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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
How to Use This Document
An Overview of Current Dairy Welfare Concerns from the North
American Perspective
Human-Animal
Interaction
Physical
Environment
Social
Environment
Health
Issues
Legislative
Issues
References
Effects of Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production Methods on Animal
Welfare
Abstract
Public
Perception of the Dairy Industry
The
Concept of Animal Welfare
The
Welfare of Veal Calves
The
Welfare of Cows
Leg and Foot Problems
Mastitis
Reproductive Problems
Housing Systems and Welfare
Milk Yield and Welfare in Dairy Cows
References
Bibliography
Behavior
/ Breeding
/ Feeding
/ General
/ Health
/ Housing
Husbandry
/ Legislation
/ Reproduction
/ Slaughter
/ Transport
Websites
The editor gratefully acknowledges Dr. Julie Morrow of the United States
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, for taking the time
to write a thoughtful introduction to this publication. Thanks also to Dr. Broom
from the University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine,
for permission to reprint his excellent review on breeding and production concerns
relating to dairy welfare.
Special thanks to D'Anna Jensen for the cover design, final editing, formatting,
and printing of this publication. Her role in guiding this publication to its
final stages is greatly appreciated. Thanks also to Barbara Buchanan for her work in developing the web version of this publication.
This document contains two introductory articles written by experts in the farm
animal welfare field from North America and Europe respectively. Each article
ends with a list of references cited by the author. The second section of this
publication consists of an extensive bibliography categorized into the following
topics: behavior, breeding, feeding, health, housing, husbandry, legislation,
reproduction, slaughter, and transport. Citations listed in this section may or
may not overlap with articles cited by the introductory authors.
Citations were selected from searches conducted using a variety of agricultural,
medical, and life science databases. Within a subject category citations are arranged
alphabetically according to the last name of the primary author. Each citation
is listed with a set of keywords that describe useful information about the entry.
If a citation is listed from a publication available through the National Agricultural
Library (NAL) a NAL call number has been included.
Documents in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) are assigned an NAL Call Number. Information on how to request materials at NAL may be found at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml.
This section provides information on how to request materials that
are included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL).
Please read carefully as there are certain restrictions on media and
document types.
All patrons are encouraged to explore local library resources
first before contacting the National Agricultural Library.
The final section of this document contains an annotated listing of web links
for internet sites that include information on the care and welfare of dairy cattle
in their content. World Wide Web addresses are listed to access specialized databases,
extension materials, and publications produced by a variety of non-profit organizations.
Readers are cautioned as to the dynamic nature of the internet and the fact that
addresses and content are subject to change.
An Overview of Current Dairy Welfare Concerns from the North American Perspective
Human-Animal Interaction / Physical Environment
/ Social Environment / Health Issues
/ Legislative Issues / References
Julie Morrow, Ph.D.
Research Leader, United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit
123B Animal Science Building
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX 79409-2141
It is heartening to say that progress has been made in the area of dairy cattle
welfare. It is also fair to say that many dairy cattle welfare issues are still
present and, in North America, several new issues have surfaced since publication
of the last AHousing,
Husbandry, and Welfare of Dairy Cattle@ (1995) by AWIC. The intent of this introduction to the bibliography
is to share my perspective on current dairy welfare issues as they affect dairy
cattle raised in North America. Clearly, this perspective will be less influenced
by legislation than the European perspective. This introduction represents my
personal viewpoint and not that of the National Agricultural Library or Animal
Welfare Information Center. My recommendation to readers is to avail themselves
of the well-organized bibliography to draw their own conclusion on the status
of dairy cattle welfare.
Some welfare issues persist through time in the management of dairy
cattle. These include animal abuse and neglect, lack of adequate nutrition and
housing, lack of treatment for disease or injury, transportation and marketing
practices, slaughter and pre-slaughter handling, breeding practices and appropriate
disaster management. Along with these issues are factors that have arisen more
recently due to the establishment of larger dairy herds in certain parts of
the country. These include provision of shade or other cooling mechanisms, the
time period cows stand on concrete or other hard surfaces prior to entering
the milking parlor and lameness. Emergent issues for dairy cattle in North America
are the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) and the practice of tail
docking.
Identifying appropriate well-being in production systems is at best
a complex issue as many interrelated variables impinge on animal welfare. Certainly,
welfare within a production system can vary as much as between systems. Key
components can, however, be identified and those include (but are certainly
not limited to) the human-animal interaction, the physical environment, and
the animal=s social environment. Part of the issue in identifying welfare in
relation to management systems is that it is often a subjective measure of the
entire production system. Scientific studies can reveal changes in physiology
or behavior with varying management practices and environmental conditions but
this science is not always applicable to assessment of animal welfare in the
entire production system (Fregonesi and Leaver, 2001).
We can conduct science to understand the preference of animals for their environment,
however this is not always clearly related to proper animal welfare as animal
preferences may change with changing environmental conditions. For example,
(Fregonesi, 1999) found that dairy cows preferred to lie
and stand in a straw bedded environment. Depending on management of the straw,
udder health and well-being could be affected by blindly imposing this type
of system not to mention environmental concerns in handling the excess straw
as a waste product.
Behavior is a key discipline for understanding cattle welfare. Strides
have been made in studying dairy cattle behavior particularly as it relates
to the human-animal bond and the animal's fear response. We now have a number
of studies that illustrate that the symbiotic relationship between caretaker
and cow is one of the principle factors in determining positive animal welfare.
Fearfulness in cattle affects productivity and can become increasingly severe,
A fearful cow tends to be more difficult to handle, resulting in an elevated
negative human response which promotes additional fearfulness by the cow. The
behavior section of this bibliography contains several references to the human-animal
interaction and relevance to welfare (see in particular Jago
et al., 1999; Morgensen et al., 1999; Munksgaard
et al., 1997; Rushen et al., 1999).
Acute events and stressors that are more chronic can affect welfare.
Chronic stress may ultimately lead to alterations in the animals ability to
react to novel stimuli within their environment and they may become hypo or
hyper reactive to such stimuli (Boissy et al., 2001). More
recently we have seen the concept of positive human-animal interaction and welfare
extended to fear responses, health and productivity of calves in veal units
(Lensink et al., 2001). Obviously, this is a fruitful area
of research and an important one for further studies.
It is estimated that about 25% of all dairy cattle in North America
are housed in a free-stall environment. Here cows can enter and leave the stall
at will. The stall has some form of bedding material such as sand, sawdust or
possibly straw. Research has shown that a properly designed stall is necessary
for proper animal welfare with key points being adequate numbers of stalls,
length sufficient to prevent the udder from contacting manure in the gutters
and comfort of the bedding material within the stall. The most predominant environment
for dairy cattle in North America remains the tie-stall, where the cow is confined
to the stall by a neck tether, which allows her to lie down, but not to turn
around within the stall or leave the stall at will. A minority of dairy cows
are kept on pasture throughout the year. The use of straw bedded loose housing
systems (developed in Europe) are not utilized to any great extent in North
America. Lying times for cows tend to be greater for cows in loose housing and
freestall systems but this is dependent on management of the environment within
each system. Certainly, welfare can be affected by these environmental conditions
but few side-by-side comparisons of all systems exist to provide definitive
information on which system is best for cow welfare.
Use of dry lot environment for dairy cows has become increasingly
popular. This is due to the increase in size and number of dairies in the western
and southwestern states of the US. These dry lot environments consist of large
dirt paddocks with a central milking parlor. Sometimes cattle will have access
to shade or other cooling device within the dry lot. Concern has recently arisen
regarding the time period animals in large groups stand on hard surfaces while
waiting to be milked and its association with increased lameness and culling
rates for lameness in these herds. This is a particular concern for dairies
with large numbers of cows and insufficient milking parlors. Cooling high-producing
dairy cows has always been an issue in hot climates and may have reached its
pinnacle in drylot systems as genetic selection for high productivity in more
temperate climates may have negatively influenced the dairy cow's ability to
adapt to heat stress (Ravagnolo et al., 2000).
Calf rearing practices where animals are individually housed and
cannot turn around can be a welfare issue. These young animals are social and
in some environments, they are unable to express social behavior completely.
Many European systems, particularly straw-bedded group housing systems have
been developed but are not used to any extent in North America. Again, it is
a question of having solid research data comparing, in the same study, all systems
with consideration of animal welfare, productivity, economics, and environmental
impact. Until such information is available, we will continue to question which
environments and production systems are best for calves.
Welfare in group housed dairy animals is strongly affected by the
social environment. Animal density and mixing of cattle are disruptive to the
social order and can certainly impact welfare. Cattle have elaborate social
structures, being group animals and we have found that their behavior is more
complex than what was thought earlier. They can show complex learning, leading
us to rethink the effects of some management practices used on dairy cattle
well-being. How we incorporate new heifers into an established group of cows
or train heifers to the routine of milking is an area that has recently received
more research attention. As we attempt to reduce stress on these animals and
improve their welfare, additional questions regarding their cognitive abilities
will need to be addressed by research.
Lameness certainly stands out as a consequential and complex welfare
problem in dairy cattle. The complexity arises because lameness is an overt
sign of many clinical, environmental and management problems. Many factors influence
hoof health including genetics, conformation, diet, contagious agents, hygiene,
housing system, animal behavior and management (Bergsten, 2001).
A key issue in the problem of lameness has been our inability to detect it at
an early stage. Recent research by Rajkondawar et al. (2001)
indicates that it may be possible to use engineering tools to identify lameness
in the cow in its very early stages where it is still easily treatable with
a high probability of success. Continued research along these lines will assist
dairy producers in their constant fight against the huge welfare problem of
lameness. The associations between social rank, behavior and lameness have also
recently been studied showing that lower ranking cows spend more time standing.
The lower the social rank of the individual cow, the higher the probability
that she will become lame (Galindo and Broom, 2000).
Recombinant bovine somatotropin or BST has been a controversial
issue in both Europe and North America. Estimates suggest that over the past
eight or so years since BST has been available for use in this country (FDA
approval occurred on November 5, 1993), approximately 25% of US producers use
BST in their herd (Fetrow, 2001). The European Union (EU)
however, continues to prohibit the marketing and use of BST based on a report
from their Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare that concluded
that BST should not be used from the standpoint of its effect on cow health
and welfare. Is BST a welfare issue? Clearly, it is a political "hot potato".
If one considers the average time period in which cows spend in the milking
herd as an indicator of welfare, then the use of BST could be a welfare issue
(Kronfeld, 2000). How much is too much production? High
production is correlated with both lameness and mastitis. The EU cited both
of these issues as indicators to ban the use of BST in the EU.
Dehorning, or the removal of the horn buds in young calves (mainly
replacement heifers) has been practiced for a number of years. Non-mechanical
means of ridding cattle of horns, such as genetic selection for polled (animals
without horns) dairy cattle has received little attention from the dairy industry.
Since we continue the practice of dehorning, current research has focused on
developing analgesic agents for dehorning calves including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs such as ketoprofen (Faulkner and Weary, 2000). As long
as these standard agricultural practices are used, improving the number and
availability of analgesic (particularly long lasting) agents will be a productive
topic for research.
The practice of tail docking has increased in North America of late.
The practice first became popular in New Zealand as a prevention against the
infection of milkers with Leptospirosis. In its early history the practice of
tail docking was thought to reduce mastitis as well, although no scientific
evidence substantiates this claim. As a scientist, I am astonished at the behavioral
and physiological response of adult cows after having a tight rubber ring placed
in between the vertebrae of their tails. Cows showed no behaviors that would
be suggestive of a pain or stress response (Eicher et al., 2000).
On the other hand, research reports from the scientific community have suggested
that docking tails may be detrimental to cows at a later time which would in
fact affect their long-term welfare. Several studies in both New Zealand and
North America have shown that behavior of cattle in response to flies is changed
following tail docking.
Without doubt, transport of "downer cows" or nonambulatory animals
is an issue, which still has not been fully addressed. Grandin
(1998) reported that a large proportion of the severely lame animals arriving
at slaughter are dairy and that the handling of these animals at the packing
plant remains a welfare issue. Clearly, research to identify on-farm management
to prevent nonambulatory cattle is needed. The legislative bent to this issue
is to amend the current Code of Federal Regulations (Title 9,
Section 313.2) to allow USDA inspectors to conduct ante-mortem inspection
of cattle before they are removed from the transport vehicle. If this were possible,
the nonambulatory animal could be euthanised before removal from the truck.
The US Animal Health Association Animal Welfare Committee has also been working
towards drafting language that could be used on a state-by-state basis to prohibit
the transportation of nonanmbulatory animals.
Dairy cattle have received less attention from the general public
and animal activist groups as having welfare problems. Society may view dairy
cows as well treated, usually kept in social groups with access to a barn, pasture,
food and water. This does not mean that research on dairy cattle welfare is
not necessary. What should be emphasized in the future is a holistic approach
to identify production systems where animal welfare is a key component along
with production, food safety and environmental issues. We have made progress,
as evidenced by this revised bibliography. I hope that a review of the materials
presented in this bibliography will ignite the academic community and those
involved in the dairy industry to continue to improve the welfare of dairy cattle
under our stewardship.
(9 CFR) Code of Federal Regulations Title 9, Sec. 313.2 (d)
(2) (1997). Handling of livestock. National Archives and Records Administration:
Washington, D.C.
Bergsten, C. (2001). Effects of conformation and
management system on hoof and leg diseases and lameness in dairy cows. Veterinary
Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 17: 1-23.
Boissy, A., I. Veissier, and S. Roussel. (2001). Behavioural
reactivity affected by chronic stress: An experimental approach in calves submitted
to environmental instability. Animal Welfare 10: 175-185.
Eicher, S.D., J.L. Morrow-Tesch, J.L. Albright, J.W.
Dailey, C.R. Young, and L.H. Stanker (2000). Tail-docking influences on behavioural,
immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy
Science 83: 1456-1462.
Faulkner, P.M., and D.M. Weary. (2000). Reducing pain
after dehorning in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 83: 2037-2041.
Fetrow, J.P. (2001). Commentary: Food animal welfare
and the use of bovine somatotropin. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. 218: 1886-1889.
Fregonesi, J.A. (1999). Production and behaviour
of dairy cattle in different housing systems. University of London, Ph.D.
Thesis.
Fregonesi, J.A., and L.D. Leaver (2001). Behaviour,
performance and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard
or cubicle systems. Livestock Production Science. 68: 205-216.
Galindo, F. and D.M. Broom. (2000). The relationships
between social behaviour of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three
herds. Research in Veterinary Science 69: 75-79.
Grandin, T (1998). Handling of crippled and nonambulatory
livestock. Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin 9(1-2): 1-2, 12-13.
Jago, J.G., C.C. Krohn, and L.R. Matthews (1999).
The influence of feeding and handling on the development of the human-animal
interactions in young catle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62: 137-151.
Kronfeld, D.S. (2000). Recombinant bovine somatotropin
and animal welfare. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
216: 1719-1722.
Lensink, B.J., I. Veissier, and L. Florand. (2001).
The farmers' influence on calves' behaviour, health and production of a veal
unit. Animal Science. 72: 105-116.
Morgensen, L., C.C. Krohn, and J. Foldager (1999).
Long-term effect of housing method during the first three months of life on
human-animal relationship in female dairy cattle. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.
Section A, Animal Science 49: 163-171.
Munksgaard, L., A.M. de Passille, J. Rushen, K. Thodberg,
and M.B. Jensen (1977). Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on handling.
Journal of Dairy Science 65: 1106-1112.
Rushen, J., A.M. de Passille, and L. Munksgaard (1999).
Fear of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior, and heart rate at
milking. Journal of Dairy Science 82: 720-727.
Rajkondawar, P.G., N. Neerchal, M.A. Varner, B. Erez,
A.M. Lefcourt, R.M. Dyer, and U. Tasch. (2001). Development of a bovine lameness
index that correlates visual lameness scores to measurable limb movement variables--a
pilot study. Journal Animal Science 79: 16 (Suppl. 1).
Ravagnolo, O, I. Misztal, and G. Hoogenboom. (2000).
Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, development of heat index
function. Journal Dairy Science. 83: 2120-2125.
Return to Table of Contents
Effects of Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production Methods on Animal
Welfare
Abstract / Public Perception of the Dairy
Industry / The Concept of Animal Welfare / The
Welfare of Veal Calves
The Welfare of Cows / Leg and Foot Problems
/ Mastitis / Reproductive Problems /
Housing Systems and Welfare
Milk Yield and Welfare in Dairy Cows / References
Donald M. Broom, Ph.D.
University of Cambridge
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine
Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
Reprinted from Broom, D.M. 2001 in Proceedings of the 21st World
Buiatrics Congress, 1‑7. Montevideo, Uruguay: Sociedad de Medicina Veterinaria
del Uruguay. (ISBN 9974‑7534‑2‑2).
The continuing success of the dairy industry depends upon public
perception of the products. If products and production methods were perceived
to be bad in respect of human health, the welfare of the animals or the impact
of the environment, sales could be severely affected. Animal welfare is of major
concern now in many countries and concern is growing in most countries. The
welfare of an animal is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment.
Hence welfare varies from good to poor and includes the health and feelings
of an animal as well as aspects of its behaviour and physiology.
Welfare is poor in dairy cows when, for example, they are lame,
have mastitis, are unable to reproduce, are unable to show normal behaviour,
show emergency physiological responses, or are injured. Poor welfare can be
caused by cruelty or poor management but it is also commoner as production efficiency
increases. Mastitis, lameness and reproductive failure tend to increase as milk
yield increases. Hence it may well be necessary to stop using genetic selection
and some feeding methods to increase milk yield. Cows are well adapted to high
fibre, low density foods and moderate milk yields so there are more problems
when their normal biological functioning controls are overtaxed, i.e. when they
are stressed. Bovine somatotrophin increases the risk of poor welfare, especially
when given to cows which are already relatively high yielding.
The design of accommodation for cows, and management procedures,
also have considerable effects on cow welfare. Cubicle houses, particularly
when cubicles are too short or otherwise poorly designed, tend to result in
too much lameness and other problems. Straw yards are generally better for welfare
if well managed. Lameness is much rarer in cows at pasture although special
paths are needed in areas with sharp stones. Housed cows can vary individually
in their susceptibility to lameness according to their social position.
Farm operations and increasing automation on farms also require
careful monitoring if poor welfare is to be minimised. Indeed efforts should
be made to provide conditions in which welfare is good; individual production
will then be better.
Most members of the public who are asked about the dairy industry
think of cows grazing in fields and living for some time whilst a series of
calves are born and milk is produced. Milk products are considered by the public
in relation to their effects on human nutrition and health, their effects on
the environment and their effects on animal welfare. If production is perceived
to be bad in relation to any of these aspects, sales of the products could be
severely affected. Some people may limit their intakes of milk products because
of a desire to reduce cholesterol intake and certain aspects of the dairy industry,
such as methane production, may be criticised in relation to pollution but it
is animal welfare rather than these topics which is the subject of this paper.
Until recently, the welfare of the cow was not often perceived to be poor and
it has been only in calf rearing that dairy production systems have been regularly
criticised. However, the industry has been changing and evidence of poor welfare
in cows is accumulating and has had influence on public opinion in several countries.
It is important to the dairy industry that welfare problems should be addressed
before there is any widespread public condemnation of breeding and management
practices. A few critical newspaper articles or television programmes which
appear well founded can be very damaging to producers, processors and retailers.
Public concern about animal welfare manifests itself in actual product
purchasing and in pressure applied to retailers and to legislators. Major supermarket
and cooked food chains can be influenced rapidly by customer pressure and can
cause changes to be brought about in the methods used by suppliers. Retailers
may impose codes of practice on suppliers and the execution of these codes is
checked because the retailers cannot afford public criticism of what they sell
(1). In several European countries, certain housing systems
and farm practices have been changed by many farmers because of the standards
required by the purchasing companies. For example the use of crates for calves,
stalls and tethers for sows and castration of pigs slaughtered at 100 kg or
less has ceased on many farms.
Effects of public pressure on legislation is usually slower but legislation
makes for more equal constraints on producers. Legislation is becoming more
and more international although it is clearly important that where there is
legislation on wholly moral grounds, for example in order to prevent poor welfare
in animals, there should be restrictions on imports from countries whose moral
standards are lower and that such restrictions should be authorised by the World
Trade Organisation.
Animal welfare has to be defined in such a way that it can be scientifically
assessed and the term can be used in legislation and in discussion amongst animal
users and the public. Welfare is clearly a characteristic of an individual animal
and is concerned with the effects of all aspects of its environment on the individual.
The welfare of an animal is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its
environment (2). This state includes the feelings of the
individual, various physiological and behavioural responses and its health.
The extent of the difficulty which the individual has in trying to cope with
its environment, the extent of any failure to cope and the degree of happiness
are all components of welfare. Hence welfare varies from very poor to very good
and can be scientifically assessed (3,4,5,6).
Indicators of animal welfare are listed in Table
1. These include disease prevalence and reduced ability to grow and breed.
As explained by Broom and Johnson (3), the welfare of a
diseased individual is poorer than that of an individual which is not diseased
and reduced ability to produce offspring given appropriate opportunities also
indicates poor welfare. Individuals which are finding it difficult to cope with
their environment, or which are failing to cope may be more likely to become
diseased, less likely to produce embryos, less likely to carry young to term
and more likely to die early.
Table 1. Indicators of animal welfare (from Pryce et
al, 36).
$
Physiological indicators of pleasure
$
Behavioural indicators of pleasure
$
Extent to which strongly preferred behaviours can be shown
$
Variety of normal behaviours shown or suppressed
$
Extent to which normal physiological processes and anatomical development
are possible
$
Extent of behavioural aversion shown
$
Physiological attempts to cope
$
Immunosuppression
$
Disease prevalence
$
Behavioural attempts to cope
$
Behaviour pathology
$
Self narcotization
$
Body damage prevalence
$
Reduced ability to grow or breed
$
Reduced life expectancy
Welfare can be poor in any animal if it is ill-treated or neglected.
This can be a problem occasionally but most dairy farmers value their animals
too much to allow either of these causes of poor welfare to occur. However,
there can be ill treatment of cattle going to slaughter. The general areas of
cattle welfare problems have been reviewed (7) and many of these will not be reported here.
Scientific studies of the welfare of veal calves have been reported
in detail by Broom (8) and in the Report on the Welfare
of Calves by the E.U. Scientific Veterinary Committee (Directorate-general for
Agriculture VI/5891/95). Amongst the needs of calves which are not met during
veal production in crates are: resting in normal postures, turning around and
exercising adequately, exploration, normal grooming, social contact, normal
gut development and avoidance of anaemia with associated immunosuppression and
disease.
Well managed group-housing systems in appropriately ventilated buildings
had no more disease than individual-housing systems (9).
Anaemic calves with a blood haemaglobin level of 5.5 m mol l-1 are
adversely affected by exercise (10) and immune system
function was adversely affected at 4.5 m mol l-1 (11).
Confined calves show prolonged inactivity, excessive licking and sucking behaviour
with consequent hair-ball formation in the gut, oral stereotypies and locomotor
difficulties (12,13,14,15).
All of these abnormalities of behaviour indicate poor welfare caused by confinement
and lack of normal stimulation. Confined calves also show greater cortisol response
to ACTH challenge than group-housed calves (16, 17
and lack of fibre and iron in the diet causes abnormalities of gut anatomy and
physiology (11,18,19).
As a consequence of the evidence of poor welfare in veal calves,
the European Union passed a Directive in 1997 which required group-housing of
calves after 8 weeks of age, individual pens at least as wide as the height
of the calf at the withers, no tethering of calves except for <1 h at feeding
time, sufficient iron to ensure an average blood haemoglobin of 4.5 m mol l-1
and fibre in the diet increasing from 50 g per day at 8 weeks to 250 g pr day
at 20 weeks. Many E.U. calf producers have found group-housing of calves to
be more successful economically than the old crate system and white veal can
still be produced from systems which comply with the new law.
The major welfare problems of dairy cows are lameness, mastitis,
and any conditions which lead to impaired reproduction, inability to show normal
behaviour, emergency physiological responses or injury.
Leg and
foot problems
For a recent review of lameness,
including the extent to which it is a welfare problem, see Greenough and Weaver
(20). Almost all animals which walk with a limp, or reduce
walking to a low level, or avoid walking whenever possible suffer from some
leg or foot pain. Their ability to carry out various preferred behaviours is
generally impaired and there may be adverse consequences for various other aspects
of their normal biological functioning. Lameness always means some degree of
poor welfare and sometimes means that welfare is very poor indeed.
Measurements of the extent
to which some degree of lameness occurs in dairy cows include 35 - 56 cases
per 100 cows per annum in the USA, 59.5 cases per 100 cows per annum in the
UK, and more than 83% of examined cows in the Netherlands. The actual figures
depend upon the method of assessment and most of these cases were not treated
by veterinary surgeons but there is no doubt that lameness is often a severe
welfare problem.
Mastitis
Mastitis in mammals is a
very painful condition. The sensitivity to touch of affected tissues is clearly
evident and there is obvious damaging of normal function. Mastitis prevalence
should have declined greatly with improved methods of prevention and treatment
but it has not declined as much as it should have done. Webster (21)
reports 40 cases of mastitis per 100 cows per year as an average for the UK.
Reproductive
problems
Reproductive problems in
dairy cows have become very common in recent years with large numbers of cows
being culled because of failure to get in calf. In a study of 50 dairy herds
in England, Esslemont and Kossaibati (22) found that farmers
reported failure to conceive as the predominant reason for culling with 44%
of first lactation, 42% of second lactation and 36.5% of cows in total being
culled for this reason. However, mastitis, feet and leg problems, ketosis and
other disease conditions can lead to reproductive problems and it is difficult
to discover their initial cause from farmers' records. A report by Plaizier
et al (23) concerning Canadian herds indicated
that reproductive culling risk varied between 0 and 30% with a mean of 7.5%.
Housing
systems and welfare
The incidence of lameness
is much worse in housed cows than in cows at pasture. Cows at pasture may have
stone damage to hooves if they do not have a suitable place to walk but wet
cubicle houses or poorly maintained straw yards can result in very high levels
of lameness. Even the best cubicle housing systems seem to have some lameness
problems which are exacerbated by social factors (24).
Since the best straw yards, with an abrasive area on which normal hoof wear
occurs, have little lameness, these may be the best solution for housed cows.
Mastitis incidence is affected by hygiene at milking and various other conditions
of management. Poorly designed housing systems can result in a variety of welfare
problems and these can be exacerbated by high stocking density. Most of these
problems, such as those resulting from cubicles being too short for the length
of the cows now occupying them or of poor design of cubicles which do not allow
adequate movements in the cow, are well known so are mentioned briefly here.
In general it seems that many dairy cow housing systems, and cubicles in particular,
do not provide an environment to which cows can adapt easily, The best straw
yards seem to be the most successful as they give the cows more opportunity
to control their interactions with their environment.
Milk yield
and welfare in dairy cows
The dairy cow of 1998 may
produce 18000l. or more of milk per annum with a peak milk yield of 75l. per
day. This compares with UK figures of 6000l. and 30l. per day 10 years ago (21)
and a beef cattle average of 1 - 2000l. and 10l. per day. The dairy animal is
producing considerably more than its ancestor would have. This raises questions
of whether it is at or beyond its maximum production level and the extent of
any welfare problems.
The peak daily energy output
of the dairy cow per unit body weight is not very high in comparison with some
other species such as seals or dogs but the product of daily energy output and
duration of lactation is very high indeed. Hence long term problems are the
most likely to occur (25). This is what we see because,
although some cows seem to be able to produce at high levels without welfare
problems, the risk of poor welfare indicated by lameness, mastitis or fertility
problems is greater as milk yield increases.
The steady increase in reproductive
problems as milk yields have increased is well known. As Studer (26)
states, "despite programmes developed by veterinarians to improve reproductive
herd health, conception rates have in general declined from 55-66% 20 years
ago to 45-50% recently (27,28,29,30).
During the same periods, milk production has greatly increased."
Studies showing that milk
yield is positively correlated with the extent of fertility problems have come
from a range of different countries (31,32,33,34,35,36,37).
Studer (26) explains that high producing cows which are
thin and whose body condition score declines by 0.5 1.0 during lactation often
experience anoestrus. A loss of condition score of about 1.0 during lactation
was normal in the review presented by Broster and Broster (38).
Data on the relationships between milk yield and reproduction measures from
two large scale studies are presented in Tables 2 and
3.
In some studies, effects
of health problems on reproduction are evident, for example Peeler et al
(39) showed how cows which were lame in the period before
service were less likely to be observed as being in oestrus. The lameness could
be more likely in high producing cows. Direct links between level of milk production
and extent of disease conditions are also evident from a range of studies, positive
correlations being reported by Lyons et al (40),
Uribe et al (41) and Pryce et al (36,37
see Tables 2, 3). In addition to
mastitis and leg and foot problems, which are often measured in such studies,
the occurrence of other clinical conditions can also be affected by production
level. Modern, high producing cows with good body condition have a high incidence
of milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, fatty liver and ketosis (26).
Table 2. Positive correlations between milk production
level and indicators of poor welfare (from Pryce et al, 36).
Milk yield from 33,732 lactation records:
| |
|
calving interval |
0.50 |
+ |
0.06 |
| |
|
days to first service |
0.43 |
+ |
0.08 |
| |
|
mastitis |
0.21 |
+ |
0.06 |
| |
|
foot problems |
0.29 |
+ |
0.11 |
| |
|
milk fever |
0.19 |
+ |
0.06 |
Table 3. Positive correlations between milk production
level and indicators of poor welfare (from Pryce et al, 37).
Milk yield from 10,569 lactation records:
| |
|
calving interval |
0.28 |
+ |
0.06 |
| |
|
days to first service |
0.41 |
+ |
0.06 |
| |
|
mastitis |
0.29 |
+ |
0.05 |
| |
|
somatic cell count |
0.16 |
+ |
0.04 |
| |
|
foot problems |
0.13 |
+ |
0.06 |
The high yields of modern
dairy cows are a consequence of genetic selection and feeding. Cows are adapted
to high fibre, low density diets. The ways in which they have been modified
genetically do not change these basic characteristics much. Cows do not adapt
easily to high grain diets or to manufactured diets with high protein and low
fibre. Genetic selection has not taken adequate account of the adaptability
and welfare of cows. Current trends towards ever greater milk production and
feed conversion efficiency should not be continued unless it can be insured
that welfare is good (42,43). Bovine
somatotrophin (BST) results in high milk yields and higher levels of mastitis,
lameness, reproductive disorders and other problems such as those at the injection
site (44,45,46,47,48).
Whether or not much of the effect of the genetically engineered hormone is a
consequence of the milk yield, the poorer welfare caused by the BST is unacceptable.
The Report of the E.U. Scientific
Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare on Animal Welfare Aspects of
the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin concluded that the use of BST as follows.
BST is used to increase
milk yield, often in already high-producing cows. BST administration causes
substantially and very significantly poorer welfare because of increased foot
disorders, mastitis, reproductive disorders and other production related diseases.
These are problems which would not occur if BST were not used and often results
in unnecessary pain, suffering and distress. If milk yields were achieved by
other means which resulted in the health disorders and other welfare problems
described above, these mans would not be acceptable. The injection of BST and
its repetition every 14 days also causes localised swellings which are likely
to result in discomfort and hence some poor welfare.
The Committee also made
the following Recommendation. BST use causes a substantial increase in levels
of foot problems and mastitis and leads to injection site reactions in dairy
cows. These conditions, especially the first two, are painful and debilitating,
leading to significantly poorer welfare in the treated animals. Therefore from
the point of view of animal welfare, including health, the Scientific Committee
on Animal Health and Animal Welfare is of the opinion that BST should not be
used in dairy cows.
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Return to Table of Contents
Behavior
/ Breeding / Feeding / General
/ Health / Housing / Husbandry
/ Legislation / Reproduction
/ Slaughter / Transport
Amon, T., B. Amon, E. Ofner, and J. Boxberger (2001). Precision
of assessment of animal welfare by the "TGI 35 L" Austrian needs index.
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science
51(Supplementum 30): 114‑117, ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: dairy cattle, dairy farms, housing, welfare, livestock farming, methodology.
Berry, S.L. (2001). Milking the golden cow: Her comfort.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219(10): 1382‑1386,
ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: dairy cows, calf, husbandry, behavior, philosophy, ethics, farmer,
lameness, bone disease, muscle disease, animal housing, welfare, breeding, calving,
comfort, lactation, milk yield, pregnancy.
Boe, K.E., H.J. Myren, and D.F. Fridheim (1999). Approval
for cow trainers. [Godkjenning av kutrenere.] Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift
111(10): 645-646, ISSN: 0332-5741.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 N81
Keywords: dairy cattle, cows, animal behavior, training of animals, apparatus,
animal welfare, Norway, Norwegian language.
Bremner, K.J. (1997). Behaviour of dairy heifers during
adaptation to milking. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal
Production 57: 105-108, ISSN: 0370-2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: animal behavior, heifers, adaptation, milking, training.
Capdeville, J., and I. Veissier (2001). A method of assessing
welfare in loose housed dairy cows at farm level, focusing on animal observations.
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science 51(Supplementum
30): 62‑68, ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, housing, environmental conditions, animal welfare,
needs assessment, five freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from
discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal
behavior, and freedom from fear and distress, scoring system.
Chaplin, S., and L. Munksgaard (2001). Evaluation of simple
method for assessment of rising behaviour in tethered dairy cows. Animal
Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 72
(1): 191‑197, ISSN: 1357‑7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Abstract: Problems with getting up can affect welfare, therefore a simple method
for use in assessing rising behaviour was evaluated. Sixty‑one Danish
Friesian cows housed in two identical tie‑stall barns were used. The cows
were in their first (no. = 30), second (no. = 16) or third lactation (no.= 15).
There were 19 cows in early lactation (<100 days in milk), 18 late lactation
cows (>200 days in milk) and 24 dry cows, divided between the age groups.
Rising was scored at three times of day for five consecutive days. Two observers
scored the cows at 11:30 h and one of these observers scored them at 15:00 and
17:30 h. Cows were encouraged to rise using increasing levels of encouragement
but the minimum possible force and were scored for rising (between 1, normal
rising sequence, smooth movement and 5, rising front first) and the level of
encouragement required. The behaviour of each cow was recorded on video for
21.5 h. Total lying time; lying frequency; maximum lying bout length; time to
lie down; time for preparatory phase of lying; time to rise, and time for final
phase of rising were recorded from the videos and video records of rising were
scored. The rising score was repeatable and was unaffected by the different
scoring conditions tested (presence of observer, day of scoring, time of day,
level of encouragement). Stage of lactation affected total lying time, number
of lying bouts, maximum bout length and rising behaviour, while lactation number
only had a minor effect on lying behaviour. The proposed score for rising reliably
reflected whether the cows in tie‑stalls had difficulty rising when at
least three observations were included. The proportion of cows in different
stages of lactation and of different parities should be included in any assessment
of rising behaviour, since stage of lactation and parity significantly affected
rising behaviour.
Keywords: dairy cows, Friesian, breed, tethered housing, posture, rest, duration,
lactation stage, lactation number, physical activity, animal behavior, animal
welfare.
Cross, D.E., D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, L.M. Birnie, and M.A.
Lomax (1999). Does separate housing of newly calved heifers influence social
behaviour and lessen claw horn lesion development? In: Farm Animal Welfare,
Who Writes the Rules? Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by
the British Society of Animal Science, Edinburgh, UK, 1999, A.J.F. Russel,
C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and T.L.J. Lawrence (eds.), British
Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK, p. 157-158.
NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23
Keywords: heifers, housing, social behavior, animal welfare, legislation, stress,
foot diseases, claws, United Kingdom.
Damasceno, J.C., F. Baccari, and L.A. Targa (1999). Behavior
responses of Holstein dairy cows with constant or limited access to shade. [Respostas
comportamentais de vacas Holandesas, com acesso a sombra constante ou limitada.]
Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 34(4): 709-715, ISSN: 0100-204X.
Keywords: animal behavior, limited, shade, feeding behavior, heat stress, housing,
thermal comfort, rumination, rest, water intake, language, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
De Passille, A.M., J. Rushen, J. Ladewig, and C. Petherick
(May 1996). Dairy calves discrimination of people based on previous handling.
Journal of Animal Science 74(5): 969-974, ISSN: 0021-8812. NAL Call No.:
49 J82 Abstract: To determine whether calves can distinguish between different
people, we examined their contact with familiar and unfamiliar people and with
people who handled them positively or aversively. When a familiar or unfamiliar
person enter ed the calves' pens, latency to contact and duration of contact
were the same, but bouts of contact were shorter and more frequent if the person
was unfamiliar. In Exp. 2, calves were treated repeatedly in their home pens,
by three handlers: one treated them positively, one aversively, and a third
(neutral) did not interact with them. After seven treatments, calves tended
to avoid all three handlers. After 12 treatments, calves contacted the positive
handler significantly more than the a versive handler in their home pens. However,
when retested outside their home pens, the calves did not discriminate. In Exp.
3, calves were treated positively and aversively in a novel treatment pen rather
than in their home pens. The calves made more contact with the positive handler
than the aversive handler after seven treatments. When retested in their home
pens, most of the calves continued to avoid the aversive handler, but some made
contact with the aversive handler. Calves can re adily discriminate between
different people based on their previous experience. They can develop a general
fear of people as a result of aversive handling, and positive handling is required
to overcome this. However, some calves do not generalize their fear of an aversive
handler to places other than those in which they were handled. Keywords: calves,
fearfulness, memory, learning ability, learning experiences, animal welfare.
Eicher, S.D., J.L Morrow Tesch, J.L. Albright, and R.E. Williams
(2001). Tail docking alters fly numbers, fly avoidance behaviors, and cleanliness,
but not physiological measures. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (8):
1822-1828, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: tail docking, animal well being issue, fly season, comparison, docked
versus nondocked cows, stage of lactation, physiological, immunological, behavioral
measures, cows housed in a tie stall barn, blood samples, plasma and leukocyte
separation, cleanliness scoring, fly avoidance behaviors, foot stomping.
Eicher, S.D., J.L. Morrow-Tesch, J.L. Albright, J.W. Dailey,
C.R. Young, and L.H. Stanker (2000). Tail docking influences on behavioral,
immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy
Science 83(7): 1456-1462, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: Behavioral and physiological changes were measured following tail-docking
in primiparous heifers. One month before projected first parturition, 21 heifers
were assigned to control (nondocked), docked, or docked with lidocaine groups.
Heifers were banded to initiate taildocking and the necrotic tail was removed
after 144 h. Physiological, immunological, and behavioral measures were taken
for 240 h following banding. Cortisol was not different for control and treated
heifers. Haptoglobin increased for docked heifers by 168 h postbanding (24 h
postdocking). alpha1-Acid glycoprotein decreased as haptoglobin increased, and
alpha1-acid glycoprotein increased until 240 h postbanding. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
increased only with lidocaine and did not show an effect of docking by 240 h
postbanding. Lymphocyte phenotyping demonstrated increased CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral
blood mononuclear cells for docked plus lidocaine heifers and gammadelta+ cells
of those heifers tended to be reduced compared with docked heifers. Eating was
the only maintenance behavior affected by banding in both docked groups (increased
with banding and decreased with docking). The initial banding procedure did
not alter heifer physiology and altered only eating behavior, but the cutting
of the tail (docking) increased haptoglobin in response to the tissue damage
and returned eating behavior to baseline. The use of lidocaine to anesthetize
the tail before banding affected lymphocyte phenotypes and TNF-alpha (banding
alone did not alter these parameters).
Keywords: heifers, animal behavior, docking, feeding behavior, haptoglobins,
hydrocortisone, lidocaine, lymphocytes, stress, tail, tumor necrosis factor.
Emeash, H.H., M.A. ElBably, and A.S. Moustafa (1999). Studies
on some behavioural patterns, performance and immune status in dairy calves
under field conditions. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza 47(4): 549-560,
ISSN: 1110-1423.
NAL Call No.: SF604.C13
Keywords: calves, artificial rearing, birth weight, body measurements, colostrum,
liveweight gain, dairy farms, dams, feeding, immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM, rumination,
weaning, social behaviour, feeding behaviour, husbandry, Egypt.
Fayed, R.H. (1997). Effect of housing systems on behaviour
and lameness in dairy cows. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza 45(1):
101-110, ISSN: 1110-1423.
NAL Call No.: SF604.C13
Keywords: housing systems, floors, animal behavior, health, Egypt.
Ferrante, V., E Canali, S. Mattiello, M. Verga, P. Sacerdote,
B. Manfredi, and A.E. Panerai (1998). Preliminary study on the effect of
size of individual stall on the behavioural and immune reactions of dairy calves.
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 7(1): 29-36, ISSN: 1230-1388.
NAL Call No.: SF1.J68
Keywords: immune reaction, lymphocytes, individual, behavioral, reactions, stalls,
housing, grooming, dairy cows, newborn calves.
Ferrante, V., E. Canali, M. Verga, S. Mattiello, F. Monti,
and F. Gottardo (1999). Veal calves rearing: behavioural, physiological and
pathological indicators. In: Recent Progress in Animal Production Science.
1. Proceedings of the A.S.P.A. XIII Congress, Piacenza, Italy, 21-24 June, 1999,
G. Piva, G. Bertoni, F. Masoero, P. Bani, and L. Calamari, (eds.), FrancoAngeli
srl.: Milano, Italy, 575-577p., ISBN: 88-464-1535-3.
NAL Call No.: SF5 R432 1999
Keywords: animal welfare, animal behavior, abnormal behavior, veal calves, cattle
housing, husbandry.
Flower, F.C., and D.M. Weary (2001). Effects of early separation
on the dairy cow and calf. 2. Separation at 1 day and 2 weeks after birth. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 70(4): 275‑284, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, calves, separation, calf removal, timing, age differences,
behavior, attachment behavior, vocalization, movement, social behavior, animal
welfare, milk yield, live weight gain, maternal‑filial bond.
Fregonesi, J.A., and L.D. Leaver (2001). Behaviour, performance
and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard or cubicle
systems. Livestock Production Science 68 (2/3): 205‑216ISSN:
0343-0200.
NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, performance, health, animal welfare, housing,
straw, milk yield, indicators, loose housing, hygiene, somatic cell count, locomotion,
feed intake, rumination, hooves, lameness, lying.
Galindo, F., and D.M. Broom (2000). The relationships between
social behaviour of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three herds.
Research in Veterinary Science 69(1): 75-79, ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312
Keywords: lameness, social behavior, housing, lesions, hooves, social dominance.
Galindo, F., D.M. Broom, and P.G.G. Jackson (2000). A note
on possible link between behaviour and the occurance of lameness in dairy cows.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67(4): 335-341, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, lameness, susceptibility, social dominance.
Georg, H., and K. Totschek (2001). Examining an automatic
cow brush for dairy cows. [Untersuchung einer automatischen Kuhputzmaschine
fur Milchkuhe.] Landtechnik 56 (4): 260‑261, ISSN: 0023‑8082.
NAL Call No.: 58.8 L235
Keywords: dairy cows, animal behavior, welfare, cow housing, automatic control,
brushes, grooming, intensity, frequency, video recording, German language, Germany.
Gonyou, H.W. and L.J. Keeling (2001). Social Behaviour
in Farm Animals: CABI Publishing: NY, USA, 406 p., ISBN: 0851993974
NAL Call No.: SF756.7 S58 2001
Keywords: social behavior, groupings, evolution, parent behavior, domestication,
cattle, pigs, birds, sheep, horses, fish, contemporary topics, isolation, separation,
personality, human-animal interaction, social cognition.
Goonewardene, L.A., M.A Price, J.M. Stookey, P.A Day, and G.
Minchau (2000). Handling, electric goad, and head restraint: effects on calves'
behavior. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: JAAWS 3 (1):
5-22.
NAL Call NO.: HV4701.J68
Keywords: Keywords: calves, restraint of animals, handling, electrical stimulation,
animal behavior, chutes, pens, cattle weighers, blood plasma, hydrocortisone,
cattle husbandry, liveweight gain, body weight, duration, sex differences, memory,
stress response, production costs, animal welfare.
Goonewardene, L.A., M.A Price, E. Okine, and R.T. Berg Minchau
(1999). Behavioral responses to handling and restraint in dehorning and polled
cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64 (3): 159-167.ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: weaned bull and heifer calves, handling, restraint, movement of animals
through chute, electric prod, voice and slap, tail twist, head gate dehorning.
Grant, R.J., and J.L. Albright (2001). Effect of animal
grouping on feeding behavior and intake of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy
Science 84 (Elect. Supplement): E156‑E163, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, social dominance, group dynamics, animal welfare,
wellbeing, housing, feed intake, feeding behavior, stocking density, overcrowd
ing.
Haley, D.B., J. Rushen, J., and A.M. De Passille (2000). Behavioural
indicators of cow comfort: activity and resting behaviour of dairy cows in two
types of housing. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80 (2): 257-263,
ISSN: 0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163
Keywords: housing, pens stalls, animal behavior, rest, behavior patterns, diurnal
activity, animal welfare.
Hartmut, F. (1999). Method to assess the learning ability
of group-housed calves and results of visual discrimination tasks. Archiv
fuer Tierzucht 42(3): 241-254, ISSN: 0003-9438.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23
Keywords: more-arm-maze test assessment method, group housing, learning ability
assessment, visual discrimination task.
Hasegawa, N., and H. Hidari (2001). Relationships among
behavior, physiological states and body weight gain in grazing Holstein heifers.
Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (6): 803-810.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7
Keywords: dairy heifers, Holstein, breed, behavior, performance, pasture, rotationally
grazed, body weights, blood samples, rumen fluid samples, chemical composition
of forage, crude protein, dry matter, acid deterent fiber, grazing time, phospholipid
concentration of blood, acetic acid proportion, butyric acid proportion.
Hassall, S.A., W.R. Ward, and R.D. Murray (1993). Effects
of lameness on the behaviour of cows during the summer. The Veterinary
Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association 132(23): 578-580,
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: dairy cattle, animal welfare, pain, productivity, animal behavior,
milking parlor, feeding behavior, ruminating, lying, standing.
Helin, J., A. Katainen, E. Manninen, M. Norring, K. Kaustell,
and H. Saloniemi (2001). The use of an automatic concentrate feeding station
in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 1: Disturbance at the feeding
station. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla pihattonavetassa. Osa 1: Hairinta
vakirehuautomaatilla.] Suomen Elainlaakarilehti 107 (10): 562‑567,
ISSN: 0039‑5501.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 F49
Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, automatic feed dispensers, concentrates,
feeding behavior, restricted fed, butting, pushing rate of disturbance, Finnish
language.
Hindhede, J., L. Mogensen, and J.T Sorensen (1999). Effect
of group composition and feeding system on behaviour, production and health
of dairy heifers in deep bedding systems. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.
Section A, Animal Science 49(4): 211-220, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27
Keywords: housing, animal behavior, health, animal welfare, feed intake, liveweight
gain, feeding, cattle, nutrition programs, heifers, concentrates, dairy herds,
group size, litter, productivity, aggression, stress, groups.
Hoerning, B., and J. Tost (2001). Influences on the resting
behaviour of dairy cows in loose housing systems. Advances in Ethology
(36): 178, ISSN: 0931‑4202.
NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B
Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, resting behavior, stable.
Hopster, H. (1998). Coping Strategies in Dairy Cows
Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen (Wageningen Agricultural University): Wageningen,
Netherlands, 152p., ISBN: 9-05-485842-7152.
Keywords: thesis, cows, dairy cattle, milking parlors, management, animal welfare,
animal behavior, stress, adaptation, cortisol, adrenocortical activity, heart
rate, blood sampling, adaptation, animal welfare, leukocytes, endotoxins, behavioral
routines, calf separation, social isolation, emotional responses.
Hopster, H., J.T.Nvd Werf, and H.J. Blokhuis (1998). Side
preference of dairy cows in the milking parlour and its effects on behavior
and heart rate during milking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55(3/4):
213-229, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, side preference in milking parlor, heart rate, animal
behavior, milk yield, animal welfare.
Horning, B., C. Zeitlmann, and J. Tost (2001). Differences
in the behaviour of dairy cows in the lying area of 40 loose houses.[Unterschiede
im Verhalten von Milchkuhen im Liegebereich verschiedener Laufstallsysteme.]
KTBL‑Schrift 403: 153‑162.
NAL Call No.: 18 K96
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, housing, cubicles, lying time, straw yards,
bedded slope floors, German language.
Hultgren, J. (2001). Effects of two stall flooring systems
on the behaviour of tied dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
73(3): 167‑177, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: behavior, resting behavior, slipping behavior, cow housing, tethered
housing, tie stalls, solid floors, slatted floors, mats, litter, wood shavings,
straw, animal welfare.
Hultgren, J. (2001). Observational and experimental studies
of the influence of housing factors on the behaviour and health of dairy cows.
Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae: Veterinaria (No. 104), Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala,
Sweden, 25 p., ISSN: 1401‑6257.
NAL Call No.: SF615.A28
Keywords: dairy cows, animal behavior, health, animal welfare, bovine mastitis,
diseases, housing, cow trainers, culling, hygiene, floor type, foot diseases,
ketosis, litter, loose housing, mastitis, mats, reproductive performance, slatted
floors, tethered housing, Sweden.
Illmann, G. and M. Spinka (1993). Maternal behaviour of
dairy heifers and sucking of their newborn calves in group housing. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 36(2/3): 91-98, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: heifers, newborn calves, group housing, parental behavior, sucking
behavior, maternal behavior.
Jago, J.G., C.C. Krohn, and L.R. Matthews (1999). The influence
of feeding and handling on the development of the human-animal interactions
in young cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62(2/3): 137-151,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, artificial rearing, feeding, handling, approach behavior,
group size, liveweight gain.
Jensen, M.B. (2001). A note on the effect of isolation during
testing and length of previous confinement on locomotor behaviour during open-field
test in dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 70(4): 309-315,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, dairy cattle, housing, isolation, physical activity, social
behavior.
Jensen, M.B. and R. Kyhn (2000). Play behaviour in group-housed
dairy calves, the effect of space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 67 (1-2): 35-46, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cattle, animal welfare, farm management, group housing, environment,
play behavior, locomotor play, novel environment, age differences, open-field
test, positive feelings, social play, space allowance.
Jensen, M.B. and R. Kyhn (2000). Play behaviour in group-housed
dairy calves, the effect of space allowance. Russian Journal of Ecology
67(1/2): 35-46, ISSN: 1067-4136.
NAL Call No.: QH540 E32
Keywords: dairy cattle, Danish Holstein Friesian calves, locomotor play, open-field
test, animal behavior, calf housing, pens, animal welfare,Denmark.
Jensen, M.B., L. Munksgaard, L. Mogensen, and C.C. Krohn (1999).
Effects of housing in different social environments on open-field and social
responses of female dairy calves. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section
A, Animal Science 49(2): 113-120, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: effects, housing, social environment, open field responses, group
housing, individual housing, loose housing, tethered housing, social behavior,
social tests.
Jensen, M.B., K.S. Vestergaard, and C.C. Krohn, and L. Munksgaard
(1997). Effect of single versus group housing and space allowance on responses
of calves during open-field tests. [Erratum: Dec 28, 1998, v. 61 (2), p.
185.] Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54(2/3): 109-121, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, heifers, housing, fearfulness, heart rate, behavior patterns,
animal welfare.
Johannesson, T. and J.T. Sorensen (2000). Evaluation of
welfare indicators for the social environment in cattle herds. Animal
Welfare 9 (3): 297‑316, ISSN: 0962‑7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Keywords: dairy cows, stocking density, loose housing, body weight, group size,
change, milk yield, agonistic behavior, posture, blood serum, hydrocortisone,
animal behavior, health, animal welfare, literature reviews.
Juhas, P., O. Debreceni, V. Zimmermann, and V. Klisky (2001).
Abnormal behaviour in dairy cattle in Slovakia. Advances in Ethology
(36): 187, ISSN: 0931‑4202.
NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B
Keywords: abnormal behavior, housing condition, milk sucking, tongue playing,
Slovakia, Europe.
Jung, J., and L. Lidfors (2001). Effects of amount of milk,
milk flow and access to a rubber teat on cross sucking and non nutritive sucking
in dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72 (3): 201-213,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: Bos taurus, dairy calves, effects of different amounts of milk, flow
rate of milk, and access to a teat, non nutritive sucking, empty teat, cross
sucking on other calves.
Katila, T., A. Katainen, K. Kaustell, E. Manninen, M. Norring,
and H. Saloniemi (2001).The use of an automatic concentrate feeding station
in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 2: The relationship between
disturbance at the feeding station and the supply of concentrates and the milk
production of dairy cow. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla pihattonavetassa.
Osa 2: Vakirehuautomaatilla tapahtuvan hairinnan suhde lehman vakirehun saantiin
ja maidontuotantoon.] Suomen Elainlaakarilehti 107 (12): 701‑705,
ISSN: 0039‑5501.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 F49
Keywords: automatic feed dispensers, concentrates, cow housing, cows, dairy
cows, feed intake, feeding behavior, loose housing, milk yield, stress, stress
response, Finnish language.
Kashiwamura, F., J. Suda, K. Furumura, S. Hidaka, T. Seo,
and T. Iketaki (2001). Habituation training for dairy cattle to milking boxes
of new installed automatic milking system. Animal Science Journal
72 (8): J266-J273, ISSN: 1344‑3941.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A542
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, training of cows to enter milking boxes, automatic
milking system, conventional stanchion stall barn, free stall barn, entrance
gate, alley, three tandem milking boxes, parameters observed, duration of passing
through the entrance gate, duration from passing the gate to entering into a
milking box, score of training difficulty, number of trainings required for
the cows to enter the milking box without difficulty.
Keil, N.M., L. Audige, and W. Langhans (2001). Is intersucking
in dairy cows the continuation of a habit developed in early life? Journal
of Dairy Science 84 (1): 140‑146, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: Intersucking, i.e., cattle sucking the udder of heifers or cows, is
a frequent problem in dairy herds and may lead to udder damage, mastitis, milk
loss, and culling of breeding animals. Using epidemiological methods, we conducted
an observational cross‑sectional study to investigate risk factors for
intersucking in Swiss dairy cows. We asked 114 randomly selected dairy farmers
about a broad spectrum of environmental factors possibly associated with intersucking,
such as housing conditions, management, and feeding of calves, heifers, and
cows. Thirty of the 114 farms were confronted with intersucking in cows. The
mean proportion of intersucking cows per farm was 1.6%. From a total of 3077
cows (Swiss Brown Cattle, Simmental, and Holstein Friesian) we recorded 49 cows
that had performed or were currently intersucking. In 69% of these cows, intersucking
had been observed as heifers. Using path analysis and multivariable stepwise
backward logistic and linear regression analyses, we revealed that the most
important risk factor for intersucking cows was the presence of intersucking
heifers on a farm (odds ratio = 7.8). The results suggest that intersucking
in cows is the continuation of a habit that was already established in a cow's
subadult life. This emphasizes the importance of looking not only at the animal's
current environmental situation but also considering its entire life history
for the prevention of behavioral problems.
Keywords: dairy cows, Swiss Brown Cattle, Simmental, Holstein Friesian,breeds,
abnormal behavior, intersucking, udder damage, mastitis, milk loss, cow housing,
calf feeding, calves, livestock numbers, dairy herds, Switzerland.
Keil, N.M., and W. Langhans (2001). The development of
intersucking in dairy calves around weaning. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 72 (24): 295-308, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy calves, intersucking, udder health problems, occurance prior
to weaning and thereafter, feeding management during weaning, food ration analysis,
feeding management.
Ketelaar-de Lauwere, C.C., A.H. Ipema, E.N.J. van Ouwerkerk,
M.M. Hendriks, J.H.M. Metz, J.P. Noordhuizen, and W.G. Schouten (1999). Voluntary
automatic milking in combination with grazing of dairy cows: Milking frequency
and effects on behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64(2):
91-109, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cattle, breed, Holstein-Friesian, cow, automatic milking system,
farm equipment, voluntary automatic milking method, robots, grazing, feeding
behavior, resting behavior, pastures, milking, frequency.
Kisac, P., J. Broucek, S. Mihina, M. Uhrincat, C.W. Arave,
T.H. Friend, A. Hanus, and S. Marencak (2001). Effects of rearing methods
of heifers prior to weaning on subsequent behavior. Advances in
Ethology (36): 192‑193, ISSN: 0931‑4202.
NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B
Keywords: dairy calves, heifers, Holstein, breed, maze test, analytical method,
housing, play behavior, rearing, weaning.
Kjaestad, H.P., and H.J. Myren (2001). Cubicle refusal in
Norwegian dairy herds. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 42 (1): 181‑187,
ISSN: 0044‑605X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87
Keywords: dairy herds, heifers, behavior, housing, cubicles, litter, slatted
floor pens, livestock numbers, surveys, Norway.
Kjaestad, H.P., and H.J. Myren (2001). Failure to use cubicles
and concentrate dispenser by heifers after transfer from rearing accommodation
to milking herd. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 42(1): 171‑180,
ISSN: 0044‑605X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87.
Keywords: dairy heifers, age, animal behavior, housing, cubicles, feed dispensers,
livestock numbers, surveys, Norway.
Krohn C.C. (2001). Effects of different suckling systems
on milk production, udder health, reproduction, calf growth and some behavioural
aspects in high producing dairy cows: a review. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 72(3): 271-280, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, calves, different suckling systems, industrial countries,
milk production, udder health, reproduction, behavior, gain, health, suckling
systems, long term suckling, short term suckling, colostrum period, restricted
versus free suckling systems, suckling decreases the risk of mastitis, post
partum interval.
Krohn, C.C. (1994). Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive
(loose housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments. III. Grooming,
exploration and abnormal behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
42(2): 73-86.
NAL Call No.: QL750 A6
Keywords: environment, grooming, loose housing, tethered housing, exercise,
exploration, abnormal behavior, extensive livestock farming.
Krohn, C.C. and L. Munksgaard (1993). Behaviour of dairy
cows kept in extensive (loose housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments
II. Lying and lying-down behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
37(1): 1-16, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750 A6
Keywords: intensive environments, lying behavior, stalls, behavior, activity,
auditory system, parental behavior.
LangRee, R. (1998). The cow will let you know. [Kua
gir beskjed.] Buskap 50(1): 30-31.
NAL Call No.: 49 B96
Keywords: dairy cattle, animal behavior, animal welfare, health, cows.
Lanier, J.L., T. Grandin, R. Green, D. Avery, and K. McGee
(2001). A note on hair whorl position and cattle temperament in the auction
ring. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73 (2): 93-101, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: Bos taurus beef breeds, Holstein dairy cattle, Bos indicus beef breeds,
non Holstein dairy breeds, relationships between facial hair whorls and temperament
in cattle, cattle auctions, temperament score, calm, agitated, Holsteins were
calmer than beef cattle, management tool assessing temperment in novel environments.
Lefcourt, A.M., B. Erez, M.A. Varner, R. Barfield, and U. Tasch
(1999). A noninvasive radiotelemetry system to monitor heart rate for assessing
stress responses of bovines. Journal of Dairy Science 82(6): 1179-1187,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: A noninvasive radiotelemetry system was developed to monitor heart
rates of cows and to view and analyze data. The system was validated by comparing
heart rate data of two restrained heifers collected simultaneously using telemetric
and direct electrocardiogram measurements and by acquiring data over 72h from
two dry cows housed in an experimental handling facility consisting of a free-stall
pen, a holding pen, a pass-through stall, and a second holding pen. Telemetric
and direct measurements in response to pharmacological elevation of heart rates
were essentially identical. For cows in the experimental facility, peristimulus-time
histograms indexed to standing or lying showed that average heart rates for
cows increased 4.0 +/- 1.4 beats/min after cows stood and decreased 4.8 +/-
1.0 beats/min after cows lay. Similarly, the average heart rate for the cow
naive to the facility increased from 60 to 86 beats/min and remained elevated
for 6.3 min when heart rate was indexed to maximal heart rate within +/- 3 min
of entry into the pass-through stall. Heart rate for the naive cow increased
consistently from around 60 to over 160 beats/min during repeated agonistic
encounters between animals. Heart rate for the other cow was not affected by
the encounters. These results show clearly that heart rate can be used to monitor
animal anxiety.
Keywords: dairy cows, heart rate, monitoring, telemetry, stress response, agonistic
behavior, detection, animal welfare.
Lidfors, L.M. (1996). Behavioural effects of separating
the dairy calf immediately or 4 days post-partum. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 49(3): 269-283, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750 A6
Keywords: maternal-filial bond, separation, suckling behavior.
Lin, J.C., B.R. Moss, J.L. Koon, C.A. Flood, R.C. Smith, K.A.
Cummins, and D.A. Coleman (1998). Comparison of various fan, sprinkler,
and mister systems in reducing heat stress in dairy cows. Applied
Engineering in Agriculture 14(2): 177-182, ISSN: 0883‑8542.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Keywords: fans, heat stress, lactation performance, dairy cooling systems.
Loberg, J., and L. Lidfors (2001). Effect of milkflow rate
and presence of a floating nipple on abnormal sucking between dairy calves.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72 (3): 189-199, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, breed, Swedish Red and White, access to an artificial teat,
open bucket, abnormal sucking, time drinking, treatments, bucket with fast flow,
bucket with slow flow, floating nipple with fast flow and floating nipple with
slow flow, behavioral observations.
Loberg, J. And L. Lidfors (2001). Effect of stage of
lactation and breed on dairy cows' acceptance of foster calves. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 74 (2): 97-108, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: cows, calves, breed, Swedish Red and White, Swedish Holstein Friesian,
fostering calves, cow acceptance, cows sniffing, behavior, cow aggressiveness
towards calf, tied, loose housed.
Lupoli, B., B. Johansson, M.K. Uvnas, and S.K. Svennersten
(2001). Effect of suckling on the release of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol,
gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and insulin in dairy cows and their calves.
Journal of Dairy Research 68 (2): 175-187, ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823
Keywords: cows, calves, Swedish Red and White, breed, types of early interaction
between dairy cows and calves, influence milking/suckling related hormone release,
machine milked, blood samples, plasma levels, oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol,
gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin insulin.
Margerison, J. K., Phillips, C. J. C., Preston, T. R. (1999).
The effect of cow-calf separation in dairy cattle on animal behaviour.
In: Farm Animal Welfare - Who Writes the Rules? Proceedings of an International
Symposium Organized by the British Society of Animal Science, Edinburgh, UK,
1999, A.J.F. Russel, C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and T.L.J.
Lawrence (eds.), British Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK.
NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23
Keywords: animal behavior, dairy cattle, animal welfare, livestock, legislation,
calves.
Millar, K.M. (2000). Respect for animal autonomy in bioethical
analysis: the case of Automatic Milking Systems (AMS). Journal of Agricultural
and Environmental Ethics 12 (1): 41-50, ISSN: 0893-4282.
NAL Call No.: BJ52.5 J68
Keywords: milking, cows, ethics, robots, animal welfare, behavioral freedom,
motivation, automation, milking machines.
Mogensen, L., C.C. Krohn, and J. Foldager (1999). Long-term
effect of housing method during the first three months of life on human-animal
relationship in female dairy cattle. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.
Section A, Animal Science 49(3): 163-171, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: dairy cattle, housing, calves, cows, handling, lactation, milk, milk
production, milking, pens, cattle housing, animal welfare, human-animal relationship.
Mogensen, L., Krohn, C.C., Sorensen, J.T., Hindhede, J., and
L.H. Nielsen (1997). Association between resting behaviour and live
weight gain in dairy heifers housed in pens with different space allowance and
floor type. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55(1/2): 11-19,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cattle, heifers, rest, behavior patterns, liveweight gain, cattle
housing, floor pens, space requirements, floor space, floor type, slatted floors,
litter, welfare.
Morita, S., M. Komiya, K. Izumi, K. Oikawa, and S. Hoshiba
(2001). Changes of the utilization of trough, stall and automatic milking
machine after the transfer cows to automatic milking system. Journal
of Rakuno Gakuen University, Natural Science 26 (1): 57‑61, ISSN:
0388‑001X.
NAL Call No.: QH7.J68
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, diurnal variation, automatic milking machines,
housing, tie-stalls, free-stall, automatic milking trough use, Japanese language.
Morrow-Tesch, J. (Winter 1996/1997). Environmental
enrichment for dairy calves and pigs. Animal Welfare Information
Center Newsletter 7(3/4): 3-8, ISSN: 1050-561X.
NAL Call No.: aHV4701.A952
Keywords: calves, pigs, pens, toys, sucking, animal welfare, lymphocytes, blood
plasma, hydrocortisone, animal behavior, fields, neurons, postnatal development.
Munksgaard, L., A.M.B. de Passille, J. Rushen, and J. Ladewig
(1999). Dairy cows' use of colour cues to discriminate between people.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 65(1): 1-11, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: handling, color cues, human-animal interaction, people discrimination.
Munksgaard, L., A.Md. Passille, J. Rushen, K. Thodberg, and
M.B. Jensen (1997). Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on
handling. Journal of Dairy Science 80(6): 1106-1112, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: This study examined whether dairy cows could distinguish among people
based on the treatment received, whether cows used color as a cue to make this
discrimination, and whether cows generalized their discrimination to other locations.
Twelve cows were each repeatedly treated in a special treatment stall by two
people wearing red or yellow overalls. One person always treated the cows aversively,
and the other always treated them gently. The distance between each person and
each cow in the home stall and in the treatment stall was scored during tests.
Before treatment, the distances that cows maintained from the two people were
uncorrelated, and the distances that they maintained in the treatment stall
were uncorrelated with those in the home stall. Before and after treatments,
the cows stood further from the handlers in the treatment stall than in the
home stall, regardless of color of the overalls. Defecation and urination were
more frequent during aversive treatments. After treatment, the cows stood further
from the aversive handler than from the gentle handler in both stalls, and distance
from the aversive handler was positively correlated with distance from the gentle
handler. The cows did not discriminate when the aversive and gentle handlers
wore blue overalls (as worn by the usual barn handlers), when two unfamiliar
people wore the same color overalls as the handlers, or when the cows were shown
photographic slides of the two handlers. In conclusion, the cows learned to
discriminate among the handlers, partially based on the color of the clothes
worn. This discrimination was generalized to another location.
Keywords: cows, breed, Friesian, husbandry, animal welfare, stress, animal behavior,
stockmen, color of clothes worn, descrimination, rough versus gentle handling,
Denmark.
Munksgaard, L. and H.B. Simonsen (1996). Behavioral
and pituitary adrenal-axis responses of dairy cows to social isolation and deprivation
of lying down. Journal of Animal Science 74(4): 769-778, ISSN:
0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: The behavior and plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol were studied
in 30 Friesian cows kept in tie stalls and assigned to three treatments: control
(C), deprivation of lying down from 0900 to 1600 and 2200 to 0500 (D), and social
isolation (I). Behavior of the cows was observed before and after 4 and 8 wk
of treatment. The D- and I-cows showed increased frequency of transitions between
different behavioral activities (P < .05). In D- and I-cows the frequency
of grooming (P < .01) and idling (P < .001), and the amount of leaning
(P < .001) increased. In D-cows the frequency of eating was also increased.
The behavior and cortisol response to two novel arena tests performed on two
consecutive days after 22 d of treatment suggests that social isolation and
deprivation of lying change cows' reactions to a novel environment. After 23
d of treatment, concentrations of ACTH and cortisol were measured during 7.5
h. On d 24, cortisol concentrations were determined at time -.5, 0, .5, 1, 2,
3, 4, and 5 h after i.v. administration of ACTH. Cortisol concentrations did
not differ among treatment groups in the baseline series and after ACTH administration.
In D-cows, ACTH concentration was increased in part of the baseline series (P<
.05). The results suggest that the socially isolated cows were frustrated or
tried to compensate for a lack of stimulation and that repeated deprivation
of lying down is aversive to cows.
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, corticotropin, hydrocortisone, animal welfare,
blood plasma, stress factors, deprivation.
Nielsen, L.H., L. Mogensen, C. Krohn, J. Hindhede, and J.T.
Sorensen (1997). Resting and social behaviour of dairy heifers housed
in slatted floor pens with different sized bedded lying areas. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 54(4): 307-316, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: social behavior, slatted floor, pens, area, resting.
Ohnstad, I. (1998). Machine milking and the well-being
of the dairy cow. In: British Mastitis Conference 1998, Axient
Information Services: Crewe, UK, p.62-67.
Keywords: cows, dairy cows, machine milking, animal welfare, animal behavior,
milking machines, milking, milking parlors, dairy farming, United Kingdom.
Olofsson, J., and H. Wiktorsson (2001). Competition for
total mixed diets fed restrictively using one or four cows per feeding station.
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science 51(1): 59‑70,
ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: cows, housing, feeding stations, computerized feeding, feed intake,
feeding behaviour, social dominance, aggression, video recordings, Sweden.
Osterman, S., and I. Redbo (2001).
Effects of milking frequency on lying down and getting up behaviour in dairy
cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 70 (3): 167‑176, ISSN:
0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, animal behavior, lying down behavior, getting up behavior,
standing behavior duration, milking interval, rumination, animal welfare.
Paranhos da Costa, M.J.R. and D.M.
Broom. (2001). Consistency of side choice in the milking parlour by Holstein‑Friesian
cows and its relationship with their reactivity and milk yield. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 70 (3): 177‑186, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, behavior, temperament,
milking, milking parlors, milk yield, animal welfare, milking side preferences.
Perrey, A., G. Rehkamper, C.W. Werner,
and A. Gorlach (2001). Influence of housing‑systems in arousal behaviour
by cattle bulls towards a human.[Der Einfluss der Haltungsform auf das Erregungsverhalten
von erwachsenen Milchrinderbullen gegenuber dem Menschen.] KTBL‑Schrift
403: 71‑80.
NAL Call No.: 18 K96
Keywords: bulls, Holstein Friesian, Red Holstein, breed, behavior, human animal
interaction, aggressive behaviors, presenting body; pulling mouth to a bow,
pawing with forelegs, rubbing head on the ground, snorting, bellowing, poking
tongue, housing, German language.
Phillips, C.J.C. and I.D. Morris
(2002). The ability of cattle to distinguish between, and their preference
for, floors with different levels of friction, and their avoidance of floors
contaminated with excreta. Animal Welfare 11(1): 21‑29, ISSN:
0962‑7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, training, food reward, flooring type, discrimination,
preferences, smooth epoxy resin surface, surface‑applied bauxite aggregates,
floors covered in excreta, static friction, walking.
Phillips, C.J.C. and I.D. Morris
(2001). A novel operant conditioning test to determime whether dairy cows
dislike passageways that are dark or covered with excreta. Animal Welfare
10(1): 65‑72, ISSN: 0962‑7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557
Keywords: dairy cows, conditioning, stimuli, molasses, learning ability, cattle
slurry, floors, lighting, animal welfare, preferences.
Phillips, C.J.C., and M.I. Rind (2001).
The effects on production and behavior of mixing uniparous and multiparous
cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84(11): 2424‑2429, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, mixed versus unmixed groups, aggressive behavior, feeding
behavior, grazing behavior, dairy performance, milk yield.
Plusquellec, P. and M.F. Bouissou Marie France (2001). Behavioural
characteristics of two dairy breeds of cows selected (Herens) or not (Brune
des alpes) for fighting and dominance ability. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 72 (1): 1- 21, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: Herens, Brune des alpes, breeds, fighting and dominance ability,
behavioral trait, social behavior, dominance, agonistic behavior, social tolerance,
social motivation, social distance, fear reactions, ease of handling, physiological
correlates, social distances at pasture, ease of handling.
