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Noise/Lighting/Temperature/Humidity

Aggelopoulos, N.C. and H. Meissl (1999). The sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the rat to ultraviolet light. Journal of Physiology (Cambridge) 518(1): 106-107. ISSN: 0022-3751.
Descriptors: rat, ultraviolet light, sensitivity, retinal ganglia cells.
Notes: Meeting Information: Scientific Meeting of the Physiological Society, April 19-21, 1999, London, England, UK.

Aguas, A.P., N. Esaguy, N. Grande, A.P. Castro, and N.A.A. Castelo Branco (1999). Effect low frequency noise exposure on BALB/c mice splenic lymphocytes. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 70(3, Section 2): A128-A131.
Descriptors: noise, low frequency, BALB c mice, effect, splenic lymphocytes.

Ajarem, J. and M. Ahmad (2003). Effect of temperature on the behavioural activities of male mice. Dirasat Pure Sciences 30(1): 59-65. ISSN: 1560-456x.
Abstract: The effect of external thermal stress on the behavioural activities and on the tube restraint test was studied on male albino mice. The mice were subjected to 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 degrees C, for 24 h considering 22 degrees C as the control temperature. Thereafter, the various observations were made inside a chamber at the specifically mentioned temperature. The locomotory activities including the numbers of squares crossed, rears, wall rears, and washes had direct correlations with thermal stresses. These activities decreased at lower and increased at higher temperatures. Moreover, these activities had a correlation with the observations on the locomotory and immobility durations. Locomotory and immobility durations were directly and inversely related to temperature, respectively. The animals in the tube restraint test also showed a direct correlation between the number of bites and temperature. These observations were discussed in light of the fact that behaviour was remarkably a sensitive mechanism in the regulation of body temperature. The possible role of such behavioural activities in a quest to maintain normothermia by the animal was discussed.
Descriptors: animal behavior, body temperature, heat stress, locomotion, temperature, mice, normothermia.
Language of Text: Arabic summary.

Akita, M., M. Kuwahara, R. Nishibata, H. Mikami, and H. Tsubone (2004). The daily pattern of heart rate, body temperature, locomotor activity, and autonomic nervous activity in congenitally bronchial-hypersensitive (BHS) and bronchial-hyposensitive (BHR) guinea pigs. Experimental Animals (Tokyo) 53(2): 121-127. ISSN: 1341-1357.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, bronchial hypersensitive, daily pattern, heart rate, body temperature, locomotor activity, autonomic nervous activity.

Akoev, G.N., I.L. Potekhina, V.N. Zinkin, M.S. Nikolaevich, S.N. Sergeev, and D.I. Yanik (2000). Effects of a pulsing noise on the mechanoreceptors of rat. Sensornye Sistemy 14(3): 180-184. ISSN: 0235-0092.
Descriptors: white rats, pulsing noise, effects, mechanoreceptors, sciatic nerve, afferent impulse activity, ischiadic nerve, changes, impulse activity.

Alemayehu, A., L. Breen, and M. Printz (2003). Genetic determinants of circadian variation in body temperature, heart rate, and locomotor activity in recombinant inbred rat strains. FASEB Journal 17: 4-5 (Abstract No. 336.10). ISSN: 0892-6638.
Online: http://www.fasebj.org/
Descriptors: inbred rat strains, circadian variation, heart rate, body temperature, locomotor activity, genetic determinants.
Notes: Meeting Information: FASEB Meeting on Experimental Biology: Translating the Genome, San Diego, CA, USA, 2003.

Alexandridou, A., J. Sall, E. Hernandez, K.G. Csaky, and S.W. Cousins (2000). Susceptibility of mice to basal laminar deposit (BLD) formation: role of aging and blue light exposure. IOVS 41(4): S160.
Descriptors: mice, aging, blue light exposure, basal laminar deposit formation, susceptibility.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association in Vision and Opthalmology, April 30-May 05, 2000, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Alfaro, A., M. Martinez, V. Medran, M. Aviles, and E. Fernandez (1998). Light-evoked changes of protein kinase c immunoreactivity in the rat retina. IOVS 39(4): S564.
Descriptors: rat, retina, light evoked changes, protein kinase c, immunoreactivity.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Anderson, L.E., J.E. Morris, L.B. Sasser, and R.G. Stevens (1999). Effect of constant light on DMBA mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Cancer Letters 148(2): 121-126.
Descriptors: constant light, effect, DMBA, mammary tumorigenesis, rats.

Andrews, J.F. and S.M. Mcbennett (1999). Thermoneutral temperature of Aston strain ob/ob mice acclimated to warm (30 degree) v. cold (20 degree) environments. Symposium on Functionality of Nutrients and Behaviour, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Amiens, France, Vol. 58(3), p. 76A.
Descriptors: ob-ob mice, acclimated warm, Aston strain, thermoneutral temperature vs. cold environment.

Arai, J., T. Kikuchi, N. Katai, H. Shibuki, and N. Yoshimura (1999). Apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells in the mice after excessive light exposure. IOVS 40(4): 4.
Descriptors: mice, light exposure, excessive, cells, retinal, apoptosis, photoreceptor.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 9-14, 1999, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Arai, S., T. Hanaya, T. Sakurai, M. Ikeda, and M. Kurimoto (2005). A novel phenomenon predicting the entry into a state of hibernation in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 67(2): 215-217. ISSN: 0916-7250.
Abstract: When Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are bred in a cold and short-day environment, most animals go into hibernation after a certain period of time. However, to date it has not been possible to predict which hamster will enter hibernation. In this study, we subcutaneously implanted thermo-loggers in hamsters bred in the cold environment, and recorded the subcutaneous temperature at short intervals until they went into hibernation. A time series analysis of temperature disclosed that a fall of 0.4 to 0.8degreeC in subcutaneous temperature was seen 5 to 16 days before entering hibernation, and this phenomenon continued for three days or more. No hamster went into the hibernation without displaying this signal. Although the mechanism by which this phenomenon takes place is not clear, it is a sign from the body, which is useful for indicating if a hamster will enter hibernation shortly.
Descriptors: neural coordination, reproduction, telemetry, applied and field techniques, thermal recording implant, prosthetic, time series analysis, mathematical and computer techniques, breeding season, environmental temperature, hibernation, subcutaneous temperature, thermoregulation.

Archana, R. and A. Namasivayam (2000). Acute noise-induced alterations in the immune status of albino rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 44(1): 105-108. ISSN: 0019-5499.
Descriptors: rats, albino, immune status, noise, acute, induced alterations.

Arvanitogiannis, A. and S. Amir (1999). Resetting the rat circadian clock by ultra-short light flashes. NeuroScience Letters 261(3): 159-162. ISSN: 0304-3940.
Descriptors: rat, circadian clock, resetting, light flashes.

Attias, J., I. Bresloff, H. Haupt, F. Scheibe, and H. Ising (2003). Preventing noise induced otoacoustic emission loss by increasing magnesium (Mg2+) intake in guinea-pigs. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 14(2): 119-136. ISSN: 0792-6855.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, otoacoustic emission loss, induced, preventing, magnesium increase, intake, outer hair cells.

Augusteyn, R.C. (1998). The effect of light deprivation on the mouse lens. Experimental Eye Research 66(5): 669-674. ISSN: 0014-4835.
Descriptors: light, deprivation, effect, mouse, lens.

Bae, K. and D.R. Weaver (2003). Light-induced phase shifts in mice lacking mPER1 or mPER2. Journal of Biological Rhythms 18(2): 123-133. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Abstract: Three homologues of the Drosophila Period gene have been identified in mammals. In mice, these three genes (mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3) have distinct roles in the circadian clockwork. While products of mPer1 and mPer2 play important roles in the maintenance of circadian rhythmicity, mPer3 gene products are dispensable for rhythmicity. Several studies also implicate mPER1 and mPER2 in transduction of photic information to the core circadian clockwork. The phase-shifting effects of light were examined in mPER1-deficient and mPER2-deficient mice using T cycle paradigms, in which mice received 1 h of light per day at an interval of T hours. To assess phase delays, repeated exposure to 1 h of light per day at T=24 was used. To assess phase advances, exposure to 1-h light pulses at T=22-h intervals was used. The degeneration of rhythmicity in the mutant mice prevented assessment of a response in most cases. Nevertheless, clear examples of phase delays and phase advances were observed in both mPer1 and mPer2 mutant mice. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that mPER1 and mPER2 play necessary and nonoverlapping roles in mediating the effects of light on the circadian clock.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm, genes, light, mutants, mice.

Baldwin, A.L. and L.M. Wilson (1999). Effects of noise on mesenteric permeability in the rat. FASEB Journal 13(4, Part 1): A1. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: noise, effects, rat, permeability, mesenteric.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists for Experimental Biology 99, Washington, D.C., USA.

Bao, G., N. Metreveli, and E.C. Fletcher (1999). Acute and chronic blood pressure response to recurrent acoustic arousal in rats. American Journal of Hypertension 12(5): 504-10. ISSN: 0895-7061.
Abstract: Repetitive episodic hypoxia every 30 sec administered chronically to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats has been shown by previous studies to cause a sustained increase in daytime blood pressure (BP). Acoustic arousal in humans during wake or sleep produces an acute BP rise. The question then arises as to whether chronic episodic acoustic arousal applied with the same frequency and duration as episodic hypoxia induces elevated BP. We exposed 14-week-old (N = 10) SD rats in individual cages to recurrent buzzer noise (500 Hz, 100 dB) 6 out of every 30 sec, 7 h/day for 35 days. Ten other rats were placed in similar cages daily but not exposed to noise, to provide a sham condition. An infrared beam with a detector was positioned at the end of each cage. This allowed us to quantify motion by registering the number of times the rat broke the beam per 7 h period. Mean intraarterial BP was measured in unrestrained conscious animals at baseline and at the end of 35 days of their respective conditions. Acute episodic acoustic stimulation caused an immediate response in BP and heart rate. Habituation occurred in that the movement response to 120 noises per hour was 75% in hour one and 20% in hours two through seven on day one. The movement response was further reduced by day 35 but remained significantly higher than in animals not stimulated by noise. The cardiovascular response to noise also showed signs of habituation. Chronic noise stimulation produced no sustained increases in BP after 35 days of exposure.
Descriptors: arousal physiology, blood pressure physiology, circadian rhythm physiology, acoustic stimulation, anoxia physiopathology, heart rate physiology, movement physiology, noise, Sprague Dawley rats.

Bao, Y.X., W.G. Du, Z. Lin, B.Y. Hu, B.R. Chi, and X.D. Chen (2001). Effect of temperature on energy requirement and food assimilation in Chinese white-bellied rat (Niviventer confucianus). Acta Zoologica Sinica 47(5): 597-600. ISSN: 0001-7302.
Descriptors: Chinese white-bellied rat, energy requirements, food assimilation, temperature, effect, metabolism, nutrition, energy requirement, temperature effects.

Baturin, D.A., I.N. Alimova, I.G. Popovich, M.A. Zabezhinsky, A.V. Semenchenko, A.L. Yashin, and V.N. Anisimov (2004). Effect of light deprivation on homeostasis, life span and development of spontaneous tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. Voprosy Onkologii (St. Petersburg) 50(3): 332-338. ISSN: 0507-3758.
Descriptors: transgenic mice, light deprivation, effect, life span, development, spontaneous tumors, feed intake, decreased body mass.

Bauer, C.A., L.A. Herr, and T.J. Brozoski (1998). Behavioral evidence of chronic tinnitus in rats with unilateral noise trauma. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24(1-2): 1634. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: noise, trauma, tinnitus, rats, behavioral, evidence.
Notes: Meeting Information: 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 2, November 7-12, 1998, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Beck, B., S. Richy, and A. Stricker Krongrad (2003). Ghrelin and body weight regulation in the obese Zucker rat in relation to feeding state and dark/light cycle. Experimental Biology and Medicine 228(10): 1124-1131. ISSN: 1535-3702.
Abstract: Ghrelin is a new orexigenic peptide primarily produced by the stomach but also present in the hypothalamus. It has adipogenic effects when it is chronically injected in rodents but in obese humans, its plasma concentration is decreased. It can reverse the anorectic effects of leptin when it is co-injected with this peptide in the brain ventricles. The Zucker fa/fa rat is a genetic model of obesity related to a default in the leptin receptor. It is characterized by a large dysregulation of numerous hypothalamic peptides but the ghrelin status of this rat has not yet been determined. Through several experiments, we determine in lean and obese Zucker rats its circulating form in the plasma, its tissue levels and/or expression, and studied the influence of different feeding conditions and its light/dark variations. Ghrelin expression was higher in the obese stomach and hypothalamus (P<0.05 and P<0.02, respectively). The ratio of [Octanoyl-Ser3]-ghrelin (active form) to [Des-Octanoyl-Ser3]-ghrelin (inactive form) was approximately 1:1 in the stomach and 2:1 in the plasma in lean and obese rats (no differences). After fasting, plasma ghrelin concentrations increased significantly in lean (+64%; P<0.001) and obese (+60%; P<0.02) rats. After 24 hours of refeeding, they returned to their initial ad lib levels. Ghrelin concentrations were higher in obese rats by 69% (P<0.005), 65% (P<0.02), and 73% (P<0.005) in the ad libitum, fast, and refed states respectively. These results indicate that the obese Zucker rat is characterized by increases in the stomach mRNA expression and in peptide release in the circulation. They clearly support a role for ghrelin in the development of obesity in the absence of leptin signaling.
Descriptors: animal models, body weight, laboratory animals, leptin, obesity, peptides, stomach, rats.

Belke, D.D., L.C. Wang, and G.D. Lopaschuk (1997). Effects of hypothermia on energy metabolism in rat and Richardson's ground squirrel hearts. Journal of Applied Physiology 82(4): 1210-8. ISSN: 8750-7587.
Abstract: Glycolysis, glucose oxidation, palmitate oxidation, and cardiac function were measured in isolated working hearts from ground squirrels and rats subjected to a hypothermia-rewarming protocol. Hearts were perfused initially for 30 min at 37 degrees C, followed by 2 h of hypothermic perfusion at 15 degrees C, after which hearts were rewarmed to 37 degrees C and further perfused for 30 min. Functional recovery in ground squirrel hearts was greater than in rat hearts after rewarming. Hypothermia-rewarming had a similar general effect on the various metabolic pathways in both species. Despite these similarities, total energy substrate metabolic rates were greater in rat than ground squirrel hearts during hypothermia despite a lower level of work being performed by the rat hearts, indicating that rat hearts are less efficient than ground squirrel hearts during hypothermia. After rewarming, energy substrate metabolism recovered completely in both species, although cardiac work remained depressed in rat hearts. The difference in functional recovery between rat and ground squirrel hearts after rewarming cannot be explained by general differences in energy substrate metabolism during hypothermia or after rewarming.
Descriptors: energy metabolism physiology, heart physiology, hypothermia metabolism, myocardium metabolism, Sciuridae metabolism, body temperature physiology, fatty acids metabolism, glucose metabolism, glycolysis physiology, myocardial contraction physiology, oxidation reduction, rats, Sprague Dawley rats, rewarming, species specificity, triglycerides metabolism.

Benca, R.M., M.A. Gilliland, and W.H. Obermeyer (1998). Effects of lighting conditions on sleep and wakefulness in albino Lewis and pigmented brown Norway rats. Sleep (Rochester) 21(5): 451-460. ISSN: 0161-8105.
Descriptors: rats, brown Norway, albino Lewis, sleep, wakefulness, lighting conditions, effects, light-dark, sleep patterns, pigmented.

Benstaali, C., A. Bogdan, and Y. Touitou (2002). Effect of a short photoperiod on circadian rhythms of body temperature and motor activity in old rats. Pfluegers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 444(1-2): 73-79. ISSN: 0031-6768.
Descriptors: old rats, short photoperiod, effect, circadian rhythms, body temperature, motor activity, young, light-dark cycle.

Benstaali, C., A. Mailloux, A. Bogdan, A. Auzeby, and Y. Touitou (2001). Circadian rhythms of body temperature and motor activity in rodents: their relationships with the light-dark cycle. Life Sciences 68(24): 2645-2656. ISSN: 0024-3205.
Abstract: A review which summarizes the results of the influence, shifts and modifications of the light-dark cycle on the circadian rhythms of body temperature and locomotor activity in rodents throughout the daily cycle is presented. A very close temporal and metabolic relation was found between these 2 functions.
Descriptors: adaptation, body temperature, circadian rhythm, locomotion, reviews, rodents.

Bertin, R., F. De Marco, and R. Portet (1997). Effects of fasting and refeeding on energetic metabolism of cold acclimated rats. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 105(5): 511-515. ISSN: 1381-3455.
Descriptors: cold acclimated rats, fasting, refeeding, energetic metabolism, effects, adipose tissue, weights, thermogenesis.

Bhatkal, S., G. Sundaresan, R. Mathur, B. Bhattacharya, and U. Sachdeva (2001). Short term REM sleep deprivation effect on temperature rhythm of rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 45(2): 208-214. ISSN: 0019-5499.
Descriptors: rats, REM sleep deprivation, short term, temperature rhythm, effect, body temperature, circadian rhythm, sleep pattern.

Bijlsma, P.B., M.T.M. Van Raaij, C.J.G. Dobbe, A. Timmerman, A.J. Kiliaan, J.A.J.M. Taminiau, and J.A. Groot (2001). Subchronic mild noise stress increases HRP permeability in rat small intestine in vitro. Physiology and Behavior 73(1-2): 43-49. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: rat, subchronic mild noise, stress, small intestine, permeability, HRP, intestinal barrier function, decreased.

Binda, M.M., C.R. Molinas, K. Mailova, and P.R. Koninckx (2004). Effect of temperature upon adhesion formation in a laparoscopic mouse model. Human Reproduction (Oxford) 19(11): 2626-2632. ISSN: 0268-1161.
Descriptors: mouse model, laparoscopic surgery, temperature, adhesion formation, prevention, hypoxia, pneumoperitoneum.

Bishop, B., G. Silva, J. Krasney, H. Nakano, A. Roberts, G. Farkas, D. Rifkin, and D. Shucard (2001). Ambient temperature modulates hypoxic-induced changes in rat body temperature and activity differentially. American Journal of Physiology 280(4, Part 2): R1190-R1196. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: rat, ambient temperature, activity level, body temperature, circadian rhythm, hyperthermia, hypothermia, hypoxia, brain.

Bishop, B.P., A. Roberts, J. Augustin, A. Ray, D.I. Rifkin, and J.A. Krasney (2002). Hypoxic-induced thermal response in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to constant light. FASEB Journal 16(4): A450. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: Sprauge Dawley rats, constant light, thermal response, hypoxia, body temperature, circadian rhythm, induced thermal stress.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology, April 20-24, 2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

Blanchong, J.A., T.L. McElhinny, M.M. Mahoney, and L. Smale (1999). Nocturnal and diurnal rhythms in the unstriped Nile rat, Arvicanthis niloticus. Journal of Biological Rhythms 14(5): 364-77. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Abstract: In a laboratory population of unstriped Nile grass rats, Arvicanthis niloticus, individuals with two distinctly different patterns of wheel-running exist. One is diurnal and the other is relatively nocturnal. In the first experiment, the authors found that these patterns are strongly influenced by parentage and by sex. Specifically, offspring of two nocturnal parents were significantly more likely to express a nocturnal pattern of wheel-running than were offspring of diurnal parents, and more females than males were nocturnal. In the second experiment, the authors found that diurnal and nocturnal wheel-runners were indistinguishable with respect to the timing of postpartum mating, which always occurred in the hours before lights-on. Here they also found that both juvenile and adult A. niloticus exhibited diurnal patterns of general activity when housed without a wheel, even if they exhibited nocturnal activity when housed with a wheel. In the third experiment, the authors discovered that adult female A. niloticus with nocturnal patterns of wheel-running were also nocturnal with respect to general activity and core body temperature when a running wheel was available, but they were diurnal when the running wheel was removed. Finally, a field study revealed that all A. niloticus were almost exclusively diurnal in their natural habitat. Together these results suggest that individuals of this species are fundamentally diurnal but that access to a running wheel shifts some individuals to a nocturnal pattern.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm genetics, circadian rhythm physiology, Muridae physiology, body temperature physiology, copulation physiology, environment, motor activity physiology, Muridae genetics, sex characteristics, time factors.

Bogdanenko, E.V., Y.V. Sviridov, V.V. Galat, and R.I. Zhdanov (1999). [Day ovulations in NMRI mice at natural light-dark cycle]. Baltic Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 9(1): 5-9. ISSN: 1407-0944.
Abstract: In the 1st of 2 experiments, female mice were mated during the day (from 10.50 to 16.50 h) or at night. The females were slaughtered on day 19 of pregnancy. In the 2nd experiment, females were mated from 09.30 to 18.45 h, and were subsequently slaughtered. In the 1st experiment, the number of live fetuses per female averaged 11.4+or-1.4 and 10.9+or-2.5 in the day- and night-mated groups respectively, the preimplantation mortality in the 2 groups being 10.5+or-2.8 and 17.8+or-2.9%. For the 2nd experiment, data are tabulated on the numbers of follicles and corpora lutea in the right and left ovaries of females mated at different times during the day, and autopsied at different intervals thereafter.
Descriptors: mating, time, ovulation, pregnancy rate, embryo mortality, mice.
Language of Text: Russian with an English summary.

Bonaventura, L.R. and M.T. Romero (2000). Effects of light pulses on ultrasonic vocalization in the neonatal rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 26(1-2): Abstract No. 76.31. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: neonatal rats, ultrasonic vocalization, light pulses, effect, stressful stimuli, environmental light, behavioral response.
Notes: Meeting Information: 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 4-9, 2000, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Boulant, J.A. and A.R. Chow (1998). Mechanisms of temperature sensitivity in rat hypothalamic neurons. FASEB Journal 12(4): A120. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: rat, hypothalamic neurons, temperature sensitivity, nervous system, mechanisms.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 98, Part 1, April 18-22, 1998, San Francisco, California, USA.

Bowers, F., K. Valter, and J. Stone (1998). Dual rescue effect of oxygen on light induced photoreceptor death in the rat. IOVS 39(4): S127.
Descriptors: rat, photoreceptor death, light induced, oxygen effect, rescue, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Briaud, S.A., B.L. Zhang, and F. Sannajust (2004). Continuous light exposure and sympathectomy suppress circadian rhythm of blood pressure in rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9(2): 97-105. ISSN: 1074-2484.
Descriptors: rats, blood pressure, circadian rhythm, continuous light exposure, heart rate, locmotor activity, suppression.

Briese, E. (1998). Normal body temperature of rats: the setpoint controversy. NeuroScience and Biobehavioral Reviews 22(3): 427-436. ISSN: 0149-7634.
Descriptors: rats, normal body temperature, set point, controversy, thermoregulation, circadian rhythm.

Brown, D.R., A.R. Patwardhan, L.V. Brown, R.O. Speakman, and D.C. Randall (2002). Effects of an 8:8 hour light:dark cycle on the blood pressure and heart rate power spectra in rat. FASEB Journal 16(4): A110. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: rat, blood pressure, heart rate, 8:8 hour light-dark cycle, effects, circadian rhythm.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology, April 20-24, 2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

Busch, E.M., T.G. Gorgels, and D. Van Norren (1999). Temporal sequence of changes in rat retina after UV-A and blue light exposure. Vision Research 39(7): 1233-1247. ISSN: 0042-6989.
Descriptors: rat, retina, UV-A, blue light, exposure, changes, temporal, sequence.

Bustamante, D.M., R.F. Nespolo, E.L. Rezende, and F. Bozinovic (2002). Dynamic thermal balance in the leaf-eared mouse: the interplay among ambient temperature, body size, and behavior. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 75(4): 396-404. ISSN: 1522-2152.
Descriptors: leaf-eared mouse, thermal balance, ambient temperature, body size, behavior, thermoregulation, huddling, thermoneutrality.

Buzadzic, B., D. Blagojevic, B. Korac, Z.S. Saicic, M.B. Spasic, and V.M. Petrovic (1997). Seasonal variation in the antioxidant defense system of the brain of the ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) and response to low temperature compared with rat. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 117(2): 141-9. ISSN: 1367-8280.
Abstract: Seasonal variation in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1.; SOD), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6; CAT), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2; GR), glutathione-S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18; GST) and low-molecular-weight antioxidants: ascorbic acid (AsA), vitamin E (VIT E) and glutathione (CSH+GSSG) were examined in the brain of the ground squirrels (Citellus citellus) maintained at 30 degrees C during the whole year. The highest activity (per mg protein) of antioxidant defense (AD) enzymes was found in the spring and was much lower in the summer. A further decrease in activity of CAT, GSH-Px and GST was observed in the winter. The highest levels of AsA and glutathione were recorded in winter in comparison with spring and summer. AD system in the brain of the ground squirrel and rates (maintained at thermoneutrality) exposed to low temperature (4 degrees C) for 3, 6 or 24 hr during the summer was studied as well. Summer was chosen as a period of stable euthermia for ground squirrels and in thermoregulation similar to rats. Consumption of free fatty acid and glucose during the acute exposure to low temperature was found to be species specific. In the ground squirrel, an increase in the specific activities of SOD, after 3, 6 and 24 hr, CAT after 3 and 6 hr and GR after 6 hr of exposure to low temperature was detected. When activities were expressed in U/g wet mass, an increase of SOD after 3, 6 and 24 hr (P < 0.02, P < 0.02, P < 0.005) and CAT and GSH-Px 3 hr (P < 0.01) upon exposure to low temperature was observed. In the rats, no changes in the specific activities of these enzymes after exposure to low temperature were recorded and only an increase in GST activity (U/g wet mass) after 6 hr exposure was registered. Low-molecular-weight AD components in both animal species were unchanged upon short-term exposure to low temperature. The species-specific differences in brain AD between the rats and the ground squirrels after short exposure to low temperature may be ascribed to seasonal changes of the brain activity in the latter.
Descriptors: rat, ground squirrel, seasonal variation, antioxident defense system, brain, temperature.

Caldwell, H.K. and H.E. Albers (2004). Effect of photoperiod on vasopressin-induced aggression in Syrian hamsters. Hormones and Behavior 46(4): 444-9. ISSN: 0018-506X.
Abstract: Syrian hamsters are photoperiodic and become sexually quiescent when exposed to short "winter-like" photoperiods. In short photoperiods, male hamsters display significantly higher levels of aggression than males housed in long photoperiods. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) within the anterior hypothalamus (AH) has been reported to modulate aggression in hamsters housed in long photoperiods. Previous studies have shown that AVP can facilitate aggression and its effects appear to be mediated by AVP V(1a) receptors (V(1a)R). In the present study, we investigated whether the increased levels of aggression observed after exposure to short photoperiod were the result of an increased responsiveness to AVP within the AH. Injections of AVP into the AH significantly increased aggression in hamsters housed in a long photoperiod, but had no effect in hamsters housed in a short photoperiod. In addition, injection of a V(1a)R antagonist into the AH significantly inhibited aggression in hamsters housed in long photoperiod, but had no effect in hamsters housed in a short photoperiod. These findings indicate that AVP within the AH increases aggression in hamsters housed in long photoperiods, but not in hamsters housed in short photoperiods.
Descriptors: Syrian hamsters, aggression physiology, argipressin analogs, derivatives, physiology, hypothalamus physiology, photoperiod, argipressin administration and dosage, hamsters, hormone antagonists pharmacology, hypothalamus drug effects, mesocricetus, microinjections, receptors, vasopressin antagonists and inhibitors.

Callahan, M.F., M. Sosa, B. Mckee, and T.L. Smith (2004). Regional blood flow in mice: effects of core body temperature. FASEB Journal 18: 4-5 (Abst. 855.16). ISSN: 0892-6638.
Online: http://www.fasebj.org/
Descriptors: mice, regional blood flow, core body temperature, effects, lowered core temperature, rewarming, heart rate, cardiac output.
Notes: Meeting Information: FASEB Meeting on Experimental Biology: Translating the Genome, April 17-21, 2004, Washington, D.C., USA.

Cambras, T., J. Vilaplana, A. Torres, M.M. Canal, N. Casmitjana, A. Campuzano, and A. Diez-Noguera (1998). Constant bright light (LL) during lactation in rats prevents arhythmicity due to LL. Physiology and Behavior 63(5): 875-882. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: rats, constant bright light, lactation, prevents, arhythmicity, circadian system, light-dark cycles, motor activity, female, male.

Campuzano, A., T. Cambras, J. Vilaplana, M.M. Canal, M. Carulla, and A. Diez Noguera (1999). Period length of the light-dark cycle influences the growth rate and food intake in mice. Physiology and Behavior 67(5): 791-797. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The growth rate and the food intake of mice (7 groups of 20 animals each) kept under symmetric light dark (LD) cycles with different periods (T) of 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 h, respectively, for 80 days were studied. The mice were then kept in constant darkness for a further 80 days. Throughout the experiment, motor activity was recorded every 15 min for each mouse by means of an acti meter that used crossed infrared beams. Several variables related to the circadian motor activity rhythm were calculated, and correlated with body weight, food intake, and the efficiency of food for growth (food efficiency) calculated as: 100x body weight increase/amount of food intake. Results show that these three variables seem to be influenced by the number of circadian cycles that the animal has experienced, but also, and more significantly, by the degree to which the alpha phase of the individual rhythm and the dark phase of the external cycle coincide. Therefore, circadian rhythms would seem to affect the physiological processes that regulate growth and energy expenditure.
Descriptors: food intake, body weight, circadian rhythm, energy consumption, intake, energy metabolism, energy exchange, growth, mice.

Canal Corretger, M.M., T. Cambras, and A. Diez Noguera (2003). Effect of light during lactation on the phasic and tonic responses of the rat pacemaker. Chronobiology International 20(1): 21-36. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Abstract: The circadian system in mammals generates endogenous circadian rhythms and entrains them to external cycles. Here, we examine whether the lighting conditions under which rats are reared affect the properties of the circadian pacemaker. We maintained three groups of rats under constant darkness (DD-rats), constant bright light (LL-rats) or light-dark cycles of 24 hours (LD-rats) during lactation. We then studied motor activity rhythm under constant light of four intensities, and under seven light-dark cycles with periods ranging between 22 and 27 hours. Results show that neither the tau nor the phase angle to the external cycle differed between groups. Differences were found in the amplitude of the circadian rhythm and in the number of rats that became arrhythmic under LL. We conclude that the light received during lactation affects the strength of the circadian pacemaker and its sensitivity to light.
Descriptors: rats, circadian rhythm, lactation, light, photoperiod, photosensitivity, constant bright light, constant darkness, light-dark cycles.

Canal Corretger, M.M., T. Cambras, J. Vilaplana, and A. Diez Noguera (2003). The manifestation of the motor activity circadian rhythm of blinded rats depends on the lighting conditions during lactation. Chronobiology International 20(3): 441-450. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of different lighting conditions during lactation on the functioning of the circadian pacemaker in the adult rat in absence of the retinal input. We reared one group of rats under constant light (LL-rats) and the other under constant darkness (DD-rats). After weaning they were placed under light-dark cycles of 24 h period for 29 days to eliminate the aftereffects of the previous lighting. All the animals were then binocularly enucleated and motor activity was recorded. Results reveal that, before and after the enucleation, the expression of the circadian rhythm was stronger in DD- than in the LL-rats. Our results indicate that lighting conditions during lactation modify the functioning of the circadian pacemaker.
Descriptors: blindness, circadian rhythm, lactation, light relations, locomotion, rats.

Canal Corretger, M.M., T. Cambras, J. Vilaplana, and A. Diez Noguera (2000). Bright light during lactation alters the functioning of the circadian system of adult rats. American Journal of Physiology 278(1, Part 2): R201-R208. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: To examine the role of light in the maturation of the circadian pacemaker, 12 groups of rats were raised in different conditions of exposure to constant bright light (LL) during lactation: duration and timing of LL were varied. the motor activity rhythm of the rats was studied after weaning, first under LL and then under constant darkness (DD). In DD, 2 light pulses (at circadian time 15 (CT15) and CT22) were applied to test the response of the pacemaker. Greater exposure to LL days during lactation increased the number of rhythmic rats and the amplitude of their motor activity rhythm in the LL stage and decreased the phase delay due to the light pulse at CT15. The timing of LL during lactation affected these variables too. Because the response of the adult to light depended on the number and timing of LL days during lactation, the exposure to light during the early stages may influence the development of the circadian system by modifying it structurally or functionally.
Descriptors: lactation, maturation, circadian rhythm, light, dark, lactation stage, adults, rats.

Canal, C.M.M., J. Vilaplana, T. Cambras, and N.A. Diez (2001). Effect of light on the development of the circadian rhythm of motor activity in the mouse. Chronobiology International 18(4): 683-696. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Descriptors: mouse, development, circadian rhythm, motor activity, light, effect, constant light, constant darkness, phase shifts.

Canal, C.M.M., J. Vilaplana, T. Cambras, and A. Diez-Noguera (2001). Functioning of the rat circadian system is modified by light applied in critical postnatal days. American Journal of Physiology 280(4, Part 2): R1023-R1030. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: rat, circadian system, biological clock, circadian rhythm, light, critical postnatal days, light pulse, light sensitivity, exposure, motor activity.

Caputa, M., K. Dokladny, and B. Kurowicka (1998). Behavioral approach to the study of the upper limit of temperature tolerance in rats. Physiology and Behavior 65(1): 183-189. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: rats, temperature tolerance, upper limit, behavior, critical thermal maximum, heat escape, motor activity.

