Agler, B.A. (1992). Photographic identification of individual fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Gulf of Maine: Wildlife management. Orono, ME. 158 p.
Descriptors: finback whale, identification, photographic, Gulf of Maine, wildlife management, Balaenoptera physalus.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.) in Wildlife Management--University of Maine, 1992.
Allen, K.R. (1983). Development and application of cetacean population models whales. Advances in Applied Biology 7: 333-405.
NAL Call Number: QH301.A8
Descriptors: whales, Cetacean, population, models.
Allen, K.R. (1980). Conservation and Management of Whales, Sea Grant Communications: Seattle, 107 p. ISBN: 0295957069.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4A42
Descriptors: whales, wildlife conservation, wildlife management.
Anderson, J.R. (1995). Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 239-43. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, animal communication, discrimination learning, orientation, social behavior.
Andre, M., A. Supin, E. Delory, C. Kamminga, E. Degollada, and J.M. Alonso (2003). Evidence of deafness in a striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 3-8. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, sound reception, deafness, Mediterranean Sea, Spain, stranding record and evidence of deafness.
Anonymous (2004). Report of the workshop on the Western gray whale: research and monitoring needs. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(Suppl.): 487-500. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus industry, oil and gas development, meetings, proceedings, endangered status, migration, migration route, population size, zoogeography, South Korea, Ulsan, workshop on the western gray whale, research and monitoring needs, International Whaling Commission, North Atlantic, meeting proceedings.
Anonymous (2003). New whale species. Biodiversity (Ottawa) 4(4): 37. ISSN: 1488-8386.
Descriptors: biodiversity, dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, systematics and taxonomy.
Anonymous (2003). Transportation of dolphins. Marine Sciences (Beijing) 27(4): 26-27. ISSN: 1000-3096.
Descriptors: delphinidae, transportation of live animals.
Anonymous (2002). Dolphins in the Amazon River. Marine Observer 72(355): 44-45. ISSN: 0025-3251.
Descriptors: Sotalia fluviatilis, Inia geoffrensis, Brazil, River Amazon, Trombetas, unusual record.
Anonymous (2002). North Atlantic right whales. Marine Observer 72(355): 44-45. ISSN: 0025-3251.
Descriptors: Eubalaena glacialis, north west Atlantic, Canada, Nova Scotia, unusual record.
Anonymous (1988). Whales face even greater threat. Animals International 8(25): 8. ISSN: 0254-3923.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A53
Descriptors: whales, fishing industry, fishing methods, legislation, animal welfare.
Anonymous (1980). A captura da baleia: A captura da baleia. [Capturing whales]. Revista Dos Criadores 49(602): 88-89. ISSN: 0034-9259.
NAL Call Number: 43.8 R32
Descriptors: whales, capturing.
Antrim, J. (2001). Logistics of maintenance, rehabilitation and return to the Pacific Ocean of a California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 228-230. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, wildlife management, animal maintenance, animal transport, contingency plans, logistics, resource acquisition, grey whale, Pacific ocean, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, San Diego.
Aradanas, J.S. (1998). Aboriginal whaling--biological diversity meets cultural diversity. Northwest Science 72(2): 142-145. ISSN: 0029-344X.
NAL Call Number: 470 N81
Descriptors: American Indians, whales, cultural heritage, Washington, Makah Indian tribe, California gray whales, Treaty of Neah Bay.
Aragones, L.V. and Bienvenido Gonzales (2001). Status and Conservation of Marine Mammals in the Philippines, College, Laguna (Philippines), 29 p.
Abstract: To date, a total of 25 species out of the 27 marine mammals reported within the Philippine waters have been confirmed. These included 22 cetaceans, 1 dugong (Dugong dugon), 1 pinniped (Phoca largha), and 1 otter (Amblonynx cinereus). The large seal (accidentally caught in 1998 along the coasts of Buguey, Cagayan Valley) was an extralimital recording because its normal southermost range of distribution is southern Japan. The small clawless otter is a part-time riverine species and could be found also in estuaries of Palawan. Among the 22 cetaceans, 18 are odontocetes, and 4 are mysticetes. Out of the 18 odontocetes, 13 are delphinids (spinner, pantropical spotted, striped, Fraser's, Risso's, rough-toothed, and Irra waddy dolphins, and short-finned pilot, melon-headed, pygmy killer, false killer, and killer whales), 2 kogiids (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales), 2 ziphiids (Blainville's and Cuvier's beaked whales), and 1 physiterid (sperm whale). The 4 mysticetes are balaenopterids including minke, Bryde's humpback and fin whales. The two unconfirmed species consist of the bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon sp.) and the largest living animal, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). In general, the spinner dophin is the most commonly sighted and widely distributed marine mammal species within the Philippine waters, followed by spotted dolphins. Unusually, large group sizes (100's or more) have been sighted for Fraser's, Risso's, and striped dolphins, and short-finned pilot whales. Among the cetaceans, the Irrawaddy dolphin has the most restricted distribution (northern Palawan). Moreover, the small clawless otter is restricted in the main island of Palawan only. The dugong is probably the most threatened marine mammal species within the Philippine waters due to its coastal affiliation. The major hotspots for cetaceans in the Philippines include southern Tanon Strait area, which has one of the most comprehensive marine mammals sighting database through its dolphin watching tour activities, waters off northern Luzon (off Babuyan and Batanes islands), Sulu Sea and Bohol Sea, to mention a few. The major hotspots for the dugong include the coastal waters off Palawan, southern Mindanao and northeast Luzon. The major threats to marine mammals in the Philippines are incidental mortalities, habitat loss (e.g. coastal development) and pollution. This is further aggravated by insufficient institutional support, the low priority from the government and the scarcity of basic information (e.g. stock assessment, level of interactions with fisheries) necesary for their conservation and management. Despite some laws on the protection and conservation of marine mammals such as dugong and dolphins, opportunistic directed fisheries is still being practiced particularly in remote areas where unknown numbers of these species thrive. However, there is still hope. The increasing popularity of dolphin watching tours in Bais City and the establishment of the Ocean Adventure Park at Subic, which features whale shows and encounters, could serve as tools in educating the public on the plight of these animals and the rest of the marine environment.
Descriptors: Cetacea, dugongs, seals, otters, geographical distribution, resource conservation, Philippines, Asia, biogeography, carnivora, mammals, mustelidae, Pinnipedia, resource management, South East Asia.
Language of Text: English summary.
Arnason, U. (1981). Fin whales in the NE North East Atlantic: relationships between abundance and distribution. Holarctic Ecology 4(4): 245-251. ISSN: 0105-9327.
NAL Call Number: QH540.H6
Descriptors: Atlantic Ocean, fin whales, distribution, abundbance, relationships.
Arnason, U., A. Gullberg, and A. Janke (2004). Mitogenomic analyses provide new insights into cetacean origin and evolution. Gene 333: 27-34. ISSN: 0378-1119.
NAL Call Number: QH442.A1G4
Abstract: The evolution of the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) has, for a long time, attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Here we examine cetacean phylogenetic relationships on the basis of analyses of complete mitochondrial genomes that represent all extant cetacean families. The results suggest that the ancestors of recent cetaceans had an explosive evolutionary radiation 30-35 million years before present. During this period, extant cetaceans divided into the two primary groups, Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). Soon after this basal split, the Odontoceti diverged into the four extant lineages, sperm whales, beaked whales, Indian river dolphins and delphinoids (iniid river dolphins, narwhals/belugas, porpoises and true dolphins). The current data set has allowed test of two recent morphological hypotheses on cetacean origin. One of these hypotheses posits that Artiodactyla and Cetacea originated from the extinct group Mesonychia, and the other that Mesonychia/Cetacea constitutes a sister group to Artiodactyla. The current results are inconsistent with both these hypotheses. The findings suggest that the claimed morphological similarities between Mesonychia and Cetacea are the result of evolutionary convergence rather than common ancestry.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, molecular, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, models, genetic, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, sequence analysis, DNA, time factors, variation genetics.
Atkins, S., N. Pillay, and V.M. Peddemors (2004). Spatial distribution of indo-pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) at Richards Bay, South Africa: environmental influences and behavioural patterns. Aquatic Mammals 30(1): 84-93. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) are caught in shark nets at Richards Bay, South Africa, at higher levels than elsewhere along the KwaZuluNatal coast. As part of an investigation to understand the reasons for humpback dolphin capture in shark nets at Richards Bay, we studied the spatial distribution and behavioral patterns of these dolphins. The study area was divided into five offshore sectors, 13 longshore sectors, and three regions. The geographic positions of humpback dolphins were recorded during boat-based follows, as was the proportion of time focal groups spent feeding, resting, socialising, and traveling. Humpback dolphins used the area within 2 km of the shore extensively. Along the shore, "hot spots" where humpback dolphins were most likely to be found were widely spaced, but sea conditions (water depth, surface, and subsurface temperatures and water visibility) did not appear to influence this spatial distribution. This may be because most measurements were within humpback dolphins' preferred range. In general, humpback dolphins used the area south of Richards Bay Harbor most often. The inshore area was important for feeding, but humpback dolphins moved further offshore to rest. Feeding was particularly important at the entrance to the harbor, where breakwaters and an estuary mouth are found. The Harbor Mouth region may be considered a feeding area of humpback dolphins, and this is where the shark nets are placed.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, behavior, environmental influences, shark nets, spatial distribution.
Australia. Parliament. Senate. Select Committee on Animal Welfare. (1985). Dolphins and Whales in Captivity: Report. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 117 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4A9
Descriptors: Cetacea, Australia, dolphins, whales, treatment of animals, animal welfare.
Baird, R.W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World: Natural History and Conservation, Voyageur Press: Stillwater, 132 p. ISBN: 0896585123.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, conservation, comprehensive works, natural history and conservation.
Baker, A. and A. Baker (1990). Whales and Dolphins of Australia and New Zealand: an Guide to Identification, Allen & Unwin: Sydney; Boston, 133 p. ISBN: 0044422016.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4B34
Descriptors: whales New Zealand identification, Whales Australia identification, dolphins New Zealand identification, dolphins Australia identification.
Notes: Updated and enlarged editon of: Whales and Dolphins of New Zealand and Australia 1983.
Barlow, J. and G.A. Cameron (2003). Field experiments show that acoustic pingers reduce marine mammal bycatch in the California drift gill net fishery. Marine Mammal Science 19(2): 265-283. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, fishing and fisheries, conservation measures, mortality, north Pacific, USA, California, fishery bycatch reduction using acoustic pingers, evaluation.
Barnes, G.R., P. Madie, and D.K. Blackmore (1996). Assessment of the humane aspects of electric lancing of whales by measurement of current densities in the brain and heart of dead animals. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 34(6): 436-40. ISSN: 0140-0118.
Abstract: The potential physiological effects of the electric lance are assessed, as used in Japanese whaling operations. Current densities are measured in the brains and hearts of six whales to which a controlled current of 5 A is applied by two electrodes inserted at various sites in the carcasses. The whales vary in size from 1.8 m (22 kg) to 16 m (40 t). The minimum current density in the brain necessary to cause depolarisation of neurones is estimated to be 10 mA cm-2 and to cause ventricular fibrillation is estimated to be 0.5 mA cm-2. No current densities exceeding 4.8 mA cm-2 are recorded in the brain. Very few recordings of current density from the heart are above 0.5 mA cm-2, and they occur only when electrodes are in optimal positions. When electrodes are placed as in whaling operations, no whale over 3 m in length would receive current densities in the heart or brain sufficient to cause permanent dysfunction. It is concluded that electric lancing is ineffective as a secondary method of killing whales and that the current densities recorded could cause pain and suffering to an already distressed animal.
