Abello, M., M. Velasco, and F. Esteban (1999). A training programme for a male gorilla at the Barcelona Zoo. International Zoo News 46(7): 418-420. ISSN: 0020-9155.
NAL Call Number: QL76.I58
Descriptors: semen collection, gorillas in zoos, Gorilla gorilla, Barcelona Zoo, Spain, animal training program.
Allard, S.M., T.S. Stoinski, M.A. Bloomsmith, and T.L. Maple (2003). The effects of enrichment structures on captive gorilla behavior. American Journal of Primatology 60 (Suppl. 1): 95-96. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: gorillas, foraging behavior, captive animals in zoos, environmental enrichment, animal behavior, affiliative behavior, meeting abstract.
Notes: 26th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; July 29-August 2, 2003. Guest Editor: Marilyn A. Norconk.
Baker, K., M.L. Bloomsmith, S. Ross, S. Lambeth, and P. Noble (2001). Control vs. passive exposure to joystick controlled computer tasks intended as enrichment for chimpanees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 54(Suppl. 1): 64. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: behavioral enrichment, joystick tasks, vocalizations, animal welfare, food rewards, chimps, control of environment, meeting abstract.
Notes: 24th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 8-11, 2001.
Baker, K.C. (2000). Advanced age influences chimpanzee behavior in small social groups. Zoo Biology 19(2): 111-119. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: animal behavior, social interactions, age influences on social behavior, captive management of chimpanzees, enrichment devices, social housing, aggression, object manipulation.
Baker, K.C. (2004). Benefits of positive human interaction for socially housed chimpanzees. Animal Welfare 13(2): 239-245. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: human interaction as environmental enrichment, positive interactions, social interactions, animal behavior, adult chimps, grooming, reduction in levels of abnormal behaviors.
Baker, K.C. and F. Aureli (2000). Coping with conflict during initial encounters in chimpanzees. Ethology 106(6): 527-541. ISSN: 0179-1613.
NAL Call Number: QL750.E74
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, social behavior, agonistic behavior during animal introductions, allogrooming, chimpanzees, cost and benefits of social grouping.
Baker, K.C., E. Seres, F. Aureli, and F.B. De Waal (2000). Injury risks among chimpanzees in three housing conditions. American Journal of Primatology 51(3): 161-175. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Abstract: Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their aggressiveness on the one hand and the complexity of their social lives on the other. It is unclear how to balance the need to provide opportunities for species-appropriate behavior against potential risks of injury chimpanzees may inflict on each other. This study evaluates the suggestion that simpler social environments protect chimpanzees from wounding. Over a two-year period all visible injuries to 46 adult males, 64 adult females, and 25 immature chimpanzees were recorded at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. Approximately half of the subjects were mother-reared, and the rest were nursery-reared. Housing included compounds containing about 20 chimpanzees, interconnected indoor-outdoor runs for groups of up to 12 individuals, and smaller indoor-outdoor runs for pairs and trios. Annual wounding rates were calculated for serious wounds (extensive injuries and all those requiring veterinary intervention) as well as for minor wounds. Compound-housed chimpanzees incurred the highest level of minor wounding, but serious wounding levels were not affected by housing condition. Even with a period of dominance instability and elevated levels of wounding in one compound, compound chimpanzees were not injured more than those in smaller social groups over the long term. Nursery-reared females in moderate-sized groups were wounded more than mother-reared females. Also, nursery-reared males and females were wounded less often when paired with mother-reared companions. Overall, this study indicates that maintaining chimpanzees in pairs and trios would not be an effective means for reducing injuries. The management of wounding in chimpanzee colonies is influenced more by the sex and rearing composition of a colony.
Descriptors: animal welfare, three housing situations, comparison study, Pan troglodytes, wounds and injuries, aggression, risk assessment, Yerkes Primate Research Center.
Bell, B. and P. Khan. (2001). Training multi-task medical behaviors in the bonobo (Pan paniscus). In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society: Brookfield, Illinois, USA, p. 128-130. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACBell.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: training for medical behavior, bonobos, Pan paniscus, ultrasound measurements, squeeze restraint, routine blood draws, Milwaukee County Zoo, USA.
Birke, L. (2002). Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour of captive orangutans. Animal Welfare 11(2): 189-202 . ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: Pongo pygmaeus, herbaceous browse, zoo animal behavior, enrichment, human activity, zoo animals, visitor behavior, visitor impact, animal welfare, human-animal interactions, environmental enrichment.
Bloomsmith, M., K.C. Baker, S.R. Ross, and K.a. Pazol (2002). The behavioral effects of early rearing experience on captive chimpanzee behavioral development: The juvenile years. American Journal of Primatology 57(Supplement 1): 54-55. ISSN: 0275-2565.
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, social behavior and development, abnormal behavior, early rearing experience, play behavior, meeting abstract.