Carper, D.A., V.R. Leverenz, and F.J. Giblin (1999). Differential display analysis of guinea pig lenses exposed to UVA light in vivo. IOVS 40(4): S381.
Descriptors: UVA light, guinea pig, lenses, in vivo, exposed, analysis, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 30-May 05, 2000, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Challet, E., S. Losee Olson, and F.W. Turek (1999). Reduced glucose availability attenuates circadian responses to light in mice. American Journal of Physiology 276(4, Part 2): R1063-R1070. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: We tested whether circadian responses to light are modulated by decreased glucose availability, by photic phase resetting of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in mice exposed to 4 metabolic challenges. In mice housed in constant darkness, light pulses applied during early subjective night induced phase delays of the rhythm of locomotor activity, whereas light pulses applied during late subjective night caused phase advances. We concluded that circadian responses to light are reduced when brain glucose availability is decreased, suggesting a metabolic modulation of light-induced phase shifts.
Descriptors: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, insulin, circadian rhythm.

Challet, E., V.J. Poirel, A. Malan, and P. Pevet (2003). Light exposure during daytime modulates expression of Per1 and Per2 clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of mice. Journal of NeuroScience Research 72(5): 629-637. ISSN: 0360-4012.
Abstract: The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus contain the master circadian clock in mammals. Nocturnal light pulses that reset the circadian clock also lead to rapid increases in levels of Per1 and Per2 mRNA in the SCN, suggesting that these genes are involved in the synchronization to light. During the day, when light has no phase-shifting effects in nocturnal rodents, the consequences of light exposure for Per expression have been less thoroughly studied. Therefore, the effects of light exposure during the day were assessed on Per1 and Per2 mRNA in the SCN of mice. Expression of Per1 and Per2 was generally increased by 30-min light pulses during the subjective day, with more pronounced effects in the morning. One exception was noted for a transient decrease in Per2 expression after a short light pulse applied at midday. Prolonged light exposure (up to 3 hr) starting at midday markedly increased Per2 expression but not that of Per1. Moreover, the amplitude of the daily variations of both Per and the duration of Per1 peak was increased in mice exposed to a light-dark cycle compared with those transferred to constant darkness. Finally, the amplitude of the daily variations of both Per and the basal level of Per1 were increased in mice under a light-dark cycle compared with animals synchronized to a skeleton photoperiod (i.e., with daily dawn and dusk 1-hr exposures to light). Taken together, the results indicate that prolonged light exposure during daytime positively modulates daily levels of Per1 and Per2 mRNA in the SCN of mice.
Descriptors: animal behavior, brain, circadian rhythm, daylight, gene expression, genes, genetics, messenger RNA, nocturnal activity, photoperiodism, mice.

Challet, E., A. Malan, F.W. Turek, and O. Van Reeth (2004). Daily variations of blood glucose, acid-base state and pCO2 in rats: effect of light exposure. NeuroScience Letters 355(1-2): 131-135. ISSN: 0304-3940.
Descriptors: rats, blood glucose, acid-base state, daily variations, light exposure, effects, circadian clock, pCO2, constant darkness, light exposure, retinal inputs.

Challet, E., B. Pitrosky, B. Sicard, A. Malan, and P. Pevet (2002). Circadian organization in a diurnal rodent, Arvicanthis ansorgei Thomas 1910: chronotypes, responses to constant lighting conditions, and photoperiodic changes. Journal of Biological Rhythms 17(1): 52-64. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Descriptors: rodent, diurnal, circadian organization, daily patterns, constant lighting, photoperiodic changes, Arvicanthis ansorgei, wheel running.

Challet, E., O. Van Reeth, and F.W. Turek (1999). Altered circadian responses to light in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. American Journal of Physiology 277(2, Part 1): E232-E237. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: circadian response, altered, light, streptozotocin, diabetic mice.

Chambers, J.B., T.D. Williams, R.P. Henderson, J.M. Overton, and M.E. Rashotte (2000). Changes in cardiovascular and metabolic status induced by thermoneutrality and cold ambient temperature in normotensive rats. FASEB Journal 14(4): A321. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: rats, normotensive, cardiovascular changes, metabolic status, induced, thermoneutrality, cold, ambient temperature.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of Professional Research Scientists: Experimental Biology, April 15-18, 2000, San Diego, California, USA.

Chambers, M.L., D. Organisciak, R. Darrow, K. Woltjen, A. Aggarwal, J. Stepczynski, and P. Wong (1998). Defining the degeneration phenotype of light-induced, oxidative stress-mediated, retinal damage in rats. IOVS 39(4): S128.
Descriptors: rats, retinal damage, oxidative stress mediated, light induced, degeneration phenotype, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Chan, M.L., H.J. Vreman, R.J. Wong, B.W.Y. Yong, and D.K. Stevenson (1999). In vivo efficacy of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source for phototherapy in neonatal jaundiced rats. Journal of Investigative Medicine 47(2): 56A.
Descriptors: rats, jaundiced, phototherapy, light emitting diodes, efficacy, neonatal, light source.
Notes: Meeting Information: Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research, January 27-30, 1999, Carmel, California, USA.

Chappell, M.A., T. Garland Jr., E.L. Rezende, and F.R. Gomes (2004). Voluntary running in deer mice: speed, distance, energy costs and temperature effects. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(22): 3839-3854. ISSN: 0022-0949.
Descriptors: deer mice, voluntary running, speed, distance, energy costs, temperature effects, metabolism, energetics, locomotion.

Chen, G.D. and L.D. Fechter (2003). The relationship between noise-induced hearing loss and hair cell loss in rats. Hearing Research 177(1-2): 81-90. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: rats, noise induced hearing loss, hair cell loss, relationship, high frequency, dead hair cells, impaired hair cells.

Chen, J., M.I. Simon, M.T. Matthes, D. Yasumura, and M.M. Lavail (1999). Increased susceptibility to light damage in an arrestin knockout mouse model of Oguchi disease (stationary night blindness). IOVS 40(12): 2978-2982.
Descriptors: light damage, susceptibility, knockout mouse, Oguchi disease, arrestin, night blindness.

Chen, L., W. Wu, T. Dentchev, Y. Zeng, J. Wang, I. Tsui, J.W. Tobias, J. Bennett, D. Baldwin, and J.L. Dunaief (2004). Light damage induced changes in mouse retinal gene expression. Experimental Eye Research 79(2): 239-247. ISSN: 0014-4835.
Descriptors: mouse, retina, gene expression, light damage, retinal degeneration, oxidative stress, photo-oxidative stress.

Cho, Y., T.W.L. Gong, A. Kanicki, R.A. Altschuler, and M.I. Lomax (2004). Noise overstimulation induces immediate early genes in the rat cochlea. Molecular Brain Research 130(1-2): 134-148. ISSN: 0169-328X.
Descriptors: rat, noise, overstimulation, cochlea, genes, permanent hearing loss, threshold shift, high intensity.

Christians, E.S. and I.J. Benjamin (2005). The stress or heat shock (HS) response: insights from transgenic mouse models. Methods (San Diego) 35(2): 170-5. ISSN: 1046-2023.
Abstract: Since its discovery, stress or heat shock (HS) response has been widely studied as a paradigm for gene regulation. From control of gene expression to function and involvement in pathological processes, different aspects of the stress response have received extended attention and investigation by various approaches, using small analyzing molecules, cells and organisms. This chapter is focused on animal models, such as transgenic mice that allow integrated analysis of intact organisms in physiological and pathological conditions. Genetically modified mice, developed to generate gain- and loss-of-function, are described. The challenges of using the transgenic mouse model are also discussed.
Descriptors: gene expression regulation, heat shock proteins physiology, transgenic mice, DNA metabolism, animal disease models, reporter genes, heat, heat shock proteins 70 metabolism, mice, knockout mice, protein conformation, protein folding, temperature, transgenes.

Chung, Y., A. Kanicki, and R.A. Altschuler (2002). Noise overstimulation induces changes in growth hormone levels in the rat cochlea. Society for NeuroScience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner: Abstract No. 58.13.
Online: http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=abstracts_ampublications
Descriptors: rat, noise overstimulation, stress, chochlea, hair cells, growth hormone levels, change, auditory nerve.
Notes: Meeting Information: 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 02-07, 2002, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Cooper, R.M. (2002). Diffuse light increases metabolic activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex, and superior colliculus of the cone-dominated ground squirrel visual system. Vision Research 42(27): 2899-2907. ISSN: 0042-6989.
Descriptors: ground squirrel, metabolic activity, diffuse light, increases, visual cortex, superior colliculus, visual system.

Craik, S.A., N.N. Neumann, D.W. Smith and M. Belosevic (2002). Effect of ultraviolet light on Giardia muris cysts in drinking water determined by loss of infectivity in mice. In: B.E. Olson, M.E. Olson and P.M. Wallis (Editors), Giardia: the Cosmopolitan Parasite, CABI Publishing: New York, NY, p. 249-259.
Descriptors: cysts developmental stages, disease models, drinking water, experimental infection, infectivity, mathematical models, ultraviolet radiation, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Giardia muris, mice.

Croson, W.B., W.S. Hunter, R. Sivanesan, and A. Bartke (1998). Reduced core temperature in Ames dwarf mice. FASEB Journal 12(4): A120. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: Ames dwarf mice, core temperature, reduced, physiology, aging, thermoregulation.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 98, Part 1, April 18-22, 1998, San Francisco, California, USA.

Cutrera, R., M. Pedemonte, G. Vanini, D.P. Cardinali, and R.A. Velluti (1998). Auditory deprivation modifies biological rhythms in the Syrian hamster. Journal of Sleep Research 7(Supplement 2): 55. ISSN: 0962-1105.
Descriptors: Syrian hamster, auditory deprivation, biological rhythms, modifies.
Notes: Meeting Information: 14th Congress of the European Sleep Research Society, September 9-12, 1998, Madrid, Spain.

Cvijic, G., V. Janic Sibalic, M. Demajo, A. Karakasevic, V.M. Petrovic, and O.K. Ivanisevic Milovanovic (1997). The effects of continuous light and darkness on the activity of monoamine oxidase A and B in the hypothalamus, ovaries and uterus of rats. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 85(3): 269-276.
Descriptors: light, darkness, continuous, effects, uterus, ovaries, rats, monamine oxidase, hypothalamus.

Daly, G.H., J.M. Dileonardo, N.R. Balkema, and G.W. Balkema (2004). The relationship between ambient lighting conditions, absolute dark-adapted thresholds, and rhodopsin in black and hypopigmented mice. Visual Neuroscience 21(6): 925-934. ISSN: 0952-5238.
Abstract: Significant variation in absolute dark-adapted thresholds is observed both within and between strains of mice with differing ocular pigmentation levels. Differences in threshold within a single strain are related to the Williams' photostasis effect, that is. photoreceptor rhodopsin levels are dependent upon ambient lighting conditions. To examine threshold differences among, strains, we equalized rhodopsin levels by maintaining albino mice (C2J/C2J) at 2 X 10-4 cd/m2 (dim light) and black mice at 2 X 102 cd/m2 (bright light). This resulted ill ocular rhodopsin levels for albino mice (albino-dim) of 494 +/- 11 pmoles/eye and rhodopsin levels for black mice (black-bright) of 506 +/- 25 pmoles/eye. For comparison, rhodopsin levels in black mice maintained in dim light are 586 +/- 46 pmoles/eye and 2 17 +/- 46 pinoles/eye in albino mice maintained in bright light. We found similar dark-adapted thresholds (6.-18 log cd/m2 vs. 6.47 log cd/m2) in albino and black mice with equivalent rhodopsin determined with a water maze test. This suggests that dark-adapted thresholds are directly related to rhodopsin levels regardless of the level of ocular melanin. The number of photoreceptors, photoreceptor layer thickness, and outer segment length did not differ significantly between albino (dark) and black mice (bright). These results demonstrate that the visual sensitivity defect found in hypopigmented animals is secondary to abnormal rhodopsin regulation and that hypopigmented animals have either, in improper input to the photostasis mechanism or that the photostasis mechanism is defective.
Descriptors: sensory reception, water maze test, laboratory techniques, absolute dark adapted thresholds, ambient lighting conditions, visual thresholds.

Danciger, M., J.E. Lyon, D.M. Worrill, J. Lem, C. Grimm, A. Wenzel, and C.E. Reme (2003). Chromosomal loci of alleles that protect the mouse retina from light-induced damage. American Journal of Human Genetics 73(5): 530. ISSN: 0002-9297.
Descriptors: mouse, retina, light induced damage, chromosomal loci, alleles, protect.
Notes: Meeting Information: 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics, November 04-08, 2003, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Danciger, M., T. Rickabaugh, M.T. Matthes, D. Yasumura, M.M. Lavail, and D.B. Farber (1999). Quantitative trait loci in the mouse influence the severity of light damage. IOVS 40(4): S595.
Descriptors: light damage, mouse, trait loci, quantitative, influence, severity, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 9-14, 1999, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Dark, J. and D.R. Miller (1997). Metabolic fuel privation in hibernating and awake ground squirrels. Physiology and Behavior 63(1): 59-65. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The nature of metabolic fuel utilization during hibernation and periodic arousal is not completely understood. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and mercaptoacetate (MA) were administered to hibernating ground squirrels. These drugs disrupt glucose and fatty acid oxidation, respectively. Telemetrically recorded body temperature (Tb) was analyzed to determine rate of rewarming from hibernation, duration of euthermia during periodic arousal, and proportion of animals arousing after treatments. 2DG given during hibernation significantly increased latency to regain euthermia, especially during the initial phase of rewarming (from first Tb > 10 degrees C to first Tb > 15 degrees C), without affecting the duration or other features of the ensuing euthermic period; MA did not affect rate of rewarming. MA treatment during hibernation affected thermoregulation after the animals aroused, including an increased duration of euthermia and maintenance of erratic patterns of Tb. The percentage of animals that aroused from hibernation was increased in a dose-dependent fashion by each drug. 2DG and MA treatments had little or no impact on nonhibernating ground squirrels in the cold. We suggest that glucose oxidation is important for rewarming from deep torpor; limited glucose availability cannot, however, support normal levels of euthermia when fatty acid oxidation is compromised. On the other hand, fatty acid oxidation may be less necessary for normal arousal from torpor, but critical for the maintenance of euthermia during the arousal phase.
Descriptors: ground squirrels, metabolic fuel, hibernating, awake, privation, arousal, drugs, thermoregulation.

Dauchy, R.T., L.A. Sauer, D.E. Blask, and G.M. Vaughan (1997). Light contamination during the dark phase in "photoperiodically controlled" animal rooms: effect on tumor growth and metabolism in rats. Laboratory Animal Science 47(5): 511-518. ISSN: 0023-6764.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 P94
Abstract: Enhanced neoplastic growth and metabolism have been reported in animals maintained in constant light (24L:0D) environment. Results from this laboratory indicate that tumor growth is directly dependent upon increased ambient blood concentrations of arachidonic and linoleic acids, particularly linoleic acid. Tumor linoleic acid utilization and production if its putative mitogenic metabolite, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), are suppressed by the circadian neurohormone melatonin, the production of which is itself regulated by light in all mammals. This study was performed to determine whether minimal light contamination (0.2 lux) in an animal room during an otherwise normal dark phase may disrupt normal circadian production of melatonin and affect tumor growth and metabolism. Animals of groups I (12L:12D), II (12L:12-h light-contaminated dark phase), and III (24L:0D) had plasma total fatty acid (TFA), linoleic acid (LA), and melatonin concentrations measured prior to tumor implantation; groups I and II had daily cycles in plasma TFA and LA values, whereas group III had constant values throughout the day. The integrated mean TFA and LA values for the entire day were similar in all groups. Although group-I animals had a normal nocturnal surge of melatonin (127.0 pg/ml) at 2400 h, the nocturnal amplitude was suppressed in group-II animals (16.0 pg/ml); circadian variation in melatonin concentration was not seen in group-III animals (7.4 pg/ml). At 12 weeks of age, rats had the Morris hepatoma 7288CTC implanted as "tissue-isolated" tumors grown subcutaneously. Latency to onset of palpable tumor mass for groups I, II, and III was 11, 9, and 5 days respectively. Tumor growth rates were 0.72 +/- 0.09, 1.30 +/- 0.15, and 1.48 +/- 0.17 g/d (mean +/- SD, n = 6/group) in groups I, II, and III respectively. Arteriovenous difference measurements for TFA and LA across the tumors were 4.22 +/- 0.89 and 0.83 +/- 0.18 (group I), 8.26 +/- 0.66 and 1.64 +/- 0.13 (group II).
Descriptors: rats, neoplasms, biological rhythms, melatonin, light regimes, blood plasma, blood lipids, linoleic acid, metabolites, darkness, acids, blood, blood composition, environmental control, environmental factors, fatty acids, heterocyclic compounds, hormones, indoles, lighting, mammals, organic acids, organic diseases, Rodentia, unsaturated fatty acids, scotoperiod, circadian rhythm.

Davis, R.R., M.L. Cheever, E.F. Krieg, and L.C. Erway (1999). Quantitative measure of genetic differences in susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss in two strains of mice. Hearing Research 134(1-4): 9-15. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: noise induced, hearing loss, mice, genetic differences, susceptibility, quantitative measure.

Davis, R.R., J.K. Newlander, X.B. Ling, G.A. Cortopassi, E.F. Krieg, and L.C. Erway (2001). Genetic basis for susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss in mice. Hearing Research 155(1-2): 82-90. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: mice, hearing loss, noise induced, genetic susceptibility, inbred strains, age related hearing loss, permanent threshold shift.

Daymude, J.A. and R. Refinetti (1999). Phase-shifting effects of single and multiple light pulses in the golden hamster. Biological Rhythm Research 30(2): 202-215. ISSN: 0929-1016.
Descriptors: hamster, light pulses, single, multiple, phase shifting, effects.

De Jesus, R. and Z. Quintero (2001). Influencia de diferentes niveles de intensidad de la luz sobre algunos parametros reproductivos en ratones NMRI. [Influence of different levels of light intensity on some reproductive parameters in NMRI mice]. Revista Cientifica, Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Del Zulia 11(5): 403-407. ISSN: 0798-2259.
Abstract: In the Animal House at Los Andes University, Merida, Venezuela, an experiment was run to determine if differences in light intensity levels found along shelves where reproductive mice are kept has any influence on reproductive parameters such as: birthing intervals, litter size at birth, number of young weaned, and fertility levels (percentages). The study was carried out utilizing the NMRI mice that had been in reproduction in this biological facility since 1995. Forty mating pairs that mated monogamously from this genetic block were used. The animals were maintained at an environmental temperature of 22+or-3 degrees C and a relative humidity of 75+or-5% with a lighting cycle of 10:14 h (light:dark). They were fed a commercial food concentrate (Super S brand) and water ad libitum. The artificial light used was fluorescent (40Wx8 tubes/room in sets of two tubes). The rack of study shelves was situated under one of the sets of tubes. The light intensity was measured by placing light-meters in each shelf box with no animals present but with litter boxes, food grates and water sources, in the same positions as when animals are present. ANOVA showed a significant difference (P<0,05) in the intensities of light measured. With regard to reproductive parameters studied, significant differences were observed (P<0,05) at different light levels. The results indicated that reproductive parameters are significantly affected by variation in light intensity.
Descriptors: environmental factors, fluorescent light, light intensity, reproduction, reproductive performance, mice.
Language of Text: Spanish with an English summary.

De Sousa Pereira, A., A.P. Aguas, N.R. Grande, J. Mirones, E. Monteiro, and N.A.A. Castelo Branco (1999). The effect of chronic exposure to low frequency noise on rat tracheal epithelia. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 70(3, Section 2): A86-A90.
Descriptors: rat, exposure, low frequency noise, chronic, effect, tracheal epithelia.

De Sousa Pereira, A., N.R. Grande, E. Monteiro, M.S.N. Castelo Branco, and N.A.A. Castelo Branco (1999). Morphofunctional study of rat pleural mesothelial cells exposed to low frequency noise. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 70(3, Section 2): A78-A85.
Descriptors: low frequency noise, exposed, pleural mesothelial cells, morphfunctional study.

Debow, S. and F. Colbourne (2003). Brain temperature measurement and regulation in awake and freely moving rodents. Methods (Orlando) 30(2): 167-171. ISSN: 1046-2023.
Descriptors: rodents, free moving, brain temperature, regulation, measurement, awake, ischemic brain injury, hyperthermia, models.

Decoursey, P.J., S. Pius, C. Sandlin, D. Wethey, and J. Schull (1998). Relationship of circadian temperature and activity rhythms in two rodent species. Physiology and Behavior 65(3): 457-463. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: rodent species, activity rhythms, circadian temperatures, relationship.

Demas, G.E. and R.J. Nelson (1998). Photoperiod, ambient temperature, and food availability interact to affect reproductive and immune function in adult male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Journal of Biological Rhythms 13(3): 253-262. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Descriptors: deer mice, adult, male, ambient temperature, photoperiod, food availability, reproductive, immune, function, affect, energy availability.

Devarajan, K. and B. Rusak (2004). Oxytocin levels in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of male rats: effects of circadian phase, light and stress. NeuroScience Letters 367(2): 144-147. ISSN: 0304-3940.
Descriptors: rats, male, oxytocin levels, plasma, cerebral spinal fluid, light, stress, circadian phase, effects, social behavior, reproduction.

Deveci, D. and S. Egginton (2002). The effects of reduced temperature and photoperiod on body composition in hibernator and non-hibernator rodents. Journal of Thermal Biology 27(6): 467-478. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Abstract: We examined the differential change in body composition in response to a gradual reduction in both environmental temperature and photoperiod to mimic seasonal fluctuations in the wild (summer-winter transition), from ambient to 5 degrees C and 1:23 light:dark for 8 weeks. In contrast to acute cold exposure used in previous studies, cold-acclimated rats showed an initial increase in growth rate relative to normothermic controls, possibly due to cold-stimulated hyperphagia. In hamsters, maintenance of growth rate during initial cold exposure reflects the intrinsic high oxidative capacity, while subsequent cessation of growth is consistent with the preparation for hibernation. Cold-induced atrophy of skeletal muscles coincided with increased capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) associated with a greater mass of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cardiac hypertrophy may compensate for an increase in total peripheral resistance and/or work load of the heart in both species (40 and 20%, respectively), while hypertrophy of the lungs (20 and 40%) and diaphragm muscle (7 and 40%) was consistent with increased ventilation associated with a cold-induced increase in basal metabolic rate. Gonadal atrophy in hamsters (160%) may be an energy saving strategy during the nonreproductive season, while maintenance of other endocrine gland masses (thyroid, adrenal, pineal) reflects the continued importance of hormonal regulation of homeostasis. The interspecific differences appear to accommodate the increased demands of shivering thermogenesis (skeletal muscle hypertrophy) or NST (BAT, diaphragm) in rats and hamsters, respectively. Those systems representing cardiovascular and metabolic control completed their adaptation quickly (within 4-week cold acclimation), while the respiratory and reproductive systems continued to respond to a further 4-week exposure. This differential time course may reflect the relative strength of selection pressure on these systems for the process of cold acclimation.
Descriptors: acclimatization, atrophy, body composition, environmental temperature, growth rate, hibernation, hyperphagia, hypertrophy, photoperiod, seasonal variation, selection pressure, stress, stress response, hamsters, rats, rodents.

Drazen, D.L., L.J. Kriegsfeld, and R.J. Nelson (1999). Effects of photoperiod, temperature, and torpor on immune function in Siberian hamsters. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25(1-2): 1189. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: photoperiod, temperature, torpor, hamsters, immune function, effects.
Notes: Meeting Information: 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 23-28, 1999, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Drela, N., E. Kozlowska, P. Szczypiorski, K. Izdebska Szymona, and A. Eberhardt (1999). Laser light irradiation effect on mouse thymocytes and spleen lymphocytes. Central European Journal of Immunology 24(1): 36-43.
Descriptors: laser light, irradiation, mouse, thymocytes, spleen lymphocytes, effect.

Ducommun, P., P.A. Rueux, A. Kadouri, U. Von Stockar, and I.W. Marison (2002). Monitoring of temperature effects on animal cell metabolism in a packed bed process. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 77(7): 838-842. ISSN: 0006-3592.
NAL Call Number: 381 J8224
Abstract: Animal cell (Chinese Hamster Ovary) concentration was determined on-line in a packed bed process using dielectric spectroscopy. This enabled the evaluation of the effect of temperature on specific metabolic rates during 3 months of continuous culture. The effect of low cultivation temperature on cell growth and metabolism was monitored, and the data were used for process development. At 37 degrees C cells grew exponentially with a specific growth rate of 0.038 d-1 and specific glucose uptake and lactate production rates increased continually. Reduction of the temperature to 33.5 degrees C resulted in a lowering of these metabolic rates while having no effect on cell proliferation. Subsequent reduction of the temperature to 32 degrees C resulted in stabilization of the cell concentration at a high density (3.6 x 10(7) cell per mL of packed bed). In addition, the specific production rate of the protein of interest increased by a factor of 6 compared to the value at 37 degrees C. During the stationary phase at 32 degrees C, all other specific metabolic rates could be controlled to low and constant levels.
Descriptors: animal cell, hamster, ovary, temperature, effect, concentration, metabolic rates.

Dudley, V.J., N. Vidula, M. Kuzmanovic, and V. Sarthy (2003). Changes in glutamate transporter expression following light damage to mouse retina. ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract Search and Program Planner: Abstract No. 2269.
Descriptors: mouse, retina, light damage, glutamate transporter, changes, photoreceptor degeneration, constant light exposure.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 04-08, 2003, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.

Eifler, M.A. and N.A. Slade (1998). Activity patterns in relation to body mass and ambient temperature among overwintering cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(4): 668-672. ISSN: 0008-4301.
Abstract:
Descriptors: cotton rats, ambient temperature, body mass, activity patterns, over wintering, Kansas.

Emmerich, E., F. Richter, U. Reinhold, V. Linss, and W. Linss (2000). Effects of industrial noise exposure on distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and hair cell loss of the cochlea: long term experiments in awake guinea pigs. Hearing Research 148(1-2): 9-17. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, industrial noise exposure, otoacoustic emissions, hair cell loss, cochlea, continuous industrial noise, impulse noise.

Emmerich, E., F. Richter, W. Meissner, and H.G. Dieroff (2000). The effect of impulse noise exposure on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the awake guinea pig. European Archives of Oto Rhino Laryngology 257(3): 128-132. ISSN: 0937-4477.
Descriptors: impulse noise exposure, effect, otoacoustic emissions distortion, awake guinea pigs.

Feoktistova, N.Y. and I.G. Meschersky (2005). Seasonal changes in desert hamster Phodopus roborovskii breeding activity. Acta Zoologica Sinica 51(1): 1-6. ISSN: 0001-7302.
Abstract: Data on desert hamster Phodopus roborovskii winter activity and seasonal patterns of reproduction are scarce. During 9 years we maintain a colony of desert hamsters under natural temperature and light regimes. These natural conditions suggest that the data on breeding activity may be in a good accordance with that in the wild. None of observed animals showed signs of torpor or hibernation in winter - even at about 40 degrees C below zero. The first peak of breeding (2.4 litters born per 10 pairs and 3.5 pups per litter in average) occurs in April and the second one (2.9 - 2.6 litters per 10 pairs and 3.9 - 3.6 pups per litter in average) in June - July. In autumn and early winter, the intensity of breeding declines to 0.1 - 0.4 litters per 10 pairs but does not cease completely. All adult males have visible testes and all adult females have opened vaginas entries through the year. The averaged males' plasma level of testosterone, being maximal in summer, declines in autumn and early winter, but single hamsters keep their testosterone high even under shortest photoperiod and during cold months. In spring, average testosterone level significantly increases but does not reach summer values.
Descriptors: behavior, endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, reproductive system, reproduction, seasonal change, winter activity, breeding activity.

Field, R.B., R.S. Redman, A.M. Calloway, and W.J. Goldberg (1999). Effect of 24 hours light on circadian rhythms of secretory enzymes and morphology of rat Von Ebner's glands. Archives of Oral Biology 44(11): 953-960.
Descriptors: light, 24 hours, circadian rhythms, secretory enzymes, morphology, Von Ebner's glands, rat.

Florez Duquet, M., E.D. Peloso, and E. Satinoff (1999). Circadian rhythms of selected and body temperature in young and old rats in a thermal gradient. FASEB Journal 13(5, Part 2): A744. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: temperature, circadian rhythms, rats, young, old, thermal gradient.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 99, April 17-21, 1999, Washington, D.C., USA.

Florez Duquet, M., E.D. Peloso, and E. Satinoff (1998). Ambient temperature and fever in young and old rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24(1-2): 367. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: ambient temperature, rats, young, old, fever.
Notes: Meeting Information: 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 1, November 7-12, 1998, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Foden, N.D., G. Lees, and R.M. Jones (1998). Effects of temperature and isoflurane GABAA receptor function in cultured rat neurones: contribution to reduced anaesthetic requirement. British Journal of Anaesthesia 80(4): 547. ISSN: 0007-0912.
Descriptors: rat neruones, temperature, isoflurane, effects, GABAA receptor function, anesthetic.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Anaesthetic Research Society, November 20-22, 1997, London, England, UK.

Foster, R.G. and C. Helfrich Forster (2001). The regulation of circadian clocks by light in fruitflies and mice. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 356(1415): 1779-1789. ISSN: 0962-8436.
Abstract: A circadian clock has no survival value unless biological time is adjusted (entrained) to local time and, for most organisms, the profound changes in the light environment provide the local time signal (zeitgeber). Over 24 h, the amount of light, its spectral composition and its direction change in a systematic way. In theory, all of these features could be used for entrainment, but each would be subject to considerable variation or 'noise'. Despite this high degree of environmental noise, entrained organisms show remarkable precision in their daily activities. Thus, the photosensory task of entrainment is likely to be very complex, but fundamentally similar for all organisms. To test this hypothesis, we compare the photoreceptors that mediate entrainment in both flies and mice, and assess their degree of convergence. Although superficially different, both organisms use specialized (employing novel photopigments) and complex (using multiple photopigments) photoreceptor mechanisms. We conclude that this multiplicity of photic inputs, in highly divergent organisms, must relate to the complex sensory task of using light as a zeitgeber.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm, light, photoreceptors, pigments, reviews, Diptera, mice.

Freire Santos, F., A.M. Oteiza Lopez, C.A. Vergara Castiblanco, and M.E. Ares Mazas (1999). Effect of salinity, temperature and storage time on mouse experimental infection by Cryptosporidium parvum. Veterinary Parasitology 87(1): 1-7. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call Number: SF810.V4
Descriptors: Cryptosporidium parvum, mice, cryptosporidiosis, experimental infections, oocysts, infectivity, pathogenicity, environmental factors, salinity, temperature, storage, duration, factorial analysis.

Frenzilli, G., P. Lenzi, V. Scarcelli, F. Fornai, A. Pellegrini, P. Soldani, A. Paparelli, and M. Nigro (2004). Effects of loud noise exposure on DNA integrity in rat adrenal gland. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(17): 1671-1672. ISSN: 0091-6765.
Descriptors: rat, adrenal gland, loud noise exposure, effects, DNA integrity, cellular damage, environmental stressor, acoustic effects.

Funk, D. and S. Amir (1999). Conditioned fear attenuates light-induced suppression of melatonin release in rats. Physiology and Behavior 67(4): 623-626. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: rats, conditioned fear, attenuates, light induced suppression, melatonin release.

Gantebein, M., L. Attolini, and B. Bruguerolle (1998). Nicorandil affects diurnal rhythms of body temperature, heart rate and locomotor activity in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 346(2-3): 125-130. ISSN: 0014-2999.
Descriptors: rats, body temperature, heart rate, locomotor activity, diurnal rhythms, nicorandil, affects, surgery.

Garcia Allegue, R., P. Lax, A.M. Madariaga, and J.A. Madrid (1999). Locomotor and feeding activity rhythms in a light-entrained diurnal rodent, Octodon degus. American Journal of Physiology 277(2): R523-R531. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: The wheel running (WR) and feeding activity (FA) of Octodon degus, a new laboratory rodent characterized by its diurnal habits, were recorded under different lighting conditions. Under 12:12-h light-dark (LD 12:12) cycles, WR activity exhibited a crepuscular pattern with 2 peaks, M and E, associated with "dawn" and "dusk", respectively. In both cases, an anticipatory activity was patent, suggesting that, beside the masking effect of LD transitions, both peaks have an endogenous origin. This pattern, which was also observed under a skeleton photoperiod (LD 0.5:11.5), became unimodal after LD 0.5:23.5 and constant darkness (DD) exposure. Simultaneously, FA showed an arrhythmic pattern in most animals, especially under DD, when none of the animals exhibited a significant circadian rhythm. The existence of 2 groups of oscillators, or 2 oscillators, would explain most properties of the WR rhythms noted in this species. It is concluded that the degu's temporal feeding strategy seems mainly arrhythmic, whereas its WR pattern is driven by a strongly circadian bimodal rhythm.
Descriptors: feeding, circadian rhythm, photoperiod, feeding behavior, laboratory animals.

Gautier, H. (2000). Body temperature regulation in the rat. Journal of Thermal Biology 25(4): 273-279. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: rat, body temperature regulation, respiratory heat dissipation, breathing pattern, cold, heat, heat loss index, metabolic rate, ventilation.

