Wildlife

 

2007

Acevedo, P.; Vicente, J.; Hofle, U.; Cassinello, J.; Ruiz-Fons, F.; Gortazar, C.  Estimation of European wild boar relative abundance and aggregation: a novel method in epidemiological risk assessment.  Epidemiology and Infection.  2007; 135 (3): 519-527.  ISSN:  0950-2688
URL:   http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=HYG  
NAL Call Number:  RA651.A1E74
Descriptors:  wild boars (Sus scrofa), pigs, disease resevoirs, wildlife epidemiology, fecal dropping frequency, transects, spatial aggregation indices, runs test statistic, hunting data, porcine circovirus, Aujeszky's disease virus seroprevalences, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Metastrongylus spp. prevalence, Spain.

Bennett, R.; Willis, K.  Public opinions on badger populations and the control of tuberculosis in cattle in the UK.  Veterinary Record.  2007; 160 (8): 266-268.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:  http://veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com/archive/
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  opinion survey questionnaire, prevention of bovine tuberculosis, badger management, telephone and mail survey, wildlife management sometimes necessary, role of government, opinions of population management of badgers, cost benefit, England, Wales.

Corner, L.A.L.  Bovine tuberculosis control in Australia, New Zealand and Ireland: wild animals and the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic animals.  Cattle Practice.  2007; 15 (1): 3-12.  ISSN:  0969-1251
URL:  http://www.bcva.org.uk  
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  badgers, cattle, deer, Mycobacterium bovis, wild animals as disease reservoirs, disease surveillance, control programs studies for Australia, New Zealand, Ireland.

Morar, D.; Tijhaar, E.; Negrea, A.; Hendriks, J.; Haarlem, D. van; Godfroid, J.; Michel, A.L.; Rutten, V.P.M.G.  Cloning, sequencing and expression of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) interferon-gamma (IFN-(Sd(B) and the production of rhinoceros IFN-(Sd(B specific antibodies.  Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.  2007 Jan 15; 115 (1-2): 146-154.  ISSN:  0165-2427
URL:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.10.016  
NAL Call Number:  SF757.2.V38
Abstract:  Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is endemic in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park (KNP).  In addition to buffalo, Mycobacterium bovis has been found in at least 14 other mammalian species in South Africa, including kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) and lion (Panthera leo).  This has raised concern about the spillover into other potentially susceptible species like rhinoceros, thus jeopardising breeding and relocation projects aiming at the conservation of biodiversity.  Hence, procedures to screen for and diagnose BTB in black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) need to be in place.  The Interferon-gamma (IFN-(Sd(B) assay is used as a routine diagnostic tool to determine infection of cattle and recently African buffalo, with M. bovis and other mycobacteria.  The aim of the present work was to develop reagents to set up a rhinoceros IFN-(Sd(B (RhIFN-(Sd(B) assay.  The white rhinoceros IFN-(Sd(B gene was cloned, sequenced and expressed as a mature protein.  Amino acid (aa) sequence analysis revealed that RhIFN-(Sd(B shares a homology of 90% with equine IFN-(Sd(B.  Monoclonal antibodies, as well as polyclonal chicken antibodies (Yolk Immunoglobulin-IgY) with specificity for recombinant RhIFN-(Sd(B were produced.  Using the monoclonals as capture antibodies and the polyclonal IgY for detection, it was shown that recombinant as well as native white rhinoceros IFN-(Sd(B was recognised.  This preliminary IFN-(Sd(B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has the potential to be developed into a diagnostic assay for M. bovis infection in rhinoceros.
Descriptors:  white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) endangered species, Mycobacterium bovis, development of an IFN-(Sd(B ELISA), potential approach for a diagnostic assay. 

Muller, M.; Naumann, L.; Weber, A.; Ehrlein, J.; Ewringmann, T.; Krisch, A.; Kahlau, D.  Nachweis des Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Komplexes bei Wildschweinen mittels PCR.  [Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wild boars by PCR.]  Tierarztliche Umschau.  2007; 62 (3): 140-143.  ISSN:  0049-3864.  Note:  In German with an English summary. 
URL:  http://www.tu-online.de  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 T445
Descriptors:  wild pigs, wild boar, lymph node tissue, PCR assay, Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum; Mycobacterium triviale, culture medium, modified Middlebrook medium (BACTEC MGIT 960 System), Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink culture media, Bavaria, Germany.

Naranjo, Victoria; Villar, Margarita; Martin-Hernando, Ma Paz; Vidal, Dolors; Hoefle, Ursula; Gortazar, Christian; Kocan, Katherine M.; Vazquez, Jesus; de la Fuente, Jose.  Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of differential stress/inflammatory responses in mandibular lymph nodes and oropharyngeal tonsils of European wild boars naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.  Proteomics.  2007; 7 (2): 220-231.  ISSN:  1615-9853
URL:  http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/76510741
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis pathogen, natural inection, Sus scrofa, European wild boar, wild animals as disease reservoirs, host, serum, oropharyngeal tonsil, dental and oral area, differential stress/inflammatory responses, mRNA and protein levels of mandibular lymph node, host-pathogen interactions.

Newton-Cross, Geraldine; White-Piran C.L.; Harris, Stephen.  Modelling the distribution of badgers Meles meles: comparing predictions from field-based and remotely derived habitat data.  Mammal Review.  2007; 37 (1): 54-70.  ISSN:  0305-1838
URL:  http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/mam?cookieSet=1   
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles), habitat data, populations distribution and abundance, conservation and wildlife epidemiology, wildlife host for Mycobacterium bovis, digital survey, model accuracy, 4 large scale presence/absence models, 1980s and 1990;s survey data (field and digital), model accuracy, Britain.

Renwick, A.R.; White, P.C.L.; Bengis, R.G.  Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host-pathogen system.  Epidemiology and Infection.  2007; 135 (4): 529-540.  ISSN:  0950-2688
URL:   http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=HYG  
NAL Call Number:  RA651.A1E74
Descriptors:  bovine tuberculosis, marsh antelope (Kobus lechwe), leopards, lions, Mycobacterium bovis, baboon (Papio ursinus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Tragelaphus strepsiceros, savannah ecosystem, hosts for disease, spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns, disease susceptibility, disease transmission, pathogenicity of Mycobacterium pathogen, multi-host models, Southern Africa.

Seward, Nathan W.; Phillips, Gregory E.; Duquette, Jared F.; Vercauteren, Kurt C.  A frightening device for deterring deer use of cattle feeders.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  2007; 71 (1): 271-276.  ISSN:  0022-541X
URL:  http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-archive&issn=0022-541X&ct=1
NAL Call Number:  410 J827
Abstract:  The presence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle can negatively impact a state's economy and cattle industry.  In Michigan, USA, wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a reservoir for reinfecting cattle herds.  Although direct TB transmission between deer and cattle is rare, infected deer may contaminate cattle feed.  To mitigate this risk, we designed and evaluated a deer-resistant cattle feeder (DRCF) device for deterring deer from feeders.  The device delivered negative stimuli to condition deer to avoid cattle feeders.  We tested the device by conducting a comparative change experiment at a high-density captive white-tailed deer operation in northeastern lower Michigan using pretreatment and treatment periods and random allocation of DRCF protection to 3 of 6 feeders during the treatment period.  We used animal-activated cameras to collect data on deer use of feeders.  Deer use was similar at protected and unprotected feeders during the pretreatment period but was lower at protected feeders during the treatment period.  Deer-resistant cattle feeders were 100% effective during the first 2 treatment weeks, 94% during the first 5 weeks, but effectiveness then dropped to 61% during the final week.  Excluding problems associated with low battery power and infrared sensors, DRCFs were 99% effective at deterring deer.  Our results suggest that DRCFs can effectively limit deer use of cattle feed, potentially with minimal impact on feeding behavior of cattle, thus reducing potential transmission of bovine TB through contaminated feed.  By employing DRCFs in bovine TB endemic areas, especially at times that deer are food stressed, agencies and producers can practically and economically reduce the potential for bovine TB to be transmitted from deer to cattle.
Descriptors:  white-tailed deer, (Odocoileus virginianus), feeding patterns, negative stimulus deer resistant cattle feeder, long term effectiveness, feeding stations, disease transmission between species, Mycobacterium bovis, wild vs captive deer operation, Michigan, US.

Sharma, S.; Mallick, G.P.; Rishendra Verma; Ray, S.K.  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of IS6110 sequences to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of deer (Axis axis).  Veterinary Research Communications.  2007; 31 (1): 17-21.  ISSN:  0165-7380
URL:   http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=103009  
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V38: 
Descriptors:  Axix deer (Cervus axis), diagnostic test, PCR IS6110 sequences, fixed tissue samples, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, India.

Skoric, M.; Shitaye, E.J.; Halouzka, R.; Fictum, P.; Trcka, I.; Heroldova, M.; Tkadlec, E.; Pavlik, I.  Tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in free living small terrestrial mammals and the risk of infection to humans and animals: a review.  Veterinarni Medicina.  2007; 52 (4): 144-161.  ISSN:  0375-8427
URL:  http://vetmed.vri.cz
NAL Call Number:  41.9 C333
Descriptors:  Brucella, Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rodents, Salmonella, free living small land mammals, bacterial pathogens, morphology of tuberculoid lesions, tularemia.

Smith, G.C.; Bennett, R.; Wilkinson, D.; Cooke, R.  A cost-benefit analysis of culling badgers to control bovine tuberculosis.  Veterinary Journal.  2007; 173 (2): 302-310.  ISSN:
URL:   http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10900233  
Descriptors:  cattle, herds, badgers (Meles meles), simulated culling strategies, badger trapping and gassing, disease control strategy Mycobacterium bovis, disease transmission, UK Government's Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK.

Vicente, J.; Delahay, R.J.; Walker, N.J.; Cheeseman, C.L.  Social organization and movement influence the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in an undisturbed high-density badger Meles meles population.  Journal of Animal Ecology.  2007; 76 (2): 348-360.  ISSN:  0021-8790
URL:   http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jae  
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles), bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, relationship between TB and badger ecology, animal demographics and behaviors, movement, pathogen excretion, individual and groups, stable social structure, males and females, culling may be negative, Britain.

