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Feed/Nutrition/Guidelines

Akiyama, H., K. Hoshino, M. Tokuzumi, R. Teshima, H. Mori, T. Inakuma, Y. Ishiguro, Y. Goda, J.I. Sawada, and M. Toyoda (1999). The effect of feeding carrots on immunoglobulin E production and anaphylactic response in mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 22(6): 551-555.
Descriptors: mice, feeding, carrots, immunoglobulin production, anaphylactic response, effect.

Alderton, D. (2002). Family Pet Guides: Hamster, 128 p.
Descriptors: hamster, behavior, breeding, feeding, housing, husbandry, parasites, guide.

Anderson, D.K. (1999). Paramyid rodent taxonomy: an illustrated guide to taxonomically significant characters. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(Supplement 3): 29A.
Descriptors: rodent, taxonomy, illustrated guide, characters.
Notes: Meeting Information: Fifty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, October 20-23, 1999, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Aoyama, K. (1997). Satiation effect on within-session changes in rat feeding behavior. Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 47(1): 37-45.
Descriptors: rat, feeding behavior, satiation, effect, within session changes.

Austad, S.N. and D.M. Kristan (2003). Are mice calorically restricted in nature? Aging Cell 2(4): 201-7. ISSN: 1474-9718.
Abstract: An important question about traditional caloric restriction (CR) experiments on laboratory mice is how food intake in the laboratory compares with that of wild mice in nature. Such knowledge would allow us to distinguish between two opposing views of the anti-aging effect of CR--whether CR represents, in laboratory animals, a return to a more normal level of food intake, compared with excess food consumption typical of laboratory conditions or whether CR represents restriction below that of animals living in nature, i.e. the conditions under which house mice evolved. To address this issue, we compared energy use of three mouse genotypes: (1) laboratory-selected mouse strains (= laboratory mice), (2) house mice that were four generations or fewer removed from the wild (= wild-derived mice) and (3) mice living in nature (= wild mice). We found, after correcting for body mass, that ad libitum fed laboratory mice eat no more than wild mice. In fact, under demanding natural conditions, wild mice eat even more than ad libitum fed laboratory mice. Laboratory mice do, however, eat more than wild-derived mice housed in similar captive conditions. Therefore, laboratory mice have been selected during the course of domestication for increased food intake compared with captive wild mice, but they are not particularly gluttonous compared with wild mice in nature. We conclude that CR experiments do in fact restrict energy consumption beyond that typically experienced by mice in nature. Therefore, the retarded aging observed with CR is not due to eliminating the detrimental effects of overeating.
Descriptors: aging metabolism, caloric restriction, cell aging physiology, eating genetics, food deprivation physiology, age factors, body weight physiology, energy metabolism genetics, environment, controlled, feeding behavior physiology, mice, inbred mice strains, species specificity.

Bachman, G.C. (2003). Food supplements modulate changes in leucocyte numbers in breeding male ground squirrels. Journal of Experimental Biology 206(Part 14): 2373-80. ISSN: 0022-0949.
Abstract: Immunosuppression may be an important cost of reproduction in breeding males. It can result from elevated levels of testosterone or stress hormones and may serve to lower the energetic cost of maintaining immune function at a time of high demand. This suggests that greater access to energy resources could reduce immunosuppression as a cost of reproduction, minimizing the trade-off between energetic investment in current reproductive effort and survival. I examined the impact of food availability on immune function by provisioning male Belding's ground squirrels in the field from the time they emerged from hibernation to the start of breeding. Temporal changes in immune status, measured by leucocyte counts, differed between provisioned males and un-provisioned controls. Provisioning advanced the increase in lymphocytes and neutrophils from after breeding to before. At the start of breeding, the leucocyte count was three times greater in provisioned males than in controls and was still nearly twice as great at the end of breeding. Control males increased all leucocyte numbers after breeding. This experiment demonstrates that variation in food intake can lead to individual variation in the extent of immunosuppression during breeding and therefore that reduced immune function may not be an obligatory cost of reproduction.
Descriptors: ground squirrels, male, breeding, leucocyte numbers, changes, food supplements, food intake, immunosuppression.

Bae, H.H., J.E. Larkin, and I. Zucker (2003). Juvenile Siberian hamsters display torpor and modified locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms in response to reduced food availability. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76(6): 858-867. ISSN: 1522-2152.
Abstract: Siberian hamsters as young as 16 and 28 d displayed torpor in response to treatment with 2,500 mg/kg 2-deoxy-D-glucose and reduced food availability, respectively. In addition, most food-restricted hamsters displayed increased locomotor activity and elevated body temperatures in the 3 h immediately preceding daily food delivery. This anticipatory activity disappeared within a few days of reimposition of ad lib. feeding. Torpor first appeared spontaneously at ~13 wk of age in hamsters fed ad lib. and maintained in short day lengths. The onset of this "spontaneous" torpor was unaffected by the hamsters' history of food restriction before age 2 mo. Siberian hamsters born late in the breeding season can conserve energy by undergoing torpor immediately after weaning when they contend with food shortages and concurrent energetic challenges imposed by growth requirements and low ambient temperatures.
Descriptors: body temperature, locomotion, plane of nutrition, restricted feeding, thermoregulation, torpor, hamsters.

Bao, Y.X., W.G. Du, Z. Lin, B.Y. Hu, B.R. Chi, and X.D. Chen (2001). Effect of temperature on energy requirement and food assimilation in Chinese white-bellied rat (Niviventer confucianus). Acta Zoologica Sinica 47(5): 597-600. ISSN: 0001-7302.
Descriptors: Chinese white-bellied rat, energy requirements, food assimilation, temperature, effect, metabolism, nutrition, energy requirement, temperature effects.

Barker, J.M., J.M. Wojtowicz, and R. Boonstra (2005). Where's my dinner? Adult neurogenesis in free-living food-storing rodents. Genes Brain and Behavior 4(2): 89-98. ISSN: 1601-1848.
Abstract: Postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in wild mammals may play an essential role in spatial memory. We compared two species that differ in their reliance on memory to locate stored food. Yellow-pine chipmunks use a single cache to store winter food; eastern gray squirrels use multiple storage sites. Gray squirrels had three times the density of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus (determined by Ki-67 immunostaining) than that found in chipmunks, but similar density of young neurons (determined by doublecortin immunostaining). Three explanations may account for these results. First, the larger population of young cells in squirrels may increase the flexibility of the spatial memory system by providing a larger pool of cells from which new neurons can be recruited. Second, squirrels may have a more rapid cell turnover rate. Third, many young cells in the squirrels may mature into glia rather than neurons. The densities of young neurons were higher in juveniles than in adults of both species. The relationship between adult age and cell density was more complex than that has been found in captive populations. In adult squirrels, the density of proliferating cells decreased exponentially with age, whereas in adult chipmunks the density of young neurons decreased exponentially with age.
Descriptors: behavior, nervous system, neural coordination, Ki 67 immunostaining, laboratory techniques, histology and cytology techniques, immunologic techniques, doublecortin immunostaining, neurogenesis, food storing, memory reliance.

Barrett, D., C. Keenan, J. Kimball, L. Smith, and W. Powers (1996). The effect of ad libitum feeding, group housing, and moderate dietary restriction on longevity, body weight gain, and clinical pathology parameters of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Toxicologic Pathology 24(6): 788. ISSN: 0192-6233.
Descriptors: rats, feeding, group housing, adlibitum, dietary restriction, effect, weight gain, pathology.
Notes: Meeting Information: XV International Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists, June 9-13, 1996, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Batista, M.R., M. Ferraz, and R.B. Bazotte (1997). Are physiological changes in meal-fed rats determined by the amount of food ingested in the last meal or due to feeding schedule? Physiology and Behavior 62(2): 249-253. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: physiological changes, meal fed, rats, feeding schedule, food ingested.

Beard, J.L., D.E. Brigham, S.K. Kelley, and M.H. Green (1998). Plasma thyroid hormone kinetics are altered in iron-deficient rats. Journal of Nutrition 128(8): 1401-1408. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: Iron deficiency anemia is associated with lower plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in rodents and, in some studies, in humans. The objective of this project was to determine if plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) kinetics were affected by iron deficiency. Studies were done at a near-thermoneutral temperature (30 degrees C), and a cool environmental temperature (15 degrees C), to determine plasma T3 and T4 kinetics as a function of dietary iron intake and environmental need for the hormones. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a low Fe diet [iron-deficient group (ID), <5 microgram/g Fe] or a control diet [control group (CN), 35 microgram/g Fe] at each temperature for 7 wk before the tracer kinetic studies. An additional ID group receiving exogenous thyroid hormone replacement was also used at the cooler temperature. For T4, the disposal rate was >60% lower (89 +/- 6 vs. 256 +/- 53 pmol/h, P < 0.001) in ID rats than in controls at 30 degrees C, and approximately 40% lower (192 +/- 27 vs. 372 +/- 26 pmol/h, P < 0.01) in ID rats at 15 degrees C. Exogenous T4 replacement in a cohort of ID rats at 15 degrees C normalized the T4 concentration and the disposal rate. For T3, the disposal rate was significantly lower in ID rats in a cool environment (92 +/- 11 vs. 129 +/- 11 pmol/h, P < 0.01); thyroxine replacement again normalized the T3 disposal rate (126 +/- 12 pmol/h). Neither liver nor brown fat thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activities were sufficiently different to explain the lower T3 disposal rates in iron deficiency. Thus, plasma thyroid hormone kinetics in iron deficiency anemia are corrected by simply providing more thyroxine. This suggests a central. regulatory defect as the primary lesion and not peripheral alterations.
Descriptors: rats, iron deficient, plasma, thyroid hormone, altered, anemia, rodents, weanling male, Sprague Dawley rats.

Belanger, M.P., W.J. Wallen, and C. Wittnich (1999). Special feeding and care of senescent spontaneously hypertensive rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 38(4): 7-11. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: rats, hypertension, body weight, aging, female animals, cardiac insufficiency, feed formulation, pelleted feeds, blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, heart, weight, voluntary intake, powdered feed.

Bell, R.R., M.J. Spencer, and J.L. Sherriff (1997). Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat. Journal of Nutrition 127(10): 2006-2010. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: High fat diets increase body fat stores. The following experiment was undertaken to determine whether the type of dietary fat could influence fat storage and whether voluntary exercise could prevent diet-induced obesity in mice fed high fat diets. Sixty-nine 6-wk-old female mice were fed one of three diets: low fat (11.5% of energy from fat), beef fat (40.8% of energy from fat) or canola oil (40.8% of energy from fat). In each diet group, 13 mice had free access to activity wheels in their cages (exercising), and the remaining 10 mice were housed in standard mouse cages (nonexercising). Body weight and body composition were measured before and after 8 wk of treatment. The nonexercising mice fed beef fat weighed more and had significantly more body fat (23.2 +/- 2.5 g/100 g body wt) than mice fed the low fat or canola oil diet (13.9 +/- 1.7 and 16.8 +/- 1.9 g/100 g body wt, respectively). Voluntary exercise did not affect lean body mass but did result in significantly lower body fat in all diet groups (beef, 12.6 +/- 0.9; low fat, 7.4 +/- 0.6; canola oil, 9.6 +/- 1.4 g/100 g body wt). The amount of body fat of mice fed the monounsaturated canola oil was significantly less than that of mice fed the beef fat diet, suggesting that the type of fat as well as the amount of fat influences body fat stores. Furthermore, voluntary exercise decreased body fat in all mice and prevented diet-induced obesity in mice fed diets high in fat.
Descriptors: rapeseed oil, tallow, monoenoic fatty acids, dietary fat, nutrient intake, animal models, experimental diets, physical activity.

Benito, P., W. House, and D. Miller (1997). Changes in meal frequency alter iron absorption efficiency in rats. Nutrition Research 17(9): 1469-1478. ISSN: 0271-5317.
Abstract: There is no standard procedure in regard to the type or feeding pattern of prestudy diet in studies on determinations of iron bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of meal frequency on the absorptive capacity of mucosal cells. Male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups of ten rats each and fed 12 g of diet daily for three days. The food allotment was provided in either one meal (M1) daily (70 mg Fe/kg diet), four meals (M4) daily (70 mg Fe/kg diet), or a single meal for one day (210 mg Fe/kg diet) followed by single low-iron meals (9.4 mg Fe/kg diet) for two days (MX). The rats were then deprived of food for 18 hours, administered 59Fe by gavage, and killed ten hours later. Absorption was estimated as the 59Fe retained in carcass without the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal cells from the duodenum were isolated by mechanical vibration and mucosal ferritin determined by an immunoassay method. The effect of meal frequency on absorption efficiency of 59Fe was significant and independent of liver iron stores. Absorption of 59Fe dose was higher in rats fed four meals daily (42.2 +/- 5.2%) than those fed one meal daily (27.1 +/- 2.7%), but rats fed a single meal for one day then iron-deficient meals for two days absorbed significantly more 59Fe (64.8 +/- 4.8%) than did rats in the other groups. These data indicate that the frequency of iron consumed in a short-term period alter the efficiency of iron absorption in rats. Iron status of mucosal cells alone, as determined by mucosal ferritin, cannot explain the variations in iron absorption.
Descriptors: feeding frequency, iron, absorption, digestive absorption, efficiency, intestines, mucous membrane, metalloproteins, nutrients, hemoglobin, body weight, liver, mineral content, rats, animal models, animal tissues, blood, blood composition, blood proteins, body parts, digestion, digestive system, elements, epithelium, feeding, heavy metals, mammals, metallic elements, metalloproteins, physical phenomena, physiological functions, proteins, proximate composition, Rodentia, transition elements, intestinal absorption, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ferritin, nutrient reserves.

Blanton, C.A., B.A. Horwitz, C. Murtach Mark, D.W. Gietzen, S.M. Griffey, and R.B. McDonald (1998). Meal patterns associated with the age-related decline in food intake in the Fischer 344 rat. American Journal of Physiology 275(5, Part 2): R1494-R1502. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: aging, feeding habits, behavior, biological development, anorexia of aging.

Boza, J.J., D. Moennoz, J. Vuichoud, A.R. Jarret, D. De Weck Gaudard, R. Fritsche, A. Donnet, E.J. Schiffrin, G. Perruisseau, and O. Ballevre (1999). Food deprivation and refeeding influence growth, nutrient retention and functional recovery of rats. Journal of Nutrition 129(7): 1340-1346. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: food deprivation, refeeding, growth, nutrient retention, functional recovery, rats.

