Veterinary

Aguirre, A.A., G.H. Balazs, T.R. Spraker, S.K.K. Murakawa, and B. Zimmerman (2002). Pathology of oropharyngeal fibropapillomatosis in green turtles Chelonia mydas. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 14(4): 298-304. ISSN: 0899-7659.
NAL Call Number: SH171.J68
Descriptors: reptiles, green turtles, fibropapillmatosis, oropharyngeal, veterinary pathology.

Alkindi, A.Y.A. and I.Y. Mahmoud (2002). A new method of sampling arterial blood from large sea turtles. Herpetological Review 33(4): 281-282. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, large sea turtles, arterial blood, sampling, new method.

Alleman, A.R. and E.K. Kupprion (2007). Cytologic diagnosis of diseases in reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 10(1): 155-186. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: The cytologic evaluation of samples obtained from reptile patients may provide invaluable diagnostic information to the clinician. The following article is directed toward providing information regarding the techniques used to obtain samples, discussion of sample types, and guidelines for the cytologic classification of the materials collected from tissue lesions and body fluids.
Descriptors: reptiles, cytodiagnosis, veterinary, animal diseases, samples, techniques, guidelines, tissue lesions, body fluids.

Baines, F.M. and R.R. Davies (2004). The euthanasia of reptiles. Herptile 29(2): 60-71. ISSN: 0953-2021.
Descriptors: reptiles, euthanasia, methods, techniques, efficacy, humane.

Barten, S.L. (2002). Ventral midline mini-debate: in support of paramedian celiotomy incisions in lizards. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. 16(16): 903. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, surgery, paramedian celiotomy incision, ventral mid-line, debate, conference proceedings.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Barten, S.L. (2002). Diseases of the Iguana oral cavity. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 894-895. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: iguana, mouth diseases, oral cavity, reptiles, conference proceedings.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Baur, M., E. Haertl, R.W. Hoffmann, and F. Weber (2004). Die Kastration maennlicher Gruener Leguane, Iguana iguana Indikationen, Tierschutzrelevanz, Vorgehen. [Castration in male green iguanas.]. Tieraerztliche Umschau 59(2): 113-114, 117-120. ISSN: 0049-3864.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, Iguana iguana, captive animals, castration, reasons, surgical techniques, male, procedure.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English and German.

Bennett, R.A. (2004). Radiografia en reptiles: tecnicas e interpretacion.[Radiography in reptiles: techniques and interpretation]. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, 1468-1470. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, radiography, techniques, veterinary interpretation, conference proceedings, book.
Language of Text: Spanish.

Bennett, R.A. (2004). Sujecion y examen en reptiles. [Handling and examination of reptiles]. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: 1461-1464. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, handling and examination, conference proceedings, book chapter.
Language of Text: Spanish.

Benson, K.G., L.A. Tell, L.A. Young, S. Wetzlich, and A.L. Craigmill (2003). Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(10): 1278-1282. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium after IM and SC administration in green iguanas. ANIMALS: 6 male and 4 female adult green iguanas. PROCEDURE: In a crossover design, 5 iguanas received a single dose of ceftiofur sodium (5 mg/kg) IM, and 5 iguanas received the same dose SC. Blood samples were taken at 0, 20, and 40 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after administration. After a 10-week washout period, each iguana was given the same dose via the reciprocal administration route, and blood was collected in the same fashion. Ceftiofur free-acid equivalents were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The first phase intercepts were significantly different between the 2 administration routes. Mean maximum plasma concentration was significantly higher with the IM (28.6 +/- 8.0 microg/mL) than the SC (18.6 +/- 8.3 microg/mL) administration route. There were no significant differences between terminal half-lives (harmonic mean via IM route, 15.7 +/- 4.7 hours; harmonic mean via SC route, 19.7 +/- 6.7 hours) and mean areas under the curve measured to the last time point (IM route, 11,722 +/- 7,907 microg x h/mL; SC route, 12,143 +/- 9,633 microg x h/mL). Ceftiofur free-acid equivalent concentrations were maintained > or = 2 microg/mL for > 24 hours via both routes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A suggested dosing schedule for ceftiofur sodium in green iguanas for microbes susceptible at > 2 microg/mL would be 5 mg/kg, IM or SC, every 24 hours.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, ceftiofur sodium, pharmacokinetics, administration, intramuscular, subcutaneous, blood samples, dosing schedule.

Beregi, A., V. Molnar, Z. Lukacs, and F. Baska (2003). Coelotomische Entfernung eines Angelhakens aus einer Sumpfschildkrote (Emys orbicularis).[Celiotomic removal of a fishing hook in a European mud turtle (Emys orbicularis)]. Kleintierpraxis 48(1): 41-45. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: SF981.K573
Descriptors: reptiles, European mud turtle, Emys orbicularis, fishing hook, celiotomic removal, surgery, case study.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English.

Beregi, A., V. Molnar, J. Szabo, G. Kiss, F. Felkai, and G. Fancsi (2003). A kigyok es a gyikok rontgendiagnosztikai vizsgalata. 2. A radiologiai vizsgalatok indikacioi, a koros elvaltozasok rontgenleletei. [Diagnostic radiology of snakes and lizards. 2. Indication of radiological examination and radiograps of pathological lesions.]. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 125(3): 159-164. ISSN: 0025-004X.
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, lizards, radiological examination, diagnostic radiology, radiographs, pathological lesions, veterinary procedure.
Language of Text: Hungarian.

Beregi Attila, Molnar Viktor, Szabo Judit, Kiss Gabor, Felkai Ferenc, and Fancsi Gabor (2003). A kigyok es a gyikok rontgendiagnosztikai vizsgalata. 1. A felvetel elkeszitesenek technikaja, a kigyok es a gyikok rontgenanatomiaja. [Diagnostic radiology of snakes and lizards. 1. Radiographic technique and radiographs of healthy snakes and lizards.]. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 125(1): 49-53. ISSN: 0025-004X.
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, lizards, diagnostic radiology, radiographic technique, radiographs, veterinary proceedures.
Language of Text: Hungarian.

Boyer, T.H. (2006). Common procedures with venomous reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 9(2): 269-285. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Venomous reptiles should be handled in a safe and consistent manner, even after death. Owners and staff should be warned not to handle the venomous reptile, and one should have emergency protocols in place before the properly bagged and encased reptile is presented. It is important to know what one is treating as well as one's limitations. After being carefully removed from the bag, the venomous reptile may be transferred to a handling container, tubed, or squeezed with the appropriate equipment. The author usually induces injectable or gas anesthesia at this point. Veterinarians who are inexperienced with venomous reptiles should learn how to handle them through a reputable seminar or class before electing to see them in their practice.
Descriptors: venomous reptiles, bites and stings prevention and control, clinical competence, reptiles, snake venoms adverse effects, snakes, veterinary medicine.

Bradley Bays, T.A. (2005). Equipping the reptile practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 8(3): 437-461. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Reptile medicine and surgery has advanced so much in the last 15 years, and clients are becoming increasingly aware of the needs of their reptile pets. As such, it is important for veterinary practitioners to advance their education in reptile medicine if they intend to add reptiles as patients to their clinics. Equally important is to realize one's limitations and to not only know when it is time to refer but to find out which practices near them are the best prepared for referral of these unique pets.
Descriptors: reptiles, anatomy, histology, physiology, surgery, veterinary medicine, instrumentation, methods, standards, animals, clinical competence, physical examination, veterinary professional competence.

Brosnan, R.J., B.H. Pypendop, L.S. Barter, and M.G. Hawkins (2006). Pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). American Journal of Veterinary Research 67(10): 1670-1674. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, Iguana iguana, inhaled anesthetics, pharmacokinetics.

Brown, D.R., D.L. Demcovitz, D.R. Plourde, S.M. Potter, M.E. Hunt, R.D. Jones, and D.S. Rotstein (2006). Mycoplasma iguanae sp. nov., from a green iguana (Iguana iguana) with vertebral disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56(Pt 4): 761-764. ISSN: print: 1466-5026; online: 1466-5034.
Abstract: Strain 2327T, first cultured from vertebral abscesses of green iguanas (Iguana iguana) collected in Florida, USA, was readily distinguished from all previously described mollicutes by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. Strain 2327T lacks a cell wall, ferments glucose, does not hydrolyse arginine, aesculin or urea and is sensitive to digitonin. Western blots distinguished the novel isolate serologically from the most closely related members of the Mycoplasma neurolyticum cluster. On the basis of these data, the isolate represents a novel species for which the name Mycoplasma iguanae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 2327T (=ATCC BAA-1050T = NCTC 11745T).
Descriptors: Iguana iguana, iguanas microbiology, mycoplasma infections, molecular sequence data, phylogeny, ribosomal RNA, genetics, DNA sequence analysis.

Brown, D.R., J.L. Merritt, E.R. Jacobson, P.A. Klein, J.G. Tully, and M.B. Brown (2004). Mycoplasma testudineum sp. nov., from a desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) with upper respiratory tract disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54(5): 1527-1529. ISSN: print: 1466-5026; online: 1466-5034.
Descriptors: reptiles, desert tortoise, Mycoplasma testudineum sp., upper respiratory tract disease, Gopherus agassizii.

Brown, J.D., J.M. Richards, J. Robertson, S. Holladay, and J.M. Sleeman (2004). Pathology of aural abscesses in free-living Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(4): 704-712. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Aural abscess or abscess of the middle ear is common in free-living Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) of Virginia (USA) and elsewhere. Although its etiology remains unknown, hypovitaminosis A has been suggested on the basis of similar lesions occurring in captive chelonians fed diets that are deficient in vitamin A. This hypothesis was supported by significantly greater body burdens of organochlorine compounds (reported disruptors of vitamin A metabolism) and a nonsignificant trend toward lower serum and hepatic vitamin A levels in free-living box turtles with this lesion. The tympanic epithelium was evaluated in 27 box turtles (10 with aural abscesses and 17 without). Lesions of the tympanic epithelium of box turtles with aural abscesses included hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, hyperemia, cellular sloughing, granulomatous inflammation, and bacterial infection. These changes were more severe in turtles with aural abscesses than in those without and were more severe in tympanic cavities that had an abscess compared to those without when the lesion was unilateral. Organs from 21 box turtles (10 with aural abscesses and 11 without) from the study population were examined for microscopic lesions, and minimal histopathologic changes were found, none of which were similar to those found in the tympanic epithelium. Histopathologic changes in box turtles with aural abscesses were consistent with a syndrome that may involve hypovitaminosis A.
Descriptors: reptiles, Eastern box turtle, free living, aural abscesses, middle ear, hypovitaminosis A, deficient diet, chelonians, histopathologic changes.

Buenviaje, G.N., J.M. Millan, P.M. Summers, and R.G. Hirst (2004). Use of copper sulphate for the treatment of dermatophilosis ('brown spot' disease) in farmed crocodiles. Australian Veterinary Journal 82(9): 577-578. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: reptiles, crocodiles, alternative livestock, animal diseases, skin diseases, copper sulfate, drug therapy, Dermatophilus, bacterial infections, formaldehyde, Crocodylus porosus, drug evaluation, skin lesions, mycoses, mixed infection, dermatophilosis.

Bulte, G., C. Verly, and G. Blouin Demers (2006). An improved blood sampling technique for hatchling emydid turtles. Herpetological Review 37(3): 318-319. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, emydid turtles, hatchling, improved blood sampling technique.

Burridge, M. (2005). Controlling and eradicating tick infestations on reptiles. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 27(5): 371-375. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601.C66
Descriptors: reptiles, disease transmission, acaricides, permethrin, tick control, Florida, eradicating, infestations.

Carter, S.L., B.D. Horne, D.W. Herman, D.K. Nichols, C.A. Haas, and J.C. Mitchell (2005). Bacterial pneumonia in free-ranging bog turtles, Glyptemys muhlenbergii, from North Carolina and Virginia. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science 121(4): 170-173.
NAL Call Number: Q11 .J6817
Descriptors: reptiles, bog turtles, free ranging, Glyptemys muhlenbergii, bacterial pneumonia, case report, North Carolina, Virginia.

Casal, A.B. and J. Oros (2007). Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Research in Veterinary Science 82(2): 158-165. ISSN: 0034-5288.
Abstract: A morphologic classification based on the cytochemical characteristics of blood cells of 35 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) is described. Cytochemical stains included benzidine peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (with and without sodium fluoride), acid phosphatase (with and without tartaric acid), Sudan black B, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue. The morphologic characteristics of erythrocytes were similar to those reported in green turtles. Six types of white blood cells were identified: heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes. Except for the basophils, the rest of the white blood cells from loggerhead turtles had different cytochemical characteristics compared to blood cells from other sea turtle species. The leukocyte differential count was different from that reported for other sea turtle species. Heterophils were the most numerous leukocytes from these loggerhead turtles, followed by lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils. This paper provides a morphologic classification of blood cells of loggerhead sea turtles that is useful for veterinary surgeons involved in sea turtle conservation.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, blood cells, cytochemical characteristics, morphological, juvenile, veterinary medicine.

Casimire Etzioni, A.L., J.F.X. Wellehan, J.E. Embury, S.P. Terrell, and R.E. Raskin (2004). Synovial fluid from an African spur-thighed tortoise (Geochelone sulcata). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 33(1): 43-46. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A54
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoise, Geochelone sulcata, synovial fluid, arthrocentesis, case reports, diagnosis, gout, cytologic evaluation.

Chittick, E.J., M.A. Stamper, J.F. Beasley, G.A. Lewbart, and W.A. Horne (2002). Medetomidine, ketamine, and sevoflurane for anesthesia of injured loggerhead sea turtles: 13 cases (1996-2000). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221(7): 1019-1025. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine safety and efficacy of an anesthetic protocol incorporating medetomidine, ketamine, and sevoflurane for anesthesia of injured loggerhead sea turtles. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 13 loggerhead sea turtles. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia was induced with medetomidine (50 microg/kg [22.7 microg/lb], IV) and ketamine (5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb], IV) and maintained with sevoflurane (0.5 to 2.5%) in oxygen. Sevoflurane was delivered with a pressure-limited intermittent-flow ventilator. Heart rate and rhythm, end-tidal partial pressure of CO2, and cloacal temperature were monitored continuously; venous blood gas analyses were performed intermittently. Administration of sevoflurane was discontinued 30 to 60 minutes prior to the end of the surgical procedure. Atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg [0.11 mg/lb], IV) was administered at the end of surgery. RESULTS: Median induction time was 11 minutes (range, 2 to 40 minutes; n = 11). Median delivered sevoflurane concentrations 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after intubation were 2.5 (n = 12), 1.5 (12), 1.25 (12), and 0.5% (8), respectively. Heart rate decreased during surgery to a median value of 15 beats/min (n = 11). End-tidal partial pressure of CO2 ranged from 2 to 16 mm Hg (n = 8); median blood gas values were within reference limits. Median time from atipamezole administration to extubation was 14 minutes (range, 2 to 84 minutes; n = 7). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that a combination of medetomidine and ketamine for induction and sevoflurane for maintenance provides safe, effective, controllable anesthesia in injured loggerhead sea turtles.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, anesthesia, medetomidine, ketamine, sevoflurane, drug combination, induction, maintenance.

Colitz, C.M., G. Lewbart, and M.G. Davidson (2002). Phacoemulsification in an adult Savannah monitor lizard. Veterinary Ophthalmology 5(3): 207-209. ISSN: 1463-5216.
NAL Call Number: SF891.V47
Abstract: An adult male Savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) was presented for bilateral lens opacities that had progressed rapidly over the previous 2 months. A diagnosis of bilateral mature cataracts was made and phacoemulsification cataract extraction was performed. Surgery restored vision and normal activity to the patient.
Descriptors: reptiles, male Savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus), cataract, phacoemulsification, cataract diagnosis, cataract pathology, diagnosis, cataract extraction, case study.
Notes: In the special issue: Exotic and laboratory animal / edited by T.J. Kern.

Cooper, J.E. (2003). Skin diseases of reptiles. Veterinary Times 33(23): 12-13. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: reptiles, skin diseases, abscesses, dermatitis, diagnosis, ectoparasites, treatment, neoplasms, lesions.

Cousquer, G. (2006). Handling and restraint of exotic patients - Part 2: Reptiles and amphibians. VN Times 6(12): 18-19. ISSN: 0922-8012.
Descriptors: handling, amphibians, reptiles, methodology, pets, restraint of animals, techniques, lizards, reptiles, snakes, tortoises.