Gebczynski, A.K. and J.R.E. Taylor (2004). Daily variation of body temperature, locomotor activity and maximum nonshivering thermogenesis in two species of small rodents. Journal of Thermal Biology 29(2): 123-131. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: small rodents, daily variation, body temperature, locomotor activity, nonshivering, thermogenesis, circadian rhythms.

Genin, F. and M. Perret (2003). Daily hypothermia in captive grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus): effects of photoperiod and food restriction. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 136B(1): 71-81. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Abstract: The grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a small nocturnal primate exhibiting daily torpor. In constant ambient temperature (22-24 (degree)C), body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity were monitored by telemetry in animals exposed to short (SP: 10 h light/day) or long (LP: 14 light/day) photoperiods. They were first fed ad libitum for 8 days and then subjected to 80% restricted feeding for 8 more days. During ad libitum feeding, locomotor activity was significantly lower in SP-exposed animals than in LP-exposed animals. Whatever the photoperiod, animals entered daily hypothermia within the first hours following the light onset. Depth of daily hypothermia increased irregularly under SP exposure, whereas minimal daily Tb was constantly above 35 (degree)C under LP exposure. After the transfer from long photoperiod to short photoperiod corresponding to the induction of seasonal fattening, locomotor activity and depth of controlled daily hypothermia did not change significantly. In contrast, food restriction led to a significant increase in locomotor activity and in frequency of daily torpor (Tb<33 (degree)C) and body temperature reached minimum values averaging 25 (degree)C. However, SP-exposed animals exhibited lower minimal daily Tb and higher torpor duration than LP exposed animals. Therefore, daily torpor appears as a rapid response to food restriction occurring whatever the photoperiod, although enhanced by short photoperiod.
Descriptors: seasonal variation, locomotion, body temperature.

Gesi, M., F. Fornai, P. Lenzi, G. Natale, P. Soldani, and A. Paparelli (2001). Time-dependent changes in adrenal cortex ultrastructure and corticosterone levels after noise exposure in male rats. European Journal of Morphology 39(3): 129-135. ISSN: 0924-3860.
Descriptors: male rats, noise exposure, adrenal cortex, corticosterone levels, time dependent changes, stressful stimulus, endocrine dysfunctions.

Gesi, M., F. Fornai, P. Lenzi, P. Soldani, M. Ferrucci, and A. Paparelli (2000). Ultrastructural localization of calcium deposits in rat myocardium after loud noise exposure. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 32(4): 585-590. ISSN: 1122-9497.
Descriptors: rat, calcium deposits, myocardium, loud noise exposure, ultrastructural alterations, noise induced, morphological alterations.

Ghosh, D., S. Ghosh, S. Chattopadhyay, and J. Debnath (2000). Effect of noise exposure (85 DB) on testicular adrenocortical steroidogenic key enzymes, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities of sex organs in mature albino rats. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) 12(3): 286-289. ISSN: 1001-0742.
Descriptors: albino rats, noise exposure, effects, sex organs, reproductive system, reproduction, biochemical effects, reproductive effects, testicular, adrenocortical, activities.

Giblin, F.J., V.R. Leverenz, V.A. Padgaonkar, N.J. Unakar, L. Dang, L.R. Lin, M.F. Lou, V.N. Reddy, D. Borchman, and J.P. Dillon (2002). UVA light in vivo reaches the nucleus of the guinea pig lens and produces deleterious, oxidative effects. Experimental Eye Research 75(4): 445-458. ISSN: 0014-4835.
Descriptors: guinea pig, UVA light, lens, nucleous, effects, oxidative, ultraviolet light, harmful nature, cataract formation.

Godsil, B.P. and M.S. Fanselow (2001). Learned and unlearned fear reactions to bright light in the rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 27(1): 1400. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: rat, bright light, fear reactions, learned, unlearned, defensive, freezing, dark, sensory damage, reactions.
Notes: Meeting Information: 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15, 2001, San Diego, California, USA.

Godsil, B.R. and M.S. Fanselow (2004). Light stimulus change evokes an activity response in the rat. Learning and Behavior 32(3): 299-310. ISSN: 1543-4494.
Descriptors: rat, light changes, stimulus, activity response, bright light, fear, evoked defensive responses.

Goksoy, C. and R. Utkucal (2000). Binaural interaction component and white-noise enhancement in middle latency responses: differential effects of anaesthesia in guinea pigs. Experimental Brain Research 130(3): 410-414. ISSN: 0014-4819.
Descriptors: white noise, guinea pigs, latency, responses, anesthesia, effects.

Gordon, C.J. (2004). Effect of cage bedding on temperature regulation and metabolism of group-housed female mice. Comparative Medicine 54(1): 63-68. ISSN: 1532-0820.
NAL Call Number: SF77.C65
Abstract: Mice are generally housed in groups in cages lined with an absorbent bedding material at ambient temperature (Ta) of 20 to 24+C, which is comfortable for humans, but cool for mice. Little is known about the effects of bedding on thermoregulation of group-housed mice. To determine whether bedding material affects thermoregulatory stability, core temperature (Tc) and motor activity (MA) were monitored by use of radiotelemetry in female CD-1 mice housed in groups of four in a standard plastic cage at Ta of 23.5+C. Ten groups were tested using three types of bedding material: a deep layer of heat-treated wood shavings (DWS) that allowed mice to burrow, a thin layer of wood shavings (TWS) just covering the bottom of the cage floor, or a layer of beta chips (BC). Mice could not burrow in the TWS or BC. The Tc and MA were affected by bedding type and time of day. Mice housed with DWS maintained a significantly higher Tc (deltaTc = 1.0+C) during the day, compared with that in mice housed with TWS and BC. During the night, Tc and MA were high in all groups and there was no effect of bedding type on Tc or MA. Effect of bedding on metabolic rate (MR) was estimated by measuring oxygen consumption for six hours in groups of four mice at Ta of 23.5+C. The Tc was significantly reduced in mice housed on the TWS and BC, but MR was unaffected by bedding type. There was a trend for higher MR in mice on BC. Compared with use of other bedding materials, housing mice on DWS and comparable materials provides an environment to burrow, thus reducing heat loss. The effects of bedding material on temperature regulation may affect rodent health and well being. Moreover, bedding will affect variability in toxicologic and pharmacologic studies whenever an endpoint is dependent on body temperature.
Descriptors: laboratory animals, group housing, thermoregulation, litter bedding, ambient temperature, body temperature, mice, temperature regulation, housing, effect, female.

Gordon, C.J., P. Becker, and J.S. Ali (1998). Behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and group-housed mice. Physiology and Behavior 65(2): 255-62. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The ambient temperature (Ta) to house and study laboratory rodents is critical for nearly all biomedical studies. The ideal Ta for housing rodents and other animals should be based on their thermoregulatory requirements. However, fundamental information on the behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and group-housed rodents is meager. To address this issue, thermoregulatory behavior was assessed in individual and groups of CD-1 mice housed in a temperature gradient. Mice were housed in groups of five or individually while selected Ta and motor activity were monitored. Single- and group-housed mice displayed a circadian oscillation of selected Ta and motor activity with relatively warm T(a)s of approximately 29 degrees C selected during the light phase; during the dark phase selected Ta was reduced by 4 degrees C, whereas motor activity increased. Selected Ta of aged (11 months old) mice housed individually was approximately 1.0 degrees C warmer than the group-housed mice. Thermal preference of younger mice (2 months old) was similar for single- and group-housed animals. The operative Ta of mice housed in standard facilities was estimated by measuring the cooling rate of "phantom" mice modeled from aluminum cylinders. The results show that the typical housing conditions for single- and group-housed mice are cooler than their Ta for ideal thermal comfort.
Descriptors: behavior, animal physiology, body temperature regulation physiology, social isolation, aging physiology, circadian rhythm physiology, housing, animal, mice, motor activity physiology, temperature, time factors.

Gordon, C.J., Y. Yang, and S. Ramsdell (1998). Behavioral thermoregulatory response to maitotoxin in mice. Toxicon 36(10): 1341-1347. ISSN: 0041-0101.
NAL Call Number: 391.8 T66
Descriptors: mice, dinophyta, toxins, intraperitoneal injection, body temperature regulation, body temperature, animal behavior, air temperature, hypothermia, environmental temperature, thermoregulatory behavior, motor activity, core temperature.

Gordon, C.J., P. Becker, P. Killough, and B. Padnos (2000). Behavioral determination of the preferred foot pad temperature of the mouse. Journal of Thermal Biology 25(3): 211-219. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: mouse, foot pad, preferred temperature, behavioral determination.

Gordon, C.J., E.T. Puckett, and B.K. Padnos (2001). Noninvasive, continuous measurement of rat tail skin temperature by radiotelemetry. FASEB Journal 15(4): A418. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: rat, tail skin, temperature, noninvasive, monitoring, radiotelemetry, thermoregulatory status, stress, unrestrained.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology on Experimental Biology 2001, March 31-April 04, 2001, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Gorman, M.R., J.A. Elliott, and J.A. Evans (2003). Plasticity of hamster circadian entrainment patterns depends on light intensity. Chronobiology International 20(2): 233-48. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Abstract: The multiple oscillatory basis of the mammalian circadian pacemaker is adduced by, among other phenomena, the occurrence of split locomotor activity rhythms in rodents after prolonged exposure to constant light. More recently, split rhythms entrained to a 24h light:dark:light:dark cycle have been documented following scheduled access of hamsters to a novel running wheel or by photoperiod manipulations alone. Because the incidence of constant light-induced splitting depends on light intensity, the role of this variable was assessed in this new splitting paradigm. Male Syrian hamsters, entrained to a 14h light:10h dark cycle, were transferred to individual running wheel cages 7h after light onset. Transfer coincided with the beginning of the scotophase of a new photocycle alternating between 5h of relative dark and 7h of light. For four weeks bright photophases (approximately 350 lux) were alternated with either dim (< 0.1 lux) or completely dark (0 lux) scotophases. An additional group received moderate intensity photophases (approximately 45 lux) paired with dim scotophase illumination. For an additional four weeks, all hamsters were exposed to the same bright:dim light:dark cycle. Dim light in the scotophase significantly increased the incidence of split activity rhythms relative to that observed with completely dark scotophases. Overall wheel-running rates and activity induced by a cage change were also increased in dim light-exposed animals. Group differences largely disappeared four weeks later when hamsters previously maintained in completely dark scotophases were exposed to dim scotophases. Photophase light intensity did not affect the overall incidence of splitting, but influenced the timing of activity in the afternoon scotophase. The effects of dim illumination may be mediated in part via enhanced locomotor responses to transfer to a new cage or by changes in coupling interactions between component oscillators.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm physiology, circadian rhythm radiation effects, Mesocricetus physiology, hamsters, light, motor activity physiology, motor activity radiation effects, photoperiod.

Gorrand, J.M., J. Cluzel, S. Lelong, and M. Doly (2001). Retinal sensitivity and backscattering from rods in Long Evans rats subjected to damaging light. IOVS 42(4): S64.
Descriptors: Long Evans rats, retinal sensitivity, backscattering, rods, light damage, lighting, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 29-May 04, 2001, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Grande, N.R., A.P. Aguas, A. De Sousa Pereira, E. Monteiro, and N.A.A. Castelo Branco (1999). Morphological changes in rat lung parenchyma exposed to low frequency noise. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 70(3, Section 2): A70-A77.
Descriptors: low frequence noise, rat, lung parenchyma, morphological changes.

Grimm, C., A. Wenzel, F. Hafezi, and C.E. Reme (2000). Gene expression in the mouse retina: the effect of damaging light. Molecular Vision 6(34): 252-260. ISSN: 1090-0535.
Online: http://www.molvis.org/molvis/
Descriptors: mouse, retina, damaging light levels, effect, gene expression, photoreceptors, apoptotic cell death, retinal degeneration, light exposure.
Notes: Cited April 23, 2001.

Guenther, K., S. Hauptfleisch, and B. Lemmer (2003). Influence of a light pulse on peripheral clock gene expression in rats. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 367(Supplement 1): R90. ISSN: 0028-1298.
Descriptors: rats, peripheral clock gene expression, light pulse, influence.
Notes: Meeting Information: 44th Spring Meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie and the 20th Meeting of the Gesellschaft fuer Umwelt Mutationsforschung, March 17-20, 2003, Mainz, Germany.

Gunduz, B. (2002). Effects of photoperiod and temperature on growth and reproductive organ mass in adult male Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus. Turkish Journal of Biology 26(2): 77-82. ISSN: 1300-0152.
Abstract: Rates of growth and sexual maturation of Mongolian gerbils vary in response to photoperiod. Previous work has shown that the responses of the testes and body weight of juvenile and adult gerbils are influenced not only by the photoperiods but also by other factors. The present work sought to determine if Mongolian gerbils alter body mass, body composition and/or reproductive organ mass in response to different photoperiods and temperatures. Male Mongolian gerbils were raised under long (14 h Light) or short (10 h Light) photoperiods from 26 days of age. Photoperiods did not affect body mass and body length. Temperature affected body mass only under 10 h L with animals housed at 10 degrees C being significantly lighter than gerbils housed at 20 degrees C. Temperature did not affect the length of the body. Changes in body mass in response to photoperiod and/or temperature exposure were primarily due to the deposition or loss of fat-free dry mass and water. The mass of the reproductive organs (testes and seminal vesicles) was significantly decreased in gerbils housed under 10 h L. The mass of reproductive organs at 86 or 160 days of age was not affected by the temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that male Mongolian gerbils use photoperiodic information and temperature to change their body and reproductive organ mass.
Descriptors: body length, body mass index, growth rate, photoperiod, sexual maturity, temperature, testes, vesicular gland, water, gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus.
Language of Text: Turkish summary.

Gunduz, B. (2002). Daily rhythm in serum melatonin and leptin levels in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 132A(2): 393-401. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Melatonin is produced and secreted by the pineal gland in a rhythmic manner; circulating levels are high at night and low in the day. Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes as a product of the obese gene and plays an important role in regulating body energy homeostasis and reproductive function in rodents and humans. The present study was conducted to examine daily fluctuations in serum levels of melatonin and leptin in Syrian hamster. We measured serum leptin and melatonin levels by ELISA in (a) intact and pinealectomized (pinx) male hamsters kept under long daylight conditions [14 h of light (14L)]; (b) intact and pinx hamsters under short daylight (10L); and (c) intact hamsters in constant light (24L). Blood samples were obtained every 2 h throughout a 24-h period. Statistically significant circadian variations were found in both melatonin and leptin profiles. Their relationship was inverse, i.e. when melatonin was high in the serum, leptin was comparably low. These results suggest that there is a rhythm in leptin levels in the adult male Syrian hamster and this rhythm is pineal gland (melatonin) and/or photoperiod dependent.
Descriptors: photoperiod, hamster, melatonin, leptin, body temperature, circadian variations.

Guo, H., J. Mccormick, D. Wilkinson, Y. Wu, and J.P. Steiner (2003). Cyclophilin ligands protect against light-induced retinal degeneration in mice. Society for NeuroScience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner: Abstract No. 816.8.
Online: http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=abstracts_ampublications
Descriptors: mice, light induced retinal degeneration, cyclophilins ligands, protect, retinal photoreceptors, apoptosis.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 08-12, 2003, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Haim, A. (2001). Comparative body temperature daily rhythms in rodents: do they have an ecological significance? Chronobiology International 18(6): 1110-1111. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Descriptors: rodents, body temperature, daily rhythms, comparative, ecological significance.
Notes: Meeting Information: 25th Meeting of the International Society of Chronobiology, Kemer, Turkey.

Haim, A., R.J. Van Aarde, and N. Zisapel (1998). Body temperature daily rhythms in the striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio: the effects of alpha and beta blockade. Physiology and Behavior 63(5): 889-893. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: striped mouse, body temperature, daily rhythms, blockade, alpha, beta, light, dark, photoperiod, ambient temperature.

Hale, K.D., D.A. Weigent, D.K. Gauthier, R.N. Hiramoto, and V.K. Ghanta (2003). Cytokine and hormone profiles in mice subjected to handling combined with rectal temperature measurement stress and handling only stress. Life Sciences 72(13): 1495-1508. ISSN: 0024-3205.
Abstract: Stress is known to either up- or down-regulate immunity. In this study, mice were subjected to handling combined with rectal temperature measurement (RTM) stress or handling only stress. We investigated whether there were any significant differences in the effect of handling combined with RTM and handling only on NK cell activity, serum cytokine (IL-1 beta , IL-6, and TNF- alpha ) and ACTH and beta -endorphin levels, and splenic cytokine (IL-1 beta , IL-6, TNF- alpha , IFN- alpha , and IFN- beta ) levels. Circulating cytokines and hormones and splenic cytokine mRNA levels were measured in individual mice. NK cell activity was significantly increased in both stress groups when compared to the control group. Handling combined with RTM produced significantly increased serum levels of IL-1 beta , IL-6, and beta -endorphin. Serum IL-1 beta , ACTH, and beta -endorphin were elevated significantly in the handling only group. Splenic TNF alpha mRNA in both of the stress groups and IL-6 mRNA in handling only group decreased significantly. Our observations are supported by existing literature demonstrating that various stressors have differential effects on immune functions and the neuroendocrine hormones and cytokines, which regulate them.
Descriptors: body temperature, corticotropin, cytokines, endorphins, hormone secretion, hormones, immune system, immunological factors, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, natural killer cells, stress, tumour necrosis factor, mice.

Harris, R.B.S., J. Zhou, T. Mitchell, S. Hebert, and D.H. Ryan (2002). Rats fed only during the light period are resistant to stress-induced weight loss. Physiology and Behavior 76(4-5): 543-550. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: Repeated restraint stress (3 h/day for 3 days) causes a chronic down-regulation of body weight in rats. This study determined whether weight loss was influenced by the time of day that rats had access to food or that stress was applied. Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 40% kcal fat diet with food given ad libitum, only during the light phase or only during the dark phase. After 2 weeks of adaptation, rats within each feeding treatment were divided into four groups. One was exposed to repeated restraint at the start of the light phase, another was restrained at the start of the dark phase and the remaining groups were nonstressed controls for restrained rats. Body weight was significantly reduced in ad libitum- and dark-fed restrained rats, compared with nonstressed controls, from Day 2 of restraint, regardless of the time of day that they were stressed. There was no significant effect of restraint on weight change of light-fed rats. Food intake was inhibited by stress in ad libitum- and dark-fed rats, but it was not changed in light-fed rats. Serum corticosterone was increased by restraint in all rats irrespective of feeding schedule. This study demonstrates that stress-induced weight loss only occurs when rats have food available during their normal feeding period (dark phase) and is not determined by increased corticosterone release.
Descriptors: animal models, body weight, dark, feeding behavior, light, stress, weight reduction, rats.

Hascoet, M. and M. Bourin (1998). A new approach to the light/dark test procedure in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 60(3): 645-653. ISSN: 0091-3057.
Descriptors: mice, light-dark test, anxiolytic agents, diazepam, computer integrated, strain differences, locomotor activity.

Hascoet, M., M. Bourin, and B.A. Dhonnchadha (2001). The mouse light-dark paradigm: a review. Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 25(1): 141-166. ISSN: 0278-5846.
Descriptors: mouse, light, dark, behavior, nervous system, neural coordination, stressors, rodents, anxiolytic, black and white test.

Hasegawa, H., T. Yazawa, H. Tanaka, M. Yasumatsu, M. Otokawa, and Y. Aihara (2000). Effects of ambient light on body temperature regulation in resting and exercising rats. NeuroScience Letters 288(1): 17-20. ISSN: 0304-3940.
Descriptors: rats, exercising, body temperature, ambient light, effects, temperature regulation, resting, light, darkness, thermoregulation.

Hernandez, E., P. Morales, P. Sierra, P. Rubsamen, K.G. Csaky, and S.W. Cousins (1998). A mouse model for RPE injury based on blue light exposure. IOVS 39(4): S392.
Descriptors: mouse, model, blue light exposure, RPE injury, sensory system, eye, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Hiebert, S.M., E.K. Fulkerson, K.T. Lindermayer, and S.D. McClure (2000). Effect of temperature on preference for dietary unsaturated fatty acids in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(8): 1361-1368. ISSN: 0008-4301.
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that hibernators preparing for winter prefer a diet rich in unsaturated fat. This study was designed to determine if a daily heterotherm, the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus), shows a similar preference when given simultaneous access to two diets, one rich in saturated fat and the other rich in unsaturated fat. In two experiments, hamsters that had been exposed to short days for 8-10 weeks were exposed to 8 degrees C for 10 days. When half of these animals were moved to a warm environment (26-29 degrees C), they developed a significantly lower preference for the unsaturated diet than controls that remained at 8 degrees C (P<0.01). This difference in preference disappeared when the experimental group was returned to 8 degrees C (P=0.4). Although mean body temperature (Tb) was significantly lower (mean difference=0.35 degrees ) in experimental animals in the cold environment, most animals did not enter daily torpor at any time during the experiment. Together, these results suggest that the large decreases in core Tb accompanying torpor, originally assumed to necessitate the incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into cell membranes of hibernators and daily heterotherms, are not necessary to stimulate changes in food choice.
Descriptors: environmental temperature, feeding preferences, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, hibernation, wild animals, Phodopus sungorus, hamsters.
Language of Text: French summary.

Hiebert, S.M., K. Hauser, and A.J. Ebrahim (2003). Djungarian hamsters exhibit temperature-dependent dietary fat choice in long days. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76(6): 850-857. ISSN: 1522-2152.
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that whole-animal thermal responses of ectotherms and heterotherms (e.g., hibernators), both of which experience a wide range of body temperatures, are related to the saturation level of somatic lipids, which in turn can be influenced by the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the diet. This study demonstrates that Djungarian hamsters held in long days display ambient temperature-dependent choice of dietary fats, increasing their preference for saturated fats when ambient temperature increases (to 27 degrees C) and later reversing this preference when ambient temperature is returned to its original value (8 degrees C). Changes in percent contribution of the unsaturated and saturated diets in response to temperature were accomplished almost solely by changes in the amount of unsaturated diet consumed. Temperature-dependent fatty acid choice occurs at a stage in the annual cycle when Djungarian hamsters do not enter spontaneous daily torpor and therefore experience only small changes in core body temperature. These results suggest that temperature-dependent fatty acid choice may occur in a wide range of animals, including nonheterothermic endotherms.
Descriptors: body temperature, dietary fat, food preferences, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, hamsters.

Hildebrandt Eriksen, E.S., T. Christensen, and N.H. Diemer (2002). Mild focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. The effect of local temperature on infarct size. Neurological Research 24(8): 781-788. ISSN: 0161-6412.
Descriptors: rat, cerebral ischemia, local temperature, effect, infarct size, infarct development.

Honma, S. and K.I. Honma (1999). Light-induced uncoupling of multioscillatory circadian system in a diurnal rodent, Asian chipmunk. American Journal of Physiology 276(5, Part 2): R1390-1396. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: light induced, uncoupling, circadian system, rodent, chipmunk, diurnal.

Hori, S., K. Hori, T. Ishigaki, K. Koyama, M. Kaya, H. Takeda, and J. Tsujita (2001). Zucker obese rats are sensitive to weight-reducing effect and insensitive to orexigenic effect cold exposure. Journal of Thermal Biology 26(4-5): 479-483. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Abstract: Male Wistar and Zucker (lean and obese) rats at 7 weeks of age were divided into three groups: warm-acclimated (25 degrees C for 11 weeks), cold-acclimated (10 degrees C for 11 weeks), and deacclimated (10 degrees C for 9 weeks and 25 degrees C for 2 weeks) groups. The rate of increase in body mass (BM) was lower in obese rats as compared to lean rats. Cold-acclimated Wistar and Zucker lean rats exhibited greater food intake, compared to warm-acclimated rats. Food intake did not increase in obese rats exposed to cold. Obese rats are sensitive to weight-reducing effect and insensitive to the orexigenic effect by cold exposure.
Descriptors: obesity, weight reduction, acclimatization, environmental temperature, food intake, heat production.

Hou, F., S. Wang, S. Zhai, Y. Hu, W. Yang, and L. He (2003). Effects of alpha -tocopherol on noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Hearing Research 179(1-2): 1-8. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: Preventing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) by antioxidants is based on the hypothesis that generation of reactive oxygen species is one of the causes of NIHL. alpha -Tocopherol is a naturally occurring antioxidant with no noticeable side effects. In this study, we attempted to protect guinea pigs from developing NIHL by administering alpha -tocopherol. Pigmented male guinea pigs were exposed to a noise (4 kHz octave band, 100 dB SPL), 8 h/day for 3 days consecutively. alpha -Tocopherol (10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg daily) was given by intraperitoneal injection from 3 days before through 3 days after the noise exposure. Auditory evoked brainstem response (ABR) thresholds at 2, 4 and 8 kHz were recorded prior to the experiment, immediately post-noise, 2 and 8 days post-noise. On day 8 post-noise, after the ABR recording, guinea pigs were decapitated and the cochleae were removed for cochlear surface preparations and scanning electron microscope (SEM) study. ABR threshold shifts of groups receiving alpha -tocopherol were significantly smaller than those of groups not receiving alpha -tocopherol at all frequencies and all time points tested except that of group 3 at 8 kHz 8 days post-noise. No hair cell loss was seen on the surface preparations, but stereocilia loss was found by SEM study. The noise-induced stereocilia loss was significantly decreased by alpha -tocopherol. These results indicate that alpha -tocopherol can attenuate the noise-induced cochlear damage. Further investigations on the preventive effect of alpha -tocopherol on NIHL in noise-exposed workers are necessary.
Descriptors: alpha tocopherol, antioxidants, cilia, deafness, disease models, ear diseases, ears, hearing impairment, laboratory animals, noise, guinea pigs.

Hummer, D., S. Bhatnagar, and T. Lee (2003). A phase shift of the light cycle but not chronic restraint disrupts estrous cycles of rats. Hormones and Behavior 44(1): 55-56. ISSN: 0018-506X.
Descriptors: rats, light cycle, phase shift, chronic restraint, reproductive system, estrus cycle, locomotor activity.
Notes: Meeting Information: Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Annual Meeting, June 25-28, 2003, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Hunter, W.S., W.B. Croson, A. Bartke, M.V. Gentry, and C.J. Meliska (1999). Low body temperature in long-lived Ames dwarf mice at rest and during stress. Physiology and Behavior 67(3): 433-7. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: Among homeothermic animals, larger species generally have lower metabolic rates and live longer than do smaller species. Because Ames dwarf mice (dwarfs) live approximately 1 year longer than their larger normal sex- and age-matched siblings (normals), we hypothesized that they would have lower body core temperature (Tco). We, therefore, measured Tco of six dwarfs and six normals during 24-h periods of ad lib feeding, 24-h food deprivation, and emotional stress induced by cage switching. With ad lib feeding, Tco of dwarfs averaged 1.6 degrees C lower than normals; during food deprivation, Tco of both dwarfs and controls was significantly lower than when food was available ad lib; and following cage switch, Tco was elevated in both groups. However, during all three experiments, Tco was significantly lower in dwarfs than in normals. These data support the hypothesis that Ames dwarf mice, which live longer than normal size controls, maintain lower Tco than normals. Because dwarfs are deficient in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH), their low Tco may be a result of reduced thermogenesis due to lack of those hormones. However, whether low Tco per se is related to the increased longevity of the dwarf mice remains an interesting possibility to be investigated.
Descriptors: body constitution physiology, body temperature physiology, dwarfism, pituitary physiopathology, longevity physiology, metabolism physiology, analysis of variance, food deprivation physiology, genotype, mice, mutant strains, rest physiology, species specificity, stress, psychological physiopathology.

Hut, R.A., B.M. Barnes, and S. Daan (2002). Body temperature patterns before, during, and after semi-natural hibernation in the European ground squirrel. Journal of Comparative Physiology, Part B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 172(1): 47-58. ISSN: 0174-1578.
Abstract: Ground squirrels undergo extreme body temperature fluctuations during hibernation. The effect of low body temperatures on the mammalian circadian system is still under debate. Using implanted temperature loggers, we recorded body temperature patterns in European ground squirrels kept in an enclosure under natural conditions. Although hibernation onset was delayed, hibernation end corresponded closely to that measured in a field population. Circadian body temperature fluctuations were not detected during deep torpor, but indications of circadian timing of arousal episodes at higher temperatures were found at the beginning and end of hibernation. One male exhibited synchronised arousals to a relatively constant phase of the day throughout hibernation. All animals first entered torpor in the afternoon. Daily body temperature fluctuations were decreased or distorted during the first days after hibernation. We hypothesise that hibernation may affect the circadian system by either decreasing the expression of the circadian oscillator, or by decreasing the amplitude of the circadian oscillator itself. possibly due to gradual, temperature dependent, internal desynchronisation. The latter mechanism may be beneficial because it might facilitate post-hibernation re-entrainment rates.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm physiology, hibernation physiology, Sciuridae physiology, arousal physiology, body temperature physiology, thermometers.

Ignat'ev, D.A., R.Y. Gordon, V.V. Vorob'ev, and V.V. Rogachevsky (2005). A comparative analysis of restoration of electroencephalographic and protein-synthesizing activities in neocortex and hippocampus in hibernating (ground squirrels) and nonhibernating (rats) animals during exit from hypothermia. Biofizika 50(1): 140-151. ISSN: 0006-3029.
Abstract: A similarity in the sequence of restoration of the EEG spectrum between ground squirrels arousing from torpor and rats passing out of artificial hypothermia (17-18degreeC) was shown. First of all, the low-frequency part of the EEG spectrum was restored. As animals warmed up, their breathing became hurried, cold shivering appeared, and the theta- and alpha-rhythms increased. During the exit from hypothermia, the activity of the protein-synthesizing system in both rats and ground squirrels was almost entirely restored when the animal body temperature achieved 21-22degreeC. In ground squirrel, the rate of protein synthesis in the neocortex was lower than in hippocampus CA1 and CA3 areas, whereas in rats, on the contrary, it was higher in the neocortex in comparison with the CA3 area.
Descriptors: rats, ground squirrels, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, metabolism, nervous system, neural coordination, electroencephalography, EEG, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, hibernation, hypothermia.

Ignat'ev, D.A., G.S. Sukhova, and V.P. Sukhov (2001). The analysis of changes in heart rate and temperature of ground squirrel Citellus undulatus in various physiological states. Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii 62(1): 66-77. ISSN: 0044-4596.
Descriptors: ground squirrel, heart rate, temperature, changes, hibernation, arousal, physiological state.

Ikeda, M., M. Sagara, and S. Inoue (2000). Continuous exposure to dim illumination uncouples temporal patterns of sleep, body temperature, locomotion and drinking behavior in the rat. NeuroScience Letters 279(3): 185-189. ISSN: 0304-3940.
Descriptors: rat, dim illumination, continuous exposure, patterns, sleep, body temperature, locomotion, drinking, behavior.

Imig, T.J., A. Hall, and D. Durham (2003). Unilateral noise damage alters spontaneous metabolic activity in the rat's auditory system: a neural correlate of tinnitus? Society for NeuroScience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner: Abstract No. 182.10.
Online: http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=abstracts_ampublications
Descriptors: rat, auditory system, tinnitus, noise damage, metabolic activity, unilateral, high frequency, brain.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 08-12, 2003, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Inan, S.Y. and F. Aksu (2002). Amnesic effects of relative humidity and temperature in mice. Lab Animal 31(2): 40-48. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: age, animal models, cold stress, heat stress, hyperthermia, hypothermia, memory, relative humidity, temperature, man, mice.

Iossa, S., L. Lionetti, M.P. Mollica, R. Crescenzo, A. Barletta, and G. Liverini (2001). Effect of cold exposure on energy balance and liver respiratory capacity in post-weaning rats fed a high-fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition 85(1): 89-96. ISSN: 0007-1145.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 B773
Abstract: Variations in energy balance, body composition, and nutrient partitioning induced by high-fat feeding, cold exposure or by concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure were studied in young Wistar rats. Changes in hepatic metabolism as well as in serum free triiodothyronine and leptin levels were also evaluated. Rats were exposed to either 24 or 4 degrees C and fed either a low- or high-fat diet (10% or 50% energy respectively) for 2 weeks. Relative to low-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, both energy intake and expenditure were increased by high-fat feeding or by cold exposure, and these changes were accompanied by increased serum triiodothyronine levels. In response to concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure, serum triiodothyronine tended to be further elevated, but no further increases in energy intake or energy expenditure were observed. Independently of diet, the increased energy expenditure in cold-exposed rats was not completely balanced by adaptive hyperphagia, with consequential reductions in protein and fat gain, accompanied by marked decreases in serum leptin. Furthermore, unlike high-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, cold exposure enhanced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative capacity both in the low-fat- and high-fat-fed groups. It is concluded that in this strain of young Wistar rats, despite similarly marked stimulation of energy expenditure by high-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, by cold exposure and by concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure, an increased hepatic oxidative capacity occurred only in the presence of the cold stimulus.
Descriptors: cold stress, dietary fat, energy balance, liver, oxygen, oxygen consumption, respiration, peroxisomes, body composition, nutrition physiology, diet, experimental diets, animal proteins, temperature, metabolizable energy, energy intake, energy expenditure, hyperphagia, body weight, rats, animal models, nutrient intake, blood serum, triiodothyronine, hormones, nutrient partitioning, leptin.