Bozinovic, F. (1997). Diet selection in rodents: an experimental test of the effect of dietary fiber and tannins on feeding behavior. Revista Chilena De Historia Natural 70(1): 67-71.
Descriptors: diet, rodents, selection, dietary fiber, effect, feeding behavior.

Buison, A., H. Lu, F. Guo, and K.L.C. Jen (1997). High-fat feeding of different fats during pregnancy and lactation in rats: effects on maternal metabolism, pregnancy outcome, milk and tissue fatty acid profiles. Nutrition Research 17(10): 1541-1554. ISSN: 0271-5317.
Descriptors: high fat, feeding, pregnancy, lactation, metabolism, milk, fatty acid, effect.

Buwalda, B., W.A.M. Blom, J.M. Koolhaas, and G. Van Dijk (2001). Behavioral and physiological responses to stress are affected by high-fat feeding in male rats. Physiology and Behavior 73(3): 371-377. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: rats, males, high fat feeding, stress, behavior, physiology, response, affected, body temperature.

Byerly, M.S. and E.A. Fox (2003). Age- and diet-dependent perturbations in feeding patterns of BDNF-deficient mice. Society for NeuroScience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner: Abstract No. 928.13.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: mice, BDNF deficient, age, diet, feeding patterns, purturbations, obesity, automated feeders, weight gain, hyperphagia.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 08-12, 2003, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Cahill Morasco, R., R.S. Hoffman, and L.R. Goldfrank (1998). The effects of nutrition on plasma cholinesterase activity and cocaine toxicity in mice. Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology 36(7): 667-672.
Descriptors: nutrition, plasma, cholinesterase, cocaine, mice, effects.

Cant, J.P., B.W. McBride, and W.J. Croom Jr. (1996). The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics. Journal of Animal Science 74(10): 2541-2553. ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call Number: 49 J82
Abstract: In digesting and absorbing dietary nutrients, the gastrointestinal tract consumes approximately 20% of all incoming energy. A substantial proportion of this consumption is due to the rapid turnover of cellular protein, which permits abrupt changes in gut size to occur, matching capacity with delivery. If it is size of the alimentary tract that constrains nutrient uptake, greater than 20% allocation of ME intake above maintenance to the gut would improve the growth rate of a young animal but the efficiency of ME utilization for growth would deteriorate. Less than 15% allocation in birds seems injurious to both growth rate and efficiency of growth. Nutrient transport capacity of the intestine may be modulated independent of size; in the case of glucose, an up- or down-regulation of the number of brush -border glucose transporter matches absorptive capacity with delivery. The maximum uptake capacity of a small intestine for glucose at any moment in time is a function of its length, the flow rate of digesta, and the distributed-in-space kinetic parameters of transport (e.g., Vmax and Km). An example maximum uptake capacity for glucose in sheep is calculated at 2,112 g/d, assuming continuous digesta flow. Intermittency of flow reduces the uptake capacity to a functional level of 295 g/d, demonstrating a constraining influence of the periodicity of the migrating myoelectric complex. Growth regulation by stimulatory and inhibitory mitotic signals is presented as a candidate for an energy-independent determinant of the upper limit to functional maximum uptake capacity of the small intestine. Both size and functional capacity of the intestine must be considered in assessing the impact this tissue may have on the rest of the animal.
Descriptors: chickens, sheep, cattle, rats, digestive absorption, intestines, rumen, protein synthesis, energy balance, energy metabolism, oxygen consumption, ions, glucose, nutrient transport, aldoses, birds, body parts, Bovidae, Bovinae, Caprinae, carbohydrates, digestion, digestive system, domestic animals, domesticated birds, energy exchange, Galliformes, gas exchange, livestock, mammals, metabolism, monosaccharides, physiological functions, plant physiology, poultry, reducing sugars, Rodentia, ruminants, stomach, sugars, useful animals, ion transport, literature reviews.

Carney, E.W., C.L. Zablotny, M.S. Marty, J.W. Crissman, P. Anderson, M. Woolhiser, and M. Holsapple (2004). The effects of feed restriction during in utero and postnatal development in rats. Toxicological Sciences 82(1): 237-249. ISSN: 1096-6080.
Descriptors: rats, in utero, postnatal development, feed restriction, effects, body weight, organ weight, estrus cycle, puberty.

Castro Chaves, C., A.F. Soares, and R.C. Santiago (1989). Dietary deprivation of essential fatty acids impairs rat renal function. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 9: 32A.
Descriptors: rat, renal function, impaired, diet, deprivation, fatty acids.
Notes: Meeting Information: 31st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology, October 25-28, 1998, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Program and Abstract Issue.

Chacon, F., P. Cano, S. Lopez Varela, V. Jimenez, A. Marcos, and A.I. Esquifino (2002). Chronobiological features of the immune system. Effect of calorie restriction. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Supplement 3): S69-S72. ISSN: 0954-3007.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1J68
Abstract: The circadian organization of living organisms is fully established being a key component the activity of the neuro-endocrin-immune system that maintains the homeostasis. Secondary lymph organs, such as submaxillary lymph nodes and spleen, have been shown to exhibit a 24 h variation in blastogenic proliferative capacity and distribution of B and T subsets, with specific achrophases depending on the parameter studied or the lymphoid organ considered. However, less is known about the thymus. The immune system has been shown to change by calorie restriction, although no information is available about possible effects in 24 h variations. Similar questions can be posed for the neuro-endocrine system. As an example, some data are shown in this article about the effects of calorie restriction on the neuro-endocrin-immune system in growing male Wistar rats. Calorie restriction blunted the circadian secretory pattern of TSH observed in the control group that was characterized by the existence of two peaks at 17:00 or 01:00 h and that explained the low basal metabolic rate of these animals under this experimental condition. Concerning the immune system, the thymus gland exhibited 24 h variations in T, B and immature cells in both control and calorie-restricted male rats, thus confirming the circadian organization of the immune system. Moreover this circadian organization was changed by calorie restriction.
Descriptors: Wistar rats, male, calorie restriction, effect, immune system, thymus gland, basal metabolic rate.

Chalkley, S.M., M. Hettiarachchi, D.J. Chisholm, and E.W. Kraegen (2002). Long-term high-fat feeding leads to severe insulin resistance but not diabetes in Wistar rats. American Journal of Physiology 282(6, Part 1): E1231-E1238. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: Wistar rats, high fat feeding, long term, insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, lipid excess, beta cell function.

Chambon Savanovitch, C., C. Felgines, S. Walrand, F. Raul, S. Zarrabian, M.T. Meunier, M.C. Farges, L. Cynober, and M.P. Vasson (2001). A pancreatic extract-enriched diet improves the nutritional status of aged rats. Journal of Nutrition 131(3): 813-819. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: Correction of the malnourished state, particularly common and severe in elderly people, is often unsuccessful. To improve the efficiency of realimentation, we evaluated the nutritional effect of a pancreatic extract (PE)-enriched diet in malnourished aged rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups as follows: 1 group of control rats had free access to the diet for 12 wk (C group) and 5 groups were 50% food restricted for the same period. One food-restricted group was then killed (R group) and the 4 remaining groups were refed for 1 wk using a standard diet enriched either with two different doses of a pancreatic extract (2.4 or 4.8 g/d in PE1 and PE2 groups, respectively) or with an isonitrogenous casein hydrolysate (CH1 and CH2 groups, respectively). Profound alterations induced by food restriction (FR) were moderately corrected by refeeding, except nitrogen balance, which was reestablished in rats refed all diets (P < 0.01 vs. R). Supplementation of the food ration with a pancreatic extract clearly improved recovery. Indeed, body weight gain, both jejunal and ileal trophicity [jejunum: total height, PE2: 849 +/- 45 micrometer vs. CH2: 768 +/- 17 micrometer (P < 0.05); protein content, PE2: 69.9 +/- 5.7 mg vs. CH2: 56.4 +/- 4.8 mg (P < 0.01)] and nonspecific immune response in terms of H2O2 production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by macrophages (PE2, 20.7 +/- 4.7 vs. CH2, 8.7 +/- 2.3, P < 0.05) were improved in rats fed PE2. A pancreatic extract could improve the efficiency of realimentation in malnourished aged rats.
Descriptors: diet, pancreas, extracts, nutritional state, supplements, elderly, food restriction, restricted feeding, refeeding, intestinal mucosa, weight, skeletal muscle, protein content, nitrogen balance, enzyme activity, immune response, sucrose alpha glucosidase, glucan 1,4 alpha glucosidase, aminopeptidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, rats, animal models.

Chang, Y.L., H.S. Sohn, K.C. Chan, C.D. Berdanier, and J.L. Hargrove (1997). Low dietary protein impairs blood coagulation in BHE/cdb rats. Journal of Nutrition 127(7): 1279-1283. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: The influence of dietary protein on blood coagulation tests was evaluated in BHE/cdb rats. Three experiments were conducted in order to compare effects of diets with low (8 g/100 g diet) or high (38 g/100 g diet) protein, to establish values for coagulation tests at intermediate (12-30 g/100 g diet) concentrations of dietary protein, and to compare feeding identical quantities of diets with 8 g protein/100 g diet vs. 18 g protein/100 g diet. After 4 wk of feeding the semipurified diets, bleeding time exceeded 15 min in the groups fed low protein diets, compared to a range of 3-6 min for the groups fed high protein diets. Several in vitro tests of coagulation were abnormal in the rats fed low protein diets. For example, prothrombin time averaged 27 +/- 8 s in rats fed 8 g protein/100 g diet plus beef tallow, but 17 +/- 1 s in rats fed 38 g protein/100 g diet plus tallow. The coagulation deficit in rats fed low protein was not affected by fat source (tallow vs. menhaden oil), but fibrinogen was elevated in rats fed diets with menhaden oil. Conversely, no differences in coagulation tests were observed among rats fed 12-30 g protein/100 g diet. Bleeding times ranged from 7 to 9 min, and prothrombin time was 17-18 s. Significant differences in plasma fibrinogen concentration and prothrombin time were observed in rats fed 8 vs. 18 g protein/100 g diet at a fixed rate of 6 g/100 g body weight. Platelet and blood cell numbers were unaffected by dietary protein. The evidence for multiple deficits in the coagulation system suggests that hepatic function in BHE/cdb rats may become impaired when the rats are fed low protein diets of the composition used here.
Descriptors: rats, low dietary protein, impairs, blood coagulation, prothrombin time, bleeding.

Chen, D., J. Yang, J. Zhu, Q. Zhang, M. Mi, and Y. Fan (1997). The effect of nutrition intervention on energy metabolism in acute anoxic rats. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica 19(4): 423-426.
Descriptors: rats, anorexic, metabolism, energy, nutrition, intervention, effect, acute.

Chibalin, A.V., D.V. Chibalina, J. Ryder, D. Galuska, A. Krook, and J.R. Zierath (2000). High fat feeding-induced changes in expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism in rat skeletal muscle: effect of exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 170(4): A60-A61. ISSN: 0001-6772.
Descriptors: rat, skeletal muscle, metabolism, high fat feeding, energy metabolism, exercise, effect, proteins.
Notes: Meeting Information: Joint Meeting of the Scandinavian and American Physiological Societies, August 16-19, 2000, Stockholm, Sweden.

Chignola, R., C. Rizzi, S. Vincenzi, T. Cestari, N. Brutti, A.P. Riviera, S. Sartoris, A.D.B. Peruffo, and G. Andrighetto (2002). Effects of dietary wheat germ deprivation on the immune system in Wistarrats: a pilot study. International Immunopharmacology 2(10): 1495-1501. ISSN: 1567-5769.
Descriptors: Wistar rats, pilot study, diet, wheat germ deprivation, effects, immune system, bioactive molecules, gastrointestinal tract.

Chovan, J.P., E. Yu, and S.C. Ring (2004). Comparison of metabolism between nude (athymic) and CD1 mice. Drug Metabolism Reviews 36(Supplement 1): 240. ISSN: 0360-2532.
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, pharmacology, drug metabolism, mouse strain comparison, nude, CD1.
Notes: Meeting Information: 7th International Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics, August 29-September 02, 2004, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Chung, C.K., K.S. Ha, H.S. Kim, I.W. Kang, and B.S. Bae (1996). [Effect of dietary Ca level and hormones on bone density of mouse]. Korean Journal of Nutrition 29(9): 943-949. ISSN: 0367-6463.
Descriptors: calcium, rats, bones, vitamin D, hormones, alkaline earth metals, body parts, elements, mammals, metallic elements, musculoskeletal system, Rodentia, vitamins.
Language of Text: Korean with English and Korean summaries.

Cleary, M.P., N.J. Maihle, and J.P. Grande (2001). Feeding AIN-93M diet markedly decreases the latency for development of mammary tumors in MMTV-TGF-(alpha) mice compared to feeding commercial rodent food. FASEB Journal 15(4): A617. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: mice, diet, mammary tumors, development, latency, fat deposition, body weights, pathology.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology on Experimental Biology 2001, March 31-April 04, 2001, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Cover, C.E. and M.J. Barron (1998). A new feeder for diet optimization in rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 37(6): 84-86. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: rats, restricted feeding, body weight, automatic feed dispensers, survival.

Dahl, P.E. and J.C. Kjaeve (2003). Pulmonary function in rats dying from long-term parenteral nutrition. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 63(7-8): 473-480. ISSN: 0036-5513.
Descriptors: pulmonary function, parenteral nutrition, rats, dying, vascular injury, thrombus formation, vitamin, intralipid, infusion.

Darlis, N. Abdullah, J.B. Liang, S. Jalaludin, and Y.W. Ho (1999). Preference test on feed and nutrient intakes in male and female lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) in captivity. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 12(8): 1292-1297. ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call Number: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: deer mouse, captivity, feed intake, nutrient intake, preference, diets, roughage, protein, energy content.

Davisson, M.T. (1997). Rules and guidelines for genetic nomenclature in mice: excerpted version. Transgenic Research 6(5): 309-319.
Descriptors: rules, guidelines, genetic nomenclature, mice.

Day, D.E., E.M. Mintz, and T.J. Bartness (1999). Diet self-selection and food hoarding after food deprivation by Siberian hamsters. Physiology and Behavior 68(1-2): 187-194. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: diet, self selection, food hoarding, food deprivation, hamsters.

