calcium analysis, cytoplasmic granules ultrastructure, Denmark, electron probe microanalysis, environmental exposure adverse effects, kidney ultrastructure, kidney tubules, proximal chemistry, kidney tubules, proximal ultrastructure, phosphorus analysis, water pollutants analysis.
Gaskin, D.E., R. Frank, and M. Holdrinet (1983). Polychlorinated biphenyls in harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena (L.) from the Bay of Fundy, Canada and adjacent waters, with some information on chlordane and hexachlorobenzene levels. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12(2): 211-219. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: Canada, harbour porpoise, biphenyls, chlodane, hexachlorobenzene, Phocoena.
Gaskin, D.E., M. Holdrinet, and R. Frank (1971). Organochlorine pesticide residues in harbour porpoises from the Bay of Fundy region. Nature (London) 233(5320): 499-500.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: pesticides, harbour porpoises, Bay of Fundy, organochlorine, residues.
Gauthier, J.M., H. Dubeau and E. Rassart (2003). Evaluation of genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants in cells of marine mammals, with particular emphasis on beluga whales. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 404-428. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: mammalia, molecular genetics, genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants, chemical pollution, chemical factors, genotoxic effects of contaminants, overview.
Gauthier, J.M., C.D. Metcalfe, and R. Sears (1997). Chlorinated organic contaminants in blubber biopsies from northwestern Atlantic balaenopterid whales summering in the Gulf of St Lawrence. Marine Environmental Research 44(2): 201-223.
NAL Call Number: QH545.W3M36
Descriptors: side effects, pollution, insecticides, residues, Cetacea, whales, Balaenoptera, megaptera, ddt, lindane, pesticides, organochlorine compounds, Atlantic Ocean, agricultural chemicals, Cetacea, mammals, marine areas, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, pesticides, whales, nontarget effects, Balaenoptera acurostrata, Balaenoptera physalus, Balaenoptera musculus, Megaptera novaeangliae, ddd, tde.
Gauthier, J.M., C.D. Metcalfe, and R. Sears (1997). Validation of the blubber biopsy technique for monitoring of organochlorine contaminants in balaenopterid whales. Marine Environmental Research 43(3): 157-179.
NAL Call Number: QH545.W3M36
Descriptors: pesticides, residues, insecticides, side effects, analytical methods, biopsy, lipids, models, Cetacea, whales, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine compounds, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, biological analysis, Cetacea, histocytological analysis, hydrocarbons, mammals, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, pesticides, nontarget effects, Balaenoptera acurostrata, Balaenoptera musculus.
Gauthier, J.M., E. Pelletier, C. Brochu, S. Moore, C.D. Metcalfe, and P. Beland (1998). Environmental contaminants in tissues of a neonate St Lawrence beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(1): 102-108.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: mercury, Delphinapterus leucas, pollutants, newborn animals, brain, ddt, hch, polychlorinated biphenyls, immunoglobulins, whales, aquatic animals, pesticides, residues, lipids, insecticides, fungicides, agricultural chemicals, aquatic organisms, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, body parts, central nervous system, Cetacea, delphinapterus, elements, glycoproteins, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, immunological factors, mammals, metallic elements, nervous system, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, pesticides, proteins, whales, young animals, contaminants, dde, hexachlorobenzene, marine mammals.
Gerpe, M.S., D.H. Rodriguez, V.J. Moreno, R.O. Bastida, and J.A.E. de Moreno (2002). Accumulation of heavy metals in the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 1(1): 95-106.
Descriptors: Pontoporia blainvillei, pollutants, concentration, burden distribution and transplacental transference, metal pollution, heavy metals, south west Atlantic, Argentina, Buenos Aires, heavy metals accumulation.
Godard, C.A.J., R.S. Payne, and J.J. Stegeman (2004). Use of skin biopsy slices to investigate cellular effects of chemical exposure in cetacean. Marine Environmental Research 58(2-5): 141. ISSN: 0141-1136.
Descriptors: immune system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, methods and techniques, pollution assessment control and management, toxicology, wildlife management, conservation, immunohistochemistry, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, skin biopsy, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, environmental risk assessment, protocol validity.
Notes: Meeting Information: 12th International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 12), Safety Harbor, FL, USA, May 09-13, 2003.
