Akamatsu, T. (1997). Developments of echolocation event detectors and their application for small cetaceans (Phocoena phocoena and Tursiops truncatus). Bulletin of National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering (18): 155-206. ISSN: 0388-9718.
Descriptors: Phocoena, sound, monitoring, measuring instruments, Tursiops, sensors, fish detection, behavior, Cetacea, dolphins, equipment, fishing operations, mammals, measuring instruments, radiation.
Language of Text: English summary.
Akamatsu, T., Y. Hatakeyama, and K. Ishii (1991). Process of harbor porpoise's entanglement in the gill net. Technical Report of National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering. Fishing Gear and Methods (5): 25-36. ISSN: 0289-5153.
Abstract: In the Bering sea and Northern Pacific Ocean, Dall's porpoises Phocoenoides dalli get entangled in gill nets. To reduce the number of entangled porpoises, we researched the mechanism of porpoise's entanglements. We used Harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the coastal area of Hokkaido, Japan. Harbor porpoises are of the same family as Dall's porpoises. We observed the porpoise's behavior in the net enclosure in which we set the gill net, the float line, as well as the rope. The results may be summarized as follows: Harbor porpoises can recognize the gill net at daytime, if they are aware of it. At night, porpoises can also recognize the gill net, if they have already know the existence of it. Porpoises can easier recognize a line than a netting. The fin of porpoises get entangled in the gill net. When they obliquely thrust into the gill net, they get entangled in it. The food causes reduction of porpoises' cautiousness. The source level of porpoise's clicks is in the range 125 to 150dB.
Descriptors: Phocoena, gillnets, experimentation, behavior, animal resources, equipment, fishing gear, fishing nets, natural resources.
Allen, K.R. (1983). Development and application of cetacean population models whales. Advances in Applied Biology 7: 333-405.
NAL Call Number: QH301.A8
Descriptors: whales, Cetacean, population, models.
Ames, A.L., E.S. Van Vleet, and J.E. Reynolds (2002). Comparison of lipids in selected tissues of the Florida manatee (Order Sirenia) and bottlenose dolphin (Order Cetacea; Suborder Odontoceti). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 132(3): 625-34. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Abstract: The position, porosity and oil-filled nature of the zygomatic process of the squamosal bone (ZPSB) of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, suggest that it may have a similar sound conduction function to that of the intramandibular fat body (IMFB) of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, and other odontocetes. To examine this possibility we determined the lipid composition of the ZPSB and adipose tissue from the dorsal part of the head region of the Florida manatee, and compared it to that of the dolphin IMFB and melon (another fatty area implicated in sound conduction in odontocetes). Lipids from manatee ZPSB and from adipose tissue were composed almost entirely of triacylglycerols. The most abundant fatty acids of the ZPSB were 18:1, 16:0, 14:0 and 16:1. The major fatty acids of the adipose tissue in the head were the four mentioned above, along with 12:0 and 18:0. Manatee samples did not contain isovaleric acid (iso-5:0), which was found in the bottlenose dolphin IMFB and melon, and has been related to sound conduction in dolphins and some other odontocetes. Thus, if manatee tissues are capable of sound conduction, and this process does occur through the ZPSB, a somewhat different suite of lipid components must support this function.
Descriptors: dolphins, lipids analysis, lipids chemistry, Trichechus manatus, adipose tissue chemistry, head, hearing, organ specificity, species specificity.
Andersen, L.W. and U. Friedrich (1988). The karyotype of the long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melaena. Hereditas 109(2): 245-251. ISSN: 0018-0661.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 H42
Descriptors: whales, chromosomes, genetic markers, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, cell structure, Cetacea, ISSCAAP group b 61, ISSCAAP group b 62, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, meat animals, nucleus, oil producing animals, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Andrews, B.K., B.M. Pettitt, and G.N. Phillips Jr. (1995). Molecular dynamics of sperm whale myoglobin. Biophysical Journal 68(2, Pt. 2): A80. ISSN: 0006-3495.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B5238
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, computer applications, computational biology, muscular system, movement and support, analytical method, computer simulation, ligand binding, meeting abstract, meeting poster, structure function relationship.
Notes: Meeting Information: 39th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Francisco, California, USA, 1995.
Angell, C.M., J.Y. Wilson, M.J. Moore, and J.J. Stegeman (2004). Cytochrome p450 1a1 expression in cetacean integument: implications for detecting contaminant exposure and effects. Marine Mammal Science 20(3): 554-566. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Contaminant related health risks to marine mammals are typically inferred from the levels of contaminants measured in blubber. Such measurements alone are insufficient to indicate the likelihood of biological effects from contaminant exposure, especially for contaminants that do not bioaccumulate. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) in mammals is induced by, and involved in, the metabolism of planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chemicals of concern in aquatic systems. CYP1A induction is a molecular response to exposure to these inducers in many vertebrates. Using immunohistochemistry, we semiquantitatively measured CYP1A1 expression in integument (epidermis and blubber) collected by biopsy or at necropsy from 17 species of cetaceans. CYP1A1 expression was detected in all species and, in some cases, varied both within and between species. CYP1A1 expression in mysticetes was comparable to that in odontocetes. Assessing how the differences in contaminant burdens, life history parameters, and physiological condition between individuals, populations, or species affect CYP1A1 expression in cetacean integument is essential to the interpretation of this induction as a biomarker of exposure to and effects of contaminants. Detection of CYP1A1 expression in integument samples offers a relatively simple, non-lethal technique to study biological changes associated with contaminant exposure in cetaceans.
Descriptors: enzymology, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, pollution assessment control and management, population studies, toxicology, biopsy, clinical techniques, necropsy, clinical techniques, contaminant exposure, health risks, life history.
Araabi, B.N., N. Kehtarnavaz, T. McKinney, G. Hillman, and B. Wursig (2000). A string matching computer-assisted system for dolphin photoidentification. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 28(10): 1269-79. ISSN: 0090-6964.
Abstract: This paper presents a syntactic/semantic string representation scheme as well as a string matching method as part of a computer-assisted system to identify dolphins from photographs of their dorsal fins. A low-level string representation is constructed from the curvature function of a dolphin's fin trailing edge, consisting of positive and negative curvature primitives. A high-level string representation is then built over the low-level string via merging appropriate groupings of primitives in order to have a less sensitive representation to curvature fluctuations or noise. A family of syntactic/semantic distance measures between two strings is introduced. A composite distance measure is then defined and used as a dissimilarity measure for database search, highlighting both the syntax (structure or sequence) and semantic (attribute or feature) differences. The syntax consists of an ordered sequence of significant protrusions and intrusions on the edge, while the semantics consist of seven attributes extracted from the edge and its curvature function. The matching results are reported for a database of 624 images corresponding to 164 individual dolphins. The identification results indicate that the developed string matching method performs better than the previous matching methods including dorsal ratio, curvature, and curve matching. The developed computer-assisted system can help marine mammalogists in their identification of dolphins, since it allows them to examine only a handful of candidate images instead of the currently used manual searching of the entire database.
Descriptors: animal identification systems methods, computers, dolphins anatomy and histology, animal identification systems statistics and numerical data, biomedical engineering, databases, factual, marine biology methods, photography.
Arai, K., T.K. Yamada, and Y. Takano (2004). Age estimation of male Stejneger's beaked whales (Mesoplodon stejnegeri) based on counting of growth layers in tooth cementum. Mammal Study 29(2): 125-136. ISSN: 1343-4152.
Abstract: The age of six mature and one juvenile Stejneger's beaked whales Mesoplodon stejnegeri were estimated by examining the growth layers appearing in ground thin sections of tooth cementum under the light microscope. In order to determine a reliable observation method for counting the growth layers of tooth cementum, serial thin slices of root cementum were cut out from one well-grown tooth and examined using various histological methods. Observation of ground thin sections under dark field illumination was shown to give the highest contrast of growth layers of various dimensions, and hence chosen as the method to examine whole ground sections of the tooth samples. Using this method, growth layer groups (GLGs), or growth layers of the first order, most probably representing yearly deposition of cementum, were clearly identified and shown to decrease in width toward the root surface. The number of GLGs thus counted in the tooth cementum of each whale ranged from 15 to 35.5 for the adults, and two for the juvenile. Furthermore, analysis of root elongation rate and its relation to GLG counts of the individual teeth indicated a wide variety of growth patterns in tooth development, and that the extent of characteristic wear on the mesial edge of the tooth represents the period after eruption, and may not reflect the actual age of the whales.
Descriptors: Mesoplodon stejnegeri, age determination, age estimation using counts of growth layers in tooth cementum, evaluation, meristic morphometrics, teeth, tooth cementum growth layer counts.
Arai, T., T. Ikemoto, A. Hokura, Y. Terada, T. Kunito, S. Tanabe, and I. Nakai (2004). Chemical forms of mercury and cadmium accumulated in marine mammals and seabirds as determined by XAFS analysis. Environmental Science and Technology 38(24): 6468-6474. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Abstract: Marine mammals and seabirds tend to exhibit high accumulations of mercury, cadmium, and selenium in their livers and kidneys. In this study, chemical forms of mercury, cadmium, and selenium accumulated in the livers and kidneys of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus),and black-footed albatross (Diomedea nigripes) were studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to reveal the detoxification mechanisms of these metals. It was found that mercury and selenium exist in the form of HgSe in the liver of northern fur seal. Mercury levels were found to be higher than those of Se, based on their molar ratio, in black-footed albatross. XAFS analysis disclosed an existence of chalcogenide containing both Hg-Se and the Hg-S bonds, suggesting the existence of a solid solution Hg(Se, S) as granules in black-footed albatross. In contrast, Cd concentrations in the kidney were higher than those in the liver for northern fur seal, black-footed albatross, and Risso's dolphin. It was found that Cd was bound to sulfur, which was probably derived from the metallothionein, The Cd-O bond was observed in the tissues of northern fur seal.
Descriptors: Diomedea nigripes, Callorhinus ursinus, Grampus griseus, pollutants, cadmium and mercury accumulation, liver and kidney, chemical forms accumulated, liver, kidney.
Arduini, A., G. Mancinelli, G.L. Radatti, W. Damonti, P. Hochstein, and E. Cadenas (1992). Reduction of sperm whale ferrylmyoglobin by endogenous reducing agents: potential reducible loci of ferrylmyoglobin. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 13(4): 449-54. ISSN: 0891-5849.
NAL Call Number: QP527.F7
Abstract: The reactivity of the endogenous antioxidants ascorbate, ergothioneine, and urate toward the high oxidation state of sperm whale myoglobin, ferrylmyoglobin-formed upon oxidation of metmyoglobin by H2O2--was evaluated by optical spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE analysis. Depending on whether these antioxidants were present in the reaction mixture before or after the addition of H2O2 to a metmyoglobin suspension, two different effects were observed: (a) In the former instances, ascorbate, ergothioneine, and urate reduced efficiently the oxoferryl moiety in ferrylmyoglobin to metmyoglobin and prevented dimer formation, a process which requires intermolecular cross-link involving specific tyrosyl residues. In addition, all the reducing compounds inhibited--albeit with different efficiencies--dityorosine-dependent fluorescence build up produced via dimerization of photogenerated tyrosyl radicals. (b) In the latter instances, the antioxidants reduced the preformed sperm whale ferrylmyoglobin to a modified metmyoglobin, the spectral profile of which was characterized by a blue shift of the typical 633 nm absorbance of native metmyoglobin. In addition, under these experimental conditions, the antioxidants did not affect dimer formation, thus indicating the irreversible character of the process. The dimeric form of sperm whale myoglobin--separated from the monomeric form by gel electrophoresis of a solution in which ergothioneine was added to preformed ferrylmyoglobin--revealed optical spectral properties in the visible region identical to that of the modified myoglobin. This suggests that the dimeric form of the hemoprotein is redox active, inasmuch as the oxoferryl complex can be reduced to its ferric form. These results are discussed in terms of the potential reactivity of these endogenous antioxidants toward the reducible loci of ferrylmyoglobin, the oxoferryl moiety, and the apoprotein radical.
Descriptors: ascorbic acid metabolism, ergothioneine metabolism, metmyoglobin metabolism, uric acid metabolism, whales, electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel, hydrogen peroxide metabolism, macromolecular substances, oxidation reduction, spectrophotometry.
Arnason, U. (1981). Banding studies on the gray and sperm whale karyotypes Eschrichtius robustus, Physeter macrocephalus. Hereditas 95(2): 277-281. ISSN: 0018-0661.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 H42
Descriptors: grey whale, sperm whale, karotypes, banding studies, Eschrichtius robustus, Physeter macrocephalus.
