Abello, M., M. Velasco, and F. Esteban (1999). A training programme for a male gorilla at the Barcelona Zoo. International Zoo News 46(7): 418-420. ISSN: 0020-9155.
NAL Call Number: QL76.I58
Descriptors: semen collection, gorillas in zoos, Gorilla gorilla, Barcelona Zoo, Spain, animal training program.
Ball, R.L. and A. Frazier (2002). Operant conditioning as a tool for improved veterinary care in zoo animals. Advances in Ethology 37: 22. ISSN: 0301-2808.
NAL Call Number: 410 Z35B
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, preventative health care programs, psychological health, stress reduction, training and desensitization, role of the veterinarian, meeting abstract.
Notes: 4th International Symposium on Physiology and Behaviour of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 29 Sept-2 Oct 2002.
Bassett, L., H.M. Buchanan Smith, J. McKinley, and T.E. Smith (2003). Effects of training on stress-related behavior of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in relation to coping with routine husbandry procedures. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 221-233. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: Using positive reinforcement, J. McKinley trained 12 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to provide urine samples on request. The study then exposed the marmosets to mildly stressful, routine husbandry procedures (i.e., capture and weighing). The nonhuman animals spent less time inactive poststressor as opposed to prestressor. L. Bassett collected matched behavioral data from 12 nontrained marmosets who were less accustomed to human interaction. These animals spent significantly more time self-scratching and locomoting as well as less time inactive, poststressor. Collapsed data from the 2 populations showed increased scent marking, poststressor. These results suggest that locomotion, self-scratching, and scent marking are useful, noninvasive behavioral measures of stress and, thus, reduced welfare in the common marmoset. Overall, nontrained animals showed more self-scratching than did their trained counterparts. It was not possible to collect urine from nontrained marmosets. In response to the stressor, however, trained animals showed no significant change in excreted urinary cortisol. These results suggest that training marmosets may allow them to cope better with routine laboratory procedures. Comment On: J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 2003;6(3):209-20
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal behavior, operant conditioning, monkey diseases, animal welfare, hydrocortisone in urine, stress.
Bell, B. and P. Khan. (2001). Training multi-task medical behaviors in the bonobo (Pan paniscus). In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society: Brookfield, Illinois, USA, p. 128-130. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACBell.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: training for medical behavior, bonobos, Pan paniscus, ultrasound measurements, squeeze restraint, routine blood draws, Milwaukee County Zoo, USA.
Bloomsmith, M.A., K.C. Baker, S.K. Ross, and S.P. Lambeth (1999). Comparing animal training to non-training human interaction as environmental enrichment for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 49(1): 35-36. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, animal care, animal training, environmental enrichment, non-training human interactions, meeting abstract.
Notes: 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; August 12-16, 1999.
Buchanan-Smith, H.M., J. McKinley, V. Bowell, A. Rennie, and M.J. Prescott (2004). Positive reinforcement training as a refinement for laboratory-housed primates. Folia Primatologica 75(Suppl. 1): 131. ISSN: 0015-5713.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9F6
Descriptors: animal welfare, captive primates, husbandry, scientific validity, training to cooperate in routine procedures.
Buchanan-Smith, H.M. (2003). The benefits of positive reinforcement training and its effects on human nonhuman animal interactions. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, July 7, 2003-July 8, 2003, Marwell Zoological Park, Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, UK, p. 21-26.
Online: http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP5.pdf
Descriptors: operant conditioning, husbandry, animal training, zoos, overview, human-animal relationships.
Colahan, H. and C. Breder (2003). Primate training at Disney's Animal Kingdom. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 235-246. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: A training program has been in place at Disney's Animal Kingdom since the nonhuman animals first arrived at the park. The Primate Team and the Behavioral Husbandry Team have worked together closely to establish a philosophy and framework for this program. This framework emphasizes setting goals, planning, implementing, documenting, and evaluating. The philosophy focuses on safety, staff training, and an integrated approach to training as an animal management tool. Behaviors to be trained include husbandry and veterinary as well as behaviors identified for specific species, individuals, or situations. Input from all the teams was used to prioritize these behaviors. Despite the challenges to maintaining such a program, the benefits to animal care and welfare have been enormous.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal behavior, operant conditioning, positive reinforcement, safety, animal welfare.