Croft, L.A., J.P. Graham, S.A. Schaf, and E.R. Jacobson (2004). Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging for detection of internal tumors in green turtles with cutaneous fibropapillomatosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225(9): 1428-1435. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the gross cross-sectional anatomy of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detection of internal tumors in green turtles with cutaneous fibropapillomatosis. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 3 dead green turtles, 1 healthy green turtle, and 8 green turtles with cutaneous fibropapillomatosis. PROCEDURES: Gross cross-sectional anatomy of a dead turtle was described. Each live turtle underwent a complete physical examination, and dorsoventral whole-body survey radiographic views were obtained. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in dorsal and transverse planes. Radiographs and magnetic resonance images were examined for evidence of internal nodules. Results were compared with necropsy findings in 5 of 8 turtles. RESULTS: Nodules in the lungs of 2 turtles were detected via radiography, whereas pulmonary nodules were detected in 5 turtles via MRI. No other visceral nodules were detected via radiography; however, masses in the stomach and adjacent to the bladder and kidneys were detected in 1 turtle via MRI. Other extrapulmonary abnormalities observed at necropsy were not detected on MR images. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: MRI may be valuable for detection of internal tumors in green turtles with cutaneous fibropapillomatosis. Nodules were more apparent in the lungs than in other organs. Results of MRI may serve as prognostic indicators for sea turtles undergoing assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation. Clinical application may be limited by cost and availability of MRI technology.
Descriptors: reptiles, green turtles, internal tumors, fibropapillomatosis, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, evaluation, cross sectional anatomy.

D' Agostino, C., A. Lanza, C. Nannetti, G.M. Damiani, C. Tarantino, and S. Perrucci (2003). Criptosporidiosi nei rettili. [Cryptosporidiosis in reptiles]. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 24(2): 43-46. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Descriptors: reptiles, snake, lizard, turtles, cryptosporidosis, diagnosis, fecal exam, Cryptosporidium serpentis, C. saurophylum, disease.
Language of Text: Italian.

Davis, J.R. and D.F. Denardo (2007). The urinary bladder as a physiological reservoir that moderates dehydration in a large desert lizard, the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum. Journal of Experimental Biology. 210(Pt 8): 1472-1480. ISSN: 0022-0949.
Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.003061
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Animals inhabiting xeric environments use a variety of behavioral and physiological strategies to balance water budgets. We studied the potential contribution of the urinary bladder to osmoregulation in a large desert lizard, the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum. Here we present results of a series of in vivo laboratory experiments which tested the hypothesis that the Gila monster urinary bladder serves as a physiological reservoir, as in amphibians and chelonians, providing water that buffers increases in plasma osmolality when food and water are unavailable. Adult Gila monsters absorbed water from the urinary bladder into circulation and absorption of water from the urinary bladder and drinking water provided similar osmoregulatory benefits within 24 h, although drinking water provided a more immediate osmotic benefit. During food and water deprivation, plasma osmolality increased 2.5 times faster in lizards with an empty urinary bladder compared with those with a full bladder. During rehydration, stereotyped binge drinking behavior increased body mass nearly 22%, which resulted in a 24% reduction in plasma osmolality and a substantial increase in bladder water within 24 h. These results support our hypothesis and demonstrate for the first time in an adult lizard that the urinary bladder can function as a long-term physiological water reservoir. This trait can provide a critical benefit to osmoregulation during the 2- to 3-month summer dry season characteristic of the deserts that Gila monsters inhabit.
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, Gila monster, urinary bladder, water budgets, osmoregulation, dehydration, physiological reservoir, plasma osmality.

De Voe, R., K. Geissler, S. Elmore, D. Rotstein, G. Lewbart, and J. Guy (2004). Ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in a group of captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(4): 534-543. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Seven captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from a large collection of North American chelonians in North Carolina became acutely ill in the fall of 2002. Five of the turtles died. Clinical signs included cutaneous abscessation, oral ulceration or abscessation (or both), respiratory distress, anorexia, and lethargy. The predominant postmortem lesion was fibrinoid vasculitis of various organs, including skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and liver. No inclusion bodies were detected by histopathology or electron microscopy of formalin-fixed tissue. An iridovirus was isolated from tissues obtained postmortem from two of the box turtles that died. The virus was characterized by electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis of a portion of the major capsid protein as a member of the genus Ranavirus.
Descriptors: reptiles, captive eastern box turtles, morbidity, mortality, ranavirus, clinical signs, postmortem lesions, iridovirus, case study.

Deem, S.L., E.S. Dierenfeld, G.P. Sounguet, A.R. Alleman, C. Cray, R.H. Poppeng, T.M. Norton, and W.B. Karesh (2006). Blood values in free-ranging nesting leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) on the coast of the republic of Gabon. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37(4): 464-471. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, leatherback sea turtles, blood values, hematology, plasma biochemistry, plasma protein electrophoresis.

DeNardo, D.F. (2004). Essentials of reproductive physiology for the reptile practitioner. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1333-1334. ISSN: 0341-6593.
Descriptors: reptiles, reproductive physiology, essentials, reptile practitioner, conference proceedings, book chapter.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics Book Two: Pain Management Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

DeNardo, D.F. (2004). Stress and its influence on clinical disease in reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1326-1328. ISSN: 0341-6953.
Descriptors: reptiles, stress, influence on clinical disease, restraint.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics Book Two: Pain Management Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

DeNardo, D.F. (2004). Clinical applications in reptile reproduction. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1335-1337. ISSN: 0341-6593.
Descriptors: reptiles, clinical applications, reproduction, pregnancy, sex determination, conference proceedings, book chapter.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics Book Two: Pain Management Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Di Bello, A., C. Valastro, and F. Staffieri (2006). Surgical approach to the coelomic cavity through the axillary and inguinal regions in sea turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 228(6): 922-925. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical approach to the coelomic cavity through the axillary and inguinal regions in sea turtles. DESIGN: Descriptive report. ANIMALS: 9 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) that had ingested fishhooks or monofilament fishing line. PROCEDURE: Turtles known to have ingested foreign bodies were anesthetized. For the extraction of fish-hooks located in the stomach, an approach to the coelomic cavity through the soft tissues of the left axillary region (along the cranial margin of the plastron) was made. For the removal of fishhooks and long fishing lines in other portions of the intestinal tract, an approach to the coelomic cavity was performed via the inguinal region. Foreign bodies were removed via gastrotomy or enterotomy. RESULTS: Of the 9 loggerhead turtles, 3 had a fish-hook in the stomach, 1 had a fishhook in the stomach and fishing line throughout the intestinal tract, 2 had a fishhook in the ileum and fishing line in the ileum and colon, and 3 had fishing line throughout the intestinal tract. Following surgery, 8 turtles recovered successfully; 1 turtle (in which an enterectomy was performed) died. After approximately 8 weeks, the surviving turtles were well enough to be released from captivity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that an axillary approach to the coelomic cavity in sea turtles could be a useful alternative to plastron osteotomy. Moreover, the inguinal approach allows the exteriorization of the intestinal tract from jejunum to colon, which facilitates surgical removal of long linear foreign bodies ingested by turtles.
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtles, Caretta caretta, surgical approach, coelomic cavity, axillary, inguinal, region, fishhooks, stomach, ingested foreign bodies.

Di Bello, A., C. Valastro, F. Staffteri, and A. Crovace (2006). Contrast radiography of the gastrointestinal tract in sea turtles. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 47(4): 351-354. ISSN: 1058-8183.
Abstract: Intestinal obstruction by radiolucent foreign bodies is common in sea turtles. The absence of clinical signs and the extended fasting periods in these animals means that intestinal obstructions may not be diagnosed early. Digestive tract radiographic contrast procedures were performed to evaluate the gastrointestinal transit time and intestinal obstructions in loggerhead sea turtles. Barium sulfate and nonionic iodinate contrast medium were used for radiographic contrast procedures. Contrast medium was administered via a gastric tube or into the colon. These procedures are often necessary and are useful to document intestinal obstruction and foreign objects. The diagnostic procedures were not easily performed in some turtles, but often they were adequate for the diagnosis.
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtles, gastrointestinal tract, contrast radiography, intestinal obstruction, ingested foreign bodies, clinical signs, barium sulfate.

Eatwell, K. (2003). The anorexic tortoise: Part 1. Veterinary Times 33(31): 20. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoises, animal husbandry, anorexia, clinical aspects, diet, hibernation.

Ebani, V.V., D. Cerri, F. Fratini, N. Meille, P. Valentini, and E. Andreani (2005). Salmonella enterica isolates from faeces of domestic reptiles and a study of their antimicrobial in vitro sensitivity. Research in Veterinary Science 78(2): 117-121. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: From October 2001 to February 2002, the faecal samples of 305 reptiles (165 saurians, 99 ophidians and 41 chelonians) were bacteriologically examined to detect Salmonella enterica. S. enterica was isolated from 73 (23.93%) faecal samples including 44 (60.27%) samples collected from saurians, 15 (20.55%) from chelonians and 14 (19.18%) from ophidians; considering the number of samples taken for each reptile group, S. enterica was isolated from the 36.58% of chelonians, 26.66% of saurians and 14.14% of ophidians. The isolates were distributed among 38 serotypes. Sixty-nine (94.52%) isolates were resistant to erythromycin. About one-third of the isolates was resistant to sulfisoxazole (35.61%), gentamycin (32.88%), amoxycillin (31.51%) and ampicillin (27.40%). All but one of the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol. A high percentages of isolates were sensitive to enrofloxacin (84.93%), nitrofurantoin (80.82%), trimethoprim (76.71%) and tetracycline (75.34%).
Descriptors: reptiles, fecal testing, anti bacterial agents, pharmacology, microbiology, Salmonella infections, Salmonella enterica, drug effects, sensitivity tests, serotyping, veterinary.

Eggenschwiler, U. (2004). Respiratory diseases in turtles: recognition, treatment and prevention. Reptilia GB 34: 70-73. ISSN: 1138-4913.
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, respiratory diseases, recognition, prevention, treatment.

Fertard, B. (2004). Frattura del carapace in una tartaruga. [Carapace fracture in a tortoise]. Summa 21(6): 46-48. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoise, carapace fracture, veterinary care.
Language of Text: Italian.

Fontenot, D.K., N. Lamberski, and S. Pfaff (2004). Physical, hematologic, and plasma biochemistry values of five crocodiles monitors, Varanus salvadorii. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 14(1): 5-9. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, crocodile monitors, Varanus salvadorii, blood, physical, hematologic, plasma biochemistry, values, temperature.

French, S.S., K.S. Matt, and M.C. Moore (2006). The effects of stress on wound healing in male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus). General and Comparative Endocrinology 145(2): 128-132. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 G28
Abstract: Exposure to stress can affect an organism's partitioning of resources among immune function and other organismal functions. However, measuring immune function is often difficult. Recent studies show that the rate of cutaneous wound healing in laboratory rodents is a simple, integrated measure of stress-sensitive immune function. We investigated the use of this technique in tree lizards to test the hypotheses (1) that stress compromises wound healing and (2) that this effect is at least partially mediated by corticosterone. Laboratory-housed male tree lizards randomly assigned to the experimental and control treatment groups received a 3.5 mm cutaneous biopsy on the dorsal surface of the pelvis. Experimental group males were restrained in cloth bags for 60 min every day for 21 days during the healing profile, whereas control males were left in their cages. Wound sizes were measured every other day by image analysis. Control animals healed faster than stressed animals. The difference in wound surface area between the groups was most pronounced early in the healing profile. Stressed animals also had higher corticosterone levels and corticosterone was negatively correlated with healing rate in the stressed animals. These observations support both hypotheses that stress compromises healing and that corticosterone may act to mediate the effects of stress.
Descriptors: tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, corticosterone blood, lizards physiology, stress blood, wound healing physiology, restraint, physical, stress immunology.

Funk, R.S. (2002). Venomoid surgeries in snakes. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 909. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, venoms, surgery, United States, conference proceedings.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Funk, R.S. (2002). Quarantine procedures and protocol for reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 907-908. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, quarantine, procedures, protocol, disease control, parasite control, ticks, Salmonela.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Funk, R.S. (2002). Interpreting reptile lab work. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 905-906. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, laboratory diagnosis, interpreting lab work, conference proceedings.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Funk, R.S. (2002). General examination and common diagnostics in reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 904. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, clinical examination, tests, diagnosis, common diagnostics.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Funk, R.S. (2002). Lizard reproductive medicine and surgery. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 5(3): 579-613. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Lizards are a diverse group of some 4470 species, a wide variety of which are now kept in captivity. Interest in captive lizards continues to increase, wild populations seem to be declining in some areas, and herpetoculturists continue to succeed in breeding more species; consequently, veterinarians must understand basic lizard reproductive biology to successfully treat lizard patients with reproductive problems. Just obtaining First Filial Generation (F1) offspring is an accomplishment. But we must look down the road to maintain a species in captivity for succeeding generations, and a lineage may not continue if attention is not given to details of appropriate husbandry and proper reproductive pursuits. One study documents the senescence of lineages in parthenogenetic lizards in captivity apparently associated with husbandry problems [99].
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, genital diseases, female, male, lizards physiology, reproduction, prevention, control, genital disease surgery, sexual behavior., captive situations.

Funk, R.S. (2004). Diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders in snakes. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 35-40. ISSN: 1529-9651.
Online: http://www.arav.org
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, reproductive disorders, diagnosing, treating, Conference proceedings.

Gaio, C., P. Scarpa, T. Rossi, L. Baggiani, D. Gelli, and E. Ferro (2005). Urine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page): preliminary results regarding assessment of proteinuria in the diagnosis of renal damage in reptiles. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 12: 61-64. ISSN: 1529-9651.
Online: http://www.arav.org
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, renal damage, proteinuria, diagnosis, urine polyacrylamide, gel electrophoresis, assessment, preliminary results, renal disease.

Gal, J., M. Mandoki, C. Jakab, E. Sos, and M. Marosan (2003). Entamoebosis zold leguanban (Iguana iguana).[Entamoebiosis in green iguana (Iguana iguana)]. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 125(7): 422-424. ISSN: 0025-004X.
Descriptors: reptiles, iguana, case reports, entamoebosis, clinical aspects.
Language of Text: Hungarian; Summary in English.

Gal, J., M. Mandoki, E. Sos, and M. Marosan (2004). Tojasvisszatartas es kovetkezmenyes savos-fibrines savoshartya-gyulladas vitorlas agama (Hydrosaurus amboinensis) testuregeben. [Egg retention and consequent catarrhal-fibrinoid inflammation of serous membrane in a sailfin lizard's (Hydrosaurus amboinensis) abdominal cavity]. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 126(5): 290-292. ISSN: 0025-004X.
Descriptors: reptiles, sailfin lizard, Hydrosaurus amboinensis, egg retention, reproductive disorders, serous membrane, inflammation, abdominal cavity.
Language of Text: Hungarian; Summary in English.

Gal, J., M. Mandoki, Z. Vincze, and E. Sos (2003). Elhalasos vastagbelgyulladas sarga bikasikloban (Pituophis catenifer affinis). [Necrotic colitis in a gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer affinis)]. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 125(6): 379-381. ISSN: 0025-004X.
Descriptors: reptiles, gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer affinis, necrotic colitis.
Language of Text: Hungarian; Summary in English.

Gal, J., E. Sos, L. Mezosi, S. Radvanyi, M. Mandoki, and T. Toth (2006). Abscess formation caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in the body cavity of the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758). Salamandra 42(1): 53-56. ISSN: 0036-3375.
Descriptors: reptiles, lizard, Amevia amevia, abcess formation, body cavity, bacteria, Plesiomonas shigelloides, chronic inflammation.

Garner, M.M. (2004). Reptile bone marrow examination and interpretation. Exotic DVM 6(3): 70-74. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, bone marrow, examination, interpretation, blood, conference, veterinary.
Notes: Meeting Information: Sixth Annual International Conference on Exotics, Naples, Florida, USA, 6-8 May 2004.

Garner, M.M. (2003). Focus on diseases of reptiles. Exotic DVM 5(3): 65-70. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, diseases, conference proceedings.
Notes: Meeting Information: International Conference on Exotics (ICE2003), Palm Beach, Florida, USA, 2003.

Garner, M.M. (2004). Reptile bone marrow examination and interpretation. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 17-20. ISSN: 1529-9651.
Online: http://www.arav.org
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, bone marrow, examination, interpretation, evaluation, anatomy, sampling.

Garner, M.M., S.M. Hernandez Divers, and J.T. Raymond (2004). Reptile neoplasia: a retrospective study of case submissions to a specialty diagnostic service. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 7(3): vi, 653-671. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Descriptors: reptiles, neoplasia, retrospective study, case submissions, diagnostic service.

Garner, M.M. and J.T. Raymond (2004). Methods for diagnosing inclusion body disease in snakes. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 21-25. ISSN: 1529-9651.
Online: http://www.arav.org
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, inclusion body disease, diagnosing, methods, IBD, snakes, liver biopsy.