Arnason, U. (1981). Localization of NORs nucleolar organizing regions in cetacean karyotypes dolphin, whales. Hereditas 95(2): 269-275. ISSN: 0018-0661.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 H42
Descriptors: dolphins, whales, Cetacean, karyotypes, NORS, nucleolar, organizing regions, localization.
Arnason, U., K. Benirschke, J.G. Mead, and W.W. Nichols (1977). Banded karyotypes of three whales: Mesoplodon europaeus [Gervais' beaked whale], M. carlhubbsi [Hubbs' beaked whale] and Balaenoptera acutorostrata [minke whale]. Hereditas 87(2): 189-200. ISSN: 0018-0661.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 H42
Descriptors: banded karyotypes, whales, beaked whale, minke whale.
Language of Text: English summary.
Arnason, U. and P.B. Best (1991). Phylogenetic relationships within the Mysticeti (whalebone whales) based upon studies of highly repetitive DNA in all extant species. Hereditas 114(3): 263-269. ISSN: 0018-0661.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 H42
Descriptors: Cetacea, dna, crossbreeding, phylogeny, species, acids, breeding methods, evolution, mammals, nucleic acids, nucleic compounds, organic acids, taxa, taxonomy.
Language of Text: English summary.
Arnason, U. and A. Gullberg (1996). Cytochrome b nucleotide sequences and the identification of five primary lineages of extant cetaceans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13(2): 407-17. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: Relationships among and within baleen and toothed whales were examined using the complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Based on parsimony analyses of conservative nucleotide substitutions, five primary evolutionary lineages of extant cetaceans were identified, one represented by baleen whales (Mysticeti) and four represented by odontocetes (toothed whales). Based on the most comprehensive representation of taxa, both cetaceans and artiodactyls, the most parsimonious relationship among the five lineages is (Mysticeti, Odontoceti (Platanistoidea (Physeteroidea (Ziphioidea (Delphinida))))). This relationship, however, is labile and sensitive to ingroup representation and the choice of outgroup. The short nodes among the five cetacean lineages suggest that the divergence among these lineages occurred over a narrow time period, a finding consistent with the limited fossil evidence that indicates a major cetacean radiation 30-34 Mya. The level of divergence among the five cetacean lineages, and that seen between cetaceans and artiodactyls, suggests that cetaceans and artiodactyls had a common ancestor approximately 60 Mya.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, cytochrome b group genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, phylogeny, artiodactyla genetics, base sequence, Cetacea classification, dolphins classification, dolphins genetics, evolution, molecular, molecular sequence data, point mutation, sequence homology, nucleic acid, species specificity, whales classification, whales genetics.
Arnason, U. and A. Gullberg (1993). Comparison between the complete mtDNA sequences of the blue and the fin whale, two species that can hybridize in nature. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37(4): 312-22. ISSN: 0022-2844.
NAL Call Number: QH359.J6
Abstract: The sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule of the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) was determined. The molecule is 16,402 bp long and its organization conforms with that of other eutherian mammals. The molecule was compared with the mtDNA of the congeneric fin whale (B. physalus). It was recently documented that the two species can hybridize and that male offspring are infertile whereas female offspring may be fertile. The present comparison made it possible to determine the degree of mtDNA difference that occurs between two species that are not completely separated by hybridization incompatibility. The difference between the complete mtDNA sequences was 7.4%. Lengths of peptide coding genes were the same in both species. Except for a small portion of the control region, disruption in alignment was usually limited to insertion/deletion of a single nucleotide. Nucleotide differences between peptide coding genes ranged from 7.1 to 10.5%, and difference at the inferred amino acid level was 0.0-7.9%. In the rRNA genes the mean transition difference was 3.8%. This figure is similar in degree to the difference (3.4%) between the 12S rRNA gene of humans and the chimpanzee. The mtDNA differences between the two whale species, involving both peptide coding and rRNA genes, suggest an evolutionary separation of > or = 5 million years. Although hybridization between more distantly related mammalian species may not be excluded, it is probable that the blue and fin whales are nearly as different in their mtDNA sequences as hybridizing mammal species may be.
Descriptors: dna, mitochondrial genetics, whales genetics, adenosinetriphosphatase genetics, amino acid sequence, base sequence, cattle, electron transport complex iv genetics, evolution, hybridization, genetic, molecular sequence data, nadh dehydrogenase genetics, sequence homology, amino acid, sequence homology, nucleic acid, species specificity.
Arnason, U., A. Gullberg, S. Gretarsdottir, B. Ursing, and A. Janke (2000). The mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates. Journal of Molecular Evolution 50(6): 569-78. ISSN: 0022-2844.
NAL Call Number: QH359.J6
Abstract: Extant cetaceans are systematically divided into two suborders: Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). In this study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of an odontocete, the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and included it in phylogenetic analyses together with the previously sequenced complete mtDNAs of two mysticetes (the fin and blue whales) and a number of other mammals, including five artiodactyls (the hippopotamus, cow, sheep, alpaca, and pig). The most strongly supported cetartiodactyl relationship was: outgroup,((pig, alpaca), ((cow, sheep),(hippopotamus,(sperm whale,(baleen whales))))). As in previous analyses of complete mtDNAs, the sister-group relationship between the hippopotamus and the whales received strong support, making both Artiodactyla and Suiformes (pigs, peccaries, and hippopotamuses) paraphyletic. In addition, the analyses identified a sister-group relationship between Suina (the pig) and Tylopoda (the alpaca), although this relationship was not strongly supported. The paleontological records of both mysticetes and odontocetes extend into the Oligocene, suggesting that the mysticete and odontocete lineages diverged 32-34 million years before present (MYBP). Use of this divergence date and the complete mtDNAs of the sperm whale and the two baleen whales allowed the establishment of a new molecular reference, O/M-33, for dating other eutherian divergences. There was a general consistency between O/M-33 and the two previously established eutherian references, A/C-60 and E/R-50. Cetacean (whale) origin, i.e., the divergence between the hippopotamus and the cetaceans, was dated to approximately 55 MYBP, while basal artiodactyl divergences were dated to >/=65 MYBP. Molecular estimates of Tertiary eutherian divergences were consistent with the fossil record.
Descriptors: dna, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, molecular, genome, whales genetics, mammals genetics, phylogeny.
Arnason, U., A. Gullberg, and A. Janke (2004). Mitogenomic analyses provide new insights into cetacean origin and evolution. Gene 333: 27-34. ISSN: 0378-1119.
NAL Call Number: QH442.A1G4
Abstract: The evolution of the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) has, for a long time, attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Here we examine cetacean phylogenetic relationships on the basis of analyses of complete mitochondrial genomes that represent all extant cetacean families. The results suggest that the ancestors of recent cetaceans had an explosive evolutionary radiation 30-35 million years before present. During this period, extant cetaceans divided into the two primary groups, Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). Soon after this basal split, the Odontoceti diverged into the four extant lineages, sperm whales, beaked whales, Indian river dolphins and delphinoids (iniid river dolphins, narwhals/belugas, porpoises and true dolphins). The current data set has allowed test of two recent morphological hypotheses on cetacean origin. One of these hypotheses posits that Artiodactyla and Cetacea originated from the extinct group Mesonychia, and the other that Mesonychia/Cetacea constitutes a sister group to Artiodactyla. The current results are inconsistent with both these hypotheses. The findings suggest that the claimed morphological similarities between Mesonychia and Cetacea are the result of evolutionary convergence rather than common ancestry.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, DNA, mitochondrial genetics, evolution, molecular, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, models, genetic, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, sequence analysis, DNA, time factors, variation genetics.
Arnason, U., A. Gullberg, and B. Widegren (1993). Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10(5): 960-70. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL Call Number: QH506.M642
Abstract: The sequence of the mitochondrial control region was determined in all 10 extant species commonly assigned to the suborder Mysticeti (baleen or whalebone whales) and to two odontocete (toothed whale) species (the sperm and the pygmy sperm whale). In the mysticetes, both the length and the sequence of the control region were very similar, with differences occurring primarily in the first approximately 160 bp of the 5' end of the L-strand of the region. There were marked differences between the mysticete and sperm whale sequences and also between the two sperm whales. The control region, less its variable portion, was used in a comparison including the 10 mysticete sequences plus the same region of an Antarctic minke whale specimen and the two sperm whales. The difference between the minke whales from the North Atlantic and the Antarctic was greater than that between any acknowledged species belonging to the same genus (Balaenoptera). The difference was similar to that between the families Balaenopteridae (rorquals) and Eschrichtiidae (gray whales). The findings suggest that the Antarctic minke whale should have a full species status, B. bonaerensis. Parsimony analysis separated the bowhead and the right whale (family Balaenidae) from all remaining mysticetes, including the pygmy right whale. The pygmy right whale is usually included in family Balaenidae. The analysis revealed a close relationship between the gray whale (family Eschrichtiidae) sequence and those of the rorquals (family Balaenopteridae). The gray whale was included in a clade together with the sei, Bryde's, fin, blue, and humpback whales. This clade was separated from the two minke whale types, which branched together.
Descriptors: dna, mitochondrial genetics, whales genetics, base sequence, cattle genetics, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, sequence alignment, sequence homology, nucleic acid, species specificity, whales classification.
Arnason, U., R. Spilliaert, A. Palsdottir, and A. Arnason (1991). Molecular identification of hybrids between the two largest whale species, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and the fin whale (B. physalus). Hereditas 115(2): 183-189. ISSN: 0018-0661.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 H42
Descriptors: Balaenoptera, hybrids, interspecific hybridization, identification, breeding methods, Cetacea, hybridization, mammals, progeny, whales.
Language of Text: English summary.
Asada, M., M. Horii, T. Mogoe, Y. Fukui, H. Ishikawa, and S. Ohsumi (2000). In vitro maturation and ultrastructural observation of cryopreserved minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) follicular oocytes. Biology of Reproduction 62(2): 253-9. ISSN: 0006-3363.
NAL Call Number: QL876.B5
Descriptors: oocytes physiology, ovarian follicle physiology, whales physiology, cell nucleus ultrastructure, cryopreservation, ethylene glycol, meiosis physiology, microscopy, electron, mitochondria ultrastructure, oocyte donation, oocytes growth and development, oocytes ultrastructure, ovarian follicle cytology.
Asada, M., M. Tetsuka, H. Ishikawa, S. Ohsumi, and Y. Fukui (2001). Improvement on the vitro maturation, fertilization and development of minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) oocytes. Theriogenology 56(4): 521-533. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call Number: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: Balaenopteridae, whales, adults, prepubertal females, oocytes, maturation, fertilization, in vitro, cumulus oophorus, culture media, serum, bovine serum albumin, concentration, fertilizing ability, embryo culture, granulosa cells, cleavage, cumulus oocyte complexes, fetal whale serum, coculture.
Asada, M., H. Wei, R. Nagayama, M. Tetsuka, H. Ishikawa, S. Ohsumi, and Y. Fukui (2001). An attempt at intracytoplasmic sperm injection of frozen-thawed minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) oocytes. Zygote (Cambridge, England) 9(4): 299-307. ISSN: 0967-1994.
NAL Call Number: QH491.Z94
Abstract: Little is known about the characteristics of fertilisation events in minke whales. Cryopreserved minke whale oocytes and spermatozoa do not fertilise in a standard IVF. This study was conducted to investigate the pronucleus formation ability of cryopreserved minke whale oocytes and their subsequent development following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In experiment 1, frozen-thawed minke whale immature oocytes were cultured for in vitro maturation (IVM) in a maturation medium (TCM199) supplemented with either porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH)/estradiol-17beta (E2) or pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). After 120 h of IVM, oocyte survival was examined before ICSI, and showed no significant difference in morphological normality (24-36%) between the two IVM media. Two-cell embryos (two oocytes from 21 sperm-injected oocytes) were obtained when the maturation medium was supplemented with pFSH/E2 or PMSG/hCG. In experiment 2, cryopreserved maturing oocytes were investigated for the effects of repeat-culture (2 h or 24 h) on survival before ICSI. Pronuclear formation and development were examined for the effects of sperm pretreatment with dithiothreitol (DTT) and oocyte activation with ethanol at ICSI. A frequency of 49-69% of frozen-thawed maturing oocytes was used for ICSI. Although oocyte activation did not produce a significant difference in survival, pronucleus formation and embryonic development, 2- and 4-cell cleaved oocytes were observed after injection of sperm pretreated with DTT.
Descriptors: cryopreservation, oocytes physiology, sperm injections, intracytoplasmic methods, whales, dithiothreitol metabolism, embryo, nonmammalian physiology, gonadal steroid hormones physiology, spermatozoa physiology.
Atassi, M.Z. and A.L. Kazim (1978). First consequences of the determination of the entire antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 98: 19-40. ISSN: 0065-2598.
