Anonymous (2004). Looking after animals kept in research laboratories. Animal Welfare Institute Quarterly 53(2): online (1-3).
Online: http://www.awionline.org/pubs/Quarterly/04-53-2/532p14.htm
Descriptors: colony management, animal welfare, environmental enrichment, list-serve discussion.
Anonymous (2002). Refinement and environmental enrichment database. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 30(6): 567. ISSN: 0261-1929.
Online: http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/biblio/refine.htm
NAL Call Number: Z7994.L3A5
Descriptors: introduction to electronic database, online enrichment resource, Animal Welfare Institute.
Anonymous (2003). Toying with enrichment options. Lab Animal 32(10): 7. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: aggression, environmental enrichment, music, species differences, social interactions.
Anonymous (2003). The welfare of zoo animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223(7): 957-983. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: special journal supplement, animal well-being, ethics, wild animals in captivity, strategic collection planning, positive reinforcement training, environmental enrichment, stress, zoo design, animal surpluses.
Notes: 2002 AVMA Animal Welfare Forum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; October 11, 2002.
Balcombe, J.P., N.D. Barnard, and C. Sandusky (2004). Laboratory routines cause animal stress. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 43(6): 42-51. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: stress, laboratory animals, laboratory procedures, handling, blood collection, orogastric gavage, physiological parameters, distress, humane implications.
Bayne, K. (2005). Potential for unintended consequences of environmental enrichment for laboratory animals and research results. ILAR Journal 46(2): 129-139. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Abstract: Many aspects of the research animal's housing environment are controlled for quality and/or standardization. Of recent interest is the potential for environmental enrichment to have unexpected consequences such as unintended harm to the animal, or the introduction of variability into a study that may confound the experimental data. The effects of enrichment provided to nonhuman primates, rodents, and rabbits are described to illustrate that the effects can be numerous and may vary by strain and/or species. Examples of parameters measured where no change is detected are also included because this information provides an important counterpoint to studies that demonstrate an effect. In addition, this review of effects and noneffects serves as a reminder that the provision of enrichment should be evaluated in the context of the health of the animal and research goals on a case-by-case basis. It should also be kept in mind that the effects produced by enrichment are similar to those of other components of the animal's environment. Although it is unlikely that every possible environmental variable can be controlled both within and among research institutions, more detailed disclosure of the living environment of the subject animals in publications will allow for a better comparison of the findings and contribute to the broader knowledge base of the effects of enrichment.
Descriptors: potential harm to animals, controlling for environmental variables in research, confounding results, effects of enrichment on data, animal health, detailing the animal's living environment in publications.
Bayne, K.A. (2003). Environmental enrichment of nonhuman primates, dogs and rabbits used in toxicology studies. Toxicologic Pathology 31(Suppl.): 132-137. ISSN: 0192-6233.
Abstract: The increasing emphasis on the provision of environmental enrichment to laboratory animals, vis-a-vis the USDA Animal Welfare Regulations, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 1996), and a potential forthcoming policy from the USDA on the subject, can be difficult to accommodate in a toxicology research environment. A summary will be provided of current requirements and recommendations. Then, strategies for meeting regulatory requirements will be described for non-rodent animals used in toxicology research. These strategies will address methods of both social enrichment, such as pair or group housing, as well as non-social enrichment, such as cage furniture, food enrichments, and toys. In addition, the value of positive interactions with staff (e.g., through training paradigms or socialization programs) will also be discussed. Apparent in the discussion of these strategies will be an overarching recognition of the necessity to avoid introducing confounding variables into the research project and to avoid compromising animal health. The roles of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the attending veterinarian in helping scientists balance animal well-being, the scientific enterprise and the regulatory environment will be described.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal welfare, laboratory animals, housing, toxicology, animal welfare legislation, dogs, rabbits, social environment.
Ben Ari, E.T. (2001). What's new at the zoo. Bioscience 51(3): 172-177. ISSN: 0006-3568.
NAL Call Number: 500 Am322A
Descriptors: zoo animals, quality of life for captive animals, environmental enrichment, zoo biologists, systematic approach to enrichment programs, animal behavior.