Vicente, Joaquin; Hofle, Ursula; Garrido, Joseba M.; Fernandez de Maria, Isabel G.; Acevedo, Pelayo.; Juste, Ramon.; Barral, Marta.; Gortazar, Christian.  Risk factors associated with the prevalence of tuberculosis-like lesions in fenced wild boar and red deer in south central  

Spain.  Veterinary Research (Les-Ulis).  2007; 38 (3): 451-464.  ISSN:  0928-4249
URL:  http://www.vetres.org/
NAL Call Number: SF602.A5
Descriptors:  red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), management of large game animals, epidemiology of diseases, complications for the eradication of tuberculosis for livestock, use of watering holes, feeding stations, scrubland, forests effects, habitat use, transmission factors, south central Spain.

2006

Abernethy, D.A.; Denny, G.O.; Menzies, F.D.; McGuckian, P.; Honhold, N.; Roberts, A.R.  The Northern Ireland programme for the control and eradication of Mycobacterium bovis.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4):  231-237.  ISSN: 0378-1135.  Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503320/description#description
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  Bovine tuberculosis is endemic in Northern Ireland and a comprehensive eradication scheme has been in operation since 1959.  The current programme involves annual testing, extensive computerized tracing, short-interval testing of herds contiguous to outbreaks and compulsory slaughter of positive cattle.  Despite initial reductions in disease prevalence, eradication has proved elusive and potential explanatory factors include high cattle density and potential for between-herd contact, the impact of exotic diseases on resource priorities, and significant levels of bovine tuberculosis in a wildlife reservoir, the European badger (Meles meles).  Both the role of the infected bovine and that of the badger in spreading disease have to be addressed to ensure progress towards eradication.  Current measures are described and future options for enhancing the programme are outlined.
Descriptors:  cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, disease control, disease control programs, disease surveillance, disease outbreaks, culling animals, herd health, stocking rate, wildlife, disease reservoirs, disease transmission, risk assessment, disease eradication, Northern Ireland.

Barlow, A.M.; Monies, R.J.  Bovine tuberculosis in pigs in Cornwall and the west of England.  Pig Journal. 2006; 58: 204-211
URL:   http://www.pigjournal.co.uk   
Descriptors:  badgers, cattle, pigs, historical pattern of mycobacterial infection, wild and domestic pigs, environmental contamination, Mycobacterium avium from infected birds, Mycobacterium bovis from scavenged dead carcasses or feed and water, ingestion of contaminated milk or milk products, interaction with badgers is a risk, UK

Beran, V.; Matlova, L.; Horvathova, A.; Bartos, M.; Moravkova, M.; Pavlik, I.  Mycobacteria in the animal's environment in the Czech Republic.  Veterinarski Arhiv.  2006; 76(Supplement): S33-S39.  ISSN:  0372-5480
URL:   http://www.vef.hr/vetarhiv  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V6416
Descriptors:  farm and captive wild animals, environmental mycobacteria, breeding facilities, tanks, fish aquaria, peat as feed supplement, 1389 samples, 29 sites, bacteria cultured, Stonebrink's medium, Herrold's egg yolk medium, Sula's medium, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium flavescens, zoonotic infections, Czech Republic.

Bourne, F.J.; Donnelly, C.A.; Cox, D.R.; Gettinby, G.; McInerney, J.P.; Morrison, W.I.; Woodroffe, R.  TB policy and the badger culling trials.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 158 (19): 671-672.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:   http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  badgers, cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, wildlife as disease reservoir, culling badgers, disease control policies.

Bourne, F.J.; Donnelly, C.A.; Cox, D.R.; Gettinby, G.; McInerney, J.P.; Morrison, W.I.; Woodroffe, R.  TB policy and the badger culling trials.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 158 (12): 418. ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:   http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  cattle, badgers (Meles meles), wildlife reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis, UK.

Bowen-Davies, J.  Mycobacterium bovis in British deer.  Deer Farming.  2006; (82): 17-21. 
Descriptors:  deer, Mycobacterium bovis, zoonotic infection, active disease surveillance, immunity reactions, lack of diagnostic tests, clinical picture, Capreolus capreolus, red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), Muntiacus, Mycobacterium bovis, Britain.

Brook, R.K.; McLachlan, S.M.  Factors influencing farmers' concerns regarding bovine tuberculosis in wildlife and livestock around Riding Mountain National Park.  Journal of Environmental Management.  2006; 80 (2): 156-166.  ISSN:  0301-4797
URL:   http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014797  
NAL Call Number:  HC75.E5J6
Abstract:  Despite intensive efforts over the last century to eradicate bovine tuberculosis (TB) in North America, several hotspots of infected wildlife and livestock remain, raising concerns that the disease will never be eradicated.  The stress and frustration for a farmer caused by having a herd test positive for TB or living in an infected region can be substantial.  The goal of this study was to investigate the concerns of farmers around Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP) regarding the presence of TB in wildlife and livestock and conduct an exploratory analysis of causal factors.  Data were collected from 786 farmers within 50 km of RMNP using a mail-back questionnaire.  Overall, farmers indicated a high level of concern toward diseases in both wildlife and cattle relative to other concerns.  The spatial variables that had the greatest influence on TB concern were both the distance of farms to the RMNP boundary and distance of farms to previous cases of TB.  The most important aspatial factor associated with high TB concern was the frequency with which farmers observed elk on their land.  These results underscore the important differences between 'objective' measures of risk, such as epidemiological estimates of disease prevalence, and subjective measures of disease concern, such as risk perception and acceptability of management actions.  Written responses suggest that concerns regarding disease may affect how farmers view wildlife on their land and their relationship with neighbouring protected areas.  Management activities that reduce the frequency of elk interactions with farms, but also recognize the complex relationship that farmers have with wildlife and protected areas, will be most effective in mitigating farmer concern regarding this important problem..
Descriptors:  cattle, elk, wildlife disease reservoirs, disease control programs, bovine tuberculosis, farmers/ranchers concerns, disease risks, private and protected lands, Canada.

Buddle, B.M.; Aldwell, F.E.; Keen, D.L.; Parlane, N.A.; Hamel, K.L.; Lisle, G.W. de.  Oral vaccination of brushtail possums with BCG: investigation into factors that may influence vaccine efficacy and determination of duration of protection.  New Zealand Veterinary Journal.  2006; 54 (5): 224-230.  ISSN:  0048-0169
URL:   http://www.vetjournal.org.nz  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 N483
Descriptors:  brushtail possums, wildlife reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis BCG, oral pellets with dead and live bacteria, vaccine, efficacy tested, experimental infection, post challenge aerosol delivery of virulent pathogen, generated resistance.

Buddle, B.M.; Wedlock, D.N.; Denis, M.  Progress in the development of tuberculosis vaccines for cattle and wildlife.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4) 191-200.  ISSN: 0378-1135. Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  Vaccination against bovine tuberculosis is likely to become an important disease control strategy in developing countries, which cannot afford a test and slaughter control programme, or in countries which have a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection.  In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the development and evaluation of tuberculosis vaccines for cattle and for a range of wildlife maintenance hosts including possums, badgers, deer and African buffaloes.  Experimental challenge systems have been established for the different target species and the resulting disease process has mimicked that seen in the field.  In cattle, neonatal vaccination with BCG appeared to be more effective than vaccination of 6-month-old calves and in most situations no other vaccine has been shown to be better than BCG.  However, prime-boost strategies involving combinations of BCG with a protein or DNA vaccine, to improve on BCG vaccination alone, have produced very encouraging results.  Differential diagnostic tests have been developed using mycobacterial antigens that are only present in virulent M. bovis to differentiate between BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-infected cattle.  BCG vaccine has been shown to reduce the spread of tuberculous lesions in a range of wildlife species and a prototype oral bait delivery system has been developed.  Prospects for the development of improved vaccines against bovine tuberculosis are promising and vaccination approaches could become very valuable in the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis.
Descriptors:  cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, literature reviews, vaccines, vaccine development, wild animals, wildlife vaccination program, animal diseases, tuberculosis, vaccination, disease control, disease control programs, disease reservoirs, BCG vaccine, virulence, disease diagnosis, diagnostic techniques.

Buxton, David.  Wildlife and the risk to humans and domestic animals: A case for disease surveillance.  Veterinary Journal.  2006; 171 (2): 204-205.  ISSN:  1090-0233
URL:  http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/623077/description#description
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V484
Descriptors:  wildlife as disease reservoirs, zoonotic diseases, humans, domestic animals, parasites, bison, wolf, red deer, reindeer, sika deer, elk, Mycobacterium bovis, nematodes, sarcosystis.

Cagnacci, F.; Massei, G.; Coats, J.; Leeuw, A. de; Cowan, D.P.  Long-lasting systemic bait markers for Eurasian badgers.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases.  2006; 42 (4): 892-896.  ISSN:  0090-3558
URL:  http://www.jwildlifedis.org/
NAL Call Number:  41.9 W64B
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles) long-lasting markers, Rhodamine B, PrIPA, and EtIPA, bait markers around badger setts, serum samples, hair samples, whiskers collected, UK

Caley, P.  Bovine tuberculosis in brushtail possums: models, dogma and data.  New Zealand Journal of Ecology.  2006; 30 (1): 25-34.  ISSN:  0110-6465
NAL Call Number:  QH540.N43
Descriptors:  bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, 3 disease models evaluated, issue of spatial clustering of possums, concerns for loss of data sets, possum management, wild animal disease reservoir, New Zealand. 

Clarke, K.R.; Firlgerald, S.D.; Hattey, J.A.; Bolin, C.A.; Berry, D.E.; Church, S.V.; Reed, W.M.  Experimental inoculation of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) with Mycobacterium bovis.  Avian Diseases.  2006; 50 (1): 131-134.  ISSN:  0005-2086
URL: http://avdi.allenpress.com/avdionline/?request=index-html
NAL Call Number:  41.8 AV5
Descriptors:  susceptibility of birds to Mycobacterium bovis, wild turkeys, experimental inoculation, trachea and oral routes, fecal cultures negatives, 30days, 60 days, 90 days, sampling, passive persistence, no lesions, minimal disease reservoir.