Abstract: By using the antigenic structure of sperm-whale Mb as a model we have established that the antigenicity of its sites is independent of any sequence identities between the injected myoglobin and the Mb of the immunized animal. Furthermore, the ability to produce in rabbits autoantibodies to rabbit Mb and the successful extrapolation of the antigenic structure of sperm-whale Mb to human hemoglobin strongly demonstrated that the antigenicity of certain parts of a protein molecule is primarily dependent on the uniqueness of their conformational locations.
Descriptors: myoglobin immunology, amino acid sequence, autoantibodies, epitopes, protein conformation, rabbits immunology, species specificity, structure activity relationship, whales immunology.
Au, W.W., D.W. Lemonds, S. Vlachos, P.E. Nachtigall, and H.L. Roitblat (2002). Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) hearing threshold for brief broadband signals. Journal of Comparative Psychology 116(2): 151-157. ISSN: 0735-7036.
Abstract: The hearing sensitivity of an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) to both pure tones and broadband signals simulating echoes from a 7.62-cm water-filled sphere was measured. Pure tones with frequencies between 40 and 140 kHz in increments of 20 kHz were measured along with broadband thresholds using a stimulus with a center frequency of 97.3 kHz and 88.2 kHz. The pure-tone thresholds were compared with the broadband thresholds by converting the pure-tone threshold intensity to energy flux density. The results indicated that dolphins can detect broadband signals slightly better than a pure-tone signal. The broadband results suggest that an echolocating bottlenose dolphin should be able to detect a 7.62-cm diameter water-filled sphere out to a range of 178 m in a quiet environment.
Descriptors: auditory threshold, dolphins psychology, echolocation, pitch discrimination, appetitive behavior, psychoacoustics, sound spectrography.
Baker, C.S., F. Cipriano, and S.R. Palumbi (1996). Molecular genetic identification of whale and dolphin products from commercial markets in Korea and Japan. Molecular Ecology 5(5): 671-685. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Descriptors: whale meat, whales, dolphins, meat, meat products, balaenopteridae, mysticeti, odontoceti, delphinidae, identification, polymerase chain reaction, mitochondrial dna, food analysis, genetic analysis, phylogenetics, Lagenorhynchus, Japan, Korea Republic, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Balaenoptera physalus, Balaenoptera borealis.
Baker, C.S., R.W. Slade, J.L. Bannister, R.B. Abernethy, M.T. Weinrich, J. Lien, J. Urban, P. Corkeron, J. Calmabokidis, O. Vasquez, and et al. (1994). Hierarchical structure of mitochondrial DNA gene flow among humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae, world-wide. Molecular Ecology 3(4): 313-27. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: The genetic structure of humpback whale populations and subpopulation divisions is described by restriction fragment length analysis of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA from samples of 230 whales collected by biopsy darting in 11 seasonal habitats representing six subpopulations, or 'stocks', world-wide. The hierarchical structure of mtDNA haplotype diversity among population subdivisions is described using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) procedure, the analysis of gene identity, and the genealogical relationship of haplotypes as constructed by parsimony analysis and distance clustering. These analyses revealed: (i) significant partitioning of world-wide genetic variation among oceanic populations, among subpopulations or 'stocks' within oceanic populations and among seasonal habitats within stocks; (ii) fixed categorical segregation of haplotypes on the south-eastern Alaska and central California feeding grounds of the North Pacific; (iii) support for the division of the North Pacific population into a central stock which feeds in Alaska and winters in Hawaii, and an eastern or 'American' stock which feeds along the coast of California and winters near Mexico; (iv) evidence of genetic heterogeneity within the Gulf of Maine feeding grounds and among the sampled feeding and breeding grounds of the western North Atlantic; and (v) support for the historical division between the Group IV (Western Australia) and Group V (eastern Australia, New Zealand and Tonga) stocks in the Southern Oceans. Overall, our results demonstrate a striking degree of genetic structure both within and between oceanic populations of humpback whales, despite the nearly unlimited migratory potential of this species. We suggest that the humpback whale is a suitable demographic and genetic model for the management of less tractable species of baleen whales and for the general study of gene flow among long-lived, mobile vertebrates in the marine ecosystem.
Descriptors: dna, mitochondrial genetics, whales genetics, gene frequency, haplotypes, oceans and seas, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, variation genetics.
Bando, T. (2002). Ecological study of cetaceans using stable isotope technique. Aquabiology (Tokyo) 24(5): 429-433; 142. ISSN: 0285-4376.
NAL Call Number: QH90.A1K35
Descriptors: Cetacea, biochemical techniques, ecological techniques, stable isotope technique applications, feeding analysis techniques, ecology.
Barnes, G.R., P. Madie, and D.K. Blackmore (1996). Assessment of the humane aspects of electric lancing of whales by measurement of current densities in the brain and heart of dead animals. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 34(6): 436-40. ISSN: 0140-0118.
Abstract: The potential physiological effects of the electric lance are assessed, as used in Japanese whaling operations. Current densities are measured in the brains and hearts of six whales to which a controlled current of 5 A is applied by two electrodes inserted at various sites in the carcasses. The whales vary in size from 1.8 m (22 kg) to 16 m (40 t). The minimum current density in the brain necessary to cause depolarisation of neurones is estimated to be 10 mA cm-2 and to cause ventricular fibrillation is estimated to be 0.5 mA cm-2. No current densities exceeding 4.8 mA cm-2 are recorded in the brain. Very few recordings of current density from the heart are above 0.5 mA cm-2, and they occur only when electrodes are in optimal positions. When electrodes are placed as in whaling operations, no whale over 3 m in length would receive current densities in the heart or brain sufficient to cause permanent dysfunction. It is concluded that electric lancing is ineffective as a secondary method of killing whales and that the current densities recorded could cause pain and suffering to an already distressed animal.
Descriptors: brain physiopathology, electric injuries, heart physiopathology, whales physiology, electric injuries physiopathology, electric stimulation, electricity, electrophysiology.
Barrett, T., I.K.G. Visser, L. Mamaev, L. Goatley, M.F. van Bressem, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (1993). Dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses are genetically distinct from phocine distemper virus. Virology 193(2): 1010-1012. ISSN: 0042-6822.
Descriptors: genetics, viral diseases, phocine distemper virus, phocoenidae, dolphins, Phocoena, Cetacea, morbillivirus.
Barrick, D. (1994). Replacement of the proximal ligand of sperm whale myoglobin with free imidazole in the mutant His-93-->Gly. Biochemistry 33(21): 6546-54. ISSN: 0006-2960.
NAL Call Number: 381 B523
Abstract: The proximal bond between the iron atom of the heme group and the N epsilon of histidine F8 in myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb) is presumed to be an important determinant of heme binding, protein structure, and oxygen binding. Here a system is described in which the proximal ligand is provided intermolecularly by the histidine side chain mimic imidazole. The proximal ligand of sperm whale Mb is replaced with glycine (H93G) using site-directed mutagenesis. The addition of imidazole to Escherichia coli expressing this gene reconstitutes myoglobin function. H93G Mb purified in the presence of imidazole is spectroscopically similar to wild-type Mb in combination with a wide variety of distal ligands. The crystal structure of H93G Mb, determined in the presence of imidazole, reveals that an imidazole molecule is bonded to the heme iron on the proximal side, substituting in trans for the side-chain function of the proximal histidine of wild-type Mb. Although H93G Mb is similar in spectroscopic and gross structural detail to wild-type Mb, subtle differences exist in the orientation of imidazole with respect to the heme group. trans-Complementation of proximal ligand function will allow the proximal bond in hemoproteins to be chemically substituted beyond the limits of the genetic code.
Descriptors: glycine chemistry, heme chemistry, histidine chemistry, imidazoles chemistry, myoglobin chemistry, crystallography, x ray, Escherichia coli genetics, ligands, mutagenesis, site directed, myoglobin genetics, protein conformation, spectrum analysis, whales.
Barrick, D. and R.L. Baldwin (1993). Three-state analysis of sperm whale apomyoglobin folding. Biochemistry 32(14): 3790-6. ISSN: 0006-2960.
NAL Call Number: 381 B523
Abstract: We give a quantitative description of the urea- and acid-induced transitions of apomyoglobin at 0 degree C and 2 mM sodium citrate. Our data consist of two series of unfolding curves: (1) acid-induced unfolding carried out in the presence of various concentrations of urea and (2) urea-induced unfolding at various pH values. A three-state equation is derived which relates the stability of three different conformations of apomyoglobin (native [N], unfolded [U], and intermediate [I]) as a function of urea and of pH. This equation fits our data reasonably well. The parameters which give the best fit have both thermodynamic and structural implications for N, I, and U. Specifically, I is closer in Gibbs energy to U than to N, indicating that side-chain packing results in much of the stability of native protein structure. The equilibria between N and I and between I and U are equally sensitive to urea, suggesting that much of the surface of I is inaccessible to solvent. The acid-induced transition in which N unfolds can be described as the result of titration of approximately two histidines with low pKaS in N. Under physiological conditions (neutral pH, no urea) I is the most stable non-native conformation.
Descriptors: apoproteins chemistry, myoglobin chemistry, whales, hydrogen ion concentration, protein folding, recombinant proteins chemistry, urea pharmacology.
Basova, L.V., E.I. Tiktopulo, and V.E. Bychkova (2005). [Model phospholipid membranes affect the holomyoglobin structure: conformational changes at pH 6.2]. Molekuliarnaia Biologiia 39(1): 120-8. ISSN: 0026-8984.
Abstract: The influence of model negatively charged membranes on the sperm whale holomyoglobin structure at pH 6.2 has been investigated by different techniques (far and near UV circular dichroism, tryptophan fluorescence, absorbance at Soret band, differential scanning microcalorimetry and fast performance liquid chromatography). It is shown that the holomyoglobin structure undergoes a conformational transition from the native to intermediate state analogous to its apo-form. This state is characterized by the absence of a rigid tertiary structure and the native heme environment. At the same time, the content of alpha-helical secondary structure remains almost native. To change the holomyoglobin structure similarly to that of its apo-form in the presence of membranes, a higher molar phospholipids/protein ratio is required. The properties of holomyoglobin in the presence of negatively charged membranes resemble those of the molten globule state of its apo-form protein in aqueous solution. A possible functional role of the discovered non-native myoglobin state is discussed.
Descriptors: lipid bilayers chemistry, myoglobin chemistry, phospholipids chemistry, calorimetry, differential scanning, chromatography, gel, circular dichroism, hydrogen ion concentration, protein structure, secondary, protein structure, tertiary, thermodynamics, whales.
Baum, C., L.G. Fleischer, D. Roessner, W. Meyer, and D. Siebers (2002). A covalently cross-linked gel derived from the epidermis of the pilot whale Globicephala melas. Biorheology 39(6): 703-17. ISSN: 0006-355X.
Abstract: The rheological properties of the stratum corneum of the pilot whale (Globicephala melas) were investigated with emphasis on their significance to the self-cleaning abilities of the skin surface smoothed by a jelly material enriched with various hydrolytic enzymes. The gel formation of the collected fluid was monitored by applying periodic-harmonic oscillating loads using a stress-controlled rheometer. In the mechanical spectrum of the gel, the plateau region of the storage modulus G' (<1200 Pa) and the loss modulus G" (>120 Pa) were independent of frequency (omega = 43.98 to 0.13 rad x s(-1), tau = 15 Pa, T = 20 degrees C), indicating high elastic performance of a covalently cross-linked viscoelastic solid. In addition, multi-angle laser light scattering experiments (MALLS) were performed to analyse the potential time-dependent changes in the weight-average molar mass of the samples. The observed increase showed that the gel formation is based on the assembly of covalently cross-linked aggregates. The viscoelastic properties and the shear resistance of the gel assure that the enzyme-containing jelly material smoothing the skin surface is not removed from the stratum corneum by shear regimes during dolphin jumping. The even skin surface is considered to be most important for the self-cleaning abilities of the dolphin skin against biofouling.
Descriptors: cross linking reagents metabolism, dolphins metabolism, epidermis chemistry, gels metabolism, elasticity, gels analysis, kinetics, lasers, light, microscopy, electron, molecular weight, rheology, scattering, radiation, stress, mechanical, viscosity.