Goodwin, T.J., L. Coate Li, R.M. Linnehan, and T.G. Hammond (2000). Selected contribution: a three-dimensional model for assessment of in vitro toxicity in Balaena mysticetus renal tissue. Journal of Applied Physiology 89(6): 2508-17. ISSN: 8750-7587.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J825
Abstract: This study established two- and three-dimensional renal proximal tubular cell cultures of the endangered species bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), developed SV40-transfected cultures, and cloned the 61-amino acid open reading frame for the metallothionein protein, the primary binding site for heavy metal contamination in mammals. Microgravity research, modulations in mechanical culture conditions (modeled microgravity), and shear stress have spawned innovative approaches to understanding the dynamics of cellular interactions, gene expression, and differentiation in several cellular systems. These investigations have led to the creation of ex vivo tissue models capable of serving as physiological research analogs for three-dimensional cellular interactions. These models are enabling studies in immune function, tissue modeling for basic research, and neoplasia. Three-dimensional cellular models emulate aspects of in vivo cellular architecture and physiology and may facilitate environmental toxicological studies aimed at elucidating biological functions and responses at the cellular level. Marine mammals occupy a significant ecological niche (72% of the Earth's surface is water) in terms of the potential for information on bioaccumulation and transport of terrestrial and marine environmental toxins in high-order vertebrates. Few ex vivo models of marine mammal physiology exist in vitro to accomplish the aforementioned studies. Techniques developed in this investigation, based on previous tissue modeling successes, may serve to facilitate similar research in other marine mammals.
Descriptors: hazardous substances poisoning, kidney drug effects, toxicity tests, whales physiology, amino acid sequence genetics, base sequence genetics, cells, cultured, cloning, molecular, cytological techniques, flow cytometry, kidney cytology, metallothionein genetics, molecular sequence data, rna, messenger genetics, transfection, weightlessness, whales genetics.
Gouteux, B., M. Lebeuf, D.C. Muir, and J.P. Gagne (2003). Levels and temporal trends of toxaphene congeners in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada. Environmental Science and Technology 37(20): 4603-9. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Abstract: Environmentally relevant toxaphene congeners were determined in blubber samples of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE), Canada. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels and the temporal trends (1988-1999) of a suite of six chlorobornanes (P26, P40/41, P44, P50, and P62) in the SLE belugas. P26 and P50 mean concentrations were in the same range as those reported for animals living in the Arctic environment suggesting that the atmospheric transport represents the main input of toxaphene to the SLE. A general exponential decline of chlorobornane concentrations in belugas was observed, except for P26 and P50 in males. On average, concentrations decreased by a factor of two in 8.5 years during the 1988-1999 time period. This rate of decline is similar to the reduction of toxaphene emission from agricultural soils in the southern United States reported over the same time period. Some differences in decline rates were observed among the studied CHB congeners. For instance, P62 decreased more rapidly than P26 and P50 in both male and female belugas. Several hypotheses were advanced to explain these differences such as selective metabolism of specific chlorobornanes by SLE belugas or their prey. However, a most likely explanation is the selective degradation of the technical product in soils and atmosphere in the source region.
Descriptors: insecticides analysis, insecticides pharmacokinetics, toxaphene analysis, toxaphene pharmacokinetics, water pollutants, chemical analysis, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics, whales, adipose tissue chemistry, Canada, environmental monitoring, insecticides metabolism, time factors, toxaphene metabolism, water pollutants, chemical metabolism.
Granby, K. and C.C. Kinze (1991). Organochlorines in Danish and west Greenland harbour porpoises. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22(9): 458-462.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, ddt, harbour porpoises, Danish, Greenland, organochlorines.
Green, G.A., R. Cardwell, and M.S. Brancato (1997). Comment on "Elevated accumulation of tributyltin and its breakdown products in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts". Environmental Science and Technology 31(10): 3032-3034. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Descriptors: pollution, organotin compounds, residues, toxic substances, causes of death, marine environment, dolphins, mammals.
Guise, S.d. (1998). Effects of in vitro exposure of beluga whale leukocytes to selected organochlorines. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 55(7): 479-493.
Descriptors: pollutants, ddt, metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine compounds, pesticides, toxicity, side effects, Delphinapterus leucas, immune response, blood cells, leukocytes, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, blood, blood cells, cells, Cetacea, delphinapterus, hydrocarbons, immunity, mammals, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, whales, contaminants, nontarget effects.
Guitart, R., X. Guerrero, A.M. Silvestre, J.M. Gutierrez, and R. Mateo (1996). Organochlorine residues in tissues of stripped dolphins affected by the 1990 Mediterranean epizootic: relationships with the fatty acid composition. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30(1): 79-83. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, pollutants, concentration, residues, Stenella coeruleoalba, fatty acids, brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle, adverse effects, water pollution, marine environment.