Ito, R., T. Hisada, M. Horimoto, and M. Tachibana (2000). Effects of noise on pre- and postnatal development in rats. Teratology 62(3): 30A. ISSN: 0040-3709.
Descriptors: rats, pre and postnatal development, noise, effects, environmental effects, food consumption, lactation, body weight, stress.
Notes: Meeting Information: Thirty Ninth Annual Meeting of the Japanese Teratology Society, July 14-16, 1999, Kagoshima, Japan.

Jacobs, G.H., J.A. Fenwick, and G.A. Williams (2001). Cone-based vision of rats for ultraviolet and visible lights. Journal of Experimental Biology 204(14): 2439-2446. ISSN: 0022-0949.
Descriptors: rats, sensory reception, cone based, ultraviolet, visible light, UV sensitivity, UV vision, color vision, photosensitivity, vision, wavelength discrimination.

Jia, L., W.O. Cepurna, J.C. Morrison, and E.C. Johnson (1998). Variation in light and dark phase intraocular pressure following aqueous humor outflow obstruction in the rat. IOVS 39(4): S938.
Descriptors: rat, light-dark phase, variation, intraocular pressure, aqueous humor outflow, obstruction, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Johns, E.J. and G.D. Bristow (1998). Cardiovascular responses to light and darkness in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 12(Supplement 1): 77S.
Descriptors: rats, hypertensive, light, darkness, cardiovascular response, normotensive.
Notes: Meeting Information: Satellite Symposium to the 17th Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Hypertension on Blood Pressure Variability in Health and Disease, June 5, 1998, Nancy, Paris.

Johnson, E.C., M.M. Lavail, W.O. Cepurna, L. Jia, K. Ackhavong, and J.C. Morrison (1999). Housing in low level, constant light stabilizes circadian intraocular pressure (IOP) oscillations in brown norway rats, simplifying a glaucomatous neuropathy model. IOVS 40(4): S672.
Descriptors: Norway rats, housing, low level constant light, intraocular pressure, glaucomatous, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 9-14, 1999, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Kask, A., H.P. Nguyen, R. Pabst, and S. Von Horsten (2001). Factors influencing behavior of group-housed male rats in the social interaction test: focus on cohort removal. Physiology and Behavior 74(3): 277-82. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The rat social interaction (SI) test is used widely to measure anxiety-like behavior, yet the influence of various factors such as testing time, pre-experimental manipulations (transport stress), and testing of animals from the same cage (cohort removal, CR) on SI has not been systematically studied. We measured SI behavior of male triad-housed Wistar rats in a novel dimly lit arena (low light unfamiliar, LU) and found that SI time is higher in the beginning of the activity (dark) phase when compared with SI time in first half of the light phase. Furthermore, SI time is significantly increased by habituation of animals to the testing room during light phase, but this intervention has no effect in early dark phase when SI behavior is already maximal. Sequential removal of rats from the home cage led to the stress-like behavioral and physiological consequences. Rats removed in the last position had shorter SI time and higher body temperature. These data demonstrate that SI is higher during early dark vs. early light phase and confirm that CR has anxiogenic-like effects in rats. We conclude that the usage of sequentially removed group-housed rats in behavioral tests can be a source for considerable variation due to anxiety that develops in animals remaining in the cage. On the other hand, CR may be a useful method to study behavioral/neurochemical mechanisms of psychogenic stress in rats.
Descriptors: arousal, social behavior, social environment, circadian rhythm, habituation psychophysiology, rats, Wistar rats.

Kauffman, A.S., A. Cabrera, and I. Zucker (2001). Torpor characteristics and energy requirements of furless Siberian hamsters. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74(6): 876-84. ISSN: 1522-2152.
Abstract: After approximately 10 wk of exposure to decreasing day lengths, Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) begin to display spontaneous torpor bouts several times each week. Torpor is associated with reduced daily energy expenditure and lower food consumption and ameliorates the thermoregulatory challenges of winter. We tested the extent to which the energy savings conferred by daily torpor depend on the presence of an insulative pelage. Female hamsters were housed in a winter day length (8L:16D) at 5 degrees C; daily food intake and torpor characteristics were recorded for 5 wk in shaved (furless) or normal hamsters. Torpor-bout incidence decreased by 62% in furless hamsters, but the duration of individual bouts and the minimum body temperature attained during torpor were unaffected by loss of pelage. Body temperature declined more rapidly during entry into torpor and increased more slowly during arousal from torpor in furless than in control hamsters. Energy savings per torpor bout, assessed by the amount of food consumed on days that included a torpor bout, was substantially greater in normal than in furless hamsters (16.0% vs. 3.3%); this difference likely reflects the increased cost of thermoregulation during torpor, as well as the increased caloric expenditure incurred by furless hamsters during arousal from torpor. An insulative pelage may be a prerequisite for the energetic benefits derived from heterothermy in this species.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, eating, energy metabolism, movement, Phodopus physiology, hamsters, photoperiod, seasons.

Kauffman, A.S., M.J. Paul, M.P. Butler, and I. Zucker (2003). Huddling, locomotor, and nest-building behaviors of furred and furless Siberian hamsters. Physiology and Behavior 79(2): 247-56. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: Rodents living in the cold employ both behavioral and physiological mechanisms to achieve thermoregulation. We examined the impact of fur loss on behavioral thermoregulation in cold-challenged Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Intact female hamsters exposed to an ambient temperature (T(a)) of 5 degrees C increased their general locomotor activity by 50% relative to animals maintained at 23 degrees C. At both T(a)'s, fur removal resulted in substantial increases in daily food intake (37% and 22% at 5 and 23 degrees C, respectively) but did not affect the amount of locomotor activity; increased food intake after fur loss evidently is not caused by increases in locomotor activity. Furred hamsters housed in groups of three at 5 degrees C consumed 16% less food per day than did singly housed individuals. Fur removal resulted in identical 39% increases in food intake in group- or singly housed animals. Energy savings that accrued from huddling were identical in furred and furless animals; this behavior conserves energy even in the absence of an insulative pelage. The availability of nesting material resulted in an 18% reduction in food consumption in intact animals kept at 5 degrees C. The increase in food intake produced by fur removal was attenuated by approximately 80% when furless animals had access to nesting material. Huddling and nest-building behaviors each ameliorate energetic challenges posed by absence of fur; animals that concurrently employ several modes of thermoregulation realize substantial energy savings in the cold.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, hair physiology, motor activity physiology, nesting behavior physiology, Phodopus physiology, Phodopus psychology, body weight, cold, eating physiology, energy metabolism, hamsters, housing, animal, Phodopus anatomy and histology, social isolation.

Kauffman, A.S., M.J. Paul, and I. Zucker (2004). Increased heat loss affects hibernation in golden-mantled ground squirrels. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287(1): R167-73. ISSN: 0363-6119.
Abstract: During hibernation at ambient temperatures (T(a)) above 0 degrees C, rodents typically maintain body temperature (T(b)) approximately 1 degrees C above T(a), reduce metabolic rate, and suspend or substantially reduce many physiological functions. We tested the extent to which the presence of an insulative pelage affects hibernation. T(b) was recorded telemetrically in golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) housed at a T(a) of 5 degrees C; food intake and body mass were measured at regular intervals throughout the hibernation season and after the terminal arousal. Animals were subjected to complete removal of the dorsal fur or a control procedure after they had been in hibernation for 3-4 wk. Shaved squirrels continued to hibernate with little or no change in minimum T(b), bout duration, duration of periodic normothermic bouts, and food intake during normothermia. Rates of rewarming from torpor were, however, significantly slower in shaved squirrels, and rates of body mass loss were significantly higher, indicating increased depletion of white adipose energy stores. An insulative pelage evidently conserves energy over the course of the hibernation season by decreasing body heat loss and reducing energy expenditure during periodic arousals from torpor and subsequent intervals of normothermia. This prolongs the hibernation season by several weeks, thereby eliminating the debilitating consequences associated with premature emergence from hibernation.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, hibernation physiology, arousal physiology, body temperature physiology, body weight physiology, eating physiology, energy metabolism physiology, hair growth and development, hair physiology, Sciuridae, telemetry, temperature.

Kawakami, K., T. Takeuchi, S. Yamaguchi, A. Ago, M. Nomura, T. Gonda, and S. Komemushi (2003). Preference of guinea pigs for bedding materials: wood shavings versus paper cutting sheet. Experimental Animals (Tokyo) 52(1): 11-5. ISSN: 1341-1357.
Abstract: The preference of guinea pigs for bedding materials, wood shavings (WS) or paper cutting sheets (PS), was studied. Animals aged 8 weeks and 20 weeks showed a similar behaviour pattern during 30 min in the light, preferring WS to PS regardless of ages. Over both light and dark periods for 24 h, guinea pigs apparently preferred WS in the light, spending much more time resting in them than in PS. In the dark, the border-crossing was significantly more frequent than in the light, and the staying time was rather longer in PS than WS. The results suggest that guinea pigs prefer different bedding materials under light and dark conditions.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, housing, bedding materials, paper, wood, preference darkness, light.

Kawamoto, K., S. Tanaka, M. Kawano, T. Hayashi, and K. Tsuchiya (2000). Effects of photoperiod and ambient temperature on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system in the gray hamster, Tscherskia triton. Neuroendocrinology 72(5): 284-292. ISSN: 0028-3835.
Abstract: Male gray hamsters (Tscherskia triton [Cricetulus triton]) were kept from birth under a long-day (LD: 16 h light and 8 h dark) photoperiod and at 23 degrees C until the experiment began. The animals were then kept for 30 days under different light regimes and ambient temperatures. After autopsy, immunocytochemical and semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses were performed on forebrain tissue. Exposure to a short-day (SD: 8 h light and 16 h dark) photoperiod at 23 degrees C induced a functional decline in the GnRH neuronal system (increased neuron number and immunoreactivity, and reduced cell size). LD with low ambient temperature (7 degrees C) did not influence the GnRH neuronal system. SD with low ambient temperature increased the SD-induced functional decline in GnRH neurons. Changes in immunoreactivity of GnRH fibres in the median eminence, their release site, were also similar to those in neuronal perikarya. Significant differences in GnRH gene expression were detected in the SD only group and the SD with low ambient temperature group. No differences were detected between the 2 groups. These findings suggest that low ambient temperature increased the SD-induced decline in GnRH release from nerve terminals but was not a crucial factor in the synthesis of this decapeptide.
Descriptors: light regime, GnRH, neurons, brain, environmental temperature, temperature, Cricetulus.

Kennaway, D.J., A. Voultsios, T.J. Varcoe, and R.W. Moyer (2002). Melatonin in mice: rhythms, response to light, adrenergic stimulation, and metabolism. American Journal of Physiology 282(2, Part 2): R358-R365. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: mice, light, melatonin, rhythms, metabolism, stimulation.

Khammanivong, A. and D. Nelson (1998). The mouse circadian system becomes unresponsive to light after "saturating" light-induced phase delays. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24(1-2): 1916. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: mouse, cirdacian system, light, saturating light, phase delays, unresponsive.
Notes: Meeting Information: 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 2, November 7-12, 1998, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Kinsey, S.G., B.J. Prendergast, and R.J. Nelson (2003). Photoperiod and stress affect wound healing in Siberian hamsters. Physiology and Behavior 78(2): 205-11. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: Changes in day length alter several indices of immune function in Siberian hamsters. These experiments tested the hypothesis that photoperiodic changes in immune function are integrated at an organismal level as reflected by the ability to heal a cutaneous wound. Given the well-documented effects of psychological stressors on immune function, we also tested the hypothesis that photoperiod modulates the effects of acute stress on wound healing. Male hamsters were housed in long (16L:8D; LD) or short (8L:16D; SD) day lengths for 8+/-2 weeks. SD-treatment was sufficient to induce winter reproductive status. Hamsters then received a dermal punch wound. Hamsters were subjected to either 2 h of daily restraint stress or a control treatment for 3 days prior to and 5 days after wounding. Wounds were digitally photographed daily, and wound size was measured to quantify healing. Wounds of LD hamsters healed significantly faster than did those of SD hamsters. Restraint stress significantly accelerated healing in SD hamsters. The results suggest that the enhancing effects of short-term psychological stressors on immune function are apparent only when reproductive function is suppressed. In nature, enhanced wound healing coincident with the breeding season and territorial defense may be adaptive.
Descriptors: Phodopus physiology, photoperiod, stress physiopathology, wound healing radiation effects, body weight radiation effects, hamsters, reproduction radiation effects, restraint, physical, skin injuries, time factors, wounds, penetrating physiopathology.

Kiyatkin, E.A. and P.L. Brown (2004). Modulation of physiological brain hyperthermia by environmental temperature and impaired blood outflow in rats. Physiology and Behavior 83(3): 467-474. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: brain, hyperthermia, temperature, blood, outflow, rats, modulation, environmental.

Klaus, S., H. Munzberg, C. Truloff, and G. Heldmaier (1998). Physiology of transgenic mice with brown fat ablation: obesity is due to lowered body temperature. American Journal of Physiology 274(2): R387-R293. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: The physiological basis for the development of obesity was examined in uncoupling protein-diphtheria toxin A chain (UCP-DTA) transgenic mice. In these mice the promoter of the brown adipose tissue (BAT)-specific UCP was used to drive expression of DTA, resulting in decreased BAT function and development of obesity and insulin resistance. In adult UCP-DTA mice, food intake and food assimilation, locomotor activity, metabolic rate and body temperature were measured in comparison to control mice. No differences were observed in food intake or assimilation and locomotor activity. Weight-specific metabolic rates at temperatures between 20 and 37 degrees C, however, were consistently lower in transgenic mice. Continuous telemetric recording of core body temperature showed that transgenic mice displayed a downshift in body temperature levels of ~0.9 degrees C. In summary, evidence was provided that suggests that attenuated body temperature levels alone can be responsible for development of obesity and that BAT thermogenesis is a major determinant of body temperature levels in rodents.
Descriptors: energy balance, brown fat, body temperature, obesity, transgenic animals, energy metabolism, food intake, body weight, heat production, mice.

Klaus, U., R. Weinandy, and R. Gattermann (2000). Circadian activity rhythms and sensitivity to noise in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Chronobiology International 17(2): 137-145. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Descriptors: Mongolian gerbil, circadian activity rhythms, sensitivity to noise.

Kobayashi, A., T. Osaka, Y. Namba, S. Inoue, T.H. Lee, and S. Kimura (1998). Capsaicin activates heat loss and heat production simultaneously and independently in rats. American Journal of Physiology 275(1, Part 2): R92-R98. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: brown fat, body temperature regulation, subcutaneous injection.

Kojima, M., T. Okuno, I. Hata, and K. Sasaki (2000). The relevancy of different light wavelengths, pupil size, and iris pigmention in the etiology of cataracts induced by ultraviolet radiation in rats. IOVS 41(4): S205.
Descriptors: rats, induced cataracts, ultraviolet radiation, pupil size, iris pigmentation, different light wavelengths, relevancy, etiology, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 30-May 05, 2000, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Kojima, M., T. Okuno, M. Miyakoshi, K. Sasaki and N. Takahashi (2002). Environmental temperature and cataract progression in experimental rat cataract models. In: Progress in Lens and Cataract Research: In Honour of Professor Kazuyuki Sasaki., Vol. 35, S. Karger AG: Basel, Switzerland, p. 125-134. ISBN: 3805573677.
Descriptors: rat, cataract models, environmental temperature, cataract progression, research.

Kolker, D.E., H. Fukuyama, D.S. Huang, J.S. Takahashi, T.H. Horton, and F.W. Turek (2003). Aging alters circadian and light-induced expression of clock genes in golden hamsters. Journal of Biological Rhythms 18(2): 159-69. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Abstract: Aging alters numerous aspects of circadian biology, including the amplitude of rhythms generated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the site of the central circadian pacemaker in mammals, and the response of the pacemaker to environmental stimuli such as light. Although previous studies have described molecular correlates of these behavioral changes, to date only 1 study in rats has attempted to determine if there are age-related changes in the expression of genes that comprise the circadian clock itself. We used in situ hybridization to examine the effects of age on the circadian pattern of expression of a subset of the genes that comprise the molecular machinery of the circadian clock in golden hamsters. Here we report that age alters the 24-h expression profile of Clock and its binding partner Bmal1 in the hamster SCN. There is no effect of age on the 24-h profile of either Per1 or Per2 when hamsters are housed in constant darkness. We also found that light pulses, which induce smaller phase shifts in old animals than in young, lead to decreased induction of Per1, but not of Per2, in the SCN of old hamsters.
Descriptors: aging genetics, aging physiology, circadian rhythm genetics, circadian rhythm physiology, gene expression genetics, gene expression physiology, cloning, molecular, DNA primers, DNA, complementary biosynthesis, complementary genetics, hamsters, in situ hybridization, light, mesocricetus, motor activity drug effects, motor activity physiology, nuclear proteins biosynthesis, nuclear proteins genetics, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, trans activators biosynthesis, trans activators genetics, transcription factors biosynthesis, transcription factors genetics.

Koontz, T.L., U.L. Shepherd, and D. Marshall (2001). The effects of climate change on Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami. Journal of Arid Environments 49(3): 581-591. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: Dipodomys, animal ecology, arid lands, climate change, temperature, precipitation, global warming, summer, winter, population density, body measurements, New Mexico, mean body mass.

Kort, W.J., J.M. Hekking Weijma, M.T. Ten Kate, V. Sorm, and R. Van Strik (1998). A microchip implant system as a method to determine body temperature of terminally ill rats and mice. Laboratory Animals 32(3): 260-269. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: Klebsiella pneumoniae was inoculated intratracheally into rats and mice, and the temperature of the animals was recorded twice daily using microchip transponders (ELAMS) implanted either s.c. or i.p. The microchip temperatures were compared with rectal temperatures taken at the same time. The results showed that ELAMS was easy to operate and there were no important drawbacks in the use of the system were observed. The temperatures measured by the transponders implanted s.c. and i.p. did not differ significantly from rectal temperatures. In 2 out of 3 experiments on rats, it was shown that when the temperatures reached values below 36 degrees C, the median survival time of the animals was 24 h. In an experiment on mice, the same median survival time was observed at 36 degrees C. In 1 experiment using rats, however, the disease was so acute that death occurred before any temperature drop. It is suggested that when a 36 degrees C cutoff point is used instead of the time of death in this particular animal model, the statistical analysis is not altered, and it may spare animals further suffering for approximately 24 h. It is concluded that the ELAMS system of monitoring body temperature is simple and relatively stress free for laboratory animals.
Descriptors: body temperature, monitoring, animal welfare, animal experiments, laboratory animals, experimental infections, transponders, rats, mice, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Korytko, A.I., S.H. Vessey, and J.L. Blank (1998). Phenotypic differences in the GnRH neuronal system of deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus under a natural short photoperiod. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 114(2): 231-5. ISSN: 0022-4251.
Abstract: The neural mechanisms by which short photoperiod induces gonadal regression among seasonally breeding mammals are not well understood. One hypothesis suggests that the proximate cause of seasonal gonadal regression is a photoperiod-induced modification in GnRH secretion. This hypothesis is indirectly supported by our recent findings using immunocytochemistry which identified specific photoperiod-induced adjustments in the number and morphology of GnRH containing neurones between reproductively competent and reproductively regressed laboratory housed male deer mice. Herein, we report that the GnRH neuronal system is similarly affected in reproductively responsive and nonresponsive wild male deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus exposed to a natural short photoperiod. The distribution of immunoreactive (IR)-GnRH neurones was nearly identical in field caught animals and those housed under artificial photoperiod in the laboratory. Compared with reproductively nonresponsive males, reproductively responsive mice from the field population possessed a greater total number of IR-GnRH neurones, a greater number of IR-GnRH neurones within the lateral hypothalamus, and a greater proportion of bipolar IR-GnRH neurones. Each of these distributional and morphological characters was consistent with our findings in laboratory housed male deer mice exposed to an artificial short photoperiod. Taken together, these data underscore the validity of using an artificial photoperiod to evaluate seasonal adjustments in reproductive function in the laboratory.
Descriptors: brain chemistry, gonadorelin analysis, neurons chemistry, Peromyscus physiology, photoperiod, seasons, cell count, immunohistochemistry, neurons cytology, reproduction.

Koutoku, T., T. Nakanishi, T. Takagi, I. Yamasaki, R. Zhang, K. Sashihara, E.S. Saito, S. Saito, and M. Furuse (2003). Effect of environmental lighting on aggressive and anxious behavior in male mice. Journal of Applied Animal Research 23(1): 65-74. ISSN: 0971-2119.
Abstract: To study the influence of the different conditions of environmental lighting on aggressive behaviour and open field activity, male mice were kept under different conditions of environmental lighting, i.e., (A) 12-hour each light and dark (LD), (B) continuous light (LL) and (C) continuous dark (DD) for 27 days. Although no significant differences were observed among three groups, LL and DD conditions tended to show the inhibitory effect on aggression. In the open field test, the crossing, the time and the path significantly increased with the length of lighting period, but rearing and defaecation were not affected. The amounts of monoamines and their metabolites in the cerebellum, cerebrum and brainstem were hardly affected by lighting conditions. Taken together, DD condition was most preferable for mice to keep calm rather LL condition.
Descriptors: aggression, aggressive behavior, animal behavior, brain, light relations, lighting, monoamines, physical activity, mice.
Language of Text: Hindi summary.

Kramer, K., H. Van de Weerd, A. Mulder, C. Van Heijningen, V. Baumans, R. Remie, H.P. Voss, and B.F.M. Van Zutphen (2004). Effect of conditioning on the increase of heart rate and body temperature provoked by handling in the mouse. ATLA, Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32(Supplement 1A): 177-181. ISSN: 0261-1929.
NAL Call Number: Z7994.L3A5
Abstract: To assess the effect of procedures on animal welfare, various physiological parameters, such as body weight, hormone levels in plasma and/or urine, heart rate (HR), blood pressure and body temperature (BT), can be used. When measuring physiological parameters with techniques involving restraint of the animals, the results must be interpreted with caution, since restraint itself may have an effect on those parameters. Radio-telemetry, using an implantable transmitter, provides a way to obtain more accurate and reliable physiological measurements from freely moving animals in their own environment. In this study, we have used radio-telemetry to investigate the influence of conditioning on the increase of HR and BT as provoked by handling of mice. It was found that, after a conditioning period of 12 days, the increase of HR due to handling was significantly reduced.
Descriptors: animal testing alternatives, animal welfare, body temperature, conditioning, heart rate, stress, stress response, telemetry, mice.

Kramer, K., H.P. Voss, J. Grimbergen, and A. Bast (1999). Circadian rhythms of heart rate, body temperature, and locomotor activity in freely moving mice measured with radio telemetry. Lab Animal 27(8): 23-26. ISSN: 0093-7355.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: mice, telemetry, circadian rhythm, heart rate, body temperature, locomotor activity.

Krebs, H., M. Macht, P. Weyers, H.G. Weijers, and W. Janke (1996). Effects of stressful noise on eating and non-eating behavior in rats. Appetite 26(2): 193-202. ISSN: 0195-6663.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1A64
Descriptors: noise, feeding, behavior, rats, food intake, feeding habits, stress, behavior, feeding habits, mammals, pollutants, Rodentia.

Kriegsfeld, L.J., N.J. Ranalli, M.A. Bober, and R.J. Nelson (2000). Photoperiod and temperature interact to affect the GnRH neuronal system of male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Journal of Biological Rhythms 15(4): 306-16. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Abstract: Individuals of numerous species limit energy expenditure during winter by inhibiting reproduction and other nonessential functions. To time these adaptations appropriately with the annual cycle, animals rely on environmental cues that predict, well in advance, the onset of winter. The most commonly studied environmental factor that animals use to time reproduction is photoperiod. Rodents housed in short photoperiods in the laboratory or in naturally declining day lengths exhibit pronounced alterations in reproductive function concomitant with alterations in the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system. Because animals in their natural environment use factors in addition to photoperiod to time reproduction, the present study sought to determine the independent effects of photoperiod and temperature, as well as the interaction between these factors, on reproductive parameters and the GnRH neuronal system. Male prairie voles were housed in either long (LD 16:8) or short (LD 8:16) day lengths for 10 weeks. Animals in each photoperiod were further subdivided into groups housed in either mild (i.e., 20 degrees C) or low (i.e., 8 degrees C) temperatures. As shown with immunohistochemistry, voles that underwent gonadal regression in response to short photoperiods and long-day voles housed in low temperatures (and maintained large gonads) exhibit higher GnRH-immunoreactive (GnRH-ir) neuron numbers in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH) relative to all other groups. In addition, voles that underwent gonadal regression in response to both short days and low temperatures did not exhibit an increase in GnRH-ir neuron numbers compared to long-day, mild-temperature controls. These data suggest that photoperiod and temperature interact to influence reproductive function potentially by alterations of the GnRH neuronal system.
Descriptors: acclimatization physiology, gonadorelin physiology, hypothalamus, anterior physiology, neurons physiology, photoperiod, preoptic area physiology, body weight, epididymis anatomy and histology, epididymis physiology, hypothalamus, anterior cytology, immunohistochemistry, median eminence cytology, median eminence physiology, Microtinae, neurons cytology, organ size, preoptic area cytology, seminal vesicles anatomy and histology, seminal vesicles physiology, temperature, testis anatomy and histology, testis physiology.

Kriegsfeld, L.J., A.G. Trasy, and R.J. Nelson (2000). Temperature and photoperiod interact to affect reproduction and GnRH synthesis in male prairie voles. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 12(6): 553-558. ISSN: 0953-8194.
Descriptors: male prairie voles, reproduction, temperature, photoperiod, affect, day lengths, GnRH, seasonally breeding.

Krol, E., P. Redman, P.J. Thomson, R. Williams, C. Mayer, J.G. Mercer, and J.R. Speakman (2005). Effect of photoperiod on body mass, food intake and body composition in the field vole, Microtus agrestis. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(3): 571-584. ISSN: 0022-0949.
Abstract: Many small mammals respond to seasonal changes in photoperiod by altering body mass and adiposity. These animals may provide valuable models for understanding the regulation of energy balance. Here, we present data on the field vole (Microtus agrestis) - a previously uncharacterised example of photoperiod-induced changes in body mass. We examined the effect of increased day length on body mass, food intake, apparent digestive efficiency, body composition, de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in cold-acclimated (8degreeC) male field voles by transferring them from a short (SD, 8 hours:16 hours L:D) to long day photoperiod (LD, 16 hours:8 hours L:D). During the first 4 weeks of exposure to LD, voles underwent a substantial increase in body mass, after which the average difference between body masses of LD and SD voles stabilized at 7.5 g. This 24.8% increase in body mass reflected significant increases in absolute amounts of all body components, including dry fat mass, dry lean mass and body water mass. After correcting body composition and organ morphology data for the differences in body mass, only gonads (testes and seminal vesicles) were enlarged due to photoperiod treatment. To meet energetic demands of deposition and maintenance of extra tissue, voles adjusted their food intake to an increasing body mass and improved their apparent digestive efficiency. Consequently, although mass-corrected food intake did not differ between the photoperiod groups, the LD voles undergoing body mass increase assimilated on average 8.4 kJ day-1 more than animals maintained in SD. The majority (73-77%) of the fat accumulated as adipose tissue had dietary origin. The rate of de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue were not affected by photoperiod. The most important characteristics of the photoperiodic regulation of energy balance in the field vole are the clear delineation between phases where animals regulate body mass at two different levels and the rate at which animals are able to switch between different levels of energy homeostasis. Our data indicate that the field vole may provide an attractive novel animal model for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy homeostasis at both organism and molecular levels.
Descriptors: field vole, biosynchronization, digestive system, ingestion, assimilation, nutrition, reproduction, body mass, daylight exposure, digestive efficiency, fat deposition, food intake, photoperiod, seasonal variation.

Kueng, N., A. Wenzel, C. Grimm, C.E. Reme, and G. Niemeyer (1999). Electroretinographic effects of light-exposure in c-Fos-/- mice and wildtype littermates. IOVS 40(4): S24.
Descriptors: light exposure, c-Fos mice, wildtype, electroretinographic, littermates, effects, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 9-14, 1999, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Kumar, N.A., D.C. Mathangi, and A. Namasivayam (1998). Noise-induced changes in free radical scavenging enzymes in the blood and brain of albino rats. Medical Science Research 26(12): 811-812.
Descriptors: noise, changes, free radical, scavenging enzymes, blood, brain, albino rats.

Kurisu, K., O. Sawamoto, H. Watanabe, and A. Ito (1996). Sequential changes in the Harderian gland of rats exposed to high intensity light. [Erratum: Apr 1996, v. 46 (2), p. 251.]. Laboratory Animal Science 46(1): 71-76. ISSN: 0023-6764.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 P94
Abstract: We examined sequential changes in histology, fluorescent microscopy, and porphyrin content in the Harderian glands of 55 male Wistar rats exposed to fluorescent light of 2,500 or 1,600 lux for 12 h a day up to 8 days and of 10 control rats. After exposure for 1 day there was severe necrosis of the glandular cells, with edema and cellular infiltration of the Harderian gland adjacent to the retina. After exposure for 4 and 8 days these changes regressed and glandular cells regenerated. Red fluorescence in frozen sections of glands from control rats was interpreted to be due to porphyrins. The red fluorescence was faint in glandular acini injured by exposure to light for 4 and 8 days, and porphyrin content of the gland decreased after 4 and 8 days. Homogenates of the Harderian glands from five control rats caused marked hemolysis after exposure to sunlight. Thus exposure to high-intensity light induced necrosis of the glandular cells in the Harderian glands. The injury appeared to be a direct effect of light on the glandular cells, probably as a result of photodynamic action on the porphyrins in the gland. Injury to the Harderian glands could occur in other albino rodents with glandular porphyrins.
Descriptors: animal glands, injurious factors, light, porphyrins, necrosis, histopathology, rats, body parts, heterocyclic compounds, mammals, pathology, radiation, Rodentia, fluorescent light, light intensity.

Labyak, S.E., F.W. Turek, E.P. Wallen, and P.C. Zee (1998). Effects of bright light on age-related changes in the locomotor activity of Syrian hamsters. American Journal of Physiology 274(3, Part 2): R830-R839. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: Syrian hamsters, bright light, effects, age related changes, locomotor activity, circadian rhythms, stimuli, light-dark cycles, daily activity.

Lambadjieva, N.D. (1999). Influence of testosterone on some behavioral reactions of male immature rats exposed to continual light. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 21(1): 17-20.
Descriptors: testosterone, behavioral reactions, continual light, immature rats, influence.

Langseth, A.J., L.N. Tracy, and D.E. Nelson (2003). Changes in photic responsiveness of the mouse circadian pacemaker following light-dark entrainment. Society for NeuroScience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner: Abstract No. 511.11.
Online: http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=abstracts_ampublications
Descriptors: mouse, circadian pacemaker, light-dark entrainment, photic responsiveness, changes.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 08-12, 2003, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Larkin, J.E. and H.C. Heller (1996). Temperature sensitivity of sleep homeostasis during hibernation in the golden-mantled ground squirrel. American Journal of Physiology 270(4, Part 2): R777-84. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: Brain temperature (Tbr), vigilance state, and electroencephalograph slow-wave activity (EEG SWA, 1.0-4.0 Hz) were measured during hibernation and spontaneous arousals to euthermia in seven golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Animals were held at air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 6 to 21 degrees C. SWA was used as a measure of the intensity of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Squirrels that had hibernated at high Ta had lower SWA in NREM sleep in the hours following arousal than when they hibernated at low Ta. SWA in NREM sleep during euthermia immediately following arousal was significantly correlated to minimum Tbr and SWA during hibernation. The duration of the preceding hibernation bout had no significant effect on SWA during euthermia. We hypothesize that the restorative process of sleep, reflected by SWA, is temperature sensitive and is compromised by the low temperatures in hibernation. The accumulation of a SWA debt during hibernation may be related to the temperature-dependent depression of SWA during hibernation.
Descriptors: hibernation physiology, homeostasis, sleep physiology, temperature sense, arousal, body temperature, brain physiology, electroencephalography, Sciuridae, temperature, time factors.

Larkin, J.E., J. Jones, and I. Zucker (2002). Temperature dependence of gonadal regression in Syrian hamsters exposed to short day lengths. American Journal of Physiology 282(3, Part 2): R744-R752. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: We sought to determine whether ambient temperature (Ta) affects gonadal function by altering the rate at which circadian rhythms entrain to short day lengths. Syrian hamsters were housed in cages where they received 14 h of light per day (long days, 14 L) at 22 degrees C. Hamsters were then transferred to cages to receive 10 h of light per day (short days, 10 L) and kept at 5, 22, or 28 degrees C or were maintained in 14 L at 22 degrees C. Body mass and estimated testis volume as well as duration of nocturnal locomotor activity ( alpha ), previously established as a reliable indicator of the duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion, were determined over the course of 24 weeks. Testicular regression in short days was accelerated by 4 weeks at 5 degrees C and delayed by 3 weeks at 28 degrees C relative to 22 degrees C. The interval between alpha -expansion and initiation of testicular regression was markedly affected by Ta with delays of 0, 3, and 6 weeks at 5, 22, and 28 degrees C, respectively. All hamsters held at 5 and 22 degrees C underwent testicular regression, but 25% of those maintained at 28 degrees C failed to do so. We suggest that Ta modulates testicular regression primarily by affecting responsiveness of neuroendocrine target tissues to long melatonin signals.
Descriptors: body mass index, circadian rhythm, gonads, melatonin, photoperiod, regression, temperature, testes, hamsters.