Coleman, K., L.A. Tully, and J.L. McMillan (2005). Temperament correlates with training success in adult rhesus macaques. American Journal of Primatology 65(1): 63-71. ISSN: 1098-2345.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Abstract: In recent years there has been a marked increase in awareness of issues involving the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates (NHPs) used in biomedical research. As a result, many facilities are starting to train primates to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary, husbandry, and research procedures, such as remaining still for blood draws or injections. Such training generally reduces the stress associated with these procedures, resulting in calmer animals and, ultimately, better research models. However, such training requires great investments in time, and there can be vast individual differences in training success. Some animals learn tasks quickly, while others make slower progress in training. In this study, we examined whether temperament, as measured by response to a novel food object, correlated with the amount of time it took to train 20 adult female rhesus macaques to perform a simple task. The monkeys were categorized as "exploratory" (i.e., inspected a novel object placed in the home cage within 10 sec), "moderate" (i.e., inspected the object within 10-180 sec), or "inhibited" (i.e., did not inspect the object within 3 min). We utilized positive reinforcement techniques to train the monkeys to touch a target (PVC pipe shaped like an elbow) hung on their cage. Temperament correlated with training success in this study (Pearson chi2=7.22, df=2, P=0.03). We easily trained over 75% of the animals that inspected the novel food (i.e., exploratory or moderate individuals) to touch the target. However, only 22% of the inhibited monkeys performed the task. By knowing which animals may not respond to conventional training methods, we may be able to develop alternate training techniques to address their specific needs. In addition, these results will allow us to screen monkeys to be assigned to research projects in which they will be trained, with the goal of obtaining the best candidates for those studies.
Descriptors: inhibition psychology, learning, Macaca mulatta , reinforcement psychology, temperament, positive reinforcement training.
Craig, J. (2004). Training an older orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) for voluntary injection. In: Animal Behavior Management Alliance (ABMA) Conference Proceedings 2004, April 4, 2004-April 9, 2004, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Animal Behavior Management Alliance: p. 68. [CD-Rom]
Descriptors: chemical immobilization, shaping behavior, presentation of body parts, zoos.
Franklin, J.A. and S.R. Taylor. (2000). The health management of orangutans through training. In: American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings, American Zoo and Aquarium Association: Wheeling, West Virginia, USA, Vol. 2000, p. 1-2. ISBN: ISSN: 1088-0402.
NAL Call Number: QL76.5.U6A47
Descriptors: Pongo pygmaeus, care in captivity, health management through training.
Friscino, B., C. Gai, A. Kulick, M. Donnelly, R. Rokar, L. Anderson, and S. Iliff (2003). Positive reinforcement training as a refinement of a macaque biliary diversion model. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(4): 80. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: macaques, refinement techniques, bile duct diversion, animal models, positive reinforcement training, blood and bile collection, jacket-training, cannula system, pouch presentation, time taken to train animals, effect on stress, meeting abstract.
Notes: 2003 AALAS National Meeting, Seattle, Washington, USA; October 12-16, 2003.
Good, S. (2000). A survey of operant conditioning in AZA institutions. In: American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings, American Zoo and Aquarium Association: Wheeling, West Virginia, USA, Vol. 2000, p. 27-31.
Descriptors: use of operant conditioning in zoos, North America, survey.