Benefiel, A.C., W.K. Dong, and W.T. Greenough (2005). Mandatory "enriched" housing of laboratory animals: The need for evidence-based evaluation. ILAR Journal 46(2): 95-105. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Abstract: Environmental enrichment for laboratory animals has come to be viewed as a potential method for improving animal well-being in addition to its original sense as a paradigm for learning how experience molds the brain. It is suggested that the term housing supplementation better describes the wide range of alterations to laboratory animal housing that has been proposed or investigated. Changes in the environments of animals have important effects on brain structure, physiology, and behavior--including recovery from illness and injury--and on which genes are expressed in various organs. Studies are reviewed that show how the brain and other organs respond to environmental change. These data warrant caution that minor cage supplementation intended for improvement of animal well-being may alter important aspects of an animal's physiology and development in a manner not easily predicted from available research. Thus, various forms of housing supplementation, although utilized or even preferred by the animals, may not enhance laboratory animal well-being and may be detrimental to the research for which the laboratory animals are used.
Descriptors: housing supplementation, environmental change, laboratory animals, brain, well-being, physiology.
Buchanan-Smith, H.M., A.E. Rennie, A. Vitale, S. Pollo, M.J. Prescott, and D.B. Morton (2005). Harmonising the definition of refinement. Animal Welfare 14(4): 379-384. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: laboratory animals, animal use refinement, animal housing, environmental enrichment, animal welfare.
Burghardt, G.M. (1999). Deprivation and enrichment in laboratory animal environments. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2(4): 263-266. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: animal welfare, animal housing, laws and regulations, stress factors.
Notes: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare workshop "IACUC Responsibility for Research Animal Well-being," San Antonio, Texas, USA: December 7-8, 1998.
Carlstead, K. and D. Shepherdson (2000). Alleviating stress in zoo animals with environmental enrichment. In: G.P. Moberg and J.A. Mench (Editors), The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution: Washington DC, USA., p. 337-354. ISBN: 0851993591.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.S8 B55 2000
Descriptors: stress, zoo animals, animal housing, animal behavior.
Chang, F.T. and L.A. Hart (2002). Human-animal bonds in the laboratory: How animal behavior affects the perspective of caregivers. ILAR Journal 43(1): 10-18 . ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Descriptors: laboratory animals, dogs, mice, laboratory workers, anthropology, animal welfare, animal husbandry, training of animals, stress, enrichment, safety at work, work satisfaction, human-animal relationships, animal technicians, environmental enrichment.
Cosgrove, C. (2004). Animal welfare and facility design. Animal Lab News 3(6): 55-57.
Online: http://www.animallab.com/articles.asp?pid=77
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, animal welfare, social behavior, public perception, biomedical research, vertical space, human contact.
Davey, G., P. Henzi, and L. Higgins (2005). The influence of environmental enrichment on Chinese visitor behavior. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 8(2): 131-140. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: Welfare improvements for nonhuman animals should aim to satisfy the needs of visitors as well as those of the animals. Little research has been conducted, however, and existing work is confined to zoos in developed countries. This article reports the behavioral responses of Chinese visitors to environmental enrichment improvements in a zoo enclosure. Visit, viewing, and stopping behaviors significantly increased at the transformed exhibit, indicating that it provoked greater visitor interest. Furthermore, increased intragroup behaviors suggested that the exhibit probably motivated visitors to interact socially. The positive impact of the exhibit changes supports the enrichment efforts taking place in zoos around the world. The changes also provide encouragement for zoos in developing countries such as China because greater visitor interest provides a strong argument and an incentive for improving welfare standards.
Descriptors: visitor response to environmental enrichment, zoos, enrichment causes zoo visitors to interact more frequently, China, animal welfare standards.
Davey, G. (2006). Relationships between exhibit naturalism, animal visibility and visitor interest in a Chinese zoo. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96(1-2): 93-102. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: wildlife management, zoo, exhibit design, visitor interest, animal visibility, China.