Larkin, J.E. and I. Zucker (1999). Low temperature accelerates entrainment to short day photoperiod and gonadal regression in the Siberian hamster. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25(1-2): 868. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: low temperature, entrainment, accelerates, short day, photoperiod, gonadal regression, hamster.
Notes: Meeting Information: 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 23-28, 1999, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Lataye, R., P. Campo, and G. Loquet (2000). Combined effects of noise and styrene exposure on hearing function in the rat. Hearing Research 139(1-2): 86-96. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: noise, styrene, exposure, rat, hearing, effects.

Lavail, M.M., G.M. Gorrin, D. Yasumura, and M.T. Matthes (1999). Increased susceptibility to constant light in NR and PCD mice with inherited retinal degenerations. IOVS 40(5): 1020-1024.
Descriptors: constant light, increased susceptibility, NR, PCD, mice, retinal degenerations, inherited.

Lax, P. and J.A. Madrid (2000). Macronutrient self-selection pattern in rats under different lighting conditions. Biological Rhythm Research 31(1): 71-87. ISSN: 0929-1016.
Abstract: The effect of constant darkness (DD) and constant light (LL) on the circadian pattern of macronutrient self-selection, daily food intake and body weight was analysed in rats using an automated computer system. No significant differences in energy intake were observed between groups as regards energy intake or macronutrient preferences. Fat and CHO intakes showed a negative correlation (p<0.005 in LL and p<0.0005 in DD and LD), while protein intake remained constant, which suggests the existence of separate regulation mechanisms governing the intake of protein and energy. Energetic requirements can be preponderantly covered by CHO or fat, depending on the preferences of the animal. Body weight measurements reflected no significant variations between groups at the end of the experiment. However, the circadian pattern of wheel-running activity and the intake of the three macronutrients measured in both constant lighting conditions varied with respect to that observed in LD. This was particularly true in the case of LL, when constant illumination exerted a decoupling effect on the rhythms. The results indicate that lighting conditions modulate the circadian pattern of wheel-running activity and macronutrient intake. However, changes in temporal organisation of food intake did not affect macronutrient preferences, daily energy intake, number of meals, feeding duration or body weight, suggesting the existence of a double, circadian and homeostatic, control of such variables.
Descriptors: body weight, carbohydrates, circadian rhythm, energy intake, fat, feed intake, feeding behavior, food intake, light regime, nutrient requirements, nutrients, protein intake, rats.

Lax, P., S. Zamora, and J.A. Madrid (1999). Food entrainment to 4-h T cycles in rats kept under constant lighting conditions. Physiology and Behavior 67(2): 307-314. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The effect of 4-h feeding cycles on feeding pattern was analysed in 18 rats kept under constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD). The scheduled pattern of food-approach behaviour elicited dissociation of the feeding activity into several components associated to the feeding times (CAFT), which coexisted with the previous circadian free-running rhythms. In LL rats and those in the rest phase of DD, the CAFT was characterized by an increased number of food approaches confined exclusively to the period of food availability, with poor anticipatory activity. However, in the active phase of some DD rats, CAFT included an additional anticipatory activity. The interaction between the CAFT and the free-running rhythms involved modulation of the CAFT, depending on the free-running periodicity. After termination of the feeding-restriction schedule, some DD and LL rats retained the CAFT for at least 3 days. However, when access to food was denied 10 days after ending the restricted schedule, rats did not show any feeding activity associated to the previous feeding times. A spontaneous feeding pattern similar to that imposed by the previous feeding schedule emerged immediately after food deprivation in 2 of the DD rats. It is concluded that although these results are compatible with the existence of a food-trainable pacemaker, the existence of a multioscillatory light-trainable pacemaker with some oscillators trained by food pulses and others free-running may also provide an explanation.
Descriptors: feeding behavior, feeding habits, food deprivation, conditioning, conditioned reflexes, dark, light, rats.

Lax, P., S. Zamora, and J.A. Madrid (1999). Food-entrained feeding and locomotor circadian rhythms in rats under different lighting conditions. Chronobiology International 16(3): 281-291. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Descriptors: rats, lighting conditions, locomotor circadium rhythms, food entrained feeding.

Lenzi, P., G. Frenzilli, M. Gesi, M. Ferrucci, G. Lazzeri, F. Fornai, and M. Nigro (2003). DNA damage associated with ultrastructural alterations in rat myocardium after loud noise exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4): 467-471. ISSN: 0091-6765.
Descriptors: rat, DNA damage, ultrastructural alterations, myocardium, loud noise exposure, cardiovascular system.

Li, F., W. Cao, K. Alvarez, S. Chen, M. Dittmar, and R.E. Anderson (2001). Protection of photoreceptors in rats by adaptation to bright cyclic light. IOVS 42(4): S628.
Descriptors: rats, bright cyclic light, adaptation, sensory reception, photoreceptor cell loss, retinal degeneration, light induced, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 29-May 04, 2001, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Li, F., W. Cao, H.M. Chen, and R.E. Anderson (2000). Delay of photoreceptor degeneration in adult rats by adaptation to bright cyclic light. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 26(1-2): Abstract No. 735.9. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: rats, bright cyclic light, adaptation, photoreceptor degeneration, delay, retinas, susceptibility to light damage, adaptation system.
Notes: Meeting Information: 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 4-9, 2000, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Li, F., W. Cao, H.M. Chen, and R.E. Anderson (2000). Adaptation of adult rats to chronic bright cyclic light delays photoreceptor degeneration induced by acute constant light challenge. IOVS 41(4): S21.
Descriptors: adult rats, chronic bright cyclic light, adaptation, delays, photoreceptor degeneration, constant light challenge, acute, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 30-May 05, 2000, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Li, G., A. Laabich, J. Xue, and N.G.F. Cooper (2003). Gene expression profiling of rat retina during light deprivation. Society for NeuroScience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner: Abstract No. 456.5.
Online: http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=abstracts_ampublications
Descriptors: rat, retina, light deprivation, gene expression profiling, changes, mRNA, protein.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, November 08-12, 2003, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Li, X.M., P. Delagrange, and F. Levi (2001). Daily melatonin treatment sets the period of body temperature and locomotor activity rhythms at 24h in mice exposed to constant light. Chronobiology International 18(6): 1152. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Descriptors: mice, body temperature, locomotor activity, rhythms, melatonin treatment, daily, constant light exposure.
Notes: Meeting Information: 25th Meeting of the International Society of Chronobiology, Kemer, Turkey.

Linthorst, A.C.E., C. Flachskamm, and J.M.H. Reul (2001). Hippocampal serotonin responses to forced swim stress in rats: influence of water temperature. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 27(1): 1104. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: rats, forced swim stress, water temperature, hippocampal serotonin responses, behavior, varied water temperatures.
Notes: Meeting Information: 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 10-15, 2001, San Diego, California, USA.

Liou, G.I., Y. Fei, N. Peachey, and H. Ripps (1998). Photoreceptor abnormalities in IRBP-/-mice reared in cyclic light or darkness. IOVS 39(4): S41.
Descriptors: mice, reared in cyclic light-dark, photoreceptor abnormalities, IRBP mice, sensory system, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Liu, C., M. Peng, A.M. Laties, and R. Wen (1998). Preconditioning with bright light evokes a protective response against light damage in the rat retina. Journal of Neuroscience 18(4): 1337-1344. ISSN: 0270-6474.
Descriptors: rat, retina, light damage, preconditioning, bright light, protective response, photoreceptor degeneration, resistant, constant exposure.

Lobo, L.L., L. Paut Pangano, G. Debilly, M. Jouvet, and J.L. Valatx (1998). Sleep-wake stages and central temperature of hypoprolactinemic (IPL) rats under constant light. Journal of Sleep Research 7(Supplement 2): 157. ISSN: 0962-1105.
Descriptors: rats, constant light, sleep-wake stages, central temperature, hypoprolactemic, IPL.
Notes: Meeting Information: 14th Congress of the European Sleep Research Society, September 9-12, 1998, Madrid, Spain.

Lopez Gonzalez, M.A., J.M. Guerrero, and F. Delgado (1997). Presence of the pineal hormone melatonin in rat cochlea: its variations with lighting conditions. NeuroScience Letters 238(1-2): 81-83. ISSN: 0304-3940.
Descriptors: rat, chochlea, pineal hormone, melatonin, variation, lighting conditions, immune system.

Loudon, A.S., N. Ihara, and M. Menaker (1998). Effects of a circadian mutation on seasonality in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 265(1395): 517-21. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: In Syrian hamsters, exposure to short photoperiods or constant darkness induces a decrease in gonadotrophin secretion and gonadal regression. After 10-12 weeks, animals undergo spontaneous gonadal reactivation, gonadotrophin concentrations rise, and in males, testes size increases and spermatogenesis resumes. The tau mutation shortens the period of circadian wheel-running activity by 4 h in the homozygote. Here, we examine the impact of this mutation on the reproductive response to photoperiod change. Seventeen adult tau mutant and nine adult wild-type males were housed in complete darkness for 25 weeks and testes size determined at weekly intervals. Gonadal regression and subsequent recrudescence occurred in both groups of animals. Regression occurred more rapidly in tau mutants, with a nadir significantly earlier than wild-types but after a similar number of circadian cycles. Rates of testicular recrudescence were similar in both groups. Our data suggest that an acceleration of the circadian period increases the rate of reproductive inhibition in animals exposed to inhibitory photoperiods. Once initiated, the rate of spontaneous reactivation may be independent of the circadian axis.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm genetics, Mesocricetus physiology, mutation, seasons, testis anatomy and histology, analysis of variance, darkness, hamsters, homozygote, Mesocricetus genetics, photoperiod, regression analysis, testis physiology.

Lucas, R.J., J.A. Stirland, Y.N. Mohammad, and A. Loudon (2000). Postnatal growth rate and gonadal development in circadian tau mutant hamsters reared in constant dim red light. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 118(2): 327-330. ISSN: 0022-4251.
Descriptors: mutant hamsters, post natal growth rate, gonadal development, reared in constant dim red light, circadian tau.

Maes, J.H.R. and G. De Groot (2003). Effects of noise on the performance of rats in an operant discrimination task. Behavioural Processes 61(1-2): 57-68. ISSN: 0376-6357.
Descriptors: rats, noise, effects on performance, operant discrimination task, irregular, moderate intensity, noise, no noise.

Mailloux, A., C. Benstaali, A. Bogdan, A. Auzeby, and Y. Touitou (1999). Body temperature and locomotor activity as marker rhythms of aging of the circadian system in rodents. Experimental Gerontology 34(6): 733-740. ISSN: 0531-5565.
Descriptors: aging, circadian system, rodents, body temperature, locmotor activty, marker.

Makarios Lahham, L., S.M. Roseau, G. Fromentin, D. Tome, and P.C. Even (2004). Rats free to select between pure protein and a fat-carbohydrate mix ingest high-protein mixed meals during the dark period and protein meals during the light period. Journal of Nutrition 134(3): 618-624. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: rats, protein, fat, carbohydrate, mixed meals, light, dark.

Malberg, J.E. and L.S. Seiden (1998). Small changes in ambient temperature cause large changes in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced serotonin neurotoxicity and core body temperature in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience 18(13): 5086-5094. ISSN: 0270-6474.
Descriptors: rat, core body temperature, thermoregulation, changes, serotonin neurotoxicity, amphetamine derivative, MDMA, ambient temperature.

Maskrey, M., D. Megirian, and G.A. Farkas (1998). Effect of changing body temperature on the ventilatory and metabolic responses of lean and obese Zucker rats. American Journal of Physiology 275(2, Part 2): R531-R540. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: obesity, body temperature regulation, hypercapnia, hypoxia, metabolism.

Maskrey, M., P.R. Wiggins, and P.B. Frappell (2001). Behavioral thermoregulation in obese and lean Zucker rats in a thermal gradient. American Journal of Physiology 281(5, Part 2): R1675-R1680. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: obesity, body temperature regulation, rats, behavioral, thermoregulation.

Maskrey, M., D. Megirian, and G.A. Farkas (1998). Effect of changing body temperature on the ventilator and metabolic responses of lean and obese Zucker rats. American Journal of Physiology 275(2, Part 2): R531-R540. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: Zucker rats, lean, obese, changing body temperature, effect, ventilator, metabolic, responses, breathing pattern, respiration.

Matasic Rossini, M. and I. Samarzija (1997). Dynamics of body temperature changes in rats induced by chlorpromazine and clozapine. Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb) 47(4): 237-243. ISSN: 1330-0075.
Descriptors: rats, body temperature, changes, induced, chlorpromazine, clozapine, drugs, hypothermic, temperature decreases.

Matthew, C.B., I.V. Sils, and R.P. Francesconi (1998). The rat as a model of hormonal alterations in circadian periodicity of core temperature. FASEB Journal 12(4): A121. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: rat, model, hormonal alterations, circadian periodicity, core temperature.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 98, Part 1, April 18-22, 1998, San Francisco, California, USA.

McLennan, I.S. and J. Taylor Jeffs (2004). The use of sodium lamps to brightly illuminate mouse houses during their dark phases. Laboratory Animals 38(4): 384-92. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: The human and murine diurnal rhythms are out of phase. Consequently in conventionally-lit mouse houses the mice's deep sleep is often disrupted, the daily welfare monitoring of the mice is limited by their inactivity, and scientific data obtained from the mice model the sleeping rather than awake human. Sodium light is bichromatic, with both wavelengths being in the human visual field but at the margin of murine vision. We report here that sodium lamps can be used to light mouse houses to a level that is comfortable for humans, but still sufficiently dull to permit nocturnal behaviour in mice. The response of mice to sodium light was initially monitored by recording the locomotory activity of BALB/c mice. The movement of mice in their cages greatly increased at the start of the nocturnal phase. Alterations in the white light cycle caused an acute change in the onset of nocturnal behaviour. In contrast, sodium light did not suppress the onset of nocturnal locomotory behaviour, even though the lighting was sufficiently bright for humans to read without light adaptation. The sodium lighting was then used to observe the nocturnal behaviour of over 150 mice of various strains, for over 1.5 years. Mice were invariably awake and alert during the nocturnal/sodium light phase. All exhibited high locomotory activity, except for nursing mothers. Some tasks, such as cage cleaning and minor surgery, were more easily done under white than sodium lighting. We therefore adjusted the timing of the light cycles to provide white light in the morning and sodium light (nocturnal phase) in the afternoon. This provided for easy operation of the mouse house, while yielding both animal welfare and scientific advantages.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm physiology, animal housing, lighting, mice physiology, photoperiod, behavior, animal physiology, inbred BALB c mice, inbred C57BL mice, knockout mice, transgenic mice, wakefulness physiology.

Mcmullen, C.A., F.H. Andrade, and J.S. Stahl (2004). Functional and genomic changes in the mouse ocular motor system in response to light deprivation from birth. Journal of Neuroscience 24(1): 161-169. ISSN: 0270-6474.
Descriptors: mouse, ocular motor system, light deprivation, birth, functional changes, genomic changes, response, development.

Meerlo, P., A. Sgoifo, S.F. De Boer, and J.M. Koolhaas (1999). Long-lasting consequences of a social conflict in rats: behavior during the interaction predicts subsequent changes in daily rhythms of heart rate, temperature, and activity. Behavioral Neuroscience 113(6): 1283-90. ISSN: 0735-7044.
NAL Call Number: QP351.B45
Abstract: This study shows that the long-term consequences of a social conflict in rats do not depend on the physical intensity of the fight in terms of aggression received but, especially, on how the subjects deal with it. Experimental rats were introduced into the cage of an aggressive conspecific for 1 hr, and the effects on daily rhythms of heart rate, body temperature, and activity thereafter were measured by means of telemetry. In some rats, the confrontation caused a strong decrease in the daily rhythm amplitude that lasted up to 3 weeks, whereas other subjects showed only minor changes. The changes in rhythm amplitude did not correlate with the number of attacks received from the territory owner. Contrary to this, the changes showed a clear negative correlation with the aggression of the experimental rats themselves. Subjects fighting back and counterattacking the cage owner subsequently had a smaller reduction in rhythm amplitude.
Descriptors: aggression physiology, behavior, animal physiology, body temperature physiology, conflict psychology, heart rate physiology, motor activity physiology, circadian rhythm physiology, rats, social behavior, time factors.

Meyer, C.W.E., M. Klingenspor, J. Rozman, and G. Heldmaier (2004). Gene or size: metabolic rate and body temperature in obese growth hormone-deficient dwarf mice. Obesity Research 12(9): 1509-1518. ISSN: 1071-7323.
NAL Call Number: RC628.O294
Abstract: Objective: SMA1 mice carry a missense mutation in the growth hormone gene that leads to semidominant dwarfism and obesity. In this study, the basic thermal and metabolic properties of SMA1 mice were examined to detect metabolic alterations that can support the accretion of excess fat. Research Methods and Procedures: Basal and resting metabolic rates (RMRs) in wild-type and SMA1 (sma1/+ and sma1/sma1) mice were determined by indirect calorimetry. Body temperature (Tb) was recorded using intraperitoneally implanted temperature-sensitive transmitters, and body composition was determined by DXA. Results: SMA1 mice have proportionally lower basal and resting metabolic rates, higher body mass (BM)-specific RMRs, and a higher lower critical temperature, and display a decrease in Tb by 0.4 degrees C in sma1/+ and 0.9 degrees C in sma1/sma1. Discussion: The analysis of gene effects on BM and energy expenditure in mouse mutants must consider the appropriate allometric relationship between BM and metabolic rate. With the exception of Tb, all metabolic alterations observed in SMA1 reflect reduced size.
Descriptors: animal models, body fat, body temperature, energy consumption, energy metabolism, genes, growth, human diseases, laboratory animals, obesity, mice.

Mikhail, N., S. Dawoud, H.A. Saif Helmy, and S. El Kholly (1997). Effect of noise stress on rat brain histopathology, ultrastructure and neurotransmitter activity. Journal of the Medical Research Institute 18(1): 64-73. ISSN: 1110-0133.
Descriptors: rat, brain, noise stress, effect, histopathology, ultrastructure, neurotransmitter activity, albino rats, neurobehavioral changes.

Miller, P.S., M.K. Nielsen, and H.Y. Chen (1998). Growth curves, feed intake, water intake, organ weights, and heat production of mice selected for high or low heat loss. Journal of Dairy Science 81(Supplement 1): 134.
Descriptors: mice, heat loss, growth curves, feed intake, organ weights, heat production, water intake.
Notes: Meeting Information: Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association and the American Society of Animal Science, July 28-31, 1998, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Mio, M., M. Yabuta, and C. Kamei (1998). Biphasic effects of ultraviolet light (UVB) on the histamine release from rat mast cells. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 79(Supplement 1): 99. ISSN: 0021-5198.
Descriptors: rat, mast cells, histamine release, ultraviolet light, UVB, biphasic effects.
Notes: Meeting Information: 71st Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society, March 23-26, 1998, Kyoto, Japan.

Mistlberger, R.E., H. Lukman, and B.G. Nadeau (1998). Circadian rhythms in the Zucker obese rat: assessment and intervention. Appetite 30(3): 255-267. ISSN: 0195-6663.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1A64
Abstract: Body temperature (Tb) and activity were recorded by telemetry in obese and lean Zucker rats in light-dark (LD), constant dark (DD) and constant light (LL). In LD, obese rats, by comparison with lean rats, exhibited a 2-4-h phase advance and attenuated amplitude of Tb and activity rhythms. These differences persisted on the first day of DD, and thus were not due to differential sensitivity to masking effects of light. In LL, obese and lean rats exhibited similar free-running periods, thus the phase advance in LD was also not due to a short intrinsic period. In LD, obese rats exhibited more diurnal food intake and a reduced LD intake ratio. To assess the role of diurnal feeding in weight gain, one group of obese rats was fed ad libitum, and another fed only at night. Food intake did not differ significantly between groups, but ad libitum fed rats gained 23% more weight (60 g) over 60 days, suggesting that excessive diurnal feeding may contribute adversely to body weight regulation in this animal model of obesity.
Descriptors: rats, obesity, circadian rhythm, body temperature, activity, light, dark, food intake, weight gain, eating patterns, timing, body weight, light regime.

Mittag, T.W., A.U. Bayer, and M.M. Lavail (1999). Light-induced retinal damage in mice carrying a mutated SOD I gene. Experimental Eye Research 69(6): 677-683. ISSN: 0014-4835.
Descriptors: retinal damage, light-induced, mice, SOD I gene.

Miyagi, M., K. West, R.M. Darrow, D.T. Organisciak, and J.W. Crabb (2001). Protein nitration in rat retina as a result of light exposure. IOVS 42(4): S628.
Descriptors: rat, sensory reception, retinal light damage, intense visible light, light exposure, protein nitration, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 29-May 04, 2001, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Miyagi, M., H. Sakaguchi, R.M. Darrow, L. Yan, K.A. West, K.S. Aulak, D.J. Stuehr, J.G. Hollyfield, D.T. Organisciak, and J.W. Crabb (2002). Evidence that light modulates protein nitration in rat retina. Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 1(4): 293-303. ISSN: 1535-9476.
Descriptors: rat, retina, protein nitration, light modulation, damaging light, photoreceptor cell death, light induced, retinal physiology.

Mizota, A. and U.E. Adachi (2002). Effect of body temperature on electroretinogram of mice. IOVS 43(12): 3754-3757.
Descriptors: mice, body temperature, effect, electroretinogram, ERG, retina.

Monsefi, M., T. Talaei, and F. Dehghani (2004). Effect of the noise stress on the cell surface and extracellular matrix glycoconjugates in developing mouse heart. Anatomical Science International 79: 371. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: mouse, noise stress, effect, cell surface, developing mouse heart, matrix coconjugates, pregnancy.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, August 22-27, 2004, Kyoto, Japan.

Mori, M., H. Kobayashi, M. Naganuma, C. Sugiyama, Y. Katsumura, and C. Furihata (2000). Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in hairless mouse epidermis by ultraviolet light. Journal of Toxicological Sciences 25(1): 17-24.
Descriptors: induction, DNA synthesis, hairless mouse epidermis, ultraviolet light.

Morimoto, Y., K. Nakai, T. Arai, F. Karasawa, A. Ohnuki, T. Sato, M. Katoh, and M. Kikuchi (2000). Ultraviolet light prevents the development of vasospasm in rat femoral arteries: pharmacological analysis. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 82(Supplement 1): 91. ISSN: 0021-5198.
Descriptors: rat, ultraviolet light, femoral arteries, vasospasm development, prevents, pharmacological analysis.
Notes: Meeting Information: 73rd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society, March 23-25, 2000, Yokohama, Japan.

Morimoto, Y., S. Kohyama, K. Nakai, H. Matsuo, F. Karasawa, and M. Kikuchi (2003). Long-term effects of UV light on contractility of rat arteries in vivo. Photochemistry and Photobiology 78(4): 372-376. ISSN: 0031-8655.
Descriptors: rat, arteries, contractility, UV light, long term, effects, smooth muscle cells, loss, contractile responses, reduced, endothelial function.

Morooka, H., Y. Terao, O. Shibata, and K. Sumikawa (1998). Effect of body temperature on ischemia-induced activation of stress-activated protein kinases in rat kidneys. Anesthesiology (Hagerstown) 89(3A): A200. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Descriptors: rat, kidneys, stress activated, ischemia induced, protein kinases, body temperature, effect.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, October 17-21, 1998, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Morrison, J.C., W.O. Cepurna, E.C. Johnson, V. Ackhavong, and L. Jia (2000). Loss of optic nerve axons in aged rats following chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation due to constant light housing. IOVS 41(4): S896.
Descriptors: rats, optic nerve axons, intraocular pressure, elevation, constant light, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 30-May 05, 2000, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Morrissette, R.N. and H.C. Heller (1998). Effects of temperature on sleep in the developing rat. American Journal of Physiology 274(4, Part 2): R1087-R1093. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: rat, developing, sleep, temperature, effects, autonomic systems, postnatally, vulnerabilities, immature autonomic functions, ambient temperature, variations.

Morrow, N.S., M. Schall, C.V. Grijalva, P.J. Geiselman, T. Garrick, S. Nuccion, and D. Novin (1997). Body temperature and wheel running predict survival times in rats exposed to activity-stress. Physiology and Behavior 62(4): 815-825. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The relationship between restricted feeding (feeding for 1 h each day), core body temperature ( Tau b), wheel running, survival and gastric erosion formation was examined in female rats exposed to activity-stress. Core body temperature and gross motor activity were telemetrically monitored in 4 groups of Sprague-Dawley rats that had free access to running wheels and in one group that was not allowed to run on the wheels. 24 h prior to the onset of hypothermia and predicted mortality, different groups were left undisturbed, warmed with a heat lamp, denied access to running wheels, or euthanized. Length of survival in wheel-running rats varied from 2 to 12 days. During the first day of food deprivation, premorbid changes in the variability of Tau b during the diurnal period and the mean number of wheel revolutions during the nocturnal period were strongly predictive of length of survival. Warming rats with a heat lamp or preventing rats from ever running on the wheel increased the length of survival and attenuated gastric erosion formation. Only rats that were warmed had a greater likelihood of survival. Gastric pathology was also reduced in rats that were euthanized prior to becoming moribund. Rats that were left undisturbed or locked from the running wheel over the last 24 h of testing became moribund and had extensive gastric mucosal damage. These results indicate that thermoregulatory disturbances induced by restricted feeding and not wheel running alone are critical in determining survival and the degree of gastric mucosal injury in rats exposed to activity-stress. Results further suggest that predisposing factors may put some rats at risk for the development of activity-stress-induced mortality.
Descriptors: body temperature, anorexia nervosa, survival, food restriction, exercise, physical activity, stress, stomach ulcers, mortality, death, hypothermia, rats.

Mousel, M.R. and M.K. Nielsen (1997). Daily activity and core body temperature of mice selected for high and low heat loss. Journal of Animal Science 75(Supplement 1): 144. ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call Number: 49 J82
Descriptors: mice, high heat loss, low heat loss, daily activity, core body temperature.
Notes: Meeting Information: 89th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science, July 29-August 1, 1997, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Mousel, M.R., W.W. Stroup, and M.K. Nielsen (2001). Locomotor activity, core body temperature, and circadian rhythms in mice selected for high or low heat loss. Journal of Animal Science 79(4): 861-868. ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call Number: 49 J82
Abstract: Collection of locomotor activity and core temperature data spanned generations 20 and 21 for a total of 352 mice divided into 3 replicates high heat (MH) low heat (ML) losses and unselected controls (MC). Physical activity and core body temperature data were accumulated using implanted transmitters and continuous automated collection. Measurement for each animal was for 3 d. Activity was recorded for each half hour and then averaged for the day; temperature was averaged daily; circadian rhythm was expressed in 12 h (light vs. dark) or 6 h periods as well as by fitting cyclic models. Activity means were transformed to log base 2 to lessen heterogeneity of variance within lines. Heat loss for a 15 h period beginning at 1630 and feed intake for 7 d were measured on 74 additional mice in order to estimate the relationship between locomotor activity and heat loss or feed intake. Selection lines were different (P<0.01) for both locomotor activity and core body temperature. Differences were due to selection (MH-ML, P<0.01), and there was no evidence of asymmetry of response (P>0.38). Retransformed from log base 2 to the scale of measurement, mean activity counts were 308, 210 and 150 for MH, MC and ML, respectively. Mean core temperatures were 37.2, 36.9 and 36.7 degrees C for MH, MC and ML (P<0.01), respectively. Females had greater physical activity (P<0.01) and body temperature (P<0.01) than males. There was no evidence of a sex x selection criterion interaction for either activity or temperature (P>0.20). Overall phenotypic correlation between body temperature and log base 2 activity was 0.43 (P<0.01). Periods during the day were different for both 12 and 6 h analyses (P<0.01), but there were no period x selection criterion interactions (P>0.1) for physical activity or body temperature. More sensitive cyclic models revealed significant (P<0.01) 24, 12, 8 and 6 h cycles that differed (P<0.01) among lines. Estimated differences between MH and ML mice in feed intake and heat loss due to locomotor activity were 36 and 11.5%, respectively. Variation in activity thus contributed to variation in feed intake.
Descriptors: body temperature, circadian rhythm, feed intake, heat loss, locomotion, physical activity, mice.

Mrosovsky, N. (1999). Further experiments on the relationship between the period of circadian rhythms and locomotor activity levels in hamsters. Physiology and Behavior 66(5): 797-801. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: A number of experiments in the past have demonstrated that rats and mice have shorter free-running circadian rhythms when they have access to a running wheel in their cage. Moreover, within groups of rats and hamsters, individuals making most use of their running wheels tend to have shorter circadian rhythms. However, these effects are not always evident. This article analyzes the results of four additional experiments on hamsters, some showing correlations between high activity and fast rhythms, and others not. It is suggested that failure to find this relationship occurs when there is an insufficient range of activity levels within a group. When present, correlations between locomotor activity and periodicity reflect causal links because shorter rhythms can be produced by providing a type of running wheel on which hamsters run more. The effects of possible changes in activity on circadian period should be considered when interpreting experiments on physiological manipulations of the circadian period.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm physiology, motor activity physiology, hamsters, linear models, photoperiod, time factors.

Mrosovsky, N., R.G. Foster, and P.A. Salmon (1999). Thresholds for masking responses to light in three strains of retinally degenerate mice. Journal of Comparative Physiology, Part A, Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology 184(4): 523-428.
Descriptors: light, masking, thresholds, mice, retinally degenerate, response.

Mrosovsky, N., R.J. Lucas, and R.G. Foster (2001). Persistence of masking responses to light in mice lacking rods and cones. Journal of Biological Rhythms 16(6): 585-588. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Descriptors: mice, retinal degeneration, light masking responses, rods, cones, lacking, light.

Muchlinski, A.E., B.C. Baldwin, D.A. Padick, B.Y. Lee, H.S. Salguero, and R. Gramajo (1998). California ground squirrel body temperature regulation patterns measured in the laboratory and in the natural environment. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 120(2): 365-72. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Body temperature (Tb) was measured by telemetry in both laboratory maintained and natural environment California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi. Laboratory animals had a mean diurnal Tb of 37.5 degrees C under conditions of LD 14:10, 20 degrees C and 36.5 degrees C under conditions of LD 10:14, 20 degrees C (P < 0.01). Nocturnal mean Tbs were 37.1 and 35.2 degrees C, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean diurnal Tbs for each animal in the natural environment ranged from 39.3 to 40.1 degrees C (mean = 39.6 degrees C) during both study seasons which included the hot season months of March through August and the cool season months of December through February. Natural environment hot season mean Tb was not significantly different from cool season mean Tb but both mean Tbs were significantly different from the diurnal mean Tbs measured in the laboratory (P < 0.05). California ground squirrels exhibit an open-field stress induced hyperthermia in the laboratory which can be extended for periods up to 6 h. The hyperthermic response is blocked by L-propranolol at a dosage of 15 mg kg-1. Laboratory animals do not habituate to repeated open-field exposures over a five consecutive day period. It is suggested that stress hyperthermia might be a normal component of thermoregulation in some free-living ground squirrels because of the openness of the habitat in which they exist.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation, Sciuridae physiology, fever, stress.

Mucignat Caretta, C. and A. Caretta (1999). Urinary chemical cues affect light avoidance behaviour in male laboratory mice, Mus musculus. Animal Behaviour 57(Part 4): 765-769. ISSN: 0003-3472.
NAL Call Number: 410 B77
Abstract: Chemical signals from conspecifics can influence the behaviour and neuroendocrine axis of mice. Several different molecules are excreted with urine, depending on hormonal level, and can indicate the sex of the emitter. In male mice, these chemicals are the major urinary proteins (MUPs) and some small volatile odorant molecules that are found bound to them. We tested adult males for light avoidance behaviour in a two-chamber apparatus, with one light and one dark side, in the presence or absence of male urinary substances. The presence of chemical cues on either side of the cage was expected to modify light avoidance behaviour. The volatiles released from purified MUPs had the same effect as whole adult male urine, in that they induced a faster onset of exploration of the light compartment. The results show that mice can use the information carried by the odorant molecules released by MUPs to recognize the urine of male mice, and respond appropriately.
Descriptors: mice, male animals, urine, volatile compounds, pheromones, light, animal behavior.

Mustonen, A.M., P. Nieminen, and H. Hyvarinen (2002). Effects of continuous light and melatonin treatment on energy metabolism of the rat. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 25(8): 716-723. ISSN: 0391-4097.
Descriptors: rat, continuous light, melatonin treatment, energy metabolism, effects, food intake, fat metabolism, body mass.

Mutti, D.O., K. Zadnik, and C.J. Murphy (1998). The effect of continuous light on refractive error and the ocular components of the rat. Experimental Eye Research 67(6): 631-636. ISSN: 0014-4835.
Descriptors: continuous light, refractive error, ocular, rat, effect, components.

Nagai, Y., T. Sakai, T. Yoshitoshi, and K. Kitahara (1999). Expression of cytokine gene in the rat retina after injury and light damage. IOVS 40(4): S934.
Descriptors: retina, injury, light damage, rat, cytokine gene, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 9-14, 1999, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Nagapetyan, K.O., R.A. Arutyunyan, L.A. Matinyan, K.A. Arutyunyan, and L.V. Nurbekyan (2001). Body temperature changes in young and adult rats in response to emotionally significant sound and immobilization. Ontogenez 32(2): 154-156. ISSN: 0475-1450.
Descriptors: rats, adult, young, body temperature, emotionally significant sound, immobilization, changes, thermoregulation, age, stressful factors.