Descriptors: brain physiopathology, electric injuries, heart physiopathology, whales physiology, electric injuries physiopathology, electric stimulation, electricity, electrophysiology.
Barnes, G.R.G. and P. Madie (2000). Concluding studies on the failures of electrical lancing of whales. Animal Welfare 9(4): 433-441. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, electrocution, electronarcosis, slaughter, electric current, brain, heart, sea water, pain, animal welfare, current density.
Barnett, J. and I. Robinson (2003). Marine mammals. In: E. Mullineaux, D. Best and J.E. Cooper (Editors), BSAVA (British Small Animal Veterinary Association) Manual of Wildife Casualties, British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Quedgeley, p. 182-201. ISBN: 0905214633.
NAL Call Number: SF996.45.B73 2003
Descriptors: Phocidae, Cetacea, care in captivity, diagnostic techniques, treatment techniques, parasites diseases and disorders, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Bejder, L. and B.K. Hall (2002). Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss. Evolution and Development 4(6): 445-58. ISSN: 1520-541X.
Abstract: We address the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fore- and hindlimb development and progressive hindlimb reduction and skeletal loss in whales and evaluate whether the genetic, developmental, and evolutionary mechanisms thought to be responsible for limb loss in snakes "explain" loss of the hindlimbs in whales. Limb loss and concurrent morphological and physiological changes associated with the transition from land to water are discussed within the context of the current whale phylogeny. Emphasis is placed on fore- and hindlimb development, how the forelimbs transformed into flippers, and how the hindlimbs regressed, leaving either no elements or vestigial skeletal elements. Hindlimbs likely began to regress only after the ancestors of whales entered the aquatic environment: Hindlimb function was co-opted by the undulatory vertical axial locomotion made possible by the newly evolved caudal flukes. Loss of the hindlimbs was associated with elongation of the body during the transition from land to water. Limblessness in most snakes is also associated with adoption of a new (burrowing) lifestyle and was driven by developmental changes associated with elongation of the body. Parallels between adaptation to burrowing or to the aquatic environment reflect structural and functional changes associated with the switch to axial locomotion. Because they are more fully studied and to determine whether hindlimb loss in lineages that are not closely related could result from similar genetically controlled developmental pathways, we discuss developmental (cellular and genetic) processes that may have driven limb loss in snakes and leg-less lizards and compare these processes to the loss of hindlimbs in whales. In neither group does ontogenetic or phylogenetic limb reduction result from failure to initiate limb development. In both groups limb loss results from arrested development at the limb bud stage, as a result of inability to maintain necessary inductive tissue interactions and enhanced cell death over that seen in limbed tetrapods. An evolutionary change in Hox gene expression--as occurs in snakes--or in Hox gene regulation--as occurs in some limbless mutants--is unlikely to have initiated loss of the hindlimbs in cetaceans. Selective pressures acting on a wide range of developmental processes and adult traits other than the limbs are likely to have driven the loss of hindlimbs in whales.
Descriptors: evolution, extremities anatomy and histology, limb deformities, congenital genetics, whales anatomy and histology, gene expression regulation, genes, homeobox, limb bud, lizards embryology, phylogeny, snakes embryology, whales genetics.
Bekierz, F.W. (1986). Cetacea: Bibliographie Uber Wal--Bibliographien. [Cetacea: Bibliography on Whale--Bibliographies], Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg; 0341-4116; 88. Veroffentlichungen des Informationszentrums fur Biologie am Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg; Nr. 5, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft: Frankfurt A. M., 159 p. ISBN: 3924500266.
NAL Call Number: Z5973.W5B44 1986
Descriptors: Cetacea bibliography.
Language of Text: German and English.
Bekoff, M. (Editor) (2000). The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions, Discovery Books: London, 224 p. ISBN: 184201014X.
Descriptors: comprehensive zoology, popular works, behavior, emotions.
Berrow, S. and M.L. Dalebout (2002). Cuvier's whale Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier. Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(4): 167-168. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Ziphius cavirostris, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Clare, Doonbeg, stranding record.
Berzin, A.A. and G.M. Veinger (1981). Investigations into the population morphology of sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus L. 1758, of the Pacific Ocean. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 259-268. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: sperm whales, animal morphology, Pacific Ocean.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Best, P.B. (1982). Seasonal abundance, feeding, reproduction, age and growth in minke whales off Durban (with incidental observations from the Antarctic). International Whaling Commission Report of the Commission 32: 759-786. ISSN: 0074-9591.
Descriptors: Cestoda, Pennella, Cyamus, mammalian hosts, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, prevalence, south west Indian Ocean, Antarctic Ocean.
Best, P.B. and R.B. Abernethy (1994). Heaviside's dolphin Cephalorhynchus heavisidii (Gray, 1828). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 289-310. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Birnie, P.W. (1989). International legal issues in the management and protection of the whale: a review of four decades of experience. Natural Resources Journal 29(4): 903-934. ISSN: 0028-0739.
NAL Call Number: HC79.E5N3
Descriptors: whales, fishery management, protected species, international agreements, developmental history, international organizations, regulations, quotas, fishing industry, fishing methods, marine areas, licenses and permits, developed countries, developing countries, international convention for the regulation of whaling, international whaling commission, maritime zones.
Notes: In the series analytic: The International Law of Migratory Species edited by P.W. Birnie.
Blackmore, D.K., P. Madie, and G.R.G. Barnes (1997). Observations on the electric lance and the welfare of whales: a critical appraisal. Animal Welfare 6(1): 43-51. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, stunning, brain, heart, electrical conductivity, pain, animal welfare, whaling, inhumane treatment.
Blackmore, D.K., P. Madie, M.C. Bowling, A. Nutman, A.S. Davies, W.R. McLeod, J. Taylor, and M. Degen (1995). The use of a shotgun for euthanasia of stranded cetaceans. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43(4): 158-159. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Abstract: A 12-gauge shotgun, loaded with either a solid 28 g lead slug or buckshot consisting of nine individual lead pellets with a total mass of 28 g, was used to shoot the heads of one dead common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and five dead long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melaena) varying in length from 2.5 m to 5 m. The dolphin and the smallest pilot whale were shot with both projectiles from the dorsal surface of the head. The projectiles penetrated the head and dorsal surface of the skull, but not the base of the cranium. This site using buckshot was not effective in the larger animals. Two whales between 3 and 4 m in length were shot with buckshot through the lateral side of the head caudal to and above the eye, without penetration of the contralateral side of the head. It is concluded that shooting smaller cetaceans with a shotgun can be effective and safe. Further work is required to develop more suitable projectiles for cetaceans up to the size of mature pilot whales.
Descriptors: euthanasia, cetaceans, dolphin, pilot whales, shotgun, penetration, projectiles, stranded.
Bonn, W.G. van (1995). Captive cetaceans [welfare aspects of US Navy dolphins]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206(2): 155-166. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: armed forces, wild animals, animal welfare, dolphins, captive.
Bonner, W.N. (1989). Whales of the World, Facts on File: New York, 191 p. ISBN: 0816017344.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4B67
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales.
Booth, S. and D. Zeller (2005). Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(5): 521-526. ISSN: 0091-6765.
Abstract: We modeled the flow of methyl mercury, a toxic global pollutant, in the Faroe Islands marine ecosystem and compared average human methyl mercury exposure from consumption of pilot whale meat and fish (cod, Gadus morhua) with current tolerable weekly intake (TWI) levels. Under present conditions and climate change scenarios, methyl mercury increased in the ecosystem, translating into increased human exposure over time. However, we saw greater changes as a result of changing fishing mortalities. A large portion of the general human population exceed the TWI levels set by the World Health Organization [WHO; 1.6 microg/kg body weight (bw)], and they all exceed the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 microg/kg bw/day set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; equivalent to a TWI of 0.7 microg/kg bw). As a result of an independent study documenting that Faroese children exposed prenatally to methyl mercury had reduced cognitive abilities, pregnant women have decreased their intake of whale meat and were below the TWI levels set by the WHO and the U.S. EPA. Cod had approximately 95% lower methyl mercury concentrations than did pilot whale. Thus, the high and harmful levels of methyl mercury in the diet of Faroe Islanders are driven by whale meat consumption, and the increasing impact of climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation. Significantly, base inflow rates of mercury into the environment would need to be reduced by approximately 50% to ensure levels of intake below the WHO TWI levels, given current levels of whale consumption.
Descriptors: food webs, marine mammals, mercury, diet, global pollutant, human health, Faroe Islanders, whale meat.
Braeger, S., J.A. Harraway, and B.F.J. Manly (2003). Habitat selection in a coastal dolphin species (Cephalorhynchus hectori). Marine Biology (Berlin) 143(2): 233-244. ISSN: 0025-3162.
Descriptors: Cephalorhynchus hectori, habitat preference, marine habitat, coastal habitat, physical factors, south Pacific, New Zealand, South Island, habitat selection, abiotic criteria.
Braham, H.W. (1983). Northern records of Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus, in the Northeast Pacific. Canadian Field Naturalist 97(1): 89-90. ISSN: 0008-3550.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 OT8
Descriptors: Pacific Ocean, Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus.
Brakes, P. and C. Bamber (2004). Euthanasia of cetaceans. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 78-83. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, philosophy and ethics, killing techniques, euthanasia.
Brass, I. (2002). Vergleichende bakteriologische Untersuchungen zur Zusammensetzung der Atemwegsflora bei Delphinen (Tursiops truncatus) in verschiedenen Haltungssystemen. [Comparative microbiological investigations on the composition of the respiratory flora in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in different husbandry systems]. 222 p.
NAL Call Number: DISS F2002162
Descriptors: etiology, animal husbandry, microbial flora, respiratory diseases, respiratory system, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Tursiops truncatus, Vibrio.
Breiwick, J.M., L.L. Eberhardt, and H.W. Braham (1984). Population dynamics of western Arctic bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41(3): 484-496. ISSN: 0706-652X.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 C16J
Descriptors: bowhead whales, Arctic, population dynamics, Balaena mysticetus.
Brown, S.G. (1986). Research on large and small cetaceans: conservation and management. Ambio 15(3): 168-172. ISSN: 0044-7447.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A52
Descriptors: Cetacea, aquatic mammals, resource conservation, resource exploitation, animal resources, nature conservation, research, sea pollution, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, conservation, living resources, mammals, natural resources, pollution, resource development, resources, vertebrates, water pollution.
Browne, D. (2004). Do dolphins know their own minds? Biology and Philosophy 19(4): 633-653. ISSN: 0169-3867.