Prescott, N.B., T.T. Mottram, and A.J.F. Webster (1998).
Effect of food type and location on the attendance to an automatic milking
system by dairy cows and the effect of feeding during milking on their behaviour
and milking characteristics. Animal Science: An International Journal
of Fundamental and Applied Research 67(2): 183-193, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A56
Keywords: automatic milking systems, behavior, feeding, concentrates, milking
parlors, milking rate, milk flow, milk yield, milking interval.
Prescott, N.B., T.T. Mottram, and A.J.F. Webster (1998).
Relative motivations of dairy cows to be milked or fed in a Y-maze and
an automatic milking system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
57(1): 23-33, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: motivation, Y-maze, choice tests, automatic milking.
Purushottam, S. and S. Kiran (2002). Shelter seeking
behaviour of dairy cattle in various types of housing systems. Indian
Journal of Animal Sciences 72(1): 91‑95, ISSN: 0367‑8318.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22
Keywords: crossbred, lactating cows, shelter system, shelter seeking behavior,
loose housing, loose housing with central shed, closed housing, tree‑shade,
summer, rainy season, winter season.
Redbo, I., M. Emanuelson, K. Lunberg, N. Oredsson (April 1996).
Feeding level and oral stereotypies in dairy cows. Animal
Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 62(2):
199-206, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Keywords: dairy cows, lactation stage, unrestricted feeding, Swedish Red-and-White,
restricted feeding, abnormal behavior, rumination, eating, feed intake, physical
activity, posture, animal welfare, complete feeds, plane of nutrition.
Rehkamper, G. and A. Gorlach (1997). Visual discrinimation
in adult dairy bulls. Journal of Dairy Science 80(8): 1613-1621,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy bulls, Holstein-Friesian, learning ability, temperament, training
of animals.
Roberts, J. (1997). Understanding cow behavior.
Bovine Practitioner 31(2): 104-107, ISSN: 0524-1685.
NAL Call No.: SF779.5 A1B6
Keywords: cows, behavior, stress, animal welfare, milk production, stray voltage,
diagosis, milking.
Rook, A.J. and C.A. Huckle (1997). Activity bout criteria
for grazing dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54(2):
89-96, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: behavior, grazing, bout criteria, feeding, nutrition.
Rushen, J., A. Boissy, E.M.C. Terkiuw, and A.M.B. de Passille
(1999). Opioid peptides and behavioral and physiological responses of
dairy cows to social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings. Journal
of Animal Science 77(11): 2918-2924, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: To test whether endogenous opioid peptides are involved in the behavioral
and physiological responses of cattle to stress, 12 Holstein cows were either
placed in social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings for 15 min or remained
in their home stalls, either with or without naloxone treatment, following a
Latin square design. Vocalizations (judged as high or low frequency), defecation/urination,
and heart rate were recorded, latency to respond to local thermal stimulation
of the leg by means of a laser was measured to detect pain sensitivity, and
blood was sampled and assayed for cortisol concentrations. Naloxone in the home
stall increased cortisol concentrations and tended to reduce response latencies
to the laser but did not induce vocalization. Social isolation increased the
incidence of high-frequency vocalization and of defecation/urination, heart
rate, cortisol concentrations, and response latencies to the laser. Prior administration
of naloxone increased the incidence of low-frequency vocalization in isolation,
but it had no effect on heart rate or on responses to the laser and only limited
effect on cortisol concentrations when the cows were isolated. Brief periods
of social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings seem to be stressful to cows,
as indicated by increased heart rate, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical
axis activity, and vocalization. Isolation also reduces pain sensitivity, suggesting
a stress-induced analgesia. However, we found no evidence that naloxone-sensitive
opioid receptors were involved in these responses.
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, physiology, housing, stress, hydrocortisone,
blood chemistry, naloxone, opioid peptides, heart rate, animal welfare, social
interaction, vocalization.
Rushen, J., A.M.B. de Passille, and L. Munksgaard (1999). Fear
of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior, and heart rate at milking.
Journal of Dairy Science 82(4): 720-727, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: To examine the ability of cows to recognize people and the effects
of the fear of people by cows at milking, cows (n = 14) were handled by two
people; one handled the cows gently, and the other handled them aversively.
The handlers wore clothes of different color. After handling, the cows stood
further from the aversive handler than from the gentle handler. When the handlers
changed the color of their clothing, the cows did not discriminate between them.
The gentle handler stood close to the cows for one milking, and the aversive
handler stood close to the cows for another milking. For two control milkings,
neither handler was present. Measurements included milking duration, milk yield,
residual milk, heart rates, incidence of movement, and kicking behavior of the
cows. Compared with control milkings, the presence of the gentle handler did
not change milk yield or residual milk. The presence of the aversive handler
increased residual milk by 70%. Kicking behavior of cows during milking was
reduced with either handler present, and kicking during udder preparation was
reduced with the aversive handler present. For cows that best discriminated
between the handlers, the presence of the aversive handler increased movement
and heart rate during milking. For cows that did not discriminate well between
the handlers, the presence of either handler increased heart rate and decreased
movement during milking. Cows recognized individual people, and the fear of
people who are present during milking may reduce milk yield.
Keywords: handling, fear, heart rate, kicking behavior, milk yield, milking.
Rushen, J., L. Munksgaard, A.M.B de Passille, M.B. Jensen,
and K. Thodberg (1998). Location of handling and dairy cows: responses
to people. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55(3/4): 259-267,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, handling, stockmen, learned aversion, fear, animal behavior,
cow temperment, animal welfare, husbandry.
Rushen, J. and A.M.B de Passille (1996). Behaviour,
welfare and productivity of dairy cattle. In: Proceedings of the
Lennoxville Conference on Milk Production, Bishop's University, Lennoxville,
Quebec, Canada, October 9, 1996, Vol.78, p. 3-21, Centre de recherche et
de developpement sur le bovin laitier et le porc, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire
Canada: Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada.
Keywords: animal welfare, stress, abnormal behavior, dairy cattle, animal behavior,
productivity, cows, dairy cows, reviews, husbandry, calves, cattle housing.
Schrader, L. (2001). The behaviour of farm animals
and its significance for housing design. In: Human-animal relationship:
stockmanship and housing in organic livestock systems. Proceedings of the Third
NAHWOA Workshop, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 21-24 October 2000, M. Hovi and
M. Bouilhol (eds.), Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture,
University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0-7049-1094-2, p. 54-63
Keywords: cattle, livestock, abnormal behavior, animal behavior, animal housing,
organic farming.
Schrader, L. (2001). Identification
of individual behavioural characteristics in dairy cows. [Identifizierung individueller
Verhaltenscharakteristika bei Milchkuhen.] KTBL‑Schrift 403:
18‑27.
NAL Call No.: 18 K96
Keywords: dairy cows, behavior, stress, salivary cortisol levels, individual
variation, husbandry, German language.
Schrader, L., S. Meier, C. Blank, and D. Fuger (2000). Personality
traits and stress responsiveness in dairy cows. ["Personlichkeit" und Stress
bei Milchkuhen.] Agrarforschung 7(1): 20-23, ISSN: 1022-663X.
NAL Call No.: S469.S9A37
Keywords: dairy cows, stress, farmers, questionnaires, cow's personality traits,
individual differences, animal behavior, behavioral tests, German language.
Senica, M., I. Stuhec, and V. Rezar
(2001). Ethological principles in dairy cattle farming. [Reja krav molznic
po etoloskih nacelih.] Zootehnika 78 (1): 43‑56, ISSN: 1408‑3434.
Keywords: dairy cows, Brown, Simmental, breeds, housing, tie stalls, stables,
pasture, behavior, lying, defecating, urinating, grooming, chewing, drinking,
resting, Slovenian language.
Sisto, A.M. and T.H. Friend (2001).
The effect of confinement on motivation to exercise in young dairy calves.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73(2): 83‑91, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, exercise, motivation, animal behavior, locomotion, calf housing,
individual versus group pens, pens, group effect, duration, hydrocortisone,
blood plasma, lymphocytes, leukocyte count.
Stefanowska, J., M. Plavsic, A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks
(2000). The effect of omitted milking on the behaviour of cows in the
context of cluster attachment failure during automatic milking. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 67(4): 277-291, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effects of individual housing design
(stalls vs pens) with widths of 56, 66, and 76 cm (2 X 3 factorial treatment
arrangement) on growth, hematology, cleanliness, ambulation, abomasal hairball,
and carcass measurements. Three groups of 36 Holstein bull calves (n = 108)
were randomly allotted within group to treatments. There were no effects (P
> .05) of housing design, width, or two-way interactions for BW, ADG, carcass
weight, or dressing percentage. Blood samples were collected at approximately
33-d intervals. Mean values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count
(WBC), and red blood cell count (RBC) were not different among treatments (P
> .05), with the exception of d 28 hemoglobin, which was greater in the calves
housed in 66-cm vs 76-cm stall. There were differences (P < .05) due to design
and design X width effects for hindquarter cleanliness; manure accumulation
tended to be greater in pens vs stalls as width increased. There were increases
(P < .05) in left front knee swelling scores as stall or pen size decreased;
no important differences were observed in ambulatory ability among treatment
groups. There were design effects (P < .05) for excitability scores, with
calves in stalls being more excitable. There were no important treatment effects
(P > .05) for liver, spleen, and lung condition, number of abomasal hairballs,
or 0- and 24-h after slaughter flank or brisket color. These results indicate
that housing designs and widths did not affect veal calf growth performance,
WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ambulation, or muscle color.
Keywords: dairy cows, milking interval, milking parlors, automatic control,
failure, clusters, animal behavior, posture, eating, resting, drinking, urination,
defecation, milk yield, lactation number, social dominance, animal welfare.
Stefanowska, J., A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks (1999).
The behaviour of dairy cows in an automatic milking system where selection
for milking takes place in the milking stalls. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 62(2/3): 99-114, ISSN: 0168-159.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, milking, automation, milking interval, robots, automatic
control, movement, duration, defecation, urination, social dominance, efficiency.
Stefanowska, J., N.S. Tiliopoulos, A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B.
Hendriks (1999). Dairy cow interactions with an automatic milking system
starting with "walk-through" selection. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
63(3): 177-193, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, milking parlors, milking interval, automation, behavior,
gates, gait, duration, automatic feed dispensers, concentrates, urination, defecation,
animal welfare, efficiency.
Steinhardt, M., and H.H. Thielscher (1999). Response
of animals to familiar and unfamiliar situations. Transport and temporary separation
of suckled calves from the herd at different ages during rearing. Effect of
playing recordings of maternal vocalization on hormones, heart rate and vocal
responses. [Reaktionsmuster von Tieren auf gewohnte und ungewohnte Ereignisse.
Transport und temporare Separation von Saugkalbern aus der Mutterkuhhaltung
in verschiedenen Altersperioden wahrend der fruhen Aufzuchtperiode sowie Effekte
der Prasentation von Muttertierrufen auf hormonelle Variablen, Herzfrequenz
und Lautausserungen der Tiere.] Landbauforschung Volkenrode
49(3): 153-166, ISSN: 0458-6859.
NAL Call No.: 18 L2353
Keywords: cows, dams, heart, heart rate, young animals, vocalization, animal
welfare, calves, body temperature, hydrocortisone, stress, German language.
Steinhardt, M. and H.H. Thielscher (1999). Species
specific husbandry and physiological functions of animals. Development quality
and adaptation of group reared dairy calves at specific age periods and seasonal
effects by birth periods and rearing conditions. [Tiergerechte Haltung und physiologische
Funktionen von Tieren. Entwicklungsqualitat und Anpassungsreaktionen von am
Trankeautomaten aufgezogenen Milchrindkalbern in spezifischen Altersperioden
sowie jahreszeitliche Effekte durch Geburtsperioden und Aufzuchtbedingungen.]
Animal Feed Science and Technology 49(3): 136-152, ISSN: 0377-8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55
Keywords: calves, calf rearing, husbandry, animal welfare, behavior, adaptation,
hydrocortisone, diagnosis, heart rate, hemoglobin, postnatal development, German
language.
Steinwidder, A., B.M. Ehm, E. Zeiler, L. Gruber, and F. Lettner
(2001). Effect of day or night grazing on forage intake and grazing behaviour
of dairy cows. [Einfluss von tag oder nachtweidehaltung auf futteraufnahme und
fressverhalten von milchkuhen.] Zuechtungskunde 73 (3): 215-232,
ISSN: 0044‑5401.
NAL Call No.: 49 Z8
Keywords: cows, grazing conditions, feed intake, grazing behavior, during day
and night, fresh forage, fed in the stable, energy concentration, total feed,
protein intake, nutrient supply, climatic conditions.
Szyndler, J. and A. Kaczor (1997). Behaviour of dairy cows
in litter and litter-free tie-in stalls of different size. [Zachowanie sie krow
mlecznych na wiazanych stanowiskach sciolowych i bezsciolowych o roznych wymiarach.]
Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki 24(4): 249-262, ISSN: 0137-1657.
NAL Call No.: SF1.R6
Keywords: cattle housing, litter, litter-free tie-in stalls, stall dimensions,
on the, cleanliness, skin injuries and abrasions, legs, udder, health, behavior,
lying, standing, animal welfare, Poland, Polish language.
Thomas, T., D.M. Weary, and M.C. Appleby (2001). Newborn
and 5‑week‑old calves vocalize in response to milk deprivation.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 74(3): 165‑173, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, newborn animals, calf feeding, milk, deprivation, supplementary
feeding, vocalization, individual characteristics, weaning, age differences,
animal welfare.
Uetake, K. (1999). Study on cognitive and learning
abilities of dairy cattle and their application for herd management.
Research Bulletin of the Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station
170: 9-43.
Keywords: cow housing, cattle housing, dairy cattle, cows, reviews, animal behavior,
animal welfare, cognitive development, learning, productivity, farm management,
milking, automation, robots, color, hearing, feeding behavior, electric current,
music, design, East Asia, Japanese language.
Uetake, K., K. Yayou, and T. Okamoto (1998). Influence
of feeding operation and social factors on cattle locomotion in free stall barns.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78(3): 421-424, ISSN: 0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163
Abstract: The influence of feeding operation and social factors on voluntary
movement of cattle was studied with a group of nine Holstein calves in free
stall barns. The results of this study suggest that cattle can move more voluntarily
when rations are put beyond the place that farmers want them to walk through.
The results also suggest that conflicts between motivations for approaching
rations and avoiding competitive feeding behaviour should be considered when
efficient systems of locomotion control of cattle groups are designed, such
as in AMSs.
Keywords: dairy cattle, calves, feeding behavior, social behavior, motivation,
social factors, locomotion, free stall, barns, housing.
Uetake, K., J.F. Hurnik, and L. Johnson (1997). Effect of
music on voluntary approach of dairy cows to an automatic milking system. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 53(3): 175-182, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750 A6
Keywords: music, automatic milking, approach behavior.
Uetake, K., J.F. Hurnik, and L. Johnson (1997). Behavioral
pattern of dairy cows milked in a two-stall automatic milking system with a
holding area. Journal of Animal Science 75(4): 954-958, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: Behavioral pattern was investigated in dairy cows milked in an automatic
milking system (AMS) in contrast to cows milked in a conventional milking parlor.
Forty-eight Holstein cows were allocated to two groups of 24 animals. The two
groups were housed in adjacent free stall pens. Both groups were milked twice
a day at 0500 and at 1500 for 30 d before commencement of the experiment, one
in a two-stall AMS (AMS Group), the other in a 16-stall herringbone parlor (Parlor
Group). The respective holding areas were used to encourage cows to enter the
milking compartments. All cows consumed total mixed rations ad libitum, provided
once a day between 0500 and 0600 in indoor feed bunks. Cows in both groups were
allowed daily access to two adjacent outdoor paddocks from 1030 to 1230. Behavioral
observations were carried out in the free stall barn from 0400 to 0900 and from
1250 to 1900 for 30d. The number of cows lying down, standing in the stalls,
standing in the passageway, and eating was recorded every 10 min. Analyses of
variance were used to compare time serial changes in behavioral states between
groups. Although the time serial changes in the behavioral states were not different
between groups after returning from paddocks, they became significantly different
between groups for all four recorded behavioral states after the onset of milking.
Ethograms during the 11-h observation period showed that cows in the AMS group
spent less time eating at the feed bunk and standing in the stalls to compensate
for the longer time standing in the holding area. The results indicate that
AMS milking with a holding area affects social synchronization of cows eating
and resting and reduces time spent eating.
Keywords: automation, milking machines, milking parlors, behavior, milk yield,
lactation stage, age, posture, eating, duration, activity sampling.
Vaarst, M., M.B. Jensen, and A.M. Sandager (2001). Behaviour
of calves at introduction to nurse cows after the colostrum period. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 73(1): 27‑33, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, housing, single boxes, teat bucket, cow colostrum, behavior,
abnormal behavior, social behavior, feeding, nurse cows, suckling.
Vaarst, M., J. Hindhede, and C. Enevoldsen
(1998). Sole disorders in conventionally managed and organic dairy herds
using different housing systems. Journal of Dairy Research 65(2):
175-186, ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823
Abstract: Records of claw trimmings were analysed in seven organic and six conventional
Danish herds (a total of 974 cows). The housing systems represented were tie
stall systems, loose housing system with slatted floor (one organic herd), and
deep litter systems (deep straw bedding). Occurrence of sole disorders was analysed
separately for cows in first lactation and for cows in later lactations. Three
different responses (acute haemorrhage, sole ulcer in one leg and sole ulcer
in two or more legs) were analysed using three binomial logistic regression
analyses for each group. Herd analysed as a fixed effect was a strong risk factor
for all kinds of sole ulcer. Lactation stage was a risk factor for acute haemorrhage
in both groups of cows, and for sole ulcer in first parity cows. In general,
there was a strong positive association between the period 61-120 d post partum
and the presence of sole disorders. Breed was associated with acute haemorrhage
in cows in second and later parities, and sole ulcer in one leg only in first
parity cows in an interaction with lactation stage in both conditions. Danish
Friesian cows were strongly associated with sole disorder, although the combination
of lactation stage from 61 to 120 d post partum in cows of other dual-purpose
breeds was positively associated with the presence of sole ulcer in one leg
only in first parity cows. The time of year for claw trimming was a risk factor
for acute haemorrhage in first parity cows, with the period from December to
January most strongly associated with acute haemorrhage. Previous disease treatment
was a risk factor for sole ulcer in two or more legs in second and later parities.
Udder related disorders and disorders other than reproductive problems were
positively associated with the occurrence of sole ulcer. Body weight at calving
was associated with acute haemorrhage in cows in second and subsequent parities.
Body weight lower than the mean herd level by > 50 kg was negatively associated
with acute haemorrhage.
Keywords: dairy herds, housing, lameness, handling, feet, lesions, hemorrhage,
lactation stage, breed differences, Friesian, body weight, lameness, deep litter
housing, stalls, hooves, organic farming, slatted floors, straw, litter, calving
season, Denmark.
Vdovina, N.V., and D.I. Lyapolov (2001). About research
of domestication behavior of calves. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya
2: 107-110, ISSN: 0131‑6397.
NAL Call No.: S13.S44
Keywords: domestication, behavior of calves, human animal relationships, lack
of fear, food reactions, distance of unknown man, adaptability, Russian language.
Veissier, I., A. Boissy, J. Capdeville,
and C. Sarignac (2000). Welfare of livestock: how to define and evaluate?
[Le bien-etre des animaux d'elevage: comment peut-on le definir et l'evaluer?]
Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 31(205): 117-124, ISSN: 0012-1622.
Keywords: livestock, animal welfare, evaluation, stress, behavior, environment,
health, French language.
Veissier, I., P. Chazal, P. Pradel, and P. Le Neindre (1997).
Providing social contacts and objects for nibbling moderates reactivity
and oral behaviors in veal calves. Journal of Animal Science
75(2): 356-365, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the role of social and physical
enrichment in the adaptation of veal calves to their environment. We compared
calves housed in individual stalls that varied in the extent of contacts they
allowed between neighbors (16 calves: open partitions; 16 calves: solid partitions;
32 calves: solid and extended partitions preventing all contact). All but 16
out of the 32 isolated calves were provided with a piece of tire and a chain,
objects they could easily nibble. We assessed time budget, behavioral reactions
to a water throw, neuroendocrine responses to stress (ACTH challenge and catecholamine
synthesis), health, and growth. Calves kept in isolation displayed more startled
reactions (16 isolated calves vs 5 non-isolated calves were startled by the
throw, P < .05). Calves without objects spent more time nibbling at the feeding
grille (5 vs 3% time, P < .01), licking their lips and tongue-rolling (7
vs 4% time, P <.05). Social contacts and the provision of objects had no
incidence on neuroendocrine measurements and growth. Contacts with neighbors
resulted in a slight but nonsignificant rise in disease. Depriving calves of
social contacts increases behavioral reactivity, probably because there are
no peer animals through which reactions can be moderated, and the lack of adequate
objects to nibble promotes self-directed activities.
Keywords: calves, behavior, neurohormones, stress, veal, calf housing, stalls,
group size, animal welfare, partitions, enrichment, toys, grooming, fright,
behavior, rest, blood plasma, hydrocortisone, stress response, breed differences,
Holstein-Friesian, Montbeliard, health, lesions, stomach ulcers, scars, nibbling,
sniffing, lip-licking, tongue-rolling.
Veissier, I., V. Gesmier, P. Le Neindre, J.Y. Gautier, and
G. Bertrand (1994). The effects of rearing in individual crates on subsequent
social behaviour of veal calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
41(3/4): 199-210, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: veal calves, social behavior, housing, isolation rearing, crates.
Waiblinger, S., T. Baars, and C. Menke (2001). Understanding
the cow: the central role of human animal relationship in keeping horned dairy
cows in loose housing. In: Human Animal Relationship: Stockmanship
and Housing in Organic Livestock Systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop,
Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24 October 2000, M. Hovi and M.
Bouilhol (eds.), p. 64-78, Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic
Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.
Keywords: animal behavior, animal welfare, cattle housing, cows, dairy cows,
loose housing, organic farming, stockmen.
Weary, D.M., and B. Chua (2000). Effects of early separation
on the dairy cow and calf. 1. Separation at 6 h, 1 day and 4 days after birth.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 69(3): 177‑188, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, dairy cows, animal behavior, physical activity, vocalization,
calf removal, responses, age differences, animal welfare.
Wenzel, C. (2001). Initial ethological improvements
for the management of cows milked by an automatic milking system. [Erste ethologische
Empfehlungen zum Management von Milchrindern beim Melken in einem automatischen
Melksystem.] Tierarztliche Umschau 56 (1): 21‑24, ISSN:
0049‑3864.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445
Keywords: dairy cows, automation, milking, robots, management, milking parlors,
stress, adaptation, animal welfare, milkers, milking robots, human animal relationships,
German language.
Wilson, L.L., T.L. Terosky, C.L. Stull, and W.R. Stricklin
(1999). Effects of individual housing design and size on behavior and
stress indicators of special-fed Holstein veal calves. Journal of
Animal Science 77(6): 1341-1347, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine effects of housing
design (calves tethered in open stalls vs untethered in individual pens) and
widths of 56, 66, and 76 cm (2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments) on indicators
of stress and behavior in special-fed veal calves. Three production cycles (groups)
were used, each with 36 Holstein bull calves. Calves (n = 108) were randomly
allotted to treatments upon arrival at the facility. Blood samples were collected
four times (wk 4, 9, 13, and 18) during the 18-wk production cycle. Blood serum
values for cortisol and (alpha1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) exhibited few treatment
differences. Blood leukocyte differential counts at 4 and 18 wk (segmented neutrophils
[N], banded neutrophils, lymphocytes [L], basophils, and the N:L ratio) were
not different (P > .05) among housing designs or widths. However, there were
differences (P < .05) in monocytes and eosinophils during the 28-d period
after arrival; calves in stalls 76 cm wide had the greatest percentage of both
leukocytes, and calves in the 66-cm stalls had the lowest monocyte percentage.
Calves were recorded on videotape during wk 4, 13.5, and 18 to determine frequencies
and durations of postures and behaviors (e.g., lying, standing, chewing, tongue
playing, grooming, and investigative activities). There were no consistent differences
(P > .05) in postures or behaviors among calves in different housing designs
or widths. Calves spent approximately 71 and 31% in lying and standing positions,
with no preference for the right or left side while recumbent. There was a tendency
for calves in wider stalls or pens at wk 9 and 18 to exhibit more self-grooming
activities. Tongue playing and investigative and chewing activities were exhibited
in all treatments, but no differences (P > .05) were observed. However, calves
housed in the 56-cm pens displayed difficulty in changing from lying to a standing
position and were unable to extend one or more legs while recumbent. Even though
there were few differences in behavioral, physiological, growth, or anatomical
traits in this study, further increases in age and(or) weight of finished calves
will require a reassessment of the appropriateness of individual veal calf housing
design and dimensions.
Keywords: calves, young animals, Holstein, stress, veal calves, basophils, blood
serum, hydrocortisone, eosinophils, glycoproteins, grooming, leukocytes, monocytes,
neutrophils, tethered housing, cattle housing, animal welfare, animal experiments,
hematology, blood chemistry, calf housing, stalls, pens, cubicles.
Winter, A. and J.E. Hillerton (1995). Behaviour associated
with feeding and milking of early lactation cows housed in an experimental automatic
milking system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 46(1/2): 1-15,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750 A6
Abstract: The successful integration of automated milking into the farm will
depend partly on the behaviour of the cow. Diurnal patterns of behaviour and
behaviour associated with the use of an automatic milking stall were recorded
at 10-min intervals for 5 consecutive days for nine early lactation cows housed
in a straw yard. The automatic milking stall was operational between 06:00 h
and 0:00 h and was accessible through a selection/recognition stall on route
to the forage feed area. Cows attending the feed area within 4 h of a previous
milking were diverted directly to feed, by-passing the automatic stall. All
cows attended the milking stall voluntarily, on average three times a day. Milking
frequency was not consistent throughout the day and was related to diurnal patterns
of feeding. Movement to and from milking was hesitant, with cows delaying at
both entry and exit gates of the milking stall. A consistent milking order developed
becoming more variable as the number of millings per cow per day increased,
associated with a similar reduction in synchrony for the maintenance behaviours.
Daily activity budgets suggested accommodation to the system through conservation
of feeding time and a decrease in lying time. Cows became accustomed to waiting
to enter the stall as the experiment proceeded. In conclusion the cows adapted
to using the automated milking stall at their own demand and pace which reduced
efficiency and availability.
Keywords: feeding, milking, lactation, automatic milking, automation, adaptation,
behavior, diurnal activity, feeding frequency.
Yeruham, I., and O. Markusfeld (1996). Self destructive
behaviour in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Record: Journal of the
British Veterinary Association 138(13): 308, ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: heifers, udders, teats, mammary edema, skin diseases, symptoms, abnormal
behavior, predisposition, excessive licking.
Zahner, M. (1998). Modified cow trainer reduces
stress on the cows. [Modifizierter Kuhtrainer reduziert Belastung bei Kuhen.]
Agrarforschung 5(1): 17-20, ISSN: 1022-663X.
NAL Call No.: S469 S9A37.
Keywords: cows, modified cow trainer, electric shocks, electric current stress,
restraint of animals, freedom of movement, animal welfare, German language.
Return to Table of Contents
Banos, G. and A. Sigurdsson (June 1996) Application of contemporary
methods for the use of international data in national genetic evaluations.
Journal of Dairy Science 79(6): 1117-1125, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: dairy cattle, bulls, genetic material, genetic
evaluations across countries, national breeding programs, economically
important traits, well-defined breeding goals.
Ballard, C.S., P. Mandebvu,
C.J. Sniffen, S.M. Emanuele, and M.P. Carter (2001). Effect of feeding an
energy supplement to dairy cows pre and postpartum on intake, milk yield, and
incidence of ketosis. Animal Feed Science and Technology 93(1‑2):
55‑69, ISSN: 0377‑8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55
Keywords: cows, Holstein,
breed, ketosis, metabolic disease, calcium propionate,propylene glycol, beet
pulp, ground corn, sugarcane molasses, dietary supplements, lactation, milk
yield, tie stall housing.
Boelling, D., P. Madsen, and
J. Jensen (2001). Genetic parameters of foot and leg traits in future AI
bulls: II. Correlation to body conformation traits in daughters. Acta
Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science 51 (2): 122-128, ISSN:
0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: dairy AI bulls,
breed, Danish Red, Danish Friesian, Jersey, genetic correlations, foot and leg
traits, hoof measurements, horn characteristics, claw disease, hoof trimming,
scores for rear leg side view, rear leg rear view, bone structure, quality of
hocks, foot angle, future selection of AI bulls.
Boer, I.J.M., F.W.A. de Brom, and J.M.G.
Vorstenbosch (1995). An ethical evaluation of animal biotechnology:
the case of using clones in dairy cattle breeding. Animal Science:
An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 61(3): 453-463,
ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Keywords: dairy cattle, bioethics, moral values, biotechnology,
cloning, animal welfare, genetic variation, artificial insemination, personal
development.
Cartmill, J.A., S.Z. El-Zarkouny, B.A. Hensley, T.G. Rozell, J.F. Smith, and J.S. Stevenson
(2001). An alternative AI breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to
elevated ambient temperature before or after calving or both. Journal of
Dairy Science 84 (4): 799‑806, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy
cows, lactation, artificial insemination, environmental temperature,
synchronized females, gnrh, prostaglandins, timing, estrus, detection,
conception rate, pregnancy rate, heat stress, relative humidity, postpartum interval, anestrus, blood serum,
progesterone, embryo mortality, summer, Kansas.
Christensen, L.G. (1998). Possibilities
for genetic improvement of disease resistance, functional traits and animal
welfare. In: Impact of Reproductive Technology on Animal Breeding
and Genetic Conservation. Proceedings of the Bertebos Prize Symposium,
Falkenberg, Sweden, September 18-19, 1997, No. 29, S. Einarsson and J. Rendel
(ed.), Scandinavian University Press: Oslo; Boston, p. 77-89.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Suppl.29
Keywords: breeding programes, embryo transfer, computer
simulation, mathematical models, sires, dams, fertility, selection methods,
animal welfare, health, selection, disease resistance, Scandinavia.
Cranford, J.L., and R.E.
Pearson (2001). Relationships of sire predicted transmitting ability for
somatic cell score with measures of daughter performance. Journal of
Dairy Science 84 (6): 1501-1507, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Holstein, breed, sire predicted transmitting ability, somatic
cell score, mastitis occurrence, Virginia Tech dairy herd, linear regression
coefficients.
Davis, S.R., I.
Vetharaniam, M. Upsdell, E.S. Kolver, and A.B. Pleasants (2001). Modelling
the impact of nutrition and genotype on lactation. Proceedings of the
New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61: 237‑238, ISSN: 0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: dairy
cows, mammary gland development, reproductive system, milk, reproductive
system, secretion, udder, reproductive system, grazing, feeding method,
modeling method, genotype, impact, lactation, nutritional status, nutrition
impact, pasture, animal feed, New Zealand.
Dekkers, J.C. and J.P. Gibson
(1998). Applying breeding objectives to dairy cattle improvement. Journal
of Dairy Science 81(Supplement 2): 19-35.
NAL Call No.: SF221.A4
Keywords: selection criteria, interaction between the scientists
and industry, selection indexes, index expression, index formulation, focus on
response to selection, construction of component indexes, individual mating
decisions, review.
Dekkers, J.C., B.A. Mallard, and K. Leslie (1994). Workshop:
genetic improvement of resistance to mastitis of dairy cattle with special
emphasis on somatic cell count. Journal of Dairy Science 77(2): 616-618,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: genetic improvement, resistance to mastitis, physiology,
immunology.
Distl, O. (2001). Implications
of health traits in breeding of dairy cattle. [Die Bedeutung Von
Gesundheitsmerkmalen in Der Zucht Von Milchrindern.] Archiv Fuer
Tierzucht 44 (4): 365-380.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23
Keywords: German cattle
breeds. genetic improvement, health and fertility traits, datasets from
Bavaria, Israel and Sweden, heritabilities for disease resistance, genetic
variance.
Dobos, R.C., K.S. Nandra, K.
Riley, W.J. Fulkerson, I.J. Lean, and R C. Kellaway (2001). Effects of age
and liveweight at first calving on first lactation milk, protein and fat yield
of Friesian heifers. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41
(1): 13-19, ISSN: 0816‑1089.
NAL Call No.: 23 Au792
Keywords: heifers, Australian
Holstein Friesian, breed, individual and combined effects of age, and
liveweight at first calving, grazed pasture, growth requirements, milk,
protein, fat yields, first lactation.
Duraes, M.C., A.F. de
Freitas, J. Valente, N.M. Teixeira, and R.B. Tendencia (2001). Genetic trend
for milk and fat productions for Holstein Cattle in Minas Gerais State.
[Tendencia genetica Para a Producao De Leite e De Gordura Em Rebanhos Da Raca
Holandesa No Estado De Minas Gerais.] Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia 30
(1): 66-70.
NAL Call No.: SF1 R45
Keywords: breed, Holstein,
genetic trends, milk and fat yields, statistical analyses, mixed models, herd
year season at calving, effect of age at calving, birth records, milk
production, Brazil.
Esslemont, R.J. and M.A.
Kossaibati (2000). The use of databases to manage fertility. Animal
Reproduction Science 60/61: 725-741, ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL Call No.: QP251.A5
Keywords: dairy cows, fertility, dairy farming, computer
databases, computer techniques, husbandry, management, health, performance,
information systems, research, animal welfare, zoonoses, environmental
protection, costs, literature reviews.
Fikse, W.F., and G. Banos (2001). Weighting factors of sire
daughter information in international genetic evaluations. Journal of Dairy
Science 84 (7): 1759-1767, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy bulls, international genetic evaluations, national
genetic evaluation results, alternative weighting factors on international
evaluation results, progeny test scheme, semen exchange, breeding values,
weighting factors, total number of daughters, total number of lactations, group
size.
Goni, M.O., A.G.
Miah, M.A.S. Khan, and M.N. Islam (2001). The performance of crossbred cows
available in milk pocket area of Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Animal
Sciences 71 (1 ): 1166‑1168, ISSN: 0367‑8318.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22
Keywords: crossbred dairy
cows, Sahiwal, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, Sahiwal, productive,
reproductive performance, milk yield, lactation length, reproductive
performance, average birth weight of calves, age at puberty, age at first
calving, service per conception, postpartum heat period, gestation period, calving
interval, breed differences, Bangladesh.
Grochowska, R., A. Lunden, L.
Zwierzchowski, M. Snochowski, and J. Oprzadek (2001). Association between
gene polymorphism of growth hormone and carcass traits in dairy bulls. Animal
Science Pencaitland 72 (3): 441-447.
Keywords: bulls, Polish
Friesian, breed, leucine/valine substitution polymorphism, amino acid, growth
hormone (GH) protein, carcass traits, carcass gain, weights of meat, bones,
intermuscular and subcutaneous fat.
Haile Mariam, M., M.E. Goddard,
and P.J. Bowman (2001). Estimates of genetic parameters for daily somatic
cell count of Australian dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 84
(5): 1255-1264, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: genetic parameters, somatic cell counts, sire random regression model,
conventional ten trait analyses, first lactation, variation in heritabilities,
test day records.