Corner, L.A.L.  The role of wild animal populations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic animals: how to assess the risk.  Veterinary Mcrobiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4): 303-312.  ISSN: 0378-1135.  Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  Tuberculosis is present in wild animal populations in North America, Europe, Africa and New Zealand.  Some wild animal populations are a source of infection for domestic livestock and humans.  An understanding of the potential of each wild animal population as a reservoir of infection for domestic animals is reached by determining the nature of the disease in each wild animal species, the routes of infection for domestic species and the risk of domestic animals encountering an infectious dose.  The mere presence of infection in a wild animal population does not of itself provide evidence of a significant wildlife reservoir.  Although at times counterintuitive, wildlife populations with high disease prevalence may not necessarily have a role in the epidemiology of disease in domestic livestock.  The key concepts used in deciding whether an infected wild animal population is involved in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic livestock is illustrated by reference to six well-researched cases: the feral pig (Suis scrofa) and feral Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Australia, white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan, and the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and other species, such as the ferret (Mustela furo), in New Zealand.  A detailed analysis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in Ireland and their role as a reservoir of infection for cattle is also presented.
Descriptors:  cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, literature reviews, wild animals, wildlife, animal diseases, tuberculosis, alternative hosts, risk assessment, disease transmission, infection, disease prevalence, disease outbreaks, case studies, disease reservoirs.

Coryn, H.D.  Badgers, TB and modern farming practice.  Veterinary Record.  2006; 158 (17): 604.  ISSN:  0042-4900.  Note:  Correspondence.
URL:   http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  cattle, badgers (Meles meles), Mycobacterium bovis, relationship with modern farming practicesm, UK.

Costello, E.; Flynn, O.; Quigley, F.; O'Grady, D.; Griffin, J.; Clegg, T.; McGrath, G.  Genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from badgers in four areas of the Republic of Ireland by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 159(19): 619-623.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:   http://veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com/archive/  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis isolates from badgers, tissue sampling of 2310 animals, RFLP analysis with IS6110, polymorphic GC-rich sequence (PGRS), direct repeat sequence (DR) probes, 398 isolates, 52 RFLP types identifies, movement of badgers between territories, Republic of Ireland.

Costello, E.; Flynn, O.; Quigley, F.; O ' Grady, D.; Griffin, J.; Clegg, T.; McGrath, G.  Genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from badgers in four areas of the Republic of Ireland by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006 Nov 4; 159 (19): 619-623.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:    http://veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com/   
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  badgers, Meles Meles, Mycobacterium bovis strains, genotype, restriction fragment length polymorphism, epidemiology, Ireland.

Crawford, G.C.; Ziccardi, M.H.; Gonzales, B.J.; Woods, L.M.; Fischer, J.K.; Manning, E.J.B.; Mazet, J.A.K.  Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium infections in a tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) herd.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases.  2006; 42 (4): 715-723.  ISSN:  0090-3558
URL:  http://www.jwildlifedis.org/
NAL Call Number:  41.9 W64B
Abstract:  Between 2 August and 22 September 2000, 37 hunter-killed tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) were evaluated at the Grizzly Island Wildlife Area, California, USA, for evidence of paratuberculosis.  Elk were examined post-mortem, and tissue and fecal samples were submitted for radiometric mycobacterial culture.  Acid-fast isolates were identified by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that discriminates among members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).  Histopathologic evaluations were completed, and animals were tested for antibodies using a Johne's enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion.  In addition, 104 fecal samples from tule elk remaining in the herd were collected from the ground and submitted for radiometric mycobacterial culture.  No gross lesions were detected in any of the hunter-killed animals.  Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was cultured once from ileocecal tissue of one adult elk and was determined to be a strain (A18) found commonly in infected cattle.  One or more isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) were isolated from tissues of five additional adult elk.  Gastrointestinal tract and lymph node tissues from 17 of the 37 elk (46%) examined had histopathologic lesions commonly seen with mycobacterial infection; however, acid-fast bacteria were not observed.  All MAC infections were detected from adult elk (P=0.023).  In adult elk, a statistically significant association was found between MAA infection and ELISA sample-to-positive ratio (S/P)>=0.25 (P=0.021); four of five MAA culture-positive elk tested positive by ELISA.  Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA S/P>=0.25 for detection of MAA in adult elk were 50% and 93%, respectively.  No significant associations were found between MAC infection and sex or histopathologic lesions.  Bacteriologic culture confirmed infection with MAP and MAA in this asymptomatic tule elk herd.  The Johne's ELISA was useful in signaling mycobacterial infection on a population basis but could not discriminate between MAA and MAP antibodies.  The multiplex PCR was useful in discriminating among the closely related species belonging to MAC..
Descriptors:  tule elk, Cervus elaphus nannodes, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, red deer, disease survey, PCR, ELISA, California, USA.

Daly, M.; Diegel, K.L.; Fitzgerald, S.D.; Schooley, A.; Berry, D.E.; Kaneene, J.B.  Patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in Michigan wildlife and bovine isolates of Mycobacterium bovis.  Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.  2006 July; 18 (4): 401-404.  ISSN: 1040-6387.
URL:  http://jvdi.org/
NAL Call Number:  SF774.J68
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis, bacterial isolates, wildlife and bovine sources, susceptibility to  antibacterial compounds.

Daykin, J.; Pepper, B.; Green, R.; Howe, C.; Swarbrick, O.  Badger culling consultation. Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 159 (7): 220.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:  http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  badgers, cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, bovine tuberculosis, rules, UK.

Delahay, R.J.; Smith, G.C.; Barlow, A.M.; Walker, N.; Harris, A.; Clifton-Hadley, R.S.; Cheeseman, C.L.  Bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in the south-west region of England: a survey of prevalence and a semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle.  Veterinary Journal.  2007; 173 (2): 287-301.  ISSN:  1090-0233
URL:   http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10900233 
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles); pathogen survey of wild mammals; post mortem examination and tissue collection; microbiological culture; infection found in: fox, stoat, polecat, common shrew, yellow-necked mouse, wood mouse, field vole, grey squirrel, roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and muntjac; deer species carried a significant level of bacteria, UK.

Donnelly, C.A.; Woodroffe, R.; Cox, D.R.; Bourne, F.J.; Cheeseman, C.L.; Clifton-Hadley, R.S.; Wei, G.; Gettinby, G.; Gilks P.; Jenkins H.  Positive and negative effects of widespread badger culling on tuberculosis in cattle \h [electronic resource].  Nature.  2006 Feb. 16; 439 (7078): 843-846.  ISSN:  1476-9679
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04454  
NAL Call Number:  472 N21
Descriptors:  cattle, bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, disease control, disease reservoirs, badgers, Meles meles, culling animals, disease prevalence, disease incidence, geographical distribution, United Kingdom.

Duckworth, J.A.; Byrom, A.E.; Fisher, P.; Horn, C.  Pest control: Does the answer lie in new biotechnologies?  In:  R.B. Allen and W.G. Lee.  Ecological Studies.  Springer-Verlag Berlin, Berlin.  2006; 186: 421-434.  ISSN:  0070-8356.  ISBN:  3540300228
URL: http://www.springer.com/dal/home/new+%26+forthcoming+titles+%28default%29?SGWID=1-40356-22-92732336-0
NAL Call Number:  QH540.E288
Descriptors:  pest control, zoonotic disease control, wildlife management, population control, disease control and prevention, mammals, viral diseases, microorganisms, foxes, rates, skunks, weasels, brushtail possums and raccoons, immunology, mycobacterial infection, New Zealand. 

Everett, R.E.  Eradication of bovine TB: learning from other countries.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 158 (18): 640.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:  http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  buffalo, cattle, bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, disease control and eradication, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia.

Fontenot, D.K.; Terrell, S.P.; Malakooti, K.; Medina, S.  Health assessment of the Guam rail (Gallirallus owstoni) population in the Guam rail recovery program.  Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery.  2006; 20 (4): 225-233.  ISSN:  1082-6742
URL:   http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-archive&issn=1082-6742  
NAL Call Number:  SF994.J6
Descriptors:  captive island animals, Guam rail (Gallirallus owstoni), health assessment for pre-release, domestic chickens, blood counts, plasma analysis, ELISA for Mycopbacterium bovis, enteric pathogens, Guam, Rota.

Gallagher, J.; Muirhead, R.H.; Turnbull, A.T.; Davies, J.I.; Ashton, W.L.G.; Smith, J.; Daykin, J.; McDiarmid, A.  TB policy and the badger culling trials.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 158 (9): 310-311.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:   http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  badgers, (Meles meles), cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, disease eradication and control, government policies, UK.

Gallagher, J.; Muirhead, R.H.; Turnbull, A.T.; Davies, J.I.; Ashton, W.L.G.; Smith, J.; Daykin, J.; McDiarmid, A.  TB policy and the badger culling trials.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 159 (7): 220.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:   http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  badgers, Mycobacterium bovis, bovine tuberculosis, policies, wildlife disease reservoirs, disease transmission, culling of badgers.

Gallagher, J.; Muirhead, R.H..; Turnbull, A.T.; Davies, J.I.; Ashton, W.L.G.; Smith, J.; Daykin, J.; McDiarmid, A.  TB policy and the badger culling trials.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 158 (15): 524.  ISSN:  0042-4900
URL:  http://www.bvapublications.com  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles), cattle, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Glawischnig, W.; Steineck, T.; Spergser, J.  Infections caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium, hominissuis, and paratuberculosis in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) in Austria, 2001-2004.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases.  2006; 42 (4): 724-731.  ISSN:  0090-3558
URL:  http://www.jwildlifedis.org/
NAL Call Number:  41.9 W64B
Descriptors:  free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus), clinical picture, postmortem exam, lymphadenitis, nodular lesion in thickened intestinal wall, mixed infections, Mycobacterium avium ssp avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp hominissuis; PCR, Austria.

Good, M.  Bovine tuberculosis eradication in Ireland.  Irish Veterinary Journal.  2006; 59 (3): 154-162.  ISSN:  0368-0762
URL:    http://www.veterinary-ireland.org  
NAL Call Number:  41.8 IR4
Descriptors:  cattle, bovine tuberculosis, eradication program started in 1950, European trading condition for live animals, reduction in disease levels, Mycobacterium bovis levels, wild badgers (Meles meles), disease reservoirs, disease transmission, disease prevention and control in wild animals, Ireland.

Griffin, J.F.T.; Rodgers, C.R.; Liggett, S.; Mackintosh, C.G.  Tuberculosis in ruminants: characteristics of intra-tonsilar Mycobacterium bovis infection models in cattle and deer.  Tuberculosis.  2006; 86 (6): 404-418.  ISSN:  1472-9792
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14729792  
Descriptors:  cattle, red deer (Cervus elaphus), Mycobacterium bovis, intra-tonsilar, immunity reactions, immunological reactions, resistance to disease, susceptibility to disease, species comparison.