Abstract: Knowledge of one's own states of mind is one of the varieties of self-knowledge. Do any nonhuman animals have the capacity for this variety of self-knowledge? The question is open to empirical inquiry, which is most often conducted with primate subjects. Research with a bottlenose dolphin gives some evidence for the capacity in a nonprimate taxon. I describe the research and evaluate the metacognitive interpretation of the dolphin's behaviour. The research exhibits some of the difficulties attached to the task of eliciting behaviour that both attracts a higher-order interpretation while also resisting deflationary, lower-order interpretations. Lloyd Morgan's Canon, which prohibits inflationary interpretations of animal behaviour, has influenced many animal psychologists. There is one defensible version of the Canon, the version that warns specifically against unnecessary intentional ascent. The Canon on this interpretation seems at first to tell against a metacognitive interpretation of the data collected in the dolphin study. However, the model of metacognition that is in play in the dolphin studies is a functional model, one that does not implicate intentional ascents I explore some interpretations of the dolphin's behaviour as metacognitive, in this sense. While this species of metacognitive interpretation breaks the connection with the more familiar theory of mind research using animal subjects, the interpretation also points in an interesting way towards issues concerning consciousness in dolphins.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, philosophy and ethics, behavior, self knowledge, states of mind, discussion.
Brueggeman, J.J. (1982). Early spring distribution of bowhead whales in the Bering Sea. Journal of Wildlife Management 46(4): 1036-1044. ISSN: 0022-541X.
NAL Call Number: 410 J827
Descriptors: Marine Areas, bowhead whales, Bering Sea, distribution.
Bruehler, G.L., S. Dirocco, T. Ryan, and K. Robinson (2001). Husbandry and hand-rearing of a rehabilitating California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 222-227. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: animal care, Cetacean housing, diets, feeding techniques, hand rearing, health stabilization, husbandry, natural behavior, nutritional requirements, skill development, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, grey whale.
Bruyns, W.F.J.M. (1971). Field Guide of Whales and Dolphins, Amsterdam, Mees, 258 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4B7
Descriptors: Cetacea, Delphinus, whales, dolphins, field guide.
Burns, W.C.G. and A. Gillespie (Editors) ( 2003). The Future of Cetaceans in a Changing World, Transnational Publishers, Inc.: Ardsley, 457 p. ISBN: 1571052623.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whaling, conservation, threats and conservation measures, future proposals, review.
Burton, J.A. and A. King (1974). Whales. Nature (London) 251(5472): 182.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: whales.
Busch III, A.A. (2001). Collected papers on the rescue, rehabilitation, and scientific studies of a California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 199-305. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus, care in captivity, rehabilitation techniques, collecting techniques, rescue techniques, north Pacific, USA, California, rescue, rehabilitation and scientific studies, young, collected papers.
Butterworth, A. (2005). Death at sea-when is a whale dead. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 169(1): 5-6. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V484
Descriptors: whale, death, at sea.
Butterworth, A., S.C. Kestin, and J.F. McBain (2004). Evaluation of baseline indices of sensibility in captive cetaceans. Veterinary Record 155(17): 513-518. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: captive, cetaceans, sensitivity, baseline, evaluation.
Butterworth, A., L. Sadler, T.G. Knowles, and S.C. Kestin (2004). Evaluating possible indicators of insensibility and death in cetacea. Animal Welfare 13(1): 13-17. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, consciousness, animal welfare, Cetacea, insensibility.
Butterworth, A. (2004). Review of criteria for determining death and insensibility in cetacea. In: P. Brakes, A. Butterworth, M. Simmonds and P. Lymbery (Editors), Troubled Waters: a Review of the Welfare Implications of Modern Whaling Activities, World Society for the Protection of Animals: London, p. 84-89. ISBN: 0954706501.
Descriptors: Cetacea, whaling, review of criteria for determining time of death, killing techniques, mortality.
Cahill, M. (2004). Marine mammal report 2003. Proceedings of the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeological Society 20: 39. ISSN: 0140-3729.
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea. North Atlantic, United Kingdom, England, Isle of Wight, annual records report.
Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (1990). Whales in Captivity: Right or Wrong?: Proceedings of a Symposium, Canadian Federation of Humane Societies: Ottawa, Ont., 172 p.
NAL Call Number: HV4704.W5
Descriptors: animal welfare societies, Whales Protection Canada Congresses, captivity, symposium.
Canto, J., P. Ruiz, and J.C. Cardenas (1991). Necropsia de ballena franca austral Eubalaena australis y consideraciones sobre manejo de la especie. [Necropsy of the sourthern white whale Eubalaena australis and considerations on the management of the species]. Boletin Museo Nacional De Historia Natural (42): 105-111. ISSN: 0027-3910.
Abstract: The sourthern white whale Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins 1922) was drastically diminished through massive captures since the 18th century. This species was put under international protection in 1936 and since then, it is only occasionally seen in the Chilean coast. The arrival of a female and a newborn at Los Reumbes beach (37 deg 12'S - 73 deg 35W) Golfo de Arauco, Chile, may point to the beginning of a settlement of its former domains. The permanency of two specimens allowed the recollection of information on behaviour and photographic identification. The process of upbringing was not completed due to human intervention that lead the calf to be stranded at the beach. This note evaluates the responsability of human action, and gives through necropsy information about morphometric and reproductive aspects.
Descriptors: whales, postmortem examination, animal morphology, reproductive performance, biological analysis, biological properties, Cetacea, histocytological analysis, mammals, performance.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Capaldo, T. (1986). Animal welfare tests the waters of a human-dolphin bond project. PsyETA Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Bulletin 8(2): 7-8.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.B85
Descriptors: animal welfare, ethics, dolphins, bonds, projects, aquatic environment.
Carr, S.M., H.D. Marshall, K.A. Johnstone, L.M. Pynn, and G.B. Stenson (2002). How to tell a sea monster: molecular discrimination of large marine animals of the North Atlantic. Biological Bulletin 202(1): 1-5. ISSN: 0006-3185.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B52
Abstract: Remains of large marine animals that wash onshore can be difficult to identify due to decomposition and loss of external body parts, and in consequence may be dubbed "sea monsters." DNA that survives in such carcasses can provide a basis of identification. One such creature washed ashore at St. Bernard's, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland, in August 2001. DNA was extracted from the carcass and enzymatically amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR): the mitochondrial NADH2 DNA sequence was identified as that of a sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Amplification and sequencing of cryptozoological DNA with "universal" PCR primers with broad specificity to vertebrate taxa and comparison with species in the GenBank taxonomic database is an effective means of discriminating otherwise unidentifiable large marine creatures.
Descriptors: dna analysis, whales classification, whales genetics, Atlantic Ocean, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, marine biology methods, nad genetics, polymerase chain reaction, postmortem changes, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence homology.
Carter, A.M. and A.C. Enders (2004). Comparative aspects of trophoblast development and placentation. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2(1): 46. ISSN: 1477-7827.
Abstract: Based on the number of tissues separating maternal from fetal blood, placentas are classified as epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial or hemochorial. We review the occurrence of these placental types in the various orders of eutherian mammals within the framework of the four superorders identified by the techniques of molecular phylogenetics. The superorder Afrotheria diversified in ancient Africa and its living representatives include elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, aardvark, elephant shrews and tenrecs. Xenarthra, comprising armadillos, anteaters and sloths, diversified in South America. All placentas examined from members of these two oldest superorders are either endotheliochorial or hemochorial. The superorder Euarchontoglires includes two sister groups, Glires and Euarchonta. The former comprises rodents and lagomorphs, which typically have hemochorial placentas. The most primitive members of Euarchonta, the tree shrews, have endotheliochorial placentation. Flying lemurs and all higher primates have hemochorial placentas. However, the lemurs and lorises are exceptional among primates in having epitheliochorial placentation. Laurasiatheria, the last superorder to arise, includes several orders with epitheliochorial placentation. These comprise whales, camels, pigs, ruminants, horses and pangolins. In contrast, nearly all carnivores have endotheliochorial placentation, whilst bats have endotheliochorial or hemochorial placentas. Also included in Laurasiatheria are a number of insectivores that have many conserved morphological characters; none of these has epitheliochorial placentation. Consideration of placental type in relation to the findings of molecular phylogenetics suggests that the likely path of evolution in Afrotheria was from endotheliochorial to hemochorial placentation. This is also a likely scenario for Xenarthra and the bats. We argue that a definitive epitheliochorial placenta is a secondary specialization and that it evolved twice, once in the Laurasiatheria and once in the lemurs and lorises.
Descriptors: placenta growth and development, trophoblasts metabolism.
Catton, C. (1995). Dolphins, St. Martin's Press: New York, 160 p. ISBN: 0312132417; 1852839449.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432C35 1995
Descriptors: dolphins, pictorial works.
Notes: Maps of the distribution of different types of dolphins over the world on end papers.
Chakraborty, S. and V.C. Agrawal (2000). Mammalia. In: J.R.B. Alfred (Editor), Fauna of Gujarat. Vertebrates, State Fauna Series, Vol. 1, Zoological Survey of India: Calcutta, p. 15-83. ISBN: 8185874417.
NAL Call Number: QL309.F3734 2000
Descriptors: mammalia, checklists, taxonomic checklist, Gujarat, systematic account including new records, terrestrial and marine taxa, Arabian Sea, India, systematic account.
Chevassus au Louis, N. (2002). Bruits de botte autour du petit rorqual (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). [Problems about minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)]. Recherche (355): 86-87. ISSN: 0029-5671.
Abstract: Apres un moratoire de vingt ans sur la chasse a la baleine, viole seulement par trois pays, seules les populations de petit rorqual ont recouvre un niveau satisfaisant. Faut-il en autoriser a nouveau la capture, au risque que d' autres especes, plus fragiles, en fassent les frais?
Descriptors: whales, protected species, resource conservation, fishery policies, Cetacea, mammals, nature conservation, policies, resource conservation, resource management.
Language of Text: French.
Notes: Special: La Mer. P1903.
Christiaens, J. (2002). Humpback whales. CCA Ecological Journal 4: 59.
Descriptors: Megaptera novaeangliae, south west Indian Ocean, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Mnemba Island, annotated record.
Clarke, M.R. (1970). Function of the spermaceti organ of the sperm whale. Nature (London) 228(5274): 873-874. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: The structure of the head of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) was described in outline by Pouchet and Beauregard(1-3) and by Raven and Gregory(4), but the function of the large, wax filled spermaceti organ and related structures is not known although several theories(4-6) have been advanced.
Descriptors: sperm whale, spermaceti organ, function, Physeter, theories.
Clarke, R. (2005). Male nipples in blue and fin whales and their absence in sperm whales. Aquatic Mammals 31(1): 124-132. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: male nipples, penis, blue whale, fin whale, sperm whale, fetal, postnatal, male, morphology, review.
Clarke, R. (2004). Pygmy fin whales. Marine Mammal Science 20(2): 329-334. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: marine ecology, environmental sciences, movement patterns, physical maturity, sexual maturity, species distribution, vocalization .
Clarke, T. and J. Knight (2003). Whale genetics study leaves conservationists all at sea. Nature (London) 424(6948): 479. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: conservation of natural resources trends, mutagenesis, whales genetics, whales physiology, models, biological, population density.
Coffey, D.J., D.K. Caldwell and M.C. Caldwell (Editors) (1977). Dolphins, Whales, and Porpoises: an Encyclopedia of Sea Mammals, 1st American edition, Macmillan: New York, 223 p.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.C63 1977
Descriptors: marine mammals, dictionaries, dolphins, whales, porpoises, encyclopedia, sea mammals.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Canberra (Australia). (1979). The whale - bleak past, uncertain future [populations, conservation]. Ecos (Australia) (19): 3-8. ISSN: 0311-4546.