Hansen, L.J., L.H. Schwacke, G.B. Mitchum, A.A. Hohn, R.S. Wells, E.S. Zolman, and P.A. Fair (2004). Geographic variation in polychorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins from the US Atlantic coast. Science of the Total Environment 319(1-3): 147-72. ISSN: 0048-9697.
Abstract: Concentrations of polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other organochlorine contaminants (OCs) were measured in blubber collected from live bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) at three sites along the United States Atlantic coast. Dolphins were sampled via surgical biopsy during capture-release studies near Charleston, South Carolina and Beaufort, North Carolina. Additional animals were sampled using remote biopsy techniques in estuarine waters near Charleston and from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Overall concentrations of major contaminant groups were found to vary between sites and mean concentrations of most OCs from male dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon were less than half of those measured from Charleston and Beaufort males. Geometric mean total PCB concentrations were 30, 27 and 14 microg/g lipid for male dolphins sampled in Beaufort, Charleston and the Indian River Lagoon, respectively. Significant variation related to sex- and age-class, as well as geographic sampling location, was seen in the PCB congener profiles. The measured PCB concentrations, although lower than those reported for stranded animals from the 1987/1988 epizootic along the United States mid-Atlantic coast, are sufficiently high to warrant concern for the health of dolphins from the sampled populations, particularly the animals near Charleston and Beaufort.
Descriptors: adipose tissue chemistry, dolphins, pesticides analysis, polychlorinated biphenyls analysis, age factors, analysis of variance, Atlantic Ocean, geography, mass fragmentography, sex factors.
Hasunuma, R., T. Ogawa, Y. Fujise, and Y. Kawanishi (1993). Analysis of selenium metabolites in urine samples of minke whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) using ion exchange chromatography. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology 104(1): 87-9. ISSN: 0742-8413.
Abstract: 1. To study the distribution of selenium metabolites in whale urine, an analytical methodology for separation and determination has been developed. 2. From whale urine, five selenium components, including trimethylselenonium ion were separated and determined by a combination of ion exchange chromatography and fluorometry. 3. The mean urinary selenium level of five minke whales was 1500 ng/ml, with a standard deviation of 400 ng/ml, i.e., about 30 times as high as that for humans.
Descriptors: selenium urine, whales urine, chromatography, ion exchange.
Hayteas, D.L. and D.A. Duffield (2000). High levels of PCB and p,p'-DDE found in the blubber of killer whales (Orcinus orca). Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(6): 558-561. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: DDT, DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, insecticide residues, pollutants, nontarget organisms, nontarget effects, water pollution, pesticides, agricultural entomology, Delphinidae, arthropods.
Hayteas, D.L. and D.A. Duffield (1997). The determination by HPLC of PCB and p,p'-DDE residues in marine mammals stranded on the Oregon coast, 1991-1995. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(10): 844-848.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: aquatic animals, mammals, measurement, HPLC, seals, sealions, DDT, analytical methods, aquatic organisms, Carnivora, Cetacea, chromatography, dolphins, mammals, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, Pinnipedia, marine mammals, determination, Grampus griseus, Phocoenoides dalli, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Delphinus delphis, Phoca vitulina, Zalophus californians, Eumetopias jubatus, Mirounga angustirostris, Phocoena Phocoena, Stenella coeruleoalba, Mesoplodon stejnegeri, DDE.
Henry, J. and P.B. Best (1983). Organochlorine residues in whales landed at Durban, South Africa. Marine Pollution Bulletin 14(6): 223-227. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: South Africa, whales, organochlorine, residues.
Hobbs, K.E., D.C. Muir, and E. Mitchell (2001). Temporal and biogeographic comparisons of PCBs and persistent organochlorine pollutants in the blubber of fin whales from eastern Canada in 1971-1991. Environmental Pollution 114(2): 243-54. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Abstract: Concentrations of PCB congeners and organochlorine (OC) pesticides were studied in archived fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) blubber samples collected in 1971-1972 from Newfoundland (Nfld) and Nova Scotia (NS) with the objective of obtaining a historical perspective on contaminant levels and proportions at a time when many persistent OCs were still in use. Concentrations of sigmaPCBs and sigmaDDTs in the blubber of 17 fin whales from historical whaling stations in 1971-1972 were generally in agreement with previously reported values for fin whales from Atlantic Canada. Although some differences in sex and body length (age) distribution of samples occurred, significant differences were detected in the concentrations and patterns of PCBs, DDTs and chlordanes in whales from Nfld and NS, supporting ecological evidence that whales from these regions represent relatively separate stocks. Temporal and geographical variations were examined by comparing data to those reported for fin whales from the St Lawrence Estuary (StL) in 1991 by Gauthier et al. (1997a). Significantly higher levels of sigmaDDT, sigmaCHL and HCB were found in the NS (1971-1972) stock compared with the StL (1991) animals, and in HCB between the Nfld stock (1971-1972) and the StL (1991) animals, as well as higher p,p'-DDE/sigmaDDT and lower p,p'-DDT/sigmaDDT ratios in the 1991 whales suggesting that temporal trends in these whales between the 1970s and 1990s were consistent with those in other marine mammals in Atlantic Canada. Evidence also suggests that geographical variations in patterns may occur for individuals from two relatively distinct stocks of fin whales in Atlantic Canada (NS, Nfld) and perhaps for one population (StL) related to, but recognisably different from the NS stock.