Notes: 25th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; June 01-04, 2002.
Bloomsmith, M., L. Brent, and K. Baker (2001). The care and management of captive chimpanzees workshop: Managing social behavior. American Journal of Primatology 54(Suppl. 1): 25. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: positive reinforcement training, environmental enrichment, animal husbandry, social behavior, Pan troglodytes, meeting abstract.
Notes: 24th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 8-11, 2001.
Bloomsmith, M.A., K.C. Baker, S.P. Lambeth, S.K. Ross, and S.J. Shapiro. (2001). Is giving chimpanzees control over environmental enrichment a good idea? In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, Chicago Zoological Society: Chicago, Illinois, USA, p. 88-89. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACBloom2.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: psychological well-being, providing animals control over their environment, chimps, Pan troglodytes, computer-joystick task, behavioral change.
Bloomsmith, M.A., K.C. Baker, S.K. Ross, and S.P. Lambeth (1999). Comparing animal training to non-training human interaction as environmental enrichment for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 49(1): 35-36. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, animal care, animal training, environmental enrichment, non-training human interactions, meeting abstract.
Notes: 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; August 12-16, 1999.
Bloomsmith, M.A. and J.G. Else (2005). Behavioral management of chimpanzees in biomedical research facilities: The state of the science. ILAR Journal 46(2): 192-201. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Abstract: The current status of the behavioral management of chimpanzees housed in US research facilities is examined, and recent advances are described. Behavioral management includes the application of environmental enrichment, animal training, and environmental design for improving animal welfare. Authors surveyed the six major chimpanzee holding facilities and found that the vast majority of chimpanzees are housed socially, with access to the outdoors. The institutions currently invest in behavioral scientists, enrichment specialists, and, most recently, chimpanzee trainers to implement and study chimpanzee behavioral management. This review is based on the substantial scientific literature related to managing social behavior, identifying the behavioral effects of restricted socialization, evaluating various forms of enrichment, and describing positive reinforcement animal training. Authors outline recent accomplishments in behavioral management, summarize behavioral issues that have been evaluated, and identify issues for future consideration. It is proposed that the enhanced application of behavioral management techniques, including training, could significantly reduce chimpanzee stress that is generally associated with experimental manipulations, and could improve animal welfare and the quality of biomedical research. The next challenge is to implement effectively and thoroughly the approaches that have been shown to be beneficial.
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, animal training, environmental design, animal welfare, behavioral management of chimpanzees in biomedical research, United States of America, results of a survey, literature review, managing social behavior, positive reinforcement training, chimps, Pan troglodytes.
Bloomsmith, M.A. and S.P. Lambeth (2000). Videotapes as enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology 19(6): 541-551. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: male and female chimpanzees, group size, responses to video recordings, animal behavior, enrichment, effects of housing, sex differences, visual stimuli, environmental enrichment.
Bloomsmith, M.A., S.P. Lambeth, J.E. Perlman, M.A. Hook, and S.J. Schapiro (2000). Control over videotape enrichment for socially housed chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 51(Suppl. 1): 44-45. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: videotapes as enrichment for chimps, social behavior, social housing, visual stimuli, meeting abstract.
Notes: 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Denver, Colorado, USA; June 21-24, 2000.
Bloomsmith, M.A., S.K. Ross, and K.C. Baker (2000). Control over computer-assisted enrichment for socially housed chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 51(Suppl. 1): 45. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: animal care, chimps, scan sampling technique, behavioral observation, computer-assisted enrichment, social housing, meeting abstract.
Bloomsmith, M.L., S. Lambeth, and T. Stoinski (2001). The behavioral effects of meal predictability on chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 54(Suppl. 1): 96. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimps, Pan troglodytes, feeding schedules, animal behavior, abnormal behavior, housing type, self-directed behavior, timing of animal husbandry events, meeting abstract.
Notes: 24th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 8-11, 2001.
Brent, L. (2004). Solutions for research chimpanzees. Lab Animal 33(1): 37-43. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Abstract: As one of humankind's closest animal relatives, the chimpanzee has proven to be a valuable but controversial research model. The author provides an overview of efforts to improve chimpanzee welfare, and describes a facility dedicated to providing lifelong care for these nonhuman primates following retirement from research.
Descriptors: ethics of animal experimentation, animal welfare, research models, Pan troglodytes, animal husbandry, legislation.
Brent, L. (2001). Behavior and environmental enrichment of individually housed chimpanzees. In: Special Topics in Primatology, Vol. 2, American Society of Primatologists: Chicago, Illinois, USA, p. 146-171. ISBN: 096583011X.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 C355 2001
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, chimps, enrichment, individually housed animals, impacts of enrichment on behavior, review article.