Descriptors: whale, past, future, populations, conservation.
Connor, R.C. and D.M. Peterson (1994). The Lives of Whales and Dolphins, 1st edition, Holt: New York, 233 p. ISBN: 0805019502.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4C595 1994
Descriptors: Cetacea behavior, whales, dolphins, lives.
Conrad, J.M. (1987). Bioeconomics and the bowhead whale. Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff Paper 87(14): 40.
Descriptors: megaptera, Eskimos, population decrease, fishing operations, economic resources, Balaena mysticetus.
Constant, P. (1992). Marine Life of the Galapagos: a Guide to the Fishes, Whales, Dolphins, Other Marine Mammals, P. Constant: Paris, 248 p.
NAL Call Number: QL345.G2C65 1992
Descriptors: marine fauna Galapagos Islands, scuba diving Galapagos Islands.
Cornell, L.H. and E.D. Asper (1981). A census of captive marine mammals in North America. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome, Italy, p. 137-150. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, North America, captive marine mammals, census.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Cowan, D.F. and Z. Gatalica (2002). Immunohistochemistry in cetaceans. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 280-288. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Cetacea, biochemical techniques, histological techniques, diagnostic techniques, immune response, antibodies, immunohistochemistry review.
Crail, T. (1981). Apetalk & Whalespeak: the Quest for Interspecies Communication, 1st edition, J.P. Tarcher; distributed by Houghton Mifflin: Los Angeles, Boston, 298 p. ISBN: 0874771803.
NAL Call Number: QL776.C7 1981
Descriptors: human animal communication.
Cranford, T.W. (2004). Structure and function of the sperm whale nose: science, art, and folklore. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 284-285. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, art, folklore, science.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2004.
D'Vincent, C., D. Haley and F. Sharpe (1989). Voyaging With the Whales, 1st edition, Oakwell Boulton: Chicago (USA), 216 p. ISBN: 09-208-31095.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C424D85 1989
Descriptors: whales, behavior, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, ISSCAAP group b 61, ISSCAAP group b 62, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, meat animals, oil producing animals, vertebrates, humpback whale.
Daemers Lambert, C. (1999). Perception et communication en milieu marin. Quatre lecons de physiologie animale. [Perception and communication in the sea. Four lessons in animal physiology]. Cahiers D'Ethologie Fondamentale Et Appliquee, Animale Et Humaine (Belgium) 19(3-4): 265-492. ISSN: 0778-7103.
Abstract: Through his mask, the scuba diver discovers an enigmatic fauna which evolves with a disconcerting ease in front of his dazzled eyes. What are the signals perceived by these living beings which populate the seas and the depths of the oceans? By which refinements of their anatomy and of their physiology can they detect these signals? How do they live in a world descending to bluer and darker depths only crossed by flashes of luminescence? By what intimate mechanisms do they respond to external stimuli to reproduce, renew their shells or start a long migration journey ?... These are the themes of this book concerned with the physiology and biochemistry of the marine animal world. A review of necessary concepts of physics and physiology introduces each-chapter and can be used as reference material for even the uninitiated reader. The author shows how the evolution of both the detection of chemical substances and of environmental physical factors gave birth to particularly original systems of perception and communication. The important subjects in contemporary marine biology, such as visual adaptations, bioluminescence, the impact of toxins and poisons on the food-chain, the echolocation mechanisms used by dolphins, the magnetic orientation capabilities of sharks and the electric fish transmitter-receiver sensory systems amongst other things, illustrate the author position. The last chapter is dedicated to the neuroendocrine system which assimilates information drawn from the environment into periodic activities as wide-ranging as the reproduction migrations and the molting by crustaceans. The author concludes this synthesis with the astonishing discovery of the neural and endocrine regulation of the sea-hare egg-laying behaviour. The in-depth study of these mechanisms, as presented here, should make encounters with the marine world decidedly more pleasurable experiences.
Descriptors: aquatic animals, animal physiology, communication between animals, pheromones, vision, marine environment, environmental factors, neurophysiology, endocrine glands, behavior, animal glands, aquatic environment, aquatic organisms, body parts, environment, physiological functions, semiochemicals, senses.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Collection Enquetes et Dossiers no. 25.
Darling, J.D. (1987). Wild Whales, SummerWild Productions, Distributed by Publishers Group West: Vancouver, B.C.; Emeryville, Calif. 96 p. ISBN: 0969280726.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4D37
Descriptors: humpback whale pictorial works, gray whale pictorial works, killer whale pictorial works, humpback whale, gray whale.
Davis, R., and United States. Minerals Management Service. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. Texas A & M University at Galveston. Texas Institute of Oceanography. United States. Dept. of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Marine Fisheries Service. Southeast Fisheries Science Center. (1994). Distribution and Abundance of Marine Mammals in the North-Central and Western Gulf of Mexico: Interim Report. OCS study MMS 94-0003. OCS study MMS 94-0004. New Orleans, La.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region,
NAL Call Number: Fiche S 133
Descriptors: marine mammals, Gulf of Mexico, whales, ecology, cetaceans.
Daws, G. (1983). "Animal liberation" as crime: the Hawaii dolphin case. In: Harlan B. Miller and William H. Williams (Editors), Ethics and Animals, Humana Press: Clifton, NJ., p. 361-371. ISBN: 0896030369.
NAL Call Number: HV4711.E87
Descriptors: dolphins, animal welfare, courts, crime, Hawaii.
de Block, P. (1987). [Seventeen years of observations on dolphins in Antwerp Zoo.]. Lutra 30(2): 203-206. ISSN: 0024-7634.
Descriptors: delphinidae, zoological gardens, care in captivity, history of dolphinarium, Belgium, Antwerp Zoo, dolphinarium history.
De Master, D.P. and J.K. Drevenak (1988). Survivorship patterns in three species of captive cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 4(4): 297-311. ISSN: 0824-0469.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinapterus leucas, survival in captivity.
de Muizon, C. (2001). Walking with whales. Nature (London) 413(6853): 259-60. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: evolution, fossils, whales anatomy and histology, bone and bones anatomy and histology, Pakistan, tarsal bones anatomy and histology, walking.
Notes: Comment On: Nature. 2001 Sep 20;413(6853):277-81.
de Muizon, C. and D.P. Domning (2002). The anatomy of Odobenocetops (Delphinoidea, Mammalia), the walrus-like dolphin from the Pliocene of Peru and its palaeobiological implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134(4): 423-452. ISSN: 0024-4082.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 L64
Descriptors: Odobenocetops leptodon, mouth, tusks, skull, jaws, eye, vision, ear, ear bones, echolocation, feeding behavior, nasal passages, orientation, Peru, south, skull and postcranial anatomy, functional and systematic significance, Pliocene.
Devine, E. and M. Clark (Compiler) (1967). The Dolphin Smile; Twenty-Nine Centuries of Dolphin Lore, Macmillan: New York, 370 p.
NAL Call Number: QL795.D7D4
Descriptors: dolphins legends and stories, dolphin smile, dolphin lore.
Diaz Reganon Teresa, A. (1978). Un Depredador Marino: El Delphinus Delphis L. [A Marine Predator: Delphinus Delphis L.]., Libros Portico: Zaragoza, 571 p. ISBN: 8485264266.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432D5
Descriptors: dolphins, Spain, marine predator, Delphinus delphus.
Dierauf, L. (2001). The electronic whale. In: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2 edition, p. 117-126.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.M35C73 2001
Descriptors: animal health, data processing, internet, marine mammals, whales.
Doak, W. (1989). Encounters With Whales & Dolphins, Sheridan House: Dobbs Ferry, NY, 250 p. ISBN: 0911378863.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4D63
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales, dolphins, encounters.
Dobson, G.P. (2003). On being the right size: heart design, mitochondrial efficiency and lifespan potential. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 30(8): 590-7. ISSN: 0305-1870.
Descriptors: heart anatomy and histology, heart physiology, mitochondria, adenosine diphosphate metabolism, adenosine diphosphate physiology, adenosine triphosphate metabolism, adenosine triphosphate physiology, body weight physiology, cytosol metabolism, guinea pigs, life expectancy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mice, mitochondria, heart metabolism, myocardium metabolism, myofibrils metabolism, myofibrils ultrastructure, organ size physiology, rabbits, rats.
Dobson, G.P. and J.P. Headrick (1995). Bioenergetic scaling: metabolic design and body-size constraints in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92(16): 7317-21. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The cytosolic phosphorylation ratio ([ATP]/[ADP][P(i)]) in the mammalian heart was found to be inversely related to body mass with an exponent of -0.30 (r = 0.999). This exponent is similar to -0.25 calculated for the mass-specific O2 consumption. The inverse of cytosolic free [ADP], the Gibbs energy of ATP hydrolysis (delta G'ATP), and the efficiency of ATP production (energy captured in forming 3 mol of ATP per cycle along the mitochondrial respiratory chain from NADH to 1/2 O2) were all found to scale with body mass with a negative exponent. On the basis of scaling of the phosphorylation ratio and free cytosolic [ADP], we propose that the myocardium and other tissues of small mammals represent a metabolic system with a higher driving potential (a higher delta G'ATP from the higher [ATP]/[ADP][P(i)]) and a higher kinetic gain [(delta V/Vmax)/delta [ADP]] where small changes in free [ADP] produce large changes in steady-state rates of O2 consumption. From the inverse relationship between mitochondrial efficiency and body size we calculate that tissues of small mammals are more efficient than those of large mammals in converting energy from the oxidation of foodstuffs to the bond energy of ATP. A higher efficiency also indicates that mitochondrial electron transport is not the major site for higher heat production in small mammals. We further propose that the lower limit of about 2 g for adult endotherm body size (bumblebee-bat, Estrucan shrew, and hummingbird) may be set by the thermodynamics of the electron transport chain. The upper limit for body size (100,000-kg adult blue whale) may relate to a minimum delta G'ATP of approximately 55 kJ/mol for a cytoplasmic phosphorylation ratio of 12,000 M-1.
Descriptors: body constitution, energy metabolism, myocardium metabolism, adenosine diphosphate metabolism, adenosine triphosphate metabolism, body temperature regulation, cytosol metabolism, dogs, electron transport, evolution, kinetics, oxygen consumption, phosphates metabolism, phosphorylation, rabbits, rats, wistar rats, thermodynamics.
Dudok van Heel, W.H. and J.D. van der Toorn (1988). A biological approach to dolphinarium water purification. 2. A practical application: the Delfinaario in Tampere, Finland. Aquatic Mammals 14(3): 92-106. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: delphinidae, housing techniques, dolphinarium design incorporating biological water treatment system, environmental control device, biological water purification system for dolphinarium, Finland, Tampere, dolphinarium incorporating biological water treatment system.
Evans, K. and M.A. Hindell (2004). The age structure and growth of female sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. Journal of Zoology (London) 263(3): 237-250. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: marine ecology. population studies, wildlife management, conservation, mass stranding, whale survival rates, sperm whales, age, teeth.