De Wilde, M.C., E. Hogyes, A.J. Kiliaan, T. Farkas, P.G. Luiten, and E. Farkas (2003). Dietary fatty acids alter blood pressure, behavior and brain membrane composition of hypertensive rats. Brain Research 988(1-2): 9-19. ISSN: 0006-8993.
Abstract: The beneficial effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on developing hypertension has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, related changes in brain membrane composition and its cognitive correlates have remained unclear. Our study aimed at a comprehensive analysis of behavior and cerebral fatty acid concentration in hypertension after long-term PUFA-rich dietary treatment. Hypertensive and normotensive rats were provided a placebo, or one of two PUFA-enriched diets with a reduced (n-6) /(n-3) ratio for 75 weeks. Exploratory behavior and spatial learning capacity were tested. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was repeatedly measured. Finally, brain fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. Hypertensive rats exhibited more active exploration but impaired spatial learning compared to normotensives. Both diets reduced BP, increased PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentration, and reduced saturated fatty acid content in brain. The level of cerebral PUFAs and MUFAs was lower in hypertensive than in normotensive rats. Furthermore, BP positively, while spatial learning negatively correlated with cerebral (n-6)/(n-3) PUFA ratio. We concluded that regular n-3 PUFA consumption could prevent the development of hypertension, but reached only a very delicate improvement in spatial learning. Furthermore, we consider a potential role of metabolically generated MUFAs in the beneficial effects of PUFA supplementation.
Descriptors: rats, hypertensive, dietary fatty acids, blood pressure, behavior, brain membrane composition.

Demetriades, H., D. Botsios, D. Kazantzidou, L. Sakkas, K. Tsalis, K. Manos, and I. Dadoukis (1999). Effect of early postoperative enteral feeding on the healing of colonic anastomoses in rats: comparison of three different enteral diets. European Surgical Research 31(1): 57-63.
Descriptors: rats, diets, enteral feeding, healing, colonic anastomoses, comparison, postoperative.

DiBattista, D. (1999). Operant responding for dietary protein in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Physiology and Behavior 67(1): 95-8. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: Golden hamsters housed in operant chambers over a period of weeks had ad lib access to a maintenance diet that was either nutritionally complete (NCMD) or protein-free (PFMD), and they were required to press a lever on a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule to obtain 20-mg high-protein pellets. As the FR requirement increased, hamsters maintained on the NCMD made fewer lever presses and ate fewer pellets, and at the highest FR levels, they earned very few pellets. In contrast, hamsters maintained on PFMD increased the number of lever presses as the FR requirement increased, and they only slightly reduced the number of pellets eaten. Even at the highest FR requirement levels, PFMD hamsters still derived an average of 11-12% of total calories from protein, a level of intake that is either adequate for adult hamsters, or very nearly so. Previous research has shown that hamsters make adaptive behavioural adjustments in response to time-restricted access to dietary protein, and the present findings demonstrate that protein-restricted hamsters that must press a lever to obtain protein-rich pellets also make adaptive behavioural adjustments when challenged with increases in the FR requirement.
Descriptors: conditioning, operant, dietary proteins administration and dosage, food preferences psychology, Mesocricetus psychology, energy intake, hamsters, motivation, nutritional requirements.

Dobson, M., R.L. Goldingay, and D.J. Sharpe (2005). Feeding behaviour of the squirrel glider in remnant habitat in Brisbane. Australian Mammalogy 27(1): 27-35. ISSN: 0310-0049.
Abstract: The diet of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) was studied in a 45 ha forest remnant within an urban area close to Brisbane in south-east Queensland. Qualitative observations of feeding behaviour were conducted during each of 10 months between May 2002 and April 2003, on over 27 P. norfolcensis from at least 10 social groups. Four different feeding behaviours were recorded from 750 observations. Feeding from flowers accounted for 48% of the diet. Nectar and pollen were derived from 10 overstorey tree species, though forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) dominated because of its high abundance and protracted flowering period. Honeydew and lerp feeding accounted for 15% and 2% of all observations, respectively. Searching for arthropods accounted for 35% overall and occurred in 20 different tree species, where a range of substrates was used. Brushbox (Lophostemon confertus) was the most important; it was used in all seasons and accounted for 49% of these observations. These results contrast with assessment of the diet of P. norfolcensis at other sites where a greater range of broad food types was used. This may reflect the disturbed quality of the habitat at our site. However, these observations confirm the importance of eucalypt nectar in the diet of this species.
Descriptors: behavior, foods, ecology, environmental sciences, diet, habitat, feeding behavior.

Doerflinger, A. and S.E. Swithers (2004). Effects of diet and handling on initiation of independent ingestion in rats. Developmental Psychobiology 45(2): 72-82. ISSN: 0012-1630.
Abstract: The present study examined the effects of dietary manipulation on the age of onset of weaning in rat pups. In Experiment 1, female rats were placed on a standard chow (SC) or high-fat (HF) diet 1 week following mating. Pups were weighed daily from birth to Day 12, then animals were placed into specialized cages for separate recording of food intake of pups and dams. Pups were offered the same diet as their dam, and food intake and body weight were determined twice daily until Day 25. The results demonstrated that pups reared by dams fed the HF diet initiated independent ingestion on Day 16, approximately 24 hr before pups reared by dams fed the SC diet. There were no differences in body weight in pups across the two diets. While few differences were noted across diets in pups' or dams' behavior, HF pups appeared to demonstrate a delay in the establishment of circadian patterns of food intake. In Experiment 2, all dams were maintained on an SC diet until the day after parturition. At that time, dams and litters were placed into specialized cages and divided into four groups: HF/HF, HF/SC, SC/SC, and SC/HF (dam's diet/pup's diet, respectively). The results demonstrated that dams given the HF diet had pups that initiated food intake approximately 2 days before the pups of dams given the SC diet. In addition, pups offered the HF diet, independent of the dam's diet, initiated food intake approximately 0.8 days prior to pups offered the SC diet. Further, by Day 12, HF dams had pups that were heavier than SC dams. The results suggest that the onset of weaning in rats is affected by maternal diet and the weaning diet available to the pup.
Descriptors: diet, feeding behavior, sucking behavior, animals, newborn, behavior, animal, body weight, rats, weaning.

Doring, H., K. Schwarzer, B. Nuesslein Hildesheim, and I. Schmidt (1998). Leptin selectively increases energy expenditure of food-restricted lean mice. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22(2): 83-88.
NAL Call Number: RC628.A1O2
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find out whether leptin can attenuate hypometabolic torpor-like states of metabolic rate (MR) in adult lean animals, as it attenuates the morning suppression of thermoregulatory thermogenesis in suckling-age rat pups. DESIGN: Leptin effects on MR and food intake were studied in mice aged 4-7 months, in which a high incidence of exaggerated circadian reductions of MR had been induced by chronic food-restriction and, for comparison, in freefeeding mice. PROTOCOL: Continuous recordings of MR, for a group of seven mice maintained at an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C, while they were repeatedly--with pauses of at least six days--treated for three consecutive days with either recombinant murine leptin (20, 200 or 600 pmol.g-1.d-1) or saline. RESULTS: Leptin treatment caused dose-dependent 5-15% increases in energy expenditure by moderating the decreases in MR during the circadian minima, without affecting either the MR during the circadian maxima or food intake. Similar treatment of free-feeding mice caused dose-dependent decreases of food intake without changing MR. CONCLUSION: Leptin controls thermoregulatory energy expenditure when food supplies are scarce and changes food intake, rather than energy expenditure, when food is abundant.
Descriptors: mice, animal proteins, energy expenditure, food restriction, basal metabolism, food intake, circadian rhythm, dosage effects, thermoregulation, diurnal variation, body weight, energy balance, heat production.

Dou, Y., S. Gregersen, J. Zhao, F. Zhuang, and H. Gregersen (2001). Effect of re-feeding after starvation on biomechanical properties in rat small intestine. Medical Engineering and Physics 23(8): 557-566. ISSN: 1350-4533.
Descriptors: rat, small intestine, starvation, refeeding, effect, biomechanical properties, luminal nutrients, remodeling.

Dumas, J.F., D. Roussel, G. Simard, O. Douay, F. Foussard, Y. Malthiery, and P. Ritz (2004). Food restriction affects energy metabolism in rat liver mitochondria. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1670(2): 126-131. ISSN: 0304-4165.
NAL Call Number: 381 B522[G]
Abstract: To examine the effect of 50% food restriction over a period of 3 days on mitochondrial energy metabolism, liver mitochondria were isolated from ad libitum and food-restricted rats. Mitochondrial enzyme activities and oxygen consumption were assessed spectrophotometrically and polarographically. With regard to body weight loss (-5%), food restriction decreased the liver to body mass ratio by 7%. Moreover, in food-restricted rats, liver mitochondria displayed diminished state 3 (-30%), state 4-oligomycin (-26%) and uncoupled state (-24%) respiration rates in the presence of succinate. Furthermore, "top-down" elasticity showed that these decreases were due to an inactivation of reactions involved in substrate oxidation. Therefore, it appears that rats not only adapt to food restriction through simple passive mechanisms, such as liver mass loss, but also through decreased mitochondrial energetic metabolism.
Descriptors: energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain, dietary restriction, restricted feeding, calorie restrictions, energy restrictions.

Dwyer, D.M. and R.A. Boakes (1997). Activity-based anorexia in rats as failure to adapt to a feeding schedule. Behavioral Neuroscience 111(1): 195-205. ISSN: 0735-7044.
NAL Call Number: QP351.B45
Descriptors: anorexia, activity, rats, feeding schedule, failure, adapt.

Even, P.C., V. Rolland, S. Roseau, J.C. Bouthegourd, and D. Tome (2001). Prediction of basal metabolism from organ size in the rat: relationship to strain, feeding, age, and obesity. American Journal of Physiology 280(6, Part 2): R1887-R1896. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: rat, strain, basal metabolism, organ size, feeding, age, obesity, prediction, Wistar rat.

Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (1996). FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, guineapig and rabbit experimental units. Report of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) Working Group on Animal Health accepted by the FELASA board of management, November 1995. Laboratornye Zhivotnye 6(3): 168-176.
Descriptors: mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, rabbit, guinea pig, health monitoring, recommendations, FELSA, Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations.

Feliu, M.S. and N.H. Slobodianik (1996). Protein deprivation effects on the thymus of growing rats. Comunicaciones Biologicas 14(2): 135-149.
Descriptors: protein, deprivation, thymus, rats, effect.

Fodor, K., V. Molnar, A. Beregi, F. Felkai, and S. Fekete (2003). A kedvtelesbol tartott kisemlosok takarmanyozasa. [Nutrition of pet rodents and small mammals]. Kisallat Praxis 4(2): 68-76. ISSN: 1585-9142.
Descriptors: nutrition, rodents, nutrient requirements, pets, chinchillas, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rabbits, rats, squirrels, small mammals, feeding management.
Language of Text: Hungarian with an English summary.

Francolin Silva, A.L. and S.S. Almeida (2004). The interaction of housing condition and acute immobilization stress on the elevated plus-maze behaviors of protein-malnourished rats. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 37(7): 1035-1042. ISSN: 0100-879X.
Abstract: Protein malnutrition induces structural, neurochemical and functional alterations in the central nervous system, leading to behavioral alterations. In the present study, we used the elevated plus-maze (EPM) as a measure of anxiety to evaluate the interaction between acute immobilization and housing conditions on the behavior of malnourished rats. Pups (6 males and 2 females) were fed by Wistar lactating dams receiving a 6% (undernourished) or 16% (well-nourished) protein diet. After weaning, the animals continued to receive the same diets ad libitum until 49 days of age when they started to receive a regular lab chow diet. From weaning to the end of the tests on day 70, the animals were housed under two different conditions, i.e., individual or in groups of three. On the 69th day, half of the animals were submitted to immobilization for 2 h, while the other half were undisturbed, and both groups were tested 24 h later for 5 min in the EPM. Independent of other factors, protein malnutrition increased, while immobilization and social isolation per se decreased, EPM exploration. Analysis of the interaction of diet vs immobilization vs housing conditions showed that the increased EPM exploration presented by the malnourished group was reversed by acute immobilization in animals reared in groups but not in animals reared individually. The interaction between immobilization and housing conditions suggests that living for a long time in social isolation is sufficiently stressful to reduce the responses to another anxiogenic procedure (immobilization), while living in groups prompts the animals to react to acute stress. Thus, it is suggested that housing condition can modulate the effects of an anxiogenic procedure on behavioral responses of malnourished rats in the EPM.
Descriptors: rats, protein malnourished, housing condition, interaction, stress, behavior, diet, immobilization.

Frank, M.E., B.K. Formaker, and T.P. Hettinger (2003). Taste responses to mixtures: analytic processing of quality. Behavioral Neuroscience 117(2): 228-235. ISSN: 0735-7044.
NAL Call Number: QP351.B45
Descriptors: tastes, mixtures, food preferences, feeding behavior, golden hamsters, conditioned taste aversions.

Gerold, S., E. Huisinga, F. Iglauer, A. Kurzawa, A. Morankic, and S. Reimers (1997). Influence of feeding hay on the alopecia of breeding guinea pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 44(6): 341-348.
Descriptors: guenia pigs, feeding, hay, alopecia, breeding.

Giacomelli, F.R.B. and M.R.M. Natali (1999). A utilizacao de ratos em modelos experimentais de carencias nutricionais. [The use of rats in experimental models of deprivation nutrition]. Arquivos De Ciencias Da Saude Da UNIPAR 3(3): 239-249. ISSN: 1415-076x.
Descriptors: rats, model, food deprivation, nutrition, diet, protein level, organs, effects, cellular turnover.
Language of Text: Portuguese with an English summary.

Gupta, R.P. and P.C. Verma (1992). Effect of experimental zinc deficiency on protein and feed efficiency ratios in guinea-pigs. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 29(11): 342-344. ISSN: 0022-3174.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, zinc deficiency, protein, feed, efficiency ratios, effect, body weight gain.

Gutierrez, A.C. and E.A. Keller (1997). Analgesic response to stress is reduced in perinatally undernourished rats. Journal of Nutrition 127(5): 765-769. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: Stress-induced analgesia was evaluated in adult rats submitted early in life to a protein deprivation schedule. Rats were undernourished with a hypoproteic diet containing 80 g casein/kg diet from d 14 of gestation until 50 days of age. Rats were thereafter fed a balanced nonpurified diet until 140 days of age, when they were exposed to two stressors: forced swimming and acute restraint, after which the analgesic response was evaluated. In addition, the analgesic response induced by different morphine doses was determined in another group of rats. Basal latency was not different in deprived and control rats. Undernourished rats presented a significantly lower analgesic response in both stress situations. However, when the analgesic response induced by different morphine doses (1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg, s.c.) was assessed, a significantly higher response occurred in undernourished rats compared to control rats. This lower stress-induced analgesia in undernourished rats may account for the behavioral alterations attributed to early undernutrition.
Descriptors: malnutrition, puerperium, stress, pain, protein deficiencies, dosage effects, morphine, rats, animal models, young animals, alkaloids, animal developmental stages, developmental stages, mammals, nutrient deficiencies, Rodentia, undernutrition, swimming, restraint.