Baum, C., W. Meyer, D. Roessner, D. Siebers, and L.G. Fleischer (2001). A zymogel enhances the self-cleaning abilities of the skin of the pilot whale (Globicephala melas). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 130(4): 835-47. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Enzyme activity in the stratum corneum of the pilot whale Globicephala melas was investigated employing colorimetric enzyme screening assays combined with NATIVE PAGE, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and histochemical staining procedures. Applying different substrates, several enzymes were detected. The histochemical demonstration of some selected hydrolytic enzymes enriched in the stratum corneum showed high extracellular accumulation. As demonstrated by size exclusion chromatography, high molar mass aggregates were built up from a glycoprotein-rich 20-30-kD fraction. Using NATIVE PAGE experiments under non-reducing conditions, a selection of five degrading enzymes was recovered within the above-reported aggregates. Activity of extracellular aggregate-attached enzymes in the superficial layer of the stratum corneum exhibited no remarkable decrease potentially resulting from self-degradation. We thus conclude that due to their enclosure within the microenvironment of aggregates, a zymogel is formed and autolysis of the stratum corneum is reduced. With respect to the skin surface, the zymogel with hydrolytic activities covering major parts of it enhances the self-cleaning abilities of the skin of the pilot whale based on physical pre-requisites by hydrolyzing adhesive glycoconjugates of settling biofouling organisms considered as primary steps in fouling.
Descriptors: gels pharmacology, grooming, skin enzymology, whales metabolism, cell adhesion, chromatography, electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel, hydrogen ion concentration, models, theoretical.
Baum, C., F. Simon, W. Meyer, L.G. Fleischer, D. Siebers, J. Kacza, and J. Seeger (2003). Surface properties of the skin of the pilot whale Globicephala melas. Biofouling 19(Suppl.): 181-6. ISSN: 0892-7014.
Abstract: On the skin surface of delphinids small biofoulers are challenged to high shear water flow and liquid-vapor interfaces of air-bubbles during jumping. This state of self-cleaning is supported by the even, nano-rough gel-coated epidermal surface of the skin. The present study focussed on the intercellular evolution of gel formation and the chemical composition of the gel smoothing the skin surface of the pilot whale, Globicephala melas, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in combination with cryo-scanning electron microscopy (CSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the superficial layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, intercellular material was shown by electron optical methods to assemble from smaller into larger covalently cross-linked aggregates during the transit of the corneocytes towards the skin surface. XPS measurements showed that the surface of the skin and the intercellular gel included approximately the same amounts of polar groups (especially, free amines and amides) and non-polar groups, corresponding to the presence of lipid droplets dispersed within the jelly material. It was concluded from the results that the gel-coat of the skin surface is a chemically heterogeneous skin product. The advantages of chemically heterogeneous patches contributing to the ablation of traces of the biofouling process are discussed.
Descriptors: bodily secretions chemistry, dolphins anatomy and histology, skin chemistry, skin ultrastructure, dolphins physiology, microscopy, electron, organic chemicals isolation and purification, spectrum analysis, surface properties.
Beineke, A., U. Siebert, N. van Elk, and W. Baumgartner (2004). Development of a lymphocyte-transformation-assay for peripheral blood lymphocytes of the harbor porpoise and detection of cytokines using the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 98(1-2): 59-68. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: Impairment of immune function is suggested to play a contributing role for the increasing incidence of infectious diseases in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) of the North and Baltic Seas. Both, lymphocyte-transformation-assay of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC) and detection of cytokine expression are important tools for the characterization of the cellular immune response. To evaluate optimal parameters for the lymphocyte-transformation-assay isolated blood lymphocytes from four healthy harbor porpoises were stimulated with different concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Cell proliferation was measured photometrically after 72 h using 5-bromo-deoxyuridine-assay and stimulation indices were calculated. The expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was investigated in control and mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Primers for IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 were selected from published cDNA-sequences of other cetaceans. Established canine and human primers were taken for the detection of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, IL-10 and the house keeping transcript glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), respectively. Specificity of the amplicon was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis and comparison with nucleotide sequences of other marine and terrestrial mammals. Con A and PHA represented the most powerful mitogens for harbor porpoise lymphoid cells at concentrations of 5 and 2 microg/ml, respectively, while PWM induced a comparatively low maximum proliferation at a concentration of 2 microg/ml. GAPDH was amplified in non-stimulated and all mitogen-stimulated cells. With the exception of IL-10 none of the other cytokines were detected in non-stimulated cells. Transcription of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta-mRNA was observed after incubation with all the three phytomitogens, whereas IL-2 was only detected in Con A and PWM treated cells. Lymphocyte-transformation-assay and RT-PCR for detection of cytokines will allow to investigate possible impaired immune function in the harbor porpoise in future studies.
Descriptors: cytokines genetics, lymphocyte activation, porpoises genetics, porpoises immunology, base sequence, concanavalin A pharmacology, DNA primers genetics, DNA, complementary genetics, interleukins genetics, lymphocytes drug effects, lymphocytes immunology, molecular sequence data, phytohemagglutinins pharmacology, pokeweed mitogens pharmacology, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, transforming growth factor beta genetics, tumor necrosis factor alpha genetics.
Beineke, A., U. Siebert, A. Wunschmann, J.L. Stott, I. Prengel, E. Kremmer, and W. Baumgartner (2001). Immunohistochemical investigation of the cross-reactivity of selected cell markers from various species for characterization of lymphatic tissues in the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Comparative Pathology 125(4): 311-317. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: Phocoena, lymphatic system, monoclonal antibodies, surface antigens, cross reaction, immunohistochemistry, markers, b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes.
Bernier, J., S. de Guise, D. Martineau, P. Beland, M. Beaudet, and M. Fournier (2000). Purification of functional T lymphocytes from splenocytes of the beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Developmental and Comparative Immunology 24(6-7): 653-62. ISSN: 0145-305X.
Abstract: In an effort to gain knowledge on immune functions in beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, we have used two physical methods for the purification of T lymphocytes of spleen cells. Isolation by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) rosetting and by adherence on nylon wool columns were tested. SRBC-rosetting gave unreliable results in obtaining purified T cells. Therefore, the purification of T cells was done using nylon wool columns. Less than 3% of the IgM(+) B cells remained in effluent populations. In the later population, 45% gave positive staining with mouse anti-human CD4 allowing us to verify functionality of the cells. The study of calcium mobilization and tyrosine kinase activation, mediated by CD4 cross-linking permitted verification of the functionality of cells. We also showed that upon activation with mitogens, beluga T cells upregulate the density of MHC class II molecules on their surfaces. CD4 cross-linking with a specific antibody inhibited the proliferation response. Overall, the activation of beluga whales lymphocytes did not differ markedly from what is known in other species. This study can help in the groundwork for functional investigation of the beluga whale's immune system.
Descriptors: spleen cytology, spleen immunology, t lymphocytes immunology, whales immunology, antigens, cd4 immunology, antigens, cd4 metabolism, calcium metabolism, cell division immunology, cell separation, histocompatibility antigens class ii biosynthesis, lymphocyte activation, spleen metabolism, t lymphocytes cytology, t lymphocytes metabolism, up regulation immunology.
Berube, M. and P. Palsboll (1996). Identification of sex in cetaceans by multiplexing with three ZFX and ZFY specific primers. Molecular Ecology 5(2): 283-7. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: We sequenced 540 nucleotides of the last exon in the ZFY/ZFX gene in two males and two females for eight cetacean species; four odontocetes (toothed whales) and four mysticetes (baleen whales). Based upon the obtained nucleotide sequences, we designed two sets of oligonucleotide primers for specific amplification of the ZFX and the ZFY sequence in odontocetes and mysticetes, respectively. Each primer set consisted of three oligonucleotides; one forward-orientated primer, which anneals to the ZFY as well as the ZFX sequence, and two reverse-orientated primers that anneal to either the ZFX or or the ZFY sequence. The resulting two amplification products (specific for the ZFY and ZFX sequences) can be distinguished by gel-electrophoresis through 2% NuSieve(TM). The accuracy of the technique was tested by determination of gender in 214 individuals of known sex. Finally we applied the technique to determine the sex of 3570 cetacean specimens; 2284 humpback whales, 315 fin whales, 37 blue whales, 7 minke whales, as well as 592 belugas, 335 narwhals and 25 harbour porpoises.
Descriptors: Cetacea genetics, sex determination analysis methods, base sequence, DNA genetics, DNA primers genetics, DNA binding proteins genetics, ecosystem, exons, molecular sequence data, polymerase chain reaction, sequence homology, nucleic acid, whales genetics.
Notes: Erratum In: Molecular Ecology 1996 Aug;5(4):602.
Bielec, P., D. Gallagher, J. Womack, J. Taylor, S. Davis, and D. Busbee (1998). Dolphin beta-glucocerebrosidase, map position 1q22. Chromosome Research 6(5): 425. ISSN: 0967-3849.
NAL Call Number: QH600.C47
Descriptors: chromosome mapping, dolphins genetics, glucosylceramidase genetics, in situ hybridization, fluorescence.
Bielec, P., D. Gallagher, J. Womack, J. Taylor, S. Davis, and D. Busbee (1998). Dolphin interleukin-8 receptor. Map position 18q25-26. Chromosome Research 6(8): 661. ISSN: 0967-3849.
NAL Call Number: QH600.C47
Descriptors: antigens, cd genetics, chromosome mapping, dolphins genetics, receptors, interleukin genetics, in situ hybridization, fluorescence, receptors, interleukin 8a.
Bielec, P., D. Gallagher, Y.P. Yang, J. Womack, S. Davis, J. Taylor, and D. Busbee (2000). Assignment of crystallin beta-polypeptide 1 (CRYBA1) to Atlantic bottlenose dolphin chromosome band 16p11 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 89(1-2): 96-7. ISSN: 0301-0171.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 C992
Descriptors: crystallins genetics, dolphins genetics, in situ hybridization, fluorescence, physical chromosome mapping, chromosome banding, evolution, molecular.
Bildt, M.W.G.van de, T. Kuiken, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (2005). Cetacean morbilliviruses are phylogenetically divergent. Archives of Virology 150(3): 577-83. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: We performed a phylogenetic comparison of porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) and dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) isolates from porpoises and dolphins respectively according to criteria adopted by the World Health Organization for the phylogenetic comparison of measles viruses. PMV and DMV were more divergent than the most distantly related measles virus strains, thus challenging the classification of PMV and DMV as two strains of a single species, cetacean morbillivirus.
Descriptors: dolphins virology, morbillivirus genetics, porpoises virology, hemagglutinins, viral genetics, morbillivirus classification, morbillivirus isolation and purification, nucleoproteins genetics, phylogeny, species specificity, viral proteins genetics.
Blixenkrone Moller, M., G. Bolt, E. Gottschalck, and M. Kenter (1994). Comparative analysis of the gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein of dolphin morbillivirus reveals its distant evolutionary relationship to measles virus and ruminant morbilliviruses. Journal of General Virology 75(10): 2829-2834.
NAL Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: dolphins, amino acids, gene expression, distemper virus, phylogeny, proteins, viroses, morbillivirus, nucleotide sequence, Cetacea, evolution, genomes, infectious diseases, mammals, morbillivirus, paramyxoviridae, viruses, phocine distemper virus, viral diseases.
Bolognesi, M., E. Cannillo, P. Ascenzi, G.M. Giacometti, A. Merli, and M. Brunori (1982). Reactivity of ferric Aplysia and sperm whale myoglobins towards imidazole. X-ray and binding study. Journal of Molecular Biology 158(2): 305-15. ISSN: 0022-2836.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8224
Descriptors: hemeproteins, imidazoles, metmyoglobin, aplysia, binding sites, ligands, protein conformation, spectrophotometry, whales, x ray diffraction.
Bolt, G., S. Alexandersen, and M. Blixenkrone Moller (1995). The phosphoprotein gene of a dolphin morbillivirus isolate exhibits genomic variation at the editing site. Journal of General Virology 76(12): 3051-3058.
NAL Call Number: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: morbillivirus, phosphoproteins, messenger rna, gene expression, viruses, proteins, recombination, distemper virus, nucleotide sequence, acids, genomes, morbillivirus, nucleic acids, nucleic compounds, organic acids, paramyxoviridae, proteins, rna, viruses, phocine distemper virus.
Bolt, G. and M. Blixenkrone Moeller (1994). Nucleic acid hybridization analyses confirm the presence of a hitherto unknown morbillivirus in Mediterranean dolphins. Veterinary Microbiology 41(4): 363-372. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V44
Descriptors: dolphins, morbillivirus, diagnosis, nucleic acids, acids, Cetacea, mammals, nucleic compounds, organic acids, paramyxoviridae, viruses.
Language of Text: English summary.