Geddes, L.A. (2002). Electrocardiograms from the turtle to the elephant that illustrate interesting physiological phenomena. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 25(12): 1762-1770. ISSN: print: 0147-8389; online: 1540-8159.
Abstract: This article describes a collection of ECGs from many species obtained over the past 50 years. Presented are ECGs of species in which the pacemaker is a separate contractile chamber with its own action and recovery potentials. In such species, pacemaker atrial and AV block can be produced. Shortening of the atrial refractory period and the negative inotropic effect can be produced by vagal stimulation. The cardiac electrogram and stroke volume are recorded from the turtle heart. The ECG and respiration were recorded from the snake. ECG records were obtained from the anesthetized and decapitated housefly. ECG records of the rabbit show slowing when the nose encountered irritating vapors. Records from a dog with atrial fibrillation exhibit rhythmic fibrillation frequency changes correlated with respiration. In addition, in a morphinized dog with atrial fibrillation, impulses crossed the AV node only during inspiration. The ECGs of a cow and camel exhibit long P-R intervals and biphasic P waves. Finally the elephant ECG shows a clear U wave following the T wave.
Descriptors: reptiles, electrocardiograms, turtle, elephant, many species, collection of ECG's, physiological phenomena, dog, snake, rabbit, comparison study.

Gelli, D., M. Morgante, V. Ferrari, A. Mollo, D. Freggi, and S. Romagnoli (2004). Hematologic, serum biochemical, and serum electrophoretic patterns in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 149-152. ISSN: 1529-9561.
Online: http://www.arav.org
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, hematologic, serum biochemical, serum electrophoretic, patterns.

Govett, P.D., C.A. Harms, K.E. Linder, J.C. Marsh, and J. Wyneken (2004). Effect of four different suture material on the surgical wound healing of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 14(4): 6-12. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, surgical wound healing, four different suture material, effect, surgical wound healing.

Greer, L.L., G.B. Daniel, V.I. Shearn Bochsler, and E.C. Ramsay (2005). Evaluation of the use of technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid for scintigraphic imaging of the kidneys in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). American Journal of Veterinary Research 66(1): 87-92. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of scintigraphy involving technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ((99m)Tc-DTPA) or technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid ((99m)Tc-DMSA) for the determination of kidney morphology and function in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). ANIMALS: 10 healthy iguanas weighing >1.6 kg. PROCEDURE: Renal scintigraphy was performed by use of (99m)Tc-DTPA in 6 of the iguanas and by use of (99m)Tc-DMSA in all 10 iguanas. After the injection of (99m)Tc-DMSA, scans were performed for each iguana at intervals during a 20-hour period. Renal biopsies were performed in all 10 iguanas after the final scintigraphic evaluation. RESULTS: In iguanas, the use of (99m)Tc-DTPA for renal scintigraphy was nondiagnostic because of serum protein binding and poor renal uptake of the isotope; mean +/- SD (99m)Tc-DTPA bound to serum proteins was 48.9 +/- 9.9%. Renal uptake of (99m)Tc-DMSA produced distinct visualization of both kidneys. Renal uptake and soft tissue clearance of (99m)Tc-DMSA increased over the 20-hour imaging period; mean +/- SD renal uptake of (99m)Tc-DMSA was 11.31 +/- 3.06% at 20 hours. In each of the 10 iguanas, ultrasonographic and histologic examinations of biopsy specimens from both kidneys revealed no abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that the kidneys of iguanas can be evaluated scintigraphically by use of (99m)Tc-DMSA; this technique may be potentially useful for the diagnosis of renal failure in iguanas.
Descriptors: green iguanas, Iguana iguana, anatomy, histology, kidney radionuclide imaging, radiopharmaceuticals diagnostic use, scintigraphic imaging, diagnosis.

Greer, L.L., J.D. Strandberg, and B.R.2. Whitaker (2003). Mycobacterium chelonae osteoarthritis in a Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3): 736-741. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: A stranded Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) was rescued and treated at the National Aquarium in Baltimore (Maryland, USA) for inappetence and epidermal appendicular and plastral lesions. After 4 mo of care, the turtle developed a swollen left elbow joint. Within 1 mo of initial swelling, osteolytic lesions developed in the proximal radius and ulna. The elbow joint was surgically debrided, flushed, and cultured. The incision dehisced 10 days after surgery. Mycobacterium chelonae was cultured from the left elbow joint and from a skin nodule of the dorsum of the right front flipper. The turtle was euthanized due to apparent systemic infection with M. chelonae. Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from cultures taken at necropsy of the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and pericardium. Osteoarthritic infections with M. chelonae have not been reported in reptiles. Additionally, primary osteoarthritic diseases of synovial joints are uncommon in reptilian species. Due to the paucity of reports of mycobacterial diseases in sea turtles, the continued documentation of these cases will increase knowledge and understanding in caring for these endangered animals.
Descriptors: reptiles, Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Mycobacterium chelonae, osteoarthritis, elbow joint, necropsy, liver, spleen, kidney, pericardium, case study.

Grioni, A. (2005). Prosthetic limb in a turtle. Exotic DVM 7(4): 9-10. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, prosthetic limb, turtle, attachment, hindlimbs, surgery, veterinary procedure.

Guedes, R.M.C. and G.E. Lavalle (2004). Hepatic cirrhosis in a red-food tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria). A case report. Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 56(1): 123-125. ISSN: 0102-0935.
Descriptors: reptiles, red footed tortoise, Geochelone carbonaria, hepatic cirrhosis, case report..
Language of Text: Portuguese.

Hanley, C.S. and S. Hernandez Divers (2003). Practical gross pathology of reptiles. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 12(2): 71-80. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, euthanasia, pathological techniques, necropsy, veterinary.

Hanson, B.A., P.A. Frank, J.W. Mertins, and J.L. Corn (2007). Tick paralysis of a snake caused by Amblyomma rotundatum (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 44(1): 155-157. ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL Call Number: 421 J828
Abstract: A lethargic southern black racer, Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood, wild-caught in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, FL, was found to be paralyzed by the bite of a female ixodid tick, Amblyomma rotundatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae). Removal of the tick restored the snake to normalcy within 18 h. Other, earlier reported cases of tick toxicosis in reptiles are reviewed and clarified. Evidently, the present incident is the only reported case of tick paralysis in a poikilotherm found in a natural setting.
Descriptors: reptiles, snake, tick paralysis, paralyzed, female ixodid tick, Amblyomma rotundatum, wild caught.

Harkewicz, K.A. (2002). Dermatologic problems of reptiles. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 11(3): 151-161. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, skin, dermatological problems, parasites, diseases, disorders, veterinary, seminar.

Harms, C.A., M.G. Papich, M.A. Stamper, P.M. Ross, M.X. Rodriguez, and A.A. Hohn (2004). Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(4): 477-488. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in 2-yr-old loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single i.v. and i.m. injections were studied for biologic marking and therapeutic applications. Twenty juvenile turtles were divided into two treatment groups. Ten animals received 25 mg/kg of oxytetracycline i.v. and 10 received the same dosage i.m. Plasma oxytetracycline concentrations were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Data from the i.v. route best fit a three-compartment model, whereas noncompartmental analysis was used to compare data from both the i.v. and i.m routes. For the i.v. route, means for maximum plasma concentration, terminal phase half-life, systemic clearance, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were 6.6 microg/ml, 66.1 hr, 290.7 ml/hr/kg, and 18.4 L, respectively. For the i.m. route, means for systemic availability, maximum plasma concentration, and elimination half-life were 91.8%, 1.6 microg/ml, and 61.9 hr, respectively. The remarkably high apparent volume of distribution may possibly be associated with a deep compartment of drug disposition such as bone deposition associated with the large skeletal mass of turtles and the fact that these were well-nourished, growing juveniles. Although maximum plasma concentration by i.m. administration was lower than for the i.v. route, the long elimination time indicates that an infrequent dosing interval may be effective for sensitive bacteria.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, oxytetracycline, pharmacokinetics, intravenous, intramuscular, single injections.

Hejnar, P., J. Bardon, P. Sauer, and M. Kolar (2007). Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a part of normal oral bacterial flora in captive snakes and its susceptibility to antibiotics. Veterinary Microbiology 121(3-4): 357-362. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: Only little is known about normal oral bacterial flora in captive snakes containing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This microbe has been reported as a causative agent of numerous infections in reptiles. Therefore, the goal of the study was to detect its presence in the mouths of a significant number of healthy captive snakes and determining its susceptibility to antibiotics at 30 and 37 degrees C. The isolates were obtained in 1999-2005 from mouth swabs of 115 snakes of 12 genera and 22 species-most often Elaphe guttata (24 individuals; 20.9%). Susceptibility to 24 antibiotics was tested by the microdilution method. The microbe was demonstrated in 34 (29.6%) individuals. Overall, 47 strains of S. maltophilia were acquired. Evaluation using PFGE profiles and antibiograms resulted in confirmation of one strain of S. maltophilia in 23 (20.0%) individuals, two strains in nine (7.8%) and three in two (1.8%) snakes. All tested antibiotics were more effective at 37 degrees C, with the partial exception of cotrimoxazole and cefoperazone/sulbactam. At a temperature of 37 degrees C, the lowest frequency of resistance to levofloxacin (no resistant strains), cotrimoxazole and ofloxacin (97.9% of susceptible strains) was recorded. At 30 degrees C, the most active agents were cotrimoxazole (97.9% of susceptible strains), levofloxacin (91.5%) and ofloxacin (85.1%). In conclusion, S. maltophilia is present in the mouths of about one third of healthy captive snakes, showing good susceptibility to cotrimoxazole, some fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The antibiotics (particularly aminoglycosides) are more effective at 37 degrees C.
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, oral bacterial flora, captive snakes, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, infection, susceptibility to antibiotics tested.

Helmick, K.E., M.G. Papich, K.A. Vliet, R.A. Bennett, and E.R. Jacobson (2004). Pharmacokinetic disposition of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation after single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administrations in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(3): 341-346. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, oxytetracycline, long acting, single dose, intravenous, intramuscular, pharmacokinetic disposition.

Helmick, K.E., M.G. Papich, K.A. Vliet, R.A. Bennett, and E.R. Jacobson (2004). Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after single-dose oral and intravenous administration in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(3): 333-340. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, enrofloxacin, single dose, intravenous, oral, pharmacokinetics.

Hernandez Divers, S.J. (2003). Green iguana nephrology: a review of diagnostic techniques. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 6(1): 233-250. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: There is still much to learn about renal physiology and pathophysiology in reptiles. In the case of the green iguana, initiating causes are often inferred from poor husbandry and nutrition, or extrapolated from histopathologic interpretations made late in the course of the disease, or at postmortem. The link between parathyroid hormone and renal disease in humans has been well documented and, given the high prevalence of clinical (and subclinical) secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in iguanas, this certainly warrants further investigation in saurians [31,32,34,35]. Apart from hyperparathyroidism, chronic water deprivation also appears to be a common historic factor. As a foliovore originating from the high humidity rain forests of central and South America, water recovery is not considered to be an adaptive stress in Iguana iguana, and therefore, renal anatomy and physiology are considered to be non-specialized compared to more arid or aquatic reptiles [21]. These arboreal lizards do not voluntarily drink from open water but instead imbibe rain or dew droplets from foliage [2]. Maintaining such a species in low relative humidity with a water bowl from which to drink is likely to both increase insensible water losses and interfere with normal water intake. Appropriate therapeutic decisions (including euthanasia) can only be made following an accurate diagnosis. To date, our diagnoses are based largely upon the structural evaluations of renal histopathology, and renal biopsy remains our most useful tool. However, in the future it may become possible to evaluate renal function by quantifying glomerular filtration rate, proximal tubular secretion, or functional renal mass. Glomerular filtration rate may be estimated by measuring the rate of glomerular clearance of substances from the blood (e.g., iohexol). Phenolsulphonphthalein assays may offer an insight into proximal tubule secretion and renal blood flow.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, anatomy, histology, kidney anatomy, histology, kidney diseases, blood cell count, diagnosis, radiography, ultrasonography, urinalysis.

Hernandez Divers, S.J. (2003). Modern endoscopy equipment and advanced endoscopy techniques in birds and reptiles. Exotic DVM 5(3): 61-63. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, birds, modern endoscopy equipment, advanced endoscopy techniques, veterinary, conference information.
Notes: Meeting Information: International Conference on Exotics (ICE2003), Palm Beach, Florida, USA, 2003.

Hernandez Divers, S.J., J.E. Cooper, and S.W. Cooke (2004). Diagnostic techniques and sample collection in reptiles. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 26(6): 470-474,. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601.C66
Descriptors: reptiles, sampling, biopsy, endoscopy, veterinary equipment, diagnostic techniques, sample collection.

Hernandez Divers, S.J., H. Wilson, M. McBride, and K. Grant (2003). Sedation/restraint of small lizards and snakes. Exotic DVM 5(5): 9. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, small lizards, sedation, restraint, anesthesia, anesthetics, analgesia, techniques.

Hernandez Divers, S.M. (2003). Reptile critical care. Exotic DVM 5(3): 81-87. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, critical care, anesthesia, anesthetics, analgesics, bone fractures, burns, catheterization, drug therapy, foreign bodies, intensive care, poisoning, prolapse, trauma, conference.
Notes: Meeting Information: International Conference on Exotics (ICE2003), Palm Beach, Florida, USA, 2003.

Hernandez Divers, S.M. and M.M. Garner (2003). Neoplasia of reptiles with an emphasis on lizards. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 6(1): 251-273. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Neoplasia is an important form of disease in saurians. According to previous reviews, the organs most commonly affected by neoplastic disease are the hematopoeitic system, the hepatic system, and the skin. However, our own review suggests that tumors of the musculoskeletal system are also prevalent. Neoplasia should be considered as a significant differential diagnosis when presented with a lizard that has nonspecific clinical signs. The previously described diagnostic techniques should be applied to obtain a rapid and accurate definitive diagnosis. As more cases of neoplastic disease in saurians are reported, a comprehensive study of the data, including detailed examination of environmental factors, may bring forth causative agents. According to Withrow, cancer is one of the leading killers of pet animals, and thus has become a real concern for dog and cat owners [67]. Given that most people will either know someone with cancer or experience cancer first hand, the general public is more educated than ever on neoplastic disorders. As veterinarians, it is important to become familiar with the neoplastic diseases in all species, and to be educated in tumor pathophysiology and treatment. The public expects veterinarians to be dependable sources of knowledge and compassion.
Descriptors: lizards, neoplasms, veterinarian awareness for all pet species, neoplasms diagnosis, neoplasms therapy.

Hernandez Divers, S.M., J. Schumacher, S. Stahl, and S.J. Hernandez Divers (2004). Reptile clinical anesthesia: advances in research. Exotic DVM 6(3): 64-69. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, clinical anesthesia, analgesia, sedation, advances, research.

Hernandez Divers, S.J., S.M. Hernandez Divers, and H.G. Wilson (2005). A review of reptile diagnostic coelioscopy. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 15(3): 16-31. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, diagnostic coelioscopy, review, Chelonia, Crocodilia, Squamata.

Hernandez Divers, S.J., S.J. Stahl, S.M. Hernandez Divers, M.R. Read, C.S. Hanley, F. Martinez, and T.L. Cooper (2004). Coelomic endoscopy of the green iguana, Iguana iguana. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 14(1): 10-18. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, coelomic endoscopy, veterinary procedure.

Hernandez Divers, S.J., S.J. Stahl, N.L. Stedman, S.M. Hernandez Divers, J. Schumacher, C.S. Hanley, H. Wilson, A.N. Vidyashankar, Y. Zhao, and W.K. Rumbeiha (2005). Renal evaluation in the healthy green iguana (Iguana iguana): Assessment of plasma biochemistry, glomerular filtration rate, and endoscopic biopsy. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(2): 155-168. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, renal evaluation, healthy iguana, plasma biochemistry, assessment, glomerular filtration rate, endoscopic biopsy.

Hidalgo Vila, J., C. Diaz Paniagua, C. de Frutos Escobar, C. Jimenez Martinez, and N. Perez Santigosa (2007). Salmonella in free living terrestrial and aquatic turtles. Veterinary Microbiology 119(2-4): 311-315. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: Detection of Salmonella in pet turtles has been the focus of extensive research, but its incidence in free living turtles is not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of Salmonella in terrestrial and aquatic species of chelonians inhabiting a National Park in southwestern Spain. Individuals of the terrestrial tortoise Testudo graeca (n = 16) and the aquatic turtles Emys orbicularis (n = 26) and Mauremys leprosa (n = 50) were investigated. Maximum incidence of Salmonella was recorded in the terrestrial species (100%). In contrast, the incidence of infected animals was low in the aquatic species, 12% in M. leprosa and 15.4% in E. orbicularis. Five serotypes of Salmonella belonging to subspecies Enterica (I) and Salamae (II) were identified. All serotypes were found in the terrestrial species, and three in the aquatic ones, suggesting that wild terrestrial chelonians are important reservoirs of Salmonella in our study area. Cloacal transmission during mating is the most probable mode of transmission among individuals.
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, aquatic, terrestrial, Salmonella, free living, pet turtles, cloacal transmission, incidence.

Hidalgo Vila, J., A. Martainez Silvestre, and C. Daiaz Paniagua (2006). Benign ovarian teratoma in a red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). Veterinary Record 159(4): 122-123. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: reptiles, red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, ovarian cancer, benign ovarian tumor, case study.