Harris, R.B., T.D. Mitchell, J. Zhou, S. Herbert, and D.H. Ryan (2001). Stress-induced weight loss in rats is influenced by the feeding regimen. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 27(2): 1956. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: rats, weight loss, stress induced, feeding regimen, repeated restraint, time of day, food access.
Notes: Meeting Information: 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15, 2001, San Diego, California, USA.

Haseman, J.K., E. Ney, A. Nyska, and G.N. Rao (2003). Effect of diet and animal care/housing protocols on body weight, survival, tumor incidences, and nephropathy severity of F344 rats in chronic studies. Toxicologic Pathology 31(6): 674-81. ISSN: 0192-6233.
Abstract: Diet is an important environmental factor affecting body weight, survival, and age-related diseases of rodents. The NIH-07 open formula diet was the diet used in the National Toxicology Program's (NTPs) rodent carcinogenicity studies from 1980 to 1994. In 1994 the NTP began using a new diet designated the NTP-2000 diet. This paper compares body weight, survival, tumor incidence, and nephropathy severity in untreated control groups of Fischer 344 (F344) rats fed the NTP-2000 or NIH-07 diets, using data from 22 separate 2-year feed and inhalation studies. The feed studies were conducted in 3 different facilities, and all the inhalation studies were conducted in a single facility. During feed studies, rats were group housed in polycarbonate cages and fed diets in powder (mash) form, while in inhalation studies, rats were housed individually in wire mesh cages, and fed diets in pelleted form. Survival was significantly (p<0.05) higher in groups fed NTP-2000 diet compared to the corresponding groups fed NIH-07 diet, irrespective of sex or housing conditions. Use of the NTP-2000 diet was also associated with a decreased incidence of pituitary gland tumors in both sexes and decreased incidences of adrenal pheochromocytoma and preputial gland tumors in males. The incidence and severity of nephropathy was also decreased in animals receiving the NTP-2000 diet, especially males. The decreased nephropathy severity and the decreased incidence of pituitary gland tumors are likely the major factors contributing to the improved survival of rats receiving the NTP-2000 diet relative to those given the NIH-07 diet. These data also support earlier findings that decreased incidences of adrenal pheochromocytoma are associated with reduced nephropathy severity in male F344 rats. Throughout the two-year study female rats receiving the NTP-2000 diet were significantly (p<0.05) lighter than those receiving the NIH-07 diet. However, it is uncertain if this difference can be attributed to the NTP-2000 diet, since implementation of this diet by the NTP approximately coincided with changes in the F344 rat production colony that resulted in somewhat lighter animals being provided to the NTP. Controls from inhalation studies and feed studies differed significantly (p<0.01) in the incidence of a variety of tumors, irrespective of diet. This suggests that differences in animal care and housing protocols may impact tumor incidence in F344 rats, most notably pituitary gland and testis tumors.
Descriptors: animal feed analysis, animal husbandry methods, body weight physiology, kidney diseases pathology, longevity physiology, neoplasms epidemiology, toxicity tests, chronic methods, food, formulated analysis, housing, animal, neoplasms pathology, rats, inbred F344 rats.

Hayakawa, T., Y. Morimoto, S. Doke, and H. Tsuge (1999). Vitamin B6 nutrition and immune responses in rats. FASEB Journal 13(4, Part 1): A237. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: nutrition, immune response, vitamin B6, rats.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists for Experimental Biology 99, April 17-21, 1999, Washington, D.C., USA.

Hayase, K. (2000). [The effect of dietary protein on changes in brain protein synthesis in aged rats]. Journal of Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science 53(1): 19-22. ISSN: 0287-3516.
Descriptors: proteins, brain, protein synthesis, diet, rats, body parts, central nervous system, mammals, nervous system, Rodentia.
Language of Text: Japanese with an English summary.

Heinrichs, S.C. (2001). Mouse feeding behavior: ethology, regulatory mechanisms and utility for mutant phenotyping. Behavioural Brain Research 125(1-2): 81-88. ISSN: 0166-4328.
Descriptors: mouse, feeding behavior, regulatory mechanisms, mutant phenotyping, ingestive behavior, genetically obese.

Hendriks, W.H., C.A. Butts, D.V. Thomas, K.A.C. James, P.C.A. Morel, and M.W.A. Verstegen (2002). Nutritional quality and variation of meat and bone meal. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15(10): 1507-1516. ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call Number: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: meat and bone meal, amino acids, in vitro digestibility, nutritive value, protein composition, variation, rats, bioassays, crude protein, protein digestibility, New Zealand, amino acid composition.

Hirao, M., M. Tanaka, H. Emoto, H. Ishii, H. Yokoo, M. Yoshida, and A. Tsuda (1997). Recovery from activity-stress ulcer by ad lib feeding in rats. Physiology and Behavior 63(1): 85-89. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: stress, ulcer, activity, recovery, feeding, ad lib, rats.

Hirashima, N., A. Yamanaka, T. Sakurai, M. Yanagisawa, and K. Goto (2003). Analysis of feeding behavior in prepro-orexin knockout mice. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 91(Supplement 1): 203. ISSN: 1347-8613.
Descriptors: knockout mice, feeding behavior, analysis, prepro-orexin.
Notes: Meeting Information: 76th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society, March 24-26, 2003, Fukuoka, Japan.

Holley, D.C., B. Said, A. Howard, and D.P. Ward (2003). Monitoring lab animal feeding by using subcutaneous microchip transponders: validation of use with group-housed rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(3): 26-28. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: rats, group housed, monitoring feeding, microchip transponders, subcutaneous, pellet feeder, feeding behaviors.

Hopkins, I., S. Greenwald, C.L. Berry, and D.M. Berney (1998). Quantitative changes in adult rat kidneys subjected to maternal protein deprivation. Journal of Pathology 186(Supplement): 34A.
Descriptors: rat, kidneys, changes, protein, deprivation, maternal.
Notes: Meeting Information: 7th Meeting of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, July 1-3, 1998, Leicester, England, UK.

Hoshiba, J. (2004). Method for hand-feeding mouse pups with nursing bottles. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 43(3): 50-53. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: mice, neonates, laboratory animals, animal feeding equipment, bottle feeding, animal feeding, milk replacer, digestibility, ad libitum feeding, animal growth, liveweight gain, bloat.

Howell, L.A., R.B.S. Harris, C. Clarke, B.D. Youngblood, D.H. Ryan, and T.A. Gilbertson (1999). The effects of restraint stress on intake of preferred and nonpreferred solutions in rodents. Physiology and Behavior 65(4-5): 697-704. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: rodents, restraint stress, solutions, intake, preferred, nonpreferred, effects, rat, hamsters.

Iossa, S., L. Lionetti, M.P. Mollica, R. Crescenzo, A. Barletta, and G. Liverini (2001). Effect of cold exposure on energy balance and liver respiratory capacity in post-weaning rats fed a high-fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition 85(1): 89-96. ISSN: 0007-1145.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 B773
Abstract: Variations in energy balance, body composition, and nutrient partitioning induced by high-fat feeding, cold exposure or by concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure were studied in young Wistar rats. Changes in hepatic metabolism as well as in serum free triiodothyronine and leptin levels were also evaluated. Rats were exposed to either 24 or 4 degrees C and fed either a low- or high-fat diet (10% or 50% energy respectively) for 2 weeks. Relative to low-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, both energy intake and expenditure were increased by high-fat feeding or by cold exposure, and these changes were accompanied by increased serum triiodothyronine levels. In response to concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure, serum triiodothyronine tended to be further elevated, but no further increases in energy intake or energy expenditure were observed. Independently of diet, the increased energy expenditure in cold-exposed rats was not completely balanced by adaptive hyperphagia, with consequential reductions in protein and fat gain, accompanied by marked decreases in serum leptin. Furthermore, unlike high-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, cold exposure enhanced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative capacity both in the low-fat- and high-fat-fed groups. It is concluded that in this strain of young Wistar rats, despite similarly marked stimulation of energy expenditure by high-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, by cold exposure and by concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure, an increased hepatic oxidative capacity occurred only in the presence of the cold stimulus.
Descriptors: cold stress, dietary fat, energy balance, liver, oxygen, oxygen consumption, respiration, peroxisomes, body composition, nutrition physiology, diet, experimental diets, animal proteins, temperature, metabolizable energy, energy intake, energy expenditure, hyperphagia, body weight, rats, animal models, nutrient intake, blood serum, triiodothyronine, hormones, nutrient partitioning, leptin.

Ishiwaka, R. and T. Mori (1998). Regurgitation feeding of young in harvest mice, Micromys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae). Journal of Mammalogy 79(4): 1191-1197. ISSN: 0022-2372.
Descriptors: mice, young, feeding, regurgitation.

Itou, T., A. Maruyama, M. Ohta, Y. Shimizu, and M. Nishimura (1998). Feeding profile and its pharmacological modification in mice. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 79(Supplement 1): 191. ISSN: 0021-5198.
Descriptors: feeding. profile, mice, modification, pharmacological.
Notes: Meeting Information: 71st Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society, March 23-26, 1998, Kyoto, Japan.

Iwakiri, R., Y. Gotoh, T. Noda, H. Sugihara, K. Fujimoto, J. Fuseler, and T.Y. Aw (2001). Programmed cell death in rat intestine: effect of feeding and fasting. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 36: 139-47. ISSN: 0036-5521.
Descriptors: rat intestine, programmed cell death, feeding, fasting, effect, apoptosis, luminal factors, DNA fragmentation.

Jacobson, C. and M. Maslov (2001). Effects of extruded or pelleted diet on blood glucose, body weight, feed and water consumption in rats. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 28(3): 129-139. ISSN: 0901-3393.
Descriptors: laboratory animals, diet, blood sugar, body weight, feed consumption, water uptake, pellets, blood, blood composition, consumption, formulations, nutrient uptake, nutrition physiology, physiological functions, useful animals.
Language of Text: Swedish summary.

Jen, K.L.C., J. Ilagan, and P.K.H. Lin (1997). Metabolic consequences of weight cycling induced by high fat and protein feedings in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutrition Research 17(8): 1321-1330. ISSN: 0271-5317.
Descriptors: Sprague Dawley rats, female, weight cycling, fat, protein, metabolic, consequences.

Kauffman, A.S., A. Cabrera, and I. Zucker (2001). Torpor characteristics and energy requirements of furless Siberian hamsters. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74(6): 876-84. ISSN: 1522-2152.
Abstract: After approximately 10 wk of exposure to decreasing day lengths, Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) begin to display spontaneous torpor bouts several times each week. Torpor is associated with reduced daily energy expenditure and lower food consumption and ameliorates the thermoregulatory challenges of winter. We tested the extent to which the energy savings conferred by daily torpor depend on the presence of an insulative pelage. Female hamsters were housed in a winter day length (8L:16D) at 5 degrees C; daily food intake and torpor characteristics were recorded for 5 wk in shaved (furless) or normal hamsters. Torpor-bout incidence decreased by 62% in furless hamsters, but the duration of individual bouts and the minimum body temperature attained during torpor were unaffected by loss of pelage. Body temperature declined more rapidly during entry into torpor and increased more slowly during arousal from torpor in furless than in control hamsters. Energy savings per torpor bout, assessed by the amount of food consumed on days that included a torpor bout, was substantially greater in normal than in furless hamsters (16.0% vs. 3.3%); this difference likely reflects the increased cost of thermoregulation during torpor, as well as the increased caloric expenditure incurred by furless hamsters during arousal from torpor. An insulative pelage may be a prerequisite for the energetic benefits derived from heterothermy in this species.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, eating, energy metabolism, movement, Phodopus physiology, hamsters, photoperiod, seasons.

Kim, H.H. and C.S. Park (2004). A compensatory nutrition regimen during gestation stimulates mammary development and lactation potential in rats. Journal of Nutrition 134(4): 756-761. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: rats, nutrition regimen, gestation, lactation, mammary development, stimulates, growth phase, compensatory.

Kimball, J.P., N.J. Raritan, J. Sansone, C.M. Keenan, D.S. Barrett, E.V. Knight, L.A. Smith, and W.J. Powers (1998). The effects of ad libitum and controlled feeding, and group housing on body weight gain, survival and clinical pathology parameters for Sprague-Dawley rats. Clinical Chemistry 44(6, Part 2): A109.
Descriptors: rats, housing, feeding, weight gain, survival, pathology, ad libitum, controlled, Sprague Dawley rats.
Notes: Meeting Information: 50th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Clinical Chemistry, August 2-6, 1998, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Kimura, N., T. Fukuwatari, R. Sasaki, and K. Shibata (2005). The necessity of niacin in rats fed on a high protein diet. BioScience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 69(2): 273-279. ISSN: 0916-8451.
Abstract: It is known that niacin itself is not necessary in rats when tryptophan is given in adequate amounts, because rats can biosynthesize niacin from tryptophan. In our experiment, young rats were fed on a 20%, 40%, 60%, or 70% casein diet with or without niacin. The rats fed on the 20%, 40%, and 60% casein diets did not require niacin for growth, but the rats fed on the 70% casein diet needed it. This phenomenon was attributed to the supposition that liver aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase activities increased according with the dietary casein levels. The conversion ratio of tryptophan-niacin in rats fed on the 70% casein diet became extremely low, and then the rats needed niacin.
Descriptors: rats, high protein diet, niacin, tryptophan, casein, liver, biosynthesize, nutrition.

Kind, K.L., C.T. Roberts, A.I. Sohlstrom, A. Katsman, P.M. Clifton, J.S. Robinson, and J.A. Owens (2005). Chronic maternal feed restriction impairs growth but increases adiposity of the fetal guinea pig. American Journal of Physiology, Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288(1): R119-R126. ISSN: 0363-6119.
Descriptors: fetal guinea pig, maternal feed restriction, chronic, impaired growth, adiposity, obesity, metabolic, cardiovascular, dysfunction.

Kind, K.L., G. Simonetta, P.M. Clifton, J.S. Robinson, and J.A. Owens (2002). Effect of maternal feed restriction on blood pressure in the adult guinea pig. Experimental Physiology 87(4): 469-477. ISSN: 0958-0670.
Descriptors: guinea pig, adult, maternal feed restriction, blood pressure, effect, undernutrition, protein restriction, fetal growth.