Hansen, L.B. (2000). Consequences of selection
for milk yield from a geneticist's viewpoint. Journal of Dairy Science
83(5): 1145-1150.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: The annual genetic trend for milk yield of Holsteins in the
United States has accelerated with time and had means of 37 kg during the
1960s, 79 kg during the 1970s, 102 kg during the 1980s, and 116 kg from 1990 to
1996. Selection programs of the dairy cattle breeding firms in the United
States have become more selective and effective with time, and selection goals
continue to place major emphasis on yield traits, which clearly impact
profitability of dairying. Traits other than yield are also included in
selection goals of the industry. Type traits, especially those related to udderconformation, body size, and angularity have been included in selection
programs and have altered the appearance and physiological functions of
Holstein cows. Selection programs have continued to increase the body size of
Holsteins despite mounting evidence that smaller cows have advantages for
survival and efficiency. Favorable emphasis on cows that appear sharper might
result in cows that are more prone to metabolic problems. The high intensity of
current selection in the United States has brought about a rapid increase in
genetic relationships among animals. Increased relationships will inevitably
result in undesirable levels of inbreeding in the commercial cow population
unless dairy producers turn to crossbreeding.
Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein-Friesian, genetic trend, milk
yield, body weight, selection intensity, inbreeding depression, selection
responses, female fertility.
Hansen, L.B., J.B. Cole, G.D. Marx, and A.J. Seykora
(1999). Productive life and reasons for disposal of Holstein cows selected
for large versus small body size. Journal of Dairy Science 82
(4): 795-801.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: Holstein cows were compared for direct and correlated
responses to selection for large versus small body size. The divergent
selection lines differed for body weight, body dimensions, and birth weight of
calves but did not differ for production or calving ease. Also, cows in the
small line required fewer services to conception during first lactation than
did cows in the large line. Cows in the body size lines differed for three
reasons for disposal: udder conformation, which favored cows in the large line;
problems with legs and feet, which favored cows in the small line; and a
miscellaneous category, which included internal infections and favored cows in
the small line. Productive life to a maximum of 6 yr was 87.7 d (15.4%) longer
for cows in the small line than for cows in the large line. Continued selection
for larger Holstein cows in North America might not be economically
justifiable.
Keywords: dairy cows, size, selection criteria, artificial
selection, longevity, productive life, liveweight, birth weight, calving,
lactation, conception rate, culling, height, length, diameter.
Healy, P.J. (1996). Testing for undesirable
traits in cattle: an Australian perspective. Journal of Animal Science
74(4): 917-922, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: A variety of autosomal recessive defects, many lethal to the newborn
calf, have been recognized in Australia. Definition of a defect at the biochemical
or molecular level facilitates development of heterozygote detection tests essential
for efficient disease control programs. The prevalence of alpha-mannosidosis
in Angus and Murray Greys, generalized glycogenosis in Brahmans and Shorthorns,
and citrullinemia in Holstein/Friesians has been reduced as a result of industry-sponsored
disease-control programs. These defects were disseminated as a consequence of
selection focused on desirable traits carried by individuals. In the long term,
an increase in crossbreeding in commercial beef production will reduce the significance
of recessive defects. Caution will be required to reduce the risk of dissemination
of recessive defects resulting from increased selection pressure within the
dairy industry presently dominated by Holstein/Friesians.
Keywords: cattle, recessive lethals, bulls, genetic defects, breeding value,
genetic disorders, cattle breeds, heterozygotes, animal welfare.
Heringstad, B., G.
Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2001). Responses to selection against clinical
mastitis in the Norwegian cattle population. Acta Agriculturae
Scandinavica Section A Animal Science 51 (2): 155-160, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: genetic trend,
clinical mastitis, Norwegian Cattle, mastitis resistance, average selection
differential.
Juga, J. (1998). The Nordic model for
animal welfare and sustainability: is it competitive? In: Impact
of Reproductive Technology on Animal Breeding and Genetic Conservation.
Proceedings of the Bertebos Prize Symposium, Falkenberg, Sweden, September
18-19, 1997, No. 29, S. Einarsson and J. Rendel (ed.), Scandinavian University
Press: Oslo; Boston, p. 108-114.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27 Suppl. 29
Keywords: Finnish dairy cattle, breeding programs, selection,
genetic response, animal welfare, health, milk yield, Finland.
Kadarmideen, H.N., and J.E. Pryce (2001). Genetic and economic relationships
between somatic cell count and clinical mastitis and their use in selection
for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. Animal Science Pencaitland
73 (1): 19-28.
Keywords: cows, Holstein,
breed, clinical mastitis, somatic cell count, genetic and economic relationship
of lactation average, genetic parameters, permanent environmental, residual and
phenotypic correlations, selection for mastitis resistance, breeding goals,
genetic resistance.
Kudrin, A.G. (2001). The
effects of the selection of highly productive Holstein cows according to
fermental blood tests. Doklady Rossiiskoi Akademii Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk (1): 38-39.
NAL Call No.: S1 S68
Keywords: cows, Holstein,
breed, blood, selection based on the level of ferments in the serum, milk
productivity.
Larroque, H., and V. Ducrocq (2001). Relationships between type and longevity in the Holstein breed.
Genetics Selection Evolution Paris 33 (1): 39-59.
NAL Call No.: QH431
A1A52
Keywords: French Holstein,
breed, type traits, longevity, survival analysis model, udder traits, udder
depth, length of productive life, voluntary culling, estimated breeding value.
Lee, D.H., and K.J. Han (2001).
Genetic parameters for lactation using the coupling chains with Gibbs sampler
in multivariate animal models with missing traits in Korean Holstein cattle.
Journal of Animal Science and Technology 43 (1): 53-64.
NAL Call No.: SF1.H36
Keywords: genetic parameters, milk production, lifetime lactation productions,
Gibbs sampling vs Bayesian inference, repeatability model, Dairy Cattle Improvement
Center, Korea.
Liinamo, A.E. and J.A. Van Arendonk (1999). Combining
selection for carcass quality, body weight, and milk traits in dairy cattle.
Journal of Dairy Science 82(4): 802-809, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: selection strategies, carcass quality, body weight, milk
aggregate genotype.
Lukaszewicz, M. and G. Sender
(1999). Conformation traits in selection indices in dairy cattle, A review.
Prace i Materialy Zootechniczne 55: 41-49, ISSN: 0137-1649.
NAL Call No.: SF1 P67
Keywords: adaptative complex, animal welfare, breeding goals,
conformation traits, ecology, milk yield.
Meyer, C.L., P.J. Berger, K.J.
Koehler, J.R. Thompson, and C.G. Sattler (2001). Phenotypic trends in
incidence of stillbirth for Holsteins in the United States. Journal of
Dairy Science 84 (2): 515-523, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Holstein, breed,
stillbirths, dystocia, MidStates Dairy Records Processing Center and the
National Association of Animal Breeders, influence of sire, herd, year, season,
sex of calf, parity of dam, calving ease, gestation length, survival of the
calf, United States.
Meyer, C.L., P.J. Berger, J.R.
Thompson, and C.G. Sattler (2001). Genetic evaluation of Holstein sires and
maternal grandsires in the United States for perinatal survival. Journal
of Dairy Science 84 (5): 1246-1254, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: primiparous cows, Holstein, breed, stillbirth, genetic parameters,
perinatal survival rates, National Association of Animal Breeders calving ease
database, data analysis, effects for sex of calf, dystocia, season of birth,
gestation length, milk yield.
Muller, U., P. Reinecke, W.
Leucht, and T. Dalle (1999). Breeding and biological evaluation of selection
for yield in dairy cattle. [Zuchtungsbiologische bewertung der
leistungsselektion beim Milchrind.] Archiv fur Tierzucht 42(1):
33-44, ISSN: 0003-9438.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23
Keywords: dairy cattle, selection, dairy performance, fitness,
reviews, natural selection, animal welfare, German language.
Murray, R.D. and W.R. Ward (1993). Welfare implications of modern
artificial breeding techniques for dairy cattle and sheep. The Veterinary
Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association 133(12): 283-286,
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641.
Keywords: legislation described, cruelty, animal welfare, United
Kingdom, farm animal breeding, acceptable practice, public concern,
biotechnical innovations.
Nash, D.L., G.W. Rogers, J.B. Cooper, G.L. Hargrove, J.F.Keown,
and L.B. Hansen (2000). Heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and
relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, udder
type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Journal of Dairy Science 83(10):
2350-2360. ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, grazing,
feeding behavior, movement, hygiene, resting/lying down, social behavior,
pastures, cattle housing, animal welfare, health, German language, conference
paper.
Norman, H.D., R.L. Powell,
J.R. Wright, and C.G. Sattler (2001). Overview of progeny test programs of
artificial insemination organizations in the United States. Journal of
Dairy Science 84 (8): 1899-1912, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Ayrshires, Brown
Swiss, Guernseys, Holsteins, Jerseys, Milking Shorthorns, progeny test
programs, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, United States.
Notter, D.R. (1999). The importance of genetic diversity
in livestock populations of the future. Journal of Animal Science
77(1): 61-69, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: Farm animal genetic diversity is required to meet current production
needs in various environments, to allow sustained genetic improvement, and to
facilitate rapid adaptation to changing breeding objectives. Production efficiency
in pastoral species is closely tied to the use of diverse genetic types, but
greater genetic uniformity has evolved in intensively raised species. In poultry,
breeding decisions are directed by a few multinational companies and involve
intense selection, the use of distinct production lines, and very large populations.
In dairy cattle, the Holstein breed dominates production. Intensive sire selection
is leading to relatively rapid inbreeding rates and raises questions about long-term
effects of genetic drift. Key questions in management of farm animal genetic
diversity involve the distribution of potentially useful quantitative trait
locus alleles among global livestock breeds. Experiments with tomato, maize,
and mice suggest that favorable alleles can exist in otherwise lowly productive
stocks; this cryptic variation may potentially contribute to future selection
response. Genetic improvement under relatively intense unidirectional selection
may involve both increases in the frequency of favorable additive alleles as
well as the progressive breakdown of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms established
under the stabilizing selection that is characteristic of natural populations.
Recombination among closely linked regulatory loci and new, potentially avorable
mutations are possible sources of long-term genetic variation. A greater understanding
of the potential that these alternative mechanisms have for supporting long-term
genetic improvement and of genetic relationships among global livestock populations
are priorities for managing farm animal genetic diversity.
Keywords: global livestock populations, poultry, dairy, production efficiency,
genetic uniformity, intensive livestock production, inbreeding rates, genetic
drift, quantitative trait locus alleles, unidirectional selection, review.
Ojango, J.M.K., and G.E.
Pollott (2001). Genetics of milk yield and fertility traits in Holstein
Friesian cattle on large scale Kenyan farms. Journal of Animal Science 79
(7): 1742-1750, ISSN: 0367‑8318.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22
Keywords: cows, bulls,
Holstein Friesian, breed, milk production, genetic trends, fertility traits,
average breeding values large, lactation length, calving interval, age at first
calving. Large, medium, and small farms in Kenya.
Pelicioni, L.C., and S.A. de
Queiroz (2001). Effect of cytoplasmic lineage on milk yield of Caracu cattle
breed. [Efeito da linhagem citoplasmatica sobre a producao de leite em bovinos
da raca Caracu.] Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia 30 (1): 109-114.
NAL Call No.: SF1 R45
Keywords: Caracu, breed
cytoplasmic lineage, milk yield, genetic parameters, milk yield, maternal and
cytoplasmic lineage effects.
Philipsson, J., G. Banos, and T. Arnason (1994). Present and
future uses of selection index methodology in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy
Science 77(10): 3252-3261, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: breeding value, single traits, multiple-trait
evaluation, covariance component estimation, nonlinear models, discounted gene
flow, dynamic programming, international sire evaluations, computing power,
integrated AI, recording schemes, functional nonproduction traits, mastitis
resistance, fertility, review.
Plante, Y., J.P. Gibson, J.
Nadesalingam, Y.H. Mehrabani, S. Lefebvre, G. Vandervoort, and G.B. Jansen
(2001). Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting milk production
traits on 10 chromosomes in Holstein cattle. Journal of Dairy Science
84 (6): 1516-1524, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Holstein, breed,
sires, quantitative trait loci, milk, fat, protein yield.
Riquet, J., W. Coppieters, N. Cambisano, J.J.
Arranz, et al. (1999). Fine-mapping of quantitative trait loci by identity
by descent in outbred populations: application to milk production in dairy cattle.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America 96(16): 9252-9257, ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call No.: 500 N21P
Keywords: Holstein-Friesian cows, sires, breeding, selection,
genetics, quantitative trait locus (QTL), milk production, nucleotide
polymorphisms, fine-mapping, marker-assisted segregation, milk fat haplotype.
Rocha, J.L., J.O. Sanders, D.M. Cherbonnier, T.J. Lawlor, and J.F.
Taylor (1998). Blood groups and milk and type traits in dairy cattle: after
forty years of research. Journal of Dairy Science 81(6): 1663-1680,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Holstein breeding schemes, quantitative variation, trait
loci, linear models, C blood group effect, rump angle, L effect on milk yield,
composition traits, S effect on milk fat yield, biochemistry, physiology,
quantitative genetics.
Roxstrom, A., E. Strandberg,
B. Berglund, U. Emanuelson, and J. Philipsson (2001). Genetic and
environmental correlations among female fertility traits and milk production in
different parities of Swedish Red and White dairy cattle. Acta
Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science 51 (1): 7-14, ISSN:
0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: genetic
correlations, fertility, production traits, number of inseminations per
service, number of treatments for reproductive distrubances, interval between
first and last inseminations, interval between calving and first insemination,
interval between calving and last insemination, early milk production.
St Pierre, N.R. (2001). Invited
review: integrating quantitative findings from multiple studies using mixed
model methodology. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (4): 741-755, ISSN:
0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: relationships
between environment and management, profit margins, improved mathematical and
statistical tools, computer technology, accurate information, published
studies, future research, quantitative models, studies as blocks, random
effects, predictor variables, regression models, biased, variance estimates,
statistical software, meta analyse.
Veerkamp, R.F., E.P.C. Koenen
and G. De Jong(2001). Genetic correlations among body condition score,
yield, and fertility in first‑parity cows estimated by random regression
models. Journal of Dairy Science 84(10): 2327‑2335, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, body
condition score, analytical method, fertility, genetic correlation,
heritability, lactation, milk yield, parity, random regression model.
Weigel, K.A., T. Kriegl, and A.L. Pohlman (1999). Genetic
analysis of dairy cattle production traits in a management intensive rotational
grazing environment. Journal of Dairy Science 82(1): 191-195,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: low input dairy herd management, predictability of
progeny performance, lactation data, heritability estimates, milk, fat, and
protein content, progeny testing, US dairy producers.
Zwald, N.R., K.A. Weigel, W.F.
Fikse, and R. Rekaya (2001). Characterization of dairy production systems in
countries that participate in the International Bull Evaluation Service. Journal
of Dairy Science 84(11): 2530‑2534, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Holstein dairy cows,
dairy production systems, genotype‑environment interactions, herd size,
lactation, milk, dairy product, yield, management practices, climate
differences Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand,
South Africa, Switzerland, United States.
Return to Table of Contents
Alderman, G., J.S. Blake, J. France, and E. Kebreab (2001).
A critique of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System with emphasis
on dairy cattle. 2. The Post Rumen Digestion Model. Journal of Animal
and Feed Sciences 10(2): 203-222.
NAL Call No.:
SF1 J68
Keywords: Cornell Net
Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), post rumen digestion model nutrient
absorption, small intestine, total digested nutrients, digested energy,
metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation, crude protein.
Allen, M.S. (2000). Effects of diet on short-term
regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of
Dairy Science 83(7): 1598-1624, ISSN: 0022-0302.
Keywords: lactating dairy
cows, high producing cows, high forage diets, fermentation acids, dry matter
intake, fiber content, diet formulation.
Alvarez, H.J, F.J. Santini, D.H. Rearte, and J.C. Elizalde
(2001). Milk production and ruminal digestion in lactating dairy cows
grazing temperate pastures and supplemented with dry cracked corn or high moisture
corn. Animal Feed Science and Technology 91(3 4): 183-195,
ISSN: 0377‑8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55
Keywords: Holstein,
breed, lactating cows, pasture grazed, dry cracked corn, high moisture corn,
energy supplement, ruminal digestion, dry matter (DM) components, food intake,
milk production and composition, and live weight change. (LWC), ruminal
cannula, surgically fitted, ammonia N concentration, ruminal pH, total volatile
fatty acids.
Appleby, M.C., D.M. Weary, and B. Chua (2001). Performance
and feeding behaviour of calves on ad libitum milk from artificial teats. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science.74(3): 191‑201, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy calves, calf, feeding, unrestricted feeding,
feeding behavior, bucket calf feeders, teats, sucking, drinking, milk, feeds,
feed, intake, liveweight, gain, fattening performance, diarrhea, animal
welfare, teat feeding, bucket feeding, calf starters.
Ballard, C.S., P. Mandebvu, C.J. Sniffen, S.M. Emanuele, and M.P.
Carter (2001). Effect of feeding an energy supplement to dairy cows pre and
postpartum on intake, milk yield, and incidence of ketosis. Animal Feed
Science and Technology 93(1‑2): 55‑69, ISSN: 0377‑8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, ketosis, metabolic disease,
calcium propionate,propylene glycol, beet pulp, ground corn, sugarcane
molasses, dietary supplements, lactation, milk yield, tie stall housing.
Barrett, P.D., A.S. Laidlaw, C.S. Mayne, and H. Christie
(2001). Pattern of herbage intake rate and bite dimensions of rotationally
grazed dairy cows as sward height declines. Grass and Forage Science 56
(4): 362‑373, ISSN: 0142‑5242.
NAL Call No.: 60.19 B773
Keywords: lactating, dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian,
breed, condition, daily herbage intake, rotational grazing systems, intake
behavior, bite mass, bite dimensions, herbage intake rate pattern, rotational
grazing, sward height decline.
Bartussek, H. (1999). Grazing of dairy cows from
the viewpoint of animal welfare. [Die Weidehaltung von Milchkuhen aus der Sicht
des Tierschutzes.] In: Report of the 5th Alpine Expert Forum
on the topic Contemporary Pasture Management, 18-19 March 1999, BAL Gumpenstein,
Irdning, Austria. Weidewirtschaft,18 und 19. Marz 1999, an der BAL Gumpenstein.]
Bundesanstalt fur Alpenlandische Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein (BAL): Irdning,
Austria, p. 7-14.
Keywords: cows, grazing,
feeding behavior, movement, hygiene, resting/lying down, social behavior,
pastures, cattle housing, animal welfare, health, German language, conference
paper.
Basaric-Dinic, L. M. Erski-Biljie, D. Vukovic, and B.
Radojicic (1996). Diet of dairy cows and stress. Veterinarski
Glasnik 50(6): 363-369, ISSN: 0350-2457.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 J93.
Keywords: nutrition,
nutrient deficiencies, stress, cattle diseases.
Block, E. (1994). Manipulation of dietary cation-anion
difference on nutritionally related production diseases, productivity, and metabolic
responses of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77(5):
1437-1450, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: diet, production,
metabolic diseases, blood plasma, acid base equilibrium.
Bluemmel, M., and P. Lebzien (2001). Predicting ruminal
microbial efficiencies of dairy rations by in vitro techniques. Livestock
Production Science 68(2 3): 107-117.
NAL Call No.: SF1 L5
Keywords: microbial production (EMP), mixed diets roughage,
concentrates, in vivo, ruminal infusions, in vitro, partitioning factor, purine
base, NH4 concentrations, microbial N balances, estimation of in vitro
degradability of mixed diets.
Boiko, I.A., I.A. Molchanov, E.N. Nzhoka, and L.P. Soshenko
(2001). About efficiency of application of ascorbic acid and sodium
ascorbate during growing of milk calf. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya
(2): 101-103, ISSN: 0131‑6397.
NAL Call No.: S13.S44
Keywords: milk calves, breed, Black and
White, Holstein, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, adaptation, industrial
technology, age, blood biochemical indices, food eating, exterior, Russian
language.
Broderick, G.A., R.P. Walgenbach, and S. Maignan (2001).
Production of lactating dairy cows fed alfalfa or red clover silage at equal
dry matter or crude protein contents in the diet. Journal of Dairy Science
84 (7): 1728-1737, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: Replacing alfalfa with red clover improved feed and N efficiency and
apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid
detergent fiber, and hemicellulose in both trials. Net energy of lactation computed
from animal performance data was 18% greater in red clover than alfalfa. Data
on milk and blood urea and N efficiency suggested better N utilization on red
clover.
Keywords: multiparous lactating Holstein cows, feeding value, red clover,
alfalfa silages, dry matter intake, red clover, alfalfa plus red clover, milk
yield, milk components, total protein, true protein were higher on red clover
corn silage with added soybean meal.
Caicedo‑Caldas, A., V. Lemus‑Ramirez, C.W.
Holmes, and N. Lopez‑Villalobos (2001). Feed intake capacity in
Holstein‑Friesian cows which differed genetically for body weight. Proceedings
of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61: 207‑209, ISSN:
0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed,
lactating, pregnant, mathematical method, breeding worth, genetic index,
breeding value, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake capacity, hay, animal
feed, live weight, maintenance energy cost, pasture, productive capacity, New
Zealand Dairy industry.
Camero, A., M. Ibrahim, and M. Kass (2001). Improving rumen
fermentation and milk production with legume tree fodder in the tropics. Agroforestry
Systems 51 (2): 157-166.
NAL Call No.: SD387 M8A3
Keywords: breed, Zebu X Creole, Jersey X Creole, leguminous
fodder, high in protein, rumen fermentation, digestibility, low quality fibrous
feeds, tree legume foliage, Erythrina poeppigiana, Gliricidia sepium, protein
supplements, Hyparrhenia rufa hay, rice bran, molasses, fistulated steers.
Capuco, A.V., D.L. Wood, T.H. Elsasser, S. Kahl, R.A. Erdman, C.P.
Van Tassell, A. Lefcourt, and L.S. Piperova (2001). Effect of somatotropin
on thyroid hormones and cytokines in lactating dairy cows during ad libitum and
restricted feed intake. Journal of Dairy Science 84(11): 2430‑2439,
ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords; IGF‑I, bovine somatotropin, fat, triiodothyronine,
thyroxine, tumor necrosis factor‑alpha energy balance, feed intake,
lactation, production, yield
Chapa, A.M., M.E. McCormick, J.M. Fernandez, D.D. French, J.D.
Ward, and J.F. Beatty (2001). Supplemental dietary protein for grazing dairy
cows: reproduction, condition loss, plasma metabolites, and insulin. Journal
of Dairy Science 84 (4): 908-916, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, breed,
Holstein, grain crude protein, rumen undegradable protein, concentration,
reproduction, energy status, grazing, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum),
oats (Avena sativa), blood meal, corn gluten meal, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma
ammonia nitrogen, glycated hemoglobin, nonesterified fatty acids, beta
hydoxybutyrate, glucose, insulin concentration, energy deprivation, low
fertility.
Chiy, P.C., and C.J.C. Phillips (1999). The rate
of intake of sweet, salty and bitter concentrates by dairy cows. Animal
Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research
68(4): 731-740, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Keywords: bitterness,
concentrates, dairy cows, flavor compounds, salt, sweet tasting compounds, cattle
feeding, feeding preferences.
Davis, S.R., I. Vetharaniam, M. Upsdell, E.S. Kolver, and
A.B. Pleasants (2001). Modelling the impact of nutrition and genotype on
lactation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61:
237‑238, ISSN: 0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: dairy cows, mammary gland development,
reproductive system, milk, reproductive system, secretion, udder, reproductive
system, grazing, feeding method, modeling method, genotype, impact, lactation,
nutritional status, nutrition impact, pasture, animal feed, New Zealand.
Delaby, L., J.L. Peyraud, and R. Delagarde (2001). Effect of
the level of concentrate supplementation, herbage allowance and milk yield at
turn out on the performance of dairy cows in mid lactation at grazing. Animal
Science Pencaitland 73 (1): 171-181.
Keywords: mid lactation cows,
Holstein, breed, performance, concentrate supplementation, contrasting grazing
conditions, milk yield.
Dirksen, V.G., C.
Haagert-Theen, M. Alexander-Katz, and A. Berger (1997). Monitoring of dairy
cows for metabolic imbalances during high lactation by means of milk parameters
I. Daily milk yield, fat and protein concentrations, fat-protein-qoutient and
urea. [Stoffwechseluberwachung bei Kuhen in der Hochlaktation anhand von
Milchparametern. I. Tagesmilchmenge, Fett- und Eiweisskonzentration,
Fett-Eiweiss-Quotient, Harnstoffkonzentration.] Tierarztl Umschau 52(6):
319-324, ISSN: 0049-3864.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 T445
Keywords: herd
monitoring, metabolic imbalances, high lactation, daily milk yield, milk
composition, milk fat, milk protein, urea concentration, feeding, energy
imbalance, nonprotein nitrogen, protein, fat, energy metabolism, reviews German
language.
dos Santos, D.C., M.V.F. dos Santos, I. Farias, F.M. Dias, and
M.D.A. Lira (2001). Productive performance of 5/8 Holstein/Zebu dairy cows
fed different cactus forage cultivars (Opuntia and Nopalea). [Desempenho
Produtivo De Vacas 5/8 Holando/Zebu Alimentadas Com Diferentes Cultivares De
Palma Forrageira (Opuntia e Nopalea).] Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia 30
(1): 12-17.
NAL Call No.: SF1 R45
Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein X Zebu, cactus forage cultivars,
productive performance, milk yield, fat yield, dry matter intake per milk
yield, Portuguese language.
Drackley, J.K., A.D. Beaulieu, and J.P. Elliott (2001). Responses
of milk fat composition to dietary fat or nonstructural carbohydrates in
Holstein and Jersey cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5): 1231-1237,
ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, breed, Jersey,
Holstein, milk fat content, oleic acid, short and medium chain fatty acids,
breed differences.
Eicher, S.D., J.L. Morrill, F. Blecha, C.G. Chitko-McKown, N.V.
Anderson, and J.J. Higgins (1994). Leukocyte functions of young dairy calves
fed milk replacers supplemented with Vitamins A and E. Journal of Dairy
Science 77(5): 1399-1407, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy calves, leukocyte function, milk replacers,
vitamins.
Ferris, C.P., F.J. Gordon, and D.C. Patterson (2001). The
effect of early‑spring grazing on the intake and performance of dairy
cows managed on two contrasting systems of milk production during the winter. Irish
Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 40 (2):177‑187, ISSN: 0791‑6833.
NAL Call No: S539.5 I74
Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed,
feeding, grazing, spring, forage based systems, silage, winter milk production
systems
Ford, J.A.Jr., and C.S.
Park (2001). Nutritionally directed compensatory growth enhances heifer
development and lactation potential. Journal of Dairy Science 84(7):
1669-1678, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy heifer, breed, Holstein, compensatory nutrition regimen,
lasalocid supplementation, growth performance, lactation cycles, energy
restriction, crude protein, puberty, breeding, gestation period, metabolic
status, circulating insulin, triglyceride levels, milk yield, mammary
development.
Friggens, N.C., B.L.
Nielsen, I. Kyriazakis, B. Tolkamp, and G.C. Emmans (1998). Effects of feed
composition and stage of lactation on the short-term feeding behavior of dairy
cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81(12): 3268-3277, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: complete feeds,
concentrates, green feed, ryegrass, silage, lactation stage, feeding frequency,
duration, feed intake, dry matter, lactation number, eating rates.
Fulkerson, W.J., and D.J. Donaghy (2001). Plant soluble
carbohydrate reserves and senescence: key criteria for developing an effective
grazing management system for ryegrass based pastures: a review. Australian
Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41 (2): 261-275, ISSN: 0816‑1089.
NAL Call No.: 23 Au792
Keywords: dairy cattle, grazing system, ryegrass (Lolium spp.),
literature review, soluble carbohydrate reserves, ambient temperature, grazing
interval, pasture nutrients, protein, water soluble carbohydrates, calcium,
potassium, magnesium.
Godden, S.M., K.D. Lissemore, D.F. Kelton, K.E. Leslie, J.S.
Walton, and J.H. Lumsden (2001). Relationships between milk urea
concentrations and nutritional management, production, and economic variables
in Ontario dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5): 1128‑1139,
ISSN: 0022‑0302.<
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy herds, urea, milk composition, milk, feed rations,
feeds, economic analysis, herd improvement, nutrient intake, nutrient content,
crude protein, rumen digestion, dietary carbohydrate, fodder, costs, income,
milk fat yield, Ontario.
Grant, R.J., and J.L. Albright (2001). Effect of animal
grouping on feeding behavior and intake of dairy cattle. Journal of
Dairy Science 84 (Elect. Supplement): E156‑E163, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, automatic feed
dispensers, concentrates, feeding behavior, restricted fed, butting, pushing
rate of disturbance, Finnish language.
Grant, R.J. and J.L. Albright (1995). Feeding behavior and
management factors during the transition period in dairy cattle. Journal
of Animal Science 73(9): 2791-2803, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Keywords: feeding behavior, management, intake, parturition,
management factors, transition period.
Havrevoll, O. (1999). Feeding and housing of calves. [Foring
og oppstalling af kalv.] Buskap 51(3): 12-14.
NAL Call No.: 49 B96
Keywords: cattle housing, calves, feeding, animal welfare, stalls,
meat animals, dairy cattle.
Hayirli, A., D.R. Bremmer, S.J. Bertics, M.T. Socha, and R.R.
Grummer (2001). Effect of chromium supplementation on production and
metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy
Science 84 (5): 1218-1230, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, supplemental chromium, chromium methionine (Cr
Met), production, metabolic parameters, calving, lactation, average body
weight, dry matter intake, body condition score loss, milk, fat, lactose
yields, blood metabolites, liver triglyceride, serum insulin concentration.
Hedges, J., R.W. Blowey, A. J. Packington, C.J. O'Callaghan, and L.E. Green (2001). A longitudinal field trial of
the effect of biotin on lameness in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science
84 (9): 1969-1975, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: milking cows, heifers, commercial farms, biotin
supplementation, incidence of visible lameness, locomotion assessment, sole
ulcer, white line separation, digital dermatitis, interdigital necrobacillosis,
United Kingdom.
Helin, J., A. Katainen, E. Manninen, M. Norring, K.
Kaustell, and H. Saloniemi (2001). The use of an automatic concentrate
feeding station in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 1: Disturbance
at the feeding station. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla
pihattonavetassa. Osa 1: Hairinta vakirehuautomaatilla.] Suomen
Elainlaakarilehti 107 (10): 562‑567, ISSN: 0039‑5501.
Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing system, automatic feed
dispensers, concentrates, feeding behavior, restricted fed, butting, pushing
rate of disturbance, Finnish language.
Ibrahim, M., M. Franco,
D.A. Pezo, A. Camero, and J.L. Araya (2001). Promoting intake of cratylia
argentea as a dry season supplement for cattle grazing hyparrhenia rufa in the
subhumid tropics. Agroforestry Systems 51 (2): 167-175.
NAL Call No.: SD387 M8A3
Keywords: crossbred dual
purpose cattle, Cratylia argentea, drought tolerant shrub, nutritive
value, protein supplement, Hyparrenhia rufa, dry season, Costa Rica.
Jago, J.G., C.C. Krohn, and L.R. Matthews (1999). The influence
of feeding and handling on the development of the human-animal interactions in
young cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62(2/3): 137-151,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves,
artificial rearing, feeding, handling, approach behavior, group size,
liveweight gain.
Jagtenberg, K. and J.V. Lent (1999). The use of a concentrate
box does not compete with the milking robot. [Krachtvoerbox geen concurrent
van de melkrobot.] Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden
12(1): 2-4.
Keywords: dairy farms,
dairy cattle feeding, milking machines, robots, machine milking, intake, animal
welfare, concentrates, Netherlands, Dutch language.
Johansson, B., I. Redbo,
K. Svennersten-Sjaunja (1999). Effect of feeding before, during and after
milking on dairy cow behaviour and the hormone cortisol. Animal Science: An International
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 68(4):597-604, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Keywords: dairy cows,
Swedish Red-and-White, milking, feeding, timing, physical activity, rumination,
eating, drinking, blood plasma, hydrocortisone, hormone secretion, animal
welfare.
Karatzias, H., N.
Roubies, Z. Polizopoulou, and A. Papasteriades (1995). [Tongue play and
manganese deficiency in dairy cattle.] DTW: Deutsche tierärztliche
Wochenschrift 102(9): 352-353, ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 D482.
Keywords: tongue rolling,
total body manganese status, manganese deficiency, hair, diet content,
inorganic Phosphorus, Greece, German language.
Johansson, B. (2000). Effect
of Milking and Feeding Routines on Milk Production, Hormone Release and
Behaviour in Dairy Cattle Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences:
Uppsala, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria: 1401-6249, 211.
NAL Call No: S419 A28 no. 211
Keywords: doctoral thesis, behaviour, calves, CCK,
cortisol, dairy cows, feeding, gastrin, insulin, milking, oxytocin, prolactin,
somatostatin, suckling, milk yield, prestimulation.
Jung, J., and L. Lidfors
(2001). Effects of amount of milk, milk flow and access to a rubber teat on
cross sucking and non nutritive sucking in dairy calves. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 72 (3): 201-213, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: Bos Taurus,
dairy calves, effects of different amounts of milk, flow rate of milk, and
access to a teat, non nutritive sucking, empty teat, cross sucking on other
calves.
Kanjanapruthipong, J., N.
Buatong, and S. Buaphan (2001). Effects of roughage neutral detergent fiber on
dairy performance under tropical conditions. Asian Australasian Journal of
Animal Sciences 14 (10): 1400-1404.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7
Keywords: multiparous
dairy cows, Holstein X indigenous, diet, increasing roughage neutral detergent
fiber contents, effects on intake, milk yield, dry matter intake, crude
protein, net energy, milk protein, average daily gain, tropical conditions.
Katila, T., A. Katainen, K. Kaustell, E. Manninen, M.
Norring, and H. Saloniemi (2001).The use of an automatic concentrate feeding
station in a loose housing system for dairy cattle. Part 2: The relationship between
disturbance at the feeding station and the supply of concentrates and the milk
production of dairy cow. [Vakirehuautomaatin kaytto lypsylehmilla
pihattonavetassa. Osa 2: Vakirehuautomaatilla tapahtuvan hairinnan suhde lehman
vakirehun saantiin ja maidontuotantoon.] Suomen Elainlaakarilehti 107
(12): 701‑705, ISSN: 0039‑5501.
Keywords: automatic feed dispensers, concentrates, cow
housing, cows, dairy cows, feed intake, feeding behavior, loose housing, milk
yield, stress, stress response, Finnish language.
Keady, T.W.J., and C.S. Mayne (2001). The effects of
concentrate energy source on feed intake and rumen fermentation parameters of
dairy cows offered a range of grass silages. Animal Feed Science and
Technology 90 (3/4): 117‑129, ISSN: 0377‑8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55
Keywords: dairy cows, grass silage, concentrates, energy
sources, rumen fermentation, lactation, feed intake, animal husbandry, ammonium
nitrogen, crop management, regrowth, silage additives, ph, dry matter, fiber
content, crude protein, protein digestibility, acetic acid, propionic acid,
milk fat percentage.
Keady, T.W., C.S. Mayne, D.A. Fitzpatrick, and M.A. McCoy
(2001). Effect of concentrate feed level in late gestation on subsequent
milk yield, milk composition, and fertility of dairy cows. Journal of
Dairy Science 84(6):1468‑79, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, concentrate
feeding, grass silage late gestation, feed intake, milk yield, milk
composition, fertility.
Khalili, H., A. Sairanen, K.
Hissa, and P. Huhtanen (2001). Effects of type and treatment of grain and
protein source on dairy cow performance. Animal Science Pencaitland.
72 (3): 573-584.
Keywords: cows, Finnish Holstein Friesian, breed, different
types of energy or protein supplementation, grass silage, grain sources,
barley, maize, physical processing, rapeseed meal, protein supplement, blood
beta hydroxybutyrate, plasma urea concentrations, milk yield, milk protein,
food intake.
Khorasani, G.R., and J.J.
Kennelly (2001). Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen
fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition in late
lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (7): 1707-1716,
ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, concentrate to
forage ratio, rumen fermentation, rumen cannulas, total mixed ration, ad
libitum, dry matter, rumen pH, milk fat concentration, negative effects, high
grain diets.