Harris, L.D., E.J. Briand, R. Orth, and G. Galbicka (1999). Assessing the value of television as environmental enrichment for individually housed rhesus monkeys: a behavioral economic approach. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 38(2): 48-53. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Abstract: The goal of this study was to evaluate television as a source of environmental enrichment for individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by using the concepts of behavioral economics. Phase I entailed the use of operant conditioning to assess the behavior of eight rhesus monkeys given the opportunity to control their environment through lever activation of a television (TV). Success in shaping was variable, and only two animals successfully acquired lever pressing. Phase II used an alternating reinforcement/ extinction procedure as a control method to determine the degree to which lever pressing depended on TV presentation. Both animals responded with more lever pressing on the days when lever pressing produced TV. The first animal, tested with the alternating reinforcement/extinction procedure for 12 weeks yielded a mean significant difference of 3.85 (p = 0.036); the second assessed for 9 weeks was associated with a mean significant difference of 6.0 (p = 0.018). Therefore, TV (and not lever pressing itself) was positively reinforcing. The final phase of the study progressively increased the fixed ratio (FR) from 1 to 8. Linear regression of the data points, plotted as the log of price (or FR) vs the consumption of TV, revealed a significantly negative slope (-2.179, p, 0.05) and accounted for 89% of the variance. The negative demand curve suggested that TV is not a valued commodity and is highly elastic. TV provided to individually housed rhesus monkeys appears to be a weakly positive reinforcer for some animals, which may contribute to overall environmental enrichment.
Descriptors: Macaca mulatta, rhesus macaque, operant conditioning, animal control of television viewing, shaping behavior, positive reinforcement training, single housing.
Kuehn, B.M. (2002). Zoo animal welfare boosted by environmental enrichment, positive reinforcement training. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221(11): 1532. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: effects of captivity, animal well-being, protected contact, social interactions, desensitization, enrichment strategies, training of animals.
Lambeth, S.P., J. Hau, J.E. Perlman, M. Martino, and S.J. Schapiro (2006). Positive reinforcement training affects hematologic and serum chemistry values in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 68(3): 245-256. ISSN: 1098-2345.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: positive reinforcement training, stress reduction, behavioral management, Pan troglodytes, injection training, hematology and serum chemistry profiles, physiological measures, chimpanzees.
Lambeth, S.P., J.E. Perlman, and S.J. Schapiro (2000). Positive reinforcement training paired with videotape exposure decreases training time investment for a complicated task in female chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 51(Supplement 1): 79-80(Suppl. 1): 79-80. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: training complicated tasks, time investment, videotape use, animal behavior, meeting abstract.
Laule, G.E. (2003). Positive reinforcement training and environmental enrichment: Enhancing animal well-being. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223(7): 969-973. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: animal husbandry, zoo animals, animal behavior, enriched environment, operant conditioning, animal welfare.
Laule, G.E., M.A. Bloomsmith, and S.J. Schapiro (2003). The use of positive reinforcement training techniques to enhance the care, management, and welfare of primates in the laboratory. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 163-173. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: Handled frequently and subjected to a wide range of medical procedures that may be particularly invasive, nonhuman animals in a laboratory setting have unique needs. To produce the most reliable research results and to protect and enhance the well-being of the animals, it is desirable to perform these procedures with as little stress for the animals as possible. Positive reinforcement training can use targeted activities and procedures to achieve the voluntary cooperation of nonhuman primates. The benefits of such work include diminished stress on the animals, enhanced flexibility and reliability in data collection, and a reduction in the use of anesthesia. Training also provides the means to mitigate social problems, aid in introductions, reduce abnormal behavior, enhance enrichment programs, and increase the safety of attending personnel. This article describes the application of operant conditioning techniques to animal management.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, laboratory animals, operant conditioning, primate physiology and psychology, animal welfare, animal behavior.
Laule, G. and M. Whittaker (1999). Positive reinforcement training and medical management of captive animals. Erkrankungen Der Zootiere 39: 277-282. ISSN: 0138-5003.
Descriptors: behavioral techniques, husbandry and medical management using animal training, animal handling, zoos.
Language of Text: English; Summary in English, German.
McCormick, W. (2003). How enriching is training? In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, July 7, 2003-July 8, 2003, Marwell Zoological Park, Winchester, UK, The Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, UK, p. 9-19.
Online: http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP5.pdf
Descriptors: enrichment and training, elephants, activity budgets, behavioral diversity, increase in object manipulation with enrichment, training may not be enriching, Paignton Zoo, UK.