Descriptors: environmental pollutants pharmacokinetics, polychlorinated biphenyls pharmacokinetics, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics, whales physiology, adipose tissue chemistry, Canada, environmental exposure, environmental monitoring, environmental pollutants analysis, geography, polychlorinated biphenyls analysis, polychlorinated biphenyls chemistry, population dynamics, time factors, tissue distribution, water pollutants, chemical analysis.
Hobbs, K.E., D.C.G. Muir, E.W. Born, R. Dietz, T. Haug, T. Metcalfe, N. Oien, and C. Metcalfe (2003). Levels and patterns of persistent organochlorines in minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) stocks from the North Atlantic and European Arctic. Environmental Pollution 121(2): 239-252. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Descriptors: organochlorine pesticides, ddt, hch, insecticide residues, water pollution, minke whale, North Atlantic, European Arctic.
Hobbs, K.E., D.C.G. Muir, R. Michaud, P. Beland, R.J. Letcher, and R.J. Norstrom (2003). PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in blubber biopsies from free-ranging St. Lawrence River Estuary beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), 1994-1998. Environmental Pollution 122(2): 291-302. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Descriptors: polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticide residues, organochlorine insecticides, insecticide residues, water pollution, Quebec.
Hobson, K.A., F.F. Riget, P.M. Outridge, R. Dietz, and E. Born (2004). Baleen as a biomonitor of mercury content and dietary history of North Atlantic minke whales (Balaenopetra acutorostrata): combining elemental and stable isotope approaches. Science of the Total Environment 331(1-3): 69-82. ISSN: 0048-9697.
Abstract: Baleen is an incrementally-growing tissue of balaenopteran whales which preserves relatively well over time in museums and some archeological sites, and, therefore might be useful for studies examining long-term changes of metal levels in whales. This study examined Hg and stable C and N isotopic composition of baleen plates of the North Atlantic minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), which continues to be a food source for people in Greenland and elsewhere. We compared the Hg levels and stable isotopes of major tissues (kidney, liver and muscle) with those of baleen plates to see whether baleen could be used as a biomonitor of variations of Hg intake and diet both between individuals and within individuals over time. Mercury was significantly correlated with concentrations in all tissues (kidney, liver and muscle). Stable C and N isotopes in baleen were generally similar to those of muscle, which reflects the recent (approximately one month) feeding of the whale, but in some individuals there were significant differences between baleen and muscle. Sectioning of baleen into 1 cm longitudinal increments showed that these differences were due to marked dietary shifts by some individuals over time that had been recorded in the baleen but were lost from the muscle record. Whole baleen C and N isotopes were better correlated with tissue Hg levels, suggesting that baleen may provide a more reliable indicator of long-term average diet, which in turn may be better related to Hg accumulation in tissues than the shorter-term diet record contained in muscle.
Descriptors: mercury pharmacokinetics, water pollutants pharmacokinetics, whales physiology, Atlantic Ocean, carbon isotopes analysis, diet, environmental monitoring methods, Greenland, mercury analysis, nitrogen isotopes analysis, tissue distribution, water pollutants analysis.