Kim, T.H., K.W. An, and W. J.
Jung (2001). Effects of daily herbage allowance on sward structure, herbage
intake and milk production by dairy cows grazing a pure perennial ryegrass
sward. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (10):
1383-1388.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7
Keywords: milk production,
sward structure, strip grazing system, measurements of sward factors, herbage
intake, herbage allowance, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).
Knowlton, K.F., J.H. Herbein,
M.A. Meister Weisbarth, and W.A. Wark (2001). Nitrogen and phosphorus
partitioning in lactating Holstein cows fed different sources of dietary
protein and phosphorus. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5): 1210-1217,
ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, breed,
Holstein, dietary nitrogen and phosphorus partitioning, soybean meal, blood
meal, mono and di calcium phosphate, wheat bran, feces, urine, milk.
Kumagai, H., Y. Chaipan, and
K. Mitani (2001). Effects of periparturient vitamin A supplementation on
vitamin A concentrations in colostrum and milk from dairy cows, and plasma
retinol concentrations, feed intake and growth of their calves. Animal
Science Journal 72 (2): 126-133, ISSN: 1344‑3941.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A542
Keywords: cows, breed,
Holstein Friesian, periparturient vitamin A supplementation, vitamin A
concentrations in colostrum and milk, plasma retinol concentrations, feed
intake, calf growth, liveweight gain.
Kyne, S., M.J. Drennan, and
P.J. Caffrey (2001). Influence of concentrate level during winter and date
of turnout to pasture on the performance of cattle and the effect of grazing of
silage ground on grass yield and quality. Irish Journal of Agricultural
and Food Research 40 (1): 23- 32.
NAL Call No.: S539.5 I74
Keywords: steers, heifers,
concentrates, ad libitum grass silage, grazing season, live weight gain,
carcass weight.
Lean, I.J. (2001). Association
between feeding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cultivar grasslands impact)
containing high concentrations of ergovaline, and health and productivity in a
herd of lactating dairy cows. Australian Veterinary Journal 79 (4):
262-264.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72
Keywords: cows, breed,
Holstein Friesian, perennial ryegrasses, fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium
lolii), production of alkaloids, including Lolitrem B and
ergovaline, toxic effects in animals, decrease in milk production.
Lindström, T. (2000). Feeding
Behaviour in Dairy Cows: Motivational Aspects Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae.
Agraria: 1401-6249, 250.
NAL Call No: S419 A28 no. 250.
Keywords: doctoral
thesis, feeding, behaviour, feeding duration, rumen fill, stereotypies,
feed-searching, operant conditioning, oral manipulation, oxytocin, cortisol
concentrations.
Loberg, J., and L. Lidfors
(2001). Effect of milkflow rate and presence of a floating nipple on
abnormal sucking between dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72
(3): 189-199, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves, breed, Swedish Red and White, access to an
artificial teat, open bucket, abnormal sucking, time drinking, treatments,
bucket with fast flow, bucket with slow flow, floating nipple with fast flow
and floating nipple with slow flow, behavioral observations,.
Logue, D.N. and J.E. Offer (2001). The effect of forage type on
foot health in dairy heifers. Veterinary Journal 162 (1): 7-8, ISSN:
1090‑0233.
NAL Call No.: SF601.V484
Keywords: heifer, claw horn lesions, injury, diet; foot health,
forage type, lameness.
Luepping, W. (2001).
Monitoring of feeding situation and health with physiologically based
parameters. [Fuetterungs‑ und Gesundheitsmonitoring mit physiologischen
Parametern.] Zuechtungskunde 73(6): 460‑470, ISSN: 0044‑5401.
Keywords: dairy cow,
Holstein, breed, bilirubin, calcium, glutamate dehydrogenase, phosphorus,
protein, selenium, urea, feed, fiber content, roughage content, starch content,
health monitoring, lactation curve, milk, dairy product, milk production, net
acid‑base excretion, German language.
Manninen, M., and H. Huhta (2001). Influence of pre
partum and post partum plane of nutrition on the performance of crossbred suckler
cows and their progeny. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland
10 (1): 3-18.
NAL Call No.: S3 A335
Keywords: cows, calves, Hereford Ayrshire, Limousine Ayrshire,
breed, pre partum feeding, post partum, feeding, hay, straw, concentrate
feeding, dry matter, barley, live weight gain, milk production, conception
rate, plane of nutrition, Finland.
McCormick, M.E., J.D. Ward, D.D. Redfearn, D.D. French, D.C.
Blouin, A.M. Chapa, and J. M. Fernandez (2001). Supplemental dietary
protein for grazing dairy cows: effect on pasture intake and lactation performance.
Journal of Dairy Science 84 (4): 896-907.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed,
multiparous, primiparous, grain supplement evaluation, crude protein, rumen
undegradable protein, rotational grazing, annual ryegrass oat pastures, soybean
meal, corn gluten meal blood meal mixture, milk yield.
Mertens, D.R. (1997). Creating a system for meeting
the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science
80(7): 1463-1481, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: roughage value, neutral detergent fiber, chewing
activity, fiber content, requirements, mastication, carbohydrates, rumen
fermentation, milk fat percentage, hay, chop length, forage, silage,
concentrates, feeds, in vitro digestibility, particle size, lactation stage,
rumen contents, pH, literature reviews.
Morel, I. (2000). Use of cereals instead of milk substitute
in the diet of veal calves. [Einsatz von Getreide anstelle von Milchersatzfutter
beim Mastkalb.] Agrarforschung 7(1): 24-29, ISSN: 1022-663X.
NAL Call No.: S469 S9A37
Keywords: veal calves, diet, milk substitutes, animal welfare,
barley, cereals, costs, diets, finishing, feed dispensers, feeding, hemoglobin,
health, iron, maize, minerals, vitamins, production costs, Switzerland, German
language.
Morel, I. (2000). Cereals instead of milk substitute
in the diet of the veal calves. [Remplacement de l'aliment d'allaitement par
des cereales chez le veau a l'engrais.] Revue Suisse d'Agriculture
32(1): 43-48, ISSN: 0375-1325.
Keywords: veal calves, feed intake, costs, milk substitutes,
animal welfare, appetite, barley, cereals, diets, finishing, automatic feed
dispensers, feeding, hemoglobin, health, intake, iron, maize, minerals,
production costs, vitamins, French language.
Morisse, J.P., D. Huonnic, J.P. Cotte, and A. Martrenchar (2000).
The effect of four fibrous feed supplementations on different welfare
traits in veal calves. Animal Feed Science and Technology 84
(1/2): 129-136.
NAL Call No.: SF95 A55
Keywords: veal calves, animal welfare, feed supplements, fiber,
starch, feeds, rumen, health, performance, rumination, rumen mucosa, rumen
fermentation, carcass weight, abomasum, rumen digestion, growth rate, lignin,
crude protein, ash, peptic ulcers, bezoar.
Morisse, J.P., J.P. Cotte, and D. Huonnic, and A. Martrenchar
(1999). Influence of dry feed supplements on different parameters of
welfare in veal calves. Animal Welfare 8(1): 43-52, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557
Keywords: carcass weight, veal calves, rumen motility, behavior,
animal welfare, dry feeds, wet feeding, liquid diets, rumen, rumination,
hematology.
Morrow, C.J., E.S. Kolver,
K.A. Macdonald, G.A. Verkerk, and L.R. Matthews (2001). Monitoring adrenal
activity in dairy cows under various feeding regimens using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Proceedings
of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61: 52‑55, ISSN: 0370‑2731.
NAL Call No: 49.9 N483
Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein Friesian, breed, adrenal activity,
plasma glucocorticoid concentrations, fecal glucocorticoid concentrations,
feeding, pastoral conditions, concentrate based, genotype effects, stocking
rates, stress.
Mulling, C.K., H.H. Bragulla, S. Reese, K.D. Budras, and W.
Steinberg (1999). How structures in bovine hoof epidermis are influenced by
nutritional factors. Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe C, Anatomia,
Histologia, Embryologia: Journal Der Weltvereinigung Der Veterinäranatomen 28(2):
103-108, ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call No.: SF761.Z4
Keywords: hoof epidermis, nutrition, horn quality, keratinization,
cornification, bovine hoof epidermis, lipids, minerals, calcium, vitamins,
biotin, dyskeratotic, light and transmission electron microscopy, histochemical
and enzyme-histochemical techniques.
Nagel, S. (1996). Feeding management of high yielding cows:
experiences from Canada and the USA. [Futterungsmanagement von
Hochleistungskuhen: Erfahrungen aus Kanada und den USA.] Milchpraxis
34(2): 104-107, ISSN: 0026-3753.
NAL Call No.: SF221 M5
Keywords: feeding management, high-yielding dairy cows, lactation,
body condition, feed intake, ration formulation, grass and maize silages, maize
gluten, brewers grains, soybean meal, molasses, crushed barley, shredded maize
cobs, nutrients, intensive production, intensive husbandry, USA, Canada, German
language.
National General (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy CattleSubcommittee
on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition,Board on Agriculture,
National Research Council, 7th rev. ed., NationalAcademy Press: Washington,
D.C., 381 p. + 1 computer disc (4 3/4 in.)
NAL Call No: SF203 N883 2001
Keywords: nutritional requirements, feeding,
feeds, forages, concentrates, feeding strategies, minerals, vitamins,
metabolites, by-products, ration formulation, nutrient allowances.
Ndiweni, N. (2001). In vivo vitamin E/selenium supplementation
improved leukocyte function in dairy cows. Inflammation Research 50
(Supplement 3): S192, ISSN: 1023‑3830.
NAL Call No.: RS122 A3
Keywords: immune System, selenium, in vivo supplementation,
vitamin E, in vivo supplementation, inflammation, leukocyte.
Nour, A.A. (1996). Milk replacer as a sole feed for veal
production from Holstein Friesian calves: 1. Effect of frequency of feeding
milk replacer and age of animals on growth, feed utilization and quality of
meat. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 41(3): 11-21, ISSN:
0044-7250.
NAL Call No.: 24 AL2
Keywords: male Holstein Friesian calves, milk substitutes,
digestibility coefficients, feeding frequency, body weight, dressing
percentage, live weight gain, costs, feeding frequency, nitrogen balance,
nitrogen, excretion, meat quality, age, feed conversion efficiency, carcass
weight, Egypt.
Offer, J.E., D.N. Logue, and D.J. Roberts (1997). The effect of
protein source on lameness and solear lesion formation in dairy cattle. Animal
Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research.
65(2): 143-149, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Keywords: breed, Holstein-Friesian, protein sources, dietary protein, soybean
oilmeal, complete feeds, lameness, laminitis, fish meal, blood meal, hooves,
meat and bone meal, milk yield, body weight, liveweight gain, body condition,
hardness, foot diseases, blood composition, metabolites.
Olofsson, J. (1999). Competition for total mixed diets fed for ad
libitum intake using one or four cows per feeding station. Journal of Dairy
Science 82(1): 69-79, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: When dairy cow faci1ities are being designed, a limited
feeding area might be profitable and recommendable if the increased competition
for feed does not harm the welfare of the animals or affect production
negatively. An experiment was conducted at the University Cattle Research
Centre (Uppsala, Sweden) to investigate the performance of individual cows as
well as groups of cows. Treatments used 1 or 4 cows per feeding station with a
total mixed diet fed for ad libitum intake. The feeding stations were troughs
placed on electronic balances and were 1.08 m wide. Sixteen dairy cows were
divided into two groups and were studied in an experiment with a change over
design so that each group went through each treatment twice. A computerized
feeding system automatically recorded consumption data for feed and water.
Video recordings were used to study the social dominance order, the level of
aggression at the feeding area, and the time budget of the cows. The mean feed
intake increased slightly, but the number of visits to the feeding stations did
not change at the higher level of competition. The cows, however, spent
significantly less time eating and increased their consumption rate when the
competition level increased. The number of displacements at the feeding
stations increased dramatically. Cows of low social rank were much more
frequently displaced while eating. The effects of dominance value, age, eating
rate, and energy requirement of the cows are presented.
Keywords: dairy cows, feed troughs, complete feeds, feed intake,
water intake, social dominance, eating rates, intraspecific competition,
Swedish Red-and-White, feeding frequency, physical activity, age differences,
energy requirements.
Olofsson, J., and H.
Wiktorsson (2001). Competition for total mixed diets fed restrictively using
one or four cows per feeding station. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.
Section A, Animal Science 51(1): 59‑70, ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: cows, housing,
feeding stations, computerized feeding, feed intake, feeding behaviour, social
dominance, aggression, video recordings, Sweden.
Oresnik, A. (2001). Current
aspects and solutions in dairy cattle nutrition. Krmiva 43 (6): 323‑328,
ISSN: 0023‑4850
NAL Call No.: 389.78 K89
Keywords: dairy cattle, dairy
farms, milk production, milk yield, fertility, herd health, nutrition, high
roughage diets, profits, rural development, environmental preservation, animal
welfare, human health, Slovenia.
Orr, R.J., S.M. Rutter, P.D. Penning, and A.J.
Rook(2001). Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows. Grass
and Forage Science 56 (4): 352‑361, ISSN: 0142‑5242.
NAL Call No.: 60.19
B773
Keywords: dairy
cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breeds, spring‑calving, daily grass
allowance, strip‑grazing system, carbohydrate concentrations, ruminating
time, perennial ryegrass.
Penno J.W., K.A. Macdonald, and C.W. Holmes (2001). Toward
a predictive model of supplementary feeding response from grazing dairy cows.
Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61: 229‑233,
ISSN: 0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9
N483
Keywords: dairy
cows, grazing, feeding method, multiple regression analysis, mathematical
method, pasture based supplementary feeding, predictive model, lactation,
stage, maize, grain, milk production,
value, milk solids.
Petit, H.V., R.J. Dewhurst,
J.G. Proulx, M. Khalid, W. Haresign and H. Twagiramungu (2001). Milk
production, milk composition, and reproductive function of dairy cows fed
different fats. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81 (2): 263-271.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163
Keywords: cows, Holstein,
gestating multiparous, Megalac(R), flaxseed meal (MEGA), whole flaxseed treated
with formaldehyde (FLAX), milk production, milk composition, follicular
development, gestation rate, and fatty acid (FA) composition of blood, increased
fat mobilization, increased milk yield.
Phillips, C.J.C.,
and M.I. Rind (2001). The effects of frequency of feeding a total mixed
ration on the production and behavior of dairy. Journal of Dairy Science
84 (9): 1979‑1987, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8
J822
Keywords: dairy
cows, housing, feeding, feeding behavior, standing, ruminating, feeding
frequency, milk yield, nutrition
Porfir'ev, I.A. (2001). Metabolism
disturbances in high productive milk cows during unsatisfactory conditions of
feeding and keeping. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya 2:20-40.
NAL Call No.: S13.S44
Keywords:
cows, high producing, Black and White, Kholmogorskaya, breeds, metabolic
diseases, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, phosphorus calcium, vitamin A
metabolisms, liver function, reproductive disorders.
Prescott, N.B., T.T. Mottram,
and A.J.F. Webster. (1998). Effect of food type and location on the
attendance to an automatic milking system by dairy cows and the effect of
feeding during milking on their behaviour and milking characteristics. Animal
Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 67(2):
183-193, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A56
Keywords: automatic milking
systems, behavior, feeding, concentrates, milking parlors, milking rate, milk
flow, milk yield, milking interval.
Pulido, R.G., and J.D. Leaver
(2001). Quantifying the influence of sward height, concentrate level and initial
milk yield on the milk production and grazing behaviour of continuously stocked
dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science 56 (1): 57-67, ISSN: 0142‑5242.
NAL Call No.: 60.19 B773
Keywords: cows, Holstein
Friesian,breed, cows sward height, concentrate level, initial milk yield, milk
production, grazing behaviour,dry matter intake, grazing time.
Redbo, I., M. Emanuelson, K.
Lunberg, N. Oredsson (1996). Feeding level and oral stereotypies in dairy
cows. Animal Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and
Applied Research 62(2): 199-206, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.:
SF1.A56
Keywords: dairy cows, lactation stage, unrestricted feeding,
Swedish Red-and-White, restricted feeding, abnormal behavior, rumination,
eating, feed intake, physical activity, posture, animal welfare, complete
feeds, plane of nutrition.
Rind, M.I. and C.J.C. Phillips (1999). The effects
of group size on the ingestive and social behavior of grazing dairy cows. Animal
Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 68(4):
589-596, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A56
Keywords: group size, effects, social behavior, ingestive
behavior, rumination, biting rates, mastication, body condition.
Riond, J. L. (2001).
Animal nutrition and acid‑base balance. European Journal of
Nutrition 40(5): 245‑254, ISSN: 1436‑6207.
NAL Call No: QP141
A1E97
Keywords: acid base
disorders, alkalosis, animal nutrition, bones, cows, dairy cattle, dairy cows, disease
prevention, domestic animals, fractures, hypocalcaemia, mineral content, parturient paresis.
Roche, J.R., E.S. Kolver, M J. de Veth, and A. Napper (2001).
Diet and genotype affect plasma calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations
in the periparturient cow. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society
of Animal Production 61: 168‑171, ISSN: 0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: dairy cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, nutrient requirements,
periparturient diseases, parturient hypocalcemia, parturient hypomagnesemia,
calcium concentration, magnesium concentration, phosphorus concentration, pasture,
pasture silage, diet, feeding method, total mixed ration diet, genotype, total
mixed ration.
Rook, A.J. and C.A. Huckle (1997). Activity bout criteria
for grazing dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54(2):
89-96, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: behavior, grazing, bout criteria, feeding, nutrition.
Rossi, F., P. Vecchia, and F. Masoero (2001). Estimate of methane
production from rumen fermentation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 60(1‑3):
89‑92, ISSN: 1385‑1314.
NAL Call No.: S631 F422
Keywords: dairy cows, CH4 emission, air pollution, concentrates,
animal feeds, corn silage, diet, hay, milk production, rumen fermentation, in
vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) production.
Ruiz, R., P.J. Van Soest, M.E. Van Amburgh, D.G. Fox, and J.B.
Robertson (2001). Use of chromium mordanted neutral detergent residue
as a predictor of fecal output to estimate intake in grazing high producing
holstein cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 89 (3-4):
155-164, ISSN: 0377‑8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, lactating, high producing,
grazing, chromium mordanted neutral detergent residue, cobalt EDTA, predictors
of dry matter intake, total mixed ration, housed in confinement.
Salewski, A. (1998). Calculation of feed rations and feeding
management in the USA. [Berechnung von Futterrationen und Futterungsmanagement
in den USA.] Milchpraxis 36(4): 168-171, ISSN: 0026-3753.
NAL Call No.: SF221.M5
Keywords: cattle feeding, dairy cows, feed rations, uptake, rumen,
proteins, carbohydrates, nutritive value, planning, milk yield, lactation, dry
period, health, animal welfare, somatotropin, body condition scores, German
language.
Samuelsson, B., K. Uvnas-Moberg, R. Gorewit, and K.
Svennersten-Sjaunja (1996). Profiles of the hormones somatostatin gastrin, CCK,
prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol. I. In dairy cows that are milked and
fed separately or milked and fed simultaneously. Livestock Production
Science 46(1): 49-56, ISSN: 0343-0200.
NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4
Keywords: hormonal profiles, milking, feeding, feed deprivation.
Schwager, S.R., C. Stricker, D. Erdin, and N. Kunzi (2001).
Quantification of changes in body weight and body condition scores during
lactation by modeling individual energy balance and total net energy intake. Animal
Science Pencaitland 72 (2): 325-334.
Keywords: cows, Holstein Friesians,
Jerseys, Holstein Jersey, breed, individual energy balances, total net energy
intake, body condition score change, quality of roughage, body tissue change,
milk production, maintenance.
Seimiya, Y.M., F.
Kikuchi, N. Yamaguchi, K. Sugawara, and Y. Nakashima (2001). Effective
control of periparturient diseases in dairy cows owing to preparturient feed
management practices. Animal Science Journal 72(10): J587‑J593,
ISSN: 1344‑3941.
NAL Call No.: SF1
A542
Keywords: cows,
heifer, Holstein, breed, periparturient disease, prevention and control,
reproductive system disease, preparturient feed management practices, high
energy feeds, gestation, Japanese language.
Silanikove, N., E. Maltz, A. Halevi, and D. Shinder (1997).
Metabolism of water, sodium, potassium, and chlorine by high yielding
dairy cows at the onset of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science
80(5): 949-956, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, water, hot climates, heat stress,
ions, metabolism, lactation, water intake, feed intake, environmental
temperature, electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chloride, energy intake,
respiration, animal welfare, health, kidneys, milk yield, Israel.
Skidmore, A.L., A. Brand, and C.J. Sniffen (1996). Monitoring
milk production: defining preset targets and execution. In: Herd
Health and Production Management in Dairy Practice A. Brand, J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen,
and Y.H. Schukken (eds.), Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands, p. 223-262,
ISBN: 9-07-413434-3.
NAL Call No.: SF239 B73 1996
Keywords: cows, milk quality, milk recording results, dairy farms,
inspection, herd health program, cow housing, feed troughs, feed mixing, feed
intake, feed formulation, nutrient requirements, feces composition, milk yield,
feeding techniques.
Soriano F.D., C.E. Polan, C.N. Miller (2001). Supplementing
pasture to lactating Holsteins fed a total mixed ration diet. Journal of
Dairy Science 84(11): 2460‑2468, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Holstein dairy cows, pasture, orchardgrass, white
clover, Kentucky bluegrass, acid detergent fiber, crude protein, neutral
detergent fiber, body condition score, body weight, income‑over‑feed
cost, lactation, milk, dairy product, yield, pasture grazing, total mixed
ration diet
Steinwidder, A., B.M. Ehm, E. Zeiler, L. Gruber, and F. Lettner
(2001). Effect of day or night grazing on forage intake and grazing behaviour
of dairy cows. [Einfluss von tag oder nachtweidehaltung auf futteraufnahme und
fressverhalten von milchkuhen.] Zuechtungskunde 73 (3): 215-232, ISSN:
0044‑5401.
Keywords: cows, grazing conditions, feed intake, grazing behavior,
during day and night, fresh forage, fed in the stable, energy concentration,
total feed, protein intake, nutrient supply, climatic conditions.
Stockdale, C.R. (1999). Effect of length of the period
of supplementation with concentrates on pasture intake and performance of grazing
dairy cows. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39(7):
803-809, ISSN: 0816-1089.
NAL Call No.: 23 Au792
Keywords: pasture, intake, performance, supplementation, feed
concentration, grazing, feed intake, feed duration, performance, milk yield,
herbage seasonal variation, dry matter, body condition.
Tesfa, A.T., T. Kokkonen, M. Tuori, T. Saukko, L.A. Lindberg, R.
Poso, H. Saloniemi, and O.L. Syrjala (2001). The effect of prepartum protein
feeding on post partum lactation performance of Ayrshire heifers and cows. Journal
of Animal and Feed Sciences10 (1): 73-89.
NAL Call No.: SF1 J68
Keywords: cows, heifers, Ayrshire, breed, cows, multiparous cows,
prepartum rapeseed meal supplement, oats, barley, grass silage, feed intake,
body condition, body weight change, milk yield, milk composition.
Thammacharoen, S., S. Chanpongsang, and N. Chaiyabutr (2001). Effects
of monensin administration on mammary function in late lactating crossbred
Holstein cattle. Asian‑Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
14(12): 1712‑1718, ISSN: 1011‑2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7
Keywords: Holstein crossbreds, cows, acetate, allantoin,
propionate, sodium monensin, dietary supplement, slow release capsule,
lactation, mammary function, milk yield
Thomas, T., D.M.
Weary, and M.C. Appleby (2001). Newborn and 5‑week‑old calves
vocalize in response to milk deprivation. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 74(3): 165‑173, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.:
QL750.A6
Keywords: calves,
newborn animals, calf feeding, milk, deprivation, supplementary feeding,
vocalization, individual characteristics, weaning, age differences, animal
welfare.
Thomas, C., K.A. Leach, D.N. Logue, C. Ferris, and R.H. Phipps
(1999). Management options to reduce load. Cattle Practice 7(1):
121-122, ISSN: 0969-1251.
NAL Call No.: SF961 C37
Keywords: animal health, dairy cattle, cows, metabolism, animal
welfare, reproductive performance, management, energy balance.
Tikofsky, J.N., M.E.
Van Amburgh, and D.A. Ross (2001). Effect of varying carbohydrate and fat
content of milk replacer on body composition of Holstein bull calves. Journal
of Animal Science 79 (9): 2260‑2267, ISSN: 0021‑8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Keywords: dairy
bulls, calves, dietary carbohydrate, dietary fat, milk substitutes, body
composition, nutrient intake, liveweight, lactose, crude protein, dietary
protein, energy intake, protein intake, dry matter, liveweight gain, growth
rate.
Tolkamp, B.J., D.P.N. Schweitzer, and I. Kyrizakis (2000). The
biologically relevant unit for the analysis of short-term feeding behavior of
dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83(9): 2057-2068, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, feeding
frequency, duration, feeds, protein content, feed intake, feeding habits,
satiety, data analysis, meal patterns.
Tolkamp, B.J., I. Kyriazakis,
J.D. Oldham, M. Lewis, R.J. Dewhurst, and J.R. Newbold (1998). Diet choice
by dairy cows. 2. Selection for metabolizable protein or for ruminally
degradable proteins? Journal of Dairy Science 81(10): 2670-2680,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dietary protein, feeding preferences, unrestricted
feeding, lactation stage, feed intake, urea, milk yield, nutritive ratio.
Tolkamp, B.J. and I.
Kyriazakis (1997). Measuring diet selection in dairy cows: effect of
training on choice of dietary protein level. Animal Science: An
International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 64(2): 197-207,
ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Keywords: food intake, food preferences, protein intake, dietary
protein, nutritive ratio, complete feeds, grass silage, concentrates, milk
yield, protein intake.
Toullec, R. and J.P. Lalles (1996). Digestion of substitution
proteins by veal calves. [Digestion des proteines de substitution par le veau
de boucherie.] Revue Suisse d'Agriculture 28(5): 272-275, ISSN:
0375-1325.
NAL Call No.: S5 R4
Keywords: milk substitutes, dried skim
milk, protein sources, veal calves, calf feeding.
Uchida, K., C.S. Ballard, P. Mandebvu, C.J. Sniffen, and M.P.
Carter (2001). Effect of variation in proportion of cornmeal and steam rolled
corn in diets for dairy cows on behavior, digestion, and yield and composition
of milk. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (2): 453-461, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, lactating multiparous, Holstein, breed, free stall
facility, animal performance, cornmeal, dry matter basis, total mixed ration,
dry matter, Cornell Penn Miner Dairy(R) nutrition model, percentage and yield
of fat, crude protein, true protein, lactose in milk, milk urea nitrogen.
Uegaki, R., S. Ando, M. Ishida, O. Takada, K. Shinokura, and Y.
Kohchi (2001). Antioxidative activity of milk from cows fed herbs. Nippon
Nogeikagaku Kaish 75 (6): 669-671.
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed,
herb feeding, antioxidative activity in milk, hay, beef pulp, lemongrass,
peppermint, basil, 6 Hydroxy 2,5,7,8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid
(HTCA).
Uetake, K., K. Yayou, and T. Okamoto (1998). Influence of feeding
operation and social factors on cattle locomotion in free stall barns. Canadian
Journal of Animal Science 78(3): 421-424, ISSN: 0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163
Keywords: dairy cattle, calves, feeding behavior, social behavior,
motivation, social factors, locomotion, free stall, barns, housing, AG AB.
Vaarst, M., M.B.
Jensen, and A.M. Sandager (2001). Behaviour of calves at introduction to
nurse cows after the colostrum period. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
73(1): 27‑33, ISSN: 0168‑1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: calves,
housing, single boxes, teat bucket, cow colostrum, behavior, abnormal behavior,
social behavior, feeding, nurse cows, suckling.
van der Merwe, B.J.,
T.J. Dugmore, and K.P. Walsh (2001). The effect of monensin on milk
production, milk urea nitrogen and body condition score of grazing dairy cows. South
African Journal of Animal Science 31 (1): 49‑55, ISSN: 0375‑1589.
NAL Call No.: SF1
S6
Keywords: dairy
cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, postpartum, monensin, pasture grazing,
kikuyu pasture, maize‑based concentrates, body condition scores,
reproductive efficiency, dietary supplement, urea nitrogen, milk concentration,
milk composition, milk production.
van der Merwe, B.J.,
T.J. Dugmore, and K.P. Walsh (2001). The effect of monensin on milk
production, milk urea nitrogen and body condition score of grazing dairy cows. South
African Journal of Animal Science 31 (1): 49‑55, ISSN: 0375‑1589.
NAL Call No.: SF1 S6
Keywords: dairy
cows, Holstein‑Friesian, breed, postpartum, monensin, pasture grazing,
kikuyu pasture, maize‑based concentrates, body condition scores,
reproductive efficiency, dietary supplement, urea nitrogen, milk concentration,
milk composition, milk production.
Veissier, I., A.R. Ramirez, and P. Pradel (1998). Nonnutritive
oral activities and stress responses of veal calves in relation to feeding and
housing conditions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57(1-2): 35-49,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750 A6
Abstract: This study assessed the extent to which eating solid foods
and social contacts influence nibbling objects and improve the welfare of veal
calves. Animals were fed milk replacer only vs. supplemented with solid foods
and were housed in individual stalls vs. together in pens. Time budget,
reactions to handling in a weighing machine, growth, health (length of medical
treatments) and abomasal lesions were assessed. In addition, chronic activation
of the hypothalamo--pituitary--adrenocortical axis was evaluated after ACTH and
CRF challenges, and that of the sympathetic nervous system, through activities
of catecholamine-synthesising enzymes. The provision of solid foods reduced
time spent nibbling objects and being inactive in proportion to and at the time
of the increase in time spent eating and chewing. The calves housed together in
pens had higher basal cortisol levels and they reacted to weighing. Health and
physiological indices of chronic stress did not vary with feeding or housing
conditions. It is concluded that nibbling in veal calves derives at least in
part from a lack of development of feeding behaviour appropriate to ruminants.
There was no clear evidence of poorer welfare due to feeding on milk replacer
only or individual housing, but calves reared in groups seemed more stressed by
handling than calves reared in individual stalls.
Keywords: oral activities, food, chewing, feeding behavior, milk
replacer, social contacts, individual housing, group housing, stalls, pens,
time budget, handling, growth, health, medical, treatments, lesions,
sympathetic nervous system, stress response, enzymes, basal, cortisol, chronic
stress conditions, development.
Wadhwa, D., N.F.G. Beck, L.P. Borgida, M.S. Dhanoa, and R.J.
Dewhurst (2001). Development of a simple in vitro assay for estimating net
rumen acid load from diet ingredients. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5):
1109-1117, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: in vitro technique, evaluate,
production, neutralization, acids, fermenting feed, rumen, substrate
preferences, microbial populations, calcium, legumes, sugar beet pulp, citrus
pulp.
Weiss, W.P. (March 1998) Estimating the available energy content
of feeds for dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 81(3): 830-839,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: available energy content of feeds, diet formulation,
energy availability, net energy for lactation (NEL), total digestible nutrients
(TDN) acid detergent fiber, mechanistic models, improved accuracy, review.
Wensing, T. (1998). Production diseases in farm animals: 10th
international conference, Utrecht, Netherlands, 24-28 August, 1998, Wageningen
Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands, 390p., ISBN: 9-07-413460-2.
NAL Call No.: SF854
I57 1998
Keywords: livestock, calves, piglets, weaning, veterinary
education, trace elements, minerals, immune system, nutrition, animal health,
reproduction, energy metabolism, animal husbandry, animal welfare,
epidemiology, reproductive disorders, milk production, mammary glands, poultry,
mastitis, mammary gland diseases, nutritional disorders, milk, dairy cows,
farming, metabolic disorders, European Union countries.
Wesselink, R., K.J. Stafford, D.J. Mellor, S. Todd, and N.G.
Gregory (1999). Colostrum intake by dairy calves. New Zealand Veterinary
Journal 474: 31-34, ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 N483
Keywords: colostrum intake, imunoglobulin, behavior.
West, J.W., L.O. Ely, and S.A. Martin (1994). Wet brewers grains
for lactating dairy cows during hot, humid weather. Journal of Dairy Science
77(1): 196-204, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: lactating dairy cows, humid weather, feeding, diet,
grain, feed intake, dry matter, milk yield, milk fat percentage, milk protein
percentage, heat stress, environmental temperature, relative humidity, blood
serum, rumen fluid, pH, respiration rate, body temperature, summer, Georgia.
Westwood, C.T., and
L.J. Lean (2001). Nutrition and lameness in pasture‑fed dairy cattle.
Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61: 128‑134,
ISSN: 0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9
N483
Keywords: hoof,
health, rumen, digestive system, diseases, chronic ruminal acidosis, digestive
system disease, metabolic disease, lameness, epidemiology, etiology, pathology,
prevention and control, laminitis, bone disease, connective tissue disease,
joint disease, endotoxins, histamine, lactic acid, nutrient detergent fiber,
protein, degradation, serotonin, trace elements, inadequate uptake, nutrition,
pH, fiber content, moisture content, New Zealand.
Whitaker, D.A., E.J. Smith, G.O. da Rosa, and J.M. Kelly (1993).
Some effects of nutrition and management on the fertility of dairy cattle. Veterinary
Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association 133(3): 61-64, ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: cows, energy status, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate level,
plasma glucose level, interval between calving, onset of cyclicity, conception,
silage-based diet, dry period.
Wu, Z., L.D. Satter, A.J.
Blohowiak, R.H. Stauffacher and J.H. Wilson (2001). Milk production,
estimated phosphorus excretion, and bone characteristics of dairy cows fed
different amounts of phosphorus for two or three years. Journal of Dairy
Science 84 (7): 1738-1748, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, multiparous,
Holstein, breed, diet, 0.31, 0.39, or 0.47% phosphorus, dry matter basis, bone
analysis, bone strength, ash and Phosphorus content.
Wu, Z., V.R. Kanneganti, L.J.
Massingill, M.C. Wiltbank, R.P. Walgenbach, and L.D. Satter (2001). Milk
production of fall calving dairy cows during summer grazing of grass or grass
clover pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5): 1166-1173, ISSN:
0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, fall calving, milk production, summer
grazing, grass pasture, clover mixed, bovine somatotropin, concentrate
supplements, dry matter, average daily milk.
Zappavigna, P., P.
Liberati, and U. Chiappini (1998). Feeding control system for dairy cows.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 71(4): 321-329, ISSN:
0021-8634.
NAL Call No.: 58.8
J82
Keywords: feeding,
system, automatic control, feed rations, lactation, social behavior.
Zimmerly, C.A., and W.P. Weiss (2001). Effects of supplemental
dietary biotin on performance of holstein cows during early lactation.
Journal of Dairy Science 84 (2): 498-506, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, blood samples, milk samples, dry
matter intake, lactation, milk production, linear increase, biotin
supplementation, milk fat, protein percentages.
Return to Table of Contents
Alban, L., A.K. Ersboll, T.W. Bennedsgaard, and P.F.
Johnsen (2001). Validation of welfare assessment methods at herd level: an
example. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science 51(Supplementum
30): 99‑102, ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27
Keywords: dairy herds, animal welfare, validity, assessment
methods, environment based method, animal based method.
Albright, J.L. (2000). Dairy cattle behaviour, facilities,
handling and husbandry. In: Livestock Handling and Transport, 2nd
ed. T. Grandin (ed.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, ISBN: 0-85-199409-1,
p.127-150.
NAL Call No.: SF88.L58 2000
Keywords: handling, husbandry, behavior, housing, dairy cattle,
social behavior, calves, bulls, transport of animals, animal welfare.
Albright, J.L. and C.W.
Arave (1997). The Behaviour of Cattle. CAB International: Wallingford,
UK, 306 p., ISBN: 0-85-199196-3.