Kittel, B., F.C. Ruehl, G. Morawietz, J. Klapwijk, M.R. Elwell, B. Lenz, M.G. O'Sullivan, D.R. Roth, and P.F. Wadsworth (2004). Revised guides for organ sampling and trimming in rats and mice. Part 2. A joint publication of the RITA and NACAD groups. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 55(6): 413-431. ISSN: 0940-2993.
Descriptors: rats, mice, organ sampling, trimming, tissues, toxicity studies, regulatory, RITA, NACAD, revised guidelines.

Knight, E.V., D.S. Barrett, C.M. Keenan, J.P. Kimball, B.H. Eitzen, S. Bryant, L.N. Smith, R.J. Szot, and W.J. Powers (1998). Influence of origin or controlled feeding on longevity of Sprague-Dawley rats. International Journal of Toxicology 17(Supplement 2): 57-78.
Descriptors: Sprague Dawley rats, feeding, controlled, longevity, influence.

Kojima, T., M. Nishimura, T. Yajima, T. Kuwata, Y.I. Suzuki, T. Goda, S. Takase, and E. Harada (1998). Effect of intermittent feeding on the development of disaccharidase activities in artificially reared rat pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 121(3): 289-297. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Descriptors: intermittent feeding, rat pups, development, disaccharidase, artificially reared, effect.

Kristan, D.M. and K.A. Hammond (1999). Body composition, nutrient transport, and resting metabolic rate of energy restricted, parasitized mice. American Zoologist 39(5): 94A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
Descriptors: mice, parasitized, body composition, metabolic rate, energy restricted, nutrient transport, resting.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 04-08, 2000, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Krizova, E. and V. Simek (1996). Effect of intermittent feeding with high-fat diet on changes of glycogen, protein and fat content in liver and skeletal muscle in the laboratory mouse. Physiological Research 45(5): 379-383.
Descriptors: mouse, liver, muscle, protein, fat, effect, intermittent feeding, high fat, diet, glycogen.

Kurokawa, M., K. Akino, and K. Kanda (2000). A new apparatus for studying feeding and drinking in the mouse. Physiology and Behavior 70(1-2): 105-12. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The quantity of powder food consumed by individual mice was gauged with a newly developed apparatus that includes a specialized feeding station, an electric scale, and an interface to a computer that records the weight of the powder food jar. Using the measurements that exceeded the cutoff value, that is, the threshold between a mouse feeding or drinking event and scale noise, the reconstructed data were presented as the daily pattern of feeding and drinking in time resolution of 9 to 30 min. In this system, the ratio of noise to total consumption value was less than 4%. The fractal structure and fitting curve of this time series data were also analyzed by the nonlinear least-squares method, combined with the maximum entropy method. These analyses demonstrated that the mouse feeding event has circadian and ultradian periodicity. This apparatus and system are useful tools in studying the daily feeding pattern of mice.
Descriptors: drinking behavior, feeding behavior, experimental instrumentation, feeding, new apparatus, housing, food consumed, analysis, inbred C57BL mice.

Laroque, P.A., K.P. Keenan, K. Soper, C. Dorian, M.F. Hubert, and P. Duprat (1996). Effect of initial body weight and moderate dietary restriction (measured-feeding) on survival in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicologic Pathology 24(6): 787. ISSN: 0192-6233.
Descriptors: dietary restriction, body weight, effect, measured feeding, survival, Sprague Dawley rats.
Notes: Meeting Information: XV International Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists, June 9-13, 1996, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Lattanzio, S.B. and R. Eikelboom (2003). Wheel access duration in rats. I. Effects on feeding and running. Behavioral Neuroscience 117(3): 496-504. ISSN: 0735-7044.
NAL Call Number: QP351.B45
Descriptors: feeding, suppression, body weight, rats, animal models, wheel running, feeding suppression.

Le Magnen, J. (1999). Efficacy of olfactory, tactile and other food stimuli in the acquisition and manifestation of appetite in rats. Appetite 33(1): 43-51. ISSN: 0195-6663.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1A64
Abstract: A differential appetite for two forms of the same food is learned when they differ in smell, texture, position in the cage or visual appearance and eating of one version is followed by injection of amphetamine. Of these, the discrimination of smells affords the best basis for learning of appetites. For appetites learnt for combinations of olfactory and tactile stimuli, when the smells alone or the differences of texture alone are maintained during the test, the smells play the main role in the differentiation of intake of the two forms of food. On the other hand, when odours and textures remained combined but mixed in reverse, the rats followed the textures and not the smells in amphetamine-conditioned differential consumption. These findings confirm the role of learnt oral stimuli in the short-term control of food intake.
Descriptors: appetite, food intake, diet, experimental diets, stimuli, aroma, odors, texture, amphetamines, position, conditioning, organoleptic traits, rats, animal models, appearance.

Le Magnen, J. (1999). Effect of a multiplicity of food stimuli on the amount eaten by the rat. Appetite 33(1): 36-39. ISSN: 0195-6663.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1A64
Abstract: The same diet was presented for brief periods in three sensorily discriminable forms either separately or simultaneously. A sudden shift from separate to simultaneous presentation produced the same increase in the consumption during the same time period. In some rats this hyperphagia was substantial and persistent but in other it was slight and rapidly disappeared. After some habituation to separate presentations, preferences for the differently flavoured version of the diet and among various placements in the cages were slight or undetectable in separate presentations but were stronger in multiple-choice tests. These results have implications regarding mechanisms of acquisition and expression of appetites and for the methodology of different designs of intake tests on sensorily different diets.
Descriptors: diet, experimental diets, diets, food intake, flavor, stimuli, appetite, rats, animal models.

Lesage, J., L. Dufourny, C. Laborie, F. Bernet, B. Blondeau, I. Avril, B. Breant, and J.P. Dupouy (2002). Perinatal malnutrition programs sympathoadrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to restraint stress in adult male rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 14(2): 135-143. ISSN: 0953-8194.
Descriptors: rats, adult, male, restraint stress, response, perinatal malnutrition, hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal, responsiveness.

Lett, B.T., V.L. Grant, and L.L. Gaborko (1998). Wheel running simultaneously induces CTA and facilitates feeding in non-deprived rats. Appetite 31(3): 351-360. ISSN: 0195-6663.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1A64
Abstract: Previous findings indicate that wheel running can have either an aversive or an appetitive effect. That is, wheel running for 30 min induces conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats trained while hungry and thirsty but facilitates feeding in non-deprived rats. In Experiment 1, wheel running was also found to be effective in producing CTA in non-deprived rats. Therefore, Experiment 2 tested whether wheel running produces the aversive and appetitive effects simultaneously. During each of four training trials, two groups of non-deprived rats were given a flavored solution to drink for 10 min. Then those in the wheel group were put in running wheels for 30 min whereas those in the cage group spent 30 min in small cages. Finally, all rats were given a 60-min feeding test. After the first trial, the wheel group drank less flavored solution than the cage group during each of the remaining trials. The wheel group also ate more than the cage group on each feeding test. These results indicate that wheel running produces CTA and facilitates eating at the same time. A role for the mesolimbic dopamine reward system in these effects was considered.
Descriptors: rats, physical activity, exercise, feeding, conditioned reflexes, feeding preferences, hunger, thirst, food deprivation, food preferences, food restriction, conditioned taste aversion.

Levine, S. and A. Saltzman (1999). Effects of coprophagy on serum urea and the weight of the gastrointestinal tract of fed or fasted rats. Laboratory Animals 33(3): 265-268. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: Coprophagy can be minimized by fitting rat cages with metal grids which allow faecal pellets to pass through to the floor of the cage. When bedding was omitted overnight, the extent of coprophagy could be estimated from the weight of the droppings on the cage floor or the weight of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract removed from rats housed with or without grids. The effect of coprophagy was also demonstrated by the elevation of serum urea nitrogen in rats that consumed faeces. Therefore, precautions against coprophagy, or their absence, should be specified in all experimental protocols and reports.
Descriptors: rats, coprophagy, cages, floor type, starvation, body weight, urea, blood composition, digestive tract, weight, feces, collection.

Lewis, R.M., A.J. Forhead, C.J. Petry, S.E. Ozanne, and C.N. Hales (2002). Long-term programming of blood pressure by maternal dietary iron restriction in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 88(3): 283-290. ISSN: 0007-1145.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 B773
Abstract: We have reported that blood pressure was elevated in 3-month-old rats whose mothers were Fe-restricted during pregnancy. These animals also had improved glucose tolerance and decreased serum triacylglycerol. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these effects of maternal nutritional restriction, present in these animals at 3 months of age, can be observed in the same animals in later life. Pulmonary and serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) concentrations were also measured to investigate whether the renin-angiotensin system was involved in the elevation of blood pressure observed in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams. Systolic blood pressure was higher in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams at 16 months of age. Heart and kidney weight were increased as a proportion of body weight in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams. The pulmonary ACE concentration was not significantly different between the groups. The serum ACE concentration was significantly elevated in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams at 3 but not 14 months of age. There was a strong correlation between serum ACE levels at 3 and 14 months of age. Glucose tolerance and serum insulin were not different between the maternal diet groups. Serum triacylglycerol tended to be lower in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams. There were no differences in serum non-esterified fatty acids or serum cholesterol between the maternal diet groups. This study provides further evidence that maternal nutrition has effects on the offspring that persist throughout life. At 16 months of age, the elevation of blood pressure in Fe-restricted offspring does not appear to be mediated via changes in ACE levels. Both. cardiac hypertrophy and decreased serum triacylglycerol have also been observed in Fe-restricted fetuses, suggesting that these changes may be initiated in utero.
Descriptors: iron, maternal nutrition, pregnancy, longitudinal studies, blood pressure, progeny, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, weight, body weight, diet, experimental diets, rats, animal models, hemodynamics, hydrolases, blood serum, insulin, blood lipids, gender differences, blood glucose, long term effects, renin angiotensin system, angiotensin converting enzyme, animal organs.

Lo, H., C. Chang, H. Wang, and C. Cheng (1998). [Changes of body composition and liver function in rats with continuous and cyclic parenteral nutrition]. Nutritional Sciences Journal 23(4): 323-334.
Descriptors: rats, liver function, body composition, changes, parenteral nutrition, cyclic infusion, hepatobiliary complications.
Language of Text: Chinese with an English summary.

Lorenz, J.N. (2002). A practical guide to evaluating cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary function in mice. American Journal of Physiology 282(6, Part 2): R1565-R1582. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: mice, guide, evaluating, cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, function, genetically altered mice, techniques.

Lucas, A., B.A. Baker, M. Desai, and C.N. Hales (1996). Nutrition in pregnant or lactating rats programs lipid metabolism in the offspring. British Journal of Nutrition 76(4): 605-612. ISSN: 0007-1145.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 B773
Descriptors: rats, pregnant, lactating, nutrition, lipid metabolism, offspring.

Makarios Lahham, L., S.M. Roseau, G. Fromentin, D. Tome, and P.C. Even (2004). Rats free to select between pure protein and a fat-carbohydrate mix ingest high-protein mixed meals during the dark period and protein meals during the light period. Journal of Nutrition 134(3): 618-624. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: rats, protein, fat, carbohydrate, mixed meals, light, dark.

Maltais, L.J., J.A. Blake, J.T. Eppig, and M.T. Davisson (1997). Rules and guidelines for mouse gene nomenclature: a condensed version. Genomics 45(2): 471-476. ISSN: 0888-7543.
Descriptors: mouse, genes, nomenclature, DNA, loci, transgenics, chromosome aberrations, biotechnology, mice, guidelines.

Maltais, L.J., J.A. Blake, T. Chu, C.M. Lutz, J.T. Eppig, and I. Jackson (2002). Rules and guidelines for mouse gene, allele, and mutation nomenclature: a condensed version. Genomics 79(4): 471-474. ISSN: 0888-7543.
Descriptors: mouse, gene, allele, mutation nomenclature, rules, guidelines, condensed version.

McAdam, A.G. and S. Boutin (2003). Effects of food abundance on genetic and maternal variation in the growth rate of juvenile red squirrels. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16(6): 1249-56. ISSN: 1010-061X.
Abstract: Sources of variation in growth in body mass were assessed in natural and experimental conditions of high and low food abundance using reciprocal cross-fostering techniques and long-term data (1987-2002) for a population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Growth rates were significantly higher in naturally good and food supplemented conditions, than in poor conditions. Mother-offspring resemblance was higher in poor conditions as a result of large increases in both the direct genetic variance and direct-maternal genetic covariance and a smaller increase in the coefficient of maternal variation. Furthermore, the genetic correlation across environments was significantly less than one indicating that sources of heritable variation differed between the two environments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that selection has eroded heritable variation for growth more in good conditions and indicate the potential for independent adaptation of growth rates in good and poor conditions.
Descriptors: red squirrels, juveniles, food abundance, effects, growth rate, genetic variation.

Mccutcheon, K.L., A.R. Francis, R.J. Martin, M.J. Keenan, C.E. O'Neil, M.S. Gillespie, R.A. Mekary, and M. Hegsted (2003). Ad libitum versus meal feeding rats in obesity research. FASEB Journal 17: 4-5 (Abstract No. 453.9). ISSN: 0892-6638.
Online: http://www.fasebj.org/
Descriptors: rats, obesity research, meal feeding, ad libitum, effects, weight gain, body fat, blood parameters, Wistar rats, cholesterol.
Notes: Meeting Information: FASEB Meeting on Experimental Biology: Translating the Genome, April 11-15, 2003, San Diego, CA, USA.

Meireles, C.L., S.R. Price, A.M.L. Pereira, J.T.A. Carvalhaes, and W.E. Mitch (1999). Nutrition and chronic renal failure in rats: what is an optimal dietary protein? Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10(11): 2367-2373.
Descriptors: rats, nutrition, renal failure, chronic, dietary protein, optimal.

Moody, D.E., D. Pomp, and M.K. Nielsen (1997). Variability in metabolic rate, feed intake and fatness among selection and inbred lines of mice. Genetical Research 70(3): 225-235.
Descriptors: overweight, feed intake, inbred lines, selection, mice, metabolism, food consumption, carcass composition, fats, adipose tissues, food intake, animal tissues, behavior, body condition, body parts, breeding methods, carcasses, connective tissues, consumption, feeding habits, mammals, progeny, Rodentia, lean, body fat.

Morawietz, G., F.C. Ruehl, B. Kittel, A. Bube, K. Keane, S. Halm, A. Heuser, and J. Hellmann (2004). Revised guides for organ sampling and trimming in rats and mice. Part 3. A joint publication of the RITA and NACAD groups. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 55(6): 433-449. ISSN: 0940-2993.
Descriptors: rats, mice, organ sampling, tissue preparation, trimming, methods, techniques, toxicology, RITA, NACAD, sample size, urinary, nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, lymphoreticular, guidelines.

