Birds of many different species from a wide variety of original habitats are housed in research laboratories. Galliformes such as the quail (Coturnix coturnix) and the chicken (Gallus gallus) are used in biomedical research in studies of reproductive, digestive and "biological clock" physiology, and in genetic research. Pigeons (Columba livia) are stalwarts of the psychological laboratory, used primarily for learning and cognitive studies, whilst diverse species such as budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), starlings (Sturnis vulgaris) and passerine species (e.g., the great tit, Parus major) may also be kept for behavioral research purposes. This diversity makes it difficult to generalize about the specific physical or behavioral needs of laboratory birds, and a preliminary first step should always be to consider the natural behavior of each species in the wild.
Wild quail and jungle fowl (the ancestor of the domestic fowl) live in small social groups, devote much of their day to scratching and foraging for food on the ground, and perform complex sequences of behavior such as dustbathing and pre-laying nesting. In the laboratory they may be housed in aviaries or floor pens, or in cages with varying opportunity to perform these behavioral patterns. The spatial restriction imposed by typical laboratory chicken (50 x 60 x 56cm high) or quail (27 x 36 x 20cm high) cages may restrict even relatively simple movements such as wing-flapping. The pigeon is a more gregarious bird, often found in very large flocks, and capable of flying fast over distances of more than 1000km. In the laboratory pigeons are kept either in aviaries, pigeon lofts, or in cages (typically 44 x 44 x 54cm high).
In most laboratories veterinary supervision is good and careful attention is devoted to hygiene, and to the maintenance of strict temperature and lighting regimes. Despite this care, the welfare of many laboratory birds may be prejudiced in barren or restrictive environments. This may be a particular oversight when the birds are subjects of behavioral or psychological research, as there is some evidence that cognitive abilities may be detrimentally affected by barren housing. It is probably not possible to recreate a completely natural environment for all laboratory birds, but much can be achieved by relatively simple environmental enrichment, especially in conjunction with information about behavioral needs and priorities.
More is known about the welfare requirements of the domestic fowl than any other bird, largely because of research generated by the controversy over agricultural battery cages. Caution is required when generalizing across species, but a number of important points have emerged from this research, relating to both physical and mental well-being, that can be applied to the laboratory situation.
Laying hens are alarmingly prone to bone breakage if they fly into solid structures such as cage walls, or poorly positioned perches. The risk of breakage is exacerbated if bones are weak due to insufficient exercise in spatially restricted housing. Most cages for laboratory birds appear to allow sufficient space for wing stretching, if not for flapping or actual flight, but many birds may avoid stretching their limbs too close to solid walls or partitions. The greatest risk of physical injury will occur if birds become frightened and attempt to escape from their cages, either during catching procedures or simply when disturbed by human presence. It is therefore important to allow sufficient space for running and wing flapping to maintain bone strength, and because these are important behaviors in their own right (Nicol 1987). This freedom must be coupled with the provision of a small, safe catching area. Birds can often be enticed into such areas if they are well lit whilst the rest of the room is temporarily darkened. Protection from injury can also be facilitated by suspending protective nets just below the cage or aviary roof or by lining the cage or catching area (e.g., with fiberglass) and ensuring there are no rough projections.
If fear levels in laboratory-housed birds are low then panic flights leading to physical injury are less likely, and general welfare is improved. New birds should be gradually exposed to the specific sounds or stimuli that they will encounter in the laboratory so that they can habituate. Research on many species, including chickens and quail, has also shown that baseline fear levels can be reduced by providing an enriched environment. Rearing young birds with access to a variety of stimuli such as colored objects and background music appears to have long-term beneficial effects. But, for adult birds, environmental enrichment must do more than simply provide a more complex general environment. It must also provide opportunities for birds to perform high priority behavior patterns. Increasing evidence suggests that functional behavior performance is crucial to good welfare. Even when birds are provided with ad libitum food and pre-formed nests, they still need to perform foraging and nest -building behavior. Laying hens are even willing to "pay a cost" to obtain their food by foraging in litter, rather than eat readily available food from a dish.
Some simple suggestions for the environmental enrichment of laboratory birds include:
Keiper, R.R. (1970) Studies of stereotypy function in the canary (Serinus canarius). Animal Behaviour 18:353-357.
Nicol, C.J. (1987) Behavioural responses of laying hens following a period of spatial restriction. Animal Behaviour 35:1709-1719.
Sherwin, C.M. (ed) (1994) Modified cages for laying hens. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: Potters Bar.
Alvey, D.M. and S.A. Tucker (1994). Cage design and laying hen
welfare. In: Modified cages for laying hens. Proceedings of a
symposium held at Noble House, London, UK, 18th January 1993 C.M.
Sherwin, ed., UFAW: Potters Bar, UK, pp. 55-61.
NAL call number: SF494.5 M63 1994
Descriptors: chickens, laying hens, caging, depopulation, caging material, feather abrasion, cage floors, perches, economic consequences.