Buckley, C. (2003). Captive orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus) and environmental enrichment. Ratel 30(1): 11-22. ISSN: 0305-1218.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.R37
Descriptors: Pongo pygmaeus, zoos, enriched environment, care in captivity, Dublin Zoo, Ireland.
Burks, K. (2001). Bachelor gorilla introductions: using empirical data in decision-making. In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, Chicago Zoological Society: Chicago, Illinois, USA, p. 67-70. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACBurks.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: social groups, Western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, animal introductions, formation of bachelor groups, decision making, animal behavior, empirical data, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Burks, K.D., M.A. Bloomsmith, D.L. Forthman, and T.L. Maple (2001). Managing the socialization of an adult male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with a history of social deprivation. Zoo Biology 20(5): 347-358. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: adult male gorilla, zoo animals, socially deprived individual, aggressive behavior, behavior change, group size, attachment behavior, agonistic behavior, social behavior, animal welfare.
Casler, L.E. and L.T. Nash (1999). Day nest building and nest use by captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 49(1): 41-42. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimps, behavioral enrichment, nest building and usage, substrate used to build nests, rearing differences, meeting abstract.
Notes: 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; August 12-16, 1999.
Celli, M.L., M. Tomonaga, T. Udono, M. Teramoto, and K. Nagano (2003). Tool use task as environmental enrichment for captive chimpanzees. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(2): 171-182 . ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, environmental enrichment, animal welfare, foraging, using tools to access honey, animal behavior, physical activity, learning, animal well-being.
Condon, E. and S. Wehnelt. (2003). The effect of an enriched environment on behavioural and hormonal indicators of welfare in orang-utans at Chester Zoo. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, July 7, 2003-July 8, 2003, Marwell Zoological Park, Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, England, p. 53-58.
Descriptors: Pongo pygmaeus, stress hormones, cortisol levels, animal behavior, impacts of environmental enrichment, animal welfare, Chester Zoo, UK.
Cox, C.R., T.T. Dubois, and V.I. Renzetti (2002). Effects of supplemental feeding enrichment on gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) activity at the Los Angeles Zoo. American Journal of Primatology 57(Suppl. 1): 83. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: gorillas, animal behavior, food seeking opportunities, foraging behavior, leafy browse, regurgitation and reingestion, safflower seeds, Los Angeles Zoo, California, meeting abstract.
Notes: 25th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; June 1-4, 2002.
Craig, J. (2004). Training an older orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) for voluntary injection. In: Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) Conference Proceedings 2004, April 4, 2004-April 9, 2004, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Animal Behavior Management Alliance: p. 68. [CD-Rom]
Descriptors: chemical immobilization, shaping behavior, presentation of body parts, zoos.
Cranfield, M. (2004). Risk/benefit of behavior modification of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei): A conservation tool or detriment? In: Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) Conference Proceedings 2004, April 4, 2004-April 9, 2004, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Animal Behavior Management Alliance: p. 85. [CD-Rom]
Descriptors: habituation to humans, behavioral data collection, stress, compromising animal health, enabling veterinary care, meeting abstract.
Enciso, A.E., J.M. Calcagno, and K.C. Gold (1999). Social interactions between captive adult male and infant lowland gorillas: Implications regarding kin selection and zoo management. Zoo Biology 18(1): 53-62. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: male gorilla, captive animals, parental behavior, male animals, aggressive behavior, kin selection, young animals, adult male-infant interactions.
Franklin, J.A. and S.R. Taylor. (2000). The health management of orangutans through training. In: American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings, American Zoo and Aquarium Association: Wheeling, West Virginia, USA, Vol. 2000, p. 1-2. ISBN: ISSN: 1088-0402.
NAL Call Number: QL76.5.U6A47
Descriptors: Pongo pygmaeus, care in captivity, health management through training.
Fritz, J. (2004). Do chimpanzees like music? Will they choose their own? Laboratory Primate Newsletter 43(4): 6. ISSN: 0023-6861.
Online: http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn43-4.html#music
Descriptors: environmental choice, Primate Foundation of Arizona, choice of music, brief introduction to a chimp study.
Grisham, J., F. Lyon, P. Pearson, and C. MacFarlane (2000). Great EscApe: The great ape facility at Oklahoma City Zoological Park. International Zoo Yearbook 37: 366-374. ISSN: 0074-9664.
NAL Call Number: QL76.I5
Descriptors: exhibit design and construction, great apes, biology and conservation, educational experience, landscaping, natural surroundings, Oklahoma City Zoo, Oklahoma, USA.
Grundmann, E. and M.C. Bomsel (2000). Nests and nest building behaviour in rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Folia Primatologica 71(4): 227. ISSN: 0015-5713.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9F6
Descriptors: behavior, focal sampling of behavior, videotaping, nest architecture, nesting behavior, reintroduction programs, social learning, socialization cages, meeting abstract.