Evans, P.G.H. (1997). Ecology of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Eastern North Atlantic, with special reference to sightings and strandings records from the British Isles. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: The sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus is a common large odontocete inhabiting deep oceans throughout the world where it feeds primarily upon cephalopods, particularly large squid. Human exploitation of the species has occurred on a large scale between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. Although modern whaling concentrated upon other species like the large rorquals, as new uses were discovered for sperm oil, sperm whale catches increased from the 1950s for a period of about twenty years. After imposing increasingly restrictive catch limits, the IWC banned pelagic catches worldwide in 1979, whilst the remaining coastal fisheries closed during the 1980s. Sperm whales are seasonal breeders but with a prolonged mating season. Females and breeding schools remain in low latitudes throughout the year, whereas adult males join these groups only intermittently and mainly during the breeding season. Outside this period, adult males tend to move into high latitudes in summer remaining there between July and December before returning south again. In Northern Europe, the greatest number of sperm whale records come from the British Isles. In past decades, virtually all sperm whale records around the British Isles were lone, mature males. However, since the mid-1970s, accompanying a marked increase in the number of strandings recorded, there has also been a significant increase in the frequency of animals measuring less than 14 m, with one-third measuring less than 12 m and therefore likely to be sexually immature. Over this same period, groups numbering from three to eleven individuals including subadults have been recorded. Three possible explanations for the recent increase in strandings are: that a greater number of sperm whales are entering the region; there has been a recent increase in mortality (perhaps human induced); or both factors may be operating: a greater number of overwintering whales are becoming exposed to an energy demand from food shortage leading to higher mortality which might be exacerbated by other factors such as contaminants. At present, there is no strong evidence that contaminant burdens are directly responsible for any of the recent strandings. The most parsimonious explanation is that the cessation in the late 1970s-early 1980s of hunting pressure, which traditionally concentrated upon males, has enabled sperm whale populations to recover, at the same time exposing pubertal males to greater competition for females from other males. This may have forced an increasing number of adolescent and young adult males to leave the breeding groups and to move into high latitudes where some have remained for extended periods, running into a seasonal shortage of food by late autumn.
Descriptors: Physeter, beaches, behavior, death, hunting, international law, body measurements, North Atlantic, British Isles, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, developmental stages, Europe, law, mammals, marine areas, physiographic features, Western Europe, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Evans, W.E. (1994). Common dolphin, white-bellied porpoise Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758. In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins , Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 191-224. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Fairbairn, P.W. and A.M. Haynes (1983). Jamaican surveys of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), dolphin (Tursiops trunacatus), sea turtles (families Cheloniidae and Dermochelydae) and booby terns (family Laridae). FAO Fisheries Report 278(Suppl.): 289-295.
Descriptors: Jamaica, manatee, dolphin, sea turtles, boobyterns, surveys.
Fairley, J.S. (1994). Minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata lacepede. Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 508. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, note, skull.
Fairley, J.S. and D.E. Tangney (1994). Sperm whale Physeter catodon L. Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 508. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, body length, jaw, note, teeth.
FAO Fisheries Dept. (1976). Mammals in the seas. Ad hoc group. 2. Small cetaceans and sirenians, report. Fisheries Dept. Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research. Scientific Consultation on Marine Mammals, August 31, 1976, Bergen (Norway), FAO: Rome, Italy, Vol. FAO ACCESS. No. 34367, 105 p.
Descriptors: small cetaceans, sirenians, report, mammals, seas, FAO.
Fernandez Casado, M. (2000). El cachalote Physeter macrocephalus. [The sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus.]. Galemys 12(2): 3-22. ISSN: 1137-8700.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus biological notes.
Ferrero, R.C., S.E. Moore, and R.C. Hobbs (2000). Development of beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, capture and satellite tagging protocol in Cook Inlet, Alaska. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fisheries Review 62(3): 112-123. ISSN: 0090-1830.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 F532
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, trapping, capture protocol, tagging, tracking techniques, satellite tagging, north Pacific, USA, Alaska, Cook Inlet, capture and satellite tagging protocol.
Fodor, B. (Compiler) (1971). The Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon L.) a Bibliography, U.S. Dept. of Interior. Office of Library Services. Bibliography Series, Office of Library Services: Washington, 100 p.
NAL Call Number: Z5973.W5F6
Descriptors: sperm whale, bibliography.
Fordyce, E. and C. de Muizon. (2001). Evolutionary history of cetaceans: a review. In: Secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water: proceedings of the international meeting, 1996, Poitiers, Dr. Friedrich Pfeil: Muenchen, p. 169-233. 367 p. ISBN: 3931516881.
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, skeleton, evolutionary adaptation, marine life adaptations, evolutionary history and classification, review, marine habitat, caenozoic.
Frantzis, A. (2001). Sperm whales: the animals of superlatives! Acta Astronautica 49(3-10): 557-61. ISSN: 0094-5765.
Descriptors: dolphins, evolution, vocalization, animal, whales, acoustics, Greece.
Freeman, M.M.R. and U.P. Kreuter (1994). Elephants and Whales: Resources for Whom?, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: Basel, Switzerland, 321 p. ISBN: 2884490116 (pbk.); 2884490108.
Descriptors: wildlife conservation, conservation of natural resources, elephants, whales.
Frohoff, T. (2003). Interacting with captive dolphins. In: T. Frohoff and B. Peterson (Editors), Between Species: Celebrating the Dolphin-Human Bond, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, p. 331-334. ISBN: 1578050707.
Descriptors: delphinidae, education and entertainment, philosophy and ethics, ethics, USA, human interactions with captive individuals, welfare and ethical issues.
Frohoff, T. (2003). Interacting with dolphins in the wild: science, policy, and guidelines. In: T. Frohoff and B. Peterson (Editors), Between Species: Celebrating the Dolphin-Human Bond, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, p. 335-340. ISBN: 1578050707.
Descriptors: Delphinidae, leisure and sport, education and entertainment, human interactions with wild individuals, science, policy and guidelines, conservation measures, legislation.
Fullard, K.J., G. Early, M.P. Heide Jorgensen, D. Bloch, A. Rosing Asvid, and W. Amos (2000). Population structure of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic: a correlation with sea surface temperature? Molecular Ecology 9(7): 949-58. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: The long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, is a social, pelagic odontocete distributed widely in the cold temperate waters of the North Atlantic. Despite genetic, morphometric, physiological and observational studies, it remains unclear whether any population substructure exists. We have used eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to analyse samples from four disparate sampling sites: USA East Coast (Cape Cod), West Greenland, the Faeroe Islands and the UK. Our results indicate that substructure does exist, and is particularly pronounced between West Greenland and other sites. The magnitudes of the various pairwise comparisons do not support a simple isolation-by-distance model. Instead, the patterns of genetic differentiation suggest that population isolation occurs between areas of the ocean which differ in sea surface temperature. Such a mechanism is supported by the observation that temperature is a primary factor determining the relative distributions of two short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus) populations off the Pacific coast of Japan.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, genetics, population, microsatellite repeats genetics, temperature, atlantic ocean, geography, heterozygote, linkage disequilibrium, polymorphism, genetic, seawater, variation genetics.
Gallup Jr., G.G. (1995). Mirrors, minds, and cetaceans. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 226-8. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, discrimination learning, social behavior.
Gambell, R. (1973). Some effects of exploitation on reproduction in whales. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 19(Suppl.): 533-53. ISSN: 0449-3087.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: Cetacea physiology, fisheries, reproduction, age factors, Antarctic regions, birth rate, corpus luteum, Indian Ocean islands, ovarian follicle, ovulation, population density, puberty.
Gaskin, D.E. (1982). The Ecology of Whales and Dolphins, N.H. Heinemann: London; Exeter, 459 p. ISBN: 0435622862.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4G24
Descriptors: Cetacea ecology, whales, dolphins.
Gauthier, J.M., H. Dubeau and E. Rassart (2003). Evaluation of genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants in cells of marine mammals, with particular emphasis on beluga whales. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 404-428. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: mammalia, molecular genetics, genotoxic effects of environmental contaminants, chemical pollution, chemical factors, genotoxic effects of contaminants, overview.
Geisler, J.H. and M.D. Uhen (2003). Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(4): 991-996. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: Hippotamidae, skeleton, phylogeny, cladistic analysis, morphological support for close relationship with Cetacea.
Gewalt, W. (2001). Der Weisswal Delphinapterus leucas. 2 Ueberarbeitete Auflage. [The Beluga Delphinapterus leucas. 2nd revised edition]. Neue Brehm Buecherei 497: 3-230. ISSN: 0138-1423.
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, comprehensive works.
Gilbert, C.R. and J.D. Williams (2002). National Audubon Society Field Guide to Fishes. North America, 2nd, fully revised edition, Alfred A. Knopf: New York , [288] pages of plates, 607 p. ISBN: 0375412247 (pbk.).
NAL Call Number: QL625.G56 2002
Descriptors: fishes, North America identification, whales, dolphins, guide, National Audubon Society.
Notes: Revised edition of: National Audubon Society Field Guide to Fishes, Whales & Dolphins by the National Audubon Society staff, 1983.
Glanville, E., P. Bartlett, and S. Berrow (2003). Common dolphin Delphinus delphis (L.). Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(6): 241-242. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Clare, live stranding records.
Gonzalez, A.F., A. Lopez, X. Valeiras, and J.M. Alonso (2000). Foreign bodies found in the digestive tract of marine mammals in north-western Spanish coast. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 270-271. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Cetacea, pollutants, digestive system, digestive tract, pollution, north east Atlantic, Spain, Galicia, foreign bodies in digestive tract.
Goodall, R.N.P. (1994). Chilean dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray 1846). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 269-287. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Goodall, R.N.P. (1994). Commerson's dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacepede 1804). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 241-267. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, behavior, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, parasitology, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Gordon Clark, J. (Editor) (1982). Mammals in the Seas. Small Cetaceans, Seals, Sirenians and Otters. Selected Papers of the Scientific Consultation on the Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals and Their Environment [Bergen, Norway, 1976]. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 4, FAO: Rome (Italy), 541 p. ISBN: 92-5-100514-1.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: aquatic mammals.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Gordon Clark, J. (1981). Objectives for the management and conservation of marine mammals. In: J. Gordon Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 103-116. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, fishery management, fishery conservation.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Gormley, G. (1990). Orcas of the Gulf: a Natural History, Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, 205 p. ISBN: 087156601X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432G68
Descriptors: killer whale behavior, Orca, history.
Griffin, D.R. (1992). Animal Minds, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 310 p. ISBN: 0226308634.
NAL Call Number: QL785.G715 1992
Descriptors: cognition in animals, animal behavior, animal psychology.
Griffin, R.B. and N.J. Griffin (2004). Temporal variation in Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) densities on the west Florida continental shelf. Aquatic Mammals 30(3): 380-390. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: We surveyed Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in an area of the west Florida continental shelf (82[degree] to 84.5[degree] W and 26[degree] to 28[degree] N) from November 1998 to December 2001. Objectives were to estimate relative abundances of these two species and test for seasonal and interannual variations in distribution. Monthly surveys were conducted over a three-year period between the coast and the 180 m depth contour. Abundances of Atlantic spotted dolphins and bottlenose dolphins were estimated using the software program Distance. Sightings from monthly surveys were pooled by years and by seasons within a year. Significant seasonal variations in Atlantic spotted dolphin densities were repeated across years, with lower abundances during the warm season (June-October), and higher densities during the cool season (November-May). Atlantic spotted dolphin densities significantly decreased during 2000, while bottlenose dolphin density trends were not apparent. These trends continued into 2001, suggesting differential species response to environmental variation may affect changes in cetacean community structure over relatively short temporal scales.