Javed, Muhammad-Tariq; Usman, Mahmood; Irfan, Muhammad; Cagiola, Monica.  A study on tuberculosis in buffaloes: some epidemiological aspects, along with haematological and serum protein changes.  Veterinarski Arhiv.  2006; 76 (3): 193-206.  ISSN:  0372-5480
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V6416
Descriptors:  buffalo, bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, blood chemistry changes, blood cell changes, red cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, leukocytes, monocytes, immune system, globulin.

Jolles, Anna E.; Cooper, David V.; Levin, Simon A.  Hidden effects of chronic tuberculosis in African buffalo.  Ecology (Washington DC).  2005; 86 (9): 2358-2364.  ISSN:  0012-9658
NAL Call Number:  410 Ec7
Descriptors:  African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), population level effects of pathogens in wild host populations, Mycobacterium bovis, disease seems mild and chronic, affects adult survival and fecundity, Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park, South Africa.

Hancox, M.  Confusion over cattle tuberculosis.  Letters in Applied Microbiology.  2006; 43 (2): 236.  ISSN:  0266-8254
URL:  http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01959.x  
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles), cattle, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, species differences in lung lesions, transmission between cattle and badgers, routes of infection.

Heisey, D.M.; Joly, D.O.; Messier, F.   The fitting of general force-of-infection models to wildlife disease prevalence data.  Ecology.  2006 Sept; 87 (9): 2356-2365.  ISSN:  0012-9658
NAL Call Number:  410 Ec7
Descriptors:  wildlife diseases, disease prevalence, animal disease models, statistical models, mathematical models, equations, bison, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovine tuberculosis, case studies.

Henault, S.; Karoui, C.; Boschiroli, M.L.  A PCR-based method for tuberculosis detection in wildlife.  New Diagnostic Technology: Applications in Animal Health and Biologics Control, Saint Malo, France, 3-5-October, 2005.  2006; 123-132.  ISBN:  3805581165; 9783805581165
Descriptors:  wildlife, disease reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis, transmission between domestic animals and wildlife species, alternative method for rapid screening, epidemiological species, PCR diagnostic method.

Hermoso de Mendoza, J.; Parra, A.; Tato, A.; Alonso, J.M.; Rey, J.M.; Pena, J.; Garcia-Sanchez, A.; Larrasa, J.; Teixido, J.; Manzano, G.  Bovine tuberculosis in wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and cattle (Bos taurus) in a Mediterranean ecosystem (1992-2004).  Preventive Veterinary Medicine.  2006 May 17; 74 (2-3): 239-247.  ISSN:  0167-5877
URL:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.10.005  
NAL Call Number:  SF601.P7
Descriptors:  cattle, cattle diseases, wild boars, Sus scrofa, red deer, Cervus elaphus, paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis; epidemiological studies, disease transmission, wildlife livestock relations, game animals, risk assessment, ecosystems, disease surveillance, disease prevalence, disease detection, wildlife management, Spain.

Hofmeyr, M.S.  Disease-free buffalo breeding project.  Small Animal and Exotics.  Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference-Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006.  2006: 1802-1803.
URL:   http://www.tnavc.org  
Descriptors:  African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Brucella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Theileria, South Africa.

Jolles, A.E.; Etienne, R.S.; Olff, H.  Independent and competing disease risks: implications for host populations in variable environments.  American Naturalist.  2006; 167 (5): 745-757.  ISSN:  0003-0147
URL:   http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AN/journal  
NAL Call Number:  470 AM36
Abstract:  Disease models usually assume disease to act independently of other mortality-and morbidity-causing factors.  Alternatively, disease may function as a competing risk factor, for example, killing already moribund hosts.  Using tuberculosis (TB) in African buffalo as a model system, we explore consequences of competing or independent disease effects for host population dynamics.  We include scenarios with density-dependent and density-independent effects of environmental variation, exemplified by variable food availability (driven by rainfall) and catastrophic droughts, respectively.  Independent disease effects reduce population size linearly with prevalence, irrespective of the nature of environmental variation.  Competing disease risks alter population size only if density-independent variation is present; then, disease reduces population size nonlinearly.  Field data indicate that the net effect of TB on buffalo likely falls between the extremes of total independence and competition with other risk factors:  TB increases mortality and decreases fecundity in some prime-aged buffalo, suggesting independent disease risks in these individuals, while similar disease effects in senescent buffalo may act as competing risks.  Moreover, increased survival and fecundity of TB-negative buffalo may compensate for some disease-related losses.  Model assumptions on independent or competing disease risks and environmental variability should be considered explicitly when assessing disease effects on wildlife populations..
Descriptors:  wild life populations, African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) Mycobacterium, death rate, competing and independent disease effects, disease risks, environmental effects, statistical model.

Kirberger, Robert M.; Keet, Dewald F.; Wagner, Wencke M.  Radiologic abnormalities of the appendicular skeleton of the lion (panthera leo): incidental findings and Mycobacterium bovis-induced changes.  Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.  2006 Mar; 47 (2) 145-152.  ISSN: 1058-8183
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00121.x 
NAL Call Number:  SF757.8.A4
Descriptors:  Panthera leo, musculoskeletal system, limb bones, bone fractures, mycobacterial diseases, Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis, animal injuries, joint diseases, lesions animal, diagnostic techniques, radiography, animal age.

Kruuk, H.  Control of badgers and bovine TB.  Veterinary Record (London).  2006; 158 (13): 455.  ISSN:  0042-4900.  Note:  Correspondence. 
URL:   http://www.bvapublications.com 
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles), cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, disease, control, wildlife as a disease reservoir, UK. 

Lesellier, S.; Palmer, S.; Dalley, D.J.; Dave, D.; Johnson, L.; Hewinson, R.G.; Chambers, M.A.  The safety and immunogenicity of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine in European badgers (Meles meles).  Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.  2006 July 15; 112 (1-2): 24-37.  ISSN:   0165-2427
URL:    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.03.009  
NAL Call Number:  SF757.2.V38
Abstract:  European badgers (Meles meles) are a wildlife reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) in Great Britain (GB) and the Republic of Ireland and therefore constitute a potential source of infection for cattle.  Reduction of badger densities in the Republic of Ireland has resulted in an associated reduction in the risk of a herd break-down with bovine tuberculosis and a study to determine whether this is also the case in GB has been running since 1997.  If badgers are a significant source of M. bovis infection for cattle, vaccinating badgers with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) might prove to be a long term, cost-effective strategy for controlling bovine tuberculosis whilst preserving badger populations.  As a first step towards BCG vaccination of wild badgers, it was necessary to demonstrate safety of the vaccine in captive badgers.  Therefore, captive badgers were vaccinated with a commercial source of BCG that is already licensed for administration to humans in GB--BCG Danish SSI. Using a protocol prescribed by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) of GB, badgers were vaccinated with two consecutive doses of BCG via either the subcutaneous (s.c.) or intra-muscular (i.m.) routes.  The first dose was high, ranging from 16 to 22 x 10(7) colony-forming units (CFU), and was followed 15 weeks later by a lower dose in the range of 4-7 x 10(5) CFU.  Local reaction at the site of injection and general responses (body temperature, haematology and blood serum chemistry), behaviour and excretion of BCG were monitored for 28 weeks from the time of the first vaccination.  The only side-effect observed was the occurrence of localised swelling at the site of BCG injection that disappeared 48 days after i.m. vaccination but persisted longer in the group vaccinated by the s.c. route.  Immunological responses were measured at regular intervals.  Strong cellular responses were observed 13 days after the first vaccination, which persisted for 76 days.  The lower dose induced a weaker and shorter-lived response.
Descriptors:  European badgers (Meles meles), wildlife reservoir, Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), vaccinating badgers with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), dose levels, subcutaneous injection, intro-muscular injection, reaction to vaccination, side effects, cellular responses tracked, potential  long term, cost-effective strategy for controlling bovine tuberculosis,  preservation of  badger populations. Great Britain (GB), Republic of Ireland

Macdonald, D.W.; Riordan, P.; Mathews, F.  Biological hurdles to the control of TB in cattle: a test of two hypotheses concerning wildlife to explain the failure of control.  Biological Conservation.  2006; 131 (2): 268-286.  ISSN:  0006-3207
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00063207  
NAL Call Number:  S900.B5
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles), wildlife as disease reservoirs, culling badgers, disease transmission, Mycobacterium bovis, bovine tuberculosis, control programs, disease surveillance, Britain, United Kingdom.

Marco, V. di; Russo, M.; Tomaselli, A.; Calabro, A.; Leonardi, E.; Salerno, A.; Iozzia, G.; Reale, S.; Guarda, F.; Capucchio, M.T.  Anatomia patologica diffusione e persistenza della tubercolosi nel suino nero del Parco dei Nebrodi studio preliminare.  [Diffusion and persistence of tuberculosis in Nebrodi's feral black pig (Messina): preliminary data.]  Summa, Animali da Reddito.  2006; 1 (3): 37-42.  ISSN:  1125-6745.  Note:  In Italian with an English summary. 
Descriptors:  Nebrodi’s feral black pigs, tuberculosis, Mycabacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium, disease eradication, disease levels in 969 wild pig carcasses, wild animals as disease reservoirs, Italy.

Martin-Atance, P.; Leon-Vizcaino, L.; Palomares, F.; Revilla, E.; Gonzalez-Candela, M.; Calzada, J.; Cubero-Pablo, M.J.; Delibes, M.  Antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in wild carnivores from Donana National Park (Spain).  Journal of Wildlife Diseases.  2006; 42 (3): 704-708.  ISSN:  0090-3558
URL:  http://www.jwildlifedis.org/
NAL Call Number:  41.9 W64B
Abstract:  We conducted a retrospective serologic survey for antibodies against the MPB70 protein of Mycobacterium bovis in wild carnivores from Donana National Park (southwestern Spain).  Serum samples from 118 red foxes (Vulpes), 39 Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), 31 Eurasian badgers (Meles), five Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), four European genet (Genetta), and one Eurasian otter (Lutra) were analyzed using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay.  Antibodies against the MPB70 protein of M. bovis were detected in seven badgers, five foxes, and one lynx.  The frequency of positive animals was significantly higher in badger (23%) than in lynx (3%) and fox (4%).  Antibodies were not detected in other species.  Annual antibody frequency peaked at 38% in badgers and 11% for red fox.  These species may contribute to persistence of bovine tuberculosis in Donana..
Descriptors:  carnivores, badgers (Meles meles), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), lynx (Lynx pardinus), Eurogean genet (Genetta), Egyptian mongoose, (Herpestes ichneumon), otter (Lutra lutra), Mycobacterium bovis, antibody detection, antibody tests, disease surveillance, ELISA, seroepidemiology, zoonotic infections, wildlife as a disease reservoir, Spain.