Notes: 6th Congress of the German Primate Society, Utrecht, Germany; August 18-21, 1999.
Guillen-Salazar, F., E. Font, and A. Sendra (2001). The presence of visitors does not affect the results of an instrumental enrichment programme for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Folia Primatologica 72(6): 357. ISSN: 0015-5713.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9F6
Descriptors: chimps, Pan troglodytes, visitor effects on chimp behavior, environmental enrichment program, animal welfare, primates in captivity, housing, pipe feeder, Valencia Zoo, Spain, meeting abstract.
Notes: 1st Meeting of the Asociacion Primatologica Espanola (APE) and the First European Workshop on Primate Research, Madrid, Spain; October 16-19, 1996.
Guillen-Salazar, F., C. Perez-Selles, and S. Navarro-Serra (2005). Evaluation of an environmental enrichment technique for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by means of a single case experimental design. Folia Primatologica 76(1): 54. ISSN: 0015-5713.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9F6
Descriptors: animal welfare, environmental enrichment techniques, relatively small sample size of zoo animal populations, new experimental design, adult male chimpanzee, Valencia Zoo, Spain, effect of enrichment on animal's activity budget, meeting abstract .
Notes: 5th Meeting of the Spanish Primatological Society, Valencia, Spain; September 16 -20, 2003.
Guillen-Salazar, F., E. Font, A. Sendra, and I. Docavo (2001). Evaluacion de dos procedimientos de enriquecimiento ambiental para chimpances (Pan troglodytes Blumenbach, 1799) en el Zoologico de Valencia (Espana). [Evaluation of two environmental enrichment devices for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes Blumenbach, 1799) at the Valencia Zoo (Spain)]. Boletin De La Real Sociedad Espanola De Historia Natural Seccion Biologica 96(3-4): 263-271. ISSN: 0366-3272.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 SO18
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, chimps, Valencia Zoo, Spain, environmental enrichment devices, primates in captivity, pipe feeder, enrichment evaluation, activity patterns of captive animals, animal behavior.
Language of Text: Spanish; Summary in English and Spanish.
Harper, P. (2001). Eight years of environmental enrichment for Adelaide Zoo's adult male orangutan. Australasian Primatology 15(1): 15-23.
Descriptors: Pongo pygmaeus, adult male orangutan, environmental enrichment, zoo enclosures, animal welfare, Adelaide Zoo, Australia.
Harvey, H., T. Rice, R. Kayhart, and C. Torres (2000). The effects of specific types of music on the activity levels of singly housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 51(Suppl. 1): 60. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimp behavior, Pan troglodytes, chimpanzees, individual housing, musical and auditory enrichment, type of music, meeting abstract.
Notes: 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Denver, Colorado, USA; June 21-24, 2000.
Hebert, P.L. and K. Bard (2000). Orangutan use of vertical space in an innovative habitat. Zoo Biology 19(4): 239-251. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: importance of vertical space, exhibit design, instantaneous scan sampling, activity levels, species-typical behavior, Pongo pygmaeus, orangutans, use of space, stereotypical behavior, use of lower canopy and skylights.
Hill, S.P. and D.M. Broom. (2003). Home improvements: behavioural responses of captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to enrichment efforts. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, July 7, 2003-July 8, 2003, Marwell Zoological Park, Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, England, p. 1-3.
Online: http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP5.pdf
Descriptors: adult gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, environmental manipulation, encouraging normal behavior, food presentation, husbandry routines, coping responses, European zoos, Duisburg Zoo (Germany), Paignton Zoo (UK), Lisbon Zoo (Portugal).
Hirata, S. and N. Morimura (2000). Naive chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) observation of experienced conspecifics in a tool-using task. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114(3): 291-296. ISSN: 0735-7036.
Abstract: The authors investigated the occurrence of naive chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) spontaneous observation of experienced conspecifics during a tool-use task entailing honey fishing. The chimpanzees were presented with 20 kinds of "tools" of which 12 kinds were usable. Six pairs of naive and experienced chimpanzees were brought to this honey-fishing situation. A total of 40 observation episodes occurred between the naive and experienced groups, 34 of which were from naive toward experienced individuals. Naive chimpanzees never observed their partners after their own success but did so after their own failure or before their first attempts. In addition, there were 10 cases in which naive individuals used the left-over tools of the experienced ones. Two factors for the transmission of tool use were clearly evident in this study: (a) spontaneous observation of an appropriate behavioral sequence and (b) enhanced environmental cues made by skilled individuals.
Descriptors: imitative behavior, Pan troglodytes, chimpanzee use of tools, problem solving, cognition and learning, social behavior, honey fishing.