Descriptors: Stenella frontalis, Tursiops truncatus, relative abundance, population density, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, distribution and density temporal variation.
Gubbins, C.M. (2002). The Dolphins of Hilton Head: Their Natural History, University of South Carolina Press: Columbia, S.C., 74 p. ISBN: 1570034583.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432 G835 2002
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphin, South Carolina, Hilton Head Island, natural history.
Haag, A. (2005). Marine biology: whale fall. Nature (London) 433(7026): 566-7. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: death, food chain, seawater chemistry, seawater microbiology, skeleton, whales microbiology, biodegradation, biodiversity, bone and bones chemistry, bone and bones metabolism, diet, evolution, fats metabolism, larva physiology, marine biology, oceans and seas, sulfur metabolism.
Hall, N.R. (1975). Rearing young whales and dolphins (correspondence). Veterinary Record 97(11): 213.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: young, raising, whales, dolphins.
Halsey, L. (2002). Ultimate divers. Biologist (London) 49(4): 161-4. ISSN: 0006-3347.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 IN7
Abstract: An extraordinary variety of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles are adapted to life in the oceans. Many of them spend their entire lives there without being able to breathe underwater. But just how do they exploit this hostile environment?
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, birds physiology, diving physiology, respiration, whales physiology, evolution, oceans and seas.
Notes: Comment In: Biologist (London). 2002 Oct;49(5):192; author reply 192.
Hamilton, H., S. Caballero, A.G. Collins, and R.L. Brownell Jr. (2001). Evolution of river dolphins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 268(1466): 549-56. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: The world's river dolphins (Inia, Pontoporia, Lipotes and Platanista) are among the least known and most endangered of all cetaceans. The four extant genera inhabit geographically disjunct river systems and exhibit highly modified morphologies, leading many cetologists to regard river dolphins as an unnatural group. Numerous arrangements have been proposed for their phylogenetic relationships to one another and to other odontocete cetaceans. These alternative views strongly affect the biogeographical and evolutionary implications raised by the important, although limited, fossil record of river dolphins. We present a hypothesis of river dolphin relationships based on phylogenetic analysis of three mitochondrial genes for 29 cetacean species, concluding that the four genera represent three separate, ancient branches in odontocete evolution. Our molecular phylogeny corresponds well with the first fossil appearances of the primary lineages of modern odontocetes. Integrating relevant events in Tertiary palaeoceanography, we develop a scenario for river dolphin evolution during the globally high sea levels of the Middle Miocene. We suggest that ancestors of the four extant river dolphin lineages colonized the shallow epicontintental seas that inundated the Amazon, Parana, Yangtze and Indo-Gangetic river basins, subsequently remaining in these extensive waterways during their transition to freshwater with the Late Neogene trend of sea-level lowering.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, evolution, cytochrome b group genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, dolphins classification, evolution, molecular, fossils, phylogeny.
Notes: Erratum In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 2001 Dec 22;268(1485):2615.
Hammond, P.S. (1981). Informe del grupo de trabajo sobre la interaccion atun-delfin. [Report on the workshop on tuna-dolphin interactions], April 6, 1981-April 10, 1981, Managua, Nicaragua, Special report (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission), Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission: La Jolla, Calif. 259 p.
NAL Call Number: SH351.T8S63 no. 4
Descriptors: tuna congresses, dolphins congresses.
Harper, C.M.G., R. Borkowski, A.M. Hoffman, and A. Warner (2001). Development of a standardized nomenclature for bronchoscopy of the respiratory system of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32(2): 190-195. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: bronchoscopy, diagnosis, lesions, nomenclature, respiratory diseases, Phocoena, Phocoenidae.
Hart, D. and J.W. Whitlow Jr. (1995). The experience of self in the bottlenose dolphin. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 244-7. ISSN: 1053-8100.
Abstract: Marten and Psarakos have presented some evidence which suggests that objective self-awareness and possibly representations of self may characterize the dolphins' experience of self. Their research demonstrates the possibility of similarities in the sense of self between primate species and dolphins, although whether dolphins have subjective self-awareness, personal memories, and theories of self--all important facets of the sense of self in humans--was not examined. Clearly, even this limited evidence was difficult to achieve; the difficulties in adapting methods and coding behavior are quite apparent in their report. Future progress, however, may depend upon clarification of what are the necessary components for a sense of self and an explication of how these might be reflected in dolphin behavior. We are mindful of the authors' point (pp. 219 and 220) that the dolphin lives more in an acoustic than a visual environment. Thus, while tasks relying upon vision may reveal the presence or absence of the sense of self in primates, it might well be the case that in dolphins self-related experiences might be better revealed in auditory tasks. But then, what is the nature of human self-awareness in terms of audition? While both conceptual and methodological hurdles remain, Marten and Psarakos have demonstrated that important questions can be asked about the minds and phenomenal worlds of nonanthropoid species.
Descriptors: awareness, dolphins psychology, self concept, television, visual perception, animal communication, body image, social behavior, species specificity.
Harvey, J., J. Hurley, and S. Skrovan (2001). Training California sea lions to record whale behavior using a rehabilitating California gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 289-293. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, sea lions, animal training, swimming behavior, transport distance, underwater behavior, underwater movements, verbal commands, visual contact, whale behavior, recording, wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, grey whale.
Hasegawa, M. and J. Adachi (1996). Phylogenetic position of cetaceans relative to artiodactyls: reanalysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13(5): 710-7. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: By a maximum likelihood analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences, we examine Graur and Higgins' hypothesis of the Ruminantia/Cetacea clade with Suiformes as an outgroup. Graur and Higgins analyzed these sequences by the neighbor-joining and parsimony methods, as well as by the maximum likelihood method under the assumption that the substitution rate is the same for all sites. The Ruminantia/Suiformes clade assumed by the traditional taxonomy was rejected strongly by this analysis and the Ruminantia/Cetacea clade was supported. Adoption of a more realistic model distinguishing among rates at different codon positions in the maximum likelihood analysis of the same data, however, grossly reduces the significance level on the Graur-Higgins hypothesis. Thus, although the Ruminantia/Suiformes grouping is indeed least likely from Graur and Higgins' data set of mitochondrial DNA, this traditional tree cannot be rejected with statistical significance under the new analysis, and more data are needed to settle the issue. In the same way, we examine Irwin and Arnason's suggestion of the Hippopotamus/Cetacea clade by using cytochrome b and hemoglobins alpha and beta, and it turn out that their suggestion is also fragile. This analysis demonstrates the importance of selecting an appropriate model among the alternatives in the maximum likelihood analysis and of using many different genes from many relevant species in order to make reliable phylogenetic inferences.
Descriptors: artiodactyla genetics, DNA genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, phylogeny, whales genetics, cattle genetics, codon genetics, cytochrome b group genetics, hemoglobins genetics, likelihood functions, mice genetics, molecular sequence data, sequence analysis, DNA, swine genetics, variation genetics genetics.
Haug, T., G.A. Vikingsson, L. Witting, and G. Desportes (2003). Harbour porpoises in the North Atlantic. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 1-315. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, conservation, north Atlantic, distribution, biology and conservation, collected papers.
Heintzelman, D.S. (1981). A World Guide to Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises, Winchester Press: Tulsa, Okla., 156 p. ISBN: 0876913230.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4H35
Descriptors: Cetacea identification, whales, dolphins, porpoises, guide.
Hoelzel, A.R. (1992). Conservation genetics of whales and dolphins. Molecular Ecology 1(2): 119-25. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: Whales and dolphins (cetaceans) are found in all the world's oceans and in some of the major rivers, yet little is known about the distribution and behaviour of many species. At the same time, cetaceans are under threat from a variety of pressures including direct and indirect takes, pollution, and competition for habitat and prey. To ensure their long-term survival it will be necessary to preserve genetic diversity through the identification and protection of differentiated populations, the assessment of variation within local populations, and through a better understanding of reproductive and dispersal behaviour. The application of molecular genetic techniques is helping to provide answers to some of these previously intractable questions. Early results suggest few consistent patterns. Obvious geographic boundaries correlate to genetic distance in some species, and not in others. Furthermore, morphological variation within species can be fairly extensive without correlating to genetic distance, or relatively minor between morphotypes that are as genetically distinct as some species. These examples emphasize the need for further study.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, whales genetics, conservation of natural resources, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, ecosystem, genetics, population, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, variation genetics.
Hoelzel, A.R., J.M. Hancock, and G.A. Dover (1991). Evolution of the cetacean mitochondrial D-loop region. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8(4): 475-93. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA D-loop regions from two cetacean species and compared these with the published D-loop sequences of several other mammalian species, including one other cetacean. Nucleotide substitution rates, DNA sequence simplicity, possible open reading frames (ORFs), and potential RNA secondary structure were investigated. The substitution rate is an order of magnitude lower than would be expected on the basis of reports on human sequence variation in this region but are consistent with interspecific primate and rodent D-loop sequence variation and with estimates of substitution rates from whole mitochondrial genomes. Deletions/insertions are less common in the cetacean D-loop than in other vertebrate species. Areas of high sequence simplicity (clusters of short repetitive motifs) across the region correspond to areas of high sequence divergence. Three regions predicted to form secondary structures are homologous to such putative structures in other species; however, the presumptive structures most conserved in cetaceans are different from those reported for other taxa. While all three species have possible long ORFs, only a short sequence of seven amino acids is shared with other mammalian species, and those changes that had occurred within it are all nonsynonymous. We conclude that DNA slippage, in addition to point mutation, contributes to the evolution of the D-loop and that regions of conserved secondary structure in cetaceans and an ORF are unlikely to contribute significantly to the conservation of the central region.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, amino acid sequence, base composition, base sequence, Cetacea classification, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, haplorhini genetics, molecular sequence data, mutagenesis, nucleic acid conformation, open reading frames, rna chemistry, sequence alignment, sequence homology, nucleic acid.
Hoelzel, A.R. (1994). Genetics and ecology of whales and dolphins. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 377-399. ISSN: 0066-4162.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A55
Descriptors: climatology, environmental sciences, conservation, genetics, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, nutrition, population genetics, population studies, reproductive system, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, wildlife management, conservation, breeding, feeding, migration, seasonality, wildlife management.
Hoelzel, A.R. (1991). Genetic Ecology of Whales and Dolphins: Incorporating the Proceedings of the Workshop on the Genetic Analysis of Cetacean Populations, Reports of the International Whaling Commission, International Whaling Commission: Cambridge, 311 p. ISBN: 0906975255.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4G45 1991
Descriptors: whales genetics, dolphins Genetics, population genetics, nucleotide sequence, molecular sequence data.
Holt, S.J. (1983). The Indian Ocean whale sancturary [Seychelles]. Ambio 12(6): 345-347. ISSN: 0044-7447.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A52
Descriptors: Indian Ocean, Seychelles, whale sancturary.
Horwood, J. (1987). The Sei Whale: Population Biology, Ecology & Management, Croom Helm: London; New York, 375 p. ISBN: 0709947860.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C424H67 1987
Descriptors: Sei whale, population biology, ecology, management.