Naderali, E.K. and G. Williams (2002). Acute feeding with fat-enriched food causes prolonged vascular dysfunction in the rat. International Journal of Obesity 26(Supplement 1): S93. ISSN: 0307-0565.
Descriptors: rat, acute feeding, fat enriched food, vascular dysfunction, prolonged.
Notes: Meeting Information: Ninth International Congress on Obesity, August 24-29, 2002, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Nakanishi, Y., T. Futawatari, S. Haruyama, C. Shimizu, M. Yamamoto, R. Hayashi, Y. Shimomura, M. Shinoda, M. Takahashi, T. Tutiya, H. Shimizu, N. Sato, and M. Mori (1998). Effects of high fat diet and schedule feeding on leptin level in the rat. International Journal of Obesity 22(Supplement 3): S171. ISSN: 0307-0565.
Descriptors: high fat, diet, rat, feeding, schedule, effects, leptin level.
Notes: Meeting Information: Eighth International Congress on Obesity, August 29-September 3, 1998, Paris, France.

Narasimhamurthy, K., P.L. Raina, and K. Hariharan (1997). Effect of long term feeding of high fat diets on growth, plasma and tissue lipids in rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology 34(4): 303-310.
Descriptors: high fat, diets, long term feeding, effect, growth, plasma, tissue, lipids, rats.

Naumova, E.I., N.A. Ushakova, I.G. Meshcherskii, N.V. Kostina, and M.M. Umarov (2000). [Nitrogen fixation: a new phenomenon in rodent nutrition]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Seriya Biologicheskaya (3): 329-331. ISSN: 0002-3329.
Descriptors: voles, rodent nutrition, nitrogen fixation, rations, protein content, GI tract, bacteria, digestive tract.
Language of Text: Russian with an English summary.

Obatolu, V.A., A. Ketiku, and E.A. Adebowale (2003). Effect of feeding maize/legume mixtures on biochemical indices in rats. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 47(3-4): 170-175. ISSN: 0250-6807.
Descriptors: rats, feeding, maize and legume mixtures, biochemical indices, effect, diet, growth, protein content.

Obin, M., M. Halbleib, R. Lipman, K. Carroll, A. Taylor, and R. Bronson (2000). Calorie restriction increases light-dependent photoreceptor cell loss in the neural retina of Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiology of Aging 21(5): 639-645. ISSN: 0197-4580.
Descriptors: Fischer rats, photoreceptor cell loss, neural retina, calorie restriction, increases, cell density, aging, albino rats.

Overton, J.M., J.M. Van Ness, and R.M. Casto (1997). Food restriction reduces sympathetic support of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Nutrition 127(4): 655-660. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that food restriction would attenuate the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Furthermore, we hypothesized that food restriction would reduce the tonic sympathetic nervous system support of blood pressure in the SHR. Male SHR (Charles River, age 5 wk) were randomly assigned to ad libitum (ADLIB, n=8) or food-restricted (FR, n = 9) groups. ADLIB rats were given free access to nonpurified diet and demineralized water. Food-restricted rats ate 60% of the amount of nonpurified diet consumed by rats in the ADLIB group. After 8 wk of treatment, ADLIB rats were heavier than FR rats (ADLIB = 318 +/- 4 g; FR = 193+/- 5 g, P < 0.05). Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured after chronic implantation of iliac arterial and jugular venous catheters. Food-restricted rats had lower mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) than ADLIB rats, measured in conscious, unrestrained state 4-6 h after catheterization (ADLIB = 162 +/- 3 mmHg; FR = 142 +/- 3 mmHg, P < 0.05) and measured on the day after surgery (ADLIB = 150 +/- 6 mmHg; FR = 130 +/- 3 mmHg, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in resting HR on either day. Food-restricted rats exhibited augmented cardiac baroreflex-mediated bradycardia (bolus phenylephrine, 0.5-4.0 microgram/kg intravenously) as assessed by linear slope of the deltaHR/deltaMAP relationship (ADLIB = -0.73 beats/(min.mm Hg); FR = -1.62 beats/(min.mmHg), P < 0.05). Sympathetic support of blood pressure quantified by the depressor response to ganglionic blockade (hexamethonium 30 mg/kg; atropine 0.1 mg/kg intravenously), was greater in the ADLIB group (ADLIB: -59 +/- 8 mmHg; FR: -36 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.05). The results support the hypotheses that chronic food restriction reduces the development of hypertension and sympathetic support of MAP in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Descriptors: starvation, blood pressure, hypertension, heart rate, restricted feeding, body weight, neurotropic drugs, rats, animal models, blood circulation, cardiovascular diseases, drugs, feeding, feeding systems, mammals, organic diseases, physiological functions, Rodentia, vascular diseases, arrhythmia, parasympatholytics.

Parks, E.J., T.L. Schneider, R.H. Baar, and M.R. Margosian (2004). Metabolic studies in mice: effects of different diets and feeding regimens. FASEB Journal 18: 4-5 (Abst. No. 579.2). ISSN: 0892-6638.
Online: http://www.fasebj.org/
Descriptors: mice, metabolic studies, feeding regimens, diets, effects, fasting, lipid metabolism.
Notes: Meeting Information: FASEB Meeting on Experimental Biology: Translating the Genome, April 17-21, 2004, Washington, D.C., USA.

Paul, M.J., A.S. Kauffman, and I. Zucker (2004). Feeding schedule controls circadian timing of daily torpor in SCN-ablated Siberian hamsters. Journal of Biological Rhythms 19(3): 226-237. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Descriptors: Siberian hamsters, feeding schedule, circadian timing, daily torpor, control, restricted food.

Pedrazzini, T., J. Seydoux, P. Kuenstner, J.F. Aubert, V. Pasdrun, E. Grouzmann, F. Beermann, and H.R. Brunner (1998). Cardiovascular response, feeding behaviour, and locomotor activity in NPY Y1 receptor-deficient mice. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24(1-2): 2046. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: feeding behavior, locomotor activity, cardiovascular response, deficient mice, NPY Y1 receptor.
Notes: Meeting Information: 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 2, November 7-12, 1998, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Perin, N., E. Jarocka Cyrta, M. Keelan, T. Clandinin, and A. Thomson (1999). Dietary lipid composition modifies intestinal morphology and nutrient transport in young rats. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 28(1): 46-53.
Descriptors: young rats, nutrient transport, lipid composition, intestinal morphology, nursing, diet, fatty acid, dietary lipid.

Perrin, M.R. and E.J. Richardson (2004). Factors affecting the induction of torpor and body mass in the fat mouse Steatomys pratensis. Journal of Thermal Biology 29(3): 133-139. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: Steatomys pratensis, Muridae, weight, torpor, inducing and influencing factors, starvation, food availability, drinking.

Pick, R.R., M.M. Perry, N.R. Carlson, and G.N. Wade (2001). Metabolic fuel availability affects litter reduction but not maternal care in syrian hamsters. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 27(2): 2275. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: Syrian hamsters, metabolic fuel, maternal care, litter reduction, availability, affects, estrus behavior, pup.
Notes: Meeting Information: 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15, 2001, San Diego, California, USA.

Pickard, C.L. and H.D. Mccarthy (1997). The response of blood pressure to feeding composite diets of differing macronutrient composition in rats with hypertension of fetal origin. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56(1A): 11A. ISSN: 0029-6651.
Descriptors: blood pressure, feeding, composite diets, macronutrients, rats, hypertension, response.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting of the Nutrition Society, June 24-28, 1996, Ulster, Coleraine.

Price, I.V. and B.B. Gorzalka (2002). Effect of restraint stress duration on macronutrient intake in the female rat. Nutrition Research 22(8): 931-943. ISSN: 0271-5317.
Descriptors: rat, female, restraint stress, macronutrient intake, effect, duration, food intake, duration, deprivation.

Proll, J. (1997). Small environmental temperature differences change energy utilization of growing rats. Zeitschrift Fuer Ernaehrungswissenschaft 36(4): 325. ISSN: 0044-264X.
Descriptors: growing rats, energy utilization, environmental temperature differences, change.
Notes: Meeting Information: 1st International Rostock Workshop on Energy and Substrate Utilization: Methodological Aspects of in Vivo Assessment in Animals and Man, September 5-7, 1996, Rostock, Germany.

Pulawa, L.K. and G.L. Florant (2000). The effects of caloric restriction on the body composition and hibernation of the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73(5): 538-46. ISSN: 1522-2152.
Abstract: In preparation for hibernation, golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) must deposit sufficient amounts of lipid during the summer to survive winter hibernation. We conducted an experiment from May 1998 to February 1999 to examine the effects of caloric restriction on the body composition (lipid and fat-free mass) and hibernation of golden-mantled ground squirrels. Ground squirrels were either provided with food ad lib. (controls) or with only enough food to maintain a constant body mass throughout the experiment (calorically restricted). Changes in body composition were followed using total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC). Implanted data loggers that recorded body temperature were used to determine when ground squirrels entered their first torpor bout and the lengths of torpor bouts. Body composition did not change in the calorically restricted ground squirrels between May and September, while both lipid and fat-free mass increased in the controls. However, from September to February, calorically restricted ground squirrels lost only fat-free mass, not lipid mass, but controls lost both lipid and fat-free mass. Calorically restricted ground squirrels entered their first torpor bout about 4 wk after controls, but the torpor bout duration (or length) during hibernation did not differ between the two groups. These results show that ground squirrels maintain body composition during caloric restriction, and the limited quantities of stored lipid have an effect on when hibernation begins but not on torpor bout length.
Descriptors: body composition, physiology, eating, hibernation physiology, Sciuridae, diet, dietary fats, lipids blood, seasons.

Rabehl, N., P. Wolf, and J. Kamphues (1998). Basic data for feeding hamsters. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 80(2-5): 220-225. ISSN: 0931-2439.
Descriptors: hamsters, feeding, nutrition, physiology, digestive system, feed intake, water uptake, behavior, excreta, physiological functions, Rodentia.

Raina, N., J. Lamarre, C.C. Liew, A.H. Lofti, and K.N. Jeejeebhoy (1999). Effect of nutrition on tumor necrosis factor receptors in weight-gaining and -losing rats. American Journal of Physiology 277(3, Part 1): E464-E473. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: rats, nutrition, tumor necrosis, factor receptors, weight gaining, weight losing, effect.

Ramirez, J.L., M.M. Zirkle Yoshida, S. Piert, J. Barrett, D. Yu, B. Dalton, and B. Girten (2001). The effects of long-term feeding of rodent food bars on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in Fischer rats. FASEB Journal 1(4): A84. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: Fischer rats, long term feeding, food bars, lipid, peroxidation, effect, diet, space station, livers, stress status.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology on Experimental Biology 2001, March 31-April 04, 2001, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Rao, B.S. (1997). Effect of schedule feeding on water intake and urine output in rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 41(1): 35-41. ISSN: 0019-5499.
Descriptors: feeding. schedule, water intake, urine output, effect, rats.

Rao, G.N. and P.W. Crockett (2003). Effect of diet and housing on growth, body weight, survival and tumor incidences of B6C3F1 mice in chronic studies. Toxicologic Pathology 31(2): 243-50. ISSN: 0192-6233.
Abstract: Diet is one of the most important environmental factors influencing growth, body weight, survival, and age-related diseases of rodents in chronic studies. NIH-07 open formula diet was the selected diet for the NTP studies from 1980 to 1994. A new diet designated as NTP-2000 diet is the current diet for mice in the NTP studies beginning in 1994. This report is a summary of results of untreated control groups of B6C3F1 mice fed NTP-2000 or NIH-07 diet from several retrospective 2-year dosed-feed and inhalation studies for differences in growth, body weight, survival, and tumor incidences. The dosed-feed studies were conducted in 3 different facilities located in the United States, and all the inhalation studies were conducted in 1 facility. During dosed-feed studies, male and female mice housed in polycarbonate cages and fed the NTP-2000 diet had lower maximum body weights than those fed NIH-07 diet. However, during inhalation studies, mice housed in wire mesh cages and fed the NTP-2000 diet had higher maximum body weights than the mice fed NIH-07 diet. Survival was higher in groups fed NTP-2000 diet irrespective of sex, housing conditions, or body weight compared to the corresponding groups fed NIH-07 diet. Survival was higher in mice housed in polycarbonate cages irrespective of diet and sex compared to the respective sex and diet groups housed in wire mesh cages. During inhalation studies, survival of male and female mice fed NTP-2000 diet was higher than that of the groups fed NIH-07 diet, although the body weights of NTP-2000 diet groups were higher than those of the groups fed NIH-07 diet. When the NTP-2000 diet was used, male and female mice in dosed-feed studies and male mice in inhalation studies had markedly lower incidences of liver tumors than the corresponding groups fed NIH-07 diet. Significant decreases in the incidences of lung tumors were observed only in the male groups fed NTP-2000 diet during dosed-feed studies. These results suggest that body weight may not be the major contributing factor for mortality and liver tumors and that an interaction between diet and housing conditions appears to affect the growth, survival and tumor incidences of B6C3F1 mice.
Descriptors: animal feed, body weight physiology, diet, animal housing, neoplasms mortality, toxicity tests, chronic methods, carcinogenicity tests, food, formulated, mice, inbred mice strains, specific pathogen free organisms, survival rate.

Rasmussen, K.M. (1998). Effects of under- and overnutrition on lactation in laboratory rats. Journal of Nutrition 128(2s): 390s-393s. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: To study the effects of maternal nutritional status on lactational performance, the diets of laboratory rats were manipulated with food restriction or increases in fat concentration. Compared with rats fed control diets ad libitum, conception rate, milk production and litter growth decreased and milk fat concentration increased in both chronically food restricted and obese animals. Chronically food restricted rats mobilized body fat and reduced their energy expenditure for maintenance and activity. Differences in suckling pattern between control and food-restricted rats affected hormone concentrations important for successful lactation. Obese rats experienced greater difficulty than controls in delivering their pups and more of their pups died in the first days of life. Milk production among obese rats may be constrained by poor appetite and the high heat production that characterizes lactation in litter-bearing species. There are many parallels as well as important differences between results obtained from these models and findings in nursing women. Nevertheless, these models provide useful information about the possible mechanisms by which maternal nutritional status affects lactational performance.
Descriptors: diet, mothers, human nutrition, lactation, starvation, restricted feeding, experimentation, reproductive performance, malnutrition, overfeeding, fats, nutrient intake, overweight, digestion, nutrition physiology, litter size, growth, young animals, nutritional status, rats, animal models, food restriction, conception rate, undernutrition, fat mobilization, litter performance, pups, lactating females.