Hnizdo, J. and H. Velebny (2003). Parcialni mandibulektomie v chirurgii malych zvirat a plazu. [Partial mandibulectomy in small animal and reptile surgery]. Veterinarstvi 53(11): 479-488. ISSN: 0506-8231.
Descriptors: reptiles, small animals, surgery, partial mandibulectomy.
Language of Text: Czech; Summary in English.

Hochleithner, C. and M. Hochleithner (2004). Ultrasound in reptiles. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 41-44. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, ultrasound, diagnosis, veterinary medicine, conference proceedings.

Hsieh, C.Y., T.C. Chang, Y.L. Shen, C.D. Chang, C. Tu, M.C. Tung, L.C. Chen, and S.S. Tsai (2006). Pathological and PCR detection of mycobacteriosis in pond-cultured Chinese soft shell turtles, Trionyx sinensis. Aquaculture 261(1): 10-16. ISSN: 0044-8486.
Abstract: Mycobacteriosis due to infection of Mycobacterium marinum is a common disease in pond-cultured Chinese soft shell turtles, especially in those surviving beyond their first year. The infected turtles independently showed either heterophilic or histiocytic granulomas in various organs such as the spleen, liver, lungs, intestine, kidneys, stomach and pancreas. The heterophilic granuloma contained many acid-fast unbranching bacilli intracellularly in macrophages and extracellularly in the necrotic center. The histiocytic granuloma had only a few bacteria, mainly in the cytoplasm of Langhan's giant cells. The organisms were rarely observed in the advanced lesions of both types. Based on PCR assays for partial hsp65 gene of Mycobacterium spp., all of our strains were identified as M. marinum which can be divided into two groups. The strains of the first group induced heterophilic granulomas and had very high nucleotide sequence identities (99.8%-100%) to the reference strains of M. marinum (AF456471) and M. pseudoshottsii (AY550226). Those strains of the second group caused histiocytic granulomas and also showed very high identities (99.8%-100%) to the reference strains of M. marinum ATCC 927 (AF456470) and M. shottsii (AY550225). However, when we compared the partial sequence of the hsp65 gene from group one and two strains the identities between the two groups range from 98.8% to 99.3%, therefore we can not assert that these two belong to the same species.
Descriptors: reptiles, soft shell turtles, Trionyx sinensis, Mycobacterium marinum, animal pathogenic bacteria, bacterial proteins, sequence analysis, disease detection, pathogen identification, histopathology, turtle culture.

Hyland, R.J. (2002). Surgical removal of a fish hook from the oesophagus of a turtle. Australian Veterinary Journal 80(1-2): 54-56. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, esophagus, foreign bodies, fish hook, surgery removal, case studies.

Innis, C., M. Papich, and D. Young (2007). Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) after single intracoelomic injection. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 30(2): 168-171. ISSN: 0140-7783.
Descriptors: reptiles, red eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, metronidazole, pharmacokinetics, intracoelomic injection.

Innis, C.J., M. Garner, A. Johnson, and R. Ogust (2006). Investigation of an upper alimentary tract disorder in a group of captive Arakan forest turtles (Heosemys depressa). Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 13: 83-86. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, Arakan forest turtles, Heosemys depressa, upper alimentary tract disorder, investigation, captive.

Innis, C.J. and M.M. Garner (2006). Spinal osteoarthropathy in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 13: 40-42. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, Iguana iguana, diseases, spinal osteoarthropathy, clinical, histopathological, observations.

Irizarry Rovira, A.R., A. Wolf, and J.A. Ramos Vara (2006). Cutaneous melanophoroma in a green iguana (Iguana iguana). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 35(1): 101-105. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A54
Abstract: An adult, male, green iguana (Iguana iguana) of unknown age was presented with a history of an enlarging, dark, skin mass in the right axillary region. The mass was excised because neoplasia was suspected. Impression smears of the cut surface of the mass were prepared for cytologic examination, and the mass was fixed for histologic examination. The impression smears contained numerous, discrete, pigmented, neoplastic cells consistent with melanin-producing neoplastic chromatophores. Histologic findings were consistent with a cutaneous melanophoroma. By transmission electron microscopy, the intracytoplasmic pigment granules corresponded to numerous melanosomes and lower numbers of premelanosomes. Tissue sections of the tumor were immunoreactive for Melan A antigen and were negative for S-100 antigen. The cytologic, histologic, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical findings of the neoplasm were consistent with those of melanophoroma, an uncommon neoplasm of reptiles. The present report augments the limited body of knowledge on cytomorphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of pigmented neoplasms in reptiles.
Descriptors: green iguana, Iguana iguana, skin neoplasms veterinary, skin neoplasms diagnosis, skin neoplasms pathology.

Jacobson, E.R. (2002). Cytologic diagnosis of inclusion body disease of boid snakes. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 920. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, Boidae, cytoplasmic inclusions, animal diseases, cell biology, cytologic diagnosis, inclusion body, snakes.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Jacobson, E.R. (2002). Collection of blood from tortoises and sea turtles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 918-919. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoises, turtles, blood collection, sea turtles.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Jacobson, E.R. (2002). Infectious diseases of sea turtles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 912-913. ISSN: 0002-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, infectious diseases, sea turtles.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Jacobson, E.R. (2003). Biology, Husbandry, and Medicine of the Green Iguana, Malabar, USA: Krieger Publishing Company., 188 p. ISBN: 1575240653.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, biology, husbandry, veterinary medicine, reproduction, nutrition, surgery, diagnostics.

Jacobson, E.R., G.R. Harman, L.K. Maxwell, and E.J. Laille (2003). Plasma concentrations of praziquantel after oral administration of single and multiple doses in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(3): 304-309. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of praziquantel following single and multiple oral dosing in loggerhead sea turtles. ANIMALS: 12 healthy juvenile loggerhead sea turtles. PROCEDURE: Praziquantel was administered orally as a single dose (25 and 50 mg/kg) to 2 groups of turtles; a multiple-dose study was then performed in which 6 turtles received 3 doses of praziquantel (25 mg/kg, PO) at 3-hour intervals. Blood samples were collected from all turtles before and at intervals after drug administration for assessment of plasma praziquantel concentrations. Pharmacokinetic analyses included maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the plasma praziquantel concentration-time curve, and mean residence time (MRTt). RESULTS: Large interanimal variability in plasma praziquantel concentrations was observed for all dosages. One turtle that received 50 mg of praziquantel/kg developed skin lesions within 48 hours of administration. After administration of 25 or 50 mg of praziquantel/kg, mean plasma concentrations were below the limit of quantification after 24 hours. In the multiple-dose group of turtles, mean plasma concentration was 90 ng/mL at the last sampling time-point (48 hours after the first of 3 doses). In the single-dose study, mean Cmax and Tmax with dose were not significantly different between doses. After administration of multiple doses of praziquantel, only MRTt was significantly increased, compared with values after administration of a single 25-mg dose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral administration of 25 mg of praziquantel/kg 3 times at 3-hour intervals may be appropriate for treatment of loggerhead sea turtles with spirorchidiasis.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, praziquantel, pharmacokinetics, plasma concentration, oral administration, single and multiple doses.

Jacobson, E.R.J. (2003). Diagnostic approach to the sick reptile. In: Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Programme: British Small Animal Veterinary Association 46th Annual Congress,April 3, 2003-April 6, 2003, Birmingham, UK, British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Quedgeley, UK, p. 385-387. ISBN: 0905214773.
Descriptors: reptiles, sick reptiles, diagnostic approach, veterinary medicine.

Jacobson, E., R. Gronwall, L. Maxwell, K. Merrit, and G. Harman (2005). Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin after single-dose oral administration in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(4): 628-634. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, enrofloxacin, plasma concentrations, oral administration, single dose, blood levels.

Jaeger, G.H., M.A. Wosar, C.A. Harms, and G.A. Lewbart (2003). Use of a supraplastron approach to the coelomic cavity for repair of an esophageal tear in a loggerhead sea turtle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223(3): 311, 353-355. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: A juvenile loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) was referred for removal of a fishhook lodged in the coelomic portion of the esophagus. Attempts at manual and endoscopic extraction were unsuccessful and resulted in a 6-cm tear in the coelomic portion of the esophagus. A supraplastron approach was made to the coelomic cavity, allowing access to and repair of the esophageal tear. The turtle recovered well and was able to be released to the wild. The surgical approach was associated with less trauma and shorter healing and rehabilitation times, compared with traditional plastron osteotomy.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, esophageal tear, coelomic cavity, surgical repair, supraplaston approach, fishhook removal.

Jekl, V. and Z. Knotek (2006). Endoscopic examination of snakes by access through an air sac. Veterinary Record 158(12): 407. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Sixteen boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), three royal pythons (Python regius) and 15 Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) were examined endoscopically by access through the air sac. The snakes were immobilised in a ventral position using a half-open anaesthetic system with assisted ventilation and a mixture of isoflurane and oxygen. The rigid endoscope was introduced percutaneously and the internal structure of the lungs and the air sac, and the shape, size and external surface of the liver were visible in the cranial direction. In the smaller snakes the bifurcation and caudal part of the trachea could be viewed, provided the endoscope was positioned in a retrograde orientation. The caudal orientation of the endoscope made it possible to view the gall bladder and the size, shape and surface of the spleen. In some cases, the pancreas and the surface of the stomach and colon could be monitored. Endoscopy through the air sac also made it possible to check the major veins in the coelom. The snakes were monitored for at least 30 days after the intervention and no changes in their respiratory function or general health were observed.
Descriptors: snakes, Boidae, endoscopy veterinary, respiratory tract diseases veterinary, air sacs, anesthesia, endoscopy methods, liver pathology, lung pathology, respiratory tract diseases diagnosis, respiratory tract diseases pathology.

Johnson Delaney, C.A. (2005). Techniques for ultrasound and guided biopsies in lizards. Exotic DVM 7(3): 75-77. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, ultrasound, guided biopsies, lizards, techniques.

Johnson, J.H. (2004). Husbandry and medicine of aquatic reptiles. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 13(4): 223-228. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, aquatic, husbandry, captivity, medicine, treatment, parasites, diseases, disorders, feeding, water quality.

Kakizoe, Y., K. Sakaoka, F. Kakizoe, M. Yoshii, H. Nakamura, Y. Kanou, and I. Uchida (2007). Successive changes of hematologic characteristics and plasma chemistry values of juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38(1): 77-84. ISSN: 1042-7260.
Abstract: Hematologic characteristics and plasma chemistry values of juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the ages of 1 mo to 3 yr were obtained to establish baseline values. Five clinically normal loggerhead turtles were selected from the same clutch and raised in an indoor artificial nesting beach. Blood samples were successively collected and examined for various blood characteristics for a maximum total of 15 times. Hematologic characteristics, including packed cell volume, white blood cell counts, and white blood cell differentials; and plasma chemistry values, including total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, gamma-glutamic transpeptidase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, ionized sodium, ionized potassium and ionized chlorine, were measured. These results were used to establish a hematology and blood chemistry baseline for captive juvenile loggerhead turtles and will aid in their medical management.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, juvenile, hematologic characteristics, changes, plasma chemistry values, baseline values.

Kaufman, G.E., R.E. Seymour, B.B. Bonner, M.H. Court, and A.Z. Karas (2003). Use of rocuronium for endotracheal intubation of North American Gulf Coast box turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222(8): 1111-1115. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether rocuronium, a reversible neuromuscular blocking agent, would provide safe, short-term immobilization to facilitate endotracheal intubation in turtles. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 30 healthy adult Gulf Coast box turtles. PROCEDURE: Turtles were given rocuronium, and responses were recorded every 3 minutes. Times to onset of effects, intubation, and recovery were recorded and analyzed for associations with dose and patient characteristics to determine an optimal dose range. Neostigmine and glycopyrrolate were given to augment recovery from neuromuscular blockade. RESULTS: Rocuronium administered at a dose of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg (0.11 to 0.23 mg/lb), IM, permitted intubation; lower doses were not effective. Mean +/- SD time to loss of the palpebral reflex was 6.4 +/- 4.0 minutes, and mean time to intubation was 9.2 +/- 6.4 minutes. Mean time to return of the palpebral reflex was 44 +/- 13.2 minutes, and mean time to walking was 55 +/- 16.6 minutes. Time to onset of effects was not associated with dose, but recovery times were prolonged with higher doses of rocuronium. Cardiac arrhythmias were observed in 13 (43%) turtles. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of rocuronium at a dose of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg is a safe and effective adjunct to general anesthesia in Gulf Coast box turtles. Because rocuronium does not provide any analgesic or sedative effects, the duration of neuromuscular blockade without anesthesia should be minimized to avoid undue distress.
Descriptors: reptiles, Gulf coast box turtle, endotracheal intubation, rocuronium, neuromuscular blocking agent, reversible, short term immobilization.

Kelly, T.R., W. Walton, B. Nadelstein, and G.A. Lewbart (2005). Phacoemulsification of bilateral cataracts in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Veterinary Record 156(24): 774-777. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: An immature free-living loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) of unknown sex was found moribund off the coast of Wise Point, Virginia. It was suffering from cachexia and had bilateral hypermature cataracts which were treated by phacoemulsification under general anaesthesia. The surgery restored the turtle's vision and it was returned to the wild.
Descriptors: loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, cataracts, phacoemulsification, anesthesia, diagnosis, phacoemulsification methods, treatment outcome, veterinary procedure, case study.

Knotek, Z., K. Hauptman, Z. Knotkova, P. Hajkova, and F. Tichy (2002). Renal disease haemogram and plasma biochemistry in green iguana. Acta Veterinaria Brno 71(3): 333-340. ISSN: 0001-7213.
Online: http://vfu-www.vfu.cz/acta-vet/vol71/333-02.htm
NAL Call Number: SF604.B7
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, renal disease, haemogram, plasma biochemistry, veterinary.

Knotek, Z., Z. Knotkova, J. Doubek, S. Pejrilova, and K. Hauptman (2003). Plasma biochemistry in female green iguanas (Iguana iguana) with calcium metabolism disorders. Acta Veterinaria Brno 72(2): 183-189. ISSN: 0001-7213.
Online: http://vfu-www.vfu.cz/acta-vet/vol72/183-03.htm
NAL Call Number: SF604.B7
Descriptors: reptiles, female green iguanas, Iguana iguana, plasma biochemistry, calcium metabolism disorders, diagnostic tool.
Language of Text: Czech.

Kohler, G. (2006). Diseases of Amphibians and Reptiles, Malabar, USA: Krieger Publishing Company., x + 171 pp. p. ISBN: 1575242559.
Descriptors: diseases, clinical aspects, diagnosis, euthanasia, examination, neoplasms, imaging techniques, surgery, treatment, amphibians, reptiles, blood tests, first aid, book.

Kuroki, T., Y. Une, and T. Endo (2003). Cryptosporidium infections in reptiles. Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 8(1): 27-34. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Descriptors: reptiles, diseases, Cryptosporidium infections, Veterinary, feces.
Language of Text: Japanese; Summary in English.

Lafortune, M., T. Gobel, E. Jacobson, D. Heard, D. Brown, R. Alleman, K. Vliet, K.E. Harr, and J. Hernandez (2005). Respiratory bronchoscopy of subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and tracheal wash evaluation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(1): 12-20. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, respiratory bronchoscopy, tracheal wash, procedures, evaluation.

Lafortune, M., J.F.X. Wellehan, D.J. Heard, E. Rooney DelPino, C.V. Fiorello, and E.R. Jacobson (2005). Vacuum-assisted closure (Turtle VAC) in the management of traumatic shell defects in chelonians. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 15(4): 4-8. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, chelonians, traumatic shell defects, management, vacume assisted closure, wound management, shell injuries.

Lankester, F. and S.J. Hernandez Divers (2005). Paraphimosis and amputation in a Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(4): 698-701. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, paraphimosis, amputation, case report.

Lee AnHsing, Chen ChenYu, Lee YinnJie, Fei ChangYung, Liu ChenHsuan, and Chi ChauHwa (2003). Case report: hepatozoonosis in Taiwan beauty snake. Taiwan Veterinary Journal 29(2): 146-150. ISSN: 1682-6485.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C54
Descriptors: reptiles, Taiwan beauty snake, hepatazoonosis, case reports, diagnosis, haematology, treatment, necropsy.
Language of Text: Chinese; Summary in English.

Levine, B.S. (2003). Surgical treatment of egg yolk peritonitis in a common green iguana. Exotic DVM 5(2): 6-7. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, egg yolk peritonitis, surgical treatment.

Levine, B.S. (2004). Treatment of a malignant ovarian teratoma in a green iguana. Exotic DVM 6(4): 12-14. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, ovarian teratoma, malignant, treatment.

Levine, B.S. (2004). Surgical treatment of abscessed hemipenes in a collared lizard. Exotic DVM 6(4): 7-9. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, abscessed hemipenes, surgical treatment, case study.