Michel, A.L.; Bengis, R.G.; Keet, D.F.; Hofmeyr, M.; de Klerk, L.M.; Cross, P.C.; Jolles, A.E.; Cooper, D.; Whyte, I.J.; Buss, P.  Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: implications and challenges.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4): 91-100.  ISSN: 0378-1135.  Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, was first diagnosed in African buffalo in South Africa's Kruger National Park in 1990.  Over the past 15 years the disease has spread northwards leaving only the most northern buffalo herds unaffected.  Evidence suggests that 10 other small and large mammalian species, including large predators, are spillover hosts.  Wildlife tuberculosis has also been diagnosed in several adjacent private game reserves and in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the third largest game reserve in South Africa.  The tuberculosis epidemic has a number of implications, for which the full effect of some might only be seen in the long-term.  Potential negative long-term effects on the population dynamics of certain social animal species and the direct threat for the survival of endangered species pose particular problems for wildlife conservationists.  On the other hand, the risk of spillover infection to neighboring communal cattle raises concerns about human health at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, not only along the western boundary of Kruger National Park, but also with regards to the joint development of the Greater Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area with Zimbabwe and Mozambique.  From an economic point of view, wildlife tuberculosis has resulted in national and international trade restrictions for affected species.  The lack of diagnostic tools for most species and the absence of an effective vaccine make it currently impossible to contain and control this disease within an infected free-ranging ecosystem.  Veterinary researchers and policy-makers have recognized the need to intensify research on this disease and the need to develop tools for control, initially targeting buffalo and lion.
Descriptors:  African buffalo, (Syncerus caffer), wild animals, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, tuberculosis, wildlife, animal diseases, conservation areas, disease outbreaks, alternative hosts, disease transmission, endangered species, literature reviews, lions (Panthera leo), disease control, disease reservoirs, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.

Miller, R.A.; Kaneene, J.B.  Evaluation of historical factors influencing the occurrence and distribution of Mycobacterium bovis infection among wildlife in Michigan.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2006 Apr; 67 (4): 604-615.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
URL: http://avmajournals.avma.org/loi/ajvr?cookieSet=1
NAL Call Number:  41.8 Am3A
Descriptors:  cattle, white tailed deer, Mycobacterium bovis, bovine tuberculosis, disease reservoirs, spatial distribution, disease outbreaks, Odocoileus virginianus, temporal variation, risk factors, disease prevalence, wildlife livestock relations, population density, population size, environmental factors, animal husbandry, wildlife management, ribotypes, zoonoses, Michigan.

More, S.J.; Collins, J.D.; Gormley, E.; Good, M.; Skuce, R.A.; Pollock, J.M.  4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis: workshop reports.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006; 112 (2/4): 383-391.  ISSN:  0378-1135.  Note:  Special issue:  S.J. More; J.D. Collins; E. Gormley; M. Good; R.A. Skuce;  J.M. Pollock (editors).  Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Dublin, Ireland, 22-26 August 2005.
URL:  http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503320/description#description
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Descriptors:  conference workshop reports, policy, strategy, Mycobacterium bovis, disease control, disease eradication programs, diagnosis, molecular epidemiology, wild animals as disease reservoirs, vaccines, vaccination of animals, cattle, livestock.

Naranjo, V.; Ayoubi, P.; Vicente, J.; Ruiz-Fons, F.; Gortazar, C.; Kocan, K.M.; De la Fuente, J.  Characterization of selected genes upregulated in non-tuberculous European wild boar as possible correlates of resistance to Mycobacterium bovis infection.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Aug 25; 116 (1-3): 224-231.  ISSN:  0378-1135
URL:    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.03.013  
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex), is a zoonotic disease that affects cattle and wildlife worldwide.  These animal hosts can serve as reservoirs of infection, thus increasing the risk of human exposure and infection.  In this study we quantified by RNA macroarray fluorescent hybridization and real-time RT-PCR the mRNA levels of genes differentially expressed in oropharyngeal tonsils and mandibular lymph nodes of three and seven individual non-tuberculous and tuberculous wild boars naturally exposed to M. bovis, respectively.  These results demonstrated upregulation of two genes, complement component 3 (C3) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), in the non-tuberculous wild boars.  These upregulated genes may contribute to resistance of wild boars to bTB by modifying the innate immunity, which limits the ability of the mycobacterium to infect and persist within macrophages.  The C3 and MUT genes, therefore, are likely to be good candidates to study as markers of bTB resistance using functional genomics in animal model systems.  Identification of genes upregulated in wild animals resistant to bTB contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity and resistance to mycobacterial organisms.
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis, wild boars, wildlife disease reservoir,  up regulated genes, resistant of boars to tuberculosis, limits Mycobacterium to infect and persist in macrophages.

Naranjo, Victoria; Hofle, Ursula; Vicente, Joaquin; Martin, M Paz; Ruiz Fons, Francisco; Gortazar, Christian; Kocan, Katherine M.; de la Fuente, Jose.  Genes differentially expressed in oropharyngeal tonsils and mandibular lymph nodes of tuberculous and nontuberculous European wild boars naturally exposed to Mycobacterium bovis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology.  2006; 46 (2): 298-312.  ISSN:  0928-8244
URL:  http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0928-8244&site=1
NAL Call Number:  QR180.F46
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex), zoonotic disease, host/pathogen interactions, differential gene expression analysis, suppression-subtractive hybridization, oropharyngeal tonsils, mandibular lymph nodes, field samples of tuberculous and non-tuberculosis European wild boars, real-time PCR, semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR of selected genes, modulation of gene expression by mycobacterial infection, protective immunity, Spain.

Nishi, J.S.; Shury, T.; Elkin, B.T.  Wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in Canada: strategies for management and research.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4) 325-338.  ISSN: 0378-1135. Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  In Canada, there are two known regional foci where wildlife populations are infected with bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) and considered to be disease reservoirs.  Free-ranging populations of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) in and around Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP) and wapiti (Cervus elaphus manitobensis) in and around Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP) are infected with bovine tuberculosis.  In this paper, we provide an overview of these diseased wild ungulate populations and the complexities of attempting to manage issues relating to bovine tuberculosis in and around protected areas.  We do not describe the quantitative science and epidemiological data in detail from these case histories, but instead compare and contrast these two cases from a broader perspective.  This is achieved by reviewing the context and process by which a diverse group of stakeholders engage and develop strategies to address the controversial problems that diseased wildlife populations often present.  We suggest that understanding the factors that drive the strategic-level management processes is equally important for addressing a wildlife disease problem as the tactical-level issues, such as design and implementation of technically sound field research and management programs.  Understanding the experiences within the WBNP and RMNP areas, particularly the strategies that have failed or succeeded, may prove useful to understanding and improving management approaches when wildlife are infected with M. bovis.  Applying this understanding is consistent with the principles of adaptive management in which we learn from previous experiences to develop better strategies for the future.
Descriptors:  cattle, food animals, Mycobacterium bovis, wood bison (Bison bison athabascae), Wood Buffalo National Park, wapiti (Cervus elaphus manitobensis), Riding Mountain National Park, diseased wild ungulate populations, disease management issues in protected areas, how to approach strategic level management processes, disease vectors, disease transmission, control programs, literature reviews, wildlife management, wild animals, wildlife, animal diseases, tuberculosis, alternative hosts, disease outbreaks, disease transmission, conservation areas, case studies, disease control programs, disease reservoirs, Alberta, Canada.

O'Brien, D.J.; Schmitt, S.M.; Fitzgerald, S.D.; Berry, D.E.; Hickling, G.J. Managing the wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis: The Michigan, USA, experience.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4) 313-323.  ISSN: 0378-1135. Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  Historical, social and economic factors combined to provide a focus where bovine tuberculosis has become established in free-ranging wildlife in northeastern lower Michigan. White-tailed deer, the primary reservoir and maintenance host of tuberculosis, are highly valued by the public, and particularly hunters, for cultural and economic reasons.  Since 1995, significant progress has been made in defining and reducing the reservoir of tuberculosis in deer.  As yet, no other wildlife species has been shown to play an epidemiologically important role in the disease cycle.  The importance of deer and deer hunting to Michigan has uniquely shaped tuberculosis control policies, and poses ongoing challenges as wildlife managers strive to maintain momentum for broad control strategies, and develop focused strategies that are publicly acceptable.  Even if momentum and funding can be maintained, tuberculosis will likely continue to be present for a decade or longer.  Thus, cattle producers waiting for tuberculosis to be eradicated from wildlife to eliminate risks to their herds and markets face disappointment for the foreseeable future.  Such unrealistic expectations also place Michigan's federal tuberculosis accreditation status at perpetual risk.  Accredited free status is unlikely to be regained without accompanying changes in cattle management.  In Michigan, management of tuberculosis has clearly demonstrated that social issues and public approval are likely to be the critical limiting factors in control.
Descriptors:  cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, literature reviews, wildlife management, deer, wild animals, wildlife, tuberculosis, alternative hosts, disease outbreaks, disease transmission, case studies, social barriers, public opinions, sport hunting, disease control programs, disease control programs, disease reservoirs, Michigan.

Palmer, M.V.; Whipple, D.L.  Survival of Mycobacterium bovis on feedstuffs commonly used as supplemental feed for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).  Journal of Wildlife Diseases.  2006; 42 (4): 853-858.  ISSN:  0090-3558
URL:  http://www.jwildlifedis.org/
NAL Call Number:  41.9 W64B
Descriptors:  free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), supplemental feeding in winter, testing M. bovis survival in feed (i.e., apples, corn, carrots, sugar beets, potatoes, and hay), varying temperatures, pathogen survived, recommend ending supplemental feeding, Michigan, USA.