Hoffman, K., S. Howell, M. Schwandt, and J. Fritz (2002). Vasectomy as a birth control modality for captive chimpanzees. Lab Animal 31(8): 45-48. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal welfare, contraception, Pan troglodytes, male chimpanzees, vasectomy, animal behavior, contraception methods, guidelines.
Howell, S. and J. Fritz (1999). The nuts and bolts of captive chimpanzee diets and food as enrichment: a survey. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2(3): 205-215. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, animal feeding, foods for enrichment, animal welfare, diets, leafy browse, breakfast cereals, surveys.
Howell, S., J. Fritz, M. Schwandt, B. Malling, and K. Miles (2001). A community based occupational enrichment program for captive chimpanzees. Lab Animal 30(8): 30-33. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Abstract: The authors describe a cost-effective program for providing chimpanzee enrichment that at the same time educates the local community about the care of these animals in research.
Descriptors: animal welfare, laboratory animals, cost-benefit analysis, diet, education, housing, chimps, Pan troglodytes, social behavior, toys.
Howell, S., E. Roeder, C. Nelson, J. Fritz, and M. Schwandt (2002). The effect of music on the behavior of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 57(Suppl. 1): 83-84. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: scan sampling, focal behavior, aggression, exploration, calming effect of soft vocal music, social behavior, meeting abstract.
Notes: 25th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1 June to 4 June 2002.
Howell, S., M. Schwandt, J. Fritz, K. Ossi, and E. Cobb (2003). Customizing an environmental enrichment program for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. American Journal of Primatology 60 (Suppl. 1): 96. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, animal care, environmental enrichment program, feeding enrichment, rearing effects, sex effects, socially housed population, stationary furnishing, meeting abstract.
Notes: 26th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; July 29-August 2, 2003.
Howell, S., M. Schwandt, J. Fritz, E. Roeder, and C. Nelson (2003). A stereo music system as environmental enrichment for captive chimpanzees. Lab Animal 32(10): 31-36. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Abstract: Music has been shown to have beneficial effects on humans but little is known about the effects of music on nonhuman primates in biomedical research settings. The authors monitored the effects of music on the behavior of captive chimpanzees and found that music had significant positive effects, including a reduction in agitated and aggressive behaviors.
Descriptors: reduction in aggression, agitation, and anxiety, effects of music on behavior, chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, controlled study, environmental enrichment.
Howell, S., M. Schwandt, J. Fritz, and S. Walker (2002). From laboratory to more natural enclosures: Maintaining the well-being of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Laboratory Primate Newsletter 41(4): 5-9. ISSN: 0023-6861.
Online: http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn41-4.html
NAL Call Number: SF407.P7 L3
Descriptors: Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance and Protection (CHIMP) Act, effect of environment on behavior, well-being, enriched environment, complexity, USA.
Jensvold, M.L.A., C.M. Sanz, R.S. Fouts, and D.H. Fouts (2001). Effect of enclosure size and complexity on the behaviors of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4(1): 53-69 . ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, floor space, physical activity, locomotion, posture, animal welfare, cages, design, environmental enrichment.
Jones, P., R. Cantrell, and M. Chaplin (2004). Enriching your enrichment program. Animal Keepers' Forum 31(10): 430-436. ISSN: 0164-9531.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.A54
Descriptors: gorillas, enrichment framework, naturalistic exhibits, puzzle feeders, mesh boxes, bungees, rope braiding, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Kinder, T. (2003). Demographic differences in the use of an enrichment device among zoo living western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology 60 (Suppl. 1): 128. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, PVC puzzle feeders, novelty, social behavior, object manipulation, age effects, gender effects, meeting abstract.
Notes: 26th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Alberta, Canada; 30 July to 2 August 2003.
Lambeth, S., M. Bloomsmith, K. Baker, J. Perlman, M. Hook, and S. Schapiro (2001). Control over videotape enrichment for socially housed chimpanzees: subsequent challenge tests. American Journal of Primatology 54(Suppl. 1): 62-63. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, animal care, social behavior, solitary play, stress, videotape enrichment use by chimps, psychological well-being, meeting abstract.
Notes: 24th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 8-11, 2001.
Lambeth, S.P., J. Hau, J.E. Perlman, M. Martino, and S.J. Schapiro (2006). Positive reinforcement training affects hematologic and serum chemistry values in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 68(3): 245-256. ISSN: 1098-2345.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: positive reinforcement training, stress reduction, behavioral management, Pan troglodytes, injection training, hematology and serum chemistry profiles, physiological measures, chimpanzees.
Leyendecker, M. and U. Magiera (2001). Lebensraumbereicherung bel adulten orang-utans, Pongo pygmaeus, im zoo. [Living space enrichment for adult orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus, in the zoo]. Zoologische Garten 71(3): 173-193. ISSN: 0044-5169.