Lewis, W.G.V. (2003). Dystocia in a tortoise. Exotic DVM 5(1): 14. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, dystocia, tortoise, case reports, clinical aspects, diagnosis, surgical operations.

Lloyd, C., R. Manvell, S. Drury, and A.W. Sainsbury (2005). Seroprevalence and significance of paramyxovirus titres in a zoological collection of lizards. Veterinary Record 156(18): 578-580. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: lizards, paramyxovirus, titres, antibodies, seroprevalence, zoo, immunosorbent assay, London, respirovirus infections, epidemiology, significance.

Lock, B.A. and L. McCaskill (2004). Operant conditioning for the husbandry and medical management of a large group of adult Nile crocodiles at Disney's Animal Kingdom. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 59-61. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus, operant conditioning, husbandry, medical management, captive zoo animals.

Longley, L. (2004). Practitioner's guide to reptile anaesthesia. Veterinary Times 34(31): 22-23. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: reptiles, anesthesia, analgesia, dosage and administration.

Longley, L. (2004). Reptile analgesia. Veterinary Times 34(25): 30. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: reptiles, anesthetics, analgesics, antagonists, ketamine, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, pain, pharmacodynamics.

Lopez Olvera, J.R., J. Montane, I. Marco, A. Martinez Silvestre, J. Soler, and S. Lavin (2003). Effect of venipuncture site on hematologic and serum biochemical parameters in marginated tortoise (Testudo marginata). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(4): 830-836. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoise, Testudo marginata, venipuncture site, effect, hematologic parameters, serum biochemical parameters, marginated tortoise, blood samples.

Loukopoulos, P., A. Komnenou, E. Papadopoulos, and V. Psychas (2007). Lethal Ozolaimus megatyphlon infection in a green iguana (Iguana iguana rhinolopa). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38(1): 131-134. ISSN: 1042-7260.
Abstract: An imported 2.5-yr-old female green iguana (Iguana iguana rhinolopa) kept in Greece was presented with a history of anorexia and allotriophagy of 1 mo duration. Upon clinical examination, it was cachectic and had severe abdominal distension and fibrous osteodystrophy. Despite treatment, it died a month later. On necropsy, massive accumulations of threadlike nematode parasites were observed in the large intestine, identified as Ozolaimus megatyphlon, a member of the Oxyuridae family of Pharyngodonidae, a usually nonpathogenic intestinal parasite of iguanas. To the authors' knowledge, its presence has not been reported previously in Europe, although one pathogenic infection has been reported previously in Japan. The animal was presumably infected before importation. Although death was attributed to the heavy parasitic overload, the poor diet and terrarium hygiene, and absence of an anthelminthic regime further contributed to the deterioration of the animal's condition. Recognition of this condition, which may be recently introduced or underdiagnosed, may help improve medical and trade standards concerning this species in practice.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, infection, nematode, parasites, abdominal distension, fibrous osteodystrophy.

Luechtefeld, L. (2004). West Nile transmitted from alligator to human. Veterinary Practice News 16(1): 14. ISSN: 1528-6398.
Descriptors: reptiles, alligator, West Nile virus, transmitted to human, virus shedding, feces.

MacNeill, A.L., E.W. Uhl, H. Kolenda Roberts, and E. Jacobson (2002). Mortality in a wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta) collection. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31(3): 133-136. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A54
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, Clemmys insculpta, mortality, liver, symptoms, disease outbreaks, developmental stages, vacuoles, case studies, Entamoeba invadens, diagnosis, clinical aspects, case study.

Macri, F., F. Spadola, M. Musico, A. Brunetti, G. Costa, and G. Cucinotta (2004). L'esame radiologico nei rettili. Nota II - impiego del mezzo di contrasto. [Radiological examination of reptiles. Note II - Use of the contrast method]. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 25(4): 35-40. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Descriptors: reptiles, radiological examination, contrast method, diagnosis, turtles, tortoises, iguanas, snakes.
Language of Text: Italian; Summary in English.

Mader, D. (2004). Clinical approach to infectious stomatitis in reptiles. In: Small Animal and Exotics. Book two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 18,January 17, 2004-January 21, 2004, Orlando, Florida, Eastern States Veterinary Association: Gainesville, FL, p. 1338-1339.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, infectious stomatitis, clinical approach, veterinary medicine.

Mader, D.R. (2002). Ventral midline approach for the lizard coeliotomy. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 932. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, surgery, methodology, coeliotomy, ventral midline, approach, meeting.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Mader, D.R. (2002). Tail problems in the green iguana. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 925-926. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, Iguana, tail, animal injuries, medical treatment, problems, meeting.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Mader, D.R. (2002). Reproductive surgery in the green iguana. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 923-924. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, Iguana, ovariectomy, ovulation, females, surgery, reproductive, meeting.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Mader, D.R. and M.M. Garner (2002). Metabolic bone diseases in the green iguana. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 921-922. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, Iguana, metabolic diseases, bone diseases, veterinary care, diagnosis, meeting.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Mader, D.R. (Editor) (2006). Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd edition, Saunders Elsevier: St. Louis, MO, 1242 p. ISBN: 072169327X.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 R46 2006
Descriptors: captive reptiles, veterinary medicine, surgery, diseases, treatment.

Mallo, K.M., C.A. Harms, G.A. Lewbart, and M.G. Papich (2002). Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and subcutaneous injections, and multiple subcutaneous injections. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33(1): 29-35. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Superficial and systemic mycotic infections are common among clinically ill sea turtles, which places growing importance on the establishment of pharmacokinetic-based dosage regimens for antifungal drugs. The pharmacokinetic properties of the antifungal drug fluconazole, after intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injections, were studied in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) housed at 23.0-26.5 degrees C. Fluconazole pharmacokinetic properties were further assessed in a multiple-dose s.c. regimen derived from the pharmacokinetic parameters determined in the single-dose study. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, using a two-compartment model, from plasma concentration-time data obtained after single i.v. and s.c. administrations of fluconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/ kg body weight in six juvenile sea turtles. Blood samples were collected at intervals through 120 hr after each dose, and the concentration of fluconazole in plasma was measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The i.v. and s.c. elimination half-lives were 139.5 +/- 36.0 and 132.6 +/- 48.7 hr (mean +/- SD), respectively. Systemic clearance of fluconazole was 8.2 +/- 4.3 ml/kg x hr, and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 1.38 +/- 0.29 L/kg. A multiple-dose regimen was derived, which consisted of a loading dose of 21 mg/kg body weight and subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg administered through s.c. injection every 120 hr (5 days). This regimen was administered to four juvenile sea turtles for 10 days, and blood samples were taken to determine peak and trough plasma concentrations of fluconazole. The mean concentrations for the two peak concentrations were 16.9 +/- 1.1 and 19.1 +/- 2.8 microg/ml 4 hr after dosing, and the mean concentrations for the three trough concentrations were 7.2 +/- 2.2, 10.4 +/- 2.7, and 10.7 +/- 2.9 microg/ml 120 hr after dosing. The terminal half-life after the last dose was calculated at 143 hr. Throughout the multiple dosing, fluconazole concentrations remained above approximately 8 microg/ml, a concentration targeted when treating mycotic infections in humans. The results of this study suggest that fluconazole can be effectively administered to sea turtles at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 5 days after a loading dose of 21 mg/kg.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, fluconazole, pharmacokinetics, injections, intravenous, subcutaneous, antifungal drugs.

Manire, C.A., H.L. Rhinehart, G.J. Pennick, D.A. Sutton, R.P. Hunter, and M.G. Rinaldi (2003). Steady-state plasma concentrations of itraconazole after oral administration in Kemp's ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys kempi. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34(2): 171-178. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Pharmacokinetic studies of antifungal agents in reptiles are uncommon. Itraconazole, which has been used prophylactically in juvenile sea turtles suffering from hypothermia (cold stunning) on a regular basis, was evaluated for steady-state plasma concentrations. Five Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) receiving itraconazole at several dosages in a rehabilitation program had blood collected within 24 hr to estimate dosing frequency. Subsequently, serial blood samples of Kemp's ridley sea turtles that were given itraconazole at several dosages for 30 days to treat cold stunning were collected at various intervals to evaluate itraconazole plasma concentrations. Tissue samples were collected from one Kemp's ridley that died during rehabilitation. Plasma concentrations of itraconazole (and of hydroxyitraconazole [OH-ITRA], one of its major bioactive metabolites) were determined using a modified, validated reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Itraconazole concentrations in tissues were determined by bioassay to be far greater than the plasma concentrations measured in any of the turtles. At a 15-mg/kg dosage, the half-life (t1/2) was 75 hr for itraconazole and 55 hr for OH-ITRA. All dosages produced adequate concentrations in some turtles, but consistent therapeutic concentrations were produced only at 15 mg/kg q72hr and 5 mg/kg s.i.d., with the latter producing the highest plasma concentrations.
Descriptors: reptiles, Kemp's ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys kempi, itraconazole, antifugal agent, plasma concentration, oral administration, hypothermia.

Manire, C.A., R.P. Hunter, D.E. Koch, L. Byrd, and H.L. Rhinehart (2005). Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36(1): 44-53. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, pharmacokinetics, ticarcillin, single intravenous, intramuscular injections.

Martinez Silvestre, A., J.A. Mateo, and J. Pether (2003). Electrocardiographic parameters in the Gomeran giant lizard, Gallotia bravoana. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 13(3): 22-25. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, Gomeran giant lizard, Gallotia bravoana, heart rate, electrocardiographic parameters.

Martinez Silvestre, A., M.A. Rodriguez Dominguez, J.A. Mateo, J. Pastor, I. Marco, S. Lavin, and R. Cuenca (2004). Comparative haematology and blood chemistry of endangered lizards (Gallotia species) in the Canary Islands. Veterinary Record 155(9): 266-269. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Blood samples were taken from the ventral coccygeal vein of 15 El Hierro giant lizards (Gallotia simonyi) (seven females and eight males), six La Gomera giant lizards (Gallotia bravoana) (four males and two females) and four Tenerife giant lizards (Gallotia intermedia) (two males and two females), and 31 blood parameters were measured. Among the haematological parameters there were significant differences between the three species in heterophils, azurophils and lymphocytes, but no significant differences in red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, packed-cell volume, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. In terms of blood chemistry there were significant differences between the three species in cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, sodium, chloride, urea, uric acid, total proteins, prealbumin, albumin and gamma globulins, but no significant differences in calcium, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, bile acids, alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins and beta globulins.
Descriptors: reptiles, endangered lizards, La Gomera giant lizards, Gallotia species, blood chemistry, comparative haematology, Hierro giant lizards, Tenerife giant lizards, blood parameters, Canary Islands.

Martinez Silvestre, A., J.L. Silva, and L. Silveira (2002). Hematologia y bioquimica sanguinea del lagarto gigante de El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi) en cautividad. [Hematology and blood chemistry of captive El Hierro giant lizard (Gallotia simonyi).]. Revista Espanola De Herpetologia 16: 5-10. ISSN: 0213-6686.
Descriptors: reptiles, giant lizard, Gallotia simonyi, blood chemistry, hematology, captive.
Language of Text: Spanish; Summary in English and Spanish.

Maticic, D., M. Stejskal, D. Vnuk, D. Stanin, T. Babic, and M. Pecin (2007). Internal fixation of a femoral fracture in a green iguana developing metabolic bone disease - a case report. Veterinarski Arhiv 77(1): 81-86. ISSN: 0372-5480.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, femoral fracture, internal fixation, metabolic bone disease, open reduction, intramedullary pin fixation, case report.

Mauthe von Degerfeld, M. (2004). Personal experiences in the use of association tiletamine/zolazepam for anaesthesia of the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Veterinary Research Communications 28(1): 351-353 (Suppl). ISSN: 0165-7380.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, sedation, anesthesia, analgesia, tiletamine, zolazepam.

Maxwell, L.K. and E.R. Jacobson (2004). Allometric scaling of kidney function in green iguanas Iguana iguana. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 138(3): 383-390. ISSN: 1095-6433.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, Iguana iguana, kidney function, allometric scaling, renal scintigraphy, diagnostic tool, glomerular filtration rate.

McArthur, S., R. Wilkinson and J. Meyer (Editors) (2004). Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles., Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, 579 p. ISBN: 1405108894.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.T87 M37 2004
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoises, turtles, captive care, surgery, diseases.

McBride, M. and S.J. Hernandez Divers (2004). Nursing care of lizards. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 7(2): 375-396. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: This article should introduce to the veterinary staff some of the basic information that is required to provide high-quality medicine to lizards. This article begins with a brief introduction to lizards and their husbandry, including caging, lighting, humidity, and diet.Making appointments for lizards, taking a history, manual restraint,venipuncture, fecal sampling, catheterization, medications,administering fluids, giving injections, radiology, and anesthesia are all detailed for veterinary technicians and veterinary animal care staff. Each section details differences between lizards and typical mammalian patients while trying to emphasize the common approach to both groups of animals.
Descriptors: reptiles, animal husbandry, lizards, animal technicians, veterinary medicine, caging, humidity, diet, medications.

Mehler, S.J. and R.A. Bennett (2003). Oral, dental, and beak disorders of reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 6(3): 477-503. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Each species of reptile has evolved unique characteristics that are associated with their oral cavity, dentition, tongue, glands, and methods of mastication. These developments have provided each with an opportunity to interact with their surroundings. In captivity, the developmental relationship is often severed by the introduction of artificial surroundings and inappropriate husbandry. These changes predispose the animals to many stresses and disorders. Disorders of the oral cavity are often a representation of what is occurring systemically. Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, neoplastic, and nutritional causes of disorders of the oral cavity in reptilian species are probably underestimated and likely cause a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality than has been reported. The misinformation that clients receive regarding husbandry may directly correlate with the frequency of oral diseases seen in a clinical setting. Prevention of disease of the oral cavity is primarily through providing appropriate environmental conditions and diet.
Descriptors: reptiles, beak anatomy, mouth anatomy, histology, mouth diseases, reptiles anatomy, histology, tooth anatomy, tooth diseases, feeding behavior, mouth diseases.

Mehler, S.J., D.S. Rosenstein, and J.S. Patterson (2002). Imaging diagnosis--follicular torsion in a green iguana (Iguana iguana) with involvment of the left adrenal gland. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 43(4): 343-345. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL Call Number: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, radiography, ultrasonography, ovarian follicles, adrenal glands, surgery, histopathology, females, diagnosis, torsion, adrenal gland.

Merchant, M. and A. Britton (2006). Characterization of serum complement activity of saltwater (Crocodylus porosus) and freshwater (Crocodylus johnstoni) crocodiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 143(4): 488-493. ISSN: 1095-6433.
Abstract: We employed a spectroscopic assay, based on the hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), to assess the innate immune function of saltwater and freshwater crocodiles in vitro. Incubation of serum from freshwater and saltwater crocodiles with SRBCs resulted in concentration-dependent increases in SRBC hemolysis. The hemolytic activity occurred rapidly, with detectable activity within 2 min and maximum activity at 20 min. These activities, in both crocodilian species, were heat sensitive, unaffected by 20 mM methylamine, and completely inhibited by low concentrations of EDTA, suggesting that the alternative serum complement cascade is responsible for the observed effects. The hemolytic activities of the sera were inhibited by other chelators of divalent metal ions, such as phosphate and citrate. The inhibition of SRBC hemolysis by EDTA could be completely restored by the addition of 10 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+, but not Ba2+, Cu2+ or Fe2+, indicating specificity for these metal ions. The serum complement activities of both crocodilians were temperature-dependent, with peak activities occurring at 25-30 degrees C and reduced activities below 25 degrees C and above 35 degrees C.
Descriptors: reptiles, saltwater (Crocodylus porosus) and freshwater (Crocodylus johnstoni) crocodiles, crocodiles blood, complement system proteins metabolism, barium pharmacology, calcium pharmacology, copper pharmacology, edetic acid pharmacology, erythrocytes metabolism, fresh water, hemolysis drug effects, iron pharmacology, kinetics, magnesium pharmacology, temperature.

Mihalca, A.D., P. Fictum, M. Skoric, M. Sloboda, S. Karvemo, I. Ghira, M. Carlsson, and D. Modry (2007). Severe granulomatous lesions in several Organs from Eustrongylides larvae in a free-ranging dice snake, Natrix tessellata. Veterinary Pathology 44(1): 103-105. ISSN: 0300-9858.
Online: http://www.vetpathology.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/1/103
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: During an extensive study regarding the epidemiology of larval Eustrongylides infestation in a free-ranging endangered population of dice snakes () from Histria, Romania, an adult female was euthanized to evaluate pathologic changes. Parasites appeared as nodules at various locations: in subcutaneous connective tissues, on the serosae of the intestines and liver. Histologic sections revealed nematode larvae surrounded by a capsule, forming a parasitic granuloma with 3 layers: macrophage layer, lymphocyte layer, and fibrous capsule. Differences between newly formed and mature granulomas consisted mainly in the eosinophilic infiltration. Other types of parasitic granulomas of reptiles are discussed in comparison with our findings.
Descriptors: reptiles, Colubridae, snakes, Natrix tessellata, Eustrongylides, nematode infections, nematode larvae, lesions (animal), granuloma, histopathology, parasitic granuloma.