Howarth, P.C. (1994). Entanglement of marine mammals in synthetic debris. In: The Fourth California Islands Symposium: update on the status of resources, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara, CA, p. 111-121. 530 p. ISBN: 0936494204.
NAL Call Number: QH105.C2M84 1994
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, mortality, accidental entrapment, north Pacific, USA, California, Channel Islands, entanglement in synthetic debris, incidence, characteristics and importance as mortality cause.
Hoyt, E. (2005). Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises: a World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat Conservation, Earthscan: London; Sterling, VA, 492 p. ISBN: 1844070638 (hbk); 1844070646 (pbk).
Online: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0420/2004016778.html
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4 H675 2005
Descriptors: Cetacea conservation, Cetacea habitat, marine parks and reserves.
IAblokov, A.V., V.M. Bel'kovich and V.I. Borisov (1974). Whales and Dolphins, Joint Publications Research Service: Arlington, Va., 2 v p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4I33
Descriptors: whales, dolphins.
Notes: Translation of his Kity i Delfiny (QL737.C4I3). jPRS 62150.
Iida, H., Y. Murata, Matsumoto G., S. Toda, Y. Yamashita, and M. Yokoyama (1998). Chemical composition of the edible parts of minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (11): 27-36. ISSN: 0915-8014.
NAL Call Number: SH301.S852
Descriptors: Balaenoptera, chemical composition, meat, skin, animal products, body parts, Cetacea, integument, mammals, whales.
Language of Text: English summary.
Irvine, A.B., R.S. Wells, and M.D. Scott (1982). An evaluation of techniques for tagging small odontocete cetaceans Tursiops truncatus, Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fishery Bulletin 80(1): 135-143.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 B87
Descriptors: odontocete, Cetacean, tagging, evaluation, techniques, bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus.
Ishikawa, H. and H. Shigemune (2005). Improvements in more humane killing methods of Antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, in the Japanese Whale Research Program under special permit in the Antarctic Sea (JARPA). Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 10(1): 27-34. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Abstract: The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) has been conducted since the 1987/88 season and has taken an annual maximum of 440 Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis. In order to improve whale-killing methods, we have analyzed 3,246 catch and necropsy records of Antarctic minke whales taken between the 1993/94 - 2000/2001 seasons. The average time-to-death (TTD) for each body-length class increased with body length, while the instantaneous death rate (IDR) showed no relation to body length except for whales less than 6 m. The relationship between the severity of harpoon wounds and IDR/TTD was examined. The highest 1DR was observed for wounds to the brain and cervical vertebra (Central Nervous System; CNS). Wounds to the forepart of the thoracic vertebra and heart showed the next highest IDR. On the other hand, destruction of abdominal viscera as well as lumbar and caudal vertebra showed a low IDR and were less effective in reducing TTD. The average firing angle was 36.7[degree] and there was no significant difference in that angle between whales that died instantly and those that did not. Considering the chasing methods in the JARPA, the most efficient internal harpoon tracks (target organs) were, thorax - skull (heart and CNS), penetration of thorax (heart) as well as abdomen - thorax (heart). TTD and IDR in the JARPA have been steadily improved. The next step calls for further improvements in whaling devices.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera bonaerensis, killing techniques, evaluation and improvement, Antarctic Ocean, killing methods evaluation and improvement.
Jamieson, D. and T. Regan (1985). Whales are not cetacean resources. Advances in Animal Welfare Science : 101-111.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A34
Descriptors: whales, animal welfare, ethics, moral development.
Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber (1993). Marine Mammals of the World, FAO Species Identification Guide, United Nations Environment Programme: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, 320 p. ISBN: 9251032920.
Abstract: Identification guide to marine mammals and to cetaceans, seals, and sirenians found in fresh water.
Descriptors: marine mammals identification, aquatic mammals identification, Cetacea identification, Pinnipedia identification, Sirenia identification.
Jefferson, T.A., M.W. Newcomer, S. Leatherwood and K. Van Waerebeek (1994). Right whale dolphins Lissodelphis borealis (Peale, 1848) and Lissodelphis peronii (Lacepede, 1804). In: S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Harrison (Editors), Handbook of Marine Mammals. The First Book of Dolphins, Vol. 5, Academic Press Ltd.: London, England, UK; San Diego, California, USA, p. 335-362. ISBN: 0125885059.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, parasitology, pathology, systematics and taxonomy, veterinary medicine, medical sciences, disease, distribution, external characteristics, human effects, internal anatomy, life history, live maintenance, population dynamics, taxonomy.
Jehl Jr., J.R., W.E. Evans, F.T. Awbrey, and W.S. Drieschmann (1980). Distribution and geographic variation in the killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations of the Antarctic and adjacent waters. Antarctic Journal of the United States 15(5): 161-163. ISSN: 0003-5335.
Descriptors: Antarctica, killer whale, distribution, populations, Orcinus orca.
Jennings, J.G., J.M. Coe, and W.F. Gandy (1981). A corral system for examining pelagic dolphin schools Marine Mammal Protection Act. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fisheries Review 43(11): 16-20. ISSN: 0090-1830.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 F532
Descriptors: dolphins, corral, examining, Marine Mammal Protection Act, system.
Johnson, T. (2005). Entanglements: the Intertwined Fates of Whales and Fishermen, University Press of Florida: Gainesville, FL, 289 p. ISBN: 0813027977.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4 J644 2005
Descriptors: whales, endangered species, North Atlantic Ocean, fisheries, nature effect of human beings on North Atlantic Ocean.
Joiris, C.R. (1997). Ecotoxicology of stable pollutants: organochlorines and heavy metals in seabirds and marine mammals. Bulletin De La Societe Royale Des Sciences De Liege 66(1-3): 51-59. ISSN: 0037-9565.
Descriptors: North Sea, waterfowl, stenella, delphinus, Phocoena, toxicology, pollutants, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, bioaccumulation, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, contamination, dolphins, Eastern Atlantic, elements, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic halogen compounds.
Jones, M.L., S.L. Swartz and S. Leatherwood (1984). The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius Robustus, Academic Press: Orlando, Fla., 600 p. ISBN: 0123891809.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C425G73
Descriptors: Pacific gray whale, whaling, Pacific Coast, North America.
Jonsson, G. (1994). Dictionary for aquatic animals: fishes, whales, seals, and invertebrates. Hafrannsoknir (47): 5-185. ISSN: 0258-381X.
Descriptors: ecology, environmental sciences, physiology, systematics and taxonomy.
Kastelein, R.A., C. Staal, and P.R. Wiepkema (2003). Food consumption, food passage time, and body measurements of captive Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 53-66. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, age, size, body length, body weight relations, weight, digestion, passage of food, rate, feeding rate, body weight, reproduction and sex effects, reproduction, behavioral sex differences.
Kasuya, T. (1978). The life history of Dall's porpoise with special reference to the stock off the Pacific coast of Japan. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 1-63. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: Dall's popoise, life history, Pacific coast, Japan.
Language of Text: English summary.
Katona, S.K., D.T. Richardson and R. Hazard (1977). A Field Guide to the Whales and Seals of the Gulf of Maine, 2nd edition, College of the Atlantic: Bar Harbor, ME, 99 p. ISBN: 09-601-02418.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4K27 1977
Descriptors: whales, seals, Gulf of Maine, field guide.
Katona, S.K., V. Rough and D.T. Richardson (1983). A Field Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Seals of the Gulf of Maine and Eastern Canada: Cape Cod to Newfoundland, 3rd edition, Scribner: New York, 255 p. ISBN: 0684179016; 0684179024 (pbk.).
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.K37 1983
Descriptors: marine mammals, Gulf of Maine, identification, marine mammals Canada, Eastern, mammals, mammals Canada, Eastern.
Notes: Revised edition of: A Field Guide to the Whales and Seals of the Gulf of Maine. 2nd ed. c1977.
Kestin, S.C. (2001). Review of welfare concerns relating to commercial and special permit (scientific) whaling. Veterinary Record 148(10): 304-307. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: whales, animal welfare, slaughter, slaughtering equipment, Norway, Japan.
Kestin, S.C. (1995). Welfare aspects of the commercial slaughter of whales. Animal Welfare 4(1): 11-27.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: whales, wild animals, animal welfare, slaughtering, Cetacea, animals, Cetacea, mammals, wildlife, harpoons.
King, J.K. (2003). Whale standings: reasons, rescues and rationale. Australian Biologist 16(2): 78-90. ISSN: 1030-6234.
Descriptors: Cetacea, conservation measures, rescue of stranded individuals or groups, parasites, diseases and disorders, injuries, mortality, climate and weather, magnetism, magnetic fields, South Indian Ocean, South Pacific, Australia, strandings, reasons, consequences and responses, discussion.
Kingston, S.E. and P.E. Rosel (2004). Genetic differentiation among recently diverged delphinid taxa determined using AFLP markers. Journal of Heredity 95(1): 1-10. ISSN: 0022-1503.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 AM3
Abstract: In the mid-1990s, a new common dolphin species (Delphinus capensis) was defined in the northeast Pacific using morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. This species is sympatric with a second species, Delphinus delphis; morphological differences between the two are slight and it is clear they are closely related. Does the phenotypic distinction result from only a few important genes or from large differences between their nuclear genomes? We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to broadly survey the nuclear genomes of these two species to examine the levels of nuclear divergence and genetic diversity between them. Furthermore, to create an evolutionary context in which to compare the level of interspecific divergence found between the two Delphinus taxa, we also examined two distinct morphotypes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis clearly differentiated both Delphinus species, indicating that significant nuclear genetic differentiation has arisen between the species despite their morphological similarity. However, the AFLP data indicated that the two T. truncatus morphotypes exhibit greater divergence than D. capensis and D. delphis, suggesting that they too should be considered different species.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, nucleic acid amplification techniques methods, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins classification, genetic markers, phenotype, phylogeny, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, sequence analysis, dna.
Kinze, C.C. (1997). Hvaler. [Whales], Natur og Museum (Denmark), Naturhistorisk Museum: Aarhus, Denmark, 35 p. ISBN: 87-89137-56-6.
Descriptors: whales, animal morphology, zoology, taxonomy, behavior, Cetacea, mammals.
Kirkwood, J.K., P.M. Bennett, P.D. Jepson, T. Kuiken, V.R. Simpson, and J.R. Baker (1997). Entanglement in fishing gear and other causes of death in cetaceans stranded on the coasts of England and Wales. Veterinary Record 141(4): 94-98. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: marine mammals, Cetacea, fishing gear, causes of death, postmortem examinations, fish diseases, England, Wales.
Kishiro, T. (2001). Age determination of toothed whales and dolphins. Aquabiology (Tokyo) 23(4): 377-382; 135. ISSN: 0285-4376.
NAL Call Number: QH90.A1K35
Descriptors: odontoceti, age determination, use of dental growth layer, teeth, dental growth layer.
Kleinenberg, S.E. (1969). Beluga (Delphinapterus Leucas) Investigation of the Species, Israel Program for Scientific Translations: Jerusalem, 376 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C433B43
Descriptors: white whale, beluga, Delphinapterus leucas.
Notes: TT: 67-51345; IPST cat. no. 1923. Translation of: Belu Kha; Opyt Monograficheskogo Issledovaniya Vida. Akademiia nauk SSR Institut morfologii zhivotnykh.