Boon, J.P., W.E. Lewis, and A. Goksoyr (2001). Immunochemical and catalytic characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 in the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Aquatic Toxicology Amsterdam, Netherlands 52(3-4): 297-309. ISSN: 0166-445X.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.W3A6
Abstract: Liver samples from three live-stranded adult male sperm whales, that could be sampled and frozen in liquid nitrogen within 18 h post mortem, provided an opportunity to learn more about the basic properties of their cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. All samples were catalytically active and showed sharp bands of the different CYP enzymes after Western blotting, indicating that degradation of the proteins was negligible. All three sperm whales showed a similar immunochemical CYP pattern: bands of CYP1A1/2, CYP3A and CYP4A were present, but CYP2B1/2 was not detected. Significant biotransformation of the polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons 4, 4'-dichlorobiphenyl (CB-15), 2,7-dichlorodibenzodioxin and 1,2,3,4,8-pentadibenzofuran was measured in an in vitro biotransformation assay. In contrast, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (CB-77) and two chlorobornanes (CHB-32 and CHB-62) occurring in the insectide toxaphene(R), were not metabolised.
Descriptors: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases, cytochrome p 450 enzyme system metabolism, insecticides toxicity, microsomes, liver enzymology, toxaphene toxicity, whales metabolism, alkane 1 monooxygenase, blotting, western, catalysis, cells, cultured, chromatography, gas, cytochrome p 450 cyp1a1 metabolism, cytochrome p 450 cyp1a2 metabolism, mixed function oxygenases metabolism, models, chemical, oxidoreductases, n demethylating metabolism.
Boon, J.P., H.M. Sleiderink, M.S. Helle, M. Dekker, A. van Schanke, E. Roex, M.T.J. Hillebrand, H.J.C. Klamer, B. Govers, D. Pastor, D. Morse, P.G. Wester, and J. de Boer (1998). The use of a microsomal in vitro assay to study phase I biotransformation of chlorobornanes (toxaphene) in marine mammals and birds. Possible consequences of biotransformation for bioaccumulation and genotoxicity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 121(1-3): 385-403.
Descriptors: camphechlor, insecticides, side effects, aquatic animals, seals, physeter, experimentation, metabolism, agricultural chemicals, aquatic organisms, Carnivora, Cetacea, mammals, pesticides, Pinnipedia, whales, nontarget effects, marine animals, Phoca vitulina, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Physeter catodon, Diomedea immutabilis, assays.
Notes: Forms and functions of cytochrome P450.
Borisov, V.I. (1981). Comparative analysis of electrophoretic spectra of proteins in whales of Antarctic region. 1. Hemoglobins and myoglobins of 3 species of baleen and sperm whales. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 60(3): 438-442. ISSN: 0044-5134.
NAL Call Number: 410 R92
Descriptors: Antarctica, whales, proteins, hemoglobins, myoglobins, baleen, sperm, comarative analysis, electrophoretic spectra.
Born, E.W., P. Outridge, F.F. Riget, K.A. Hobson, R. Dietz, N. Oien, and T. Haug (2003). Population substructure of north Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) inferred from regional variation of elemental and stable isotopic signatures in tissues. Journal of Marine Systems 43(1-2): 1-17. ISSN: 0924-7963.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera acutorostrata, inorganic substances, population genetics, biochemical variation, elemental and stable isotopic signatures, population structure, north Atlantic, geographical stocks indication from elemental and stable isotopic signatures.
Borrell, A., V. Tornero, and A. Aguilar (2002). Retinoids in marine mammals and their use as biomarkers of organochlorine compounds. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4(2): 203-211. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Descriptors: mammalia, literature review, retinoid physiology and use as organochlorine biomarkers, pollutants, visual pigments, retinoids, physiology and use as organochlorine biomarkers, environmental indicators, retinoids as biomarkers of organochlorine exposure, chemical pollution, chemical factors, organochlorines, effects on retinoid physiology and use as exposure biomarkers, marine taxa, review.
Bossa, C., M. Anselmi, D. Roccatano, A. Amadei, B. Vallone, M. Brunori, and A. Di Nola (2004). Extended molecular dynamics simulation of the carbon monoxide migration in sperm whale myoglobin. Biophysical Journal 86(6): 3855-62. ISSN: 0006-3495.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B5238
Abstract: We report the results of an extended molecular dynamics simulation on the migration of photodissociated carbon monoxide in wild-type sperm whale myoglobin. Our results allow following one possible ligand migration dynamics from the distal pocket to the Xe1 cavity via a path involving the other xenon binding cavities and momentarily two additional packing defects along the pathway. Comparison with recent time resolved structural data obtained by Laue crystallography with subnanosecond to millisecond resolution shows a more than satisfactory agreement. In fact, according to time resolved crystallography, CO, after photolysis, can occupy the Xe1 and Xe4 cavities. However, no information on the trajectory of the ligand from the distal pocket to the Xe1 is available. Our results clearly show one possible path within the protein. In addition, although our data refer to a single trajectory, the local dynamics of the ligand in each cavity is sufficiently equilibrated to obtain local structural and thermodynamic information not accessible to crystallography. In particular, we show that the CO motion and the protein fluctuations are strictly correlated: free energy calculations of the migration between adjacent cavities show that the migration is not a simple diffusion but is kinetically or thermodynamically driven by the collective motions of the protein; conversely, the protein fluctuations are influenced by the ligand in such a way that the opening/closure of the passage between adjacent cavities is strictly correlated to the presence of CO in its proximity. The compatibility between time resolved crystallographic experiments and molecular dynamics simulations paves the way to a deeper understanding of the role of internal dynamics and packing defects in the control of ligand binding in heme proteins.
Descriptors: carbon monoxide chemistry, computer simulation, models, molecular, myoglobin chemistry, spermatozoa chemistry, heme chemistry, ligands, thermodynamics, whales.
Bottino, N.R. (1978). Lipids of the Antarctic sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis. Lipids 13(1): 18-23.
NAL Call Number: QP751.L5
Descriptors: whale, Antarctic, lipids, sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis.
Boutilier, R.G., J.Z. Reed, and M.A. Fedak (2001). Unsteady-state gas exchange and storage in diving marine mammals: the harbor porpoise and gray seal. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281(2): R490-4. ISSN: 0363-6119.
Abstract: Breath-by-breath measurements of end-tidal O(2) and CO(2) concentrations in harbor porpoise reveal that the respiratory gas exchange ratio (R(R); CO(2) output/O(2) uptake) of the first lung ventilation in a breathing bout after a prolonged breath-hold is always well below the animal's metabolic respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.85. Thus the longest apneic pauses are always followed by an initial breath having a very low R(R) (0.6-0.7), which thereafter increases with each subsequent breath to values in excess of 1.2. Although the O(2) stores of the body are fully readjusted after the first three to four breaths following a prolonged apneic pause, a further three to four ventilations are always needed, not to load more O(2) but to eliminate built-up levels of CO(2). The slower readjustment of CO(2) stores relates to their greater magnitude and to the fact that they must be mobilized from comparatively large and chemically complex HCO/CO(2) stores that are built up in the blood and tissues during the breath-hold. These data, and similar measurements on gray seals (12), indicate that it is the readjustment of metabolic RQ and not O(2) stores per se that governs the amount of time an animal must spend ventilating at the surface after a dive.
Descriptors: diving physiology, porpoises physiology, pulmonary gas exchange physiology, respiration, seals, earless physiology, oxygen metabolism, time factors.
Braun, M. (1994). Tuned hair cells for hearing, but tuned basilar membrane for overload protection: evidence from dolphins, bats, and desert rodents. Hearing Research 78(1): 98-114. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: A cochlear model is presented suggesting that the organ of Corti (OC) and the basilar membrane (BM) are both tuned resonant systems, but have different functions. The OC provides frequency filtering and amplification by means of tuned outer hair cells. The BM provides resonant absorption of excessive vibrational energy as an overload protection for vulnerable elements in the OC. Evidence supporting this model is demonstrated in dolphins, bats, and desert rodents. Specialized auditory capabilities correlate with cochlear deviations, some of them dramatically changing BM compliance. In characteristic regions along the cochlea there are BM thickenings and, on both sides of the OC, hypertrophied supporting cells. Structures of striking similarity have evolved independently across orders or families, revealing multiple events of convergent evolution. In all cases, the locations of deviating structures rule out a BM function in auditory frequency selectivity but support one in resonant absorption. Cochlear microphonics and BM responses demonstrate strongest high-level absorption in the frequency bands most vital for the tested species. The assumed cause is increased internal damping in the enlarged structures during BM motion. Species with intermediate specializations supply further evidence that resonant absorption is universally the genuine function of BM mechanics in mammals, providing complementary high-level protection of low-level sensitivity.
Descriptors: auditory threshold physiology, basilar membrane physiology, mammals physiology, organ of corti physiology, absorption, acoustic stimulation, basilar membrane anatomy and histology, Chiroptera physiology, dolphins physiology, hair cells, outer physiology, models, biological, Rodentia physiology.
Brear, K., J.D. Currey, C.M. Pond, and M.A. Ramsay (1990). The mechanical properties of the dentine and cement of the tusk of the narwhal Monodon monoceros compared with those of other mineralized tissues. Archives of Oral Biology 35(8): 615-21. ISSN: 0003-9969.
Abstract: Values for Young's modulus of elasticity, ultimate and yield stresses, ultimate and yield strains, work under the stress-strain curve and work of fracture were obtained from tensile and bending tests on specimens of narwhal tusk dentine and cement, femoral bone from young and mature cattle, and reindeer antler. Compared with the cattle bone the narwhal tissues had low Young's moduli, low yield stresses, rather low ultimate stresses and high ultimate strains. In all these properties they were similar to reindeer antler. The calcium content and hardness of the narwhal tissues were compared with those of human and cattle dental tissues. The narwhal dentine was considerably softer and less mineralized than human and cattle dentine. Human cementum was softer and less mineralized than cattle cementum, and was like narwhal cementum. In general, the mechanical properties of the narwhal tusk tissues were as would be expected from their mineral content, except that the stiffness of the cementum was low. It is likely that narwhal dentine is not very similar to human and cattle dentine in its mechanical properties.
Descriptors: dental cementum physiology, dentin physiology, whales physiology, antlers chemistry, antlers physiology, bone and bones chemistry, bone and bones physiology, calcium analysis, cattle, dental cementum chemistry, dentin chemistry, elasticity, hardness, reindeer metabolism, reindeer physiology, stress, mechanical, tensile strength, tooth chemistry, tooth physiology, whales metabolism.
Brill, R.L., P.W. Moore, and L.A. Dankiewicz (2001). Assessment of dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) auditory sensitivity and hearing loss using jawphones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109(4): 1717-22. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: Devices known as jawphones have previously been used to measure interaural time and intensity discrimination in dolphins. This study introduces their use for measuring hearing sensitivity in dolphins. Auditory thresholds were measured behaviorally against natural background noise for two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus); a 14-year-old female and a 33-year-old male. Stimuli were delivered to each ear independently by placing jawphones directly over the pan bone of the dolphin's lower jaw, the assumed site of best reception. The shape of the female dolphin's auditory functions, including comparison measurements made in the free field, favorably matches that of the accepted standard audiogram for the species. Thresholds previously measured for the male dolphin at 26 years of age indicated a sensitivity difference between the ears of 2-3 dB between 4-10 kHz, which was considered unremarkable at the time. Thresholds for the male dolphin reported in this study suggest a high-frequency loss compared to the standard audiogram. Both of the male's ears have lost sensitivity to frequencies above 55 kHz and the right ear is 16-33 dB less sensitive than the left ear over the 10-40 kHz range, suggesting that males of the species may lose sensitivity as a function of age. The results of this study support the use of jawphones for the measurement of dolphin auditory sensitivity.
Descriptors: auditory perception physiology, dolphins physiology, hearing aids, hearing disorders diagnosis, jaw, audiometry methods, noise, sensitivity and specificity.
Brix, O., S.G. Condo, A. Bardgard, B. Tavazzi, and B. Giardina (1990). Temperature modulation of oxygen transport in a diving mammal (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Biochemical Journal 271(2): 509-13. ISSN: 0264-6021.
NAL Call Number: QP501.B64
Abstract: The functional properties of haemoglobin from the Lesser Rorqual whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) have been characterized as a function of the heterotropic effector concentrations and temperature. The results obtained suggest the existence of sophisticated modulation mechanisms based on the interplay of organic phosphates, carbon dioxide, lactate and temperature. These, together with the very small apparent heat of oxygenation (delta H) of oxygen binding, have been physiologically interpreted on the basis of the specific metabolic needs of this diving mammal.
Descriptors: diving, hemoglobins metabolism, oxygen blood, whales blood, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate, biological transport, carbon dioxide pharmacology, diphosphoglyceric acids pharmacology, hydrogen ion concentration, lactates pharmacology, lactic acid, temperature, thermodynamics.