Miller, D.L., J. Wyneken, S. Rajeev, D.R. Mader, J. Weege, and C.A. Baldwin (2006). Loss in a group of leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) post-hatchlings: pathologic findings and speculations on pathogenesis. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 13: 16-18. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, mortality losses, post hatchlings, pathologic findings, pathogenesis, speculations.

Mitchell, M.A. (2004). Snake care and husbandry. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 7(2): 421-446. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: The snake has long been a contradictory species; you either love them or hate them. In the United States, these reptiles are popular pets.There is also a significant amount of energy placed into developing captive breeding programs to produce different color morphs for many species. In some cases, such as the ball pythons (Pythonregius), these color morphs can sell for 20,000 dollars to 30,000 dollars each. In comparison to domestic mammals, snakes are long-lived. It is not uncommon for corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata) to live for 15 to 25 years and for ball pythons to live 35 to 45 years. Because of the longevity and value of these animals, more snakes are being presented to the veterinarian to manage medical and surgical problems,as well as for routine medical care. Veterinary personnel working with snakes should familiarize themselves with the specific husbandry and medical requirements of these animals so that they can make informed decisions regarding their management.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, captive snakes, veterinary medicine, care.

Mitchell, M.A. (2002). Diagnosis and management of reptile orthopedic injuries. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 5(1): 97-114. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: As veterinarians expand their understanding of the specific husbandry requirements for captive reptiles, nutritionally associated orthopedic injuries should decrease. Orthopedic injuries in wild reptiles, however, will continue to increase as new infrastructure encroaches on the habitats of these animals. Research should be pursued that focuses on improving our understanding of pain management in reptiles, on developing techniques to expedite bone healing, and on creating new orthopedic techniques that provide rigid stabilization without the use of temperature-sensitive materials.
Descriptors: reptiles, fixation, fractures, bone, injuries, fractures, diagnosis, orthopedics, therapy, pain management, bone healing.

Mitchell, M.A. and O. Diaz Figueroa (2005). Clinical Reptile Gastroenterology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 8(2): 277-298. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Descriptors: reptile, gastrointestinal diseases, anatomy, histology, reptiles physiology, adaptation, diagnosis, foreign bodies diagnosis, therapy, prevention, control.

Mitchell, M.A. and O. Diaz Figueroa (2004). Wound management in reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 7(1): 123-140. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Descriptors: reptiles, wound management, care, treatment, surgery, veterinary care.

Mosley, C.A.E., D. Dyson, and D.A. Smith (2003). The cardiac anesthetic index of isoflurane in green iguanas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222(11): 1565-1568. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, isoflurane, cardiac anesthetic index, butorphanol, induction of anesthesia, cardiovascular arrest.

Mosley, C.A.E., D. Dyson, and D.A. Smith (2003). Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in green iguanas and the effect of butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222(11): 1559-1564. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, isoflurane, minimum alveolar concentration, butorphanol, effect on mimimum alveolar concentration.

Murray, M.J. (2002). Endoscopy in reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 937-939. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, endoscopy, veterinary, diagnosis, technique, meeting.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Musico, M., F. Spadola, F. Macri, E. Navarra, G. Costa, and G. Cucinotta (2004). L'esame radiologico nei rettili. [The radiological examination of reptiles]. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 25(3): 29-35. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Descriptors: reptiles, radiological examination, veterinary, diagnosis.
Language of Text: Italian; Summary in English.

Nevarez, J.G., G.R. Pettifer, and M.A. Mitchell (2002). Anesthesia case of the month. A suitable choice for anesthetic management of a green iguana for an orchidectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220(7): 982-985. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, anesthesia, orchidectomy, anesthetic management, case of the month.

Oprescu, I. (2003). Bolile parazitare ale reptilelor si terapia lor. [The parasitic diseases of reptiles and their treatment]. Revista Romana De Medicina Veterinara 13(2): 82-94. ISSN: 1220-3173.
Descriptors: reptiles, parasitic diseases, treatment, veterinary.
Language of Text: Romanian; Summary in English.

Oros, J., P. Calabuig, and S. Deniz (2004). Digestive pathology of sea turtles stranded in the Canary Islands between 1993 and 2001. Veterinary Record 155(6): 169-174. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtles, lesions (animal), digestive system, diseases, pathology, stranded, Canary Islands.

Oros, J., C. Delgado, L. Fernandez, and H.E. Jensen (2004). Pulmonary hyalohyphomycosis caused by Fusarium spp. in a Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempi): An immunohistochemical study. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52(3): 150-152. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Descriptors: reptiles, Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempi, pulmonary hyalohypomycosis, Fusarium specis, immunohistochemical study.

Otokunefor, T.V., B.I. Kindzeka, I.O. Ibiteye, G.U. Osuji, F.O. Obi, and A.W.K. Jack (2003). Salmonella in gut and droppings of three pest lizards in Nigeria. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19(5): 545-548. ISSN: 0959-3993.
NAL Call Number: QR1.M562
Descriptors: reptiles, Gekkonidae sp., Lacertilia, lizards, disease vectors, household pests, feces, intestinal microorganisms, food pathogens, animal pathogens, Salmonella, Agama agama, Ameiva ameiva., Nigeri.

Pare, J.A. (2004). The treatment of mycoses in reptiles: a review of antifungal drugs. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 72-76. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, diseases, mycosis, treatment, review, antifungal drugs.

Pasmans, F., P.d. Herdt, J. Dewulf, and F. Haesebrouck (2002). Pathogenesis of infections with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Muenchen in the turtle Trachemys scripta scripta. Veterinary Microbiology 87(4): 315-325. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V44
Abstract: The pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Muenchen infections in the aquatic turtle Trachemys scripta scripta was studied. After oral infection with 5 x 10(5) cfu of serovar Muenchen of 10-14-month-old turtles, kept at 26 degrees C, the intestine and especially the ileum, caecum and colon was colonized. Invasion of the intestinal wall, causing histopathological lesions, and colonization of internal organs were not observed. Serovar Muenchen was only isolated from turtles for 8 days after exposure. Keeping the turtles at 37 degrees C caused colonization of liver and spleen in two of six orally infected turtles and augmented the numbers of bacteria in the intestinal tract. In contrast to oral infections, intraperitoneal infections of turtles with serovar Muenchen enabled the bacterium to persist inside the host for at least 5 weeks. Clearance of serovar Muenchen from the liver and blood was more pronounced at 26 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. ELISA antibodies were demonstrated in intraperitoneally but not in orally infected turtles kept at 26 degrees C. In conclusion, the lack of persistence and invasiveness of serovar Muenchen in T. s. scripta after oral exposure might be due to the turtle's relatively low body temperature and/or the absence of well-organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
Descriptors: reptiles, Cheloniidae, Salmonella, genetic variation, pathogenesis, disease course, intestines, ileum, cecum, colon, infection, histopathology, shedding, persistence.

Pejrilova, S., Z. Knotkova, Z. Knotek, and V. Vrbas (2004). Age-related changes of the haematological profile in green iguana (Iguana iguana rhinolopha). Acta Veterinaria Brno 73(3): 305-312. ISSN: 0001-7213.
Online: http://vfu-www.vfu.cz/acta-vet/vol73/73-305.pdf
NAL Call Number: SF604.B7
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana rhinolopha, hematological profile, age related changes, blood sample taking, red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume.

Pendl, H. (2006). Morphologic changes in red blood cells of brids [birds] and reptiles and their interpretation. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 61(1): 2-11. ISSN: 0334-9152.
Online: http://www.isrvma.org/article/61_1_1.htm
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: reptiles, red blood cells, morphologic changes, birds, reptiles, interpretation, packed cell volume.

Peterson, M.E. (2006). Snake bite: coral snakes. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 21(4): 183-186. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: QH600.C47
Descriptors: reptiles, dogs, cats, coral snakes, snake bites, venoms, toxicity, antivenoms, Micrurus, Micruroides euryxanthus, clinical techniques, USA.
Notes: In the special issue: Practical Toxicology / edited by K.T. Fitzgerald. Includes references.

Peterson, M.E. (2006). Snake bite: pit vipers. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Pactice 21(4): 174-182. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: QH600.C47
Descriptors: reptiles, Crotalus, Elapidae, snake bites, venoms , toxicity, antivenoms, United States.
Notes: In the special issue: Practical toxicology / edited by K.T. Fitzgerald. Includes references.

Petterino, C., M. Bedin, G. Podesta, and A. Ratto (2006). Undifferentiated tumor in the ovary of a corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata). Veterinary Clinical Pathology 35(1): 95-100. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A54
Abstract: A 6-year-old intact female corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata) was presented with a 3-week history of anorexia. Coelomic radiographs revealed a 9 x 4 cm soft tissue opacity suggestive of a right ovarian enlargement. The mass (9 x 5 x 4 cm) was surgically removed, and multiple smears from tissue sections were stained with Diff-Quik. Multiple tissue samples from the mass were collected and fixed in formalin. Cytologic specimens were moderately cellular and contained light pink amorphous background material. The cells were primarily spindle-shaped with moderate to marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Cells sometimes were round to polygonal, and rarely were arranged in small clusters. Macrophages occasionally were observed. Histologic specimens consisted of a highly cellular mass composed of pleomorphic, spindle-shaped cells and, occasionally, round to polygonal cells arranged in irregular fascicles. The neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), smooth muscle actin, and skeletal muscle actin, but did not stain for vimentin or desmin. On the basis of the morphologic and immunohistochemical results, a diagnosis of ovarian undifferentiated carcinoma was made. In this report, we describe the challenges of using immunohistochemistry to diagnose this uncommon type of tumor in reptiles.
Descriptors: reptiles, corn snake, ovary, undifferentiated tumor, anorexia, ovarian enlargement, coelomic radiographs, tumor, carcinoma.

Phillott, A.D., C.J. Parmenter, and S.C. McKillup (2006). Calcium depletion of eggshell after fungal invasion of sea turtle eggs. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5(1): 146-149. ISSN: 1071-8443.
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtle, Caretta caretta, depletion of eggshell, calcium depletion, fungal invasion, Natator depressus, Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas, Fusarium solani.

Pospischil, A.S. (2003). Novel chlamydiae in cats and reptiles. Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 103: Z-023. ISSN: 1060-2011.
Descriptors: reptiles, chlamydia infection, cats, PCR assay, meeting abstracts.
Notes: Meeting Information: 103rd American Society for Microbiology General Meeting, Washington, DC, USA; May 18-22, 2003.

Pressler, B.M., R.A. Goodman, C.A. Harms, E.C. Hawkins, and G.A. Lewbart (2003). Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and stomach in three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34(1): 88-92. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: Three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis) were presented with suspected or confirmed esophageal foreign bodies. Esophagoscopy was performed on all turtles, and gastroscopy was performed on three turtles. In all cases, endoscopy was easy to perform, and allowed visualization of most upper gastrointestinal features. The papillated esophagus was easy to navigate, but mucosal papillae in the loggerhead sea turtles prevented examination of the underlying mucosa. The stomach was easily entered and examined in both species, but the working endoscope length (100 cm) prevented inspection of the pyloric antrum and the duodenum in all turtles. The turtles in this report may serve as references for future endoscopic examinations of these species.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, Malaysian giant turtle, Orlitia borneensis, endoscopic evaluation, stomach, esophagus, foreign bodies, gastrointestinal features, mucosa, pyloric antrum, duodenum, reference.

Raidal, S.R., P.L. Shearer, and R.I. Prince (2006). Chronic shoulder osteoarthritis in a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Australian Veterinary Journal 84(7): 231-234. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: This report describes the lesions seen in an extremely weak and emaciated adult male loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) found stranded near Perth, Western Australia. Blood collected from a dorsal cervical sinus immediately prior to euthanasia demonstrated severe anaemia, markedly elevated plasma concentrations of creatinine kinase (2263 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (58 U/L), urea (18.1 mmol/L) and hypoglycaemia (glucose 0.7 mmol/L). Necropsy examination demonstrated a severe chronic osteoarthritis of the right shoulder joint with marked remodelling of the glenoid fossa, coracoid, scapula and humerus. There was marked synovial effusion and periarticular fibrosis. Cytological examination and culture of synovial fluid failed to demonstrate an infectious agent. Other findings were low numbers of trypanorhynch cysts present on the surface of the liver and numerous spirorchid eggs in the attached mesentery. Several large and small spirorchid flukes were present in the heart and there was a localised endarteritis in the left aortic arch associated with this infection. Numerous nematode eggs and at least three species of spirorchid eggs were seen microscopically in faeces collected from the terminal colon. The pathogenesis and significance of these lesions is discussed.
Descriptors: loggerhead turtle, (Caretta caretta), male, stranded, post mortum, case study, osteoarthritis, shoulder joint pathology, alkaline phosphatase blood, blood glucose analysis, chronic disease, creatine kinase blood, fatal outcome, osteoarthritis diagnosis, osteoarthritis pathology, shoulder joint radiography, Western Australia.

Read, M.R. (2004). Evaluation of the use of anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 224(4): 547-552. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine anesthetic techniques and the drugs used to provide anesthesia and analgesia to reptiles. DESIGN: Mail-out questionnaire. SAMPLE POPULATION: 367 members of the Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians. PROCEDURE: 1,091 members listed in the 2002 directory of the Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding anesthesia and analgesia. RESULTS: 367 of 1,091 (33.6%) individuals completed the questionnaire; 88.8% used inhalants (particularly isoflurane) for anesthesia, and ketamine, propofol, and butorphanol were the most commonly used injectable agents. Intubation, fluids, and having a dedicated anesthetist were most commonly used for patient support, and pulse oximetry and Doppler ultrasonography were most commonly used for monitoring. Respiratory depression, difficulty monitoring anesthetic depth, prolonged recovery, and hypothermia were the most frequent complications. Nearly all respondents believed that reptiles feel pain, but analgesics were used infrequently for many reasons. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Providing anesthesia in reptiles is difficult, especially regarding anesthetic depth and vital parameters, and methods of support are used less frequently than in domestic species. Provision of analgesia is uncommon. Research regarding pain and its assessment, response to analgesics, and drug pharmacokinetics is needed. Dissemination of this information to practitioners needs to be improved for enhancement of the standard of care for reptiles.
Descriptors: reptiles, anesthesia, analgesia, evaluation of use, drugs, techniques, questionnaire, isoflurans, ketamine, propofol, butorphanol, inhalants, injectable, respiratory depression, hypothermia, prolonged recovery, depth of anesthesia.
Notes: Comment In: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Apr 15;224(8):1245; author reply 1245.

Reavill, D.R., M. Melloy, and R.E. Schmidt (2004). Reptile mycotic infections from the literature and 55 cases. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 62-71. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, Chelonia, Sauria, Serpentes, mycotic infections, fungal diseases, mycosis, infections, literature review.

Redrobe, S. (2002). Reptiles and disease--keeping the risks to a minimum. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 43(10): 471-472. ISSN: print: 0022-4510; online: 1748-5827.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: reptiles, animal husbandry, guidelines, zoonoses, Salmonella infections, prevention, control, tick borne diseases prevention, control.

Reichard, T. (2004). Reptile quarantine. Iguana 11(4): 247-249. ISSN: 1554-916X.
Descriptors: reptiles, quarentine, disease transmission, parasites.

Rice, A.N., J.P. Ross, A.G. Finger, and R. Owen (2005). Application and evaluation of a stomach flushing technique for alligators. Herpetological Review 36(4): 400-401. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, Alligator mississippiensis, stomach flushing, safety, technique, application, evaluation.

Rival, F. (2004). Trattamento chirurgico degli ascessi nei rettili. [Surgery for abscesses in reptiles]. Summa 21(3): 33-35. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators, abscesses, surgery.
Language of Text: Italian; Summary in English.

Rival, F. (2003). La chirurgia del prolasso cloacale nei rettili. [Surgery of the cloacal prolapse in iguanas]. Summa 20(6): 39-41, 2. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, iguanas, cloacal prolapse, surgery.
Language of Text: Italian.

Rogers, K.D. and D.T. Booth (2004). A method of sampling blood from Australian freshwater turtles. Wildlife Research 31(1): 93-95. ISSN: 1035-3712.
NAL Call Number: S960.W5
Descriptors: reptiles, freshwater turtles, Chelodina expansa, Elseya latisternum, Emydura macquarii signata, blood sampling method.