Dean, S.W. (1999). Environmental enrichment of laboratory animals used in regulatory toxicology studies. Laboratory Animals 33(4): 309-327. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: There is a wealth of information in the published literature which describes a multitude of approaches to enriching the environment of laboratory animals. This paper attempts to review the various methods of enrichment through social contact, enhancement of the environment and diet, and improvements in husbandry. It attempts to place the various enrichment initiatives within the context of a laboratory which conducts regulatory toxicology, describes some of the experiences in the author's own laboratory and attempts to highlight those ideas which might prove practical to implement in the future. The aim is to demonstrate that a creative approach to environmental enrichment is indeed compatible with regulatory toxicology. It is hoped that this will encourage those responsible for the care and welfare of animals in such a laboratory to challenge historical practices and include environmental enrichment as a fundamental necessity of study design.
Descriptors: laboratory animals, cages, monkeys, foraging, enrichment, environment, dogs, group size, toys, rabbits, floor pens, rats, mice, social dominance, floor type, pelleted feeds, guinea pigs, toxicology, animal welfare, literature reviews.
Fillman Holliday, D. and M.S. Landi (2002). Animal care best practices for regulatory testing. ILAR Journal 43(Suppl.): S49-S58. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Abstract: Best practices result from a partnership between law, science, and the people working with the animals on regulated studies. In an ideal setting, people working with animals observe and study animal behavior as influenced by different housing and handling paradigms. These observations are published to create a body of science, and laws are promulgated based on the science. The ideal world does not exist, but there are certain components of best practices common to all species. These components include study design, housing, social contact, diet/feed, enrichment devices, and human interaction. This paper outlines how the forces of law, science, and people work to create best practices for species in regulated studies, specifically mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and nonhuman primates.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animals, laboratory physiology, laboratory animal science standards, toxicity tests methods, xenobiotics toxicity, animals, laboratory psychology, laboratory animal science methods, social environment.
Forman, J.M., L.N. Claude, A.M. Albright, and A.M. Lima (2001). The design of enriched animal habitats from a biological engineering perspective. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 44(5): 1363-1371. ISSN: 0001-2351.
NAL Call Number: 290.9Am32T
Abstract: Applying biological engineering principles to animal habitat design represents a paradigm shift from traditional approaches by virtue of placing the biology of the animal(s) at the center of the design process and designing a habitat around the animal(s). The objective of this article is to detail this paradigm shift, first by providing a detailed discussion on the design of enriched environments for captive animals, and then through a case study involving the transformation of a tiger cage into a tiger habitat. All habitat design elements are created based on the physical and behavioral needs of the animal.
Descriptors: zoo animals, tigers, cages, habitats, design, engineering, enrichment, animal behavior, needs assessment, basic needs, quality of life.
Fraser, D., J. Jasper, and D.M. Weary. (2000). Environmental enrichment to improve animal welfare: Goals, methods, and measures of success. In: Progress in the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal Experimentation: Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, August 29, 1999-September 2, 1999, Bologna, Italy, Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p. 1283-1293. ISBN: 0444505296.
NAL Call Number: QL1 .D48 v.31
Descriptors: laboratory animals, experimentation, animal welfare, animal behavior .
Goldschmidt, C. and A. Malleau (2004). Environmental enrichment at the Toronto Zoo. CSAW News Fall/Winter(12): 4-5.
Descriptors: environmental enrichment program, psychological well-being, zoo animals, animal behavior, abnormal behavior, categories of enrichment items.
Guittin, P. and T. Decelle (2002). Future improvements and implementation of animal care practices within the animal testing regulatory environment. ILAR Journal 43(Suppl.): S80-S84. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Abstract: Animal welfare is an increasingly important concern when considering biomedical experimentation. Many of the emerging regulations and guidelines specifically address animal welfare in laboratory animal care and use. The current revision of the appendix of the European Convention, ETS123 (Council of Europe), updates and improves on the current animal care standardization in Europe. New guidelines from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Association focus specifically on safety testing. These guidelines will affect the way toxicity studies are conducted and therefore the global drug development process. With the 3Rs principles taken into account, consideration regarding animal welfare will demand changes in animal care practices in regulatory safety testing. The most significant future improvements in animal care and use practices are likely to be environmental enrichment, management of animal pain and distress, and improved application of the humane endpoints. Our challenge is to implement respective guidelines based on scientific data and animal welfare, through a complex interplay of regulatory objective and public opinion. The current goal is to work toward solutions that continue to provide relevant animal models for risk assessment in drug development and that are science based. In this way, future improvements in animal care and use practices can be founded on facts, scientific results, and analysis. Some of these improvements become common practice in some countries. International harmonization can facilitate the development and practical application of "best scientific practices" by the consensus development process that harmonization requires. Since the implementation of good laboratory practices (GLP) standards in safety testing, these new regulations and recommendations represent a new way forward for animal safety studies.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal welfare, laboratory animals, legislation and regulation, prevention and control of pain, social environment, toxicity tests.