Palmer, M.V.; Waters, W.R.; Thacker, T.C.; Stoffregen, W.C.; Thomsen, B.V.  Experimentally induced infection of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) with Mycobacterium bovis.  Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.  2006 Jan; 18 (1): 52-60.  ISSN: 1040-6387
URL:  http://jvdi.org/
NAL Call Number:  SF774.J68
Descriptors:  reindeer, animal diseases, Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis, epidemiology, disease detection, diagnostic techniques, tuberculin, skin tests, lesions animal, immune response, risk assessment, animal pathology, pathogenicity, comparative cervical test.

Palmer, M.V.; Waters, W.R.  Advances in bovine tuberculosis diagnosis and pathogenesis: what policy makers need to know.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4) 181-190.  ISSN: 0378-1135.  Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  The mainstay of tuberculosis diagnosis in cattle and deer has been the tuberculin skin test.  Recent advances have allowed the incorporation of blood based assays to the diagnostic arsenal for both cattle and deer.  Use of defined and specific antigens has allowed for improved specificity of cell mediated assays in both cattle and deer and advances in antibody tests for tuberculosis have potential for use in free-ranging and captive cervid populations.  Combined use of blood-based assays with skin testing will require further understanding of the effect of skin testing on the accuracy of blood based assays.  Models of experimental infection of cattle have allowed for increased understanding of natural disease pathogenesis.  Differences likely exist; however, between cattle and deer in both disease distribution and primary route of inoculation in naturally infected animals.
Descriptors:  cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, literature reviews, disease diagnosis, pathogenesis, disease course, agricultural policy, health policy, zoonoses, diagnostic techniques, deer, wild animals, animal diseases, tuberculosis, disease transmission, epidemiology, interferons, tuberculin, bacterial antigens.

Parra, A.; Garcia, A.; Inglis, N.F.; Tato, A.; Alonso, J.M.; de Mendoza, M Hermoso; de Mendoza, J Hermoso; Larrasa, J.  An epidemiological evaluation of Mycobacterium bovis infections in wild game animals of the Spanish Mediterranean ecosystem.  Research in Veterinary Science.  2006; 80 (2): 140-146.  ISSN:  0034-5288
URL: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/623070/description#description
NAL Call Number:  41.8 R312
Abstract:  Recreational hunting of indigenous wild artiodactyls has been one of the most lucrative and rapidly growing industries in Western Spain over the last five years. In the absence of careful ecological management, one consequence of the commercial exploitation of this natural resource has been the appearance of outbreaks of infectious disease; most notably bovine tuberculosis. From the outset of the study in 1997, we have observed a steady increase in prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) in both species reaching 1.74 (+/-0.17) in deer in 2002 and 2.32 (+/-0.24) in wild boar. The latter species seems to be most severely affected with pulmonary lesions appearing more chronic than those observed in deer. In this study, we describe the epidemiology of M. bovis in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in Extremadura (W. Spain); a region where there are large areas of natural habitat for these species.
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis, European wild boar (Sus scrofa), Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), disease levels, epidemiology, Spain.

Pavlik, I.; Trcka, I.  Bovinni tuberkuloza u zvirat v Ceske republice a v ostatnich statech stredni Evropy v letech 1990-2004.  [Bovine tuberculosis in animals in the Czech Republic and other Central European countries between 1990 and 2004.]  Veterinarstvi.  2006; 56 (5): 294-298.  ISSN:  0506-8231.  Note:  In Czech with an English summary.
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V6439
Descriptors:  cattle, deer, farms, circuses, wild game, zoos, disease surveillance, review of published results, disease occurrence, wild and domestic animals, Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canettii, Mycobacterium caprae, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Czech Republic, 6 Central European countries.

Pena, Laura; Garcia, Pilar; Angeles-Jimenez, M.; Benito, Alberto; Perez-Alenza, M. Dolores; Sanchez, Belen.  Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in lymphoid tissues of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus).  Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.  2006; 29 (2-3): 114-126.  ISSN:  0147-9571
URL:  http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/496/description#description
NAL Call Number:  QR180.C62
Descriptors:  Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), survey of causes of death, diseases, pathology, peripheral lymphoid tissues and thymus, neoplasia, tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, B and T cell depletion, immune systems.

Ramsey, D.S.L.; Coleman, J.D.; Coleman, M.C.; Horton, P.  The effect of fertility control on the transmission of bovine tuberculosis in wild brushtail possums.  New Zealand Veterinary Journal.  2006; 54 (5): 218-223.  ISSN:  0048-0169
URL:   http://www.vetjournal.org.nz   
NAL Call Number:  41.8 N483
Descriptors:  brushtail possoms (Trichosurus vulpecula), fertility control on transmission, Mycobacterium bovis, sterilization resulted in reduced rates via gonadectomy, in females there was an increase.

Reynolds, D.  TB policy developments.  GVJ-Government Veterinary Journal.  2006; 16 (1): 5-10.  ISSN:  0269-5545
URL:  http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/gvj/default.htm
Descriptors:  cattle. Mycobacterium bovis, badgers (Meles meles), eradication and control programs, lessons learned, disease distribution, zoonotic infections, UK. 

Rishendra Verma; Samir Das.  Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in India.  Intas Polivet.  2006; 7 (2): 227-235.  ISSN:  0972-1738 
URL:   http://www.intaspharm.com/neovet  
Descriptors:  zoonotic tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, economic losses, humans, animals, wildlife, diagnosis, clinical picture, antiobiotic treatment, disease surveillance, zoonotic infections, India.

Rudolph, B.A.; Riley, S.J.; Hickling, G.J.; Frawley, B.J.; Garner, M.S.; Winterstein, S.R.  Regulating hunter baiting for white-tailed deer in Michigan: biological and social considerations.  Wildlife Society Bulletin.  2006; 34 (2): 314-321.  ISSN:  0091-7648
URL:   http://www.wildlife.org/publications/index.cfm?tname=bulletin  
NAL Call Number:  SK357.A1W5
Abstract:  Eradication of bovine tuberculosis (TB) from free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) requires mortality rates of infected deer exceed the rate of new infection.  Efforts to reduce TB transmission in Michigan, USA, are based on 2 assumptions: (1) deer mortality may be increased through recreational hunting and (2) encounter rates between infected and noninfected deer may be reduced by prohibiting baiting and supplemental feeding.  Spatial correlation of TB-infected deer and supplemental feeding sites detected using aerial surveys validated a ban on artificial feeding in Michigan.  Similar analysis could not be used to evaluate the effects of a baiting ban because bait distribution was unknown.  Furthermore, a ban on deer baiting could confound attempts to increase deer mortality through reduced hunter participation or efficacy.  We reviewed the process used to evaluate a strategy for regulating bait use by hunters.  This review included an assessment of 5 factors: statewide spatial analysis of apparent TB prevalence, deer intraspecific interactions at bait sites, effects of bait on hunter harvest rates, impacts of disease presence and practice of eradication efforts on hunting participation in the infected area and input from law enforcement personnel.  Our analysis suggested that restricting baiting to a limited, consistent region incurred less biological risk than allowing bait to be used statewide and less political risk than a statewide ban..
Descriptors:  cattle, white tailed deer (Odocoileus-virginianus ), Mycobacterium bovis, feeding wild white-tailed deer, transmission of disease, death rates, intraspecific interactions at bait sites, restricting baiting to a consistant region, feeding regulations, Michigan, USA.

Ryan, T.J.; Livingstone, P.G.; Ramsey, D.S.L.; de Lisle, G.W.; Nugent, G.; Collins, D.M.; Buddle, B.M.  Advances in understanding disease epidemiology and implications for control and eradication of tuberculosis in livestock: the experience from New Zealand.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4): 211-219.  ISSN: 0378-1135.  Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:   A deteriorating tuberculosis problem in cattle and deer in New Zealand has been halted and then reversed over the last decade.  Mycobacterium bovis infection in both wild and domestic animal populations has been controlled.  This has been achieved by applying a multi-faceted science-based program.  Key features of this have been a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in animals, confidence in sampling wild animal populations, effective application of diagnostic tests in cattle and deer, and the ability to map M. bovis genotypes.
Descriptors:  cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, literature reviews, disease control, disease control programs, deer, wildlife, animal diseases, tuberculosis, disease transmission, disease surveillance, diagnostic techniques, disease diagnosis, genotype, microbial genetics, strains, strain differences, pathogen eradication, serodiagnosis, New Zealand.

Scantlebury, M.; Harris, S.; Allcroft, D.J.; Hutchings, M.R.  Individual trade-offs between nutrition and risk of interspecific transmission of disease by grazing: cows, badger latrines and bovine tuberculosis.  Behaviour.  2006; 143 (2): 141-158. 
URL:  http://www.brill.nl  
Descriptors:  bovine tuberculosis, badgers (Meles meles), cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, cattle behaviors, dairy cows, use of pastures, correlations with physiological states, disease transmission from pastures, badger excreta, milk levels, differences in cattle behavior with just badger urine alone, disease risks, UK.

Singh, J.P.N.; Rishendra Verma; Chaudhuri, P.  Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Mycobacterium bovis strain in India.  Indian Journal of Animal Sciences.  2006; 76 (11): 873-877.  ISSN:  0367-8318
NAL Call Number:  41.8 IN22
Descriptors:  buffalo, cattle, deer, Mycobacterium bovis AN5, M. bovis BCG, 20 field isolates, strain typing, RAPD-PCR, polymorphic amplicons, genetic defects, hereditary defects, heterogeneity, India.

Smith, G.C.  Persistence of disease in territorial animals: insights from spatial models of Tb.  New Zealand Journal of Ecology.  2006; 30 (1): 35-41.  ISSN:  0110-6465
NAL Call Number:  QH540.N43
Descriptors:  cattle, bovine tuberculosis, wildlife disease transmission, disease, modeling factors, chance, model artifacts, population (e.g. demographic, genetic) heterogeneity, environmental heterogeneity.

Soares-Magalhaes, R.; Smith, N.H.; Dale, J.; Gover, K.; Mitchell, A.; Mawdsley, J.; Stoker, N.G.  Investigating the cluster of Mycobacterium bovis spoligotype 13 strains in the southeast of England.  Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Proceedings of a Meeting Held at Exeter, UK, 29-31 March 2006.  2006: 215-227.  ISBN:  0948073748
Descriptors:  cattle, badgers (Meles meles), high concentration of bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis isolates, clonal relationships, spoligotype 13, cluster analysis, wildlife as disease reservoirs, East Sussex county England.