Rosenthal, K. (2004). Reptile pain management - is there such a thing? Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1342. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, pain management, anesthesia, analgesia, drugs.
Notes: In the Volume: Small Animal and Exotics Book Two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Rosenthal, K. (2004). How to provide nutritional support to reptile patients. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1349. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, nutritional support, veterinary medicine.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Book two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Rosenthal, K. (2004). A new look at treatment of calcium: Phosphorus disorders in iguanas. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1348. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, iguanas, calcium-phosphorus disorders.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Book Two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Rosenthal, K. (2004). Reptile compounding medication: What you should know. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1346-1347. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, compounding medication, drug formulation.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Book Two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Rosenthal, K. (2004). How I treat stomatitis in reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1345. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, stomatitis, treatment, veterinary medicine.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Book Two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Rosenthal, K. (2004). How to diagnose and treat a sick reptile when the owner has no money. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1343-1344. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: sick reptile, cost of diagnosis and treatment, financial difficulties of client, veterinary medicine.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Book Two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Rosenthal, K.L. (2002). Clinical pathology of the green iguana. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 940-942. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, Iguana, clinical aspects, clinical pathology, meeting.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Rosskopf, W.J.J. and M.K. Shindo (2003). Syndromes and conditions of commonly kept tortoise and turtle species. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 12(3): 149-161. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoise, turtle, syndromes, conditons, common, captive pets.

Rueschoff, B., B. Christian, and D. Gruebner (2006). Haeufige Erkrankungen bei Strumpfbandnattern. [Frequent illnesses of garter snakes.]. Draco 7(1): 94-101 Nr 25. ISSN: 1439-8168.
Descriptors: reptiles, frequent illnesses, garter snakes, diseases, parasites, veterinary.
Language of Text: German.

Sand, M.A., K.S. Latimer, C.R. Gregory, P.M. Rakich, E. Jacobson, and K.E. Pennick (2004). Molecular diagnosis of paramyxovirus infection in snakes using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid:ribonucleic acid in situ hybridization. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16(5): 442-448. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call Number: SF774.J68
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, paramyxovirus, infection, molecular diagnosis, reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction, complementary deoxyribonucleic acidribonucleic acid, in situ, hybridization.

Santoro, M., J.A. Morales, B. Stacy, and E.C. Greiner (2007). Rameshwarotrema uterocrescens trematode parasitism of the oesophageal glands in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Veterinary Record 160(2): 59-60. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: reptiles, Chelonia mydas, green sea turtles, esophageal diseases, Digenea, (Trematoda), trematode parasitism.

Santos, A.L.Q., T.S. Malta, A.V. Mundim, J.R.F. Alves Junior, and S.F.M. Carvalho (2005). Variacao dos constituintes bioquimicos sanguineos de Tartarguas-da-Amazonia (Podocnemis expansa, Schweigger - 1812) (Testudinata) mantidas em criatorio comercial. [Blood biochemistry rates of South American river turtle (Podocnemis expansa, Schweigger - 1812) (Testudinata) bred in captivity.]. Archives of Veterinary Science 10(3): 1-8. ISSN: 1517-784X.
Abstract: T
Descriptors: reptiles, South American river turtle, Podocnemis expansa, blood biochemistry rates, bred in captivity.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summary in English and Portuguese.

Satorhelyi, T. (2004). A terrariumi hullok vizsgalata. [Clinical and laboratory examinations of the terrarium reptiles]. KisallatPraxis 5(5): 200-206. ISSN: 1585-9142.
NAL Call Number: SF981.K573
Descriptors: reptiles, clinical examinations, laboratory examinations, terrarium reptiles, cardiovascular system, digestive system, respiratory system, urogenital system.
Language of Text: Hungarian; Summary in English.

Schildger, B.J. and W. Hafeli (2003). Chirurgische Therapie der Dystokie bei Reptilien. [Surgical therapy of dystocia in reptiles]. Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere 31(1): 41-48. ISSN: 1434-1239.
Descriptors: reptiles, dystocia, surgical therapy, diagnosis, methods.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English.

Schilliger, L. (2004). Diagnosi delle alterazioni neurologiche nei rettili.[Diagnosis of neurological lesions in reptiles]. Summa 21(1): 31-34. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, diagnosis, snakes, lizards, turtles, neurological lesions.
Language of Text: Italian.

Schilliger, L. (2003). L'insufficienza renale nell'iguana verde. [Renal failure in the green iguana (Iguana iguana)]. Summa 20(2): 47-50. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, renal failure, kidney disease, veterinary.
Language of Text: Italian.

Schilliger, L., V. Chetboul, and D. Tessier (2005). Standardizing two-dimensional echocardiographic examination in snakes. Exotic DVM 7(3): 63-74. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, echocardiographic examination, two dimensional, standardizing, heart, veterinary.

Schillinger, L. (2004). Lavagem traqueo-pulmonar em repteis. [Tracheo-pulmonar lavage in reptiles]. A Hora Veterinaria(141): 70-71. ISSN: 0101-9163.
Descriptors: reptiles, tracho pulmonar lavage, veterinary.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summary in Italian and English.

Schillinger, L. (2004). Il lavaggio tracheo-polmonare nei rettili. [Tracheoplumonary lavage in reptiles]. Summa 21(4): 75-77. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, tracheopulmonary lavage, respiratory diseases.
Language of Text: Italian.

Schroter, M., P. Roggentin, J. Hofmann, A. Speicher, R. Laufs, and D. Mack (2004). Pet snakes as a reservoir for Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (serogroup IIIb): A prospective study. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70(1): 613-615. ISSN: 0099-2240.
Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.1.613-615.2004
NAL Call Number: 448.3 Ap5
Abstract: Reptile-associated Salmonella infections are an increasing problem for humans. We have prospectively screened two breeding groups of 16 pet snakes for colonization with Salmonella species. Various serovars of S. enterica subsp. diarizonae were found in 81% of the snakes. To avoid transmission, strict hygienic precautions should be applied when reptiles are handled.
Descriptors: reptiles, Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae, animal pathogenic bacteria, serotypes, isolation, feces, snakes, pets, Viperidae, disease reservoirs, salmonellosis, zoonoses, Bitis nasicornis, Bothriechis schlegelii.

Schroter, M., A. Speicher, J. Hofmann, and P. Roggentin (2006). Analysis of the transmission of Salmonella spp. through generations of pet snakes. Environmental Microbiology 8(3): 556-559. ISSN: print: 1462-2912; online: 1462-2920.
Abstract: Besides the 'classical' animals known as reservoirs for Salmonella spp., like poultry and cattle, reptiles have emerged as a significant source of human Salmonellae infections during the last years. Reptile-associated Salmonellae frequently cause severe clinical courses including fatalities due to septicaemia and meningitis. Therefore, it is of major priority to develop measures which may help preventing cases of reptile-associated Salmonellae. However, as a first step the epidemiology of salmonellae in reptiles must be understood. Therefore, in this study a population analysis of the salmonellae of two female snakes was performed and the pattern of inheritance of Salmonellae to their offspring was investigated. It is demonstrated that adult snakes usually harbour a population of concurrent Salmonellae serovars. Colonization of their offspring during pregnancy and birth is a significant way of transmission causing 65% of the newborn to be positive for Salmonellae. The effectiveness of the transmission does not seem to be due only to the frequency of a certain serovar, because the most prevailing strain of one female snake was not detectable in any of her offspring.
Descriptors: Salmonella isolation and purification, Salmonella infections, animal transmission, snakes microbiology, bacterial typing techniques, disease transmission, vertical veterinary, Salmonella classification, serotyping.

Schumacher, J. (2002). Sevoflurane in reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 950. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, inhaled anesthetics, sevoflurane, meeting, veterinary.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Schumacher, J. (2002). Critical and supportive care of reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 944-945. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, intensive care, treatment, supportive care, veterinary, meeting.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Schumacher, J. (2003). Reptile respiratory medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 6(1): 213-231. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Respiratory tract disease is commonly diagnosed in captive collections of reptiles and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Improper environmental conditions are often contributing factors for the development of respiratory disease in reptiles. A detailed knowledge of the unique reptilian respiratory morphology and function is essential to successfully diagnose and treat respiratory disease. A variety of noninfectious and infectious causes have been identified in the etiology of reptile respiratory disease. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of reptilian diseases is increasing, and with the availability of new therapeutic agents and advanced diagnostic techniques, the diagnosis and treatment of reptile respiratory tract disease has become more successful.
Descriptors: reptiles, respiratory tract diseases veterinary, respiratory tract diseases diagnosis, respiratory tract diseases therapy.

Sladky, K.K., V. Miletic, J. Paul Murphy, M.E. Kinney, R.K. Dallwig, and S.M. Johnson (2007). Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230(9): 1356-1362. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that butorphanol or morphine induces antinociception with minimal respiratory depression in conscious red-eared slider turtles. DESIGN: Prospective crossover study. ANIMALS: 37 adult male and female red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta). PROCEDURES: Antinociception (n = 27 turtles) and respiratory (10 turtles) experiments were performed. Infrared heat stimuli were applied to the plantar surface of turtle limbs. Thermal withdrawal latencies were measured before and at intervals after SC administration of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, butorphanol tartrate (2.8 or 28 mg/kg [1.27 or 12.7 mg/lb]), or morphine sulfate (1.5 or 6.5 mg/kg [0.68 or 2.95 mg/lb]). Ventilation was assessed in freely swimming turtles before and after SC administration of saline solution, butorphanol (28 mg/kg), or morphine (1.5 mg/kg). RESULTS: For as long as 24 hours after injection of saline solution or either dose of butorphanol, thermal withdrawal latencies among turtles did not differ. Low- and high-dose morphine injections increased latencies significantly by 8 hours. Ventilation was not altered by saline solution administration, was temporarily depressed by 56% to 60% for 1 to 2 hours by butorphanol (28 mg/kg) administration, and was significantly depressed by a maximum of 83 +/- 9% at 3 hours after morphine (1.5 mg/kg) injection. Butorphanol and morphine depressed ventilation by decreasing breathing frequency. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although widely used in reptile species, butorphanol may not provide adequate antinociception for invasive procedures and caused short-term respiratory depression in red-eared slider turtles. In contrast, morphine apparently provided antinociception but caused long-lasting respiratory depression.
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, analgesic efficacy, respiratory effects, butorphanol, morphine, antinociception, respiratory depression.

Soldati, G., Z.H. Lu, L. Vaughan, A. Polkinghorne, D.R. Zimmermann, J.B. Huder, and A. Pospischil (2004). Detection of mycobacteria and Chlamydiae in granulomatous inflammation of reptiles: A retrospective study. Veterinary Pathology 41(4): 388-397. ISSN: 0300-9858.
Online: http://www.vetpathology.org/cgi/content/abstract/41/4/388
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: A retrospective study on reptile tissues presenting with granulomatous inflammation was performed to detect the possible presence of mycobacteria and Chlamydiae in these lesions. Ninety cases including 48 snakes, 27 chelonians, and 15 lizards were selected. Mycobacteria were detected by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and a broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing. To detect Chlamydiae, immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a Chlamydiales order-specific PCR and sequencing were applied. Acid-fast bacilli were found in 14 cases (15.6%) by ZN staining and in 23 cases (25.6%) by PCR. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MOTT). Chlamydial LPS antigen was observed within granulomas from five samples (5.6%), whereas the PCR screen revealed 58 positive cases (64.4%). Of these, 9 cases (10%) showed 98-99% similarity to Chlamydophila (Cp.) pneumoniae and 49 cases (54.4%) displayed a high similarity (88-97%) to the newly described "Chlamydia-like" microorganisms Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis. Results from this study confirm, on the one hand, that MOTT are probably the most important infectious etiology for granulomatous inflammation in reptiles. On the other hand, they indicate that chlamydia infects reptiles and that Cp. pneumoniae should be considered an etiological agent of granulomatous lesions of reptiles. Because both MOTT and Cp. pneumoniae are human pathogens, the potential of zoonotic transmission from reptiles to humans has to be considered. In contrast, the significance of Chlamydia-like isolates remains completely open, and further studies are needed to evaluate their role.
Descriptors: reptiles, mycobacteria, chlamydia, granulomatous inflammation, retrospective study, snakes, chelonians, lizards.

Soslau, G., D.A. Morgan, R. Class, F.V. Paladino, R. George, B. Whitaker, G.C. Violetta, S.J. Goldenberg, and J.R. Spotila (2003). Coagulatin and platelet aggregation in sea turtles. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 503: 306-307.
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtles, coagulation, platelet aggregation, cardiovascular, blood.

Souza, M.J., K.E. Hall, J.D. Wilson, and G.A. Lewbart (2004). Surgical removal of an artificial chicken egg from the gastrointestinal tract of a black rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 14(4): 4-5. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, black rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta, artificial chicken egg, surgical removal, gastrointestinal tract, case report, anesthesia.

Spadola, F., M. Musico, F. Macri, M. Di Giancamillo, G. Costa, L. Siracusano, and G. Cucinotta (2004). L'esame radiologico nei rettili: Nota III - Radiodiagnostica su 120 casi clinici. [Radiological examination in reptiles. Note III. Radiographic diagnosis in 120 clinical cases]. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 25(5): 33-40. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Descriptors: reptiles, radiological examination, radiographic diagnosis, clinical cases, veterinary.
Language of Text: Italian; Summary in English.

Spadola, F., M. Musico, F. Macri, C. Interlandi, G. Costa, L. Siracusano, and G. Cucinotta (2003). Nuovi animali da compagnia: applicazione clinica della cloacoscopia nei rettili e nei volatili. [Cloacoscopy in pet reptiles and birds]. Summa 20(1): 23-28. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, cloaca, endoscopy, pets, birds, cloacoscopy, veterinary procedures.
Language of Text: Italian.

Stahl, S.J. (2003). Diseases of the reptile pancreas. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 6(1): 191-212. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: A great deal of research is still needed to better understand the reptile pancreas especially with regard to diagnosis and treatment. However, vigilant clinicians and pathologists have important roles to play in expanding our knowledge base in this field, and are encouraged to share their findings through publications and presentations.
Descriptors: reptiles, pancreatic diseases, veterinary, diagnosis, treatment.

Stahl, S.J. (2002). Veterinary management of snake reproduction. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 5(3): 615-636. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: The reptile veterinarian should approach the breeder with a comprehensive plan involving a review of proper husbandry, nutrition, record keeping, and a thorough prebreeding evaluation of the snakes. In addition, an evaluation of the reproductive strategy, assistance with confirming and monitoring gestation, and a review of potential reproductive complications will help to prepare the snake owner for a successful breeding season.
Descriptors: reptiles, husbandry, nutrition, review, record keeping, breeding, snake reproduction, veterinarian, evaluation, reproductive strategy.

Stahl, S.J. (2003). Reptile cloacoscopy. Exotic DVM 5(3): 57-60. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, anatomy, cloaca, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, cloacoscopy, conference.
Notes: Meeting Information: International conference on exotics (ICE2003), Palm Beach, Florida, USA, 2003.

Stahl, S.J. (2005). Rigid pnuemonoscopy [pneumonoscopy] and associated endosurgical techniques in snakes. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 12: 47-49. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, rigid pneumonoscopy, associated endosurgical techniques, respiratory tract, trachea, lungs.

Stahl, S.J. (2005). Cloacal endoscopy and associated endosurgical techniques in snakes. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 12: 44-46. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, cloacal endoscopy, associated endosurgical techniques, diagnosis, conference proceedings.

Stahl, S.J. (2003). Pet lizard conditions and syndromes. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 12(3): 162-182. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, pet lizard, conditions, syndromes, disease, parasites, seminar, veterinary.

Stamper, M.A., M.G. Papich, G.A. Lewbart, S.B. May, D.D. Plummer, and M.K. Stoskopf (2003). Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34(1): 3-8. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Abstract: The pharmocodynamics of single injections of florfenicol in yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were determined. Eight juvenile loggerhead sea turtles weighing 1.25 (+/- 0.18) kg were divided into two groups. Four animals received 30 mg/kg of florfenicol i.v., and four received the same dose i.m. Plasma florfenicol concentrations were analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. After the i.v. dose, there was a biphasic decline in plasma florfenicol concentration. The initial steep phase from 3 min to 1 hr had a half-life of 3 min, and there was a longer slow phase of elimination, with a half-life that ranged from 2 to 7.8 hr among turtles. The volume of distribution varied greatly and ranged from 10.46 to -60 L/kg. Clearance after the i.v. dose was 3.6-6.3 L/kg/hr. After the i.m. injection, there was a peak within 30 min of 1.4-5.6 microg/ml, and florfenicol was thereafter eliminated with a half-life of 3.2-4.3 hr. With either route, florfenicol plasma concentrations were below the minimum inhibitory concentrations for sensitive bacteria within 1 hr. Florfenicol does not appear to be a practical antibiotic in sea turtles when administered at these doses.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, florfenicol, pharmacokinetics, single injection, intravenous, intramuscular, plasma concentrations.