Hawkins, P. (2002). Recognizing and assessing pain, suffering and distress in laboratory animals: a survey of current practice in the UK with recommendations. Laboratory Animals 36(4): 378-395. ISSN: 0023-6772.
Online: http://www.lal.org.uk/pain/recognisingpain.pdf | (1.26 MB)
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Descriptors: animal welfare, recognizing and assessing pain, suffering, and distress, laboratory animals, survey review, techniques to reduce suffering, humane endpoints, refining husbandry, analgesia, United Kingdom Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
Hawkins, P., D.B. Morton, R. Bevan, K. Heath, J. Kirkwood, P. Pearce, L. Scott, G. Whelan, A. Webb, and Joint Working Group on Refinement (2004). Husbandry refinements for rats, mice, dogs and non-human primates used in telemetry procedures. Seventh report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement, Part B. Laboratory Animals 38(1): 1-10. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Descriptors: animal husbandry, dogs, mice, primates, rats, telemetry, animal welfare, surgery.
Hepper, P.G. and D.L. Wells (2004). Enrichment is not always enriching. Animal Welfare 13(Suppl.): S243. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, animal behavior, open field test, animal welfare, social enrichment.
Hosey, G.R. (2000). Zoo animals and their human audiences: what is the visitor effect. Animal Welfare 9(4): 343-357. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: zoo animals, primates, visitor behavior, animal behavior, stress, group interaction, enrichment, animal housing, animal welfare, literature reviews.
Hutchinson, J.M.C. (2005). Is more choice always desirable? Evidence and arguments from leks, food selection, and environmental enrichment. Biological Reviews 80(1): 73-92. ISSN: 1464-7931.
Descriptors: behavioral ecology, computational models, simulation, enrichment, food selection, lekking behavior.
Kuehn, B.M. (2002). Zoo animal welfare boosted by environmental enrichment, positive reinforcement training. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221(11): 1532. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: effects of captivity, animal well-being, protected contact, social interactions, desensitization, enrichment strategies, training of animals.
Kulpa Eddy, J.A., S. Taylor, and K.M. Adams (2005). USDA perspective on environmental enrichment for animals. ILAR Journal 46(2): 83-94. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Abstract: This article provides a brief historical background of the events and circumstances that led to the 1985 Animal Welfare Act (AWA) amendments. It describes the development of the regulations promulgated by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1991 as a result of these amendments, the reasoning given for the proposals, and the revisions that were made during the process. Information is included on USDA implementation of the regulations regarding exercise for dogs and environmental enhancement for nonhuman primates. Also mentioned briefly are the requirements for socialization of marine mammals and space requirements for certain other regulated warm-blooded species. These requirements apply to animal dealers (breeders and brokers), exhibitors, commercial transporters, and research facilities. The standards for exercise and environmental enhancement were different from any others previously contained in the AWA regulations, and required more research and understanding of species-specific needs by the regulated community. Finally, this article describes some of the initiatives being undertaken by the research community and USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS)-Animal Care to provide the necessary education and guidance indicated by the violation history data.
Descriptors: Animal Welfare Act, regulated facilities, United States of America, standards for exercise for dogs, environmental enhancement for nonhuman primates, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Lindley, A. (2004). Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals: Young, R.J. The Veterinary Journal 168(2): 173. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V484
Abstract: This article is a review of a new book by R.J. Young called Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. The book was published by Blackwell Publishing, Oxford in 2003 (240 pp.; ISBN: 0632064072)
Descriptors: book review, content description, environmental enrichment.
Luyster, J.S. (2003). Enrichment as a behavioral modification tool in the zoo hospital setting. Animal Keepers' Forum 30(5): 196-200. ISSN: 0164-9531.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.A54
Descriptors: zoo hospitals, environmental enrichment programs, care in captivity, behavioral modification, animals in captivity.