Brix, O., S.G. Condo, G. Lazzarino, M.E. Clementi, R. Scatena, and B. Giardina (1989). Arctic life adaptation. III. The function of whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) hemoglobin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry 94(1): 139-42. ISSN: 0305-0491.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Abstract: 1. The oxygen binding properties of the hemoglobin from the Lesser Rorqual, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, has been investigated with respect to the possible effects of organic phosphates on gas transport in arctic environments. 2. The intrinsic oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin is high and strongly modulated by the effects of organic phosphates. 3. In the absence of organic phosphates, the temperature sensitivity of oxygen binding expressed by the heat of oxygenation, delta H, is -16.2 kcal/mol when corrected for the heat of oxygen in solution. 4. In the presence of organic phosphates there is a marked decrease in the temperature sensitivity delta H approximately -5 kcal/mol). 5. This feature is of great importance for oxygen unloading in the flippers and the tail, where the temperature is lower than the trunk of the whale. 6. Furthermore the organic phosphates strongly increase the Bohr coefficient, delta log P50/delta pH, from less than -0.3 in stripped hemoglobin to about -1.5 when the hemoglobin is saturated with P6-inositol. 7. This feature may be of great physiological importance by reducing the CO2 tension and acidosis after a prolonged dive.
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, Cetacea blood, hemoglobins physiology, oxygen metabolism, whales blood, blood protein electrophoresis, hemoglobins metabolism, hydrogen ion concentration, organophosphorus compounds pharmacology, temperature, thermodynamics.
Brown, S.G. (1986). Research on large and small cetaceans: conservation and management. Ambio 15(3): 168-172. ISSN: 0044-7447.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A52
Descriptors: Cetacea, aquatic mammals, resource conservation, resource exploitation, animal resources, nature conservation, research, sea pollution, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, conservation, living resources, mammals, natural resources, pollution, resource development, resources, vertebrates, water pollution.
Bruhn, R., N. Kannan, G. Petrick, D.E. Schulz Bull, and J.C. Duinker (1995). CB pattern in the harbour porpoise: bioaccumulation, metabolism and evidence for cytochrome P450 IIB activity. Chemosphere 31(7): 3721-32. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Abstract: Metabolism of chlorobiphenyls (CBs) was studied in harbour porpoise by comparing patterns of CB-X/CB-153 ratios in blood, brain, liver and blubber with the patterns in herring, the main food source. The CBs were classified in five groups, based on the presence/absence of vicinal H-atoms (vic. Hs) in meta,para (m,p) and/or ortho,meta (o,m) positions and the number of ortho-Cl-atoms (ortho-Cls). Plots of CB-X/CB-153 ratios in porpoise tissue vs the ratios in herring appeared to be linear for each CB group in all tissues. Slopes of these plots (metabolic slopes) were used as quantitative indicators of metabolic activity. In this way, activity of PB-type isozymes of the P450 monooxygenase system was apparent: in contrast to existing literature data, harbour porpoise appears to be able to metabolize congeners with m,p vic. Hs, even in the presence of more than 2 ortho-Cls. The presence of 3-MC-type (MC-type) isozymes was also detected. The metabolic slopes were also used as basis for risk assessment. Due to their metabolism the most toxic non-ortho CBs were not present in the tissues at detectable levels. We suggest a risk assessment approach which takes this into account. It is considered to be an alternative and more reliable basis for risk assessment than the use of toxic equivalent factors. The results support the model of equilibrium distribution of CBs in harbour porpoise and the role of blood as central transport medium. The model has been developed for persistent compounds; it appears to hold for metabolizable CB congeners as well.
Descriptors: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases, cytochrome p 450 enzyme system metabolism, environmental pollutants metabolism, polychlorinated biphenyls metabolism, steroid hydroxylases metabolism, adipose tissue enzymology, adipose tissue metabolism, brain chemistry drug effects, cytochrome p 450 enzyme system blood, dolphins, environmental pollutants blood, enzyme activation drug effects, liver enzymology, liver metabolism, polychlorinated biphenyls blood, risk assessment, steroid hydroxylases blood.
Brunori, M., D. Bourgeois, and B. Vallone (2004). The structural dynamics of myoglobin. Journal of Structural Biology 147(3): 223-34. ISSN: 1047-8477.
NAL Call Number: QH573.J68
Descriptors: myoglobin chemistry, amino acid sequence, binding sites, computer simulation, crystallography, x ray methods, ligands, models, molecular, mutagenesis, myoglobin genetics, protein conformation, thermodynamics, whales.
Bryden, M.M. and R.J. Harrison (1986). Research on Dolphins, Clarendon Press: Oxford [Oxfordshire], New York, 478 p. ISBN: 0198576064.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432R47
Descriptors: dolphins, animal welfare, research.
Buchanan, F.C., M.K. Friesen, R.P. Littlejohn, and J.W. Clayton (1996). Microsatellites from the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas. Molecular Ecology 5(4): 571-5. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: Fifteen microsatellites were isolated from a beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas, genomic library. The microsatellites were amplified in 100 beluga obtained from two widely separated locations. An average of 8.6 alleles per locus were detected and the average heterozygosity was 0.65 with a range of 0.27-0.86. All microsatellites were polymorphic and 13 of the genotype distributions observed were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It was possible with these microsatellites to assign correctly individual whales to their stock-of-origin 98% of the time. Microsatellites were amplified in 15 other cetaceans with these beluga-derived primers.
Descriptors: microsatellite repeats genetics, whales genetics, base sequence, cloning, molecular, gene frequency, molecular sequence data, polymorphism, genetic, sequence analysis, dna.
Buck, J.R., H.B. Morgenbesser, and P.L. Tyack (2000). Synthesis and modification of the whistles of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(1): 407-16. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: A signal-processing algorithm was developed to analyze harmonic frequency-modulated sounds, to modify the parameters of the analyzed signal, and to synthesize a new analytically specified signal that resembles the original signal in specified features. This algorithm was used with dolphin whistles, a frequency-modulated harmonic signal that has typically been described in terms of its contour, or pattern of modulation of the fundamental frequency. In order to test whether other features may also be salient to dolphins, the whistle analysis calculates the energies at the harmonics as well as the fundamental frequency of the whistle. The modification part of the algorithm can set all of these energies to a constant, can shift the whistle frequency, and can expand or compress the time base or the frequency of the whistle. The synthesis part of the algorithm then synthesizes a waveform based upon the energies and frequencies of the fundamental and first two harmonics. These synthetic whistles will be useful for evaluating what acoustic features dolphins use in discriminating different whistles.
Descriptors: algorithms, vocalization, animal physiology, dolphins physiology, models, biological.
Caldwell, M., M.S. Gaines, and C.R. Hughes (2002). Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for bottlenose dolphin and other cetacean species. Molecular Ecology Notes 2(4): 393-395. ISSN: 1471-8278.
NAL Call Number: QH541.15.M632
Descriptors: molecular genetics, biochemistry, molecular biophysics, population genetics, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, conservation genetics, management implications, microsatellite loci, polymorphic, population structure, bottlenose dolphin, Cetacean.
Carr, S.M., H.D. Marshall, K.A. Johnstone, L.M. Pynn, and G.B. Stenson (2002). How to tell a sea monster: molecular discrimination of large marine animals of the North Atlantic. Biological Bulletin 202(1): 1-5. ISSN: 0006-3185.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B52
Abstract: Remains of large marine animals that wash onshore can be difficult to identify due to decomposition and loss of external body parts, and in consequence may be dubbed "sea monsters." DNA that survives in such carcasses can provide a basis of identification. One such creature washed ashore at St. Bernard's, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland, in August 2001. DNA was extracted from the carcass and enzymatically amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR): the mitochondrial NADH2 DNA sequence was identified as that of a sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Amplification and sequencing of cryptozoological DNA with "universal" PCR primers with broad specificity to vertebrate taxa and comparison with species in the GenBank taxonomic database is an effective means of discriminating otherwise unidentifiable large marine creatures.
Descriptors: dna analysis, whales classification, whales genetics, Atlantic Ocean, DNA, mitochondrial chemistry, marine biology methods, nad genetics, polymerase chain reaction, postmortem changes, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence homology.
Carvan III, M.J., L.P. Flood, B.D. Campbell, and D.L. Busbee (1995). Effects of benzo(a)pyrene and tetrachlorodibenzo-(p)-dioxin on fetal dolphin kidney cells: inhibition of proliferation and initiation of DNA damage. Chemosphere 30(1): 187-198. ISSN: 0045-6535.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Abstract: Dolphin kidney cells (CDK) were exposed in vitro to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the presence or absence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin (TCDD), a cytochrome P450-inducing agent, and/or a-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF), an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 induction. BaP inhibited mitosis in CDK cells in a dose-dependent manner. TCDD, while inhibiting cell proliferation, did not show a strict dose-dependent mode of action. BaP inhibition of mitosis was decreased by alpha NF, which also decreased the inhibitory effects of TCDD on CDK proliferation. BaP treatment initiated both 3H-thymidine incorporation and the increased alkali lability of DNA functions of the initiation of excision repair. Cells pre-treated with TCDD and then exposed to BaP exhibited increased BaP-DNA adduct levels and increased DNA excision repair. These data indicate that dolphin cells metabolized BaP in vitro as a function of cytochrome P450-associated activities, that BaP metabolites covalently bound to cellular DNA and initiated excision repair. Inhibition of the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of BaP decreased the BaP-associated inhibition of mitosis in dolphin cells.
Descriptors: development, enzymology, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, pollution assessment control and management, toxicology, urinary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, alpha naphthoflavone, cytochrome p450, DNA adducts.
Carver, T.E., R.J. Rohlfs, J.S. Olson, Q.H. Gibson, R.S. Blackmore, B.A. Springer, and S.G. Sligar (1990). Analysis of the kinetic barriers for ligand binding to sperm whale myoglobin using site-directed mutagenesis and laser photolysis techniques. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265(32): 20007-20. ISSN: 0021-9258.
NAL Call Number: 381 J824
Abstract: Time courses for NO, O2, CO, methyl and ethyl isocyanide rebinding to native and mutant sperm whale myoglobins were measured at 20 degrees C following 17-ns and 35-ps laser excitation pulses. His64 (E7) was replaced with Gly, Val, Leu, Phe, and Gln, and Val68 (E11) was replaced with Ala, Ile, and Phe. For both NO and O2, the effective picosecond quantum yield of unliganded geminate intermediates was roughly 0.2 and independent of the amino acids at positions 64 and 68. Geminate recombination of NO was very rapid; 90% rebinding occurred within 0.5-1.0 ns for all of the myoglobins examined; and except for the Gly64 and Ile68 mutants, the fitted recombination rate parameters were little influenced by the size and polarity of the amino acid at position 64 and the size of the residue at position 68. The rates of NO recombination and ligand movement away from the iron atom in the Gly64 mutant increased 3-4-fold relative to native myoglobin. For Ile68 myoglobin, the first geminate rate constant for NO rebinding decreased approximately 6-fold, from 2.3 x 10(10) s-1 for native myoglobin to 3.8 x 10(9) s-1 for the mutant. No picosecond rebinding processes were observed for O2, CO, and isocyanide rebinding to native and mutant myoglobins; all of the observed geminate rate constants were less than or equal to 3 x 10(8) s-1. The rebinding time courses for these ligands were analyzed in terms of a two-step consecutive reaction scheme, with an outer kinetic barrier representing ligand movement into and out of the protein and an inner barrier representing binding to the heme iron atom by ligand occupying the distal portion of the heme pocket. Substitution of apolar amino acids for His64 decreased the absolute free energies of the outer and inner kinetic barriers and the well for non-covalently bound O2 and CO by 1 to 1.5 kcal/mol, regardless of size. In contrast, the His64 to Gln mutation caused little change in the barrier heights for all ligands, showing that the polar nature of His64 inhibits both the bimolecular rate of ligand entry into myoglobin and the unimolecular rate of binding to the iron atom from within the protein. Increasing the size of the position 68(E11) residue in the series Ala to Val (native) to Ile caused little change in the rate of O2 migration into myoglobin or the equilibrium constant for noncovalent binding but did decrease the unimolecular rate for iron-O2 bond formation.
Descriptors: myoglobin metabolism, carbon monoxide metabolism, histidine, kinetics, lasers, molecular structure, mutagenesis, site directed, myoglobin chemistry, nitric oxide metabolism, nitriles metabolism, oxygen metabolism, photolysis, valine, whales.