Nevo, E. (1998). Evolution of a visual system for life without light: optimization via tinkering in blind mole rats. In: Principles of Animal Design: The Optimization and Symmorphosis Debate, p. 288-298.
Descriptors: blind mole rats, visual system, evolution, light, without light, life.

Newsom, D.M., G.L. Bolgos, L. Colby, and J.A. Nemzek (2004). Comparison of body surface temperature measurement and conventional methods for measuring temperature in the mouse. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 43(5): 13-18. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Abstract: Temperature is a valuable parameter used to judge wellness of animals in a research setting; therefore, reliable, noninvasive, and inexpensive methods for monitoring temperature are becoming a necessity in research laboratories. A new method for obtaining temperature in mice, the measurement of body surface temperature via an external probe, was compared to two more common methods, the rectal probe and telemetry. The comparisons of the temperature measuring devices were performed in mice made hypothermic via prolonged anesthesia and in mice made hyperthermic by injection of endotoxin. The results demonstrated good correlation between the surface temperature measurements and the temperatures obtained by both telemetry and the rectal probe. The correlations were particularly significant when core body temperatures were below normal. In addition, the surface probe compared favorably with the other methods with regard to animal stress, observed complications, and initial cost. These results suggest that the surface probe could provide an efficient means for obtaining valuable physiological data and determining humane endpoints.
Descriptors: animal welfare, body temperature, laboratory animals, methodology, probes, stress, mice.

Nielsen, M.K., B.A. Freking, L.D. Jones, S.M. Nelson, T.L. Vorderstrasse, and B.A. Hussey (1997). Divergent selection for heat loss in mice. II. Correlated responses in feed intake, body mass, body composition, and number born through fifteen generations. Journal of Animal Science 75(6): 1469-1476. ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call Number: 49 J82
Descriptors: heat loss, mice, feed intake, body mass, generations, number born, body composition, responses.

Nir, I. (1998). Treatment with light enhances photoreceptor survival in dystrophic RCS rats. IOVS 39(4): S571.
Descriptors: rats, dystrophic RCS, light, treatment, photoreceptor survival, enhances, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Nymark, S., C. Haldin, H. Suominen, K. Donner, and A. Koskelainen (2002). Light-adaptation in rat rods at different temperatures. ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract Search and Program Planner: Abstract No. 1419.
Descriptors: rat, light adaptation, rods, different temperatures, mammalian rods, lower vertebrates, amphibians, differences.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 05-10, 2002, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.

Ohlemiller, K.K., J.S. Wright, and A.F. Heidbreder (2000). Vulnerability to noise-induced hearing loss in 'middle-aged' and young adult mice: a dose-response approach in CBA, C57BL, and BALB inbred strains. Hearing Research 149(1-2): 239-247. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: young adult mice, middle aged mice, noise induced hearing loss, vulnerability, CBA, C57BL, BALB, inbred strains, dose response, cochlea, noise induced permanent threshold shift, genes.

Ohtsuka, H. (2004). Circadian rhythm of the electroretinogram and the control system in rats. Medical Journal of Hiroshima University 52(4-6): 47-56. ISSN: 0018-2087.
Abstract: Circadian rhythm in the electroretinogram (ERG) in continuous darkness (DD) over a long period were examined to find whether a free-running rhythm in retinal function exists in rats and if the rhythm is related to the circadian control system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in SCN lesioned rats. ERGs were recorded every 4 hours over 48 hours under a 12-hour light/dark cycle (LD) in SCN non-lesioned or lesioned rats, and on days 61, 85, 97 and 117 in DD in SCN non-lesioned rats. Locomotor activities were examined concurrently to compare the rhythms in the ERG. The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves changed in a circadian fashion in both LD and DD in the SCN nonlesioned rats. The acrophases shifted for every measurement in DD. The mean free-running period in the ERG and locomotor activity rhythms were 24.50 hours. However, no circadian rhythm was observed in the ERG or locomotor activity in the SCN lesioned rats. These results indicated that a circadian rhythm exists in the rat retinal function, in which the rhythm free-runs with the same periodicity as that for locomotor activity, and a circadian rhythm for retinal function was confirmed to be associated with the SCN.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, sense organs, sensory reception, electroretinography, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, locomotor activity examination, laboratory techniques, circadian rhythm, continuous darkness.

Okane, N., T. Osaka, A. Kobayashi, S. Inoue, and S. Kimura (2001). Effects of the capsaicin analogue resiniferatoxin on thermoregulation in anesthetized rats. Journal of Thermal Biology 26(4-5): 345-349. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Abstract: (1) Administration of resiniferatoxin (RTX; 50 microgram/kg, s.c.) induced triphasic metabolic responses with immediate facilitation followed by transitory inhibition and subsequent long-lasting facilitation in urethan-anesthetized rats. The temperature of skin increased immediately after the RTX injection, suggesting cutaneous vasodilation and heat loss. The colonic temperature decreased initially and then increased above the baseline level. (2) Pretreatment with ruthenium red, a putative vanilloid receptor (VN2) antagonist, attenuated the RTX-induced heat loss and inhibition of heat production. (3) Adrenal demedullation selectively attenuated the RTX-induced immediate thermogenesis, and the beta-blocker propranolol prevented both phases of thermogenesis. Thus, the sympathetic nervous system and adrenaline contributed to the thermogenic responses.
Descriptors: analogs, euphorbia, heat production.

Oliveira, M.J.R., A.S. Pereira, P.G. Ferreira, N.R. Grande, A.P. Aguas, L. Guimaraes, D. Freitas, and A.P.O. Carvalho (2003). Reduction of rat pleural microvilli caused by noise pollution. Experimental Lung Research 29(7): 445-454. ISSN: 0190-2148.
Descriptors: rat, pleural microvilli, reduction, noise pollution, chronic exposure, cotton mill rooms, noise polluted environments.

Oliveira, M.J.R., A.S. Pereira, P.G. Ferreira, L. Guimaraes, D. Freitas, A.P.O. Carvalho, N.R. Grande, and A.P. Aguas (2005). Arrest in ciliated cell expansion on the bronchial lining of adult rats caused by chronic exposure to industrial noise. Environmental Research 97(3): 282-286. ISSN: 0013-9351.
Descriptors: rats, adult, industrial noise, chronic exposure, ciliated cell, expansion, arrest, bronchial lining, high intensity, low frequency.

Omoto, M., H. Manabe, C. Kuwabara, Y. Tamura, A. Nakamura, and H. Shiomi (1998). Role of central adenosine on regulation of body temperature in hibernating golden hamster. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 79(Supplement 1): 196. ISSN: 0021-5198.
Descriptors: golden hamster, body temperature, hibernating, central adenosine, role, regulation.
Notes: Meeting Information: 71st Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society, March 23-26, 1998, Kyoto, Japan.

Organisciak, D.T., R.M. Darrow, L. Barsalou, and I.R. Bicknell (1999). Rhodopsin and circadian dependent retinal light damage in transgenic rats. IOVS 40(4): S226.
Descriptors: retinal light damage, rats, transgenic, circadian, rhodopsin, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 9-14, 1999, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Organisciak, D.T., R.M. Darrow, L. Barsalou, R.K. Kutty, and B. Wiggert (2000). Circadian-dependent retinal light damage in rats. IOVS 41(12): 3694-3701.
Descriptors: rats, retinal light damage, circadian dependent, dark environment, dim cyclic light environment, susceptibility, photoreceptors.

Ortega, H.H., J.A. Lorente, G.A. Mira, C. Baravalle, and N.R. Salvetti (2004). Constant light exposure causes dissociation in gonadotrophin secretion and inhibits partially neuroendocrine differentiation of leydig cells in adult rats. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 39(6): 417-423. ISSN: 0936-6768.
Descriptors: rats, adult, leydig cells, constant light exposure, female, photoperiod effects, polycystic ovaries, pituitary.

Osiel, S., D.A. Golombek, and M.R. Ralph (1998). Conservation of locomotor behavior in the golden hamster: effects of light cycle and a circadian period mutation. Physiology and Behavior 65(1): 123-131. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: golden hamster, locomotion behavior, conservation, light cycle, effects, circadian period, light-dark cycle, constant dark, activity.

Ou, H.C., B.A. Bohne, and G.W. Harding (2000). Noise damage in the C57BL/CBA mouse cochlea. Hearing Research 145(1-2): 111-122. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: mouse, C57BL CBA, chochlea, noise damage, auditory system, response, genetic mutations, threshold shift, hair cell loss.

Overton, J.M., L.M. Roberts, S.P. Gagnon, and T.D. Williams (2003). Ambient temperature and blood pressure regulation in B6 mice. FASEB Journal 17: 4-5 (Abstract No. 826.4). ISSN: 0892-6638.
Online: http://www.fasebj.org/
Descriptors: mice, B6 mice, blood pressure, ambient temperature, regulation, dark phase, light phase.
Notes: Meeting Information: FASEB Meeting on Experimental Biology: Translating the Genome, April 11-15, 2003, San Diego, CA, USA.

Pagala, M.K., W. Poon, S. Chundru, and D. Grob (2002). Effect of temperature on digitally monitored swimming endurance of mice. FASEB Journal 16(4): A41. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: mice, body temperature, low temperature, swimming endurance, effect, metabolic rate, water temperature, high temperature.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology, April 20-24, 2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

Pauluhn, J. and U. Mohr (1999). Repeated 4-week inhalation exposure of rats: effect of low-, intermediate, and high-humidity chamber atmospheres. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 51(2): 178-187. ISSN: 0940-2993.
Descriptors: rats, exposure, inhalation, low, intermediate, high humidity, chamber, atmospheres, effect, repeated.

Pelissier, A.L., M. Gantenbein, and B. Bruguerolle (1999). Caffeine-induced modifications of heart rate, temperature, and motor activity circadian rhythms in rats. Physiology and Behavior 67(1): 81-88. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: The effects of repeated caffeine administration on the circadian rhythms of heart rate (H), body temperature (T) and motor activity (A) were examined in 8 unrestrained adult male Wistar rats (10 weeks old, mean weight 275 g) maintained under controlled conditions (LD 12:12, light from 0600 to 1800 h) by using radiotelemetry transmitters. The study was divided into three 7-day observation spans; a 1-week control span (P1), a 1-week treatment span (P2) and a 1-week recovery span (P3). P1 was performed for assessing baseline measurements of H, T and A. During P2, four rats received caffeine (25 mg/kg) at 0900 h, while 4 rats received saline in the same conditions every day of the observation span. H, T and A were continuously monitored and plotted every 10 min. For P1, P2 and P3, a power spectrum analysis (Fourier transform) was applied to determine the dominant period of rhythmicity. If H, T and A circadian rhythms were detected, the characteristics of these rhythms (mesors, amplitudes and acrophases) were determined by cosinor analysis, expressed as means +or- SEM and compared by analysis of variance. Caffeine did not suppress the circadian rhythmicity of H, T and A, but significantly increased mesors and decreased amplitudes of the 3 rhythms and advanced acrophases of temperature and activity compared to the control group.
Descriptors: heart, heart rate, temperature, body temperature, caffeine, circadian rhythm, rats.

Pelissier, A.L., M. Gantenbein, F. Prudian, and B. Bruguerolle (1998). Effets d'une anesthesie generale a l'ether ou a la ketamine sur les rythmes circadiens de la temperature corporelle, de la frequence cardiaque et de l'activite locomotrice chez le rat. [Influence of general anaesthetics on circadian rhythms of heart rate, body temperature and locomotor activity in rats]. STAL, Sciences Et Techniques De L' Animal De Laboratoire 23(2): 91-98. ISSN: 0339-722X.
Descriptors: rats, anesthetics, influence, heart rate, temperature, locomotor activity, ketamine, ether, daily rhythm.
Language of Text: French with an English summary.

Perrin, M.R. and E.J. Richardson (2005). Factors affecting average daily metabolic rate of the fat mouse Steatomys pratensis (Dendromurinae). Journal of Thermal Biology 30(2): 103-109. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: metabolism, circadian rhythm, metabolic rate, torpor, ambient temperature.

Petervari, E., M. Balasko, Z. Szelenyi, Z. Hummel, and M. Szekely (2002). Fasting hypometabolism and thermoregulation in cold-adapted rats. Journal of Thermal Biology 27(5): 359-364. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Abstract: (1) Cold-adapted rats, upon acute cold-exposure, exhibit overshoot increase in metabolic rate (MR) and paradoxical rise in core temperature (Tc). (2) Fasting causes suppression of resting (daytime) but not nocturnal MR and Tc. (3) In fasting rats, acute cold-exposure evokes relatively greater overshoot MR- and Tc-rises than in control rats, while central prostaglandin E induces relatively greater elevations in MR and Tc. (4) Re-feeding quickly reverses fasting-induced MR- and Tc-suppression, earlier than body weight is normalized. (5) The metabolic suppression originating from gastrointestinal signals can be overruled by opposite abdominal information (feeding) or by thermoregulatory information (cold signals).
Descriptors: fasting, thermoregulation, cold adapted, rats, metabolic rate, core temperature, feeding, cold, gastrointesinal.

Phelps, M.J., J. Liu, J.D. Benson, C.E. Willoughby, J.A. Gilmore, and J.K. Critser (1999). Effects of Percoll separation, cryoprotective agents, and temperature on plasma membrane permeability characteristics of murine spermatozoa and their relevance to cryopreservation. Biology of Reproduction 61(4): 1031-1041. ISSN: 0006-3363.
NAL Call Number: QL876.B5
Descriptors: mice, spermatozoa, plasma membranes, membrane permeability, hydraulic conductivity, mathematical models, density gradient centrifugation, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, cryopreservation, simulation models, temperature, motility, strain differences, sperm motility.

Phillips, P.K. and J.E. Heath (2004). Comparison of surface temperature in 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecimlineatus) and yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) during arousal from hibernation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 138(4): 451-457. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Surface temperatures (T(s)) of eight 13-lined ground squirrels and seven yellow-bellied marmots were measured during arousal from hibernation using infrared thermography (IRT) and recorded on videotape. Animals aroused normally in 5 degrees C cold rooms. Body temperatures were recorded during arousal using both cheek pouch and interscapular temperature probes. Warming rate in arousal was exponential. Mean mass specific warming rates show the squirrels warm faster (69.76 degrees C/h/kg) than the marmots (4.49 degrees C/h/kg). Surface temperatures (T(s)) for 11 regions were measured every few minutes during arousal. The smaller ground squirrel shows the ability to perfuse distal regions without compromising rise in deep body temperature (T(b)). All squirrel T(s)'s remained low as T(b) rose to 18 degrees C, at which point, eyes opened, squirrels became more active and all T(s)'s rose parallel to T(b). Marmot T(s) remained low as T(b) rose initially. Each marmot showed a plateau phase where T(b) remained constant (mean T(b) 20.3+/-1.0 degrees C, duration 9.4+/-4.1 min) during which time all T(s)'s rose, and then remained relatively constant as T(b) again began to rise. An anterior to posterior T(s) gradient was evident in the ground squirrel, both body and feet. This gradient was only evident in the feet of the marmots.
Descriptors: squirrel, temperature, hibernation, arousal, marmots, infrared thermography, IRT, body temperature.

Ponce, R.H., C.S. Carriazo, and N.T. Vermouth (2001). Lactate dehydrogenase activity of rat epididymis and spermatozoa: effect of constant light. European Journal of Histochemistry 45(2): 141-150. ISSN: 1121-760X.
Descriptors: rat, epididymis, spermatozoa, constant light, effect, chronic exposure, fertility, reduction, sperm transit, fertilizing ability.

Popelar, J., J.P. Erre, J. Syka, and J.M. Aran (2000). Suppression of cochlear activity in guinea pigs elicited by contralateral noise. European Journal of Neuroscience 12(Supplement 11): 494. ISSN: 0953-816X.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, cochlear activity, suppression, elicited by contralateral noise, conference proceedings.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies, June 24-28, 2000, Brighton, UK.

Pozdeyev, N.V. and E.V. Lavrikova (2000). Diurnal changes of tyrosine, dopamine, and dopamine metabolites content in the retina of rats maintained at different lighting conditions. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 15(1): 1-9. ISSN: 0895-8696.
Descriptors: rats, retina, different lighting conditions, diurnal changes, tyrosine, dopamine, metabolites, daily rhythms, photoperiod, intensity.

Prendergast, B.J., S.D. Bilbo, and R.J. Nelson (2005). Short day lengths enhance skin immune responses in gonadectomised Siberian hamsters. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 17(1): 18-21. ISSN: 0953-8194.
Abstract: In Siberian hamsters and other photoperiodic rodents, exposure to short photoperiods simultaneously inhibits gonadal hormone secretion and enhances some measures of immune function. The present study tested whether gonadal hormones mediate the effects of short days on skin immune function (delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions) in male Siberian hamsters. The magnitude of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions was greater in hamsters exposed to short days relative to those in long days. Comparable effects of photoperiod were obtained in castrated hamsters bearing empty or testosterone-filled implants. The data suggest that contemporary gonadal hormone secretion is neither necessary, nor sufficient to mediate the effects of short photoperiods on skin immune function.
Descriptors: Siberian hamsters, endocrine system, chemical coordination, homeostasis, immune system, integumentary system, gonadectomy, testosterone implant, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, immune function, photoperiodic rodents, short days, skin immune function.

Pribenszky, C., M. Molnar, S. Cseh, and L. Solti (2004). Survival of mouse blastocysts after low-temperature preservation under high pressure. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 52(4): 479-487. ISSN: 0236-6290.
Descriptors: mouse, blastocytes, survival, low temperature preservation, high pressure, cryoinjuries, embryos, hydrostatic pressure.

Printz, M. (2000). Radiotelemetry-based blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature analysis of recombinant inbred rat strains. Journal of Hypertension 18(Supplement 4): S186. ISSN: 0263-6352.
Descriptors: rat, inbred strains, heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, radiotelemetry, recombinant.
Notes: Meeting Information: 18th Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Hypertension, August 20-24, 2000, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Proll, J. (1997). Small environmental temperature differences change energy utilization of growing rats. Zeitschrift Fuer Ernaehrungswissenschaft 36(4): 325. ISSN: 0044-264X.
Descriptors: growing rats, energy utilization, environmental temperature differences, change.
Notes: Meeting Information: 1st International Rostock Workshop on Energy and Substrate Utilization: Methodological Aspects of in Vivo Assessment in Animals and Man, September 5-7, 1996, Rostock, Germany.

Prostran, M., Z. Nesic, S. Vuckovic, Z. Todorovic, R. Stojanovic, and M. Ivanovic (2003). Acute exposure to higher ambient temperature potentiates cataleptic and hyperthermic effects of fentanyl in female rats. European Neuropsychopharmacology 13(Supplement 4): S442. ISSN: 0924-977X.
Descriptors: female rats, acute exposure, higher ambient temperature, potentiates, hyperthermic, cataleptic, effects, fentanyl.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, September 20-24, 2003, Prague, Czech Republic.

Rabat, A., J.J. Bouyer, J.M. Aran, A. Courtiere, W. Mayo, and M. Le Moal (2004). Deleterious effects of an environmental noise on sleep and contribution of its physical components in a rat model. Brain Research 1009(1-2): 88-97. ISSN: 0006-8993.
Descriptors: environmental noise, deleterious effects, sleep, physical components, rat model, sleep disturbances.

Rado, R., I. Zuri, U. Shanas, and J. Terkel (1997). Winter and summer daily activity in the blind mole rat: the role of light and temperature. Austrian Academy of Sciences Meeting, Vienna, Austria, Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH: Berlin, Germany, p. 75. ISBN: 3826331893.
Descriptors: blind mole rat, light, role, daily activity, summer, winter, temperature.
Notes: Poster.

Ranatunga, K.W. (1998). Temperature dependence of mechanical power output in mammalian (rat) skeletal muscle. Experimental Physiology 83(3): 371-376. ISSN: 0958-0670.
Descriptors: mammalian, rat, skeletal system, mechanical power, temperature, skeletal muscle, force velocity, fiber bundles, temperature range.

Ranchon, I. and R.E. Anderson (2000). PBN protects albino rat retina from light-induced retinal degeneration. IOVS 41(4): S21.
Descriptors: albino rat, retina, retinal degeneration, light induced, PBN protects, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 30-May 05, 2000, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Rascher, K., G. Servos, G. Berthold, H.G. Hartwig, U. Warskulat, S.B. Heller, and D. Haeussinger (2004). Light deprivation slows but does not prevent the loss of photoreceptors in taurine transporter knockout mice. Vision Research 44(17): 2091-2100. ISSN: 0042-6989.
Descriptors: knockout mice, light deprivation, photoreceptors, loss, slows, taurine transporter, retinal degeneration, apoptosis, necrosis.

Rashotte, M.E., A.M. Ackert, and J.M. Overton (2002). Ingestive behavior and body temperature during the ovarian cycle in normotensive and hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology 282(1, Part 2): R216-R225. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: The relationship between ingestive behaviour (eating+drinking) and core body temperature (Tb) in naturally cycling female rats was compared in a normotensive strain (Sprague-Dawley; SD) and a hypertensive strain reputed to have chronically elevated Tb (spontaneously hypertensive rats; SHR). Tb (by telemetry) and ingestive behaviour (automated recording) were quantified every 30 seconds. Ingestive behaviour and Tb were related on all days of the ovarian cycle in both strains but the strength of that relationship was reduced on the day of oestrus (E) compared with non-oestrous days. Several strain differences in Tb were found as well. In SHR, dark-phase Tb was elevated on E, whereas SD remained at the lower non-oestrous values. Fluctuations in dark-phase Tb were correlated with ingestive behaviour in both strains but had greater amplitude in SHR except on E. Short-term fasting or sucrose availability did not eliminate elevated dark-phase Tb on E in SHR. We propose that oestrus-related changes unique to SHR may indicate heightened thermal reactivity to hormonal changes, ingestive behaviour and general locomotor activity.
Descriptors: body temperature, feed intake, feeding behavior, hypertension, ingestion, estrus cycle, estrus, strain differences, strains, water intake, rats.

Ravishankar, H.N., S.S. Boddupalli, A.S. Gaikwad, and T. Ramasarma (1999). Survival of rats under cold stress depends on dietary fat. Environmental and Nutritional Interactions 3(4): 257-265.
NAL Call Number: RB152.5.E68
Descriptors: dietary fat, polyenoic fatty acids, cold stress, lipid peroxidation, environmental temperature, relationships, survival, rats.

Refinetti, R. (2003). Metabolic heat production, heat loss and the circadian rhythm of body temperature in the rat. Experimental Physiology 88(3): 423-429. ISSN: 0958-0670.
Abstract: Metabolic heat production (calculated from oxygen consumption), dry heat loss (measured in a calorimeter) and body temperature (measured by telemetry) were recorded simultaneously at 6 min intervals over five consecutive days in rats maintained in constant darkness. Robust circadian rhythmicity (confirmed by chi square periodogram analysis) was observed in all three variables. The rhythm of heat production was phase-advanced by about half an hour in relation to the body temperature rhythm, whereas the rhythm of heat loss was phase-delayed by about half an hour. The balance of heat production and heat loss exhibited a daily oscillation 180 deg out of phase with the oscillation in body temperature. Computations indicated that the amount of heat associated with the generation of the body temperature rhythm (1.6 kJ) corresponds to less than 1% of the total daily energy budget (172 kJ) in this species. Because of the small magnitude of the fraction of heat balance associated with the body temperature rhythm, it is likely that the daily oscillation in heat balance has a very slow effect on body temperature, thus accounting for the 180 deg phase difference between the rhythms of heat balance and body temperature.
Descriptors: animal models, body temperature, circadian rhythm, heat loss, heat production, laboratory animals, physiology, rats.

Refinetti, R. (1998). Homeostatic and circadian control of body temperature in the fat-tailed gerbil. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 119(1): 295-300. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Descriptors: fat tailed gerbil, homeostatic, circadian, control, body temperature, light-dark cycle, light phase, ambient temperatures, cold exposure, thermoreulatory set point.

Refinetti, R. (1997). The effects of ambient temperature on the body temperature rhythm of rats, hamsters, gerbils, and tree shrews. Journal of Thermal Biology 22(4-5): 281-284. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: rats, hamsters, gerbils, tree shrews, ambient temperature, effect, body temperature rhythm, telemetry, rhythm amplitude.

Refinetti, R. and G. Piccione (2005). Intra- and inter-individual variability in the circadian rhythm of body temperature of rats, squirrels, dogs, and horses. Journal of Thermal Biology 30(2): 139-146. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: behavior, chemical coordination and homeostasis, circadian rhythm, body temperature, inter subject variability, intra subject variability.

Rezende, E.L., A. Cortes, L.D. Bacigalupe, R.F. Nespolo, and F. Bozinovic (2003). Ambient temperature limits above-ground activity of the subterranean rodent Spalacopus cyanus. Journal of Arid Environments 55(1): 63-74. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.D4J6
Abstract: We studied daily activity patterns of the subterranean rodent Spalacopus cyanus, in the field during summer and winter, and under laboratory conditions at two different temperatures, 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C. This rodent exhibited nocturnal activity in the laboratory, but diurnal above-ground activity in the field. We suggest that this discrepancy between field and laboratory results is a consequence of differential space-use inside burrows during the day, and that low external ambient temperatures appear to constrain activity of S. cyanus outside their burrows during the night in summer and winter. In contrast, we hypothesize that high summer temperatures constrain above-ground activity at midday.
Descriptors: nocturnal activity, temperature, rodents.

Riccio, A.P. and B.D. Goldman (2000). Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). Physiology and Behavior 71(1-2): 1-13. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: A wide variety of organisms exhibit various circadian rhythms in their behavior and physiology. Circadian rhythms are regulated by internal clocks that are generally entrained primarily by the environmental light:dark (L:D) cycle. There have been few studies of circadian rhythms in fossorial species that inhabit an environment where day-night variations are minimal and where exposure to light occurs infrequently. In this study, circadian patterns of wheel-running activity were examined in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). Naked mole-rats are fossorial and eusocial, living in colonies of 60-70 animals with only one breeding female. Most individual mole-rats that ran on wheels (65%) exhibited robust circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, entrained to various L:D cycles, and free-ran in constant darkness (DD) with taus averaging 23.5 h. The remainder of the animals either free-ran or were arrhythmic under the various L:D cycles. Mole-rats generally failed to entrain to non-24-h T-cycles with period lengths ranging from T=23 h to T=25 h. There was considerable inter-individual variation in the circadian patterns of locomotor activity in naked mole-rats as is observed in other subterranean mammals that have been studied. In contrast to the results obtained when mole-rats were individually housed with access to running wheels, circadian rhythms of general locomotor activity were typically not observed for animals monitored while they were housed in a colony setting. However, clear nocturnal rhythms of general locomotor activity were displayed by four males while residing in their home colonies. Two of these males exhibited the physical appearance of a disperser morph - subordinate individuals that are believed to leave their home colonies to achieve reproductive opportunities elsewhere. All four of these males were among the largest males in their respective colonies. These results demonstrate that although naked mole-rats are not frequently exposed to light, the species has retained the capacity to exhibit locomotor patterns of circadian rhythmicity and has the ability to entrain to 24-h L:D cycles. The possible adaptive function of this circadian capacity is discussed.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm physiology, mole rats physiology, motor activity physiology, housing, animal, social environment.

Riccio, A.P. and B.D. Goldman (2000). Circadian rhythms of body temperature and metabolic rate in naked mole-rats. Physiology and Behavior 71(1-2): 15-22. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: naked mole rats, body temperature, circadian rhythms, metabolic rate, thermoregulation, running wheel activity, rodent.

Roca, A., X. Liu, and J. Chen (2001). Rapid morphological changes to light damage in arrestin knockout mice. IOVS 42(4): S116.
Descriptors: arrestin knockout mice, light damage, morphological changes, sensory reception, retinal light damage, apoptosis, light exposure, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 29-May 04, 2001, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Rocha, D.C.M., L. Debeljuk, and L.R. Franca (1999). Exposure to constant light during testis development increases daily sperm production in adult Wistar rats. Tissue and Cell 31(3): 372-379. ISSN: 0040-8166.
Abstract: Testis histology and daily sperm production were evaluated in adult (160-day-old) Wistar rats that had been exposed to constant light for the first 25 days after birth, and in control animals that had been exposed to a 12 h-light:12 h-dark light regime. Significantly greater (P<0.05) numbers of Sertoli cell nucleoli and round spermatids per cross-section of seminiferous tubule were found in animals exposed to constant light. Epididymis weight, daily sperm production per testis and per gram of testis and Leydig cell compartment volume, were increased significantly (P<0.05) in the constant-light group. Although there was a trend towards an increased Sertoli cell population per testis in animals exposed to constant light this difference was not significant. The number of round spermatids per Sertoli cell was the same in both groups. The diameter and volume of round spermatid nuclei at stages I and VII of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium were significantly lower (P<0.05) in treated animals.
Descriptors: spermatozoa, testes, light regime, epididymis, seminiferous epithelium, spermatids, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, nuclei, semen production, spermatogenesis, rats.

Rogalska, J., M. Caputa, K. Wentowska, and A. Nowakowska (2004). Stress-induced behaviour in juvenile rats: effects of neonatal asphyxia, body temperature and chelation of iron. Behavioural Brain Research 154(2): 321-329. ISSN: 0166-4328.
Abstract: Newborn mammals, showing reduced normal body temperature, might be protected against iron-mediated, delayed neurotoxicity of perinatal asphyxia. Therefore, we investigated the effects of (1) neonatal body temperature and neonatal critical anoxia as well as (2) postanoxic chelation of iron with deferoxamine, on open-field stress-induced behaviour in juvenile rats. The third aim of this study was to compare (after the above-mentioned treatments) circadian changes in spontaneous motor activity and body temperature in juvenile rats permanently protected from any stress. Neonatal anoxia at body temperature adjusted (both during anoxia and 2 h reoxygenation) to a level typical of healthy (37 degrees C) or febrile (39 degrees C) adults led to the stress-induced hyperactivity in juvenile (5-45 days old) rats. Both normal neonatal body temperature of 33 degrees C and chelation of iron prevented the hyperactivity in rats. Neither neonatal body temperature nor neonatal anoxia affected spontaneous motor activity or body temperature of juvenile rats, recorded in their home-cages with implantable transmitters. Circadian rhythmicity was also undisturbed. Presented data support the hypothesis that physiologically reduced neonatal body temperature can provide a protection against iron-mediated postanoxic disturbances of behavioural stress responses in juvenile rats.
Descriptors: animal models, anoxia, body temperature, circadian rhythm, iron, laboratory animals, newborn animals, respiration, stress, rats.

Romanovsky, A.A., A.I. Ivanov, and Y.P. Shimansky (2002). Selected contribution: ambient temperature for experiments in rats: a new method for determining the zone of thermal neutrality. Journal of Applied Physiology 92(6): 2667-2679. ISSN: 8750-7587.
Descriptors: rats, ambient temperature, thermal neutrality, environment, housing conditions, experiments, new method, thermoneutral zone.

Rubini, A. (2005). Effect of perfusate temperature on pulmonary vascular resistance and compliance by arterial and venous occlusion in the rat. European Journal of Applied Physiology 93(4): 435-439. ISSN: 1439-6319.
Descriptors: rat, arterial, venous, occlusion, pulmonary vascular resistance, temperature, effect, perfusing fluid, vessel walls, stiffness.

Ruby, N.F. and H.C. Heller (1996). Temperature sensitivity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of ground squirrels and rats in vitro. Journal of Biological Rhythms 11(2): 126-36. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Abstract: Temperature compensation of circadian rhythms in neuronal firing rate was investigated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of ground squirrels and rats in vitro. A reduction in SCN temperature from 37 to 25 degrees C reduced peak firing rates by > 70% in rats but only by approximately 21% in squirrels; trough firing rates were marginally altered in both species. In the rat SCN at 25 degrees C, the peak in neuronal activity decreased progressively on successive days and circadian rhythms no longer were present by Day 3. There was a 37% reduction in the number of single units detected and an increase in the temporal variability of peak firing rates among individual rat SCN neurons at low temperature. By contrast, single units were readily detected and circadian rhythms were robust in squirrels at 37 and 25 degrees C; a Q10 of 0.927 was associated with a shortening of tau by 2 h and a 5-h phase change after only 48 h at low temperature. These results suggest that temperature can have a substantial impact on circadian organization in a mammalian pacemaker considered to be temperature compensated.
Descriptors: neurons physiology, Wistar rats physiology, Sciuridae physiology, suprachiasmatic nucleus physiology, action potentials, circadian rhythm, electrophysiology, microelectrodes, rats, species specificity, temperature, time factors.

Ruedi Bettschen, D., J. Feldon, and C.R. Pryce (2004). Circadian- and temperature-specific effects of early deprivation on rat maternal care and pup development: short-term markers for long-term effects? Developmental Psychobiology 45(2): 59-71. ISSN: 0012-1630.
Abstract: We compare the effects on pup body weight and on maternal care of 4-hr separation from dam and littermates on postnatal Days 1 to 14 (early deprivation, ED) under different thermal and circadian conditions. ED was performed at either 21 degrees C (Cold), or 32 degrees C (Warm), and either during the light or dark phase. The comparison group was nonhandling (NH), either under a nonreversed (Light) or reversed (Dark) cycle. At weaning, Cold ED pups were of lower body weight than Warm ED pups, and Warm ED pups were of lower body weight than NH pups. Light and Dark ED pups received high care at reunion relative to NH, and Cold ED pups received higher care at several hours postreunion relative to Warm ED and NH pups. We propose that reduced pup weight and increased maternal care are short-term markers for the severity of Cold ED, and that this manipulation could therefore impact negatively on emotionality and cognition in adulthood.
Descriptors: behavior, biosynchronization, development, circadian effects, cognition, emotions, maternal care, temperature effects.