Hoekstra, P.F., R.J. Letcher, T.M. O'Hara, S.M. Backus, K.R. Solomon, and D.C. Muir (2003). Hydroxylated and methylsulfone-containing metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls in the plasma and blubber of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(11): 2650-8. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E58
Abstract: Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) blubber (n = 20) and plasma (n = 19) samples were collected during the 1997 to 2000 Inuit subsistence harvests in Barrow, Alaska, USA, to quantify the concentrations of methylsulfone (MeSO2)-containing and hydroxylated (OH) polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites in this cetacean. The distribution of MeSO2-PCBs in blubber was dominated by 4-MeSO2-substituted congeners, the most abundant being 4-MeSO2-CB-70, 3'-MeSO2-CB-132, and 4-MeSO2-CB-64. Mean (+/- 1 standard error) sum (sigma) MeSO2-PCBs concentrations in blubber were low (6.23 +/- 0.81 ng g(-1) lipid normalized) compared to concentrations previously reported in other marine mammals. However, similar ratios of MeSO2-PCB metabolites to parent PCB congeners among marine mammals suggest that cytochrome P450 2B-like biotransformation and other necessary enzyme-mediated processes and mechanisms that influence the formation and clearance of MeSO2-PCBs exist in the bowhead whale. Pentachlorophenol was the most abundant halogenated phenolic compound quantified in bowhead plasma (1.55 +/- 0.19 ng g(-1) wet wt). Despite indirect evidence for arene epoxidation of the biphenyl moiety inferred from MeSO2-PCB formation, sumOH-PCB concentrations in bowhead plasma were low (1.52 +/- 0.31 ng g(-1) wet wt) compared to humans and marine mammals and were comprised of only two detectable OH-PCB congeners (4'-OH-CB-130 and 4-OH-CB-187). Further research is required to elucidate the toxicokinetics and distribution of OH-PCBs in this cetacean.
Descriptors: environmental exposure, environmental pollutants pharmacokinetics, polychlorinated biphenyls pharmacokinetics, whales, adipose tissue chemistry, biotransformation, environmental pollutants metabolism, polychlorinated biphenyls chemistry, polychlorinated biphenyls metabolism, tissue distribution.
Hoekstra, P.F., T.M. O'Hara, S.J. Pallant, K.R. Solomon, and D.C.G. Muir (2002). Bioaccumulation of organochlorine contaminants in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) from Barrow, Alaska. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42(4): 498-507. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: bowhead whales, Alaska, organochlorine, contaminants, bioaccumulation.
Holsbeek, L., C.R. Joiris, V. Debacker, I.B. Ali, P. Roose, J.P. Nellissen, S. Gobert, J.M. Bouquegneau, and M. Bossicart (1999). Heavy metals, organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sperm whales stranded in the southern North Sea during the 1994/1995 winter. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(4): 304-313.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: North Sea, pollutants, heavy metals, mercury, selenium, zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium, iron, chromium, copper, titanium, pesticides, organochlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, aromatic hydrocarbons, muscles, liver, kidneys, residues, physeter, fats, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, Atlantic Ocean, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, Eastern Atlantic, elements, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, musculoskeletal system, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, semimetals, transition elements, urinary tract, urogenital system, whales, Physeter catodon.
Honda, K., Y. Fujise, K. Itano, and R. Tatsukawa (1984). Composition of chemical components in bone of striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba: distribution characteristics of heavy metals in various bones [Iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, nickel, cadmium selenium, mercury]. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 48(3): 677-683. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: bone, striped dolphin, chemical components, heavy metals, iron, zinc, lead, copper, mercury.
Honda, K., Y. Fujise, R. Tatsukawa, and N. Miyazaki (1984). Composition of chemical components in bone of striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba: Distribution characteristics of major inorganic and organic components in various bones, and their age-related change. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 48(2): 409-418. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: dolphins, bones, inorganic compounds, organic compounds, foetus, age, proteins, lipids, strontium, alkaline earth metals, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, biological development, body parts, Cetacea, elements, embryonic development, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, metals, musculoskeletal system, organic compounds, physiological functions, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Honda, K. and R. Tatsukawa (1983). Distribution of cadmium and zinc in tissues and organs, and their age-related changes in striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12(5): 543-550. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: cadmium, zink, tissues, organs, striped dolphins, distribution, age.
Honda, K., R. Tatsukawa, and T. Fujiyama (1982). Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the organs and tissues of striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 46(12): 3011-3021. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: dolphins, body parts, tissues, heavy metals, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, pollutants, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Honda, K., R. Tatsukawa, K. Itano, N. Miyazaki, and T. Fujiyama (1983). Heavy metal concentrations in muscle, liver and kidney tissue of striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, and their variations with body length, weight, age and sex. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 47(6): 1219-1228. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: dolphins, heavy metals, muscles, liver, kidneys, length, weight, age, sex, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, biometry, body parts, Cetacea, chemicophysical properties, digestive system, dimensions, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, measurement, methods, musculoskeletal system, pollutants, urinary tract, urogenital system, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Houde, M., P.F. Hoekstra, K.R. Solomon, and D.C. Muir (2005). Organohalogen contaminants in delphinoid cetaceans. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 184: 1-57. ISSN: 0179-5953.