NAL Call No.: SF202.5 A43
1997
Keywords: animal
production, animal welfare, dairy cattle, beef cattle, maternal and calf
behavior, behavioral responses to management systems, human-cattle
interactions, training cattle, social behavior, reproductive behavior, feeding
behavior.
Arave, C.W. and J.L.
Albright (1998). Animal welfare issues: dairy. Animal Welfare Information
Center Newsletter 9(1/2): 3-10, ISSN: 1050-561X.
NAL Call No.: aHV4701.A952
Keywords: animal health,
dairy farming, cows, reviews, animal welfare, transport of animals, exercise,
tail docking, dehorning, disease, environmental issues.
Berentsen, P.B.M., G.W.J.
Giesen, and M.M.F.H. Schneiders (1998). Conversion from conventional to
biological dairy farming: Economic and environmental consequences at farm level
dairy farming. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture: An International
Journal 16(3): 311-328, ISSN: 0144-8765.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.B5
Abstract: Biological dairy
farming is often advocated as a solution for environmental problems caused by
Dutch dairy farming. At the same time, biological farming can improve animal
welfare and increase income due to a higher milk price. In this paper the central
issue is to quantify economic and environmental consequences for dairy farms
when converting to biological dairy farming. A linear programming model is used
to model an extensive and an intensive dairy farm typical for the Province of
Utrecht, The Netherlands. The objective function of the model maximizes labour
income of the farm. From the results it appears that the extensive farm
benefits from conversion while the intensive farm loses income. The
environmental consequences are quite diverse. The nitrogen surplus after
conversion is much lower than before because nitrogen fixation by legumes is
omitted from the calculation. On the other hand, ammonia emission is higher
after conversion to biological farming due to a higher number of animals. On
the extensive farm the phosphate surplus in the biological situation is much
higher than in the conventional situation due to the fact that a shortage of
nitrogen in the biological situation can only be made up by applying animal
manure (slurry) from other farms with consequential overfertilization of
phosphate. When environmental legislation is introduced, the biological farms
appear to lose more income than the conventional farms. From the sensitivity
analysis it appears that assumptions about milk yield per cow and milk price
are crucial for the economic results of biological farms.
Keywords: dairy farming,
organic farming, economic analysis, environmental impact, dairy farms,
sustainability, animal welfare, milk, food prices, mathematical models,
extensive husbandry, intensive husbandry, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen balance,
ammonia, emission, phosphate, cattle slurry, milk yield, farm income.
Boettcher, P.J. (2001). 2020 Vision? The future of dairy
cattle breeding from an academic perspective. Journal of Dairy Science 84
( Elect. Supplement ): E62‑E68, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: breeding, dairy farming, dairy industry, dairy research,
global marketing, genomics, technology, computers, forecasts, health, animal
welfare, production costs.
Brade, W. (2001). Animal welfare aspects of dairy
farming: definition, conditions, and criteria. [Tiergerechte
Milchrinderhaltung: definition, Anforderungen und Kriterien]. Praktische
Tierarzt 82(8): 588-594, ISSN: 0032‑681X.
NAL Call No: 41.8 P882
Keywords: age, animal behavior, feeding, housing,
husbandry, nutrition, animal welfare, dairy farming, health hazards, stress,
German language.
Burgat, F. and R.
Dantzer, R. (2001). Does livestock has a right to welfare? [Les animaux
d'elevage ont-ils droit au bien-etre?] Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique: Paris, France, 191p., ISBN: 2-7380-0965-4.
Keywords: large-scale
livestock farming, animal welfare, philosophy, ethics, legislation, French
language.
Chenoweth, P.J. (1998).
Animal production and welfare issues: dairy cattle and veal calves.
Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 12: 902-903.
NAL Call No.: SF605.N672
Keywords: calves, animal
welfare, cattle husbandry.
de Grassi, A.M. (2001). A look at bovine welfare: What's good, what's bad, and the lessons within.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219(10):
1369‑1373, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: animal welfare,
attitudes, farming American Farm Bureau Federation.
Farm Animal Welfare
Council (1997). Report on The Welfare of Dairy Cattle. Farm Animal
Welfare Council: Surbiton, UK, 96p.
Keywords: dairy industry,
organic farming, animal welfare issues, stockmanship, training, housing and
environment, lameness, machine milking, infectious diseases, mastitis,
nutrition, fertility and reproduction, handling facilities, calf and heifer
rearing, mutilations, new technology, somatotropin, unwanted progeny, extended
lactation, United Kingdom.
Federation of Animal Science Societies (1999). Guidelines for
Dairy Cattle Husbandry. In: Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural
Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, First Revised Edition,
Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS): Savoy, Il., p. 37-47.
NAL Call No.: QL55.G8 1999
Keywords: facilities, environment, housing, bedding pasture, feed,
water, social environment, tail-docking, foot care, handling, transportaion,
euthanasia.
Francis, J., and S. Sibanda (2001). Case study of the viability
of smallholder dairy farming in Nharira Lancashire, Zimbabwe. Asian
Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (8): 1098-1105.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7
Keywords: smallholder dairy farming,
Zimbabwe, considerable inter farm differences, economics, milk sales, cattle
feed expenses, number of cows, size of land holdings.
Gregory, N.G. (1995).
Welfare of dairy cattle. Proceedings of the 12th seminar for the Society of
Dairy Cattle Veterinarians of the New Zealand Veterinary Association held at
New Plymouth, New Zealand, June 27-30, 1995, p. 85-96.
Keywords: health, dairy
farming, attitudes, veterinarians, animal welfare, New Zealand.
Gregory, N.G. (1995). Welfare of dairy cattle.
Dairy Farming Annual 47: 130-139.
Keywords: cows,
veterinarians, animal welfare, dairy farms, farm management, New Zealand.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L.
Barnett, L. Beveridge, and L.R. Matthews (1995). The welfare of extensively
managed dairy cattle: a review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 42(3):
161-182, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cattle,
dairy farming, cattle husbandry, animal welfare, extensive livestock farming,
literature reviews.
Ilgner, H. (1998).
Operational organization and management of milk production in larger stocks as
exemplified by the Gorlsdorf dairy farm. [Verfahrensgestaltung und Management
der Milchproduktion in grosseren Bestanden am Beispiel des Milchgutes
Gorlsdorf.] Zuchtungskunde 70(6): 414-421, ISSN: 0044-5401.
NAL Call No.: 49 Z8
Keywords: milk
production, farm management, dairy cattle, cows, dairy farms, dairy farming,
production possibilities, milk, animal welfare, identification, health, prophylaxis,
vaccination, Germany, German language.
Lindberg, R.A., and P.V.
Phibbs (2001). Genetically modified organisms: basic technology, problems and
promises. Bovine Practitioner 35 (1): 1-7, ISSN: 0524-1685.
NAL Call No.: SF779.5 A1B6
Keywords: new biotechnologies, overview, genetic manipulation,
food animals, introduction to biotechnology, genomics, bioinformatics, gene
mapping, cloning, genetically modified organisms, transgenic animals, potential
impact on the beef, dairy and veterinary industries, regulatory
responsibilities, future challenges.
Ozawa, T., N. Lopez‑Villalobos, and H.T. Blair (2001). A
comparison of dairy farming between New Zealand and Japan. Proceedings
of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61: 203‑206, ISSN:
0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: dairy cows, farm expense, rice, grain crop, milk solids,
financial analysis, butter, dairy product, cash surplus ration, fixed expenses,
gross assets, turnover ratio, hay, animal feed, high interest expenditure,
milk, dairy product, production, non‑subsidized lone procurement, pasture
grazing system, feeding method, silage, animal feed, skim milk powder, dairy
product, variable cost, analytical method, Japan, New Zealand.
Rollin, B.E. (1996). The new ethic for animals and the dairy
industry. Annual Meeting held on Feb. 18-21, 1996, Nashville,
Tennessee, The Council: Arlington, VA, ISSN: 0271-9967.
NAL Call No.:
SF967.M3N32
Keywords: animal welfare,
dairy cattle.
Rougoor, C. (1998). High
production requires good animal welfare. [Hoge productie stelt eisen aan
diermanagement.] Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee, Schapen en Paarden 11(6):
22-24.
Keywords: dairy farms,
cows, milk, costs, veterinary services, animal welfare, monitoring, dairy
cattle, productivity, dairy farming, Netherlands, Dutch language.
Rushen, J. (2001). Assessing the welfare of dairy
cattle. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: JAAWS 4(3): 223‑234.
NAL Call No.: HV4701 J68
Keywords: dairy cows, animal welfare, lameness, bovine mastitis,
intensive livestock farming, dairy farming, livestock numbers, selection
criteria, farm structure, cow housing, floor type, literature reviews.
Schulte, R., B. Earley,
and S.V.D. Wouw, and N. Culleton (1998). Animal welfare: development of
methodology for its assessment. Farm and Food 8(3): 20-23, ISSN:
0046-3302.
NAL Call No.: TX341 F3
Keywords: dairy farming,
animal welfare, case studies, evaluation, regulations, agricultural policy, dairy
farms, organic farming, ethology, immunology, European Union Countries.
Seufert, H. (1997). Theoretical and practical experiences with
milk production. [Art- und praxisgemasse Verfahren der Milcherzeugung.] Ergebnisse
Landwirtschaftlicher Forschung an der Justus Liebig-Universitat 23: 29-55,
ISSN: 0026-3753.
NAL Call No.: SF221 M5
Keywords: dairy farming, milk production, animal welfare, costs,
planning, Germany, German language.
Sundrum, A. (2001). Organic livestock farming: a critical review. Livestock
Production Science 67 (3): 207‑215, ISSN: 0301‑6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5
Keywords: livestock,
animal welfare, livestock farming, organic farming, reviews, environmental
impact, production methods, minimal standards, legislation standards, quality
assurance.
Thomsen, J. (1999). Cow-comfort: just a word or an important
factor [for increased milk yield]? [Kuh-Komfort: nur Schlagwort oder
Erfolgsfaktor?] Milchpraxis 37(4): 183-186, ISSN: 0026-3753.
NAL Call No.: SF221 M5
Keywords: milk yield, diary cows, animal welfare, dairy farming,
German language.
Tosi, M.V., E.
Canali, L. Gregoretti, V. Ferrante, C. Rusconi, M. Verga, and C. Carenzi
(2001). A descriptive analysis of welfare indicators measured on Italian
dairy farms: preliminary results. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.
Section A, Animal Science 51(Supplementum 30): 69‑72, ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27
Keywords: dairy cows,
behavior, dairy farms, farmer questionnaire, animal welfare, assessment tools,
inter‑suckling in cows, human animal relationships, Italy.
Waterfield, W. (1999). The Provision and Developments in
Management Advice to Dairy Farmers. Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust
(NFST): Uckfield, UK, 34 p., ISBN: 1-90-180186-1.
Keywords: extension, professional services, consultants, financial
planning, farm planning, technology transfer, information services, diffusion
of research, diffusion of information, farmers, dairy farms, farm management,
consumer attitudes, animal welfare, comparisons between countries, United Kingdom,
Japan, USA, Australia.
Webster, A.J.F. (2001). Welfare
on the dairy farm: cows and their minders. Research in Veterinary
Science 70 (Supplement A): 34, ISSN: 0034‑5288.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312
Keywords: animal care, animal
welfare, improvement.
Webster, A.J.F. (1995). Welfare considerations in future selection
and management strategies. BSAP Occasional Publication (19): 87-91,
ISSN: 0263-967X.
NAL Call No.: SF5.B74
Keywords: dairy cows, genetic improvement, milk yield, cost
benefit analysis, animal welfare, production costs, species differences, energy
cost of activities, energy cost of production, beef cows, bovine mastitis,
embryo transfer, lameness.
Whay, H.R., D.C.J. Main, L.E.
Green, and A.J.F. Webster (2001). Identification of issues affecting the
welfare of dairy cows through expert opinion. Research in Veterinary
Science 70 (Supplement A): 34, ISSN: 0034‑5288.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312
Keywords: dystocia,
reproductive system disease, mastitis, animal welfare issues, identification,
body condition, calf disease, cleanliness, comfort, cubicle design, expert
opinions, behavior, lameness, non‑specific disease, nutrition,
production, skin lesions, social interaction, stockperson, animal interactions,
dystocia, mastitis.
Wierenga, H.K. and H.J. Blokhuis (1997). Cattle welfare, science
and policy. Presented at the XIX World Buiatrics Congress, Edinburgh, UK,
July 8-12, 1996, Vol.32, No.31.2, p. 16-18.
Keywords: animal welfare, veal calves, beef cattle, dairy cows,
health, behavior, housing, milk production, transport of animals.
Wilfried, B.V. (2001). Animal
welfare aspects of dairy farming. [Tiergerechte Milchrinderhaltung.] Berichte
ueber Landwirtschaft 79(4): 578‑596, ISSN: 0005‑9080.
Keywords: dairy cows, welfare
issues, ethology, management specific indicators, housing, natural feedstuffs,
stress avoidance, production stability, German language.
Wilson, J. (2001). Keeping
a Cow NSW Agriculture: Orange, Australia, 5th.ed., 106p.,
ISBN: 0‑7313‑0552‑3.
Keywords: selection, behavior,
breeding, reproduction, milking, milk handling, how a milking machine works,
milk composition, quality, making dairy foods at home, feeding, calf rearing,
health.
Return to Table of Contents
Aeberhard, K., R.M. Bruckmaier, U. Kuepfer, and J.W. Blum
(2001). Milk yield and composition, nutrition, body conformation traits,
body condition scores, fertility and diseases in high‑yielding dairy
cows: Part 1. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A 48(2): 97‑110, ISSN: 0931‑184X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z5
Keywords: dairy cows, high milk producing, feed intake, body
conformation traits, body weight, body condition score, fertility, disease
incidence, abortion, dyspepsia, hypocalcemia, incidence, lactation, live weight
gain, mastitis, milk, milk composition, milk yield, ovarian cysts, type score,
Switzerland.
Agger, J.F. and L. Alban
L. (1996). Welfare in Danish dairy herds. 3. Health management and general
routines in 1983 and 1994. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 37(1): 79-97,
ISSN: 0044-605X.
Keywords: milk production, quotas, milk distribution, milk
marketing, exports, cows, animal welfare, milk hygiene, somatotropin,
tuberculosis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United Kingdom.
Agricultural Committee, House
of Commons (1996). Second Special Report: Reply by the Government to the
First Report from the Agriculture Committee, Session 1995-96, The UK Dairy
Industry and the CAP Dairy Regime (HC 40). HMSO Publications Centre,
London, UK, 16 p., ISBN: 0-10-551366-0.
Keywords: milk production, quotas, milk distribution, milk
marketing, exports, cows, animal welfare, milk hygiene, somatotropin,
tuberculosis, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United Kingdom.
Agriculture Committee, House of Commons (1996). The
UK Dairy Industry and the CAP Dairy Regime. Volume 1:
Report, Proceedings of the Committee. HMSO Publications Centre: London,
UK, 80 p., ISBN: 0-10-550276-6.
Keywords: milk production, milk marketing, quotas, farm income,
dairy farms, milk processing, milk hygiene, bovine spongiform encephalopathy,
animal welfare, somatotropin, tuberculosis, United Kingdom.
Alban, L. and J.F. Agger (1996). Welfare in
Danish dairy herds. 1. Disease management routines in 1983 and 1994.
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 37(1): 49-63, ISSN: 0044-605X.
Keywords: Dutch Animal Health Service, bovine herpesvirus 1
(BHV1), problems with vaccine batch, contamination with bovine virusdiarrhea
virus (BVDV) type 2, monoclonal antibodies, cine farm visits, laboratory results,
disease symptoms, high morbidity, descreased feed intake and milk production,
nasal discharge, fever, diarrhea, necropsy, erosions and ulcers of the mucosa
of the digestive tract, degeneration of the liver, hyperaemia of the abomasum,
swollen mesenterial lymph nodes, swollen spleen.
Alban, L. (1996). Assessing and managing welfare
in a Danish dairy herd: problems and a proposal. In: Livestock Farming
Systems: More than Food Production, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium,
Foulum, Denmark, August 22-23, 1996, J.T. Sorensen (ed.), Wageningen Pers:
Wageningen, Netherlands p. 262-266, ISBN: 9-07-413449-1.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7 no.89
Keywords: dairy cattle, cow housing, animal welfare assessment,
health, management, cattle diseases, foot diseases, clinical examinations,
Denmark.
Alban, L. and J.F. Agger (1996). Welfare in Danish
dairy herds. 2. Housing systems and grazing procedures in 1983 and 1994.
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 37(1): 65-77, ISSN: 0044-605X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
AC87
Keywords: animal
welfare, behavior, health, questionnaires, surveys, descriptive epidemiology,
tie stall environments, lameness, feeding, pasture grazing, recommendations,
partitions, cubicles, saw dust, resting area, housing systems.
Alonso‑Andicoberry,
C., F.J. Garcia‑Pena, J. Pereira‑Bueno, E. Costas, and L.M. Ortega‑Mora
(2001). Herd‑level risk factors associated with Leptospira spp.
seroprevalence in dairy and beef cattle in Spain. Preventive Veterinary
Medicine 52 (2): 109‑117, ISSN: 0167‑5877.
NAL Call No.: SF601.P7
Keywords: beef
cattle, dairy cattle, disease, bacterial, leptospira, seroprevalence, risk
factors, herds, grazing, animal husbandry, livestock numbers, serotypes, Spain.
Amstutz, H.E. (1996). International perspective
on bovine medicine. Bovine Practitioner 30:1-4, ISSN: 0524-1685.
NAL Call No.: SF779.5.A1B6
Keywords: veterinary medicine, animal welfare, production, cattle
diseases.
Anderson, R.J., J.K. House,
B.P. Smith, H. Kinde, R.L. Walker, S.B.J. Vande, and R.E. Breitmeyer (2001). Epidemiologic
and biological characteristics of salmonellosis in three dairy herds. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219 (3): 310-322, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: salmonellosis,
bacterial disease, biological characteristics, epidemiologic characteristics,
food safety, public veterinary medicine, livestock production, serologic
profiles.
Andrews, A.H.(2000). The Health of Dairy Cattle.
Blackwell Science:Oxford; Malden, MA., 359p., ISBN: 063204103X.
NAL Call No.: SF208
H43
Keywords: nutrition, calf health, fertility, lameness, milk production,
disease, building design, husbandry, economics, recordkeeping.
Aubry, P., L.D. Warnick, C.L Guard, B.W. Hill, and M.F.
Witt (2001). Health and performance of young dairy calves vaccinated
with a modified‑live Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida
vaccine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
219(12): 1739‑1742, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: dairy calves, Holstein, breed, health, performance, Mannheimia
haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, vaccine, blood collection,
antibody titers.
Baillargeon, P., G. Fecteau, J. Pare, P. Lamothe and
R. Sauve (2001). Evaluation of the embryo transfer procedure proposed
by the international embryo transfer society as a method of controlling vertical
transmission of Neospora caninum in cattle. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 218 (11): 1803-1806, ISSN:
0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: embryo transfer, seronegative recipients, International
Embryo Transfer Society (IETS), prevention, Neospora caninum, antibody titers,
pregnancy, calf blood samples, tissue collection, stillborn calves, aborted
fetuses, immunohistochemical (IHC) methods, pretransfer testing of embryo
transfer recipients.
Ballard, C.S., P. Mandebvu, C.J. Sniffen, S.M. Emanuele,
and M.P. Carter (2001). Effect of feeding an energy supplement to dairy
cows pre and postpartum on intake, milk yield, and incidence of ketosis.
Animal Feed Science and Technology 93(1‑2): 55‑69, ISSN:
0377‑8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, ketosis, metabolic disease,
calcium propionate,propylene glycol, beet pulp, ground corn, sugarcane
molasses, dietary supplements, lactation, milk yield, tie stall housing.
Barkema, H.W., C.J.M Bartels, L. van Wuijckhuise, J.W.
Hesselink, M. Holzhauer, M.F. Weber, P. Franken, P.A. Kock, C.J.M. Bruschke,
and G.M. Zimmer (2001). Outbreak of bovine virus diarrhoea on Dutch
dairy farms induced by a bovineherpesvirus 1 marker vaccine contaminated with
bovine virus diarrhoea virus type 2. [Uitbraak Van Bovine Virus Diarree Op Nederlandse
Rundveebedrijven Na Vaccinatie Met Een Met BVDV Type 2 Gecontamineerd BHV1 Markervaccin.]
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 126 (6): 158-165.
NAL Call No.: SF601.N4
Keywords: Dutch Animal Health Service, bovine herpesvirus 1
(BHV1), problems with vaccine batch, contamination with bovine virusdiarrhea
virus (BVDV) type 2, monoclonal antibodies, cine farm visits, laboratory results,
disease symptoms, high morbidity, descreased feed intake and milk production,
nasal discharge, fever, diarrhea, necropsy, erosions and ulcers of the mucosa
of the digestive tract, degeneration of the liver, hyperaemia of the abomasum,
swollen mesenterial lymph nodes, swollen spleen.
Barnett, J.L., G.J. Coleman, P.H. Hemsworth, E.A. Newman,
S. Fewings-Hall, and C. Ziini (1999). Tail docking and beliefs about
the practice in the Victorian dairy industry. Australian Veterinary
Journal 77(11): 742-747, ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Au72
Keywords: docking, cows, dairy cows, husbandry, interviews, farmers, risk, leptospirosis,
mastitis, bovine mastitis, milk quality, pain, milking, animal welfare, surveys,
questionnaires.
Bartels, C.J.M., H.W. Barkema, M.L. Beiboer, J.A. Bouma,
and A. Stegeman (2001). Management and herd performance of dairy herds with
and without "chronic wasting" disease. [Bedrijfsvoering en kengetallen van tot slijterbedrijven
verworden melkveebedrijven.] Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 126 (6): 198‑207, ISSN: 0040‑7453.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 T43
Keywords: cattle diseases, farm management
factors, questionnaire, epidemiology, predisposition, bovine herpesvirus 1,
fertility, udder health, Dutch language, Netherlands.
Bauman, D.E. (1998). Bovine somatotropin and
lactation: from basic science to commercial application. Third International
Conference on Farm Animal Endocrinology: The Somatotropic Axis, December 7-10,
1998, Brussels, Belgium, Vol. 17, No.2/3, J. Buyse (ed.), p. 101-116.
Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, lactation, somatotropin,
carbohydrates, farm income, growth factors, health, insulin-like growth factor,
lipids, mammary glands, metabolism, milk, milk consumption, milk quality, milk
synthesis, milk yield, minerals, nutrition physiology, milk prices,
profitability, reviews.
Bebe, B.O., S.A. Abdulrazak, P.O. Ogore, J.O. Ondiek,
and T. Fujihara (2001). A note on risk factors for calf mortality in
large‑scale dairy farms in the tropics : a case study on Rift valley area
of Kenya. Asian‑Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
14 (6): 855‑857, ISSN: 1011‑2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Keywords: dairy calves, mortality, risk factors, dairy farms,
tropics, risk assessment, sex
differences, sex, calving season, pneumonia, dams, age, cattle housing, Kenya.
Bergsten, C. (2001). Effects of conformation
and management system on hoof and leg diseases and lameness in dairy cows.
Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice 17 (1): 1‑23,
ISSN: 0749‑0720.
NAL Call No.: SF601 V535
Keywords: dairy cows, housing, conformation, disease prevention,
environment, exercise, floors, hooves, lameness, legs, lesions, management,
posture, risk factors, wear.
Berry, S.L. (2001). Milking the golden cow: Her
comfort. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
219(10): 1382‑1386, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: dairy cows, calf, husbandry, behavior, philosophy,
ethics, farmer, lameness, bone disease, muscle disease, animal housing,
welfare, breeding, calving, comfort, lactation, milk yield, pregnancy.
Bertoni, G., L. Calamari, and E. Trevisi (1999). Evaluation
of the welfare of dairy cattle. [Valutazione del benessere delle lattifere.]
Informatore Agrario Supplemento 55(35): 5-66.
NAL Call No.: 281.8 IN32
Keywords: dairy cows, husbandry, animal welfare, milk yield,
reproduction, health, nutrition, housing, female fertility, intensive farming,
Italy, Italian language.
Bertoni, G. (1999). Welfare, health and management
of dairy cows. In: Recent Progress in Animal Production Science.
1. Proceedings of the A.S.P.A. XIII Congress, Piacenza, Italy, 21-24 June, 1999,
G. Piva, G. Bertoni, F. Masoero, P. Bani, and L. Calamari,(eds.), FrancoAngeli
srl.: Milano, Italy, p. 59-106, ISBN: 88-464-1535-3.
NAL Call No.: SF5.R432 1999
Keywords: dairy cows, health, animal welfare, management, reviews.
Bertoni, G. (1998). Alimentary prophylaxis of puerperal
hypocalcemia (and of Downer cow) in the milking cow. [La profilassi alimentare
dell'ipocalcemia puerperale (e della "downer cow") nella bovina da
latte.] Congresso Nazionale, Piacenza, Italy, May 1998. Atti della Societa
Italiana di Buiatria 30: 123-138.
Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, lactation, parturient paresis,
parturition, hypocalcaemia, puerperal disorders, diet treatment, prevention,
body condition scores, energy intake, diets, nutritional disorders, CA and P
intakes Italian language.
Bijman, J. (1996). Recombinant bovine somatotropin
in Europe and the USA. Biotechnology and Development Monitor
27: 2-5, ISSN: 0924-9877.
Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, dairy farms, milk yield, milk
production, food safety, environmental impact, animal welfare, milk, quotas,
socioeconomics, somatotropin, economics, economic impact, utilization.
Blanken, K., J. van
Lent, and G. Smolders (2001). Claw health on steel grids is also good.
[Klauwgezondheid op stalen roosters ook goed.] Praktijkonderzoek Rundvee
14 (2): 1‑3, ISSN: 1386‑8470.
Keywords: dairy
cows, housing, health, animal welfare, steel floors, concrete grid floors
concrete, feeding behavior, feet, floors, foot diseases.
Blowey, R.W. (1997). Current health challenges
to dairy farming a practitioner's perspective. Journal of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England 158: 32-39, ISSN: 0080-4134.
NAL Call No.: 10 R81
Keywords: cows, dairy farming, health, mastitis, lameness,
fertility, respiratory diseases, cow housing, cow comfort.
Boelling, D. and G.E. Pollott (1997). The genetics
of feet, legs and locomotion in cattle. Animal Breeding Abstracts
65(1): 1-11, ISSN: 0003-3499.
NAL Call No.: 241 IM72RA
Keywords: cows, dairy cattle, longevity, legs, feet, dimensions,
pasterns, foot angle, heritability, genetic correlation, genetic parameters,
reviews, lameness, milk yield, locomotion, conformation, breeding programs.
Bonizzi, L., M. Amadori, M. Melegari, W. Ponti, A. Ceccarelli,
and E. Bolzani. (1989). Characterization of some parameters of non-specific
immunity in dairy cattle. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin 36(5):
365-373.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52
Keywords: serum protein, immunoglobulin, complement, lysozyme,
serum bactericidal activity, blast transformation, peripheral blood
lymphocytes, non-specific defense, field conditions, calves, colostrums uptake,
animal welfare.
Bradley, A.J., and M.J. Green (2001). Adaptation
of Escherichia coli to the bovine mammary gland. Journal
of Clinical Microbiology. 39(5): 1845 1849.
NAL Call No.: QR46.J6
Keywords: clinical mastitis, Escherichia coli, DNA
fingerprinting, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers,
epidemiology, pathogen adaptation, host susceptibility.
Brand, A., J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, and Y.H. Schukken (1996).
Herd Health and Production Management in Dairy Practice.
Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands, 566 p., ISBN: 9-07-413434-3.
Keywords: poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, animal welfare, disease,
leg disorders, tibial dyschondroplasia, femoral head necrosis, broiler
chickens, mastitis, dairy cow,.sheep scab, parasitic disease.
Broom, D.M., and M.J. Corke (2001). Effects of disease on farm
animal welfare. Acta Veterinaria Brno 71 (1): 133‑136, ISSN: 0001‑7213.
NAL Call No.: SF604.B7
Keywords: poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, animal welfare, disease,
leg disorders, tibial dyschondroplasia, femoral head necrosis, broiler
chickens, mastitis, dairy cow,.sheep scab, parasitic disease.
Butler, J.A., C.C.
Pinnow, J.U. Thomson, S. Levisohn, and R.F. Rosenbusch (2001). Use of
arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate Mycoplasma bovis
outbreaks. Veterinary Microbiology
78 (2): 175‑181, ISSN: 0378‑1135.
NAL Call No.:
SF601.V44
Keywords: mycoplasma
bovis, outbreaks, polymerase chain reaction, diagnosis, incidence, case studies, beef herds, dairy
cattle, infections, epidemiology.
Cambier, C., T. Clerbaux, B. Moreaux, B. Detry, D. Beerens,
A. Frans, and P. Gustin. (2001). Blood oxygen binding in calves with
naturally occurring diarrhea. American Journal of Veterinary Research
62 (5): 799-804, ISSN: 0002‑9645.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3A
Keywords: calves, dairy, double muscled, blood oxygen binding, diarrhea, severity,
ability of affected calves to stand, hydration, depression, arterial blood sampling,
2,3 diphosphoglycerate, ATP, chloride, inorganic phosphate, lactate, pyruvate,
total protein, albumin, hemoglobin concentrations, oxygen equilibrium curves,
hypocapnia, hypothermia.
Capdeville, J., and
I. Veissier (2001). A method of assessing welfare in loose housed dairy cows
at farm level, focusing on animal observations. Acta Agriculturae
Scandinavica. Section A, Animal Science 51(Supplementum 30): 62‑68,
ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: dairy
cows, behavior, housing, environmental conditions, animal welfare, needs
assessment, five freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from
discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal
behavior, and freedom from fear and distress, scoring system.
Cattell, M.B., R.P. Dinsmore, A.P. Belschner, J. Carmen,
and G. Goodell (2001). Environmental gram positive mastitis treatment:
In vitro sensitivity and bacteriologic cure. Journal of Dairy Science
84(9): 2036‑2043, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Streptococcus sp. (Gram‑Positive Cocci),pathogen,
dairy cattle, host, bacterial disease, mastitis, treatment, clinical trial,
pirlimycin hydrochloride, antibacterial drug, intramammary administration,
resistant isolates, lactation.
Cavirani, S., C.S. Cabassi, G. Donofrio, B. De Iaco, S. Taddei,
and C.F. Flammini (2001). Association between Chlamydia psittaci seropositivity
and abortion in Italian dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 50
(1-2): 145-151, ISSN: 0167‑5877.
NAL Call No.: SF601.P7
Keywords: seroprevalence, Chlamydia psittaci, Italian dairy
herds, genital disorders, aborted cow population, Northern Italy.
Chaplin, S.J., H.E. Ternent, J.E. Offer, D.N. Logue, and C.H.
Knight (2000). A comparison of hoof lesions and behaviour in pregnant and early
lactation heifers at housing. Veterinary Journal 159(2): 147-153.ISSN:
0042-4900.
Keywords: dairy
cows, Holstein‑Friesian, preventive hoof trimming, dry period, foot
health Portuguese language.
Clarkson, M.J., D.Y. Downham, W.B. Faull, J.W. Hughes,
FJ Manson, J.B. Merritt, R.D. Murray, W.B. Russell, J.E. Sutherst, and W.R.
Ward (1996). Incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle.
The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association
138(23): 563-567, ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: lameness, health, milking, dairy farms.
Collier, R.J., J.C.
Byatt, S.C. Denham, P.J. Eppard, A.C. Fabellar, R.L. Hintz, M.F. McGrath, C.L.
McLaughlin, J.K. Shearer, and J.J. Veenhuizen (2001). Effects of sustained
release bovine somatotropin (Sometribove) on animal health in commercial dairy
herds. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5): 1098‑1108, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8
J822
Abstract: The health of dairy cows given bovine somatotropin (bST) for one lactation
was evaluated in 28 commercial herds located in four regions of the United States.
At least six herds were in a region and at least one herd/regioncontained fewer
than 60 cows. Cows (n = 1213) were assigned randomly to control or bST groups
and were treated beginning in wk 9 to 10 of lactation and every 14 d until dry‑off
or d 400 of lactation. Management was according to site practices. Cows were
observed for health‑related signs by farm personnel daily and by the herd
veterinarian biweekly. Average 305‑d test‑day milk yields were 932
kg greater for bST‑treated cows. Pregnancy rates, days open, twinning,
cystic ovaries, or abortions were unaffected by treatments. Supplementation
of cows with bST had no effect on total mastitis cases, total days of mastitis,
duration of mastitis, or the odds ratio of a cow to develop mastitis. Cows supplemented
with bST used more medications for health events other than mastitis. This usage
was associated primarily with treatments for disorders of the foot and hock.
Supplemented cows had a slight increase in foot disorders. There was no effect
of supplementation with bST on culling from the herd or removal from study.
Overall, the results confirm that label directions for bST are adequate for
safe use under field conditions. All clinical signs observed in this study occur
normally in dairy herds and were managed in cows supplemented with bST.
Keywords: dairy
herds, dairy cows, health, lactation, geographical variation, milk yield,
pregnancy rate, open days, litter size, ovarian diseases, abortion, mastitis,
duration, foot diseases, hocks, diseases, culling, cystic ovarian diseases.
Conedera, G., P.A. Chapman, S.
Marangon, E. Tisato, P. Dalvit, and A. Zuin (2001). A field survey of Escherichia
coli O157 ecology on a cattle farm in Italy. International Journal
of Food Microbiology 66(1-2): 85-93.
NAL Call No.: QR115 I57
Keywords: heifers, field
survey, control measures, rectal swabs, isolation, Escherichia coli
O157, Northern Italy.
Cooray, R. (1994). Use of bovine myeloperoxidase as an indicator
of mastitis in dairy cattle. Veterinary Microbiology 42(4): 317-326.
NAL Call No.: SF601 V44.
Keywords: bovine myeloperoxidase (MPO), heme protein, diagnosis of
udder infections, mastitic milk content.
Cox, V.S. and R.J. Farmsworth (1998). Prevention and treatment of
down cows: a continuum. Proceedings of the AnnualConferenceof American
Association of Bovine Practitioners (31): 167-169.
NAL Call No.: SF961.A5
Keywords: dairy cows, cattle diseases, disease prevention,
treatment.
Cox, V.S. and J.S. Onapito (1998). The many causes of down cows. Proceedings
of the Annual Conference of American Association of Bovine Practitioners
(31): 164-166.
NAL Call No.: SF961.A5
Keywords: dairy cows, cattle diseases, etiology.
Cross, D.E., D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, L.M. Birnie, and M.A. Lomax
(1999). Does separate housing of newly calved heifers influence social
behaviour and lessen claw horn lesion development? In: Farm Animal Welfare,
Who Writes the Rules? Proceedings of an International Symposium
Organized by the British Society of Animal Science, Edinburgh, UK, 1999,
A.J.F. Russel, C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and T.L.J. Lawrence
(eds.), British Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK, p. 157-158.
NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23
Keywords: heifers, housing, social behavior, animal welfare, legislation,
stress, foot diseases, claws, United Kingdom.
Cruz, C., D.
Driemeier, C. Cerva, and L.G. Corbellini (2001). Bovine digital dermatitis
in southern Brazil. The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary
Association148(18): 576‑577, ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: dairy
cattle, Holstein, breed, animal welfare, lameness, case reports, clinical
aspects, dermatitis, digits, disease prevalence, prevention, correct trimming,
adequate nutrition, hygiene, epidemiology, foot diseases, histopathology,
lesions, medical treatment, oxytetracycline, Brazil.
de Mol, R.M., and W. Ouweltjes
(2001). Detection model for mastitis in cows milked in an automatic milking
system. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 49 (1-2): 71-82, ISSN: 0167‑5877.