Thacker, Tyler C. ; Palmer, Mitchell V.; Waters, W Ray.  Correlation of cytokine gene expression with pathology in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) infected with Mycobacterium bovis.  Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.  2006; 13(6): 640-647.  ISSN:  1556-6811
URL:  http://cvi.asm.org/
NAL Call Number:  RB46.5
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis, infected white-tailed deer, wildlife disease reservoir, immune response, cytocine gene expression, compared infected and uninfected animals, peripheral blood leukocytes analysis, role of IFN-gamma, interleukin-12p40 JL-12p40, IL-4 mRNA, locations of lesions in infected animals, lung and associated lymph nodes, northeast Michigan.

Thoen, C.; LoBue, P.; Kantor, I. de.  The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis.  Veterinary Microbiology.  2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4): 339-345.  ISSN: 0378-1135.  Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  Mycobacterium bovis and closely associated acid-fast bacilli cause disease in humans. Epidemiologic investigations reveal that the organism may be ingested or inhaled.  Extra pulmonary lesions may occur associated to the consumption of infected milk, even though with the practice of boiling milk, and the growth of milk pasteurization plants all over the world, the digestive route of infection became less important.  On the other hand, airborne infection continues to occur among meat industry and slaughterhouse workers, in regions where the infection is still prevalent in cattle.  Evidence of person to person transmission is rare.  Main causes of concern related to M. bovis in industrialized countries are: epizootics in domesticated and wild mammals and latent infection in immigrants.  Although multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of M. bovis have been identified, case reports reveal that anti-tuberculosis drugs routinely used to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected patients are effective when properly administered.
Descriptors:  cattle, food animals, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, literature reviews, zoonoses, humans, tuberculosis, disease transmission, lesions animal, health hazards, occupational health and safety, livestock and meat industry, slaughterhouses, disease outbreaks, wild animals, latent period, multiple drug resistance, asymptomatic infections.

Trcka, I.; Lamka, J.; Kopecna, M.; Beran, V.; Parmova, I.; Pavlik, I.  Mycobacteria in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Czech Republic.  Veterinarski Arhiv.  2006; 76(Supplement): S27-S32
URL:  http://www.vef.hr/vetarhiv  
Descriptors:  wild boar (Sus scrofa), bovine tuberculosis, wildlife disease reservoir, wild and game parks, boars, sows, piglets, yearlings, tuberculous lesions, intestinal lymph nodes, Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium terrae, Central Europe, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia.

Trcka, I.; Lamka, J.; Suchy, R.; Kopecna, M.; Beran, V.; Moravkova, M.; Horvathova, A.; Bartos, M.; Parmova, I.; Pavlik, I.  Mycobacterial infections in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Czech Republic during the years 2002 to 2005.  Veterinarni Medicina.  2006; 51 (5): 320-332.  ISSN:  0375-8427
URL:   http://vetmed.vri.cz  
NAL Call Number:  41.9 C333
Descriptors:  842 wild boar (Sus scrofa), wild pigs, hunting season screening, game parks, tissue sampling, fecal sampling, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium ssp hominissuis, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium triviale, Czech Republic.

UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs.  Special Issue: Bovine TB. GVJ-Government Veterinary Journal.  2006; 16 (1): 91 pp.  ISSN:  0269-5545.  Note:  Special issue contains 10 articles on TB. 
URL:  http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/gvj/default.htm  
Descriptors:  cattle, other species, Mycobacterium bovis, TB disease levels and distribution, TB policies, disease modeling, Bovigam assay, antemortem diagnosis, tuberculin skin test, zoonotic infections, control programs, issues limiting eradication, EC, USA, Africa, Canada, New Zealand, EU.

Vengust, G; Zele, D.  Nekatere infekcijske bolezni pri jelenjadi v oborah s poudarkom na zoonozah.  [Some infectious diseases of deer in enclosures with emphasis on zoonosis.]  Veterinarske Novice.  2006; 32 (3/4): 57-62.  ISSN:  0351-5842.  Note:  In Slovenian with an English summary. 
URL:  http://www.vet.zveza.si  
Descriptors:  deer farming, fallow deer, red deer, venison, diseases of farmed deer, zoonotic diseases, Bacillus anthracis; Brucella abortus; Herpesviridae, Leptospira, Listeria monocytogenes, malignant catarrhal fever virus; Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Slovenia.

Vicente, J.; Hofle, U.; Garrido, J.M.; Fernandez de Mera, I.G.; Juste, R.; Barral, M.; Gortazar, C.  Wild boar and red deer display high prevalences of tuberculosis-like lesions in Spain.  Veterinary Research.  2006; 37 (1): 107-119.  ISSN:  0928-4249
URL:  http://www.vetres.org/
NAL Call Number: SF602.A5
Descriptors: wild boar, red deer, lesions, prevalence, Spain.

Vidal, Dolors; Naranjo, Victoria; Mateo, Rafael; Gortazar,-Christian; de la Fuente, Jose.  Analysis of serum biochemical parameters in relation to Mycobacterium bovis infection of European wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Spain.  European Journal of Wildlife Research.  2006; 52 (4): 301-304.  ISSN:  1612-4642
URL:  http://www.springerlink.com/content/110828/
Descriptors:  European wild boar (Sus scrofa), wild animals disease reservoir, Mycobacterium bovis pathogen, biomarkers for predicting TB, effective control programs, no real marker found, Spain.

Wahlstrom, H.; Englund, L.  Adopting control principles in a novel setting.  Veterinary Microbiology. 2006 Feb. 25; 112 (2-4): 265-271.  ISSN: 0378-1135.  Note:  Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Mycobacterium bovis, Held August 22-26, 2005, Dublin, Ireland.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781135
NAL Call Number:  SF601.V44
Abstract:  The paper describes the introduction of Mycobacterium bovis into Swedish deer herds and its possible consequences.  The different control strategies applied are summarized as well as their shortcomings under the conditions of the Swedish outbreak.  An alternative control, to be used in extensive deer herds, based only on slaughter and meat inspection is described.  Finally, the efficiency of the implemented control and surveillance systems are discussed and possible improvements suggested.
Descriptors:  deer, Mycobacterium bovis, animal pathogenic bacteria, bovine tuberculosis, literature reviews, disease control, disease control programs, disease outbreaks, disease transmission, meat inspection, disease surveillance, slaughter, tuberculin, zoonoses, humans, tuberculosis, slaughterhouses, Sweden.

Ward, A.I.; Tolhurst, B.A.; Delahay, R.J. Farm husbandry and the risks of disease transmission between wild and domestic mammals: a brief review focusing on bovine tuberculosis in badgers and cattle.  Animal Science (Penicuik). 2006; 82 (Part 6): 767-773.  ISSN:  1357-7298. 
URL:  http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ASC
Descriptors:  wildlife as disease rervoirs, mammals, domesticated animals, disease transmission, European badgers (Meles meles), brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), culling strategies, changing livestock husbandry, farm management, Mycobacterium bovis, UK.

Waters, W.R.; Palmer, M.V.; Slaughter, R.E.; Jones, S.L.; Pitzer, J.E.; Minion, F.C.  Diagnostic implications of antigen-induced gamma interferon production by blood leukocytes from Mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).  Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.  2006; 13 (1): 37-44.  ISSN:  1556-6811
URL:  http://cvi.asm.org/
Abstract:  The only approved method of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance of reindeer within the United States is tuberculin skin testing; however, skin testing has an apparent lack of specificity, since numerous reindeer are classified as reactors, yet Mycobacterium bovis is not isolated from tissues upon necropsy.  The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of an in vitro assay (the Cervigam assay) to detect gamma interferon (IFN- gamma ) produced by blood leukocytes in response to mycobacterial antigens from M. bovis-infected reindeer.  Thirteen male reindeer ~9 months of age were inoculated with 105 CFU M. bovis in their tonsillar crypts.  Stimulation of whole-blood cultures with a mitogen resulted in significant production of IFN-gamma  compared to that by nonstimulated samples.  Responses by infected reindeer to M. bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) were as much as 3.5-fold higher than those by noninfected reindeer (n=4).  Despite differences in responses to PPD by the two groups, reindeer within the noninfected group had responses of >0.1 change in optical density ( Delta OD) (a level generally considered positive) to PPD.  Mean responses by infected reindeer to a rESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion protein (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex specific) were as much as 20-fold higher than respective responses by noninfected reindeer at all time points.  Additionally, responses by 3/4 noninfected reindeer were <0.1  Delta OD (considered negative) at each time point.  To further evaluate the specificity of the assay, samples were collected from reindeer in a TB-free herd.  All reindeer had responses to mitogen; however, only 1 of 38 had a response to PPD, and none of the reindeer responded to rESAT-6-CFP-10.  Together, these findings indicate that IFN-gamma-based tests may prove useful for TB surveillance of reindeer..
Descriptors:  reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), experimental infection, TB surveillance, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, IFN-gamma–based tests, fusion protein.

Waters, W. Ray; Palmer, Mitchell V.; Thacker, Tyler C.; Minion, F Chris; Davis, William C.  Antigen-specitic proliferation and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer.  Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.  2006; 111 (3-4): 263-277.  ISSN:  0165-2427.
URL:  http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journalabstracting.cws_home/503319/abstracting
NAL Call Number:  SF757.2.V38
Descriptors:  reindeer, Mycobacterium bovis infected animals, blood mononuclear cells, proliferation and activation-associated responses, experimental infection, host resistance to progressive disease, rESAT6:CFP10 stimulation, MHC II fluorescence intensity increased on CD4(+), gamma delta TCR+, CD172a(+), and IgM(+) cells from infected reindeer.