Alvey, D.M. and S.A. Tucker (1994). Effect on egg production of incorporating a perch within a battery cage. British Poultry Science 35(1):176-177.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: perch, housing, laying hens, egg production.
Anderson, K.E. and A.W. Adams (1989). Effects of restricted waterer, feeder and floor space per bird on growth and feed consumption of cage reared white leghorn pullets. Poultry Science 68(Supplement 1):3.
NAL call number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: density, hens, water restriction, space, drinking, production.
Anderson, K.E., A.W. Adams, and J.V. Craig (1989). Behavioral
adaptation of floor-reared white leghorn pullets to different cage
densities and cage shapes during the initial settling-in period.
Poultry Science 68(1):70-78.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: pullets, density, comfort, behavior, cage, floor pens.
Anon. (1979). Chickens. In: Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals, Washington, D.C.; Animal Welfare Institute, pp. 98-101.
NAL call number: SF91.A5 1979
Descriptors: facilities, cage, housing, laboratories.
Appleby, M.C. (1992). Behaviour-environment interactions in hens: Implications for housing. Animal Production 54(3):470.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: space, pre-laying behavior, dustbathing, housing, behavior, hens.
Appleby, M.C. (1990). Behaviour of laying hens in cages with nest sites. British Poultry Science 31(1):71-80.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: behavior, hens, cage, substrate, rollaway hollow, space.
Appleby, M.C. (October 1984). Factors affecting floor laying by domestic hens: A review. World's Poultry Science Association 40(3):241-249.
NAL call number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: production, floor type, housing, hens, nest sites.
Appleby, M.C. and B.O. Hughes (July 1991). Welfare of laying hens in cages and alternative systems: Environmental, physical and behavioural aspects. World's Poultry Science Journal 47(2):109-128.
NAL call number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: welfare, housing density, crowding, floor space, behavior, group size, cage size, bone strength.
Appleby, M.C. and B.O. Hughes (1990). Cages modified with perches and nests for the improvement of bird welfare. World's Poultry Science Journal 46(1):38-40.
NAL call number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: dustbath box, nest box, group size, bone strength.
Appleby, M.C., B.O. Hughes, and G.S. Hogarth (1989). Behaviour of laying hens in a deep litter house. British Poultry Science 30(3):545-554.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: stocking density, litter, slat floor, foraging, behavior, hens.
Appleby, M.C., S.N. Maguire, and H.E. McRae (1986). Nesting and floor laying by domestic hens in a commercial flock. British Poultry Science 27(1):75-82.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: cage, deep litter pen, nest box, preference, hen, flock.
Appleby, M.C. and S.F. Smith (1991). Design of nest boxes for laying cages. British Poultry Science 32(4):667-678.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: wire floor nest box, rollaway nest box, egg production, nesting behavior, space, cage, nest box, hens.
Appleby, M.C., S.F. Smith, and B.O. Hughes (1992). Individual perching behaviour of laying hens and its effects in cages. British Poultry Science 33(2):227-238.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: perch-type preference, perch space, egg quality, crowding, behavior, perch, hens, cage.
Blokhuis, H.J. (August 1986). Feather-pecking in poultry: Its relation with ground pecking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16(1):63-67.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: housing, floor type, feather pecking.
Blokhuis, H.J., J.W. Van der Haar, and P.G. Koole (1987). Effects of beak trimming and floor type on feed consumption and body weight of pullets during rearing. Poultry Science 66(4):623-625.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: floor, substrate, pullets, debeaking, feeding.
Bolhuis, J.J. and W.J. Trooster (June 1988). Reversibility revisited: Stimulus-dependent stability of filial preference in the chick. Animal Behaviour 36(3):669-674.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: filial preference, behavior, stimuli.
Bonner, J. (March 1991). Battery cages are "better for hens." New Scientist 129(1759):17.
NAL call number: 472 N42
Descriptors: battery cage, percheries, confinement, exercise, disease.
Brake, J. (1993). Influence on nest pad color on nest preference floor eggs and egg production. Poultry Science 72(Supplement 1):156.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: laying hens, nest pad, preference, egg production.
Chidananda, B.L., K.S. Prathapkumar, P.V. Sreenivasaiah, G.R.
Lokanath, and B.S. Ramappa (Sept. 1985). Comparative performance
of Japanese quail on cage and deep litter. 1. Body weight, feed efficiency
and mortality. Indian Journal of Poultry Science
20(3):162-164.
NAL call number: SF481.I5
Descriptors: quail, cage, litter, mortality, feed efficiency, mortality.
Chidananda, B.L., K.S. Prathapkumar, P.V. Sreenivasaiah, B.S. Ramappa,
and G.R. Lokanath (June 1986). Comparative performance of Japanese
quail on cage and deep litter. 2. Egg production and reproduction
traits. Indian Journal of Poultry Science
21(2):91-96.