NAL Call No.: SF601.P7
Keywords: dairy cows,
automated detection of disease, mastitis, automatic milking system (AMS), milk
yield, electrical conductivity of milk, parameter values, residual variances,
linear regression after each milking, mastitis alerts.
de Oliveira, N.J.B., M.A. de
Alencar Araripe, N.J.N. Miranda, and G.M. Maria (2001). Heat stress indexes
and the use of bovine somatotropin (bST) in crossbred dairy cows (Bos indicus X
Bos taurus) raised in a semi‑arid region of the Brazilian Northeast.
[Indicadores de estresse termico e utilizacao da Somatotropina Bovina (bST) em
vacas leiteiras mesticas (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) no semi arido do nordeste.]
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia 30 (2): 360-367.
NAL Call No.: SF1 R45
Keywords: crossbred dairy cows
(Bos indicus X Bos taurus), semi arid zone, bovine somatotropin (bST), diet,
elephant grass and concentrate, milk production, temperature, humidity index,
heat stress, Brazil.
de Kruif, A. (2001). Did
vaccination with an infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) marker vaccine on
thirteen cattle farms give rise to "chronic wasting" among dairy cattle? [Dertien rundveebedrijven
waar koeien ziek zouden zijn geworden na vaccinatie tegen Infectieuze Bovine
Rhinotracheitis (IBR).] Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 126 (6):
166-173.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 T431
Keywords: cows, Dutch Animal
Health Service, chronic wasting, illness after vaccination with all IBR marker
vaccine, lameness, mastitis, diarrhea, stillbirth, subfertility, abomasal
displacement, decreasing body condition, high milk production, longer periods
of housing indoors, insufficient quality of stable and cubicles, high work
load, insufficient management.
DesCoteaux, L., M. Doucet, and
V. Caldwell (2001). Evaluation of the impact of parasite control with the
IVOMEC(R) SR bolus given at breeding age on first lactation yield in holstein
heifers. Veterinary Parasitology 98 (4): 309-314.
NAL Call No.: SF810 V4
Keywords: Holstein heifers,
field trial, treatment, sustained release ivermectin bolus, first lactation,
milk production, milk composition, percent fat, protein, fecal samples,
nematode egg excretion, average daily gain, total weight gain, IVOMEC(R) SR bolus.
Dias, R.O.S., and A.
de P. Marques Junior (2001). Preventive hoof trimming in dairy cattle during
the dry period on the control of foot problems. [Casqueamento preventivo de
vacas leiteiras em periodo seco, no controle de afeccoes podais.] Veterinaria
Noticias 7(1): 33‑38, ISSN: 0104‑3463.
NAL Call No.: SF604.V484
Keywords: dairy
cows, Holstein‑Friesian, preventive hoof trimming, dry period, foot
health Portuguese language.
Dijkstra, T., H.
Barkema, J. Hesselink, and W. Wouda (2002). Point source exposure of cattle
to Neospora caninum consistent with periods of common housing and feeding and
related to the introduction of a dog. Veterinary Parasitology 105(2):
89‑98, ISSN: 0304‑4017.
NAL Call No.: SF810.V4
Keywords: dairy herds, post‑natal
transmission, Neospora caninum, point source exposure, common housing, feeding,
abortion, vertical transmission of neosporosis.
Dirksen, G. (1996). Faults of housing and management
as a cause of claw and leg disease in cattle: I. Faulty rebuilding of a stanchion-barn
into a loose housing with cubicles and slatted floor. [Stallbau- und Haltungsfehler
als Ursache von Klauen- und Gliedmassenerkrankungen in Rinderbestanden.] Praktische
Tierarzt 77(10): 924-932, ISSN: 0032-681X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 P882.
Keywords: dairy cows, loose housing, cubicles, slatted floors,
improper installation, design defects, feet, hooves, animal welfare, foot
diseases, diseases, cattle diseases, Germany, German language.
Distl, O. (2001). Implications of health traits in breeding of
dairy cattle. [Die Bedeutung Von Gesundheitsmerkmalen in Der Zucht Von
Milchrindern.] Archiv Fuer Tierzucht 44 (4): 365-380.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23
Keywords: German cattle breeds. genetic improvement, health and
fertility traits, datasets from Bavaria, Israel and Sweden, heritabilities for
disease resistance, genetic variance.
Douglas, V.L., S.G. Fenwick, D.U. Pfeiffer, N.B. Williamson, and
C.W. Holmes (2000). Genomic typing of Streptococcus uberis isolates from
cases of mastitis, in New Zealand dairy cows, using pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis. Veterinary Microbiology 75(1): 27-41.
NAL Call No.: SF601.V44
Keywords: dairy cattle mastitis, Streptococcus uberis,
genetic dissimilarity between isolates, banding patterns, New Zealand farms.
Drillich, M., O. Beetz, A. Pfuetzner, M. Sabin, H.J. Sabin, P.
Kutzer, H. Nattermann, and W. Heuwieser (2001). Evaluation of a systemic
antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows. Journal of
Dairy Science 84(9): 2010‑2017, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: bacterial infection, bacterial disease, toxic puereral
mastitis, treatment, systemic, ampicillin, ceftiofur, antibacterial drugs,
intramuscular administration, economics, financial analysis.
Dubreuil, P., J. Daigneault, Y. Couture, P. Guay, and D. Landry
(2001). Penicillin concentrations in serum, milk, and urine following
intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of increasing doses of procaine
penicillin G in lactating dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Veterinary
Research. 65 (3): 173-180.
NAL Call No.: SF601 C24
Keywords: cows, breed, crossbred Holstein, housed in tie stalls,
procaine penicillin G (PPG) (300 000 IU/mL), intramuscular or subcutaneous
injection, once daily for 5 consecutive days.
Egan, J., N.
Leonard, J. Griffin, A. Hanlon, and D. Poole (2001). A survey of some
factors relevant to animal welfare on 249 dairy farms in the Republic of
Ireland. Part 1: Data on housing, calving and calf husbandry. Irish
Veterinary Journal 54(8): 388‑392, ISSN: 0368‑0762.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 IR4
Keywords: farmer questionnaire, calving assistance, housing,
cubicles, nutrition, animal welfare.
Ehinger, A.M. and M. Kietzmann (1998). Pharmacokinetic aspects of
mastitis therapy. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 111(9):
337-343, ISSN: 0005-9366.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 B45
Keywords: mastitis treatment, antibiotics, inflammatin, weak acids, weak bases, benzylpenicillin potassium, in vitro, model,
isolated perfused bovine udder, German language.
Eicher, S.D., J.L Morrow Tesch, J.L. Albright, and R.E. Williams
(2001). Tail docking alters fly numbers, fly avoidance behaviors, and
cleanliness, but not physiological measures. Journal of Dairy Science 84
(8): 1822-1828, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: tail docking, animal well being issue, fly season,
comparison, docked versus nondocked cows, stage of lactation, physiological,
immunological, behavioral measures, cows housed in a tie stall barn, blood
samples, plasma and leukocyte separation, cleanliness scoring, fly avoidance
behaviors, foot stomping.
El Eragi, A.M.S., M.M., Mukhtar, and S.H. Babiker (2001). Specific
antibodies of Pasteurella multocida in newborn calves of vaccinated
dams. Tropical Animal Health and Production 33 (4): 275-283.
NAL Call No.: SF601 T7
Keywords: newborn calves, breed, Holstein Friesian, dams
vaccinated against haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), transferred antibody levels,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, IgG response, age of calf.
Emanuelson, U. and P.A.
Oltenacu (1998). Incidences and effects of diseases on the performance of
Swedish dairy herds stratified by production. Journal of Dairy Science
81(9): 2376-2382, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, risk
factors, herd production, estrus detection, efficiency, health.
Enevoldsen, C. and Y.T. Grohn (1996). A methodology for assessment
of the health-production complex in dairy herds to promote welfare. Acta
Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science (Suppl. 27): 86-90,
ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: epidemiology, health, economics, herd health management,
qualitative research, simulation, systems analysis, methodology, assessment,
animal welfare.
Enting, H., D. Kooij, A.A.
Dijkhuizen, R.B.M. Huirne, and E.N. Noordhuizen-Stassen (1997). Economic
losses due to clinical lameness in dairy cattle. Livestock Production
Science 49(3): 259-267, ISSN: 0343-0200.
NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4
Keywords: dairy cattle,
lameness, economic losses, milking.
EU Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare
(1999). BST [bovine somatotropin] in the EU: welfare aspects. Irish
Veterinary Journal 52(5): 268-269, ISSN: 0368-0762.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 IR4
Keywords: animal welfare, cows, mastitis, lesions, immune
response, lameness, somatotropin.
Farr, V.C., K. Stelwagen, L.R. Cate, A.J Molenaar, T.B McFadden,
and S.R. Davis (April 1996). An improved method for the routine biopsy of
bovine mammary tissue. Journal of Dairy Science 79(4): 543-549, ISSN:
0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: Eight primiparous cows in midlactation were used to determine
a method for the mammary biopsy of standing cows in full lactation. Cows were
mildly sedated; therefore, preoperative feed withdrawal was not necessary. A
core of secretory tissue (0.75 to 1 g) was extracted using a rotating stainless
steel cannula with a retractable blade at the cutting edge. Postoperative
recovery was rapid, taking only 15 min per cow, and the method was reliable and
efficient. The presence of secretory tissue was verified by histology and in
situ hybridization with alpha s1-casein and alpha-lactalbumin probes. The
capsular end of the core contained more connective tissue, and the parenchyma
showed heterogeneous expression of alpha s1-casein and alpha-lactalbumin.
Despite some postoperative bleeding, milk yield and composition in the biopsied
gland were affected only transiently. Yield recovered by 3.5 d after biopsy,
and composition recovered by 6.5 d after biopsy. Yield and composition of milk
from the control glands were not affected by the procedure. Biopsy sites healed
rapidly and without infection. No clinical mastitis was observed in any of the
biopsied cows throughout the remainder of the lactation.
Keywords: dairy cows, biopsy, mammary tissue, lactation,
preoperative care, surgical instruments, cannulae, histology, milk composition,
milk yield, healing, messenger RNA, AlphaS1-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, animal
welfare.
Fayed, R.H. (1997). Effect of housing systems on behaviour and
lameness in dairy cows. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza 45(1): 101-110,
ISSN: 1110-1423.
Keywords: housing systems, floors, behavior, health, Egypt.
Fernandes, C.A.C., D.S. Costa, and J.H.M. Viana (2001). Impact of
the retained placenta on the reproductive performance in cattle. [Impacto da
retencao de placenta sobre a performance reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras.] Revista
Brasileira De Reproducao Animal 25 (1): 26-30.
NAL Call No.: QP251 R48
Keywords: cows, dairy farms, incidence of retained placenta,
effect on the reproductive performance, incidence of uterine infection,
interval from parturition to first estrus, number of services/conception, body
condition.
Fetrow, J.P. (2001).
Food animal welfare and the use of bovine somatotropin. Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association 218 (12): 1886‑1889,
ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Am3
Keywords: dairy
cows, somatotropin, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, milk production.
Fleischer, P., M. Metzner, M. Beyerbach, M. Hoedemaker, and W.
Klee (2001). The relationship between milk yield and the incidence of some
diseases in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84(9): 2025‑2035,
ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: breed, Holstein‑Friesian, logistic regression
analysis, analytical method, milk yield, disease resistance, retained placenta,
mastitis, milk fever, ketosis, displaced abomasum, ovarian cysts, claw
diseases, milk yield correlation, Lower Saxony, Germany.
Forshell, K.P., T. Fjeldaas, K.M. Hjorungdal, and A.L. Kleppa
(2001). Claw disorders in a Norwegian dairy herd: A case study. [Klauvproblemer
i en norsk storfebesetning: En kasusbeskrivelse.] Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift
113(12): 775‑778, ISSN: 0332‑5741.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 N81
Keywords: cows, heifers, Norwegian dairy herd, case study, claw
disorder, diagnosis, etiology, integumentary system disease, pathology,
bacterial disease, prevention and control, therapy, corns, digital dermatitis,
sole hemorrhage, oxytetracycline, antibacterial drug, antiinfective drug, wood
tar copper sulfate, bactericide, disinfectant, fungicide, body scoring system,
evaluation method, claw trimming, therapeutic method, Norway, Norwegian
language.
Forshell, K.P. (1999). Hoof diseases: a hidden problem.
[Klauvsjukdommer: et skjult problem!] Buskap 51(3): 20-21.
NAL Call No.: 49 B96
Keywords: foot diseases, health, productivity, hooves, floors,
animal welfare, dairy cattle, cows, Norwegian language, Sweden, Norway.
Forshell, K.P., T.
Fjeldaas, K.M. Hjorungdal, and A.L. Kleppa (2001). Claw disorders in a
Norwegian dairy herd: A case study. [Klauvproblemer i en norsk storfebesetning:
En kasusbeskrivelse.] Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 113(12): 775‑778,
ISSN: 0332‑5741.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
N81
Keywords: cows,
heifers, Norwegian dairy herd, case study, claw disorder, diagnosis, etiology,
integumentary system disease, pathology, bacterial disease, prevention and
control, therapy, corns, digital dermatitis, sole hemorrhage, oxytetracycline,
antibacterial drug, antiinfective drug, wood tar copper sulfate, bactericide,
disinfectant, fungicide, body scoring system, evaluation method, claw trimming,
therapeutic method, Norway, Norwegian language.
Fossing, C., M. Vaarst, C.M. Christensen, S.M. Thamsborg, E.M.
Vestergaard, C.L. Ingvartsen, T.W. Bennedsgaard (2001). Improving welfare in
organic dairy cattle. In: Human Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and Housing
in Organic Livestock Systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop,
Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24 October 2000, M. Hovi and M.
Bouilhol, eds., p.151, Network for Animal Health and Welfare in Organic
Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.
Keywords: animal welfare, coccidiosis, parasites, dairy cattle,
homeopathy, organic farming.
Fourichon, C., H.
Seegers, F. Beaudeau, L. Verfaille, and N. Bareille (2001). Health‑control
costs in dairy farming systems in western France. Livestock Production
Science 68 (2/3): 141‑156, ISSN: 0301‑6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5
Keywords: dairy
farming, farming systems, costs, economic analysis, hygiene, infectious diseases, disease control, dairy
herds, parasites, pest control, heifers, calves, digestive disorders, metabolic
disorders, reproductive disorders, movement disorders, dairy farms, intensive
husbandry, France.
Fourichon, C., F. Beaudeau,
N. Bareille, and H. Seegers (2001). Incidence of health disorders in dairy
farming systems in western France. Livestock Production Science 68
(2-3): 157-170.
NAL Call No.: SF1 L5
Keywords: incidence of health
disorders, dairy farms, France, clinical mastitis, locomotor disorders,
digestive disorders, reproductive disorders, retained placenta, dystocia, milk
fever, chronic metritis, somatic cell counts, size of the dairy unit, dairy
specialization, breed differences in disorders.
Galindo, F., D.M. Broom, P.G.G. Jackson. (2000). A note on
possible link between behaviour and the occurance of lameness in dairy cows. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 67(4): 335-341, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, lameness, susceptibility, social dominance.
Galindo, F. and D.M. Broom (2000). The relationships between
social behaviour of dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three herds. Research
in Veterinary Science 69(1): 75-79, ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312
Keywords: lameness, social behavior, housing, lesions, hooves,
social dominance.
Galland, J.C., H.F.
Troutt, R.L. Brewer, B.I. Osburn, R.K. Braun, P. Sears, J.A., Schmitz, A.B Childers, E. Richey, and K.
Murthy (2001). Diversity of Salmonella serotypes in cull (market) dairy cows
at slaughter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219
(9): 1216‑1220.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Am3
Keywords:
salmonella, serotypes, culling, slaughter, digesta, cecum, colon, geographical
variation, seasonal variation, incidence, comparisons, USA.
Galligan, D.T. (1999). The economics of optimal health and
productivity in the commercial dairy. Revue Scientifique et Technique:
Office International des Epizooties 18(2): 512-519, ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL Call No.: SF781 R4
Keywords: dairy farms, disease control, efficiency, optimization,
case studies, economic analysis, health, bovine somatotropin, feed composition,
computerized data, costs, productivity, new technology, postpartum diseases,
USA.
Ghamsari, S.M., J.A. Acorda, K. Taguchi, N. Abe, and H. Yamada
(1996). Evaluation of wound healing of the teat with and without low level
laser therapy in dairy cattle by laser Doppler flowmetry in comparison with
histopathology, tensiometry and hydroxyproline analysis. British Veterinary
Journal 152(5): 583-592, ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V643
Keywords: lactating Holstein-Friesian cows, perforated teat
wounds, suture patterns with or without low level laser therapy (LLLT), wound
healing, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), tensiometry and hydroxyproline
analysis, histopathological examination, invasiveness, pain.
Gibbs, A. (2001). Practical
approach to the control of pneumonia in housed calves. In Practice
23(1): 32‑39, ISSN: 0263‑841X.
NAL Call No.:
SF601.I4
Keywords: calves,
disease control, pneumonia, beef cattle, dairy cattle, disease transmission,
colostral immunity, calf feeding, stress management, calf housing, viral
diseases, vaccination, combined vaccines.
Gillund, P., O. Reksen, Y.T.
Grohn, and K. Karlberg (2001). Body condition related to ketosis and
reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows. Journal of Dairy
Science 84(6):1390‑1396, ISSN:
0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dual‑purpose
cows, body condition score, ketosis, reproductive performance, housing, tie
stall barns, nutrition, Norway.
Giovannini, G., and A. Zecconi
(2002). Field study on epidemiology of clinical mastitis in five Italian
dairy herds. Milchwissenschaft 57(1): 3‑6, ISSN: 0026‑3788.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 M5933
Keywords: clinical mastitis,
economical losses, farmers, consumer risk, epidemiological analysis, Italian
dairy herds, housing management, udder hygiene, milking machine characteristic,
milking procedures, risk factors, month of the year, days in milk (DIM), parity
number, control measures.
Gitau, G.K., J.J.
McDermott, B. McDermott, and B.D. Perry (2001). The impact of Theileria
parva infections and other factors on calf mean daily weight gains in
smallholder dairy farms in Murang'a District, Kenya.
Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 51 (3/4):149‑160.
NAL Call No.: SF601
P7
Keywords: dairy
cattle calves, Theileria parva, infections, liveweight gain, small
farms, protozoal infections, symptoms, geographical variation, climatic
factors, age differences, animal housing, feeding, pest control, morbidity,
mortality, grazing, breeds, concentrates, milk, mineral nutrition, compensatory
growth, Kenya.
Gregory, N.G., J.K.
Robins, D.G. Thomas, and R.W. Purchas (1998). Relationship between body
condition score and body composition in dairy cows. New Zealand Journal
of Agricultural Research 41(4): 527-532, ISSN: 0028-8233.
NAL Call No.: 23 V4892
Keywords: dairy cattle, cow, breed, Friesian, Friesian-cross,
channel fat, dewlap thickness, weight, mesenteric fat, omental fat, udder,
weight, body composition, body condition score, body contours, dentition,
emaciation, New Zealand.
Guard, C. (2001). Investigating
herds with lameness problems. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
17(1):175‑87, ISSN: 0749-0720.
NAL Call No.: SF601 V535
Keywords: dairy herds, lameness, evaluation, etiologic diagnosis,
prevention, corrective measures, risk factors.
Gudkov, I.N., G.M. Tkachenko, and A.I. Mazurkevich (2001).
Difficulties in radiation safety of agricultural animals on territory
contaminated by radionuclides. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 42
(2): 187.
NAL Call No.: SF757.8 A4
Keywords: toxicology, blood and lymphatics, immune system, B‑lymphocyte,
T‑lymphocyte, neutrophil, dysentery, digestive system disease, genetic
damage, genetic disease, injury, infectious disease, infectious disease,
leukosis, blood and lymphatic disease, osteosarcoma, bone disease, injury,
neoplastic disease, radiation cataract, eye disease, injury, tuberculosis,
bacterial disease, cesium‑137, accumulation, mobile, radionuclide,
transfer factor; heavy metal, mineral substance, nitrate, organic substance,
pesticide, saponite, zeolite, ionizing radiation, radiologic method, toxicity,
epizootic situation, forest, immune status, meat, meat, milk, dairy product;
pest‑swampy soil, radiation safety, stress factor, trophic chain, Europe.
Guitian, F.J., F.J. Garcia Pena, J. Oliveira, M.L. Sanjuan, and E.
Yus (2001). Serological study of the frequency of leptospiral infections among
dairy cows in farms with suboptimal reproductive efficiency in Galicia, Spain. Veterinary
Microbiology 80 (3): 275-284.
NAL Call No.: SF601 V44
Keywords: cows, lactating, farms, suboptimal reproductive
efficiency, blood samples, microscopic agglutination, Leptospira interrogans
serogroups: Australis, Autumnalis, Ballum, Canicola, Grippotyphosa,
Icterohaemorrhagiae, Louisiana, Pomona, Sejroe, Shermani and Tarassovi, Spain.
Hallaran, G., and J.
Sumner (2001). Prevalence of E coli O157 in dairy cows presented for
slaughter in Victoria. Australian Veterinary Journal 79(10): 707‑708,
ISSN: 0005‑0423.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Au72
Keywords: dairy
cows, escherichia coli, disease prevalence, feces, slaughter, Victoria.
Hansen, D. and V.A. Bridges (1999). Survey description of
down-cows and cows with progressive or non-progressive neurological signs
compatible with a TSE from veterinary-client herds in 38 states. Bovine
Practitioner 33(2): 179-187, ISSN: 0524-1685.
NAL Call No.: SF779.5.A1B6
Keywords: cows, herds, central nervous system, nervous system
diseases, downer cows, non-ambulatory cows, beef cattle, beef herds, dairy
cattle, dairy cows, dairy herds, injury, trauma, septicemia/toxemia,
non-responsive milk fevers, parturient paresis, monitoring, surveillance,
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, US cattle populations.
Hassall, S.A., W.R. Ward, and R.D. Murray (1993). Effects of lameness
on the behaviour of cows during the summer. The Veterinary Record: Journal
of the British Veterinary Association, 132(23): 578-580.ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: dairy cattle, animal welfare, pain, productivity,
behavior, milking parlor, feeding behavior, ruminating, lying, standing.
Hassan, L., H.O. Mohammed,and
P.L. McDonough (2001). Farm‑management and milking practices
associated with the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in New York state dairy
herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 51 (1/2): 63‑73, ISSN:
0167‑5877.
NAL Call No.: SF601.P7
Keywords: dairy herds,
disease, bacterial, listeria monocytogenes, animal husbandry, farm management,
milking, disease prevention, microbial contamination, food contamination, risk
factors, milking machines, milking parlors, escherichia coli, vaccines, food
safety, New York.
Hedges, J., R.W. Blowey, A. J.
Packington, C.J. O'Callaghan, and L.E. Green
(2001). A longitudinal field trial of the effect of biotin on lameness in
dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (9): 1969-1975, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: milking cows,
heifers, commercial farms, biotin supplementation, incidence of visible
lameness, locomotion assessment, sole ulcer, white line separation, digital
dermatitis, interdigital necrobacillosis, United Kingdom.
Henriksen, B.I.F.
(2001). Effect of organic fodder on prevention of milk fever. In: Human
Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and Housing in Organic Livestock Systems.
Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop, Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24
October 2000, M. Hovi and M. Bouilhol, eds., pp.152‑153, Network for
Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture, University of Reading:
Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.
Keywords: cattle
feeding, dairy cattle, fodder, organic farming, parturient paresis, pathogens,
bacterial, fungal.
Heringstad, B., G. Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2001). Responses to
selection against clinical mastitis in the Norwegian cattle population. Acta
Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal Science 51 (2): 155-160, ISSN:
0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3 A27
Keywords: genetic trend,
clinical mastitis, Norwegian Cattle, mastitis resistance, average selection
differential.
Heringstad, B., G. Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2001). Variance
components of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle: effects of trait definition
and culling. Livestock Production Science 67 (3): 265-272.
NAL Call No.: SF761.Z4
Keywords: dairy cows, mastitis, culling, lactation, incidence,
heritability, health, duration, genetic variation estimation, variance
components, Norway.
Heringstad, B., G. Klemetsdal, and J. Ruane (2000). Selection for
mastitis resistance in dairy cattle: a review with focus on the situation in
the Nordic countries. Livestock Production Science 64(2-3): 95-106,
ISSN: 0343-0200.
NAL Call No.: SF761 Z4
Keywords: dairy cattle, literature review, selection for mastitis
resistance, breeding programs, data recording, model selection, breeding value
estimation, somatic cell counts, Denmark, Finland, Norway.
Hernandez, J. and J.K. Shearer (2000). Efficacy of oxytetracycline
for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions on various anatomic
locations in dairy cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 216(8): 1288-1290, ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: dairy cows, oxytetracycline, topical application,
efficacy, dermatitis, feet, lesions, size, papilloma, pain.
Hernandez, J., J.K. Shearer,
and J.B. Elliott (1999). Comparison of topical application of
oxytetracycline and four nonantibiotic solutions for treatment of papillomatous
digital dermatitis in dairy cows. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 214(5): 688-690, ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: dairy cows, oxytetracycline, topical application,
solutions, copper, hydrogen peroxide, efficacy, treatment, dermatitis, pain,
lesions.
Hernandez, J., J.K. Shearer,
and D.W. Webb (2001). Effect of lameness on the calving to conception
interval in dairy cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 218 (10): 1611-1614, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: lactating dairy cows, lameness, reproductive performance, interval
from calving to conception, number of breedings required per conception, foot
rot, papillomatous digital dermatitis, claw lesions, multiple lesions.
Hernandez, J., C. Risco, and
A. Donovan (2001). Association between exposure to Neospora caninum
and milk production in dairy cows. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 219 (5): 632-635, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: cows, Holstein,
breed, exposure to Neospora caninum, milk production in dairy cows,
seropositive or seronegative cows, kinetic ELISA, production data, decrease in
milk production, economic loss.
Heuer, C., Y.H. Schukken, L.J.
Jonker, J.I.D. Wilkinson, and J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen (2001). Effect of
monensin on blood ketone bodies, incidence and recurrence of disease and
fertility in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (5): 1085-1097, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: effect of monensin,
milk production, health, reproduction, calving, clinical mastitis, intramammary
infection, lameness, calving to conception intervals, endometritis, cystic
ovarian disease.
Hillerton, J.E. (1998). Mastitis
treatment: a welfare issue. British Mastitis Conference 1998, Axient
Information Services: Crewe, UK, p. 3-8.
Keywords: mastitis, treatment, animal welfare, dairy cows, milk
production, milk quality, economics, drug resistance, antibiotics, bovine mastitis,
United Kingdom.
Hillerton, J.E. (1998). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: current
status and possible impacts. Journal of Dairy Science 81(11): 3042-3048,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is an apparently new disease,
first recognized in 1985, its pathological distinction was first reported in
1986. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a member of a group of transmissible
encephalopathies that includes scrapie in sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
in humans. Early indications of its epidemiology suggested that the disease was
transmitted via cattle feed containing meat and bone meals from previously
infected animals. The tissues most likely to contain infectious agents were
considered to be nervous tissues and offal and their inclusion in ruminant feed
was banned in the United Kingdom in 1989, regulations were tightened in 1992.
Subsequent diagnosis has indicated that this ban has been effective and that
confirmed cases are predicted to decline from a peak in the United Kingdom of
37,490 in 1992, to 7417 actual cases in 1996, and then to virtual extinction in
2001. Subsequent culling of all nonproductive cattle more than 30 mo of age and
culling of cohort animals of confirmed cases is likely to reduce the predicted
numbers and times significantly. Current interest is in the means of
transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy within species and possibly to
humans. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, with 28 cases confirmed, is
virtually certain to be bovine spongiform encephalopathy in humans. The
outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy has had major impacts on the
United Kingdom dairy industry, including the loss of beef from dairy markets,
the culling of more than 900,000 dairy bull calves, the removal of all cattle
more than 30 mo of age from the human food chain, and now slaughter of cohort
animals. Impacts on dairy marketing have yet to be properly assessed.
Information and statistics for bovine spongiform encephalopathy can be found on
the worldwide web at http://www.maff.gov.uk/maffhome.html
Keywords: cattle, bovine spongiform encephalopathy,
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, amyloid, molecular conformation, epidemics, disease
transmission, feed formulation, dairy industry, EU regulations.
Hirvonen, J., K. Eklund, A.M. Teppo, G. Huszenicza, M. Kulcsar, H.
Saloniemi, and S. Pyorala (1999). Acute phase response in dairy cows with
experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. Acta Veterinaria
Scandinavica 40(1): 35-46, ISSN: 0044-605X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
AC87
Keywords: acute,
acute phase response, phase, response, induced, Escherichia coli,
mastitis, bovine, acute phase proteins, haptoglobin, nitric oxide.
Hoeben, D., C. Burvenich, P.J. Eppard, J.C. Byatt, and D.L. Hard
(1999). Effect of bovine somatotropin on neutrophil functions and clinical
symptoms during Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Journal of Dairy
Science 82(7): 1465-1481, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows, bovine mastitis, Streptococcus uberis,
experimental infections, insulin-like growth factor, somatotropin, blood
plasma, neutrophils, chemiluminescence, heart rate, hydrocortisone, movement,
surface antigens, leukocyte count, blood picture, alpha-lactalbumin.
Hoedemaker, M., B. Korff, B.
Edler, M. Emmert, and E. Bleckmann (2001). Dynamics of Staphylococcus
aureus infections during vaccination with an autogenous bacterin in dairy
cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B. 48 (5): 373-383.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52
Keywords: vaccine against Staphylococcus
aureus, mastitis, somatic cell count, subcutaneously administered,
supramammary lymph nodes, quarter milk samples.
Hoglund, J., C. Svensson, and
A. Hessle (2001). A field survey on the status of internal parasites in
calves on organic dairy farms in southwestern sweden. Veterinary
Parasitology 99 (2): 113-128.
NAL Call No.: SF810 V4
Keywords: organic dairy herds,
internal parasites, reduced productivity, first grazing season cattle, nematode
infections, management practices, Eimeria alabamensis oocysts per gram
of feces, pasture contamination, Ostertagia ostertagi infection,
lungworm infection, dictyocaulosis, management practices, supplementary
feeding, control of gastrointestinal parasites, Sweden.
Holloway, N.M., J.W. Tyler, J.
Lakritz, S.L. Carlson, and J. Holle (2001). Serum immunoglobulin G
concentrations in calves fed fresh and frozen colostrum. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 219 (3): 357-359, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Am3
Keywords: neonatal calves, Holstein, breed, serum IgG concentrations, fresh
versus frozen colostrum.
Hopster, H., J.T.N. van der
Werf, J.H.F. Erkens, and H.J. Blokhuis (1999). Effects of repeated jugular
puncture on plasma cortisol concentrations in loose-housed dairy cows. Journal
Animal Science 77(3): 708-714, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: In three experiments, the
effects of venipuncture on plasma cortisol concentrations were studied in
loose-housed dairy cows. In Exp. 1, two blood samples were collected 18 min
apart on three alternate days from 20 dairy cows for studying their
adrenocortical response to a single venipuncture. To further evaluate the
effect of cows anticipating venipuncture, in Exp. 2, 15 dairy cows were
sequentially venipunctured once daily on 12 successive days in a randomized
order in groups of five, starting 15 min apart. In Exp. 3, 10 primiparous cows
were used on three alternate days to study habituation to serial sampling
(i.e., collection of first blood samples by venipuncture, 15 min apart). In
cows accustomed to handling, jugular puncture did not affect cortisol
concentrations in plasma collected 18 min later. Average daily cortisol
concentrations varied between 2.07 +/- .38 and 3.81 +/- .56 ng/mL in the first
(t = 0) and between 1.43 +/- .15 and 2.61 +/- .72 ng/mL in the second (t = 18)
blood samples. Likewise, when cows were sampled sequentially once a day, the
order of sampling between and within groups did not influence (P > .05)
plasma cortisol concentrations. In contrast, primiparous dairy cows that were
less used to being handled showed an average increase in cortisol
concentrations when five samples were collected by venipuncture 15 min apart.
During successive sampling sessions, however, the cows did not decrease of
increase plasma cortisol concentrations in response to repeated serial sampling
at the group level (P > .05). Between individuals, the maximum effect of
repeated venipuncture on cortisol concentrations (4.5 to 22.6 ng/mL), the time
at which the effect reached its maximum (30 to 60 min), and the consistency of
the response handling and to being restrained, baseline cortisol concentrations
can be measured in single blood samples that are collected by jugular puncture
within 1 min after first approaching the cow. When successive blood samples
need to be collected within 15 to 20 min, jugular puncture may induce an
increase in cortisol concentration, which seems to depend on the handling
experience of the animals and on individual differences.
Keywords: dairy cows,
handling, individual characteristics, remote sampling.
Hopster, H., J.T.N. van der. Werf, and H.J. Blokhuis (1998).
Stress enhanced reduction in peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers in dairy cows
during endotoxin-induced mastitis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
66(1): 83-97, ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call No.: SF757.2.V38
Keywords: dairy cows, lymphocytes, stress, endotoxins, mastitis,
etiology, hydrocortisone, blood chemistry, lactation, defense mechanisms, body
temperature, animal welfare, susceptibility, incidence, variation.
Hopster, H. and H.J. Blokhuis (1994). Validation of a heart-rate
monitor for measuring a stress response in dairy cows. Canadian Journal of
Animal Science 74(3): 465-474, ISSN: 0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163
Keywords: heart rate, stress, treadmill, telemetry.
Houe, H., S. Ostergaard, T. Thilsing‑Hansen, R.J. Jorgensen,
T. Larsen, and J.T. Sorensen, J.F. Agger, and J.Y. Blom (2001). Milk fever and
subclinical hypocalcaemia: an evaluation of parameters on incidence risk,
diagnosis, risk factors and biological effects as input for a decision support
system for disease control. Acta Vet Scand 42(1):1‑29.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87
Keywords: milk fever,
incidence, diagnosis, risk factors, subclinical hypocalcaemia, laboratory
examinations, nutrition, cation‑anion balance, calcium level,
reproductive disorders, dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, metritis
repeat breeding, ketosis, displaced abomasum, mastitis.
Hu, S., C. Concha, A.
Johannisson, G. Meglia, K.P. Waller (2001). Effect of subcutaneous injection
of ginseng on cows with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Journal
of Veterinary Medicine Series B 48(7): 519‑528, ISSN: 0931‑1793.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52
Keywords: cow, host,
Staphylococcus aureus, bacterial disease, subclinical mastitis, immune system,
oxidative burst activity, Panax ginseng extract, medicinal plant, immune
stimulator, adverse reactions, dosage, subcutaneous injection, innate immunity,
somatic cell count (SCC).
Hughes, J.W., W.B. Faull, P.J. Cripps, and N.P. French (1997).
Environmental control of bovine lameness. Cattle Practice: Journal of the
British Cattle Veterinary Association 5(3): 235-246, ISSN: 0969-1251.
NAL Call No.: SF961 C37
Keywords: dairy cattle, farm comparisons, cattle housing,
lameness, cubicles, walking surfaces, wood peelings, tracks, lanes, straw
yards, comfort, mastitis incidence, United Kingdom.
Hultgren, J. (2002).
Foot/leg and udder health in relation to housing changes in Swedish dairy
herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 53(3): 167‑89, ISSN:
0167‑5877.
Keywords: Swedish
commercial dairy herds, disease incidence rate, farmers' data, housing comparisons,
tie‑stalls versus
cubicles, management practices, foot/leg
disorders, clinical mastitis, teat injuries, high milk somatic cell counts
(MSCCs).
Hultgren, J. (2001).
Observational and experimental studies of the influence of housing factors
on the behaviour and health of dairy cows. Acta Universitatis
Agriculturae Sueciae: Veterinaria (No. 104), Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala, Sweden, 25p,
ISSN: 1401‑6257.