NAL Call Number: TX501.R48
Abstract: This chapter reviews the global distribution, biotransformation, accumulation patterns, and mechanisms of action and the potential impacts of persistent organohalogen contaminants (PHCs) on physiological systems of cetaceans with emphasis on delphinoids. Methods used to study PHCs in stranded and free-living cetaceans are discussed, and concentrations of PHCs of stranded, hunted, by-catch, and free-ranging delphinoids are summarized. Overall, the highest concentrations of PHC contamination were found in delphinoids from industrialized areas of the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere. Nonetheless, PHCs are also found in marine mammal tissues from the Southern Hemisphere and in remote regions such as the Arctic, reflecting the global distribution and contamination of PHCs in the marine ecosystem.
Descriptors: dolphins metabolism, environmental monitoring statistics and numerical data, hydrocarbons, halogenated analysis, phenyl ethers analysis, water pollutants, chemical analysis, whales metabolism, adipose tissue chemistry, liver chemistry, muscles chemistry, oceans and seas.
Huschenbeth, E. (1977). Ergebnisse ueber Schwermetall- und Organohalogenuntersuchungen an verschiedenen Zahnwalen von der Ost- und Norseeekueste Schleswig-Holsteins. [Results of heavy metal and organohalogen investigations on various toothed whales of the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic and North Sea coasts]. Informationen Fuer Die Fischwirtschaft 24(5): 162-164. ISSN: 0020-0344.
Descriptors: toothed whales, Baltic Sea, North Sea, heavy metal, organohalogen, investigations, results.
Ikemoto, T., T. Kunito, Y. Anan, H. Tanaka, N. Baba, N. Miyazaki, and S. Tanabe (2004). Association of heavy metals with metallothionein and other proteins in hepatic cytosol of marine mammals and seabirds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(8): 2008-16. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E58
Abstract: Distribution of Cu, Zn, Cd, Ag, Hg, and Se were determined in hepatocytosol of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), black-footed albatrosses (Diomedea nigripes), and Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli). Copper, Zn, and Cd were accumulated preferentially in metallothionein (MT) fraction and their contents in MT fraction increased with the amounts in the hepatocytosol. Silver was bound to both high-molecular-weight substances (HMWS) and MT in the hepatocytosol for all three species, whereas the distribution of Ag in the cytosol was different among the three species. In northern fur seals, Ag mainly was bound to MT, whereas it mainly was associated with HMWS in Dall's porpoises. In contrast, Ag was distributed almost equally in both HMWS and MT for black-footed albatrosses. Mercury content in HMWS and Se content in HMWS and low-molecular-weight substances (LMWS) increased with their contents in hepatocytosol for all the three species. A significant positive correlation was found between Se and Hg contents in high-molecular weight (HMW) fraction in cytosol. The molar ratio of Hg and Se was close to unity in HMW fraction of the specimens with high Hg concentration in cytosol, implying that the Hg-Se complex was bound to the HMWS. Analysis of metals in the hepatocytosol by high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS) suggests that multiple isoforms of MT are present in hepatocytosol of the three species and that the metal profiles in hepatocytosols are different among the species. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of Ag with HMWS and MT in hepatocytosol of marine mammals and seabirds. Also, distribution and interaction of Hg and Se were investigated for the first time in hepatocytosol of the higher trophic marine animals.
Descriptors: birds physiology, environmental exposure, metallothionein metabolism, metals, heavy poisoning, porpoises physiology, seals, earless physiology, water pollutants poisoning, cytosol chemistry, liver chemistry, metallothionein analysis, tissue distribution.
Ikemoto, T., T. Kunito, H. Tanaka, N. Baba, N. Miyazaki, and S. Tanabe (2004). Detoxification mechanism of heavy metals in marine mammals and seabirds: Interaction of selenium with mercury, silver, copper, zinc, and cadmium in liver. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47(3): 402-413. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Abstract: Subcellular distribution of mercury, selenium, silver, copper, zinc, and cadmium was determined in the liver of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), black-footed albatrosses (Diomedea nigripes), and Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli). Mercury, selenium, and silver were preferentially accumulated in nuclear, lysosomal, and mitochondrial fraction with an increase in their hepatic concentrations, whereas copper, zinc, and cadmium were accumulated mainly in cytosol with an increase in the hepatic concentrations for all three species. To gain insight into the existing state of the metals, they were extracted with four extractants-sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS); 2-mercaptoethanol; 2-mercaptoethanol + guanidinium thiocyanate; and copper sulfate (CuSO4)-at several concentrations from nuclear, lysosomal, and mitochondrial fraction in liver from a specimen of northern fur seal. Extraction efficiencies of the metals for 2-mercaptoethanol + guanidinium thiocyanate and CuSO4 were much higher than those for SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol. Also, for all individuals of the three species, metals were extracted by the three extractants-2% SDS; 0.25 mol/L 2-mercaptoethanol + 5 mol/L guanidinium thiocyanate; and 0.1 mol/L CuSO4-from nuclear, lysosomal, and mitochondrial fraction of liver. In the northern fur seals with higher concentration of mercury, the molar ratio of selenium to mercury approached unity in the nonextractable fraction of 0.25 mol/L 2-mercaptoethanol + 5 mol/L guanidinium thiocyanate, suggesting the possible formation of mercuric selenide (HgSe) with increasing hepatic concentration. Because the nonextractable content of mercury and its distribution were larger for black-footed albatross than those for the other two species, it was suggested that the black-footed albatross has a stronger ability to form a stable compound(s) of mercury in the liver. It is notable that the existing state of silver was similar to that of mercury as judged by their subcellular distribution and the extraction tests, suggesting that silver also interacted with selenium in the liver of marine animals used in this study.