Mellen, J. and M.S. MacPhee (2001). Philosophy of environmental enrichment: past, present, and future. Zoo Biology 20(3): 211-226. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: zoo animals, animal welfare, environmental enrichment, animal husbandry, animal behavior, reproductive performance, stress, captive habitats.
Morimura, N. (2000). Psychological well-being of captive animals. Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 50(1): 183-191. ISSN: 0916-8419.
Descriptors: U.S. Animal Welfare Act, environmental enrichment, natural behavior, husbandry improvements, selectability and controllability of the environment, evaluation of enrichment program.
Narushima, E. (2001). Environmental enrichment for geriatric animals in zoos. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 54(11): 935-941. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: captive environment, geriatric animals, animals in zoos, environmental enrichment programs.
Olsson, I.A.S., C.M. Nevison, E.G. Patterson Kane, C.M. Sherwin, H.A. Van de Weerd, and H. Wurbel (2003). Understanding behaviour: The relevance of ethological approaches in laboratory animal science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(3): 245-264 . ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: mice, rats, laboratory animals, animal behavior, strain differences, animal housing, cages, environmental enrichment, smell, vision, hearing, taste, touch, validity.
Ottesen, J.L., A. Weber, H. Gurtler, and L.F. Mikkelsen (2004). New housing conditions: improving the welfare of experimental animals. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32(Suppl. 1B): 397-404. ISSN: 0261-1929.
NAL Call Number: Z7994.L3A5
Abstract: As animal experiments and testing are still a necessary part of the discovery and development of new drugs and do not seem likely to be totally replaced in the foreseeable future, it is important that the care and use of these animals are continuously refined. Since the housing facilities are where most experimental animals spend the major part of their lives, this area should be given special attention to ensure optimal welfare for the animals. in a unique collaboration between a pharmaceutical company and an animal welfare organisation, the housing conditions of mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits and dogs, respectively, were reviewed with focus on the basic needs of the animals. Prototypes for new housing systems satisfying the most important of these basic needs of the animals were developed, with valuable input from international experts with special knowledge of the behaviour of experimental animals. These new housing systems and species-specific, newly introduced socialisation programmes contribute to improved animal welfare and a better occupational health of the animal caretakers. Since these new housing systems are more pleasant and appealing, they may also have the added benefit that they contribute to a broader public acceptance of the use of experimental animals.
Descriptors: animals in laboratories, housing systems, animal testing, socialization programs, drug development in research, public appeal, addressing basic needs of animals.
Purchase, I.F.H. and M. Nedeva (2003). The impact of the ethical review process for research using animals in the UK: Attitudes to animal welfare by those working under the Animals (Procedures) Act 1986. Animal Technology and Welfare 2(2): 77-84 . ISSN: 0264-4754.
NAL Call Number: SF757.A62
Descriptors: laboratory animals, animal law, animal use alternatives, animal welfare, animal use refinement, animal care, environmental enrichment, questionnaires, researchers, United Kingdom.
Rabin, L.A. (2002). Maintaining behavioural diversity in captivity for conservation: natural behaviour management. Animal Welfare 12(1): 85-94. ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: predator-prey interactions, animal welfare, captivity, natural behavior management, behavioral diversity, environmental enrichment strategies.
Reinhardt, V. and A. Reinhardt (2001). Legal space requirement stipulations for animals in the laboratory: are they adequate? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4(2): 143-149. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: animal experiments, cage size, floor space, laboratory animals, space requirements, Animal Welfare Act.
Rice, T.R., S. Walden, G.E. Laule, and G.A. Heidbrink (2002). Behavioral management: it's everyone's job. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 41(4): 58-62. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Abstract: In this day and age of regulatory demands and with the ever-increasing flow of environmental enhancement data and opinions, it can become very confusing for animal programs to create and maintain a successful behavioral management program. Behavioral management as a concept provides a common ground from which animal facilities may start to build a successful facility behavioral program. In addition, the implementation of a behavioral management program can help to break down barriers between members of the various disciplines within the biomedical community. It is everyone's responsibility and duty to work together with this common goal: to provide the best care and environment we can for the animals in our charge. Working together to improve animal behavior can help us to achieve this goal.
Descriptors: animals in laboratories, behavioral management, enrichment, animal care, cooperation of animal facility staff, animal behavior.