NAL Call Number: 410 Z724
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, adult orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus, feeding enrichment, object manipulation, food boxes, juice feeders, roof-feeding, seeds, decrease in antagonistic and abnormal behaviors.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English.
Lukas, K.E., M.P. Hoff, and T.L. Maple (2003). Gorilla behavior in response to systematic alternation between zoo enclosures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(4): 367-386. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: complex naturalistic enclosures, behavioral data collection, animal behavior, use of exhibit space, novelty, environmental enrichment, Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Martin, J.E. (2005). The effects of rearing conditions on grooming and play behaviour in captive chimpanzees. Animal Welfare 14(2): 125-133.
Descriptors: rearing background, psychological well-being, chimps, zoos, social behavior.
Mentz, I. and K. Perret (1999). Environmental enrichment bei Flachlandgorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) - Beobachtungen zur Nahrungsaufnahme und zum Manipulationsverhalten. [Environmental enrichment in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla): observations on feeding behavior and manipulation of food]. Zoologische Garten 69(1): 49-63. ISSN: 0044-5169.
NAL Call Number: 410 Z724
Descriptors: Gorilla gorilla gorilla, gorillas, behavioral enrichment, tool use in connection with feeding, feeding enrichment, food boxes, raisin sticks, psychological well-being, Muenster Zoo, Germany.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English and German.
Morimura, N. (2003). A note on enrichment for spontaneous tool use by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 82(3): 241-247. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, provision of choice to captive animals, well-being, feeding enrichment, voluntary tool-use, tube feeders, juice, behavioral freedom.
Nakamichi, M. and E. Kato (2001). Long-term proximity relationships in a captive social group of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology 20(3): 197-209. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, endangered species, zoo animals, animal behavior, gender and age effects, group interaction, aggressive behavior.
Neu, K., S. Lambeth, E. Toback, and S. Schapiro (2001). Hay can be used to decrease feces smearing in groups of captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 54(Suppl. 1): 78. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimps, Pan troglodytes, abnormal behavior, animal housing, behavioral enrichment, reduction in feces smearing, hay, meeting abstract.
Notes: 24th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 8-11, 2001.
Neuwald, A. and B.U. Heckner (2000). Neue wege in der haltung von flachlandgorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Savage and Wyman, 1847) im loro parque teneriffa. [A new way of keeping lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Savage and Wyman, 1847) in Loro Park, Tenerife]. Zoologische Garten 70(6): 376-402. ISSN: 0044-5169.
NAL Call Number: 410 Z724
Descriptors: Gorilla gorilla gorilla, male gorillas, dominance hierarchies, enclosure design and size, bachelor group dynamics, play behavior, social interactions, social structure, Loro Parque, Tenerife.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English and German.
Ochiai, O.T. and T. Matsuzawa (2001). Introduction of two wooden climbing frames as environmental enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and its assessment. Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 51(1): 1-9. ISSN: 0916-8419.
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, well-being, three-dimensional space, provision of wooden climbing frames, activity budgets, spacing patterns.
Ross, S.K., M.A. Bloomsmith, K.C. Baker, and W.D. Hopkins (2000). Initiating a computer-assisted enrichment system for captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 51(Suppl. 1): 86-87. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, chimpanzees, modified computer-joystick system, patterns of use, task learning in captive chimps, activity budgets, food rewards, age effects, lack of habituation, meeting abstract.
Notes: 23rd Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Denver, Colorado, USA; June 21-24, 2000.
Ross, S.R., M.A. Bloomsmith, and S.P. Lambeth (2003). Early rearing and the social development of captive chimpanzees: Interactions with social partners. American Journal of Primatology 60(Supplement 1): 39. ISSN: 0275-2565.
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, social development, captive breeding, early rearing environment, group size and composition, play behavior, meeting abstract.
Notes: 26th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; July 29-August 02, 2003.
Ross, S.R. and K.E. Lukas (2001). The care and management of captive chimpanzees workshop: Managing social behavior. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4(4): 299-301. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: chimpanzees as laboratory and zoo animals, Pan troglodytes, group size, artificial rearing, social behavior, aggressive behavior, training of animals, conference report.
Sanz, C., A. Blicher, K. Dalke, L. Gratton Fabbri, T. McClure Richards, and R.S. Fouts (1999). Use of temporary and semipermanent enrichment objects by five chimpanzees. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2(1): 1-11. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, manipulanda, cargo nets, climbing structures, treat mounds, physical activity, social behavior, animal husbandry, animal welfare, social dominance.
Schnapp, N. (2001). Primate centre promises insight into ape research. Nature 410(6829): 618. ISSN: 0028-0836.
Descriptors: apes, animal welfare, zoo exhibits, public opinion, research on intelligence, cognitive abilities, tool-using, numerical skills and social behavior, Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Centre, Zoo Leipzig, Germany.