McDermott, F.A.P. and T.E. Smith. (2003). Operant conditioning can be used to train common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to scent-mark on demand. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, July 7, 2003-July 8, 2003, Marwell Zoological Park, Winchester, UK, The Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, UK, p. 20.
Online: http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP5.pdf
Descriptors: common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, training for natural behaviors, scent-marking, positive reinforcement, age and sex differences, six different social groups, meeting abstract.
McKinley, J. and H.M. Buchanan-Smith. (2003). Improving the animal-human relationship with laboratory-housed common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): Increased interactions and positive reinforcement training. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, July 7, 2003-July 8, 2003, Marwell Zoological Park, Winchester, UK, Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland: London, UK, p. 27-37.
Online: http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP5.pdf
Descriptors: operant conditioning, common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, pair housed animals, laboratory research settings, animal-human relationships, decrease in stress-related behaviors, positive reinforcement training, no change in aggression.
McKinley, J., H.M. Buchanan Smith, L. Bassett, and K. Morris (2003). Training common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to cooperate during routine laboratory procedures: ease of training and time investment. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 209-220. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: The first author trained 12 laboratory-housed common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in pairs to assess the practicality of positive reinforcement training as a technique in the management of these nonhuman animals. Behaviors taught were (a) target training to allow in homecage weighing and (b) providing urine samples. Between 2 to 13, 10-minute training sessions established desired behaviors. Training aggressive animals only after they had been fed eliminated aggression during training. Trained animals proved extremely reliable, and data collection using trained animals was considerably faster than collection using current laboratory techniques. The results suggest that positive reinforcement training is a practical option in the management of laboratory-housed marmosets. Comment In: J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 2003;6(3):221-33
Descriptors: animal behavior, Callithrix, operant conditioning, positive reinforcement, animal welfare, husbandry, laboratory animal management.
Perlman, J.E., B.A. Boudreau, and S.J. Schapiro (1999). Affiliative behaviors of group housed rhesus macaques are altered by positive reinforcement training. American Journal of Primatology 49(1): 86. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: group housing, animal training, meeting abstract.
Perlman, J.E., T.R. Bowsher, S.N. Braccini, T.J. Kuehl, and S.J. Schapiro (2003). Using positive reinforcement training techniques to facilitate the collection of semen in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 60(Supplement 1): 77-78(Suppl. 1): 77-78. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: semen collection techniques, apes, meeting abstract.
Perlman, J.E., F.A. Guhad, S. Lambeth, T. Fleming, D. Lee, M. Martino, and S. Schapiro (2001). Using positive reinforcement training techniques to facilitate the assessment of parasites in captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 54(Suppl. 1): 56. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: animal care, parasitology, meeting abstract.
Prescott, M.J. and H.M. Buchanan Smith (2003). Training nonhuman primates using positive reinforcement techniques. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 157-161. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: operant conditioning, animal welfare, animal behavior, primate psychology.
Raper, J.R., M.A. Bloomsmith, A. Stone, and L. Mayo (2002). Use of positive reinforcement training to decrease stereotypic behaviors in a pair of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). American Journal of Primatology 57(Suppl. 1): 70-71. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Descriptors: zoo animal behavior, positive reinforcement training, well-being, reproductive behavior, social behavior, stereotypic behavior, primates in zoos, meeting abstract.
Notes: 25th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Primatologists, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; June 1-4, 2002.
Reinhardt, V. (2002). The myth of the aggressive monkey. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5(4): 321-330. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: Macaca mulatta, laboratory animals, aggression, animal stress, cages, restraint of animals, training of animals, group housing, animal technicians, animal welfare, pair housing.
Reinhardt, V. (2003). Working with rather than against macaques during blood collection. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 189-197. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: Training macaques to cooperate during blood collection is a practicable and safe alternative to the traditional procedure implying forced restraint. It takes a cumulative total of about 1 hr to train an adult female or adult male rhesus macaque successfully to present a leg voluntarily and accept venipuncture in the homecage. Cooperative animals do not show the significant cortisol response and defensive reactions that typically occur in animals who are forcibly restrained during this common procedure.