Rybalko, N. and J. Syka (2001). Susceptibility to noise exposure during postnatal development in rats. Hearing Research 155(1-2): 32-40. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: rats, noise exposure, post natal development, susceptibility, hearing loss, adult rats, young rats, broad band noise.

Saegusa, Y. and H. Tabata (2003). Usefulness of infrared thermometry in determining body temperature in mice. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65(12): 1365-1367. ISSN: 0916-7250.
Abstract: The rectal temperature obtained using a standard electronic thermometer was compared with ear, back skin, tail skin and sole skin temperatures obtained using an infrared thermometer in B6C3F1 mice. Using both methods, we investigated baseline temperatures, diurnal and 2-week variations in temperatures, and ethanol-induced hypothermia in these body locations. Ear and back temperatures were shown to be close to and consistent with rectal temperatures in various situations, and measured temperatures at these sites were almost constant, with very similar diurnal variation. Conversely, tail and sole temperatures were lower and much more variable. These results indicate that ear and back skin temperatures obtained using a convenient and non-invasive infrared thermometer are as reliable, and should be safer and less stressful to animal subjects, compared to standard rectal temperature measurements.
Descriptors: body temperature, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, infrared radiation, thermometers, mice.

Sakamoto, K., K. Kadota, and K. Oishi (2004). Light-induced phase-shifting of the peripheral circadian oscillator in the hearts of food-deprived mice. Experimental Animals (Tokyo) 53(5): 471-474. ISSN: 1341-1357.
Descriptors: mice, food deprived, light induced phase shifting, circadian oscillator, heart, mammalian, constant darkness, fasting.

Saljo, A., B. Feng, J. Shi, A. Hamberger, H.A. Hansson, and K.G. Haglid (2002). Exposure to short-lasting impulse noise causes neuronal c-jun expression and induction of apoptosis in the adult rat brain. Journal of Neurotrauma 19(8): 985-991. ISSN: 0897-7151.
Descriptors: rat, brain, impulse noise, exposure, short lasting, apoptosis, auditory function, CNS, harmful, noise, intensity.

Salloum, A.C., G. Silva, D. Rifkin, B. Bishop, G. Farkas, and J.A. Krasney (1999). Hypoxia alters body temperature (tb) and activity circadian rhythms in rats. FASEB Journal 13(5, Part 2): A787. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: hypoxia, body temperature, activity, circadium rhythm, rats, alters.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 99, April 17-21, 1999, Washington, D.C., USA.

Salvetti, F., B. Chelli, M. Gesi, A. Pellegrini, G. Giannaccini, A. Lucacchini, and C. Martini (2000). Effect of noise exposure on rat cardiac peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. Life Sciences 66(13): 1165-1175. ISSN: 0024-3205.
Descriptors: noise exposure, rat, cardiac receptors, effect, benzodiazepine.

Sasaki, K., H. Ino, T. Chiba, and U.E. Adachi (1999). Light-induced apoptosis in the neonatal mouse retina and superior colliculus. IOVS 40(13): 3079-3083.
Descriptors: apoptosis, retina, superior colliculus, neonatal mouse, light induced.

Satinoff, E. (1998). Patterns of circadian body temperature rhythms in aged rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 25(2): 135-140. ISSN: 0305-1870.
Descriptors: rats, aged, patterns, circadian body temperature rhythms, young rats, variation, differences, behavioral level.

Sato, J., H. Morimae, K. Takanari, Y. Seino, T. Okada, M. Suzuki, and K. Mizumura (2000). Effects of lowering ambient temperature on pain-related behaviors in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Experimental Brain Research 133(4): 442-449. ISSN: 0014-4819.
Descriptors: rat model, neuropathic pain, pain related behaviors, ambient temperature, lowering, effects, aggravated pain related behaviors.

Sato, M. and A. Ishikawa (2004). Room temperature storage of mouse epididymal spermatozoa: exploration of factors affecting sperm survival. Theriogenology 61(7-8): 1455-1469. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call Number: QP251.A1T5
Abstract: To explore optimal conditions for in vitro sperm survival, we examined the effects of several media used for murine egg culture and in vitro fertilization (IVF; including M16, M2, PB1, TYH, and CZB) on motility of murine spermatozoa stored at 22 degrees C under paraffin oil. Of media tested, M2 medium, that had been adjusted to pH 7.2 by adding N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), was found to be the best. Addition of various concentrations of HEPES to TYH did not improve sperm survival, suggesting that HEPES (and probably neutral pH) do not enhance survival of murine sperm. Since M16 has higher amounts of bicarbonate than M2 (25 mM versus 4.15 mM), four variations of M16 media containing 4.15, 8.30, 16.60, or 33.20 mM bicarbonate were prepared and tested. The modified M16 media with 4.15-16.60 mM bicarbonate yielded good sperm survival (comparable to M2 medium), while relatively high concentrations of bicarbonate (ranging from 16.60 to 33.20 mM) were deleterious to isolated sperm, suggesting the need for a minimum level of residual bicarbonate. However, the mechanism by which the lifespan of spermatozoa is extended remains unknown. The in vitro fertilizing abilities of spermatozoa left in M2 medium for 1, 3, and 5 days at 22 degrees C were 52.5, 21.8, and 7.0%, respectively, when the cleavage rate to the two-cell stage was examined. Transfer of two-cell embryos produced in vitro with spermatozoa stored for 1, 3, and 5 days at 22 degrees C resulted in production of fetuses with efficiencies of 42.5, 23.4, and 12.5%, respectively, which were lower than that of embryos derived from in vitro fertilization with fresh spermatozoa (68.1%). In conclusion, spermatozoa kept in M2 medium for up to 5 days at 22 degrees C can fertilize oocytes.
Descriptors: bicarbonates, cell culture, cleavage, epididymis, in vitro fertilization, spermatozoa, survival, temperature, mice.

Scheer, F.A.J.L., G.J. Ter Horst, C.G. Van Eden, and R.M. Buijs (1999). Diurnal phase, light and suprachiasmatic nucleus affect heart rate in rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25(1-2): 870. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: diurnal phase, light, affect heart rate, rat, suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Notes: Meeting Information: 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 23-28, 1999, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Seelke, A.M. and M.S. Blumberg (2005). Thermal and nutritional modulation of sleep in infant rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 119(2): 603-11. ISSN: 0735-7044.
NAL Call Number: QP351.B45
Descriptors: body temperature regulation, sleep physiology, newborn animals, food deprivation, nutritional status, rats, research support, National Institutes of Health, N.I.H., extramural, temperature.

Seifert, E.L. and J.P. Mortola (2000). Light-dark differences in the effects of ambient temperature on gaseous metabolism in newborn rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 88(5): 1853-1858. ISSN: 8750-7587.
Descriptors: newborn rats, light-dark differences, ambient temperature, gaseous metabolism, effects, body temperature, thermoregulation.

Seiler, M.J., O.L. Liu, N.G.F. Cooper, T.L. Callahan, H.M. Petry, and R.B. Aramant (2000). Selective photoreceptor damage in albino rats using continuous blue light: a protocol useful for retinal degeneration and transplantation research. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 238(7): 599-607. ISSN: 0721-832X.
Descriptors: albino rats, selective photoreceptor damage, continuous blue light, retinal degeneration, transplantation, protocol, model.

Sembulingam, K., P. Sembulingam, and A. Namasivayam (1999). Effect of acute noise stress on acetylcholine content in discrete areas of rat brain. Journal of Environmental Biology 20(4): 289-292. ISSN: 0254-8704.
Descriptors: acute noise stress, effect, acetylcholine, rat, brain.

Sembulingam, K., P. Sembulingam, and A. Namasivayam (1998). Effect of chronic noise stress on some selected stress indices in albino rats. Journal of Environmental Biology 19(1): 63-66. ISSN: 0254-8704.
Descriptors: albino rats, chronic noise stress, effect, selected stress indicies, plasma corticosterone level, leucocyte count, organ weight.

Sendowski, I., C.A. Braillon, and C. Delaunay (2004). CAP amplitude after impulse noise exposure in guinea pigs. European Archives of Oto Rhino Laryngology 261(2): 77-81. ISSN: 0937-4477.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, noise exposure, gun shot, high energy impulse, auditory function, CAP amplitude, recovery.

Serdarevich, C. and J.E. Fewell (1998). Influence of core temperature on the time to last gasp during acute hypoxia in newborn rats. FASEB Journal 12(5): A780. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: newborn rats, acute hypoxia, last gasp, core temperature, influence, time.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 98, Part II, April 18-22, 1998, San Francisco, California, USA.

Severinsen, T. and I.C. Munch (1999). Body core temperature during food restriction in rats. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 165(3): 299-305. ISSN: 0001-6772.
Abstract: Deep body temperature and locomotor activity of rats fed a reduced food amount (n=9) and of starved rats (n=9), were measured by implanted transmitters. Both groups were then refed ad libitum. The reduction in body temperature was significant for both groups, but larger in the starved rats. There was a displacement of the circadian temperature rhythm in the starved rats. No significant differences in locomotor activity between groups was observed until the start of refeeding. Rats fed reduced food amounts rapidly increased their activity, while the starved group retained a low activity for several days. Thermal conductance was reduced by 30% in both groups. It is concluded that the reduction in thermal conductance may explain how starving and semi-starving rats are able to maintain core temperatures close to normal, even if resting metabolic rates are drastically reduced. The measured reduction in body core temperature signifies a change in the thermoregulatory 'set-point' during starvation.
Descriptors: body temperature, food restriction, starvation, heat production, resting energy exchange, energy metabolism, physical activity, metabolism, rats.

Sharma, V.K., M.K. Chandrashekaran, M. Singaravel, and R. Subbaraj (1998). Ultraviolet-light-evoked phase shifts in the locomotor activity rhythm of the field mouse Mus booduga. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Part B, Biology 45(2-3): 83-86.
Descriptors: field mouse, locomotor activity rhythm, phase shifts, evoked, ultraviolet, light.

Sharma, V.K. (2003). Effect of light intensity on the phase and period response curves in the nocturnal field mouse Mus booduga. Chronobiology International 20(2): 223-231. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Descriptors: field mouse, behavior, circadian clocks, light intensity, effect, response curves, light stimuli.

Sharma, V.K., M. Singaravel, and R. Subbaraj (1999). Ultraviolet light-induced phase response curve for the locomotor activity rhythm of the field mouse Mus booduga. Naturwissenschaften 86(2): 96-97.
Descriptors: ultraviolet, light, response curve, locomotor activity, field mouse.

Shaw, P.J., B.M. Bergmann, and A. Rechtschaffen (1998). Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on thermoregulation in the rat. Sleep (Rochester) 21(1): 7-17. ISSN: 0161-8105.
Descriptors: sleep deprivation, effects, rat, thermoregulation.

Shimizu, Y. and K. Tonosaki (1999). Low environmental temperature modulates gustatory nerve activity and behavioral responses to NaCl in rats. American Journal of Physiology 277(2): R368-R373. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: The effects of cold ambient temperature on chorda tympani nerve responses to taste stimuli such as sucrose, NaCl, quinine HCl (QHCl) and HCl were studied in 76 male Wistar rats (6-7 weeks old, 180-230 g). The electrophysiological recordings of the whole chorda tympani nerves from control (22 degrees C) and cold-exposed (4 degrees C) rats revealed that the responses to sucrose, HCl and QHCl were unaffected by cold exposure. In contrast, the nerve responses to NaCl were enhanced time dependently, reaching a maximum 7-14 days after cold exposure. Responses to sodium acetate were likewise increased as they were to NaCl, whereas those to KCl were unchanged after cold exposure. In addition, the residual NaCl responses after lingual application of the sodium-channel blocker amiloride in cold-exposed rats were similar to those in control rats. It is thus most likely that cold exposure potentiates the chorda tympani nerve responses to Na+, but not to Cl-. Behavioural studies with the 2-bottle preference test showed that the cold-exposed rats refused to drink NaCl solutions at 0.05 and 0.1 M, the concentrations being preferred by control rats. It is concluded that the ambient temperature influences taste cell function, and that the enhanced NaCl response of the chorda tympani nerve is related to the avoidance of NaCl intake under cold environment.
Descriptors: environmental temperature, sucrose, taste, sodium chloride, cold stress, feeding behavior, rats.

Sigworth, L.A. and M.A. Rea (2003). Adenosine A1 receptors regulate the response of the mouse circadian clock to light. Brain Research 960(1-2): 246-251. ISSN: 0006-8993.
Descriptors: mouse, circadian clock, light, adenosine, A1 receptors, response, regulation, hamsters.

Silva, G.A., J.R. Hetling, and D.R. Pepperberg (2000). Electroretinographic determination of the response of mouse rods in vivo to a step of light. IOVS 41(4): S493.
Descriptors: mouse rods, in vivo step of light, response, electroretinographic determination, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 30-May 05, 2000, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Silva, M.J., A. Dias, A. Barreta, P.J. Nogueira, N.A.A. Castelo Branco, and M.G. Boavida (2002). Low frequency noise and whole-body vibration cause increased levels of sister chromatid exchange in splenocytes of exposed mice. Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 22(3): 195-203. ISSN: 0270-3211.
Descriptors: mice, low frequency noise, whole body vibration, chronic exposure, long term occupational exposure, splenocytes, murine model.

Sinhasane, S.V. and B.N. Joshi (1998). Exposure to different spectra of light, continuous light and treatment with melatonin affect reproduction in the Indian desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon). Biological Signals and Receptors 7(3): 179-187. ISSN: 1422-4933.
Descriptors: Indian desert gerbil, continuous light, different spectra, melatonin, reproduction, gonadal response, white light, red light.

Sinhasane, S.V. and B.N. Joshi (1997). Melatonin and exposure to constant light/darkness affects ovarian follicular kinetics and estrous cycle in Indian desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon). General and Comparative Endocrinology 108(3): 352-357. ISSN: 0016-6480.
Descriptors: Indian desert gerbil, melatonin, constant light-dark, exposure, estrus cycle, ovarian follicular kinetics, affect, photoperiodic influence, reproduction.

Smith, D., J. Pedro Botet, I. Cantuti Castelvetri, B. Shukitt Hale, E.J. Schaefer, J. Joseph, and J.M. Ordovas (2001). Influence of photoperiod, laboratory caging and aging on plasma lipid response to an atherogenic diet among F1B hamsters. International Journal of Neuroscience 106(3-4): 185-94. ISSN: 0020-7454.
Abstract: The effects and interactions of photoperiod, animal caging, aging and diet on plasma lipid levels in male F1B hamsters were examined in the current study. Sixteen young and sixteen old animals were housed one or four per cage. Eight young animals from each housing group were placed in an animal room with either 12/12 h (PT-12) or 10/14 h (PT-10) light/dark cycle while the sixteen old animals were maintained under a PT-12 light cycle. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined in all animals after a 2-week period of acclimation on chow diet and following 4-week intervention on atherogenic diet. Baseline total cholesterol (TC) levels were 131+/-25 mg/dl and 142+/-39 mg/dl for young and old animals, respectively, while baseline triglyceride (Tg) levels were 202+/-48 mg/dl and 160+/-37 mg/dl respectively for the same animals. Following 4-weeks on an atherogenic diet, single-caged PT 12 animals had elevated but significantly lower TC levels than group-caged animals (161+/-30 mg/dl and 240 +/-58 mg/dl, respectively) while single and group housed PT10 animals had TC levels of 296+/-75 mg/dl and 351+/-124 mg/dl, respectively. Similarly, plasma Tg levels rose to 330+/-100 mg/dl and 486+/-200 mg/dl in single and group housed PT12 animals (respectively) and to 668+/-270 mg/dl and 545+/-199 mg/dl in single and group housed PT10 animals (respectively). No significant changes related to atherogenic diet were observed in plasma TC or Tg levels in the older animals. Although caging conditions influence the cholesterol and triglyceride response to the atherogenic diet (p<.05), light cycle photoperiod seems to exert a greater effect (p<.005). In conclusion, photoperiod length dramatically affects diet-induced plasma lipid concentrations in young male F1B hamsters, and thus needs be considered in experimental designs of animal-housed lipid research.
Descriptors: aging physiology, cholesterol blood, diet, atherogenic, housing, animal, photoperiod, triglycerides blood, hamsters.

Sobrian, S.K., V.T. Vaughn, W.K. Ashe, B. Markovic, V. Djuric, and B.D. Jankovic (1997). Gestational exposure to loud noise alters the development and postnatal responsiveness of humoral and cellular components of the immune system in offspring [rats]. Environmental Research 73(1-2): 227-241. ISSN: 0013-9351.
Descriptors: progeny, noise, environment, immunity, blood, pregnancy, females, immune response, stress, responses, rats.

Soldani, P., M. Gesi, P. Lenzi, G. Natale, F. Fornai, A. Pellegrini, M.P. Ricciardi, and A. Paparelli (1999). Long-term exposure to noise modifies rat adrenal cortex ultrastructure and corticosterone plasma levels. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 31(3): 441-448. ISSN: 1122-9497.
Descriptors: noise, exposure, long term, rat, adrenal cortex, ultrastructure, corticosterone, plasma, levels.

Soldani, P., A. Pellegrini, M. Gesi, G. Natale, P. Lenzi, F. Martini, and A. Paparelli (1997). Gender difference in noise stress-induced ultrastructural changes in rat myocardium. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 29(4): 527-536. ISSN: 1122-9497.
Descriptors: rat, myocardium, noise stress, induced ultrastructural changes, gender differences, male, female, subcellular alterations, cardiomyocytes, atrial myocardium.

Sollars, P.J., M.D. Ogilvie, M.A. Rea, and G.E. Pickard (2002). 5-HT1B receptor knockout mice exhibit an enhanced response to constant light. Journal of Biological Rhythms 17(5): 428-437. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Abstract: Serotonin (5-HT) can act presynaptically at 5-HT1B receptors on retinal terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to inhibit glutamate release, thereby modulating the effects of light on circadian behaviour. 5-HT1B receptor agonists (1) inhibit light-induced phase shifts of circadian activity rhythms, (2) attenuate light-induced Fos expression in the SCN, and (3) reduce the amplitude of optic nerve-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents in SCN neurons in vitro. To determine whether functional disruption of the 5-HT1B presynaptic receptors would result in an amplified response of the SCN to light, the period ( tau ) of the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity was estimated under several different conditions in 5-HT1B receptor knockout (KO) mice and genetically matched wild-type animals. Under constant light (LL) conditions, the tau of 5-HT1B receptor KO mice was significantly greater than the tau of wild-type mice. A quantitative analysis of the wheel-running activity revealed no differences between wild-type and KO mice in either total activity or the temporal distribution of activity under LL conditions, suggesting that the observed increase in tau was not a function of reduced activity. Under constant dark conditions, the period of the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity of wild-type and 5-HT1B receptor KO mice was similar. In addition, no differences were noted between wild-type and 5-HT1B receptor KO mice in the rate of reentrainment to a 6 h phase advance in the 12:12 light:dark cycle or in phase shifts in response to a 10 min light pulse presented at circadian time 16. The enhanced response of the SCN circadian clock of the 5-HT1B receptor KO mice to LL conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that the endogenous activation of 5-HT1B presynaptic receptors modulates circadian behaviour by attenuating photic input to the SCN.
Descriptors: biochemical receptors, circadian rhythm, gene expression, genes, light relations, neurons, neurotransmitters, retina, serotonin, signal transduction, mice.

Song, X. and B. Rusak (2000). Acute effects of light on body temperature and activity in Syrian hamsters: influence of circadian phase. American Journal of Physiology 278(5, Part 2): R1369-R1380. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: Syrian hamsters, light, acute effects, body temperature, activity, circadian phase influence.

Song, Z.G. and D.H. Wang (2003). Metabolism and thermoregulation in the striped hamster Cricetulus barabensis. Journal of Thermal Biology 28(6-7): 509-514. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Abstract: (1) Basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) of Cricetulus barabensis were measured. (2) Thermal neutral zone (TNZ) was 27-30 degrees C and BMR was 2.20+/-0.09 ml O2 g(-1) h(-1). NST and MMR were 7.27+/-0.47 and 14.24+/-1.16 ml O2 g(-1) h(-1), respectively. (3) The ecophysiological properties of relatively high body temperature, narrow TNZ, high BMR and thermogenic capacity enable this species to adapt to its environment.
Descriptors: Chinese hamsters, vertebrate pests, metabolic rate, temperature, basal metabolic rate, BMR.

Soutto, M., P. Molinero, and J.M. Guerrero (1997). Continuous light exposure modifies the nocturnal increase in rat thymus type II thyroxine 5'-deiodinase. CMLS Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 53(8): 697-699. ISSN: 1420-682X.
Descriptors: rat, thymus, continual light exposure, modifies, increase, thyroxine deiodinase activity, day, night, light exposure, basal values, high values.

Specht, S., M. Leffak, R.M. Darrow, and D.T. Organisciak (1999). Damage of rat retinal DNA induced in vivo by visible light. Photochemistry and Photobiology 69(1): 91-98. ISSN: 0031-8655.
Descriptors: rat, retinal, DNA, damage, visible light, in vivo, induced.

Specht, S., D.T. Organisciak, R.M. Darrow, and M. Leffak (2000). Continuing damage to rat retinal DNA during darkness following light exposure. Photochemistry and Photobiology 71(5): 559-566. ISSN: 0031-8655.
Descriptors: rat, continuing retinal damage, DNA, light exposure, darkness, photoreceptor cells, degenerative process after light exposure.

Stern, S. and V.G. Laties (1998). 60 hz electric fields and incandescent light as aversive stimuli controlling the behavior of rats responding under concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Bioelectromagnetics 19(4): 210-221. ISSN: 0197-8462.
Descriptors: rats, electric fields, incandescent light, aversive stimuli, behavior, reinforcement, stimulus intensity, food.

Stokes, M.A., S. Kent, and S.M. Armstrong (1999). The effect of multiple pulses of light on the circadian phase response of the rat. Journal of Biological Rhythms 14(3): 172-184. ISSN: 0748-7304.
Descriptors: light pulses, multiple, rat, circadian phase, effect, response.

Storck, A.M., J.A. Libbin, J.M. Overton, and M.E. Rashotte (1999). Daily body temperature rhythms during the estrous cycle in female SHR rats: feeding and fasting effects. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25(1-2): 77. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: rats, daily body temperature, rhythms, estrus cycle, feeding, fasting, effects.
Notes: Meeting Information: 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 1, October 23-28, 1999, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Strickland, J.L., J.L. Miner, and M.K. Nielsen (1998). Feed intake, thyroid hormones, and adrenergic stimulation in high and low heat loss mice. Journal of Animal Science 76(Supplement 2): 41. ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call Number: 49 J82
Descriptors: feed intake, thyroid hormones, heat loss, high, low, stimulation.
Notes: Meeting Information: American Society of Animal Science, March 16-18, 1998, Midwest Section, USA.

Sudo, M., T. Moriya, M. Akiyama, and S. Shibata (2000). Behavioral free-running and rhythmic expression of the clock genes under constant lighting conditions in mice. NeuroScience Research 24(Supplement): S168. ISSN: 0921-8696.
Descriptors: mice, constant lighting conditions, clock genes, behavior, free running, rhythmic expression.
Notes: Meeting Information: 23rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society and the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Neural Network Society, 2000, Yokohama, Japan.

Sugawara, T., P.A. Sieving, P.M. Iuvone, and R.A. Bush (1998). The melatonin antagonist luzindole protects retinal photoreceptors from light damage in the rat. IOVS 39(12): 2458-2465.
Abstract:
Descriptors: rat, light damage, retinal photoreceptors, malatonin antagonist, luzindole, modulates light damage, eyes.

Sugi, H., S. Sugiura, and H. Yamashita (2003). Role of light chains in the motor function of rat cardiac myosin. Zoological Science (Tokyo) 20(12): 1540. ISSN: 0289-0003.
Descriptors: rat, cardiac myosin, motor function, light chains, role.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Seventy Fourth Annual Meeting of the Zoological Society of Japan, September 17-19, 2003, Hakodate, Japan.

Sugimoto, N., S. Sakurada, and O. Shido (2000). Changes in ambient temperature at the onset of thermoregulatory responses in exercise-trained rats. International Journal of Biometeorology 43(4): 169-171.
Descriptors: exercise trained rats, thermoregulatory responses, changes in ambient temperature.

Sugimoto, N., O. Shido, S. Sakurada, S. Ito, and T. Nagasaka (1998). Changes in core temperature and thermoeffector thresholds in exercise-trained rats. Japanese Journal of Physiology 48(2): 163-166. ISSN: 0021-521X.
Descriptors: rats, core temperature, changes, thermoeffector thresholds, exercise, running wheel, training, sedentary, core temperature level.

Sundgren Andersson, A.K., P. Ostlund, and T. Bartfai (1998). Simultaneous measurement of brain and core temperature in the rat during fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia and sleep. Neuroimmunomodulation 5(5): 241-247. ISSN: 1021-7401.
Descriptors: rat, brain temperature, core temperature, fever, sleep, hypothermia, hyperthermia, measurement, animal model.

Suzuki, M., T. Yamasoba, T. Ishibashi, J.M. Miller, and K. Kaga (2002). Effect of noise exposure on blood-labyrinth barrier in guinea pigs. Hearing Research 164(1-2): 12-18. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, noise exposure, blood-labyrinth barrier, effect, chochlea, endothelial cell, auditory canal.

Swoap, S.J., J.M. Overton, and G. Garber (2004). Effect of ambient temperature on cardiovascular parameters in rats and mice: a comparative approach. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287(2): R391-6. ISSN: 0363-6119.
Abstract: Ambient air temperatures (T(a)) of <6 degrees C or >29 degrees C have been shown to induce large changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate in homeotherms. The present study was designed to investigate whether small incremental changes in T(a), such as those found in typical laboratory settings, would have an impact on blood pressure and other cardiovascular parameters in mice and rats. We predicted that small decreases in T(a) would impact the cardiovascular parameters of mice more than rats due to the increased thermogenic demands resulting from a greater surface area-to-volume ratio in mice relative to rats. Cardiovascular parameters were measured with radiotelemetry in mice and rats that were housed in temperature-controlled environments. The animals were exposed to different T(a) every 72 h, beginning at 30 degrees C and incrementally decreasing by 4 degrees C at each time interval to 18 degrees C and then incrementally increasing back up to 30 degrees C. As T(a) decreased, mean blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse pressure increased significantly for both mice (1.6 mmHg/ degrees C, 14.4 beats.min(-1). degrees C(-1), and 0.8 mmHg/ degrees C, respectively) and rats (1.2 mmHg/ degrees C, 8.1 beats.min(-1). degrees C(-1), and 0.8 mmHg/ degrees C, respectively). Thus small changes in T(a) significantly impact the cardiovascular parameters of both rats and mice, with mice demonstrating a greater sensitivity to these T(a) changes.
Descriptors: blood pressure physiology, heart rate physiology, temperature, consciousness, mice, motor activity, Sprague Dawley rats, species specificity, telemetry.

Syka, J. and N. Rybalko (2000). Threshold shifts and enhancement of cortical evoked responses after noise exposure in rats. Hearing Research 139(1-2): 59-68. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: noise, exposure, rats, threshold shifts, enhancement, cortical, response.

Symes, P.A., S. Mcbennett, and J.F. Andrews (1997). Feeding and behavioral thermoregulation in obese mice. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56(1A): 76A. ISSN: 0029-6651.
Descriptors: mice, thermoregulation, feeding, behavioral, obese.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting of the Nutrition Society, June 24-28, 1996, Ulster, Coleraine.

Syrkin, N.J., G.D. Mele, C.M. Winget, and D.C. Holley (1998). Light-emitting diodes (led) and cool white fluorescent (cwf) light have similar effects on the circadian system of the rat. FASEB Journal 12(5): A748. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: rat, white fluorescent light, light emitting diodes, similar effects, circadian system, behavior.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 98, Part II, April 18-22, 1998, San Francisco, California, USA.

Szelenyi, Z., Z. Hummel, and M. Szekely (2000). Circadian and ultradian body core temperature rhythms of rats as influenced by cold exposure and/or food restriction. Journal of Physiology (Cambridge) 526P: 169. ISSN: 0022-3751.
Descriptors: rats, circadian, ultradian, body core temperature rhythms, cold exposure, food restriction, influence.
Notes: Meeting Information: Scientific Meeting of the Physiological Society, May 27-29, 2000, Budapest, Hungary.

Takanashi, T., S. Kaidzu, N. Tane, T. Kodama, and A. Ohira (2001). Increase of endogenous peroxidase activity in the rat retina after excessive light exposure. IOVS 42(4): S635.
Descriptors: rat, excessive light exposure, retina, endogenous peroxidase activity, increase, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 29-May 4, 2001, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Tang, I.H. and C.A. Fuller (1999). Circadian responses of Fischer 344 albino rats to green light-dark cycles. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25(1-2): 870. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: Fisher 344 albino rats, green light, light-dark cycles, response, circadian.
Notes: Meeting Information: 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, October 23-28, 1999, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Tang, I.H. and C.A. Fuller (1998). Entrainment of hamster circadian rhythms by square wave and simulated natural light-dark cycles. FASEB Journal 12(5): A748. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: hamster, entrainment, circadian rhythms, square wave, simulated natural light dark cycles, sensory system.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 98, Part II, April 18-22, 1998, San Francisco, California, USA.

Tang, I.H., D.M. Murakami, and C.A. Fuller (1999). Effects of square-wave and simulated natural light-dark cycles on hamster circadian rhythms. American Journal of Physiology 276(4, Part 2): R1195-R1202. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: square wave, effects, light-dark cycles, hamster, circadian rhythms, simulated.

Tang, J., J.H. Pi, D. Wang, F.J. Wu, and Q.C. Chen (2004). Effect of weak noise on the frequency tuning of mouse inferior collicular neurons. Zoological Research 25(3): 191-197. ISSN: 0254-5853.
Descriptors: mouse, inferior collicular neurons, frequency tuning, weak noise, effect, increased sensitivity, high frequency sound.

Tanito, M., H. Masutani, H. Nakamura, A. Ohira, and J. Yodoi (2002). Cytoprotective effect of thioredoxin against retinal light damage in mice. ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract Search and Program Planner: Abstract No. 3728.
Descriptors: mice, retinal light damage, injury, thioredoxin, cytoprotective effect, therapeutic, suppress photooxidative stress.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 05-10, 2002, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.

Tankersley, C.G., R. Irizarry, S. Flanders, and R. Frank (2000). Variations in circadian regulation of body temperature and heart rate among inbred mouse strains. FASEB Journal 14(4): A610. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Descriptors: mouse, inbred strains, heart rate, body temperature, circadian regulation, variations, thermoregulation.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of Professional Research Scientists: Experimental Biology, April 11-15, 2003, San Diego, CA, USA.

Tesseromatis, C., A. Kotsiou, C. Mourouzis, T.H. Saranteas, A. Potamianou, and E. Vairactaris (2004). Light induced changes in quinolone levels in rat serum and tissues. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 29(4): 231-233. ISSN: 0378-7966.
Abstract: Circadian rhythm may induce alterations of the pharmacokinetic properties of several drugs in clinical use. This study was to investigate whether lighting conditions alter the quinolone (pefloxacin) levels in serum and tissues and to determine any accumulation of the drug in the skin. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into groups A, B, C, (n=10). The animals of group A were housed under 12hours light/12hours dark conditions, group B under 24hour UV and group C was kept in complete darkness. All animals received 5 doses of 11mg/Kg pefloxacin every 8hours for 48hours. Pefloxacin levels were determined in serum, skin and femur by the inhibition zone in E.coli. in vitro. Pefloxacin concentrations in serum were increased in 24hour darkness living status and decreased in 24hour UV conditions as compared to group A animals. Additionally, both skin and femur pefloxacin levels were decreased under dark and UV conditions. In conclusion total light as well as total dark exposure may lead to pefloxacin pharmacokinetic changes which may have implications in the effectiveness of the drug in tissues.
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, transport and circulation, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, pharmacology, skeletal system, movement and support, circadian rhythm, drug accumulation, light induced change.

Thannickal, T.C. and V.M. Kumar (2002). Effect of ambient temperature on brain temperature and sleep-wakefulness in medial preoptic area lesioned rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 46(3): 287-297. ISSN: 0019-5499.
Descriptors: rats, ambient temperature, effect, brain temperature, sleep, wakefulness, medial preoptic, lesions, thermoregulation.