Sykes, J.M.4., J. Schumacher, J. Avenell, E. Ramsay, and G.B. Daniel (2006). Preliminary evaluation of 99mTechnetium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, 99mTechnetium dimercaptosuccinic acid, and 99mTechnetium mercaptoacetyltriglycine for renal scintigraphy in corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata). Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 47(2): 222-227. ISSN: 1058-8183.
Abstract: The efficacy of three radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA), 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA), and 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3), for renal imaging was examined in 16 corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata). All snakes received the radiopharmaceutical via an intracardiac injection. The kidneys could not be visualized in the three snakes that received 99mTc-DTPA or in the three snakes that received 99mTc-DMSA, but were well delineated in all 10 snakes receiving 99mTc-MAG3. These snakes were anesthetized and a dynamic frame mode acquisition was obtained for 30 min immediately following injection. A 60 s single static frame mode image was then obtained with the snake in a curled position. Two of the 10 snakes that received 99mTc-MAG3 were removed from further analysis because of suspected pericardial injections. Of the remaining eight snakes, the mean (+/- SD) renal uptake was 25 +/- 9.8% or 24 +/- 9.7%, with or without correction for residual injection site activity, respectively. Correction for remaining radioactivity in the heart does not appear to be necessary if it is less than 10% of the total dose. 99mTc-MAG3 provided consistently high quality images of the kidneys and further studies are warranted to evaluate its sensitivity for detecting decreased function in snakes with renal disease.
Descriptors: reptiles, corn snakes, Elaphe guttata guttata, kidney radionuclide imaging, radiopharmaceuticals, pharmacokinetics, snakes metabolism, heart, injections, kidney metabolism, radionuclide imaging, radiopharmaceuticals, administration, dosage, diagnostic use.

Sykes, J.M., L.L. Greer, E.C. Ramsay, and G.B. Daniel (2006). Use of radiopharmaceuticals for renal imaging in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata). Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 13: 55-58. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguanas, Iguana iguana, corn snakes, Elaphe guttata guttata, renal imaging, radiopharmaceuticals, diagnosis, renal disease.

Sykes, J.M. and J.G. Trupkiewicz (2006). Reptile neoplasia at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, 1901-2002. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37(1): 11-19. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, neoplasia, 1901-2002 necropsy reports, slides, veterinary, Philadelphia Zoological Garden.

Tandel, S.D., M.V. Wani, M.S. Karawale, and Y.R. Kaginkar (2003). Treatment of subluxation in a rat snake. Zoos' Print 18(10): 17. ISSN: print: 0971-6378; online: 0973-2543.
Descriptors: reptiles, rat snake, subluxation, case reports, clinical aspects, diagnosis, therapy.

Tell, L., S. Silverman, and E. Wisner (2003). Imaging techniques for evaluating the head of birds, reptiles and small exotic mammals. Exotic DVM 5(2): 31-37. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, birds, imaging techniques, evaluating the head, small exotic mammals.

Tell, L. and E. Wisner (2003). Diagnostic techniques for evaluating the respiratory system of birds, reptiles and small exotic mammals. Exotic DVM 5(2): 38-44. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, birds, small exotic mammals, diagnostic techniques, respiratory system, evaluation.

Tellez, S., V. Briones, S. Gonzalez, F.J. Garcia Pena, J. Altimira, A.I. Vela, M.M. Blanco, C. Ballesteros, J.F. Fernandez Garayzabal, and L. Dominguez (2002). Salmonella septicaemia in a beauty snake (Elaphe taeniura taeniura). Veterinary Record 151(1): 28-29. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: reptiles, Elaphe taeniura taeniura, snakes, Salmonella, salmonellosis, septicemia, histopathology, liver, gall bladder, kidneys, intestines, case studies, clinical aspects, Salmonella enterica, subspecies, houtenae, subspecies, diarizonae.

Torrent, A., S. Deniz, A. Ruiz, P. Calabuig, J. Sicilia, and J. Oros (2002). Esophageal diverticulum associated with Aerococcus viridans infection in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(1): 221-223. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: A juvenile loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) stranded in Gran Canaria, Spain was necropsied. The turtle was underweight, had sunken eyes, and small amounts of crude oil were in the oral cavity. The most significant lesion was a large esophageal diverticulum at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. The diverticulum was full of gas and green mucoid fluid and a diffuse thick yellow fibrinonecrotic membrane covered the mucosa. The lumen of the diverticulum also contained moderate numbers of cephalopods, crustaceans, and anthropogenic debris including crude oil balls, plastics, and fishing lines. Histologically there was a severe diffuse fibrinonecrotic esophagitis. Aerococcus viridans was isolated from the diverticulum. This is the first report of an esophageal diverticulum in a sea turtle. Although A. viridans is a known pathogen of lobsters and fishes, there are no reports of A. viridans infection in sea turtles.
Descriptors: reptiles, loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, esophageal diverticulum, Aerococcus viridans, cephalopods, debris, fishing lines.

Tuttle, A.D., M. Papich, G.A. Lewbart, S. Christian, C. Gunkel, and C.A. Harms (2006). Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) following single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37(4): 567-570. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, ketoprofen, pharmacokinetics, intravenous, intramuscular singular injections, daily dosing.

Valente, A.L., R. Cuenca, M.L. Parga, S. Lavin, J. Franch, and I. Marco (2006). Cervical and coelomic radiologic features of the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 70(4): 285-290. ISSN: 0830-9000.
NAL Call Number: SF601.C24
Descriptors: reptiles, Caretta caretta, radiography, skeleton, endangered species, sea turtle, neck, vertebrae, carapace, plastron, scutes.
Language of Text: Summary in French.

Valente, A.L., R. Cuenca, M.A. Zamora, M.L. Parga, S. Lavin, F. Alegre, and I. Marco (2006). Sectional anatomic and magnetic resonance imaging features of coelomic structures of loggerhead sea turtles. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67(8): 1347-1353. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare cross-sectional anatomic specimens with images obtained via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the coelomic structures of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). ANIMALS: 5 clinically normal live turtles and 5 dead turtles. PROCEDURES: MRI was used to produce T1- and T2- weighted images of the turtles, which were compared with gross anatomic sections of 3 of the 5 dead turtles. The other 2 dead turtles received injection with latex and were dissected to provide additional cardiovascular anatomic data. RESULTS: The general view on the 3 oriented planes provided good understanding of cross-sectional anatomic features. Likewise, major anatomic structures such as the esophagus, stomach, lungs, intestine (duodenum and colon), liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, heart, bronchi, and vessels could be clearly imaged. It was not possible to recognize the ureters or reproductive tract. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: By providing reference information for clinical use, MRI may be valuable for detailed assessment of the internal anatomic structures of loggerhead sea turtles. Drawbacks exist in association with anesthesia and the cost and availability of MRI, but the technique does provide excellent images of most internal organs. Information concerning structures such as the pancreas, ureters, intestinal segments (jejunum and ileum), and the reproductive tract is limited because of inconsistent visualization.
Descriptors: loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, abdomen anatomy, histology, magnetic resonance imaging, turtles anatomy, histology, MRI.

Vancraeynest, D., F. Pasmans, A. Martel, K. Chiers, G. Meulemans, J. Mast, P. Zwart, and R. Ducatelle (2006). Inclusion body disease in snakes: a review and description of three cases in boa constrictors in Belgium. Veterinary Record 158(22): 757-761. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, Boa constrictor, cytoplasmic inclusions, animal diseases, case studies, inclusion body disease, Belgium.

Vasil'ev, D.B. and I. Solov'ev (2006). [Ganglioneuroblastoma in Yemenite chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus): the first recorded case of a tumor of neuroectodermal histogenesis in reptiles]. Arkhiv Patologii 68(4): 45-47. ISSN: 0004-1955.
Abstract: Nerve tissue tumors are rarely encountered in reptiles and mainly represented by some documented cases of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). The paper is the first to describe a tumor mimicking MPNST by some ultrastructural features of tumor cells; however, significantly differing in the combination of immunohistochemical characteristics. Based on the data of electronic microscopy, immunohistochemistry, cytology, and histology, the tumor was classified as ganglioneuroblastoma. Since this nosological entity, unlike MPNST, cannot be assigned to a group of sarcomatoid tumors, the described pathology should be regarded as the first registered case of neuroectodermal histogenesis of tumors in reptiles.
Descriptors: ganglioneuroblastoma veterinary, lizards, chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus, ganglioneuroblastoma ultrastructure, nerve sheath neoplasms ultrastructure, nerve sheath neoplasms, veterinary.
Language of Text: Russian.

Vasilyev, D.B., Y.N. Solovyev, and V.N. Mitin (2003). Bone tumors of reptiles. Voprosy Onkologii 49(1): 81-84. ISSN: 0507-3758.
Descriptors: reptiles, bone tumors, disease.
Language of Text: Russian.

Vico, G.d., F. Marino, A. Sfacteria, F. Macri, R. Lorizio, V. Peretti, and B. Restucci (2003). Invaginamento intestinale retrogrado in una tartaruga di mare (Caretta caretta). [Retrograde intestinal intussusception in a wild sea turtle (Caretta caretta)]. Summa 20(8): 49-51. ISSN: 0100-5405.
Descriptors: reptiles, wild sea turtle, Caretta caretta, intestinal intussuseption, surgery, case study.
Language of Text: Italian.

Visigalli, G. (2003). Studio clinico sull'impiego e l'efficacia di un nuovo fluorchinolone, il difloxacin, nella medicina dei rettili.[Clinical study on efficaciousness of a new fluorquinolone (Difloxacin-DicuralReg.) in reptiles]. Veterinaria Cremona 17(1): 69-75. ISSN: 0391-3151.
Descriptors: reptiles, difloxacin, fluorquinolone, pharmacodynamics, efficaciousness, clinical study, veterinary.
Language of Text: Italian; Summary in English.

Wappel, S.M. and M.S. Schulte (2004). Turtle care and husbandry. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 7(2): 447-472. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Chelonians (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins) are not as well represented in private reptile collections as are snakes and lizards. This may be due in part to the fact that they often require more space and time for proper care. Nonetheless, they are still popular pets.Unfortunately, many people are not aware of what constitutes proper care for these animals. This article will discuss basic captive husbandry and nutrition issues of common chelonians, as well as recognizing illness, capture and restraint, sample collection, medication administration, and preventive care.
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, tortoises, terrapins, care, husbandry, veterinary medicine, chelonians, private collections, pets.

Wellehan, J.F. and A.J. Johnson (2005). Reptile virology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 8(1): 27-52. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Reptiles are hosts to diverse viral infections. This article reviews the viruses that are known to infect reptiles and discusses associated pathology, available diagnostic methods, and management techniques for the reptile clinician.
Descriptors: reptiles, virology, virus diseases, viruses isolation, purification, diagnosis, virus diseases, complications, diagnosis, prevention, control.

Wellehan, J.F.X., M. Lafortune, C. Gunkel, Rooney DelPino, Elijah, D.J. Heard, and E.R. Jacobson (2004). Coccygeal vascular catheterization in lizards and crocodilians. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 14(2): 26-28. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B85
Descriptors: reptiles, crocodilians, lizards, coccygeal vascular catheterization, fluid support, critical care, vascular access.

Westfall, M.E., D.L. Demcovitz, D.R. Plourde, D.S. Rotstein, and D.R. Brown (2006). In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma iguanae proposed sp. nov. isolated from vertebral lesions of green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37(2): 206-208. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, Iguana iguana, Mycoplaama iguana, amtibiotic susceptibility, in vitro, vertebeal lesions, isolated.

Wilson, S.C., H.W. Holder, J.M. Martin, T.L. Brasel, L.A. Andriychuk, C. Wu, D.C. Straus, and R. Aguilar (2006). An indoor air quality study of an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) holding facility. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37(2): 108-115. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: reptiles, alligators, Alligator mississippiensis, holding facility, indoor air quality, study, contamination, mortality, fungal, microbial.

Work, T.M., G.H. Balazs, R.A. Rameyer, and R.A. Morris (2004). Retrospective pathology survey of green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis in the Hawaiian Islands, 1993--2003. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 62(1-2): 163-176. ISSN: print: 0177-5103; online: 1616-1580.
Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao062163
Abstract: We necropsied 255 stranded green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (FP) from the Hawaiian Islands, North Pacific, from August 1993 through May 2003. Of these, 214 (84 %) were euthanized due to advanced FP and the remainder were found dead in fresh condition. Turtles were assigned a standardized tumor severity score ranging from 1 (lightly tumored) to 3 (heavily tumored). Tumors were counted and measured and categorized as external, oral, or internal and tissues evaluated by light microscopy. Turtles in tumor score 2 and 3 categories predominated, and tumor score 3 turtles were significantly larger than the other 2 categories. More juveniles stranded than subadults or adults. Total cross-sectional area of tumors increased significantly with straight carapace length (SCL). Frequency distribution of total number of external tumors per turtle was significantly skewed to the right, and there were significantly more tumors at the front than rear of turtles. Eighty percent of turtles had oral tumors, and 51% of turtles with oral tumors had tumors in the glottis. Thirty-nine percent of turtles had internal tumors, most of them in the lung, kidney and heart. Fibromas predominated in lung, kidney and musculoskeletal system whereas myxofibromas were more common in intestines and spleen. Fibrosarcomas of low-grade malignancy were most frequent in the heart, and heart tumors had a predilection for the right atrium. Turtles with FP had significant additional complications including inflammation with vascular flukes, bacterial infections, poor body condition, and necrosis of salt gland. Turtles with oral tumors were more likely to have secondary complications such as pneumonia. Most turtles came from the island of Oahu (74%) followed by Maui (20 %), Hawaii, Molokai, and Lanai (<3 % each). On Oahu, significantly more turtles we necropsied stranded along the northwestern and northeastern shores.
Descriptors: reptiles, green turtles, Chelonia mydas, fibropapillomatosis, pathology survey, necropsy, Hawaiian Islands.

Work, T.M., G.H. Balazs, M. Wolcott, and R. Morris (2003). Bacteraemia in free-ranging Hawaiian green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 53(1): 41-46. ISSN: print: 0177-5103; online: 1616-1586.
Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao053041
Abstract: Past studies of free-ranging green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis (FP) in Hawaii have shown that animals become immunosuppressed with increasing severity of this disease. Additionally, preliminary clinical examination of moribund turtles with FP revealed that some animals were also bacteraemic. We tested the hypothesis that bacteraemia in sea turtles is associated with the severity of FP. We captured free-ranging green turtles from areas in Hawaii where FP is absent, and areas where FP has been endemic since the late 1950s. Each turtle was given an FP severity score ranging from 0 (no tumours) to 3 (severely affected). A fifth category included turtles that were stranded ashore and moribund with FP. We found that the percentage of turtles with bacteraemia increased with the severity of FP, and that the majority of bacteria cultured were Vibrio spp. Turtles with severe FP were more susceptible to bactaeremia, probably in part due to immunosuppression. The pattern of bacteraemia in relation to severity of disease strengthens the hypothesis that immunosuppression is a sequel to FP.
Descriptors: reptiles, Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas, bacteraemia, free ranging, fibropapillomatosis, immunosuppressed, tumors, clinical examination.

Wosar, M.A. and G.A. Lewbart (2006). Ileocolic intussusception in a pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus). Veterinary Record 158(20): 698-699. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: reptiles, pine snakes, Pituophis melanoleucus, digestive system, diseases, iliocolic intussusception, surgery.

Wright, K. (2005). Beyond POTZ: environmental influences on reptile healing. Exotic DVM 7(4): 11-15. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, healing, environmental influences, temperature, stress.

Wu, H.X. (2004). Identification and inhibitory effects of drugs against pathogenic bacteria of soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis) in vitro. Fisheries Science Liaoning 23(6): 5-9. ISSN: 1003-1111.
Descriptors: reptiles, soft shelled turtle, Trionyx sinensis, pathogenic bacteria, drugs against, inhibitory effects, identification.
Language of Text: Chinese; Summary in Chinese and English.

Wu, H.X. and J.Z. Xue (2004). Pathogens of haemorrhagic intestinal necrosis in soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis) and their drug sensitivity. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science 24(4): 343-345 Sum No 112. ISSN: 1005-4545.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: reptiles, soft shelled turtle, Trionyx sinensis, pathogens, hemorrhagic intestinal necrosis, drug sensitivity.
Language of Text: Chinese; Summary in Chinese and English.

Wyneken, J. and D. Mader (2004). Clinical applications: Reptile skeletal system. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 18: 1358-1360. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, anatomy, skeletal system, bone fractures, cartilage, fracture fixation, ligaments, musculoskeletal system, surgery.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Book two: Pain Management - Zoonosis. Meeting held January 17-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida.

Zwart, P. (2006). Renal pathology in reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 9(1): 129-159. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: The class of Reptilia varies widely. Both the gross morphology and microscopic anatomy of the kidneys are specific for each species.In each species of reptile, the physiology of the renal system has adapted to the specific conditions of life, including, among other factors, the type of food, environmental temperature, and the availability of water. The pathology of the kidneys in reptiles has been poorly studied, but in recent years a number of investigators have specifically studied reptilian renal pathology.
Descriptors: reptiles, kidney pathology, kidney diseases, kidney abnormalities, kidney physiopathology, kidney diseases, pathology.