Descriptors: blood collection, cooperative behavior, Macaca mulatta, physical restraint, animal welfare, stress.
Reinhardt, V. and A. Reinhardt (2000). Blood collection procedure of laboratory primates: a neglected variable in biomedical research. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 3(4): 321-333. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Descriptors: monkeys, laboratory animals, Macaca mulatta, Cercopithecus aethiops, blood sampling, restraint of animals, mental stress, hormone secretion, ketamine, injection, experimental design, animal welfare, animal use refinement, animal use reduction.
Savastano, G., A. Hanson, and C. McCann (2003). The development of an operant conditioning training program for new world primates at the Bronx Zoo. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 247-261. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: This article describes the development of an operant conditioning training program for 17 species of New World primates at the Bronx Zoo. To apply less invasive techniques to husbandry protocols, the study introduced behaviors-hand feeding, syringe feeding, targeting, scale and crate training, and transponder reading-for formal training to 86 callitrichids and small-bodied cebids housed in 26 social groups. Individual responses to training varied greatly, but general patterns were noted among species. With the exception of lion tamarins, tamarins responded more rapidly than marmosets, Bolivian gray titi monkeys, and pale-headed saki monkeys in approaching trainers and learning behaviors. Marmosets, in comparison to most tamarins, had longer attention spans. This meant that fewer, lengthier sessions were productive whereas shorter, more frequent sessions were most successful for tamarins. Among the cebids, pale-headed saki monkeys needed relatively few sessions to perform basic and advanced behaviors whereas Bolivian gray titi monkeys were less responsive and progressed at a deliberate pace. Marked changes in the animals' behavior during daily husbandry procedures, their voluntary participation in training activities, and the disappearance of aggressive threats toward care staff indicated that training reduced stress and improved the welfare of the animals. During daily training displays, zoo visitors experienced interactive animals while learning the importance of low-stress animal husbandry.
Descriptors: Cebidae, positive reinforcement training, husbandry, zoos, animal welfare, animal behavior.
Schapiro, S.J., M.A. Bloomsmith, and G.E. Laule (2003). Positive reinforcement training as a technique to alter nonhuman primate behavior: quantitative assessments of effectiveness. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 175-187. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: Many suggest that operant conditioning techniques can be applied successfully to improve the behavioral management of nonhuman primates in research settings. However, relatively little empirical data exist to support this claim. This article is a review of several studies that discussed applied positive reinforcement training techniques (PRT) on breeding/research colonies of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and measured their effectiveness. Empirical analyses quantified the amount of time required to train rhesus monkeys to come up, station, target, and stay. Additionally, a study found that time spent affiliating by female rhesus was changed as a function of training low affiliators to affiliate more and high affiliators to affiliate less. Another study successfully trained chimpanzees to feed without fighting and to come inside on command. PRT is an important behavioral management tool that can improve the care and welfare of primates in captivity. Published empirical findings are essential for managers to assess objectively the utility of positive reinforcement training techniques in enhancing captive management and research procedures.
Descriptors: animal welfare, animal behavior, operant conditioning, learning, Macaca mulatta, meta analysis, social behavior.
Schapiro, S.J., J.E. Perlman, and B.A. Boudreau (2001). Manipulating the affiliative interactions of group-housed rhesus macaques using positive reinforcement training techniques. American Journal of Primatology 55(3): 137-149. ISSN: 0275-2565.