Ravishankar, H.N., S.S. Boddupalli, A.S. Gaikwad, and T. Ramasarma (1999). Survival of rats under cold stress depends on dietary fat. Environmental and Nutritional Interactions 3(4): 257-265.
NAL Call Number: RB152.5.E68
Descriptors: dietary fat, polyenoic fatty acids, cold stress, lipid peroxidation, environmental temperature, relationships, survival, rats.

Reeves, P.G. (2003). Patterns of food intake and self-selection of macronutrients in rats during short-term deprivation of dietary zinc. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 14(4): 232-243. ISSN: 0955-2863.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1J54
Abstract: Although it has been known for more than 50 years that zinc (Zn) deficiency regularly and consistently causes anorexia in many animal species, the basic mechanism(s) that cause this phenomenon still remain(s) an enigma. The following studies describe feeding behavior in the early stages of zinc deficiency in the rat model. In one experiment, we used computerized feeding monitors that measured the intake of individual rats at 10-min intervals over 24-hr periods. Male rats were acclimated to the cages and fed a Zn-adequate egg-white-based diet, or a similar diet with <1.0 mg Zn/kg. Food intake was monitored for seven, consecutive 24-hr periods. The 24-hr food intake pattern of the Zn-deprived rats did not differ from the controls; they simply ate less food, mainly during the night hours, with no differences between groups during the day. Although Zn-deprived rats ate less food than controls, the percentage of total diet consumed during night and day did not differ between groups. In another experiment, we simultaneously offered male rats three isocaloric diets with different macronutrient compositions and with or without adequate Zn, and measured the amount of each diet selected during seven, 24-hr periods. The three diets contained either 57% protein from egg white, 30% fat from soybean oil, or 80% carbohydrate from a combination of starch, hydrolyzed starch, and sucrose. For the first four days on experiment, rats selected similar amounts of each diet. Then the Zn-deprived rats began to select only 50% as much of the protein diet as the controls. Similar results were obtained when the data were expressed on the basis of each macronutrient as a percentage of the total diet selected. Zn-deprived rats selected a diet that contained 8% protein, 73% carbohydrate, and 6% fat while the Zn-adequate rats selected 12% protein. 69% carbohydrate, and 6% fat. Fat intake was not affected by Zn-deprivation. The results confirm our previous findings, and are discussed in terms of Zn-deprivation blunting the pathways of signal transduction that involve the peptide hormones known to affect food intake regulation.
Descriptors: rats, animal models, zinc, dietary minerals, nutrient deficiencies, anorexia, experimental diets, high protein diet, carbohydrates, high fat diet, feeding behavior, food intake, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, leptin, proteins, weight gain.

Reidelberger, R., D. Heimann, and K. Nelson (1999). Comparative effects of duodenal infusions of maltose, oleic acid, and casein on sham feeding and gastric emptying in rats. Gastroenterology 116(4, Part 2): A638. ISSN: 0016-5085.
Descriptors: rats, gastric emptying, sham feeding, oleic acid, casein, maltose, duodenal infusions, comparative effects.
Notes: Meeting Information: Digestive Disease Week and the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association, May 16-19, 1999, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Rodrigues, U.P., L. Chaguri, G. Medeiros, A. Sogorb, and F.S. Sogorb (1998). Productivity of mice (Mus musculus) colonies under different pairing and feeding systems. Baltic Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 8(1): 20-22. ISSN: 1407-0944.
Descriptors: mice, colonies, productivity, feeding systems, pairing.

Rollo, C.D., L.J. Kajiura, B. Wylie, and S. D'Souza (1999). The growth hormone axis, feeding, and central allocative regulation: lessons from giant transgenic growth hormone mice. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77(12): 1861-1873. ISSN: 0008-4301.
Descriptors: mice, giant transgenic growth hormone axis, feeding, alocative regulation.

Rowan, K.J., A. Srikandakumar, R.K. Englebright, and M.J. Josey (1996). Compensatory growth in rats feed intake and growth patterns. Animal Production in Australia. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 21: 215-218. ISSN: 0728-5965.
Descriptors: rats, feed intake, growth patterns, compensatory growth.

Saucy, F., J. Studer, V. Aerni, and B. Schneiter (1999). Preference for acyanognic white clover (Trifolium repens) in the vole Arvicola terrestris. I. Experiments with two varieties. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25(6): 1441-1454. ISSN: 0098-0331.
NAL Call Number: QD415.A1J6
Abstract: We report experimental results showing that, under both laboratory conditions as well as in outdoor enclosures, the fossorial vole Arvicola terrestris preferentially feeds on acyanogenic white clover (Trifolium repens) when offered the choice between two varieties (Ladino and Aran) differing highly in their content in cyanogenic glycosides. We also observed that the voles adapted their diet and reduced their relative consumption of the cyanogenic variety during experiments conducted for two to three weeks in outdoor enclosures as compared to shorter tests conducted for 48 hr in laboratory cages. In addition, we report a similar preference for the acyanogenic Ladino variety for the slugs Arion ater and A. subfuscus.
Descriptors: Trifolium repens, cyanogenesis, voles, diet, feeding preferences.

Schmidt Kittler, N. (2002). Feeding specializations in rodents. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82(1): 141-152. ISSN: 0037-2110.
Descriptors: rodents, feeding, dentition, molar plan, evolution, specializations, occlusal surface, dental structures, hypsodont.

Sefcikova, Z. and S. Mozes (2002). Effect of early nutritional experience on the feeding behaviour of adult female rats. Veterinarni Medicina Uzpi 47(10-11): 315-322. ISSN: 0375-8427.
Abstract: Female Wistar rats were subjected to food restriction (free access to food for 2 hours daily) as follows: a) during the suckling period, i. e. up to day 15 (SR), b) during the weaning period from day 15 to 30 (WR), c) throughout 30 days post partum (SWR) and d) during adulthood, i.e. from day 60-75 of life (AR). This restriction was then changed to an ad libitum regime. The significantly decreased body weight found in females coming from litters of restrictedly fed mothers showed that these animals were considerably undernourished. Appetitive motivation increased in females that had been exposed to a restricted feeding regime during their infant period but remained unaffected in females restrictedly fed during their adult age. In comparison with the ad libitum fed controls and AR groups, significantly increased mean food intake was observed in all postnatally underfed groups (P<0.001). The greatest inclination to hyperphagia and qualitative changes in feeding behaviour were observed in SWR females whose feeding regime was restricted for the longest time. These animals showed hyperphagia even in the new environment regardless whether the whole group or only one female was tested. Our results reveal a) a determinant influence of the feeding regime of the animals at early age (41 %) while environmental and social factors represent only about 17 and 4 %, respectively and that b) changes in feeding habits in adult female rats may significantly depend on the length of postnatal undernutrition.
Descriptors: rats, females, mothers, progeny, animal feeding, unrestricted feeding, restricted feeding, underfeeding, feed intake, body weight, suckling, weaning, social behavior, perinatal period, age, environmental factors, ancestry, behavior, developmental stages, feeding, feeding habits, feeding systems, mammals, parents, Rodentia, sex.

Seki, M., K. Yamaguchi, H. Marumo, and K. Imai (1997). Effects of food restriction on reproductive and toxicological parameters in rats. In search of suitable feeding regimen in long-term tests. Journal of Toxicological Sciences 22(5): 427-437.
Descriptors: food restriction reproductive, toxicological, rats, effects, feeding regimen, long term tests.

Selmaoui, B., T.M. Bah, P.V. Brazzini, and R. Godbout (2003). Daily changes of plasma corticosterone by an 8-h daytime feeding occur without body weight loss or severe food restriction in the rat. Biological Rhythm Research 34(5): 423-433. ISSN: 0929-1016.
Descriptors: rat, food restriction, severe, body weight, plasma corticosterone, daily changes, daytime feeding, circadium rhythm.

Selvais, P.L., C. Labuche, N.X. Ninh, J.M. Keterlslegers, J.F. Denef, and D.M. Maiter (1997). Cyclic feeding behaviour and changes in hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y gene expression induced by zinc deficiency in the rat. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 9(1): 55-62. ISSN: 0953-8194.
Descriptors: cyclic feeding behavior, rat, zinc deficiency, neuropeptide Y gene, hypothalamic galanin.

Shaft, A. and R.D.E. Rumsey (1998). Gastrointestinal transit adaptation to force-feeding high-fat meals in adult rats. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57(1): 38A. ISSN: 0029-6651.
Descriptors: gastrointestinal, transit, force feeding, high fat meals, adult rats, adaptation.
Notes: Meeting Information: Symposium on Early Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Influences on Adult Disease, July 9-11, 1997, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK.

Shahneh, A.Z., H.J. Barforoosh, S.R. Miraei Ashtiani, and A. Nik Khah (2001). Effect of dexamethasone on growth rate, feed conversion ratio and body composition in guinea pigs. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32(3): 487-494. ISSN: 1017-5652.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, growth rate, body composition, dexamethasone, effect, feed conversion ratio.

Shiraishi, T., K. Sasaki, A. Niijima, and Y. Oomura (1998). Effects of leptin and orexins on the feeding behavior in rats. NeuroScience Research Supplement 22: S262.
Descriptors: rats, feeding behavior, leptin, orexins, effects.
Notes: Meeting Information: 21st Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society and the First Joint Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society and the Japanese Society for Neurochemistry, September 21-23, 1998, Tokyo, Japan.

Siemelink, M., A. Verhoef, and A.H. Piersma (2002). Maternal nutrition and postnatal development of the offspring in the rat. Teratology 65(6): 332. ISSN: 0040-3709.
Descriptors: rat, maternal nutrition, development, postnatal, coconut oil, flaxseed, fish oil, soybean.
Notes: Meeting Information: 42nd Annual Meeting of the Teratology Society, June 22-27, 2002, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.

Silveira, P.P., M.H. Xavier, F.H. Souza, L.P. Manoli, R.M. Rosat, M.B.C. Ferreira, and C. Dalmaz (2000). Interaction between repeated restraint stress and concomitant midazolam administration on sweet food ingestion in rats. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 33(11): 1343-1350. ISSN: 0100-879X.
Descriptors: rats, food ingestion, feeding behavior, restraint stress, midazolam administration, interaction, pellets, effect.

Simon, E., M. Del Puy Portillo, A. Fernandez Quintela, M.A. Zulet, J.A. Martinez, and A.S. Del Barrio (2002). Responses to dietary macronutrient distribution of overweight rats under restricted feeding. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 46(1): 24-31. ISSN: 0250-6807.
Descriptors: rats, overweight, restricted feeding, dietary macronutrient, distribution, responses, protein, amino acid, balance.

Sitren, H.S., L. Fish, G.M. Sumainah, J.J. Bagnall, and R.P. Bates (2002). Effects of sesame feeding in rats on plasma and liver lipids. FASEB Journal 16(5): A988. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: rats, sesame feeding, plasma, lipids, effects, dietary protein, Sprauge Dawley rats, nutrition.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology, April 20-24, 2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

Sohlstrom, A., P. Fernberg, J.A. Owens, and P.C. Owens (2001). Maternal nutrition affects the ability of treatment with IGF-I and IGF-II to increase growth of the placenta and fetus, in guinea pigs. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 11(6): 392-398. ISSN: 1096-6374.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, maternal nutrition, placenta, fetus, growth, effects, IGF-I, IGF-II, food restriction, ad libitum.

Soriano, O., C. Torrero, M. Regalado, O. Casta Cervantes, and M. Salas (2002). Effects of handling and undernourishing on the development of huddling in rats. Society for NeuroScience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner: Abstract No. 878.4.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: rats, handling, undernourishing, effects, huddling, development, thermoregulation, diet, nutrition.
Notes: Meeting Information: 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 02-07, 2002, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Strickland, J.L., J.L. Miner, and M.K. Nielsen (1998). Feed intake, thyroid hormones, and adrenergic stimulation in high and low heat loss mice. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 2): 41. ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call Number: 49 J82
Descriptors: feed intake, thyroid hormones, heat loss, high, low, stimulation.
Notes: Meeting Information: American Society of Animal Science, March 16-18, 1998, Midwest Section, USA.

Tabuchi, R. and I. Ohara (1997). Optimal protein level is required for normalization of taste sensitivity in rats. Nutrition Research 17(11-12): 1749-1790. ISSN: 0271-5317.
Abstract: The influence of levels of dietary protein on taste sensitivity for sodium chloride and zinc status was studied in rats. Animals were given free access to one of seven graded levels of purified egg protein (PEP) diets for 28 days. Preference tests for the solution of sodium chloride (0.86 and 8.56 mmol/L) versus deionized water were conducted on days 19 and 21. Feces, urine and blood were collected for assay of zinc concentrations. Only the rats fed the 8% PEP diet discriminated low concentration of 0.86 mmol/L sodium chloride solution. The rats fed another diets discriminated only high concentration of 8.56 mmol/L sodium chloride solution. Twenty percent PEP diet-fed group did not discriminate both concentrations of sodium chloride. Zinc in serum concentration (r=0.89, p < 0.001 ) and balance (r=0.78, p < 0.001 ) was correlated with dietary protein intake. Serum zinc concentrations of the rats fed the 8 and 10% PEP diets were within the normal range. Retained zinc levels remained constant within the range of 4-8% PEP diets. The present study indicates that 8% PEP is optimal dietary protein level to normalize taste sensitivity for sodium chloride.
Descriptors: diet, proteins, food intake, flavor, sodium chloride, zinc, nutritional status, dosage effects, feces, urine, blood serum, experimentation, feeding preferences, fluids, nutrition physiology, body weight, protein quality, feed conversion efficiency, rats, animal models, behavior, blood, body fluids, body parts, chlorides, digestibility, elements, excreta, feeding habits, heavy metals, inorganic acid salts, mammals, metallic elements, nutritive value, organoleptic properties, physical states, physiological functions, quality, Rodentia, salts, fluid intake, nutrient balance.

Torres Contreras, H. and F. Bozinovic (1997). Food selection in an herbivorous rodent: balancing nutrition with thermoregulation. Ecology (Washington, DC) 78(7): 2230-2237.
Descriptors: food selection, herbivorous, rodent, thermoregulation, nutrition, balancing.