Seiver, D., P. Walsh, B. Weber, and M. MacPhee. (2001). Operant conditioning of apes to facilitate medical procedures and immobilizations. In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, Chicago Zoological Society: Chicago, Illinois, USA, p. 137-139. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACSeiver.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: apes, positive reinforcement training, animal behavior, husbandry training, immobilizations, administration of medication.
Sendall, C., A. Melin, and J. Paterson (2003). Social and environmental enrichment in a captive troop of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology 60 (Suppl. 1): 54. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: Gorilla gorilla gorilla, gorilla social relationships, focal animal sampling, socialization, effects of introduction on behavior, Calgary Zoo, Canada, meeting abstract.
Notes: 26th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; July 29-August 2, 2003.
Smith, K., T. Tobery, and J. Erwin (2003). Use of space and manipulable objects in chimpanzees: Individual differences in response to environmental enrichment. American Journal of Primatology 60 (Suppl. 1): 80. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, blanket use by chimpanzees, conspecific contact, environmental enrichment response, manipulable objects, sleeping sites, social contact, space use, meeting abstract.
Notes: 26th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; July 29-August 2, 2003.
Stoinski, T.S., N. Czekala, K.E. Lukas, and T.L. Maple (2002). Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla): Age and social group related differences. American Journal of Primatology 56(2): 73-87. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Abstract: Urinary androgen and corticoid levels were measured for 52 captive male Western lowland gorillas to examine age-related variance and potential differences resulting from various social situations. Significant diurnal variation was present in both hormones. Age-related differences in androgens revealed that males experienced two stages of androgen increase and one stage of decrease: increases occurred from juvenile (less than 10 yr of age) to subadult (between 10-13 yr) and subadult to young adult (14-20 yr), whereas decreases occurred from young adult to adult (> 20 yr). Age-related differences in corticoid levels varied depending on the time of day, but morning corticoids were greatest in juvenile males, followed by young adult males. The type of social grouping was associated with differences in corticoid levels, as animals housed socially (in either a heterosexual or all-male group) had similar corticoid levels, whereas solitary males showed greater corticoid levels than their socially-housed counterparts. The increased levels of corticoids in solitary-housed males suggest this management strategy might not be optimal, although more data are needed. Additionally, the significantly greater levels of androgens and corticoids in young adult male gorillas may present management challenges, and thus zoos may need to consider increasing the flexibility of their current management practices with respect to males.
Descriptors: captive male gorillas in zoos, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, social housing, circadian rhythm, stress, age differences, effects of social situation on androgen and corticoid levels, single housing, management strategies.
Tarou, L., M.P. Hoff, M.A. Bloomsmith, and T.L. Maple (2001). A longitudinal examination of aging in Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology 54(Suppl. 1): 93-94. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: Gorilla gorilla gorilla, aging in gorillas, environmental enrichment, locomotion, object manipulation, social contact, meeting abstract.
Tarou, L.R., L. Mayo, a.M. Stone, D. Adcock, C.W. Kuhar, M.a. Bloomsmith, and T.L. Maple (2002). Computer-assisted enrichment for zoo-housed orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). American Journal of Primatology 57(Suppl. 1): 84. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: computer-joystick system, animal behavior, lack of habituation, increases in stress-related behaviors, aggression, meeting abstract.
Notes: 25th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; June 1-4, 2002.
Tecot, S., M.L. Jensvold, and R. Fouts (1999). Evaluation of an enriched physical environment: Space and structure utilization in Pan troglodytes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Suppl. 28): 264. ISSN: 0002-9483.
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, chimp behavior, environmental enrichment, social housing, spatial complexity, structure utilization, meeting abstract.
Notes: 68th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Columbus, Ohio, USA; April 26-May 1, 1999.
Ujhelyi, M., B. Merker, P. Buk, and T. Geissmann (2000). Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114(3): 253-262. ISSN: 0735-7036.
Abstract: Three captive gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) were videotaped in the course of longitudinal exposure to mirrors introduced into their familiar cage or island housing situation. The gibbons, which differed in age, sex, species, and rearing condition, exhibited great individual differences in their behavioral reactions to mirrors, spanning from a minimal reaction dominated by social responses to a dramatic sequence of progressive behavioral change that featured a variety of contingency testing behaviors and included mirror-mediated, self-directed behavior. Additional information on the mirror competence of gibbons was provided by modified mark tests and a hidden object task. The results are discussed in relation to current criteria for self-recognition in primates and factors involved in individual and species differences in reactions to mirror exposure.
Descriptors: gibbons, Hylobates sp., exploratory behavior, reaction to mirrors based on age, sex, species and rearing background, hidden object task, modified mark task, videotaped behavior, social behavior, concept of self, species specificity.