Woodroffe, R.; Donnelly, C.A.; Cox, D.R.; Bourne, F.J.; Cheeseman, C.L.; Delahay, R.J.; Gettinby, G.; McInerney, J.P.; Morrison, W.I.  Effects of culling on badger Meles meles spatial organization: implications for the control of bovine tuberculosis.  Journal of Applied Ecology.  2006; 43 (1): 1-10.  ISSN:  0021-8901
URL:  http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=jpe  
NAL Call Number:  410.J828ll
Abstract:  The incidence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in British cattle has risen markedly over the last two decades.  Failure to control the disease in cattle has been linked to the persistence of a reservoir of infection in European badgers Meles meles, a nationally protected species.  Although badger culling has formed a component of British TB control policy for many years, a recent large-scale randomized field experiment found that TB incidence in cattle was no lower in areas subject to localized badger culling than in nearby areas where no experimental culls occurred.  Indeed, analyses indicated that cattle incidence was higher in culled areas.  One hypothesis advanced to explain this pattern is that localized culling disrupted badgers' territorial behaviour, potentially increasing the rate of contact between cattle and infected badgers.  This study evaluated this hypothesis by investigating badger activity and spatial organization in 13 study areas subjected to different levels of culling.  Badger home ranges were mapped by feeding colour-marked baits at badger dens and measuring the geographical area in which colour-marked faeces were retrieved. Badger home ranges were consistently larger in culling areas.  Moreover, in areas not subjected to culling, home range sizes increased with proximity to the culling area boundary.  Patterns of overlap between home ranges were also influenced by culling. Synthesis and applications.  This study demonstrates that culling badgers profoundly alters their spatial organization as well as their population density.  These changes have the potential to influence contact rates between cattle and badgers, both where culls occur and on adjoining land.  These results may help to explain why localized badger culling appears to have failed to control cattle TB, and should be taken into account in determining what role, if any, badger culling should play in future control strategies..
Descriptors:  cattle, badgers (Meles meles), bovine tuberculosis, culling of wild badger, wild animal disease reservoirs, home ranges, increased contact between badgers and cattle, UK. 

2005

Acevedo Whitehouse, K.; Vicente, J.; Gortazar, C.; Hofle, U.; Fernandez de Mera, I.G.; Amos, W.  Genetic resistance to bovine tuberculosis in the Iberian wild boar.  Molecular Ecology.  2005 Sept; 14 (10): 3209-3217.  ISSN: 0962-1083
URL:  http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/mec
NAL Call Number:  QH540.M64
Descriptors:  wild boars, bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, disease resistance, genetic resistance, heterosis, heterozygosity, inbreeding, animal diseases, Spain.

Aldwell, F.E.; Keen, D.L.; Parlane, N.A.; Skinner, M.A.; Lisle, G.W. de; Buddle, B.M.  Oral vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in a lipid formulation induces resistance to pulmonary tuberculosis in brushtail possums.  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 457-463.  ISSN:  0969-1251.  Note:  Reprinted from Vaccine, 2003; 22: 70-60.
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain, brushtailed possoms (Trichosurus vulpecula), disease vectors, BCG vaccine, oral vaccination, disease prevention and control, disease resistance, disease vectors, drug formulations, experimental infections, lymphocytes, immune response, immunity, lymphocytes, wild animals, New Zealand.

Biet, Franck; Boschiroli, Maria Laura; Thorel, Marie Francoise; Guilloteau, Laurence A.  Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC).  Veterinary Research (Les Ulis).  2005; 36(3): 411-436.  ISSN:  0928-4249. 
URL:  http://www.edpsciences.org/journal/index.cfm?edpsname=vetres
NAL Call Number:  SF602.A5
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare complex, epidemiology, zoonotic diseases, transmission between environment and wildlife, etiology, possibilities of control and management, Europe, North American New Zealand.

Bradley, Mark; Wilmshurst, John  The fall and rise of bison populations in Wood Buffalo National Park: 1971 to 2003.  Canadian Journal of Zoology.  2005; 83 (9): 1195-1205.  ISSN:  0008-4301.
URL:  http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_vols_e?cjz
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors:  bison decline, disease predation, Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella abortus, historical changes in bison population, temporal and spatial factors, census data, reproductive rates, stochastic population model, survival of juveniles, Peace-Athabasca Delta, Wood Buffalo, National Park, Canada.

Bourne, J.; Donnelly, C.A.; Cox, D.R.; Gettinby, G.; McInerney, J.P.; Morrison, I.; Woodroffe, R. Bovine tuberculosis: towards a future control strategy.  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 289-294.  ISSN:  0969-1251.  Note:  Reprinted from Veterinary Record.  2003; 167: 207-210.
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  badgers (Meles meles), cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, pathogenesis, diagnosis, disease prevalence, disease control programs, disease prevention, wildlife as disease reservoirs, disease transmission, UK.

Bourne, J.; Donnelly, C.A.; Cox, D.R.; Gettinby, G.; McInerney, J.P.; Morrison, W.I.; Woodroffe, R.  Bovine tuberculosis - towards a science based control strategy.  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 319-322.  ISSN:  0969-1251.  Note:  Reprinted from Science in Parliament. 2005; 62: 25-28.
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  cattle, badgers (Meles meles), wild animal disease reservoir, transmission risks, Mycobacterium bovis, animal welfare, control programs; culling, diagnosis, disease control, disease prevalence and prevention, disease surveys, epidemiological surveys, epidemiology, molecular epidemiology, vaccination, vaccines.

Caley, Peter; Hone, Jim.  Assessing the host disease status of wildlife and the implications for disease control: Mycobacterium bovis infection in feral ferrets.  Journal of Applied Ecology.  2005; 42(4): 708-719.  ISSN:  0021-8901
URL:  http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0021-8901&site=1
NAL Call Number:  410 J828
Descriptors:  feral ferrets, Mustela furo, Mycobacterium bovis, host status of disease, wildlife as pathogen reservoir, wildlife management, field observations, field experiments, modeling, level of reservoir population related to Mycobacterium bovis levels, New Zealand.

Chambers, M.A.; Pressling, W.A.; Cheeseman, C.L.; Clifton-Hadley, R.S.; Hewinson, R.G.  Value of existing serological tests for identifying badgers that shed Mycobacterium bovis.  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 333-336.  ISSN:  0969-1251
Descriptors:  wild badgers (Meles meles), wild animals as disease reservoirs, testing techiques, value of testing, cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, UK.

Chen, SanPing; Morley, R.S.  Observed herd size and animal association.  Ecological Modelling.  2005; 189 (3/4): 425-435.  ISSN:  0304-3800
URL:  http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503306/description#description
NAL Call Number:  QH541.15.M3E25
Descriptors: Bison bison, Brucella abortus, brucellosis, Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis in wild animals, risk assessment, disease transmission, animal behavior, animal ecology, migration, movement, population density, seasonal variation, statistical analysis, wildlife management, free-ranging bison Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta, north western Canada.

Cleaveland, S.; Mlengeya, T.; Kazwala, R.R.; Michel, A.; Kaare, M.T. Jones, S.L.; Eblate, E.; Shirima, G.M; Packer, C.  Tuberculosis in Tanzanian wildlife.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases.  2005; 41 (2): 446-453.  ISSN:  0090-3558
URL:  http://www.jwildlifedis.org/
NAL Call Number:  41.9 W64B
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis, free ranging wildlife, 11.1% (2/ 18) migratory wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), 11.1% (1/9) topi (Damaliscus lunatus), lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), 4% Serengeti lions (Panthera leo), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Tanzania.

Clifton-Hadley, R.S.; Wilesmith, J.W.  Tuberculosis in deer: a review.  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 369-379.  ISSN:  0969-1251.  Note:  Reprinted from Veterinary Record.  1991; 129: 5-12.
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  captive deer, deer farming, game animals, Mycobacterium bovis, clinical aspects, postmortem examination, diagnosis, histopathology, pathogenesis, therapy, disease control, control programs, disease prevalence, disease pathology, disease prevention, wild animal disease reservoirs, Denmark, New Zealand, UK.

Clifton-Hadley, R.S.  Tuberculosis vaccination: the long road to a better BCG.  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 465-466.  ISSN:  0969-1251.  Note:  Reprinted from the Veterinary Journal. 2003 166: 1-2. (2003)
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  badgers, Meles meles, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain, BCG vaccine, disease control programs, disease prevention; wild animals as disease reservoirs, disease vectors, vaccination, vaccine development, vaccines, immune response to vaccination.

Coburn, H.L.; Snary, E.L.; Kelly, L.A.; Wooldridge, M.  Qualitative risk assessment of the hazards and risks from wild game. Veterinary Record (London).  2005; 157(11): 321-322.  ISSN:  0042-4900. 
URL: http://veterinaryrecord.bvapublications.com/
NAL Call Number:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  zoonotic disease hazards, risk assessment, bacterial diseases, game animal meat, birds, ducks, deer, larger animals, rabbits, food contamination, food hygiene, food safety, health hazards, human diseases, lead shot, meat animals, meat quality, risk factors, risk assessment, risk factors, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, Chlamydophila psittaci, hazard analysis and critical control point.

Coleman, J.; Fraser W.  Bovine Tb persistence in low-density possum populations - the patchiness problem.  13^th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wellington, New Zealand, 2-6 May, 2005.  2005: 81-86
Descriptors:  control brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), density characterics of possum populations, disease in patchy locations, persistence of disease in wild populations, cattle, New Zealand.

Collins, J.D.  The control of tuberculosis in cattle: an Irish view.  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 361-367.  ISSN:  0969-1251
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  cattle, badgers (Meles meles), Mycobacterium bovis, Irish Republic.

Corner, L.A.L.; Norton, S.; Buddle, B.M.; Morris, R.S.  The efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine in wild brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula).  Cattle Practice.  2005; 13 (4): 447-455.  ISSN:  0969-1251
NAL Call Number:  SF961.C37
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain, brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), New Zealand.

Corner, L.A.L.; Buddle, B.M.  Conjunctival vaccination of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) with bacille Calmette-Guerin.  New Zealand Veterinary Journal.  2005; 53 (2): 133-136.  ISSN:  0048-0169
URL:  http://www.vetjournal.org.nz/nzvet.html
NAL Call Number:  41.8 N483
Descriptors:  Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Trichosurus vulpecula, BCG vaccine, eyes, conjunctival vaccination, drug delivery systems, immune response, challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis, efficacy of vaccination method, cell mediated immunity, immune response, lymphocyte transformation, post mortem organ sampling, lungs, spleen, tuberculosis, prevention by aerosolised vaccine to eyes and nose.

Cousins, D.V.; Florisson, N.  A review of tests available for use in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in non-bovine species.  Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties.  2005 December; 24 (3): 1039-1059.  ISSN:  0253-1933.  Note:  In English with an English, French and Spanish summary.
Descriptors:  bovine tuberculosis, negative social and economic impacts, affects domestic and wild animals, animal diversity, zoonotic diseases, intradermal tub