Descriptors: Diomedea nigripes, Callorhinus ursinus, Phocoenoides dalli, pollutants, heavy metals, liver detoxification mechanism, pollutant interactions, liver.
Itano, K., S. Kawai, N. Miyazaki, R. Tatsukawa, and T. Fujiyama (1984). Body burdens and distribution of mercury and selenium in striped dolphins. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 48(5): 1117-1121. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: dolphins, tissues, mercury, selenium, age, organomercurial compounds, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, elements, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, metals, organic compounds, pollutants, semimetals, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Itano, K., S. Kawai, N. Miyazaki, R. Tatsukawa, and T. Fujiyama (1984). Mercury and selenium levels at the fetal and suckling stages of striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 48(7): 1691-1698. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: dolphins, fetus, suckling, mercury, selenium, liver, adipose tissues, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, biological development, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, elements, embryonic development, feeding, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, metals, nutrition, physiological functions, pollutants, semi-metals, tissues, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Itano, K., S. Kawai, N. Miyazaki, R. Tatsukawa, and T. Fujiyama (1984). Mercury and selenium levels in striped dolphins [Stenella coeruleoalba] caught off the Pacific coast of Japan. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 48(5): 1109-1116. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: dolphins, mercury, selenium, Japan, age, body parts, organomercurial compounds, northwest Pacific, coasts, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Asia, Cetacea, elements, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, marine areas, metals, organic compounds, Pacific Ocean, physiographic features, pollutants, semimetals, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Itano, K., S. Kawai, and R. Tatsukawa (1985). Distribution of mercury and selenium in muscle of striped dolphins [Stenella coeruleoalba]. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49(2): 515-517. ISSN: 0002-1369.
NAL Call Number: 385 AG8B
Descriptors: dolphins, muscles, mercury, selenium, organomercurial compounds, inorganic compounds, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, body parts, Cetacea, elements, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, metals, musculoskeletal system, organic compounds, pollutants, semimetals, vertebrates.
Itano, K., S. Kawai, and R. Tatsukawa (1985). Properties of mercury and selenium in salt-insoluble fraction of muscles in striped dolphin. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 51(7): 1129-1131. ISSN: 0021-5392.
NAL Call Number: 414.9 J274
Descriptors: dolphins, muscles, mercury, selenium, chemical structure, solubility, salts, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, body parts, Cetacea, chemicophysical properties, elements, heavy metals, industrial pollutants, injurious factors, inorganic compounds, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, metals, musculoskeletal system, pollutants, semimetals, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Jarman, W.M., R.J. Norstrom, D.C.G. Muir, B. Rosenberg, M. Simon, and R.W. Baird (1996). Levels of organochlorine compounds, including PCDDS and PCDFS, in the blubber of cetaceans from the west coast of North America. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32(5): 426-436.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: side effects, insecticides, residues, mammals, vertebrates, Phocoena, pesticides, organochlorine compounds, ddt, camphechlor, halogenated hydrocarbons, Cetacea, USA, California, agricultural chemicals, America, chordata, mammals, North America, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, pacific states, pesticides, western states, nontarget effects, Eschrichtius robustus, Orcinus orca, Pseudorca crassidens, Grampus griseus, Phocoenoides dalli, Phocoena Phocoena, dde.
Jepson, P.D., P.M. Bennett, R. Deaville, C.R. Allchin, J.R. Baker, and R.J. Law (2005). Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls and health status in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(1): 238-248. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E58
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, biogeography, population studies, immune system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, infection, marine ecology, pollution, toxicology, infectious disease, mortality, trauma, injury, mortality, ecotoxicology, health status, immunosuppression, immunotoxic relationship, nutritional status, stranding.