Keywords: dairy
cows, animal behavior, health, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, diseases,
housing, cow trainers, culling, hygiene, floor type, foot diseases, ketosis,
litter, loose housing, mastitis, mats, reproductive performance, slatted
floors, tethered housing, Sweden.
Ilha, M.R.S., C.F. Riet, and C.S.L. Barros (2001). Dysthermic
syndrome (hyperthermia) in cattle associated with poisoning by Claviceps
purpurea. [Sindrome distermica (hipertermia) em bovinos associada a intoxicacao
por Claviceps purpurea.] Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 21 (2): 81-86.
NAL Call No.: SF756.37 B7P5
Keywords: dairy cattle, outbreak of dysthermic syndrome
(hyperthermia), poisoning, Claviceps purpurea, feed contamination,
fungus, clinical signs, pyrexia, dull, rough and long hair coats, intense
salivation, difficult respiration with open mouth, environmental temperature,
necropsy findings, Brazil.
Ingvartsen, K.L. and J.B. Andersen (2000). Integration of
metabolism and intake regulation: a review focusing on periparturient animals. Journal
of Dairy Science 83(7): 1573-1597, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Abstract: There has been great interest in dry matter intake regulation
in lactating dairy cattle to enhance performance and improve animal health and
welfare. Predicting voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI) is complex and
influenced by numerous factors relating to the diet, management,
housing,environment and the animal. The objective of this review is to identify
and discuss important metabolic factors involved in the regulation of VDMI and
their integration with metabolism. We have described the adaptations of intake
and metabolism and discussed mechanisms of intake regulation. Furthermore we
have reviewed selected metabolic signals involved in intake regulation. A
substantial dip in VDMI is initiated in late pregnancy and continues into early
lactation. This dip has traditionally been interpreted as caused by physical
constraints, but this role is most likelyoveremphasized. The dip in intake
coincides with changes in reproductive status, fat mass, and metabolic changes
in support of lactation, and we have described metabolic signals that may play
an equally important role in intake regulation. These signals include
nutrients, metabolites, reproductive hormones, stress hormones, leptin,
insulin, gut peptides, cytokines, and neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y,
galanin, and corticotrophin-releasing factor. The involvement of these signals
in the periparturient dip in intake is discussed, and evidence supporting the
integration of the regulation of intake and metabolism is presented. Still,
much research is needed to clarify the complex regulation of VDMI in lactating
dairy cows, particularly in the periparturient animal.
Keywords: lactating dairy cows, dry matter intake, performance,
health, animal welfare, metabolic factors, changes in reproductive status, fat
mass, nutrients, metabolites, reproductive hormones, stress hormones, leptin,
insulin, gut peptides, cytokines, neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, galanin,
corticotrophin-releasing factor.
Institute of Food Science and Technology (1998). Bovine
Somatotropin (BST). News Release, June 11, 1998, Institute of Food
Science and Technology: London, UK, 16p.
Keywords: somatotropin, milk production, dairy cows, synthetic
hormones, adverse effects, drug residues, meat hygiene, milk hygiene, bovine
mastitis, human health, product labels, health, animal welfare, reviews.
Janosi, S., and G. Huszenicza (2001). Role of drying off therapy
of dairy cows in the control of mastitis. Review article. [A tejelo tehenek
szarazraallitasi terapiajanak szerepe a togygyulladas elleni vedekezesben.
Irodalmi attekintes.] Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 123(7): 11‑416,
ISSN: 0025‑004X
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V644
Keywords: mastitis, reproductive system disease, dry cow therapy,
selective dry cow therapy, literature review, Hungarian language.
Janosi, S., F. Ratz G. Szigeti, M. Kulcsar, J. Kerenyi, T. Lauko,
F. Katona, and G. Huszenicza (2001). Review of the microbiological,
pathological, and clinical aspects of bovine mastitis caused by the alga Prototheca
zopfii.
The Veterinary Quarterly:
Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science 23 (2): 58-61.
NAL Call No.: SF601 V46
Keywords: high producing, machine milked dairy cows, mastitis, P.
zopfii alga, resistant forms, poor management, economic loss, decreased
milk quality and quantity, culling of infected animals, pathogen isolation and
identification, clinical features, control, review.
Janosi, S., G.
Szigeti, F. Ratz, T. Lauko, J. Kerenyi, M. Tenk, F. Katona, A. Huszenicza, M.
Kulcsar, and G. Huszenicza (2001). Prototheca zopfii mastitis in dairy herds
under continental climatic conditions. The Veterinary Quarterly:
Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science 23 (2): 80‑83, ISSN: 0165‑2176.
NAL Call No.:
SF601.V46.
Keywords: dairy
cows, prototheca zopfii, dairy herds, climatic factors, bovine mastitis,
outbreaks, epidemics, hygiene, animal husbandry, risk factors, pathotypes, infections,
lactation, inflammation, latent infections, milk yield, somatic cell count,
histopathology, protothecosis, Hungary.
Johannesson, T., J.T. Sorensen, and L. Munksgaard (1997).
Production environment as a component in a welfare assessment system in dairy
cattle herds. In: Livestock Farming Systems: More than Food Production.
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium, Foulum, Denmark, August 22-23,
1996, J.T. Sorensen (ed.), Wageningen Pers: Wageningen, Netherlands p.
251-255, ISSN: 9-07-413449-1.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 Eu7 no.89
Keywords: cows, animal welfare assessment, herds, behavior,
injuries.
Jong, S.K., S.K.
Gong, H.K. Chung, and S.H. Dae (2001). Dairy‑cattle health in
Gyeongnam, Korea. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 52 (2): 163‑169,
ISSN: 0167‑5877.
NAL Call No.:
SF601.P7
Keywords: dairy
cattle, animal health, monitoring, disease prevalence, frequency, epidemiology,
data collection, dairy herds, animal husbandry, livestock numbers, disease
prevention, reproductive disorders, mastitis, parturition complications,
gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic disorders, lameness, respiratory diseases,
skin diseases, Korea Republic.
Jonsson, M.E., A.
Aspan, E. Eriksson, and I. Vagsholm (2001). Persistence of verocytotoxin
producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in calves kept on pasture and in calves kept
indoors during the summer months in a Swedish dairy herd. International
Journal of Food Microbiology 66 (1/2): 55‑61, ISSN: 0168‑1605.
NAL Call No.:
QR115.I57
Abstract: In 1997, a Swedish
dairy farm was implicated in a human case of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli
(VTEC) infection. The bacterium was found in a faecal sample from the human
case and in faecal samples from cattle on the farm. Subtyping with pulsed field
gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that the isolates were identical. The farm
was further studied to assess the occurrence and the epidemiology of the agent
at the farm level. The objective of this part of the study presented here was
to examine the persistence of VTEC O157:H7 in calves that were kept on pasture
and indoors, respectively, during the summer. Twelve calves in the herd, with
one positive faecal sample each of VTEC O157:H7 in April 1999, were followed by
faecal sampling during the summer months. Six calves were kept indoors and six
were kept on pasture. Faecal samples from each calf were collected once a month
on five occasions from April to September. Bacterial examination was performed
with immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and cultivation on CT‑SMAC. PCR was used
to test for the presence of genes encoding for verocytotoxin (VT), intimin
(eaeA), enterohemorrhagic E. coli‑hemolysin (EHEC‑Hly) and the
flagellar antigen H7. PFGE was used for genotyping the isolates. The faecal
samples from the calves kept on pasture were negative during the whole period.
It is possible that the faecal samples had bacterial counts lower than the
detection limits for our procedure, or that the faecal samples were free from
the bacteria at the time of sampling. This suggests that calves on pasture may
be less exposed to the bacteria or that they clear themselves. In the pen
group, there were between one and six culture positive individuals per sampling
occasion. One of the calves that was housed indoors was positive in faecal
culture on four consecutive samplings.
Keywords: calves,
escherichia coli, bacterial diseases, pastures, dairy farms, dairy herds,
husbandry, pens, summer, Sweden.
Jorgensen, R.J., T. Hansen, M.L. Jensen, and H.T. Thilsing (2001).
Effect of oral drenching with zinc oxide or synthetic zeolite a on total blood
calcium in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (3): 609-613, ISSN:
0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: cows, Danish Holstein, breed, late lactation, milked in
the morning only, oral drenching with zeolite A and zinc oxide, total serum
calcium, blood samples, daily fluctuations in blood calcium, hypocalcemia.
Kadarmideen, H.N., and J.E. Pryce (2001). Genetic and economic
relationships between somatic cell count and clinical mastitis and their use in
selection for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. Animal Science
Pencaitland 73 (1): 19-28.
Keywords: cows, Holstein, breed, clinical mastitis, somatic cell
count, genetic and economic relationship of lactation average, genetic
parameters, permanent environmental, residual and phenotypic correlations,
selection for mastitis resistance, breeding goals, genetic resistance.
Kalis, C.H.J., J.W. Hesselink, H.W. Barkema, and M.T. Collins
(2001). Use of long‑term vaccination with a killed vaccine to prevent
fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in dairy herds. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 62 (2): 270‑274, ISSN: 0002‑9645.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3A
Keywords: dairy cows, dairy herds, vaccination, inactivated
vaccines, mycobacterium
paratuberculosis, feces, shedding, disease prevention, efficacy, culture
techniques, culling, cattle husbandry.
Kjaestad, H.P., and E. Simensen (2001). Cubicle refusal and
rearing accommodation as possible mastitis risk factors in cubicle‑housed
dairy heifers. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 42 (1): 123‑130, ISSN: 0044‑605X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 AC87
Keywords: dairy
cows, heifers, housing, cubicle refusal, sheds, animal wastes, bovine mastitis,
calving, epidemiology, mastitis, pregnancy, regression analysis, risk factors,
disease incidence, Norway.
Kobayashi, Y., M.J. Vandehaar, H.A. Tucker, B.K. Sharma, and M.C.
Lucy (1999). Expression of growth hormone receptor 1A messenger ribonucleic
acid in liver of dairy cows during lactation and after administration of
recombinant bovine somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science 82(9):
1910-1906, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: Holstein cows, mRNA, growth hormone receptor,
physiology.
Koehler, H., H. Gyra, K. Zimmer, K.G. Draeger, B. Burkert, B.
Lemser, D. Hausleithner, K. Cussler, W. Klawonn, and R.G. Hess (2001). Immune
reactions in cattle after immunization with a mycobacterium paratuberculosis
vaccine and implications for the diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis and M.
bovis infections. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 48 (3):
185-195.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z52
Keywords: calves, immunization of with a live modified Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis vaccine, humoral and cell mediated immune reactions,
vaccine shedding, tuberculin skin test, diagnostic methods, antibody enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay, interferon gamma test, polymerase chain reaction,
interferon gamma production, humoral immunity.
Kossaibati, M.A., and R.J. Esslemont (1997). The costs of
production diseases in dairy herds in England. Veterinary Journal
154(1): 41-51, ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Economic losses due to common health problems in dairy cattle
were investigated in 90 Friesian/Holstein herds (average size 152 cows), which
calved in England during the 1992/1993 season with an average annual yield of
about 6000 1 per cow. By using only the direct costs of common production diseases
and other health problems (mastitis, lameness, vulval discharge, treatments for
oestrus-not-observed, retained foetal membranes, milk fever, twinning, calf
mortality and aid at calving), the cost of ill health in a 100 cow herd with
average rates of these problems (compared with target levels) was estimated at
pound sterling 6300 per year. The costs ranged from pound sterling 1200
(average of the top 10%) to pound sterling 13600 (average of the worst 10% of
the herds). The main losses were due to mastitis and lameness (38 and 27% of
health cost, respectively).
Keywords: Friesian/Holstein herds, economic loss, health problems,
mastitis, lameness, vulval discharge, treatments for estrus-not-observed,
retained fetal membranes, milk fever, twinning, calf mortality, aid at calving,
estimated costs, losses, animal welfare, indexes.
Krebs, S., J.
Danuser, and G. Regula (2001). Using a herd health monitoring system in the
assessment of welfare. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal
Science 51(Supplementum 30): 78‑81, ISSN: 0906‑4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27
Keywords: cows,
dairy farms, health, claws, herd improvement, joints (animal), monitoring, skin
tests, trauma.
Kremer, W.D.J.,
J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, and J.T. Weeda (2001). Veterinary herd health
consultancy on dairy farms: Guidelines for starters. [Veterinaire advisering
van melkveebedrijven: Een leidraad voor starters.] Tijdschrift Voor
Diergeneeskunde 126 (13): 455-461.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
T431
Keywords: veterinary
herd health and production management advisory programs, dairy farms, farmers,
veterinarians, structured content, well planned activities, professional
implementation.
Kristoffersen, S. (1999). Focus on milk quality, health of cows
and animal welfare. [Fokus pa maelkekvalitet, kvaegsundhed og dyrevelfaerd.] Dansk
Veterinaertidsskrift 82(1): 16-17, ISSN: 0106-6854.
NAL Call No.: 41.9 D23
Keywords: milk quality, animal welfare, cows, milk, Denmark.
Krohn, C.C. (2001). Effects of different suckling systems on milk
production, udder health, reproduction, calf growth and some behavioural
aspects in high producing dairy cows: a review. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 72 (3): 271-280, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Keywords: dairy cows, calves, different
suckling systems, industrial countries, milk production, udder health,
reproduction, behavior, gain, health, suckling systems, long term suckling,
short term suckling, colostrum period, restricted versus free suckling systems,
suckling decreases the risk of mastitis, post partum interval.
Kronfeld, D.S. (2000).
Recombinant bovine somatotropin and animal welfare. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 216(11): 1719-1724, ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: somatotropin, dairy cows, animal welfare, bovine
mastitis, law, ethics, data analysis, epidemiology, policy.
Kronfeld, D.S. (1997). Recombinant bovine somatotropin. Views on
the ethics of communication and animal health. [Rekombinant bovint somatotropin.
Synpunkter pa informations-och djurhalsoetik.] Svensk Veterinartidning
49(4): 157-165, ISSN: 0346-2250.
NAL Call No.: 41.9 SV23
Keywords: dairy cows, adverse effects, bovine mastitis,
somatotropin, milk production, milk yield, animal welfare, mastitis, Swedish.
Krukowski, H., M. Tietze, T. Majewski, and P. Rozanski (2001).
Survey of yeast mastitis in dairy herds of small type farms in the Lublin
region, Poland. Mycopathologia 150 (1): 5-7.
NAL Call No.: 450 M994
Keywords: cows, clinical and subclinical mastitis, isolate fungi,
quarter milk, milk samples, blood agar, Mac Conkey agar, aesculin tallium
acetate crystal violet blood agar, Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and
gentamicin.
Kumar, H., S. Mahmood, and L.P. Singh (2001). Treatment of
placental retention with ecbolic drugs and its effect on subsequent fertility
in crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 71 (7): 654-657,
ISSN: 0367‑8318.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 IN22
Keywords: cows, fertility response, retained fetal membranes,
ecbolic drugs, intrauterine infusion, oriprim bolus, synotocinon, luprostiol,
estradiol valerate, herbal drug, metrali, reproductive efficiency, interval
from parturition to conception, number of services per conception.
Lam, T.J.G.M. (1999). Gain more from the Chain Quality Milk
programme. Paper work can be useful. [Haal meer uit Keten Kwaliteit Melk.
Papierwerk kan ook nuttig zijn.] Veehouder en Dierenarts 13(1): 26-27.
Keywords: dairy farms, milk processing, veterinary products,
residues, milk, animal welfare, health, cows, milking, milking parlors,
storage, cleaning, disinfection, contamination, dairy wastes, environmental
impact, veterinarians, quality controls, milk quality, Netherlands, Dutch
language.
LangRee, R. (1998). The cow will let you know. [Kua gir beskjed.] Buskap
50(1): 30-31.
NAL Call No.: 49 B96
Keywords: dairy cattle, behavior, animal welfare, health, cows.
Le Fevre, A.M., D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, I. McKendrick, and G.
Gettinby (2001). Correlations of measurements of subclinical claw horn lesions
in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary
Association 148(5): 135-138, ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: breed, Holstein-Friesian cows, foot diseases, claws,
sole and white line lesions, severity score, measurement, distribution,
calving.
Leach, K.A., D.N. Logue, J.M. Randall, and S.A. Kempson (1998).
Claw lesions in dairy cattle: methods for assessment of sole and white line
lesions. The Veterinary Journal 155(1): 91-102, ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call No.: SF601.V484
Abstract: Claw lesions are a major cause of lameness in dairy cattle.
Analysis of the development of lesions is aided by numerical representation of
their significance. Using data from observations on 31 heifers at 9 weeks
post-calving, 5 lesion scoring method were compared. These were: (1) number of
lesions; (2) severity (3) adjusted severity; (4) size (measured by a novel
technique involving image analysis of distal view photographs) and (5) size
multiplied by adjusted severity (combined score). Relationships between scores
for sole and white line lesions and between different claws within a cow were
investigated. The small size but high clinical significance of severe lesions
means that severity must be weighted if combined with size in a score. Sole and
white line lesions showed a moderate but significant correlation in terms of
severity but none in terms of size. The highest correlation between scores for
a single claw (the right hind outer) and the remaining claws was found for
adjusted severity of sole lesions.
Keywords: heifers, claws, lesions, assessment, size, disease
course, grading, hemorrhage, soles, image analysis.
Leach, K.A., D.N. Logue, S.A. Kempson, J.E. Offer, H.E. Ternent,
and J.M. Randall (1997). Claw lesions in dairy cattle: development of sole and
white line haemorrhages during the first lactation. The Veterinary Journal
154(3): 215-225, ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call No.: SF601.V484
Keywords: heifers, lesions, foot diseases, soles, claws,
hemorrhage, calving, lactation, disease, course, pathogenesis, AG AB.
LeJeune, J.T., T.E. Besser, N.L. Merrill, D.H. Rice, and D.D.
Hancock (2001). Livestock drinking water microbiology and the factors
influencing the quality of drinking water offered to cattle. Journal of
Dairy Science 84 (8): 1856-1862, ISSN: 0022‑0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: drinking water, microbial quality, cattle water troughs,
coliform, Escherichia coli concentrations, proximity of the water trough
to the feedbunk, increased contamination, protection of the trough from direct
sunlight, concentrations of protozoa in the water, warm weather, Salmonella
sp., shigatoxigenic E. coli O157, treatment with cycloheximide, increased
persistence of E. coli O157.
Lende, T. van der, F.A.M. de Loos, and T. Jorna (2000). Postnatal
health and welfare of offspring conceived in vitro: a case for epidemiological
studies. Theriogenology 53(2): 549-554, ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5
Keywords: epidemiology, in vitro, animal experiments, blastocyst,
dairy cattle, fertilization, in vitro culture, livestock, reproduction,
culture, embryo transfer, animal welfare.
Leonard, N., J.
Egan, J. Griffin, A. Hanlon, and D. Poole (2001). A survey of some factors
relevant to animal welfare on 249 dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. Part
2: Data on incidence of disease, culling and biosecurity measures. Teagasc,
Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Irish Republic. Irish Veterinary Journal
54(9): 454‑456, ISSN: 0368‑0762.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 IR4
Keywords: cows, culling, dairy
farms, animal welfare, bovine mastitis, disease prevention, disease surveys,
epidemiology, heifers, incidence, infertility, lameness, mastitis, mineral
supplements, mortality, biosecurity, Irish Republic.
Leonard, F.C., J.M.
O'Connell, and K.J. O'Farrell (1996). Effect of overcrowding on claw health
in first-calved Friesian heifers. British Veterinary Journal 152(4):
459-472, ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
V643.
Keywords: dairy
cows, heifers lameness, foot diseases, overcrowding, behavior.
Lin,
Y.L., C.C. Chou and T.M. Pan (2001). Screening procedure from cattle feces
and the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Taiwan dairy cattle.
Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection 34 (1): 17-24.
Keywords: screening Escherichia coli O157:H7, bovine feces, enrichment,
selective culture, phenotyping, genotyping, culture, species confirmation, serotyping
to O157 and H7, detection of verocytotoxin (VT) production, Taiwan.
Lischer, C.J., and P. Ossent (2001). Bovine sole ulcer: a literature review. [Das
Sohlengeschwur beim Rind: Eine Literaturubersicht.] Berliner und
Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 114(1‑2):13‑21, ISSN:
0005-9366.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
B45
Keywords: dairy
cattle, sole ulcers, lameness, economic loss, animal wellbeing, corium, locus
minoris, lesions, claw bone, tuberculum flexorium, healing process,
epidemiological studies, German language.
Koller, H. Geyer, C. Mulling, J. Schulze, and P. Ossent (2002). Effect of
therapeutic dietary biotin on the healing of uncomplicated sole ulcers in dairy
cattle: a double blinded controlled study. Veterinary Journal
163(1):51‑60, ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V643
Keywords: dairy
cows, sole ulcers, healing, biotin, orally administered, orthopedic shoe,
histological examination, horn samples.
Lischer, C.J., A. Dietrich‑Hunkeler, H. Geyer, J. Schulze,
and P. Ossent (2001). Healing process of uncomplicated sole ulcers in dairy
cows kept in tie stalls: clinical description and biochemical investigations.
[Heilungsverlauf von unkomplizierten Sohlengeschwuren bei Milchkuhen in
Anbindehaltung: Klinische Beschreibung und blutchemische Untersuchungen.] Schweizer
Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 143( 3 ):125‑133, ISSN: 0036‑7281.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 SCH9
Keywords: dairy cows, hoof health, lameness, scoring system,
biotin, glucose, hematology, nutritional status, healing, horns, retinol,
ulcers, German language.
Logan K.E., M.J. Stear, B. McGuirk, D.J. Platt, and J.L.
Fitzpatrick (1998). Immunological responses of Holstein Friesian cattle to Staphylococcus
aureus. British Mastitis Conference 1998, Axient Information
Services: Crewe, UK, p. 93.
Keywords: immunology, immune response, bovine mastitis, mastitis,
economics, animal welfare, somatic cell count, latent infections, bulls,
genetic markers, Holstein-Friesian, dairy cows, United Kingdom.
Logue, D.N. and J.E. Offer (2001). The effect of forage type on
foot health in dairy heifers. Veterinary Journal 162 (1): 7-8, ISSN:
1090‑0233.
NAL Call No.: SF601.V484
Keywords: heifer, claw horn lesions, injury, diet; foot health,
forage type, lameness.
Logue, D.N., J.E. Offer, K. Leach, S.A. Chaplin, A. le Fevre, and
R. Berry (2001). Cattle lameness and the welfare of the dairy cow. Research
in Veterinary Science 70(Supplement A): 35, ISSN: 0034‑5288.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 R312
Keywords: animal welfare, housing, cubicle, comfort, lameness,
risk factors, nutrition, pre‑calving cubicle exposure.
Logue, D.N. (1999). A
veterinary perspective on the development of a farm assurance scheme in
Scotland: lessons for the national scheme? Cattle Practice: Journal of
the British Cattle Veterinary Association 7(4): 369-370, ISSN: 0969-1251.
NAL Call No.: SF961 C37
Keywords: animal welfare, farm management, farm sector, animal
production, legislation, hygiene, cattle housing, health, transport of animals,
record keeping, Scotland.
Logue, D.N., R.J. Berry, J.E. Offer, et al. (1999). Consequences
of "metabolic load" for lameness and disease. Cattle Practice: Journal of the
British Cattle Veterinary Association. 7(1): 113, ISSN: 0969-1251.
NAL Call No.: SF961 C37
Keywords: metabolic disorders, lameness, animal diseases, health,
animal welfare, dairy cows, behavior.
Logue, D.N.,
McNulty, D., and A.M. Nolan (1998). Lameness in the dairy cow: pain and
welfare. Veterinary Journal 156(1): 5-6, ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
V643
Keywords: dairy
cattle, lameness, cows, pain, animal welfare, experimental design.
Logue, D.N. (1997). Productivity,
management and disease in dairy cattle. Bovine Practitioner 31(2):
51-55, ISSN: 0524-1685.
NAL Call No.:
SF779.5.A1B6
Keywords: dairy
cattle, infertility, mastitis, lameness, animal welfare, behavior, management,
cost benefit analysis, etiology, milk production, production, cattle diseases.
Logue, D.N., J.E.
Offer, and J.J. Hyslop (1994). Relationship of diet, hoof type and
locomotion score with lesions of the sole and white line in dairy cattle. Animal
Production 59(2): 173-181, ISSN: 0003-3561.
NAL Call No.: 49 AN55
Keywords: breed, Jersey, Holstein-Friesian, diet, hoof angle,
locomotion, milk yield, pathogenesis, foot diseases, diet, composition.
Loneragan, G.H., D.A. Dargatz, P.S. Morley, and M.A. Smith(2001).
Trends in mortality ratios among cattle in US feedlots. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 219(8): 1122‑1127, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Am3
Keywords: dairy cattle, beef cattle, feedlot, mortality,
epidemiology, respiratory tract disorders, USA.
Luepping, W. (2001).
Monitoring of feeding situation and health with physiologically based
parameters. [Fuetterungs‑ und Gesundheitsmonitoring mit physiologischen
Parametern.] Zuechtungskunde 73(6): 460‑470, ISSN: 0044‑5401.
NAL Call No.: 49 Z8
Keywords: dairy cow,
Holstein, breed, bilirubin, calcium, glutamate dehydrogenase, phosphorus,
protein, selenium, urea, feed, fiber content, roughage content, starch content,
health monitoring, lactation curve, milk, dairy product, milk production, net
acid‑base excretion, German language.
Mahmoudzade, A.R., M Tarahomi,
and H. Fotoohi (2001). Effect of abnormal vaginal discharge at oestrus on
conception rate after artificial insemination in cows. Animal Science
Pencaitland 72 (3): 535-538.
Keywords: cows, heifers, Holstein Friesian,
breed, estrus, visual characteristics of the cervical mucous discharge,
cervical mucus with urine, cervical mucus with microbes, cervical mucus with
blood, no cervical mucus, artificial insemination, conception rate.
Maloo, S.H., W. Thorpe, G.
Kioo, P. Ngumi, G.J. Rowlands, and B.D. Perry (2001). Seroprevalences of
vector‑transmitted infections of small‑holder dairy cattle in
coastal Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 52 (1): 1‑16,
ISSN: 0167‑5877.
NAL Call No.:
SF601.P7
Keywords: Zebu,
breed, small farms, seroprevalence, pests, protozoa, anaplasma marginale,
babesia bigemina, theileria parva, vector‑borne diseases, risk factors,
animal husbandry, crop management, surveys, elisa, hematocrit, metastigmata,
pest control, Kenya.
Manske, T., J. Hultgren, and
C. Bergsten (2002). Topical treatment of digital dermatitis associated with
severe heel‑horn erosion in a Swedish dairy herd. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 53(3): 215‑31, ISSN: 0167‑5877.
NAL Call No.: SF601.P7
Keywords: cows, breed, Swedish
Red and White, Swedish Holstein, commercial dairy herd, foot health, topical treatments, digital dermatitis, severe
heel‑horn erosion, treatment, glutaraldehyde, oxytetracycline, foot
trimming, cleansing, alone, grazing season, footbath twice daily after milking
copper solution.
Martini, A., P. Tambini, M.
Miccinesi, F. Ambrosini, A. Giorgetti, D. Rondina, R. Bozzi, C. Sargentini, and
M. Moretti (2001). Utilisation of homeopathy in dairy cattle: first results
of an Italian trial. In: Human Animal Relationship: Stockmanship and
Housing in Organic Livestock Systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop,
Clermont‑ferrand, France, 21‑24 October 2000, M. Hovi and M.
Bouilhol, eds., pp.119‑124, Network for Animal Health and Welfare in
Organic Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, ISBN: 0‑7049‑1094‑2.
Keywords: cattle diseases,
dairy cattle, homeopathy, legislation, organic farming, Italy.
Mele, M., P. Secchiari, A.
Serra, G. Ferruzzi, F. Paoletti, and M. Biagioni (2001). Application of the
Atracking signal@ method to the monitoring of udder health and oestrus in dairy
cows. Livestock Production Science 72(3): 279‑284, ISSN: 0301‑6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1 L5
Keywords: dairy cows, models,
simulations, computational biology, udder health, reproductive system tracking
signal method, monitoring method, estrus, milk electrical conductivity, moving
average model, mastitis.
Metz, J. H. M., E. Maltz, T.T.
Mottram (1999). Monitoring health and welfare in practice. Cattle
Practice: Journal of the British Cattle Veterinary Association 7(1): 123,
ISSN: 0969-1251.
NAL Call No.: SF961 C37
Keywords: health, animal
welfare, diagnosis, cows, milking, mastitis, dairy herds, milk yield.
Meyer, W., and H.
Georg (2001). Influence of floor design on the claw health of dairy cows.
[Einfluss der Laufflachengestaltung auf die Klauengesundheit von Milchkuhen.] Landtechnik
56(4): 258‑259, ISSN: 0023‑8082.
NAL Call No.: 58.8
L235
Keywords: dairy
cows, cow housing, floors, slatted, mats, chopped straw, unclean surfaces,
claws, foot diseases, hooves, infection, German language.
Miettinen, P.V.
(1995). Prevention of bovine ketosis with glucogenic substance and its
effect on fertility in Finnish dairy cows. Berliner und Munchener
Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 108(1): 14-19, ISSN: 0005-9366.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
B45
Keywords: negative
energy balance, propylene glycol, nicotinic amide solution, post partum,
acetone content in milk, fertility, milk yield, fat and protein.
Mill, J.M., and W.R. Ward (1994). Lameness in dairy cows and
farmers' knowledge, training and awareness. Veterinary Record: Journal
of the British Veterinary Association 134(7): 162-164, ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Keywords: animal welfare, economics, knowledge, training of
farmers, England.
Moore, D.A., S.L
Berry, M.L. Truscott, and V. Koziy (2001). Efficacy of a nonantimicrobial
cream administered topically for treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy
cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219
(10): 1435‑1438, ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Am3
Keywords: dairy
cows; Holstein, breed, drug therapy; interdigital dermatitis; pain scores,
lesion activity, lesion size, pharmacology; lincomycin paste, potency;
treatment; veterinary products.
Morales, E., F.J. Trigo, F.
Ibarra, E. Puente, and M. Santacruz (2001). Neosporosis in mexican dairy
herds: lesions and immunohistochemical detection of Neospora caninum in
fetuses. Journal of Comparative Pathology 125 (1): 58-63.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 J82
Keywords: dairy herds, aborted
bovine fetuses, microscopical lesions, lymphocytic myocarditis microgliosis
multifocal necrosis in the brain, lymphocytic hepatitis, lymphocytic myositis,
immunohistochemical examination, brain, myocardium, liver, Mexico.
Morrow, C.J.,
E.S., Kolver, K.A. Macdonald, G.A.
Verkerk, and L.R. Matthews (2001). Monitoring adrenal activity in dairy cows
under various feeding regimens using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Proceedings of the New Zealand
Society of Animal Production 61: 52‑55, ISSN: 0370‑2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: dairy
cows, Holstein Friesian, breed, adrenal activity, plasma glucocorticoid
concentrations, fecal glucocorticoid concentrations, feeding, pastoral
conditions, concentrate based, genotype effects, stocking rates, stress.
Morrow-Tesch, J., and K. Whitehead (1998). The effect of blood
sampling site on measures of stress in dairy cattle. Proceedings of the New
Zealand Society of Animal Production 58: 218-219, ISSN: 0370-2731.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 N483
Keywords: cows, blood sampling, stress, measures, haptoglobins,
magnesium, blood specimen collection, stress analysis.
Mosure, W.L., R.A. Meyer, J. Gudmundson, and A.D. Barth (1998).
Evaluation of possible methods to reduce pain associated with
electroejaculation in bulls. Canadian Veterinary Journal 39(8): 504-506,
ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
R3224
Keywords: bulls, evaluation, pain, heart rate, electroejaculation,
animal welfare, anaesthesia, lidocaine, xylazine, heart rate, semen collection.
Mudron, P., H. Scholz, H.P. Sallmann, J. Rehage, G. Kovac, F.
Bartko, and M. Holtershinken. (1994). Effect of vitamin E injection on cortisol
and white blood cell response to surgical stress in dairy cows. International
Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 64(3): 176-180, ISSN: 0300-9831.
NAL Call No.: 389.8 Z33
Keywords: Vitamin E, cortisol, white blood cell count, surgery,
stress, alpha-tocopherol, hydrocortisone, leukocytes, intramuscular injection,
liver, blood plasma, sequential sampling, vitamin supplements.
Mulling, C.K., H.H. Bragulla, S. Reese, K.D. Budras, and W.
Steinberg (1999). How structures in bovine hoof epidermis are influenced by
nutritional factors. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia 28(2): 103-108,
ISSN: 0340-2096.
Keywords: hoof epidermis, nutrition, horn quality, keratinization,
cornification, bovine hoof epidermis,lipids, minerals, calcium, vitamins,
biotin, dyskeratotic, light and transmission electron microscopy, histochemical
and enzyme-histochemical techniques.
Munksgaard, L. and
P. Lovendahl (1993). Effects of social and physical stressors on growth
hormone levels in dairy cows. Canadian Journal Animal Science 73(4):
847-853, ISSN: 0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
C163
Keywords: dairy
cows, stress, ACTH, GH-release.
Murugaiyah, M., P. Ramakrishnan, A.R. Sheikh, C.H. Knight, and
C.J. Wilde (2001). Lactation failure in crossbred Sahiwal Friesian cattle. Journal
of Dairy Research 68 (2): 165-174, ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J823
Keywords: cows, Sahiwal Friesian, breed,
susceptible to lactation failure, milk yield, post partum, acetyl CoA
carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase galactosyltransferase, key enzyme markers of
cellular differentiation, failure of milk removal, impaired milk ejection
reflex, Malaysia.
Musser, J.M.B., K.L.
Anderson, and J.O. Boison (2001). Tissue disposition and depletion of
penicillin G after oral administration with milk in unweaned dairy calves. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219 (3): 346‑350,
ISSN: 0003‑1488.
NAL Call No.: 41.8
Am3
Keywords: dairy
calves, antibiotic residues, benzylpenicillin, kidneys, liver, milk, oral
administration.
Nelson, A.J., and
M.B. Cattell (2001). Culling and laminitis: real herds, real cows, real
deaths. Bovine Practitioner 35 (1): 42-45, ISSN: 0524-1685.
NAL Call No.: SF779.5 A1B6
Keywords: cows, laminitis
lesions, cull rate, foot and leg problems, reproduction, mastitis, low
production, New York dairy herds, United States.
Nickerson, S.C., W.E. Owens,
L.K. Fox, C.C. Scheifinger, T.R. Shryock, and T.E. Spike (1999). Comparison
of tilmicosin and cephapirin as therapeutics for Staphylococcus aureus
mastitis at dry-off. Journal of Dairy Science 82(4): 696-703, ISSN:
0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822
Keywords: dairy cows,
staphylococcus aureus, bovine mastitis, dry period, antibiotics, experimental
infections, lactation, application methods, secretions, somatic cell count,
drug therapy, efficacy, antibiotic residues.
Nickerson, S.C.,
W.E. Owens, G.M. Tomita, and P.W. Widel (1999). Vaccinating dairy heifers
with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterin reduces mastitis at calving. Large
Animal Practice 20(3): 16, 18-19, 28, ISSN: 1092-7603.
NAL Call No.: SF601.B6
Keywords: heifers, Staphylococcus
aureus, vaccination, mastitis.
Nicoletti, J.L.M. de, F.A.A.
de Souza, A. Thomassian, C.A. Hussni, and A.LG. Alves (2001). Feet lesions
and lameness prevalence in dairy cows kept in permanent confinement (free‑stall
and tie‑stall). [Prevalencia de lesoes podais e graus de claudicacao em
vacas leiteiras mantidas em confinamento permanente ("free‑stall" e "tie‑stall").]
Revista de Educacao Continuada
do CRMV‑SP 4