Thomas, B.B., M.M. Oommen, and Ashadevi (2001). Constant light and blinding effects on reproduction of male South Indian gerbils. Journal of Experimental Zoology 289(1): 59-65. ISSN: 0022-104X.
Abstract: The effects of exposure to constant light (CL) and blinding on male reproductive behavioural physiology of South Indian gerbils (Tatera indica cuvieri) were assessed. Exposure to CL diminished reproductive efficiency of males with a reduction in the proportion of ejaculating males. This is further evidenced by increase in the number and duration of intromissions and intromission latency. Concomitantly, reproductive organ weight and epididymal sperm count were also reduced. However, in weanlings CL did not induce changes either in their maturational process or their reproductive organs' weight. Blinding of adult reproductively inactive males resulted in a considerable proportion of them exhibiting sexual activity, which is reflected in the seminal vesicle weight and epididymal sperm count. Blinded weanlings showed earlier testicular descent and higher seminal vesicle weight. These studies reveal that blinding (constant darkness) has a stimulatory effect whereas CL is inhibitory in the reproduction of the tropical rodent Tatera indica cuvieri.
Descriptors: dark, intromission, light, photoperiodism, reproductive behavior, reproductive efficiency, spermatozoa, testes, vesicular gland.

Thumann, G., K.U. Bartz Schmidt, N. Kociok, P. Kayatz, K. Heimann, and U. Schraermeyer (1999). Retinal damage by light in the golden hamster: an ultrastructural study in the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Part B, Biology 49(2-3): 104-111.
Descriptors: retinal damage, light, hamster, pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, ultrastructural study.

Tian, N. (2003). Light deprivation blocks the developmental changes of ganglion cell dendritic ramification in mouse retina. ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract Search and Program Planner: Abstract No. 3237.
Descriptors: mouse, light deprivation, ganglion cell, changes, development, retina, structural refinement.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 04-08, 2003, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.

Tierno, A., P. Fiore, and R.L. Gannon (2002). Delta opioid inhibition of light-induced phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms. Brain Research 937(1-2): 66-73. ISSN: 0006-8993.
Abstract: A master neuronal pacemaker located within the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the ventral hypothalamus generates circadian activity rhythms in hamsters. The circadian pacemaker receives afferent input from many brain regions, one of which is the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus. This thalamic input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamsters contains enkephalins, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, and GABA. The role of enkephalins in modulating light-induced phase shifts of hamster activity rhythms has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we examined the ability of enkephalin-mimetic and other opioid compounds to modulate light-induced phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms. The delta opioid agonists SNC 80 and BW373U86 both inhibited light-induced phase advances of hamster circadian activity rhythms. Neither the micro opioid agonist morphine, nor the kappa opioid agonist U50488H had any effect on light-induced phase shifts. The antagonists naltrindole, naltrexone, and nor-binaltorphimine, selective for delta , micro , and kappa opioids respectively, were also without effect on light-induced phase advances. Therefore, we found that only delta opioid agonists modulate light-induced phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms. These results imply that enkephalins released from the intergeniculate leaflet onto components of the suprachiasmatic pacemaker may be capable of inhibiting the responsiveness of the pacemaker to photic input arriving from the retina. The inability of antagonists to modulate light-induced phase advances suggests that endogenous opiate systems are not tonically active in generating circadian activity rhythms, but rather that enkephalins are probably used by the circadian system to modulate responses only under certain conditions or time of day.
Descriptors: circadian rhythm, enkephalins, gamma aminobutyric acid, hypothalamus, light relations, morphine, naltrexone, narcotic antagonists, neurotensin, hamsters.

Tobler, I., M. Herrmann, H.M. Cooper, J. Negroni, E. Nevo, and P. Achermann (1998). Rest-activity rhythm of the blind mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi under different lighting conditions. Behavioural Brain Research 96(1-2): 173-183. ISSN: 0166-4328.
Descriptors: blind mole rat, behavior, lighting conditions, rest-activity rhythm, circadian rhythm, light dark cycle, rodent.

Tong, T.Y.Y. and V.H.H. Goh (2000). Effect of selected wavelengths of light on the fertility status of rats. Animal Technology 51(1): 1-7. ISSN: 0264-4754.
NAL Call Number: QL55.I5
Abstract: This study was to evaluate the influence of different wavelengths of light on the fertility status of non-seasonally breeding laboratory rats. Starting at 18 days of age, albino Wistar rats were housed under blue, green, yellow or white light during the photophase of an alternating 12 h:12 h light:dark cycle. At 60 days of age, females at pro-oestrus were paired with males giving rise to various combinations of mating groups comprising animals raised under white light or coloured light and mated under white or coloured light respectively. The number of implantations and quality of embryos retrieved from females on day 14 of pregnancy showed that different coloured light affected the fertility status of coloured light-exposed albino Wistar rats. Blue light was most damaging to fertility, followed by green and then yellow light.
Descriptors: rats, blue light, white light, light, proestrus, female animals, natural mating, litter size, embryos, embryonic development, abnormalities, inbred strains, green light, yellow light, Wistar rats.

Torres Contreras, H. and F. Bozinovic (1997). Food selection in an herbivorous rodent: balancing nutrition with thermoregulation. Ecology (Washington, DC) 78(7): 2230-2237.
Descriptors: food selection, herbivorous, rodent, thermoregulation, nutrition, balancing.

Tosini, G., J.C. Dirden, and C. Fukuhara (2001). Induction of photosensitivity in neonatal rat pineal: effect of age and light intensity. IOVS 42(4): S361.
Descriptors: rat, neonatal, pineal, light intensity, age, induction of photosensitivity, vision, sensory system, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 29-May 04, 2001, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Trillmich, F. (2000). Effects of low temperature and photoperiod on reproduction in the female wild guinea pig (Cavia aperea). Journal of Mammalogy 81(2): 586-594. ISSN: 0022-2372.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, low temperature, photoperiod, reproduction, effects, female, wild.

Ueda, T.N., C.J. Zhou, T. Ueda, Y. Yamamoto, S. Fukuda, S. Shioda, H. Yasuhara, and R. Koide (2001). Retinal light damage in rats exposed to blue light emitter diode light. IOVS 42(4): S629.
Descriptors: rats, blue light, diode light, retinal damage, exposure, sensory reception, injury, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, April 29-May 04, 2001, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Ugarte, M. and N.N. Osborne (1999). The localization of free zinc varies in rat photoreceptors during light and dark adaptation. Experimental Eye Research 69(4): 459-461. ISSN: 0014-4835.
Descriptors: free zink, localization, varies, light, dark, adaptation, rat, photoreceptors.

Uno, T. and M. Shibata (2001). Central efferent control of nonshivering thermogenesis in rats. Journal of Thermal Biology 26(4-5): 485-489. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Abstract: Removal of the midbrain tonic inhibitory mechanism (MTIM) on nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) increases temperatures of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (T(IBAT)) and rectum (T(rec)) in urethane-anesthetized rats through disinhibition-induced activation of the central sympathetic nervous system. The magnitude of T(IBAT) and T(rec) increases by midbrain procaine microinjections during hypothalamic warming and cooling was smaller and larger, respectively, than that during thermoneutral hypothalamic temperature. In conscious animals, the midbrain procaine administration increased body temperature more in decerebrated than in control animals. It was concluded that the hypothalamus exerts its modulatory influences on the MTIM. However, its mode of action is not known.
Descriptors: heat production, body temperature, brain, hypothalamus, midbrain.

Usui, S., T. Okazaki, and Y. Honda (2003). Interruption of the rat circadian clock by short light-dark cycles. American Journal of Physiology 284(5, Part 2): R1255-R1259. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1:1-h light-dark (LD1:1) cycles for 50-90 days, and then they were released into constant darkness (DD). During LD1:1 cycles, behavioural rhythms were gradually disintegrated, and circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, drinking, and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion were eventually abolished. After release into DD, 44 (49%) rats showed arrhythmic behaviour for >10 days. Seven (8%) animals that remained arrhythmic for >50 days in DD were exposed to brief light pulses or 12:12-h light-dark cycles, and then their circadian rhythms were restored. These results indicate that the circadian clock was stopped, at least functionally, by LD1:1 cycles and was restarted by subsequent light stimulation.
Descriptors: animal behavior, circadian rhythm, light regime, light relations, photoperiodism, rats.

Usui, S., Y. Takahashi, and T. Okazaki (2000). Range of entrainment of rat circadian rhythms to sinusoidal light-intensity cycles. American Journal of Physiology 278(5, Part 2): R1148-R1156. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: rat, circadian rhythm, sinusoidal light intensity cycles, illuminance, maximum, minimum, light-dark, entrainment, sinusoidal fluctuations of light intensity.

Van Campen, L.E., W.J. Murphy, J.R. Franks, P.I. Mathias, and M.A. Toraason (2002). Oxidative DNA damage is associated with intense noise exposure in the rat. Hearing Research 164(1-2): 29-38. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: rat, intense noise exposure, oxidative DNA damage, hearing loss, noise induced, antioxident therapy.

Van den Buuse, M. (1999). Circadian rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate in conscious rats: effects of light cycle shift and timed feeding. Physiology and Behavior 68(1-2): 9-15. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: Eight mature male rats were subjected to varying light cycles with ad lib. or restricted access to food and blood pressure, heart rate, and behavioural activity were measured using radiotelemetry. In rats that were fed ad lib., a shift of the light cycle by 6 h (from lights on 07.00-19.00 h to lights on 13.00 to 01.00 h) induced an immediate, but from then on gradual, shift of the circadian rhythms of blood pressure, heart rate, and behavioural activity, which took 4-5 days to fully synchronize with the new light cycle. Rats on a normal light cycle receiving feeding for 1 h only during the light period rather than ad lib. feeding, showed a suppressed circadian rhythm, with the dark period values reduced to values not significantly different from those observed in the light period. During the 1 h timed feeding, blood pressure, heart rate, and behavioural activity peaked to levels that were normally seen during the dark period.
Descriptors: rats, blood pressure, heart rate, circadian rhythms, light cycle, timed feeding, ad lib, restricted.

Van der Meer, E., P.L. Van Loo, and V. Baumans (2004). Short-term effects of a disturbed light-dark cycle and environmental enrichment on aggression and stress-related parameters in male mice. Laboratory Animals 38(4): 376-83. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: In the laboratory setting, environmental factors have a major influence on the well-being of laboratory animals. The present study shows the importance of a semi-natural light-dark cycle. In this experiment one cohort of mice was kept with a continuous lighting for one week. After the first week the artificial light-dark cycle was 12:12 with lights on at 07:00 h. The second cohort of mice was kept with this 12:12 h light-dark cycle from the start. Half of each cohort received environmental enrichment. In order to analyse corticosterone levels, urine samples were collected. To measure agonistic behaviour, the behaviour of the mice was recorded on videotape immediately after cage cleaning. A significant difference in corticosterone levels between cohorts was found during disturbed lighting, but not after lighting conditions were reset to 12:12 h. In the first test week, mice subjected to disturbed lighting also showed a significantly shorter agonistic latency than control mice. This difference had disappeared when in the second test week all mice experienced 12:12 h lighting. No effects of enriched housing were found. This experiment has shown that disturbed lighting for socially-housed male mice caused physiological and behavioural changes indicative of stress, not only leading to much higher levels of corticosterone but also to shorter agonistic latency within the groups.
Descriptors: agonistic behavior physiology, behavior, animal physiology, inbred BALB c mice physiology, inbred BALB c mice psychology, photoperiod, body weight physiology, cohort studies, corticosterone urine, creatinine urine, drinking physiology, eating physiology, eating psychology, mice, random allocation, statistics, nonparametric, videotape recording.

Van Schanke, A., M.J. Jongsma, H.J. Van Kranen, L.H.F. Mullenders, and F.R. De Gruijl (2002). Effect of fractionation of exposure to ultraviolet light on the induction of nevi and skin tumors in mice. Pigment Cell Research 15(Supplement 9): 72. ISSN: 0893-5785.
Descriptors: mice, skin tumors, nevi, induction, ultraviolet light, exposure, effect.
Notes: Meeting Information: XVIII International Pigment Cell Conference (IPCC), September 09-13, 2002, Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands.

Vargas, M.L., F. Tejada, A. Penuela, R. Penafiel, and A. Cremades (2000). Effect of potassium deficiency on body temperature in mice. Journal of Thermal Biology 25(1-2): 125-129. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: potassium, mice, deficiency, body temperature.

Vaughan, D.K., S.F. Coulibaly, R.M. Darrow, and D.T. Organisciak (2003). A morphometric study of light-induced damage in transgenic rat models of retinitis pigmentosa. IOVS 44(2): 848-855.
Descriptors: transgenic rat models, retinitis pigmentosa, light induced damage, morphometric study, dim cycles, darkness, intense green light.

Vazquez, A.E., B.L. Lonsbury Martin, and A.E. Luebke (1998). Noise-induced hearing loss in the CBA/CAJ mouse: temporary and permanent changes in distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 24(1-2): 901. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: hearing loss, noise induced, temporary, permanent, CBA CAJ mouse, distortion, otoacoustic emissions.
Notes: Meeting Information: 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 1, November 7-12, 1998, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Vazquez, A.E., Q.Y. Zheng, B.L. Lonsbury Martin, and A.E. Luebke (1999). Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and effects of noise damage in a congenic strain of C57BL6J, B6.CAST-+Ahl mice. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25: 1-2. ISSN: 0190-5295.
Descriptors: mice, noise damage, effects, otoacoustic emissions, strain, C57BL6J, B6.CAST-+Ahl mice.
Notes: Meeting Information: 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 1, October 23-28, 1999, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Veening, J.G., J.A. Bouwknecht, H.J.J. Joosten, P.J. Dederen, T.J.J. Zethof, L. Groenink, J. Van der Gugten, and B. Olivier (2004). Stress-induced hyperthermia in the mouse: c-FOS expression, corticosterone and temperature changes. Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 28(4): 699-707. ISSN: 0278-5846.
Descriptors: mouse, hyperthermia, stress induced, corticosterone changes, temperature changes, thermoregulatory response.

Vidal Puig, A.J., D. Grujic, C.Y. Zhang, T. Hagen, O. Boss, Y. Ido, A. Szczepanik, J. Wade, and V. Mootha (2000). Energy metabolism in uncoupling protein 3 gene knockout mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275(21): 16258-16266. ISSN: 0021-9258.
Online: http://www.jbc.org/
NAL Call Number: 381 J824
Descriptors: mice, mitochondria, animal proteins, cell membranes, mutants, energy metabolism, skeletal muscle, ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine, food intake, triacylglycerols, body weight, oxygen consumption, oxygen, free radicals, aconitate hydratase, heat production, cold, body temperature regulation, blood chemistry, blood lipids, oxidation, fatty acids, glucose.

Vistamehr, S. and N. Tian (2004). Light deprivation suppresses the light response of inner retina in both young and adult mouse. Visual Neuroscience 21(1): 23-37. ISSN: 0952-5238.
Descriptors: mouse, adult, young, light deprivation, light response, inner retina, visual stimulation.

Voipio, H.M. (1997). How do rats react to sound? Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science Supplement 24(1): 1-70. ISSN: 0901-3393.
Descriptors: rats, laboratory animals, sound, behavior, adaptation, females, males, age groups, mammals, radiation, Rodentia, sex, useful animals.
Notes: Thesis (Dr. Med. Vet.).

Voltura, M.B. and B.A. Wunder (1998). Effects of ambient temperature, diet quality, and food restriction on body composition dynamics of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster. Physiological Zoology 71(3): 321-328. ISSN: 0031-935X.
Descriptors: environmental temperature, diets, starvation, body composition, restricted feeding, body fat, fiber, intake, Pitymys ochrogaster.

Wang, D. and Z. Wang (2000). Body temperature regulation and evaporative water loss in root vole (Microtus oeconomus). Acta Theriologica Sinica 20(1): 37-47. ISSN: 1000-1050.
Descriptors: root vole, body temperature regulation, evaporative water loss, energetics, metabolic rate, thermal conductance, thermal neutral zone, body mass.

Warn, P.A., M.W. Brampton, A. Sharp, G. Morrissey, N. Steel, D.W. Denning, and T. Priest (2003). Infrared body temperature measurement of mice as an early predictor of death in experimental fungal infections. Laboratory Animals 37(2): 126-131. ISSN: 0023-6772.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1L3
Abstract: Temperatures of mice were measured using an infrared high performance non-contact thermometer, after the device had been calibrated using implantable microchips containing temperature transponders. Mice were infected with three species of Candida (isolates) and the resultant disseminated infections monitored. Mouse temperatures could be reliably measured using the infrared device and this measurement caused little distress to the mice. We were further able to demonstrate that mice rarely recovered if their body temperature dropped below 33.3 degrees C (sensitivity 68%, specificity 97%). Adoption of a 33.3 degrees C endpoint in fungal sepsis experiments measured by infrared non-contact thermometer would significantly reduce the suffering in the terminal stages of this type of infection model.
Descriptors: body temperature, death, hypothermia, infrared imagery, measurement, mycoses, sepsis, thermometers, Candida.

Wasowicz, M., C. Morice, P. Ferrari, J. Callebert, and C. Versaux Botteri (2002). Long-term effects of light damage on the retina of albino and pigmented rats. IOVS 43(3): 813-820.
Descriptors: rats, albino, pigmented, light damage, retina, long term effects, phototoxicity, retinal alterations, retinal physiology.

Weinert, D. and J. Waterhouse (1998). Diurnally changing effects of locomotor activity on body temperature in laboratory mice. Physiology and Behavior 63(5): 837-43. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: In mice circadian body temperature curves are masked due to the effect of motor activity. However, body temperature will not immediately reflect activity, but rather the integrated activity over IT minutes (integration time) and after a certain delay (lag), and the sensitivity to such masking may change throughout the circadian cycle. The aims of the present investigation were to estimate IT and lag, to quantify the effect of motor activity on body temperature at different times of the day, and, using these results, to draw temperature curves that are closer to the endogenous one. Activity and body temperature of adult male laboratory mice were recorded telemetrically at 10-min intervals. Animals were housed in air-conditioned rooms (T = 22+/-2 degrees C; relative humidity: 55-65%) with a light-dark cycle of 12 h:12 h (light from 0700 to 1900 hours) and food and water available ad lib. The diurnal activity and body temperature rhythms were similar with a main maximum during the dark time and a secondary maximum immediately following lights-on. Nearly all changes of activity were reflected in body temperature. IT and lag were established on the basis of the best correlation between body temperature and activity (overlapping 4-h sections of 12 days) for all combinations of IT from 10 to 90 min and lag from 0 to 50 min (10-min steps each). The overall means of IT and lag were 40 and 0 min, respectively. During the dark time the values were somewhat larger, but not significantly so. The correlation between activity and body temperature was significantly better in the light time compared to the dark time. The sensitivity of the body temperature to changes in activity was investigated by linear regression analysis for every hour over 12 days (IT = 40 min, lag = 0 min). The gradients assessed by regression analysis showed a diurnal pattern with maximal values during the light time (p < 0.01). Thus, body temperature was raised by activity more during the light time (minimum of body temperature and activity) than during the dark time. The intercepts showed a nearly sinusoidal diurnal pattern with maximal values in the middle of the dark time. Accepting that the intercepts correspond to zero activity at a certain time of day, one might use them to get a curve that is closer to the endogenous body temperature rhythm. Mechanisms (circadian and thermoregulatory) that might cause the diurnally changing sensitivity of body temperature to activity are discussed.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, circadian rhythm physiology, motor activity physiology, mice, regression analysis, thermoregulatory, diurnally, changing effects, locomotor activity, temperature curves.

Weinert, D. and J. Waterhouse (1999). Daily activity and body temperature rhythms do not change simultaneously with age in laboratory mice. Physiology and Behavior 66(4): 605-612. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Descriptors: activity, body temperature, change, rhythms, mice, age, laboratory.

Weinert, D., J. Waterhouse, and H. Weinert (2002). Body temperature in laboratory mice: circadian and homeostatic control. Zoology (Jena) 105(Supplement 5): 90. ISSN: 0944-2006.
Descriptors: mice, circadian, homeostatic, control, body temperature.
Notes: Meeting Information: 95th Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft (German Zoological Society), May 20-24, 2002, Halle/Saale, Germany.

Weinert, D. and H. Weinert (2003). The relative Zeitgeber strength of lights-on and lights-off is changed in old mice. Chronobiology International 20(3): 405-416. ISSN: 0742-0528.
Abstract: The daily activity pattern of old mice is characterized by a decreased amplitude, a phase advance, and less stable relationship between lights-off and the onset of the main activity maximum. When analyzing the possible causes of these changes, it must be remembered that the activity rhythm of laboratory mice is bimodal, with a main peak in the first half of the dark time and a secondary one shortly after lights-on. Thus it seems to be controlled by at least two circadian oscillators - an "evening oscillator" coupled more strongly to lights-off and a "morning oscillator" coupled to lights-on - though both oscillators are also coupled to each other. The objective of the present paper was to investigate the putative changes in the strength of these couplings in HaZ:ICR mice of different ages (adult animals of 20 weeks, n=12; old mice of 72 and 91 weeks of age, n=6 each) and kept in a 24 h LD-cycle with a gradually reduced light:dark ratio. In adult mice, lengthening the dark time caused the onset of the main maximum of activity to be delayed in relation to the time of lights-off, while the morning maximum of activity was advanced in relation to lights-on. On average, the sizes of the advance and the delay were equal. As a consequence, the activity pattern did not shift in relation to the middle of the dark time. Lengthening the dark time resulted in a bigger (on average, 1.5 h) difference between the evening and morning activity onsets. Under short photoperiods (<less or =>2 h of light) the activity rhythm started to free run, and the difference between evening and morning activity onsets decreased again. The changes obtained in senile mice were similar. However, the limits of entrainment were reached with longer photoperiods compared to adult animals. Also, the phase delay of the activity onset in the evening was much less, nearly zero. As a consequence, the activity pattern as a whole phase-advanced in relation to the middle of the dark time. A model was proposed in which lights-off triggers advances of the "evening oscillator," lights-on delays the "morning oscillator," and the two oscillators are coupled with each other. Though it was probably the case, decreased coupling strengths could not be shown with the present experimental approach. However, it was clearly evident that, with increasing age, the advancing effect of lights-off exceeded the delaying effect of lights-on.
Descriptors: aging, animal models, circadian rhythm, light relations, man, mice.

Weinert, D. and V. Kompauerova (1998). Light-induced phase and period responses of circadian activity rhythms in laboratory mice of different age. Zoology (Jena) 101(1): 45-52. ISSN: 0944-2006.
Descriptors: mice, circadian activity rhythms, light induced phase, different age, period responses, light, dark, locomotor activity.

Weinert, H., D. Weinert, and J. Waterhouse (2002). The circadian activity and body temperature rhythms of mice during their last days of life. Biological Rhythm Research 33(2): 199-212. ISSN: 0929-1016.
Descriptors: mice, aging, death, body temperature, motor activity, circadian activity, old mice, younger mice, last days of life.

Williams, T.P., A. Squitieri, R.P. Henderson, and J.P.P. Webbers (1999). Reciprocity between light intensity and rhodopsin concentration across the rat retina. Journal of Physiology (Cambridge) 516(3): 869-874. ISSN: 0022-3751.
Descriptors: rat, retina, light intensity, rhodopsin concentration, reciprocity.

Wooden, K.M. and G.E. Walsberg (1999). Effect of body-temperature perturbations on locomotory performance in a diurnal desert rodent, Spermophilus tereticaudus. American Zoologist 39(5): 76A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
Descriptors: body temperature, perturbations, locomotory performance, desert rodent, effect, dirunal, Spermophilus tereticaudus.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 04-08, 2000, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Wooden, K.M. and G.E. Walsberg (2004). Body temperature and locomotor capacity in a heterothermic rodent. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(1): 41-46. ISSN: 0022-0949.
Descriptors: heterothermic rodent, locomotor capacity, body temperature, ground squirrel, energetic costs, sprint speed, thermoregulation.

Wooden, K.M. and G.E. Walsberg (2002). Effect of environmental temperature on body temperature and metabolic heat production in a heterothermic rodent, Spermophilus tereticaudus. Journal of Experimental Biology 205(14): 2099-2105. ISSN: 0022-0949.
Descriptors: heterothermic rodent, ambient temperature, effect, body temperature, metabolic heat, energy expenditure, thermoregulatory ability.

Woodley, R. and R. Buffenstein (2001). Reproductive function of naked mole-rats is extremely sensitive to ambient temperature. American Zoologist 41(6): 1629. ISSN: 0003-1569.
Descriptors: naked mole rats, reproductive function, sensitivity, ambient temperature, thermoconforming, poikilothermic.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 02-06, 2002, Anaheim, California, USA.

Wu, J.M., E.P. Chen, and P.G. Soderberg (1998). Ascorbic acid does not protect photic injury by blue light on rat retina. IOVS 39(4): S827.
Descriptors: rat, retina, photic injury, blue light, ascorbic acid, protection, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 10-15, 1998, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

Wu, J., S. Seregard, B. Spangberg, M. Oskarsson, and E. Chen (1999). Blue light induced apoptosis in rat retina. Eye (London) 13(4): 577-583.
Descriptors: rat, retina, apoptosis, blue light.

Yarosh, D.B., J. Kibitel, S.E. Ullrich, T.H. Kim, H.N. Ananthaswamy, P. Krien, A. Fourtanier, and M.L. Kripke (1999). Direct comparison of DNA damage, isomerization of urocanic acid and edema in the mouse produced by three commonly used artificial UV light sources. Photochemistry and Photobiology 69(5): 571-574. ISSN: 0031-8655.
Descriptors: UV light, DNA damage, mouse, edema, uric acid, isomerization, comparison.

Yavin, S., A. Aroyo, and A. Arav (2003). Affect of low intensity light on mice embryo development using the time laps "embryoguard" system. Fertility and Sterility 80(Supplement 3): S121-S122. ISSN: 0015-0282.
Descriptors: mice embryo, development, low light intesity, affect, time laps embryoguard system, reproduction.
Notes: Meeting Information: 59th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, October 11-15, 2003, San Antonio, Texas, USA.

Yoda, M., Y. Nakano, T. Tobe, S. Shioda, N.H. Choi Miura, and M. Tomita (2001). Characterization of mouse GBP28 and its induction by exposure to cold. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 25(1): 75-83.
NAL Call Number: RC628.A1O2
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the expression of the novel adipose tissue-specific protein GBP28 in adipose tissue and serum are altered in mice under a variety of conditions. DESIGN: Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, fasted for 48 h or exposed at 4 degrees C. SUBJECTS: C57BL/6J mouse, male, 4-6 weeks old. MEASUREMENTS: GBP28 mRNA, GBP28 protein, blood glucose, insulin and fad pad weight of the mice. RESULTS: We first confirmed that the mouse has GBP28 and its characteristics are the same as human GBP28. Serum concentration and mRNA levels of GBP28 significantly increased in the mice exposed to cold. CONCLUSION: GBP28 may play a role in homeostasis, regulating body temperature and basal metabolic rate in response to changing environmental conditions.
Descriptors: mice, body fat, adipose tissue, cold, exposure, dietary fat, animal proteins, protein synthesis, messenger RNA, blood sugar, insulin, body composition, homeostasis.

Yoda, T., L.I. Crawshaw, K. Yoshida, L. Su, T. Hosono, O. Shido, S. Sakurada, Y. Fukuda, and K. Kanosue (2000). Effects of food deprivation on daily changes in body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation in rats. American Journal of Physiology 278(1, Part 2): R134-R139. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: Homeothermic animals regulate body temperature (Tb) by using both autonomic and behavioral mechanisms. In the latter process, animals seek out cooler or warmer places when they are exposed to excessively hot or cold environments. Thermoregulation is affected by the state of energy reserves in the body. In the present study, we examine the effects of 4-day food deprivation on circadian changes in Tb and on cold-escape and heat-escape behaviors in rats. Continuous measurement of Tb during food deprivation indicated that the peak Tb amplitude was not different from baseline values, but the trough amplitude continuously decreased after the onset of food deprivation. Cold-escape behavior was facilitated by food deprivation, whereas heat-escape behavior was unchanged. After the termination of food deprivation, the lowered Tb returned to normal on the first day. However, cold-escape behavior was still facilitated on the third day after food reintroduction. Autonomic and behavioral thermoregulatory effectors are modulated in the face of food shortage so as to maintain optimal performance during the active period, whereas increasing energy conservation occurs during the quiescent phase.
Descriptors: body temperature, deprivation, food deprivation, thermoregulation, energy conservation, effects, animal models, rats.

Yoshida, N., S.J. Hequembourg, C.A. Atencio, J.J. Rosowski, and M.C. Liberman (2000). Acoustic injury in mice: 129/SvEv is exceptionally resistant to noise-induced hearing loss. Hearing Research 141(1-2): 97-106. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: mice, acoustic injury, resistant, 129 SvEv, hearing loss.

Yoshida, N. and M.C. Liberman (2000). Sound conditioning reduces noise-induced permanent threshold shift in mice. Hearing Research 148(1-2): 213-219. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Descriptors: mice, noise induced permanent threshold shift, sound conditioning, reduces, changes, outer hair cell function.

Zawilska, J.B., J. Rosiak, and J.Z. Nowak (1998). Effects of near-ultraviolet light on the nocturnal serotonin n-acetyltransferase activity of rat pineal gland. NeuroScience Letters 243(1-3): 49-52. ISSN: 0304-3940.
Descriptors: rat, pineal gland, near ultraviolet light, effects, nocturnal serotonin n-acetyltransferase activity, UVA, signal, melatonin biosynthesis.

Zhao, C., W. Lu, H. Wang, and D. Che (2002). [Effect of temperature on spermatogenic function of mouse]. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University 24(6): 78-81. ISSN: 1000-5684.
Abstract: The effects of water bath temperature on the structure of testis tissue and spermatogenic function were investigated in mice. Degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules were observed in mice bathed in 35 degrees C for 45 minutes (P<0.05). The regression of the testes was extremely significant in mice bathed in 40 degrees C for 45 minutes (P<0.01). It was found that seminiferous epithelium is sensitive to changes in temperature; sertoli and leydig cells showed weak sensitivities.
Descriptors: Leydig cells, seminiferous epithelium, seminiferous tubules, sertoli cells, temperature, testes, mice.
Language of Text: Chinese with an English summary.

Zhou, G., H. Gong, J. Wu, X. Zhou, and R.W. Williams (2004). Myopia induced by lighting in advance in neonatal mice. Anatomical Science International 79: 374. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: neonatal mice, myopia, induced, lighting, conference.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, August 22-27, 2004, Kyoto, Japan.

Zhu, M., D. Nehra, J.J.H. Ackerman, and D.A. Yablonskiy (2004). On the role of anesthesia on the body/brain temperature differential in rats. Journal of Thermal Biology 29(7-8): 599-603. ISSN: 0306-4565.
NAL Call Number: QP82.2.T4J6
Descriptors: rats, body, brain, temperature, anesthesia, role, blood flow, oxygen consumption, anesthetics, temperature gradients.

Zimmer, M.B. and W.K. Milsom (2002). Ventilatory pattern and chemosensitivity in unanesthetized, hypothermic ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 133(1-2): 49-63. ISSN: 1569-9048.
Abstract: The present study examined the effects of severe hypothermia in the absence of anesthesia on breathing pattern, ventilatory control and chemosensitivity in a cold tolerant species capable of seasonal hibernation. Hypothermia was induced in ground squirrels and ventilation and heart rate were recorded in animals breathing air at a body temperature (Tb) of 5 and 10 degrees C. The animals were then exposed to hypercapnic (2, 4 and 6% CO(2)) and hypoxic (12, 10, 8 and 4% O(2)) gas mixtures. We found that severe hypothermia in ground squirrels caused the breathing pattern to change from a continuous pattern to patterns that are commonly observed during hibernation. This suggests that temperature and metabolism alone are important factors in producing these patterns. The relative ventilatory sensitivity to hypercapnia was retained in the ground squirrel during hypothermia while ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia was totally abolished. This is in contrast to hibernation where a small but significant hypoxic ventilatory response is present along with an enhanced relative response to hypercapnia. This suggests that changes in Tb alone can not account for the changes seen in ventilatory sensitivity during hibernation.
Descriptors: chemoreceptors physiology, hypothermia physiopathology, pulmonary ventilation physiology, respiration, Sciuridae physiology, hibernation physiology, respiratory function tests methods, wakefulness physiology.

Zimmer, M.B. and W.K. Milsom (2001). Effects of changing ambient temperature on metabolic, heart, and ventilation rates during steady state hibernation in golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74(5): 714-23. ISSN: 1522-2152.
Abstract: To determine whether metabolic rate is suppressed in a temperature-independent fashion in the golden-mantled ground squirrel during steady state hibernation, we measured body temperature and metabolic rate in ground squirrels during hibernation at different T(a)'s. In addition, we attempted to determine whether heart rate, ventilation rate, and breathing patterns changed as a function of body temperature or metabolic rate. We found that metabolic rate changed with T(a) as it was raised from 5 degrees to 14 degrees C, which supports the theory that different species sustain falls in metabolic rate during hibernation in different ways. Heart rate and breathing pattern also changed with changing T(a), while breathing frequency did not. That the total breathing frequency did not correlate closely with oxygen consumption or body temperature, while the breathing pattern did, raises important questions regarding the mechanisms controlling ventilation during hibernation.
Descriptors: heart rate physiology, hibernation physiology, respiration, Sciuridae physiology, adaptation, physiological, body temperature, oxygen consumption.

Zolotareva, N.N., T.M. Agapkina, and A.N. Severtsov (2002). Biochemical and physiological status of Mongolian gerbils under low temperature conditions. Advances in Ethology 37: 177. ISSN: 0931-4202.
Descriptors: Mongolian gerbils, biochemical status, physiological status, low temperature conditions.
Notes: Meeting Information: 4th International Symposium on Physiology and Behaviour of Wild and Zoo Animals, September 29-October 02, 2002, Berlin, Germany.

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