Valdovinos, E. (2001). Effects of enrichment items on the Sacramento Zoo orangutans. Animal Keepers' Forum 28(9): 354-364. ISSN: 0164-9531.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.A54
Descriptors: Pongo pygmaeus, orangutans, environmental enrichment in zoos, interspecific competition, Sacramento Zoo, California, USA.
Videan, E.N., J. Fritz, M.L. Schwandt, H.F. Smith, and S. Howell (2005). Controllability in environmental enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 8(2): 117-130. ISSN: 1088-8705.
Online: http://www.psyeta.org/jaaws/
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: This study considers the use of nonsocial environmental enrichment by captive chimpanzees at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. The goal was to determine whether a relationship existed between controllability of enrichment items by captive chimpanzees and frequency of use. The study measured controllability, the ability of nonhuman animals to alter aspects of their environment by the potential destructibility of the enrichment item. This study examined additional factors that may affect enrichment use: individual age, sex, rearing history, social group composition, and availability of outdoor access. The chimpanzees in the study used destructible items-the enrichment category with the highest level of controllability-more than indestructible items across all age, sex, and rearing classes. Thus, controllability seems to be an important factor in chimpanzee enrichment. Younger individuals and groups with outdoor access used enrichment more than did older individuals and groups with indoor-only access. Individual sex, rearing history, and social group composition had minimal effects on enrichment use. These results support the importance of control to captive chimpanzees and further enable captive management to customize enrichment programs to the needs of particular animals.
Descriptors: captive wild animals, chimps, Pan troglodytes, Primate Foundation of Arizona, controllability of enrichment items, frequency of use of environmental enrichment, destructibility of toys, life history differences, age differences, customizing enrichment programs.
Visalberghi, E., M.M. Yamakoshi, S. Hirata, and T. Matsuzawa (2002). Responses to novel foods in captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biology 21(6): 539-548 . ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: Pan troglodytes, feeding behavior, ingestion of novel foods, fearfulness, social facilitation, laboratory animals, animal preferences, prediction, human-animal relationships, environmental enrichment, feeding enrichment.
Warne, S.P. and D.M. Broom (2002). Behavioural responses in captive gorillas following changes to their physical and social environment. Advances in Ethology 37: 91. ISSN: 0301-2808.
NAL Call Number: 410 Z35B
Descriptors: gorillas, abnormal behavior, behavioral data collection, environmental manipulation, activity budgets, coping responses, animal welfare.
Notes: 4th International Symposium on Physiology and Behaviour of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany; September 29-October 2, 2002.
Weghorst, J.A. and W.C. Mcgrew (2000). Up where they belong? Habitat use and activity budget in two captive groups of western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoologische Garten 70(5): 273-284. ISSN: 0044-5169.
NAL Call Number: 410 Z724
Descriptors: gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, activity budgets, behavioral stimulation, captive groups, three dimensional space compared to two dimensional space, differences in arboreality, zoo habitat use, Columbus Zoo, Cincinnati Zoo, USA.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English and German.
Wells, D.L. and E.C. Blaney. (2003). Camouflaging gorillas: A method of reducing the 'visitor effect'. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, July 7, 2003-July 8, 2003, Marwell Zoological Park, Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, UK, p. 332-333.
Descriptors: gorillas, Gorilla gorilla, zoo housing and exhibiting techniques, aggressive behavior, abnormal behavior, stereotypic behavior, camouflage net barrier, visitor effects on behavior.
Whittaker, M., G. Laule, J. Perman, S. Shapiro, and M. Keeling. (2001). A behavioral management approach to caring for great apes. In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, Chicago Zoological Society: Chicago, Illinois, USA, p. 131-134. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACWhittaker.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: great apes, enrichment, animal welfare, positive reinforcement training, captive management, behavioral management program.
Williams, H. (2003). Orang utan enrichment. In: Annual Symposium on Zoo Research: 2002, Bristol Zoo Gardens, July 8, 2002-July 9, 2002, Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK, The Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, UK, p. 32.
Online: http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP4.pdf
Descriptors: puzzle feeders, increase in active behaviors, indoor winter housing, arboreal behaviors, sticks, age differences, social group of mixed sex and age, abstract only.
Woods, S. (2000). Spontaneous tool behaviors in a captive group of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): Innovation and observational learning. American Journal of Primatology 51(Suppl. 1): 99. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, neural coordination, behavioral enrichment, food acquisition, observational learning, social interactions, spontaneous tool use, meeting abstract.
Notes: 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Denver, Colorado, USA; June 21-24, 2000.
Zambetta, K. (2005). Sex, age, and life history differences in the utilization of enrichment in captive lowland gorillas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126(S40): 229. ISSN: 0002-9483.
Descriptors: gorillas, behavioral ecology, use of environmental enrichment, captive environments, psychological well-being, rearing history, age and sex differences, life history differences, meeting abstract.
Notes: 74th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; April 6 -9, 2005.