Torres, I.L.S., G.D. Gamaro, A.P. Vasconcellos, R. Silveira, and C. Dalmaz (2002). Effects of chronic restraint stress on feeding behavior and on monoamine levels in different brain structures in rats. Neurochemical Research 27(6): 519-526. ISSN: 0364-3190.
Descriptors: rats, stress, chronic restraint, feeding behavior, brain, monoamine levels, eating behavior.

Turley, E., N.C. Armstrong, J.M.W. Wallace, W.S. Gilmore, M.V.J. Mckelvey, J.M. Allen, and J.J. Strain (1999). Effect of cholesterol feeding on DNA damage in male and female Syrian hamsters. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 43(1): 47-51. ISSN: 0250-6807.
Descriptors: Syrian hamsters, cholesterol feeding, DNA damage, male, female, effect.

Umezawa, M., K. Kogishi, H. Tojo, S. Yoshimura, N. Seriu, A. Ohta, T. Takeda, and M. Hosokawa (1999). High-linoleate and high-alpha-linolenate diets affect learning ability and natural behavior in SAMR1 mice. Journal of Nutrition 129(2): 431-437. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Abstract: Semipurified diets incorporating either perilla oil [high in alpha-linolenate, 18:3(n-3)] or safflower oil [high in linoleate, 18:2(n-6)] were fed to senescence-resistant SAMR1 mouse dams and their pups. Male offspring at 15 mo were examined using behavioral tests. In the open field test, locomotor activity during a 5-min period was significantly higher in the safflower oil group than in the perilla oil group. Observations of the circadian rhythm (48 h) of spontaneous motor activity indicated that the safflower oil group was more active than the perilla oil group during the first and second dark periods. The total number of responses to positive and negative stimuli was higher in the safflower oil group than in the perilla oil group in the light and dark discrimination learning test, but the correct response ratio was lower in the safflower oil group. The difference in the (n-6)/(n-3) ratios of the diets reflected the proportions of (n-6) polyunsaturated fatly acids, rather than those of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain total fatty acids, and in the proportions of (n-6) and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total polyunsaturated fatty acids of the brain phospholipids. These results suggest that in SAMR1 mice, the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance affects the (n-6)/(n-3) ratio of brain phospholipids, and this may modify emotional reactivity and learning ability.
Descriptors: linoleic acid, linolenic acid diet, nutrient intake, mental ability, behavior, experimental diets, dams mothers, pups, safflower oil, perilla, plant oils, mice, circadian rhythm, polyenoic fatty acids, ratios, brain, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, animal models, field activity, motor activity, light and dark discrimination, omega 3 fatty acids, omega 6 fatty acids.

Van der Velde, P. and H.S. Koopmans (1998). Regulation of gastric emptying in free-feeding Lewis rats. FASEB Journal 12(5): A735. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: gastric emptying, regulation, free feeding, Lewis rats.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 98, Part II, April 18-22, 1998, San Francisco, California, USA.

Van der Velde, P., I. Koslowsky, and H.S. Koopmans (1999). Measurement of gastric emptying during and between meal intake in free-feeding Lewis rats. American Journal of Physiology 276(2, Part 1): R597-R605. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: gastric emptying, meal intake, free feeding, Lewis rats, measurement.

Van Ruiven, R., G.W. Meijer, A. Wiersma, V. Baumans, L.F.M. Van Zutphen, and J. Ritskes Hoitinga (1998). The influence of transportation stress on selected nutritional parameters to establish the necessary minimum period for adaptation in rat feeding studies. Laboratory Animals 32(4): 446-456. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: The optimal length of the adaptation period after transportation of rats, to be used in nutritional studies, was investigated in this study. After intracontinental transportation of rats by car and by air to and from the laboratory for a total period of 15 h, measurements were carried out for a period of 3 weeks after transport. Control and transported animals were housed in the same laboratory before and after transportation. During transport the animals had access to food and water. As blood collection could also cause stress, a factorial design was carried out with transport and blood collection as main factors. Transport or blood collection did not cause significant effects on the following parameters: body weight, growth, clinical observation, and blood enzyme activities of LDH and ASAT. Water intake was significantly increased after transport. Food intake did not show consistent effects after transport or blood collection. Unexpectedly, blood corticosterone levels were significantly lower in the transported animals at day 1 after transport. After 3 days these levels were back to normal. Blood glucose, blood free fatty acids and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were incidentally decreased, whereas total cholesterol levels showed an incidental rise in the transported rats. The open-field behaviour test revealed no clear-cut results concerning the effects of transport or blood collection on faeces production, rearing and ambulation. Our results indicate that after intracontinental transport, an adaptation period of 3 days appears to be sufficient for rats to be used in nutritional studies.
Descriptors: rats, nutritional state, transport of animals, stress, body weight, feed intake, blood sampling, blood sugar, fatty acids, corticosterone, animal behavior, fearfulness, water intake, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, enzyme activity, cholesterol, urea, blood chemistry, transportation stress, nutritional parameters, minimum period, feeding studies, influence.

Varma, M., J.K. Chai, M.M. Meguid, A. Laviano, J.R. Gleason, Z.J. Yang, and V. Blaha (1999). Effect of estradiol and progesterone on daily rhythm in food intake and feeding patterns in Fischer rats. Physiology and Behavior 68(1-2): 99-107. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: Fischer rats, food intake, daily rhythm, estradiol, progesterone, effect, feeding patterns.

Vidal Puig, A.J., D. Grujic, C.Y. Zhang, T. Hagen, O. Boss, Y. Ido, A. Szczepanik, J. Wade, and V. Mootha (2000). Energy metabolism in uncoupling protein 3 gene knockout mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275(21): 16258-16266. ISSN: 0021-9258.
Online: http://www.jbc.org/
NAL Call Number: 381 J824
Descriptors: mice, mitochondria, animal proteins, cell membranes, mutants, energy metabolism, skeletal muscle, ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine, food intake, triacylglycerols, body weight, oxygen consumption, oxygen, free radicals, aconitate hydratase, heat production, cold, body temperature regulation, blood chemistry, blood lipids, oxidation, fatty acids, glucose.

Vila, R., C. Adan, M.M. Grasa, R. Massanes, M. Esteve, C. Cabot, J. Estruch, J.A. Fernandez Lopez, X. Remesar, and M. Alemany (1998). Food deprivation does not affect the levels of fatty-acyl-estrone in rat plasma. International Journal of Obesity 22(Supplement 3): S186. ISSN: 0307-0565.
Descriptors: food deprivation, fatty-acyl-estrone, levels, rat, plasma, affect.
Notes: Meeting Information: Eighth International Congress on Obesity, August 29-September 3, 1998, Paris, France.

Voltura, M.B. and B.A. Wunder (1998). Effects of ambient temperature, diet quality, and food restriction on body composition dynamics of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster. Physiological Zoology 71(3): 321-328. ISSN: 0031-935X.
Descriptors: environmental temperature, diets, starvation, body composition, restricted feeding, body fat, fiber, intake, Pitymys ochrogaster.

Walrand, S., C. Chambon Savanovitch, C. Felgines, J. Chassagne, F. Raul, B. Normand, M.C. Farges, B. Beaufrere, M.P. Vasson, and L. Cynober (2000). Aging: a barrier to renutrition? Nutritional and immunologic evidence in rats. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72(3): 816-824. ISSN: 0002-9165.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J824
Descriptors: age, renutrition, barrier, immunologic, rats, nutritional, aging.

Wan, R., S. Camandola, and M.P. Mattson (2003). Intermittent food deprivation improves cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to stress in rats. Journal of Nutrition 133(6): 1921-1929. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: rate, stress, responses, food deprivation, intermittent, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, metabolism, disease.

Wilson, M.R. and S.J. Hughes (1997). The effect of poor foetal and neonatal nutrition on islet function in neonatal rats. 40(Supplement 1): A134.
Descriptors: poor nutrition, fetal, neonatal, effect, rats, islet function.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Diabetes Federation Congress, July 20-25, 1997, Helsinki, Finland.

Wolgin, D.L. (2002). Effects of chronic amphetamine on the appetitive and consummatory phases of feeding. Appetite 38(3): 221-223. ISSN: 0195-6663.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1A64
Descriptors: rats, animal models, appetite, feeding behavior, food intake, antifeedants, receptors, nutrient drug interactions.
Notes: Meeting Information: Columbia University Seminar on Appetitive Behavior, February 7, 2002, New York, New York.

Yabe, T. (2004). Feeding behavior and harming mechanism in commensal rodents. Medical Entomology and Zoology 55(4): 259-268. ISSN: 0424-7086.
Abstract: I discussed the relationships between harming mechanisms and feeding behavior such as commensalism, food habits, water requirements and responses to starvation in Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, R. exulans and Mus musculus. Because of their commensalism they seasonally migrate between houses and the outdoors, and accidentally bring pathogens into houses. R. norvegicus is omnivorous and the others are basically herbivorous. However, they show unusual food habits and, for example, R. rattus eats bark and an excessive amount of insects when starving. Renal functions and food habits prove that R. norvegicus is the most prone to thirst, whereas M. musculus thrives in dry habitats. Feeding behavior is peculiar to rodent species and has characteristic relationship with harming mechanisms. Therefore, feeding behavior of involved species is a key factor to solve harming mechanisms.
Descriptors: behavior, pest assessment control and management, population studies, commensalism, feeding behavior, food habits, harming mechanism, renal function, starvation response, water requirements.

Yang, H., R. Finaly, and D.H. Teitelbaum (2003). Alteration in epithelial permeability and ion transport in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition. Critical Care Medicine 31(4): 1118-1125. ISSN: 0090-3493.
Descriptors: mouse, animal models, parenteral nutrition, epithelial permeability, intestinal, interferon-gamma, knockout mice.

Yang, H., F. Robert, Y. Fan, and D.H. Teitelbaum (2001). Total parenteral nutrition changes intestinal ion transport and increases epithelial permeability in a mouse model. Gastroenterology 120(5, Supplement 1): A675. ISSN: 0016-5085.
Descriptors: mouse, model, epithelial permeability, parenteral nutrition, intestinal ion transport, changes.
Notes: Meeting Information: 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association and Digestive Disease Week, May 20-23, 2001, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Yi, I. and F.K. Stephan (1998). The effects of food deprivation, nutritive and non-nutritive feeding and wheel running on gastric stress ulcers in rats. Physiology and Behavior 63(2): 219-25. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: Feeding and housing conditions that induce gastric lesions were investigated. Rats were housed in activity wheels or in hanging cages and exposed to food deprivation, ad lib cellulose or 6 g of cellulose per day for 5 days. Food-deprived rats in both housing conditions had ulcers in the rumen but many rats also had mucosal ulcers. Cellulose prevented rumenal ulcers but produced a tendency toward more severe mucosal ulcers. Ulcers in wheel-housed rats were somewhat larger but the difference was not significant. In a second experiment, rats were fed 6 g/day laboratory chow or 6 g/day chow + ad lib cellulose until b.wt. reached a preset criterion. On the average, about 10 days on the feeding regimen were required to induce ulcers in these groups. None of the rats had rumenal ulcers. Mucosal ulcers were reliably larger in rats that received cellulose in addition to 6 g of chow. There was no difference in ulcer area between wheel-housed and cage-housed rats. The results indicate that solid bulk, regardless of its caloric value or amount, protects the nonglandular stomach whereas noncaloric bulk tends to aggravate ulcers in the glandular stomach. A small amount of chow delays the rate of b.wt. loss and consequently ulcer formation. Furthermore, wheel running is not necessary to produce mucosal ulcers when food intake is insufficient to maintain b.wt. and b.wt. at sacrifice seems to be a good predictor of ulcer formation.
Descriptors: cellulose administration and dosage, food deprivation physiology, motor activity physiology, stomach ulcer physiopathology, stress physiopathology, body weight physiology, diet, energy intake, rats, Sprague Dawley rats.

York, J.J. and E.T. Clemens (1998). Casein, red meat and soyprotein effects on nutrient digestibility and the colonic microstructure of the laboratory rat. Nutrition Research 18(6): 1057-1066. ISSN: 0271-5317.
Abstract: Fifty white male rats were used to study the effects of varied protein source (i.e. casein, red meat or soyprotein) on the development and morphology of the rat's gastrointestinal tract. Laboratory rats appeared to take well to the meat base diet, consuming more of that diet during the early days of the study. There were, however, apparent diet adaptation periods for all experimental diets. After 15 days on the diets, rats fed the soyprotein had heavier stomach weights, and less colonic weight than the casein or meat-fed rats. Colonic morphology studies indicated the meat-fed rats had greater width of colonic crypts, and a lower surface area to mucosal volume ratio than casein or soyprotein-fed rats.
Descriptors: casein, meat, soybeans, plant protein, digestibility, intestines, stomach, weight, mucous membrane, ultrastructure, measurement, proteins, diet, experimentation, weight gain, body weight, dry matter content, rats, animal models, animal products, animal tissues, body parts, digestive system, epithelium, mammals, phosphoproteins, plant products, processed plant products, processed products, protein products, proteins, proximate composition, Rodentia, vegetables, small intestine, cecum, protein sources.

Zanutto, B.S. and J.E.R. Staddon (2001). Feeding dynamics: how rats regulate eating when food is unavailable for unpredictable amounts of time. Society for NeuroScience Abstracts 27(2): 2515. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: rats, feeding dynamics, eating, food unavailable, free feeding, unpredictable amounts, effects.
Notes: Meeting Information: 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15, 2001, San Diego, California, USA.

Zanutto, B.S. and J.E.R. Staddon (1998). Feeding dynamics: how rats regulate eating within and between meals. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24(1-2): 194. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: rats, eating, meals, feeding, dynamics, regulate.
Notes: Meeting Information: 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 1, November 7-12, 1998, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Zeni, S., S. Di Gregorio, A. Weisstaub, M. Portela, and C. Mautalen (1999). Comparative bone changes during pregnancy and lactation in rats feeding different calcium content diets. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 14(Supplement 1): S393.
Descriptors: rat, bone changes, pregnancy, diets, calcium content, lactation, comparison.
Notes: Meeting Information: Twenty First Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, September 30-October 4, 1999, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Zwicker, G.M., J.D. Fikes, J.D. Thurman, B.A. Rogers, T.J. Bucci, A. Turturro, and R. Hart (1998). Survival, body weight, and neoplastic lesions in brown Norway and F1BNF rats. A lifetime study of the effects of ad libitum and dietary restriction feeding. Toxicologic Pathology 26(1): 169-170. ISSN: 0192-6233.
Descriptors: Norway rat, F1BNF rat, feeding, restriction, ad libitum, study, body weight, survival, neoplastic lesions, dietary.
Notes: Meeting Information: XVI International Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists.

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