Rübel, A. (1999). Behavioural enrichment at Zürich Zoo - How we give the animals back their true nature. KTBL Schrift (No. 382): 42-48. ISSN: 0173-2811.
Descriptors: zoo animals, animal behavior, animal housing, environmental enrichment, Switzerland.
Shepherdson, D. (2002). Realizing the vision: Improving zoo animal environments through enrichment. AZA Communique (June): 5-6.
Online: http://www.aza.org/Publications/2002/06/June2002VTS.pdf | (520 KB)
NAL Call Number: QL1 .A44
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, historical background, American Zoo and Aquarium Association Behavior Advisory Group, enrichment definition.
Shepherdson, D.J. (2003). Environmental enrichment: Past, present and future. International Zoo Yearbook 38: 118-124. ISSN: 0074-9664.
NAL Call Number: QL76.I5
Descriptors: enrichment concepts, animal keeper enthusiasm, animal welfare, zoo animals, husbandry routines.
Stewart, K.L. (2003). Environmental enrichment program development: hurdling the common obstacles. Animal Technology and Welfare 2(1): 9-12. ISSN: 0264-4754.
NAL Call Number: SF757.A62
Descriptors: animal well-being, psychological enrichment, animal housing, budget, personnel, experimental design, engineering standards.
Stewart, K.L. and K. Bayne (2004). Environmental enrichment for laboratory animals. In: J.D. Reuter and M.A. Suckow (Editors), Laboratory Animal Medicine and Management, International Veterinary Information Service: Ithaca, New York, USA, online p.
Online: http://www.ivis.org/advances/Reuter/stewart/ivis.pdf | (276 KB)
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, program development, regulations, guidelines, species-specific behavior, social enrichment, non-social enrichment, providing opportunity for control in the environment.
Stewart, K.L. and S.S. Raje (2001). Environmental enrichment committee: Its role in program development. Lab Animal 30(8): 50-2. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Abstract: The authors discuss the role of the Environmental Enrichment Committee in developing, implementing, assessing, and modifying a university animal enrichment program.
Descriptors: animal welfare, guidelines, housing, animal, environment, Indiana, organizational policy, program development, universities.
Turner, P.V., K.L. Smiler, M. Hargaden, and M.A. Koch (2003). Refinements in the care and use of animals in toxicology studies - Regulation, validation, and progress. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(6): 8-15. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: laboratory animals, rats, cynomolgus macaques, toxicity testing, blood, health issues, environmental enrichment.
Van de Berg, J.L. and W.H. Stone (2002). The future of animal research. ILAR Journal 43(2): 110-113. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Descriptors: animal welfare, genetically modified animals, laboratory animals, cloning, primates, public policy, research trends, rodents.
Weekley, L.B., P. Guittin, and G. Chamberland (2002). The international symposium on regulatory testing and animal welfare: Recommendations on best scientific practices for safety evaluation using nonrodent species. ILAR Journal 43(Suppl.): S118-S122. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Descriptors: animal testing alternatives, animal welfare, laboratory animals, government regulation, toxicity tests, Callithrix, dogs, health planning guidelines, international cooperation, Macaca, swine.
White, B.C., L.A. Houser, J.A. Fuller, S. Taylor, and J.L.L. Elliott (2003). Activity-based exhibition of five mammalian species: evaluation of behavioral changes. Zoo Biology 22(3): 269-285. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: animal behavior, activity levels, stereotypic behavior, natural behavior, use of space, husbandry management, orangutans, siamangs, tapirs, babirusa, tigers.
Wolfle, T.L. (2005). Introduction: Environmental enrichment. ILAR Journal 46(2): 79-82. ISSN: 1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Descriptors: effect on scientific outcomes, animal well-being, Animal Welfare Act, federal requirements, facility design, potential for negative consequences, rodents, rabbits, dogs, nonhuman primates, developing enrichment programs, United States of America.
Yoshida, H. (2000). A report about the present situation of American zoos' efforts for the environment enrichment for animals - at the Enrichment Workshop in Columbus Zoo. Primate Research 16(1): 45-53. ISSN: 0912-4047.
Descriptors: animal housing, enrichment, report of workshop, Columbus Zoo.