Klima, M. (1995). Cetacean phylogeny and systematics based on the morphogenesis of the nasal skull. Aquatic Mammals 21(2): 79-89. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The morphogenesis of the nasal skull of the cetaceans indicates that the traditional division of the order Cetacea into two suborders, the toothed whales (Odontoceti) and the baleen whales (Mysticeti), is phylogenetically not substantiated. The following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the presented study. The whales are of a monophyletic origin, with all the extant forms being closely related. The sperm whales are, however, distinct from other odontocetes, with which they are traditionally associated, and seem to be more closely related to the baleen whales. The embryological findings presented here are remarkably consistent with a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis. According the morphogenesis of the nasal skull the following almost equivalent groupings, which may be considered superfamilies, can be distinguished within the order Cetacea: Balaenopteroidea, Physeteroidea, and Delphinoidea. However, no representatives of the families Ziphiidae and Platanistidae were available for the present study.
Descriptors: development, evolution and adaptation, general life studies, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, Balaenopteroidea, Delphinoidea, embryology, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea.
Klinowska, M. and S. Brown. (1987). Cetaceans in captivity. In: The proceedings of the Animal Welfare Foundation's fourth symposium: entitled the Welfare of Animals in Captivity, [London]: British Veterinary Association (BVA) Animal Welfare Foundation, [1987?], May 13, 1987, London, UK, p. 51-61. ISBN: 0901028320.
NAL Call Number: HV4704.A54 1987
Descriptors: Cetacea, exhibits, shelter, environment, animal welfare, United Kingdom.
Knudsen, S.K. (2005). A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 169(1): 42-59. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V484
Abstract: This review addresses the diagnosis of insensibility and death in various species so as to evaluate the validity of the current criteria used to judge death in hunted whales by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). The only other species in which official criteria of death have been formulated is humans and these are controversial with the kernel of the debate being the definition of brain death. In slaughter animals, the moment of insensibility is regarded as the most important criterion and the issue has received scientific interest related to the pre-slaughter stunning. During hunting of terrestrial wildlife, the moment of death is usually regarded as the moment the animal falls and does not move. Based on the data presented in the present paper, it is concluded that when death in whales is solely determined on the basis of the IWC criteria, which in practice are based on immobility, a significant proportion of animals will be recorded as being sensible and alive when they are actually unconscious and the time to death (TTD) will be overestimated. If the criteria are used in conjunction with a postmortem examination, the recorded TTD will be closer to the real TTD and can be used for comparison of methods and performance.
Descriptors: animal welfare, death, whales injuries, whales physiology, animals, wild injuries, animals, wild physiology, brain death diagnosis, brain death, equipment failure, Japan, Norway, reproducibility of results, respiration.
Notes: Comment In: Veterinary Journal. 2005 Jan;169(1):5-6.
Knudsen, S.K., S. Mork, and E.O. Oen (2002). A novel method for in situ fixation of whale brains. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 120(1): 35-44. ISSN: 0165-0270.
Abstract: A new method of in situ formalin fixation was used on 38 brains from minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). The method was developed because traditional ways of fixing brains are poorly suited to the collection of whale brains. The whole brain was preserved uncut in its meninges and then excised undamaged from the skull at a later opportunity. There was no handling of the brain in the fresh state. Fixation was started within a couple of hours post mortem. All brains were subjected to gross and light microscopy examination. The results showed that both the gross and microscopic architecture of the brains were adequately preserved, with no massive gross or histological changes due to insufficient fixation apparent. The occurrence of fixation artifacts was low. Microscopic examination showed well-preserved cells and myelin in all parts of the brain. We report the mean fixed weight of the minke whale brain as 2741 g, which is the lowest among the baleen whales. The cerebellum constituted 22% of the total brain weight, which conforms to findings in other baleen whales. This in situ method can probably be used without any particular modifications in other whale species and also in large terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: brain cytology, formaldehyde diagnostic use, whales anatomy and histology, brain anatomy and histology, histological techniques methods.
Knudsen, S.K. and E.O. Oen (2003). Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46(3): 377-86. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Abstract: A majority of investigations on primary blast injuries have focused on gas-containing organs, while the likelihood of blast-induced neurotrauma remains underrated. In Norway minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are hunted using small fishing boats rigged with harpoon guns, which fire harpoons tipped with a grenade containing a charge of 30-g penthrite. The grenade detonates 60-70 cm inside the animal. The present study was undertaken to characterize the neuropathological changes caused by the penthrite blast and evaluate its role in the loss of consciousness and death in hunted whales. The study included 37 minke whales that were examined shipboard. The brains were later subjected to gross and light microscopy examination. The results showed that intra-body detonation of the grenade in near vicinity of the brain resulted in trauma similar to severe traumatic brain injury associated with a direct blow to the head. Detonation in more distant areas of the body resulted in injuries resembling acceleration-induced diffuse traumatic brain injury. The authors conclude that even if several vital organs were fatally injured in most whales, the neurotrauma induced by the blast-generated pressure waves were the primary cause for the immediate or very rapid loss of consciousness and death.
Descriptors: blast injuries pathology, whales, blast injuries classification, brain, brain injuries classification, brain injuries etiology, motor neurons pathology, myelin sheath pathology, organ size, skull fractures, staining and labeling.
Knudsen, S.K. and E.O. Oen (2003). Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46(3): 377-386. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, loss of consciousness, disease miscellaneous, neurotrauma, nervous system disease, severe traumatic brain injury, injury, nervous system disease, death, pressure wave.
Kraus, S.D., M.W. Brown, H. Caswell, C.W. Clark, M. Fujiwara, P.K. Hamilton, R.D. Kenney, A.R. Knowlton, S. Landry, C.A. Mayo, W.A. McLellan, M.J. Moore, D.P. Nowacek, D.A. Pabst, A.J. Read, and R.M. Rolland (2005). Ecology. North Atlantic right whales in crisis. Science 309(5734): 561-2. ISSN: 1095-9203.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: ecosystem, whales physiology, Atlantic Ocean, ecology, environment, fisheries, mortality, population dynamics, population growth, public policy, reproduction, ships.
Kreger, M.D. (1992). A history of cetaceans in captivity in the United States. Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 3(2): 6-9. ISSN: 1050-561X.
NAL Call Number: aHV4701.A952
Descriptors: Cetacea, aquaria, marine mammals, history, USA.
Kruger, L. (2003). Edward Tyson's 1680 account of the 'porpess' brain and its place in the history of comparative neurology. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 12(4): 339-49. ISSN: 0964-704X.
Abstract: Edward Tyson (1650-1708), a prominent London physician and an early fellow of the Royal Society is best known for his several anatomical contributions in the creation of primatology, including the preputial and coronal mucilaginous glands (Tyson's glands), later described by Alexis Littre. He also published the first comprehensive account of a single animal (the 'porpess') and placed it in the context of a systematic and experimental methodology. This rare monograph accounts for the contention that Tyson was the founder of comparative anatomy in England, by using this 'fish' to better understand the human condition. His description of the highly convoluted cetacean brain as well as his recognition of the many homologies with "land-quadrupeds", rather than the fishes it resembled, constitutes a major landmark contribution to the history of biology. The prevailing theological thrust of training in 'physick' ultimately led Tyson to evade the conundrum of how the human brain differs from that of animals, by attributing the intellectual uniqueness of man to endowments derived from God rather than the physical substance of the brain.
Descriptors: anatomy, comparative history, brain anatomy and histology, neurology history, porpoises anatomy and histology, 17th century history, manuscripts, medical history, portraits.
Kubota, R., T. Kunito, and S. Tanabe (2002). Chemical speciation of arsenic in the livers of higher trophic marine animals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45(1-12): 218-23. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: Concentrations of total arsenic and individual arsenic compounds were determined in livers of cetaceans (Dall's porpoise and short-finned pilot whale), pinnipeds (harp and ringed seals), sirenian (dugong), and sea turtles (green and loggerhead turtles) to characterize arsenic accumulation profiles in higher trophic marine animals. Hepatic arsenic concentrations in sea turtles were highest among the species examined. Chemical speciation of arsenic revealed that arsenobetaine was the major arsenic compound in almost all the species. In contrast, arsenobetaine was a minor constituent in dugong. Dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenocholine, tetramethylarsonium ion, arsenite, and an unidentified arsenic compound were also detected as minor constituents. However, the composition of arsenic compounds was different among these species. These results might reflect the differences in the metabolism of arsenic and/or the compositions of arsenic compounds in their preys. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the large variation in the composition of arsenic species in liver of marine mammals and sea turtles.
Descriptors: arsenic chemistry, dugong, food chain, liver chemistry, porpoises, seals, earless, turtles, water pollutants pharmacokinetics, whales, arsenic pharmacokinetics, chromatography, high pressure liquid, spectrum analysis, mass, tissue distribution.
Kuczaj, S., K. Tranel, M. Trone, and H. Hill. (2001). Are animals capable of deception or empathy? Implications for animal consciouness and animal welfare. Proceedings of the UFAW Symposium on Consciousness, Cognition and Animal Welfare, May 11, 2000-May 11, 2000, London, Vol. 10 (Suppl.), p. S161-S173.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: awareness, species differences, dolphins, whales, mental ability, animal welfare.
Kuiken, T., V.R. Simpson, C.R. Allchin, P.M. Bennett, G.A. Codd, E.A. Harris, G.J. Howes, S. Kennedy, J.K. Kirkwood, R.J. Law, N.R. Merrett, and S. Phillips (1994). Mass mortality of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in south west England due to incidental capture in fishing gear. Veterinary Record 134(4): 81-89. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: delphinus, mortality, fishing gear, south west England.
Kumar, K. (2003). Estimating dolphins weight: some evidence of seasonality. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32(3): 255-257. ISSN: 0379-5136.
NAL Call Number: QH91.A1I48
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, biometrical techniques, weight estimation, weight, seasonal variation, implications for estimation techniques.
Lal Mohan, R.S. (1998). Mortality of marine mammals along the Indian Coast. Tigerpaper 25(4): 13-16. ISSN: 1014-2789.
NAL Call Number: QL84.5.A1T53
Descriptors: dolphins, whales, dugongs, mortality, India, aquatic mammals, species, gillnets, coasts, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, Asia, Cetacea, equipment, fishing gear, fishing nets, mammals, physiographic features, south Asia, taxa.
Notes: FAO Accession No: XF99:386199.
Laurent, L. (1991). Observations cetologiques en Mediterranee occidentale. Observations on Cetaceans in the Western Mediterranean. Vie Et Milieu 41(4): 263-269. ISSN: 0240-8759.
Descriptors: stenella, delphinus, Tursiops, Cetacea, natural distribution, Mediterranean Sea, biogeography, Cetacea, dolphins, mammals, marine areas.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Lavigne, D.M., S. Innes, G.A. Worthy, and K.M. Kovacs (1986). Metabolic rate--body size relations in marine mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 122(1): 123-4. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Descriptors: body weight, Cetacea metabolism, Pinnipedia metabolism, seals, earless metabolism, whales metabolism.
Leatherwood, S. and R.R. Reeves (1982). Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus and other toothed cetaceans. In: J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer (Editors), Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics, John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore & London, p. 369-414.
NAL Call Number: QL715.W56
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, Delphinapterus