Cashon, R.E., M.E. Vayda, and B.D. Sidell (1997). Kinetic characterization of myoglobins from vertebrates with vastly different body temperatures. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 117(4): 613-20. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Abstract: Fish myoglobins are structurally distinct from the previously characterized mammalian myoglobins. Teleost fishes express generally lower levels of myoglobin than those found in mammals. Although the oxygen binding affinity is essentially the same as mammalian myoglobins, oxygen dissociation rates and carbon monoxide combination rates of the teleost myoglobins studied are significantly faster. Thus, the kinetic parameters of myoglobin from two Antarctic teleost species, measured close to their body temperature of -1 degree C, are comparable to those of mammalian myoglobins with higher body temperatures. These data suggest myoglobins from Antarctic teleosts may function at extreme environmental temperatures.
Descriptors: body temperature, myoglobin chemistry, myoglobin metabolism, vertebrates physiology, erythrocytes chemistry, fishes physiology, horses, kinetics, muscle, skeletal chemistry, myocardium chemistry, oxidation reduction, oxygen metabolism, whales.
Cassens, I., K. Van Waerebeek, P.B. Best, E.A. Crespo, J. Reyes, and M.C. Milinkovitch (2003). The phylogeography of dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus): a critical examination of network methods and rooting procedures. Molecular Ecology 12(7): 1781-92. ISSN: 0962-1083.
NAL Call Number: QH540.M64
Abstract: We investigated the phylogeography and evolutionary history of dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) using DNA sequences of the full mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in 124 individuals from the putative stocks off Peru, Argentina and Southwest Africa. While genetic differentiation within oceans is surprisingly low, there is no evidence for recent female gene flow between Atlantic and Pacific waters. Highest genetic variability in terms of sequence divergence and number of haplotypes is found in the Atlantic. Our analyses also indicate that the eastern South Pacific dusky dolphins stock should be considered a separate management unit. Given the high level of mortality experienced by the Peruvian dusky dolphin in local fishery activities, these findings have important implications for an objective management of the species. Furthermore, we analysed our mitochondrial sequence data with several widely used network estimation and rooting methods. The resulting intraspecific gene genealogies and rooting inferences exhibited substantial differences, underlying the limitations of some algorithms. Given that scientific hypotheses and management decisions depend strongly on inferred tree or network topologies, there is a clear need for a systematic comparative analysis of available methods. Finally, the present study indicates that (i) the dusky and the Pacific white-sided dolphins are sister species and (ii) not only the Westwind Drift hypothesis but also other models of dispersion are compatible with the current geographical distribution of dusky dolphins.
Descriptors: dolphins genetics, dolphins physiology, evolution, molecular, genetics, population, geography, phylogeny, base sequence, conservation of natural resources, cytochromes b genetics, molecular sequence data, oceans and seas, sequence analysis, dna.
Cavagnero, S., Y. Theriault, S.S. Narula, H.J. Dyson, and P.E. Wright (2000). Amide proton hydrogen exchange rates for sperm whale myoglobin obtained from 15N-1H NMR spectra. Protein Science 9(1): 186-93. ISSN: 0961-8368.
NAL Call Number: QD431.A1P78
Abstract: The hydrogen exchange behavior of exchangeable protons in proteins can provide important information for understanding the principles of protein structure and function. The positions and exchange rates of the slowly-exchanging amide protons in sperm whale myoglobin have been mapped using 15N-1H NMR spectroscopy. The slowest-exchanging amide protons are those that are hydrogen bonded in the longest helices, including members of the B, E, and H helices. Significant protection factors were observed also in the A, C, and G helices, and for a few residues in the D and F helices. Knowledge of the identity of slowly-exchanging amide protons forms the basis for the extensive quench-flow kinetic folding experiments that have been performed for myoglobin, and gives insights into the tertiary interactions and dynamics in the protein.
Descriptors: myoglobin chemistry, spermatozoa chemistry, amides, buffers, deuterium, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, models, molecular, nitrogen isotopes, protons, whales.
Chanthai, S., M. Ogawa, T. Tamiya, and T. Tsuchiya (1998). Studies on thermal denaturation profiles of holo- and reconstituted myoglobins from bonito and sperm whale. Fisheries Science (Tokyo) 64(3): 411-414. ISSN: 0919-9268.
Descriptors: bonitos, myoglobin, denaturation, muscles, whales, proteins, tryptophan, reconstitution, calorimetry, amino acids, analytical methods, body parts, Cetacea, fishes, heterocyclic compounds, hydration, indoles, mammals, metalloproteins, musculoskeletal system, processing, proteins, saltwater fishes.
Language of Text: English summary.
Chen Minrong, Liu Hanqin, and Guan Zhimei (1996). The karyotype and the c-band patterns of the Baiji dolphin, Lipotes vexillifer. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 20(2): 138-143. ISSN: 1000-3207.
Descriptors: dolphins, chromosome number, karyotypes, chromosome banding, cell structure, Cetacea, mammals.
Language of Text: English and Chinese summaries.
Childerhouse, S. (2004). Cetacean research in New Zealand 2002/03. DOC Science Internal Series 158: 1-21. ISSN: 1175-6519.
Abstract: This report summarises cetacean (i.e. whale and dolphin) research undertaken in New Zealand over the period from April 2002 to March 2003, with statistical information for the 2002 calendar year. The report covers cetacean research undertaken by a wide range of researchers including government, university, and non-governmental agencies and individuals. Information presented includes details of species studied, strandings, summaries of collections and of catalogues, research projects undertaken, samples collected, and publications resulting from research. Data are included from 25 species, from 8 different institutions/agencies and over 40 researchers. Although this is a comprehensive collection of research reported for 2002/03, it does not include all cetacean research carried out in New Zealand.
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, South Pacific, New Zealand, research review.
Clarke, R. and O. Paliza (1994). Sperm whales of the southeast Pacific. Part V. The dorsal fin callus. Investigations on Cetacea 25(0): 9-91. ISSN: 1010-3635.
Abstract: This paper discusses the incidence of the dorsal fin callus on 1473 male and 1204 female sperm whales examined at four whaling stations in the Southeast Pacific between 1959 and 1962. In the aggregate the callus was present in 7.60% of males and 32.64% of females, but the incidence decreased with increasing latitude, in females from Paita to Pisco to Iquique to Talcahuano, and in immature males from Paita to Iquique. The callus does not occur in foetal whales nor in calves, but first appears shortly before sexual maturity in females and probably shortly before puberty in males. Incidence of the callus decreases from immature through puberal to sexually mature males; the callus is disappearing around social maturity and has disappeared in males by time they reach 24 years. On the other hand females up to 39 years bear the callus. We agree with KASUYA and OHSUMI (1966) that the callus is associated with the sexual cycle in females. We propose that oestrogens present in immature and mature animals of both sexes are primarily responsible for development of the callus. In both sexes there is a correlation between the season of lowest incidence of the callus (June to August) and the season of least activity in pairing and calving combined. From this and other evidence it is argued that the callus is a cyclic phenomenon, governed mainly by hormone levels, and is a relic of a skin moulting cycle in the sperm whale. On these lines we attempt to interpret the macroscopic appearance of the callus, externally and in transverse section. We propose that moulting of the callus in the sperm whale is an annual event, of protracted duration, but is greatest between June and August in the Southeast Pacific. We argue that the callus lasts longer in females than in males, which partially explains the lower incidence of the callus in males. Moulting in cetaceans has only previously been recorded in beluga whales (ST. AUBIN, SMITH and GERACI, 1990). Some of those engaged in 'benign' research have assumed that sperm whales bearing a callus observed at sea are all or mostly all females and so can be distinguished from small males. This assumption is now invalid, but we suggest that a mathematician might use the data presented here to work out correction factors, which would depend on season and on latitude, to make reasonable estimates which distinguish the numbers of females from the numbers of small males observed. A note is added to show that the sperm whale, alone among the Cetacea, bears no external hair at any time throughout its life history.
Descriptors: biosynchronization, chemical coordination and homeostasis, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, female, gender differences, male, molting, sexual cycle, sexual maturity.
Cloeckaert, A., J.M. Verger, M. Grayon, J.Y. Paquet, B. Garin Bastuji, G. Foster, and J. Godfroid (2001). Classification of Brucella spp. isolated from marine mammals by DNA polymorphism at the omp2 locus. Microbes and Infection 3(9): 729-38. ISSN: 1286-4579.
NAL Call Number: QR180.M53
Abstract: A number of recent reports have described the isolation and characterization of Brucella strains from a wide variety of marine mammals such as seals, porpoises, dolphins and a minke whale. These strains were identified as brucellae by conventional typing tests. However, their overall characteristics were not assimilable to those of any of the six currently recognized Brucella species and it was suggested that they comprise a new nomen species to be called Brucella maris. In the present study we analysed DNA polymorphism at the omp2 locus of 33 marine mammal Brucella strains isolated from seals, dolphins, porpoises and an otter. The omp2 locus contains two gene copies (named omp2a and omp2b) coding for porin proteins and has been found particularly useful for molecular typing and identification of Brucella at the species, biovar, or strain level. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing showed that strains isolated from dolphins and porpoises carry two omp2b gene copies instead of one omp2a and one omp2b gene copy or two similar omp2a gene copies reported in the currently recognized species. This observation was also recently made for a minke whale Brucella isolate. The otter and all seal isolates except one were shown to carry one omp2a and one omp2b gene copy as encountered in isolates from terrestrial mammals. By PCR-RFLP of the omp2b gene, a specific marker was detected grouping the marine mammal Brucella isolates. Although marine mammal Brucella isolates may represent a separate group from terrestrial mammal isolates based on omp2b sequence constructed phylogenetic trees, the divergence found between their omp2b and also between their omp2a nucleotide sequences indicates that they form a more heterogeneous group than isolates from terrestrial mammals. Therefore, grouping the marine mammal Brucella isolates into one species Brucella maris seems inappropriate unless the currently recognized Brucella species are grouped. With respect to the current classification of brucellae according to the preferential host, brucellae isolated from such diverse marine mammal species as seals and dolphins could actually comprise more than one species, and at least two new species, B. pinnipediae and B. cetaceae, could be compatible with the classical criteria of host preferentialism and DNA polymorphism at their omp2 locus.
Descriptors: bacterial outer membrane proteins genetics, brucella classification, dolphins microbiology, otters microbiology, porpoises microbiology, seals, earless microbiology, brucella genetics, brucella isolation and purification, brucellosis microbiology, brucellosis, DNA, bacterial analysis, DNA, bacterial genetics, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, polymerase chain reaction, polymorphism, genetic genetics, polymorphism, restriction fragment length, seawater, sequence analysis.
Corda, M., M. Tamburrini, M.C. De Rosa, M.T. Sanna, A. Fais, A. Olianas, M. Pellegrini, B. Giardina, and G. di Prisco (2003). Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) haemoglobin: primary structure, functional characterisation and computer modelling studies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 134(1): 53-62. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Abstract: The functional properties of haemoglobin from the Mediterranean whale Balaenoptera physalus have been studied as functions of heterotropic effector concentration and temperature. Particular attention has been given to the effect of carbon dioxide and lactate since the animal is specialised for prolonged dives often in cold water. The molecular basis of the functional behaviour and in particular of the weak interaction with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is discussed in the light of the primary structure and of computer modelling. On these bases, it is suggested that the A2 (Pro-->Ala) substitution observed in the beta chains of whale haemoglobin may be responsible for the displacement of the A helix known to be a key structural feature in haemoglobins that display an altered interaction with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate as compared with human haemoglobin. The functional and structural results, discussed in the light of a previous study on the haemoglobin from the Arctic whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata, give further insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the interactive effects of temperature, carbon dioxide and lactate.
Descriptors: hemoglobins chemistry, hemoglobins physiology, amino acid sequence, carbon dioxide chemistry, chromatography, high pressure liquid, models, molecular, molecular sequence data, oxygen metabolism, protein structure, secondary, protein structure, tertiary, software, temperature, time factors, trypsin pharmacology, whales.
Craik, J.D., J.D. Young, and C.I. Cheeseman (1998). GLUT-1 mediation of rapid glucose transport in dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) red blood cells. American Journal of Physiology 274(1, Pt. 2): R112-9. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: D-Glucose entry into erythrocytes from adult dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) was rapid, showed saturation at high substrate concentrations, and demonstrated a marked stimulation by intracellular D-glucose. Kinetic parameters were estimated from the concentration dependence of initial rates of tracer entry at 6 degrees C: for zero-trans entry, Michaelis constant (K(m)) was 0.78 +/- 0.10 mM and maximal velocity (Vmax) was 300 +/- 9 mumol.l cell water-1.min-1; for equilibrium exchange entry, K(m) was 17.5 +/- 0.6 mM and Vmax was 8,675 +/- 96 mumol.l cell water-1.min-1. Glucose entry was inhibited by cytochalasin B, and mass law analysis of reversible, D-glucose-displaceable, cytochalasin B binding gave values of 0.37 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg membrane protein for maximal binding and 0.48 +/- 0.10 microM for the dissociation constant. Dolphin glucose transporter polypeptides were identified on sodium-dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblots [using antibodies that recognized human glucose transporter isoform (GLUT-1)] as two molecular species, apparent relative molecular weights of 53,000 and 47,000. Identity of these polypeptides was confirmed by D-glucose-sensitive photolabeling of membranes with [3H]cytochalasin B. Digestion of both dolphin and human red blood cell membranes with glycopeptidase F led to the generation of a sharp band of relative molecular weight 46,000 derived from GLUT-1. Trypsin treatment of human and dolphin erythrocyte membranes generated fragmentation patterns consistent with similar polypeptide structures for GLUT-1 in human and dolphin red blood cells.