NAL Call Number: QL737.P9A5
Abstract: Social housing, whether continuous, intermittent, or partial contact, typically provides many captive primates with opportunities to express affiliative behaviors, important components of the species-typical behavioral repertoire. Positive reinforcement training techniques have been successfully employed to shape many behaviors important for achieving primate husbandry goals. The present study was conducted to determine whether positive reinforcement training techniques could also be employed to alter levels of affiliative interactions among group-housed rhesus macaques. Twenty-eight female rhesus were divided into high (n = 14) and low (n = 14) affiliators based on a median split of the amount of time they spent affiliating during the baseline phase of the study. During the subsequent training phase, half of the low affiliators (n = 7) were trained to increase their time spent affiliating, and half of the high affiliators (n = 7) were trained to decrease their time spent affiliating. Trained subjects were observed both during and outside of training sessions. Low affiliators significantly increased the amount of time they spent affiliating, but only during nontraining sessions. High affiliators on the other hand, significantly decreased the amount of time they spent affiliating, but only during training sessions. These data suggest that positive reinforcement techniques can be used to alter the affiliative behavior patterns of group-housed, female rhesus monkeys, although the two subgroups of subjects responded differently to the training process. Low affiliators changed their overall behavioral repertoire, while high affiliators responded to the reinforcement contingencies of training, altering their proximity patterns but not their overall behavior patterns. Thus, positive reinforcement training can be used not only as a means to promote species-typical or beneficial behavior patterns, but also as an important experimental manipulation to facilitate systematic analyses of the effects of psychosocial factors on behavior and potentially even immunology.
Descriptors: housing, animal welfare, animal training, Macaca mulatta, reinforcement psychology, social behavior, animal behavior.
Scott, L., P. Pearce, S. Fairhall, N. Muggleton, and J. Smith (2003). Training nonhuman primates to cooperate with scientific procedures in applied biomedical research. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6(3): 199-207. ISSN: 1088-8705.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.J68
Abstract: This report provides a brief overview of aspects of training nonhuman primates who have been, and continue to be, used in this laboratory. The research context involves applied behavioral studies in which animals are trained to perform complex operant behavioral sequences, often in their homecage environment. In such studies, animals have freedom to choose whether to engage in appetitively reinforced behavioral tests that employ neither food deprivation nor fluid management. This background of operant conditioning has provided an insight to, and a context for, animal training both as an adjunct to general laboratory management and as a way to expedite scientific procedures. Thus, training has potential implications for both well-being and scientific quality, although it must be considered an adjunct to the provision of socialization with conspecifics in high quality diverse housing systems and not as an alternative to such provision. The importance of discussion and consideration of alternative procedures cannot be overemphasized.
Descriptors: operant conditioning, positive reinforcement training, Callithrix, housing, laboratory animal husbandry, animal welfare.
Seiver, D., P. Walsh, B. Weber, and M. MacPhee. (2001). Operant conditioning of apes to facilitate medical procedures and immobilizations. In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, Chicago Zoological Society: Chicago, Illinois, USA, p. 137-139. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACSeiver.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: apes, positive reinforcement training, animal behavior, husbandry training, immobilizations, administration of medication.
Smith, J., S. Mills, S.J. Hayes, S. Fairhall, and C. Dickson (2005). Rhesus transportation box training protocol. Animal Technology and Welfare 4(3): 153-155. ISSN: 0264-4754.
NAL Call Number: SF757 .A62
Descriptors: training program, transportation box, jump box training, laboratory animals, rhesus macaques.
Sullivan, T. (2000). Behavioral problem solving using operant conditioning. In: American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings, American Zoo and Aquarium Association: Wheeling, West Virginia, USA, Vol. 2000, p. 167-169.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal behavior, using training to solve behavior problems.
Videan, E.N., J. Fritz, J. Murphy, R. Borman, H.F. Smith, and S. Howell (2005). Training captive chimpanzees to cooperate for an anesthetic injection. Lab Animal 34(5): 43-48. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: medical procedures, positive reinforcement training, training for injections, time investment in training animals, stress, Pan troglodytes, chimps.
Whittaker, M., G. Laule, J. Perman, S. Shapiro, and M. Keeling. (2001). A behavioral management approach to caring for great apes. In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century, May 10, 2000-May 13, 2000, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL, Chicago Zoological Society: Chicago, Illinois, USA, p. 131-134. ISBN: 0913934283.
Online: http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/pagegen/inc/ACWhittaker.pdf
NAL Call Number: QL737.P96 A642 2001
Descriptors: great apes, enrichment, animal welfare, positive reinforcement training, captive management, behavioral management program.