Joiris, C.R. (1997). Ecotoxicology of stable pollutants: organochlorines and heavy metals in seabirds and marine mammals. Bulletin De La Societe Royale Des Sciences De Liege 66(1-3): 51-59. ISSN: 0037-9565.
Descriptors: North Sea, waterfowl, stenella, delphinus, Phocoena, toxicology, pollutants, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, bioaccumulation, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, contamination, dolphins, Eastern Atlantic, elements, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic halogen compounds.
Joiris, C.R., L. Holsbeek, D. Bolbat, C. Gascard, T. Stanev, A. Komakhidze, W. Baumgartner, and A. Birkun (2001). Total and organic mercury in the Black Sea harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena relicta. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(10): 905-11. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: This paper reports on mercury (Hg) concentrations in different tissues (liver, muscle, kidney, blubber and brain) of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena found dead in the Black Sea between 1997 and 1999, mainly bycaught in fishing nets (n = 79). Total Hg and organic Hg (MeHg) were determined. The main factor affecting Hg accumulation was, as expected, age, with MeHg concentration increasing with age. Accumulation of high concentrations of inorganic Hg in the liver was probably due to a slow demethylation process implying the formation of tiemannite (HgSe). In older adults, liver concentrations reached 35 microg g(-1) dry weight ('ppm') total Hg and 3 microg g(-1) dw MeHg. A geographical comparison with existing data from other regions showed a generally low Hg contamination of Black Sea porpoises, one order of magnitude lower than, e.g. in the North Sea.
Descriptors: liver metabolism, mercury pharmacokinetics, porpoises metabolism, adipose tissue metabolism, age factors, brain metabolism, kidney metabolism, methylmercury compounds pharmacokinetics, muscles metabolism, tissue distribution.
Joiris, C.R., L. Holsbeek, M. Bossicart, and G. Tapia (1997). Mercury and organochlorines in four sperm whales stranded on the Belgian coast, November 1994. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: Four sperm whales (three subadult males stranded on the Belgian coast, a fourth older male found dead at sea) were analysed for total mercury, methylmercury and organochlorines. All four were part of a total of 24 sperm whales that stranded on the North Sea coasts over a period of six months, a highly unusual phenomenon. Total mercury levels ranged from 0.5 microg/g fw in kidney and 1 in muscle, up to 15 in liver. The finding of at least 90 per cent of the mercury in its inorganic form confirms the existence of detoxification mechanisms in the liver of cetaceans. PCB concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney and blubber ranged from 10 to 25 microg/g lipids. These results are in the same order of magnitude as literature data, which however does not imply that there is no impact on the populations. Social affiliation with a particular adult bull rather than a direct effect of pollutants may have been the primary cause of the stranding of the three younger animals: they apparently remained close to the older one (the leader?) dead at sea, and stranded in very shallow water. Indirect impact of anthropogenic pollutants influencing the behaviour and/or the health of a social cluster is one plausible hypothesis to explain why a large number of sperm whales got trapped in the North Sea, but limited data available on the large bull fail to support this.
Descriptors: physeter, death, beaches, postmortem examination, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, liver, chromatography, detoxification, sea pollution, behavior, pollutants, North Sea, Belgium, analytical methods, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, Atlantic Ocean, biological analysis, body parts, Cetacea, developmental stages, digestive system, Eastern Atlantic, elements, Europe, heavy metals, histocytological analysis, hydrocarbons, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, physiographic features, pollution, processing, water pollution, Western Europe, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Kajiwara, N., S. Matsuoka, H. Iwata, S. Tanabe, F.C.W. Rosas, G. Fillmann, and J.W. Readman (2004). Contamination by persistent organochlorines in cetaceans incidentally caught along Brazilian coastal waters. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46(1): 124-134. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, contaminants, bioaccumulation, Cetacea, marine mammals, Brazil.
Kannan, K., S. Corsolini, S. Focardi, S. Tanabe, and R. Tatsukawa (1996). Accumulation pattern of butyltin compounds in dolphin, tuna, and shark collected from Italian coastal waters. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31(1): 19-23. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Descriptors: organotin compounds, contaminants, tributyrin, metabolites, concentration, Tursiops truncatus, Thunnus, Prionace, liver, fat, kidneys, muscles, marine environment, coastal areas, Mediterranean Sea, Italy, Thunnus thynnus, Prionace glauca, blubber.
Kannan, K., J. Koistinen, K. Beckmen, T. Evans, J.F. Gorzelany, K.J. Hansen, P.D. Jones, E. Helle, M. Nyman, and J.P. Giesy (2001). Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals. Environmental Science and Technology 35(8):