Descriptors: blood glucose metabolism, dolphins physiology, erythrocyte membrane metabolism, erythrocytes metabolism, monosaccharide transport proteins blood, binding, competitive, biological transport drug effects, blotting, western, cytochalasin b blood, cytochalasin b pharmacology, electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel, kinetics, monosaccharide transport proteins isolation and purification, tritium.
Craik, J.D., J.D. Young, and C.I. Cheeseman (1997). Nucleoside transport in erythrocytes from bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology 117(1): 127-34. ISSN: 1096-4940.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Entry of adenosine, and thymidine, into erythrocytes from adult dolphins was rapid, showed saturation at higher substrate concentrations, and was strongly inhibited by low concentrations of nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR). Kinetic parameters were estimated from the concentration dependence of initial rates of tracer entry at 21 degrees C, as K(m) 0.14 +/- 0.05 mM and Vmax 24.4 +/- 1.9 mumol/litre cell water/sec for zero trans entry of adenosine, and K(m) 0.96 +/- 0.21 mM and Vmax 25.4 +/- 1.7 mumol/litre cell water/sec for thymidine. Adenosine, and thymidine, entry were inhibited by both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. Mass law analysis of a saturable component of nitrobenzylthioinosine binding to dolphin red cell membranes gave values of Bmax 65.4 +/- 1.2 pmol/mg protein, and K(d) of 1.53 +/- 0.08 nM for a single class of sites. Photo-irradiation of dolphin red cell membranes in the presence of tritiated nitrobenzylthioinosine led to radioactive labeling of polypeptides M(r) 52, 500-58,000, on SDS-PAGE.
Descriptors: dolphins blood, erythrocytes metabolism, nucleosides pharmacokinetics, affinity labels, binding, competitive, biological transport drug effects, photochemistry, purine nucleoside phosphorylase metabolism, rabbits, rats, thioinosine analogs and derivatives, thioinosine pharmacology.
Craik, J.D., C.I. Cheeseman, and J.D. Young (1995). Rapid entry of d-glucose into erythrocytes from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Marine Mammal Science 11(4): 584-589. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, blood and lymphatics, transport and circulation, cell biology, metabolism, systematics and taxonomy, metabolism.
Cranford, T.W. (2004). Industrial ct-imagess of large whales as a foundation for sound propagation models. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 285. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: equipment apparatus devices and instrumentation, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, models and simulations, computational biology, finite element modeling, mathematical and computer techniques, industrial x ray computed tomography scanner, industrial x ray ct scanner, field equipment, sound propagation models, mathematical and computer techniques.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2004.
Crichton, P.B., M.S. Henry, and D.C. Old (2000). Strain discrimination of a novel serotype of Salmonella from harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) by molecular techniques. Veterinary Microbiology 76(1): 61-69. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V44
Descriptors: Phocoena, Salmonella, serotypes, strains, strain differences, identification, antigens, biochemical markers, disease transmission, Scotland.
Crumpton, M.J. and P.A. Small Jr. (1967). Conformation of immunologically-active fragments of sperm whale myoglobin in aqueous solution. Journal of Molecular Biology 26(1): 143-6. ISSN: 0022-2836.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8224
Descriptors: myoglobin, peptides, Cetacea, chemistry, physical, solutions.
Dalebout, M.L., C.S. Baker, J.G. Mead, V.G. Cockcroft, and T.K. Yamada (2004). A comprehensive and validated molecular taxonomy of beaked whales, family Ziphiidae. Journal of Heredity 95(6): 459-473. ISSN: 0022-1503.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 AM3
Abstract: DNA sequences from orthologous loci can provide universal characters for taxonomic identification. Molecular taxonomy is of particular value for groups in which distinctive morphological features are difficult to observe or compare. To assist in species identification for the little known family Ziphiidae (beaked whales), we compiled a reference database of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (437 bp) and cytochrome b (384 bp) sequences for all 21 described species in this group. This mtDNA database is complemented by a nuclear database of actin intron sequences (925 bp) for 17 of the 21 species. All reference sequences were derived from specimens validated by diagnostic skeletal material or other documentation, and included four holotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences confirmed the genetic distinctiveness of all beaked whale species currently recognized. Both mitochondrial loci were well suited for species identification, with reference sequences for all known ziphiids forming robust species-specific clades in phylogenetic reconstructions. The majority of species were also distinguished by nuclear alleles. Phylogenetic comparison of sequence data from "test" specimens to these reference databases resulted in three major taxonomic discoveries involving animals previously misclassified from morphology. Based on our experience with this family and the order Cetacea as a whole, we suggest that a molecular taxonomy should consider the following components: comprehensiveness, validation, locus sensitivity, genetic distinctiveness and exclusivity, concordance, and universal accessibility and curation.
Descriptors: Ziphiidae, identification techniques, nucleic acids, molecular genetics, nuclear and mtdna sequences, phylogeny, validated molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships based on mtdna and nuclear sequences, variation.
Dalebout, M.L., J.G. Mead, C.S. Baker, A.N. Baker, and A.L. Van Helden (2002). A new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon perrini sp. N. (Cetacea: Ziphiidae) discovered through phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Marine Mammal Science 18(3): 577-608. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: systematics and taxonomy, cranial morphology, geographic distribution, mitochondrial DNA, beaked whale, phylogenetic analysis.
Dalvit, C. and P.E. Wright (1987). Assignment of resonances in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the carbon monoxide complex of sperm whale myoglobin by phase-sensitive two-dimensional techniques. Journal of Molecular Biology 194(2): 313-27. ISSN: 0022-2836.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8224
Abstract: Phase-sensitive two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) experiments have been used to obtain extensive proton resonance assignments for the carbon monoxide complex of sperm whale myoglobin. Multiple quantum experiments were particularly important in the assignment procedure. The assignments are the most complete yet reported for a protein of such high molecular weight (approximately 18,000) and make possible new and comprehensive studies of the structure and dynamics of carbonmonoxymyoglobin in solution. Assignments for seven of the histidine residues are reported, including the critical proximal and distal histidines. Most of these are at variance with the assignments already in the literature. The present n.m.r. data indicate that histidines 24 (B5) and 119 (GH1) are hydrogen bonded to each other and, in contrast to neutron diffraction data, show that His24 does not protonate at pH greater than 5. The aromatic rings of all the phenylalanine and tyrosine residues undergo rapid flips about the ring axis. The side-chains of Leu89 (F4) and Phe138 (H15), which border a large hydrophobic cavity, are particularly mobile.
Descriptors: myoglobin, amino acid sequence, heme, macromolecular substances, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, tryptophan, tyrosine, whales.
Das, K., G. Lepoint, Y. Leroy, and J.M. Bouquegneau (2003). Marine mammals from the southern North Sea: Feeding ecology data from [delta]13C and [delta]15N measurements. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263: 287-298. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Descriptors: Halichoerus grypus Cetacea, Phocoena phocoena, inorganic substances, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition, nutrition, food webs, North Sea, diet and feeding ecology inferences from stable isotope composition, comparative study.
David, C.S. and M.Z. Atassi (1982). Genetic control and intersite influences on the immune response to sperm whale myoglobin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 150: 97-125. ISSN: 0065-2598.
Abstract: Determination of the precise antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin (Mb) has enabled us to focus our attention on the molecular and cellular factors that control and regulate the immune responses to the protein antigen. Our studies have shown that the immune responses to sperm-whale Mb are controlled by genes in the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) of mice. More importantly, the responses to the synthetic antigenic sites are each under separate genetic control. The recognition of the antigenic sites by antibodies is independent of the immunized species and of the time the antisera are obtained after the initial immunization (from nine days up to a year). The same sites are recognized by antisera raised in rabbit, goat, pig, cat, chicken and outbred and inbred mice. The same sites recognized by mouse B-cells are also recognized by mouse T-cells. No meaningful genetic control of antibody affinity was observed. Autoimmune antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses were readily generated by immunizing an animal with self-Mb. With mouse Mb, the autoimmune T-lymphocyte response was under genetic control and mapped with the I-A and the H-2D end of the H-2 gene complex. In other recent studies we have shown, using several Mb variants, that the binding capacity of an antigenic site is fully accounted for by substitutions in the antigenic sites (actual contact residues) and in residues close (within 7.A) to the sites (i.e. environmental residues). The overall response to Mb is regulated by inter-site influences which can either be of a cooperative (help) nature or of a suppressive nature. Finally, genetic control of the responses to individual antigenic sites on a protein is not only determined by the genetic constitution of the host but also by the chemical properties of the individual sites. The H-2 subregions mapping the responses to given antigenic sites can also recognize other sites, which were previously unrecognizable in a homologous protein, if the chemical properties of these sites are suitably altered.
Descriptors: antibody formation, genes, mhc class ii, h 2 antigens immunology, myoglobin immunology, antibody specificity, autoantibodies biosynthesis, epitopes, lymphocyte activation, mice, peptide fragments immunology, species specificity, t lymphocytes immunology.
De Guise, S., J. Bernier, M.M. Dufresne, D. Martineau, P. Beland, and M. Fournier (1996). Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): evaluation of mitogen-induced blastic transformation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood, spleen and thymus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 50(1-2): 117-126. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, lymphocytes, lymphocyte transformation, blood, monocytes, spleen cells, thymocytes, measurement.
De Guise, S., J. Bernier, D. Martineau, P. Beland, and M. Fournier (1997). Phenotyping of beluga whale blood lymphocytes using monoclonal antibodies. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 21(5): 425-33. ISSN: 0145-305X.
Abstract: Widespread efforts are currently made to classify morphologically indistinguishable lymphocyte subpopulations in several species. In order to increase the knowledge in cetacean immunology, cross-reactivity of antibodies against bovine, human, ovine and mouse cell surface proteins was tested on beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) peripheral blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry. Anti-MHC class I and II as well as anti-CD2 reacted with virtually all peripheral blood lymphocytes. Anti-TCR gamma delta and anti-CD4 reacted with respectively 31% and 30% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. B lymphocytes were identified by an anti-surface IgM which was present on 6% of blood lymphocytes. Specificity of these antibodies was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of beluga proteins with similar molecular weight to that of other species. These results could be useful for further immunotoxicological evaluation of highly versus mildly contaminated populations of belugas.
Descriptors: lymphocytes immunology, whales immunology, antibodies, monoclonal immunology, cattle, immunophenotyping, lymphocytes classification, mice, precipitin tests, sheep.
De Guise, S., K. Erickson, M. Blanchard, L. DiMolfetto, H.D. Lepper, J. Wang, J.L. Stott, and D.A. Ferrick (2002). Monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte surface antigens for cetacean homologues to CD2, CD19 and CD21. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 84(3-4): 209-221. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: Cetacea, monoclonal antibodies, lymphocytes, antigens, B lymphocytes, binding, T lymphocytes, cell suspensions, lymph nodes.
De Guise, S., P.S. Ross, A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, D. Martineau, P. Beland, and M. Fournier (1997). Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): evaluation of natural killer cell activity. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 58(3-4): 345-354. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, immune system, natural killer cells, activity, defense mechanisms, viruses, infections, neoplasms, biochemical techniques, chromium, isotope labeling, flow cytometry, assays, cell lines, interleukin 2, ratios.
de Guise, S., D. Flipo, J.R. Boehm, D. Martineau, P. Beland, and M. Fournier (1995). Immune functions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): evaluation of phagocytosis and respiratory burst with peripheral blood leukocytes using flow cytometry. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 47(3-4): 351-362. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: Flow cytometric assays using peripheral blood were developed to study phagocytosis and respiratory burst, the two major functions of neutrophils and among the most important non-specific defense mechanisms, in beluga whales. The use of flow cytometry avoids the problems associated with the isolation and purification of different cell types, and allows the measurement of a large number of cells (10000) in a very short period of time. The methods described will be used to compare these functions in blood samples from highly contaminated beluga whales from the St. Lawrence and from relatively clean arctic beluga whales.
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, transport and circulation, cell biology, ecology, environmental sciences, immune system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, marine ecology, ecology, environment