NAL call number: SF481.I5
Descriptors: quail, cage, litter, production, reproduction.
Church, J.S., T. Tennessen, and A.B. Webster (1992).
Environmental enrichment influences on body weight, feathering,
foot condition and behaviour of caged white leghorn hens.
Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):175.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: fear, stress, battery cages, cage enrichment, cage, hens, body weight, behavior.
Church, J.S., T. Tennessen, and A.B. Webster (1991). Effects of environmental enrichment and genetic strain on the behaviour of white leghorn pullets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71(4):1274.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163
Descriptors: battery cages, breeds, production, cage, pullets, genetics, behavior.
Craig, J.V. and J.A. Craig (May 1985). Corticosteroid levels in White Leghorn hens as affected by handling, laying house environment, and genetic stock. Poultry Science 64(5):809-816.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: handling, housing, genetics, hens.
Craig, J.V. and G.A. Milliken (Jan. 1989). Further studies of density and group size effects in caged hens of stocks differing in fearful behavior: Productivity and behavior. Poultry Science 68(1):9-16.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: density, hens, fear, egg production, behavior.
Craig, J.V. and J.C. Swanson (1994). Review: Welfare perspectives on hens kept for egg production. Poultry Science 73(7):921-938.
NAL call number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: chickens, hens, alternative production systems, economic consequences.
Craig, J.V. and S.M. Muir (1986). Fear and feather loss of hens in 3-bird cages: Associations with other traits. Poultry Science 65(Supplement 1):28.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: tonic immobility, avoidance behavior, production, hen, 3-bird cage.
Craig, J.V., N.A. Okpokho, and G.A. Milliken (1988). Floor and cage-rearing effects on pullets' initial adaptation to multiple-hen cages. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20(3-4):319-334.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: feeding, feather-pecking, pullet, cage, floor pen, density.
Craig, J.V. and N.C. Ramos (August 1986). Competitive feeding behavior and social status in multiple-hen cages. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16(1):69-76.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: competitive, feeding, aggression, dominance, submission, social, cage.
Craig, J.V., J. Vargas Vargas, and G.A. Milliken (December 1986). Fearful and associated responses of white leghorn hens: Effects of cage environments and genetic stocks. Poultry Science 65(12):2199-2207.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: cage, hens, genetics, tonic immobility, density, corticosteroids, production, mortality.
Cunningham, D.L. and G. Gvaryahu (October 1987). Effects on productivity and aggressive behavior of laying hens of solid versus wire cage partitions and bird density. Poultry Science 66(10):1583-1586.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: cage partitions, aggression, hens, density.
Cunningham, D.L., A. Van Tienhoven, and F. de Goeijen (April 1987).
Dominance rank and cage density effects on performance traits,
feeding activity and plasma corticosterone levels of laying hens
(Gallus domesticus). Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 17(1/2):139-154.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: hens, dominance, feeding behavior, density.
Davis, D.S. and H.A. Allen, Jr. (1989). An improved waterfowl enclosure: Considering animal welfare as a research priority. Journal of Field Ornithology 60(2):162-167.
NAL call number: 413.8 B534
Descriptors: care, housing, design, captivity, waterfowl, welfare.
Dawkins, M. (1977). Do hens suffer in battery cages? Environmental preferences and welfare. Animal Behaviour 25(4):1034-1046.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: battery cage, habitat preference, hen-run, pen, indicators of suffering, previous environmental experience, latency period.
Duncan, I.J.H. (1992). The effects of the researcher on the
behavior of poultry. In: The Inevitable Bond: Examining
Scientist-Animal Interactions H. Davis and D. Balfour, eds.,
Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, pp. 285-294.
NAL call number: QL55.I44
Descriptors: human contact, fear, observer effect, habituation.
El-Homosany, Y.M., J.A. Mench, M.F. Ali (1994). Effects of group size and floor space on the well-being of female Japanese quail. Poultry Science 73(Supplement 1):57.
NAL call number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: Japanese quail, housing, social groups, density, egg production.
Faure, J.M. (1986). Operant determination of the cage and feeder size preferences of the laying hen. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15(4):325-336.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: cage, hens, feeder, apparatus, motivation, production.
Faure, J.M. (1985). Space need for domestic hens in cage. Biology of Behaviour 10(4):343-351.
NAL call number: QL750 B52
Descriptors: operant conditioning, feeder size, demand elasticity, behavior, space, hen, cage.
Gernat, A.G. and A.W. Adams (1990). Effect of number and location of nipple waterers and cage shape on the performance of caged layers. Poultry Science 69(12):2086-2091.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: dome water, trigger cup water, deep cage, shallow cage, mortality, egg production, water, cage, hens.
Gibson, S.W., B.O. Hughes, S. Harvey, and P. Dun (1986). Plasma concentrations of corticosterone and thyroid hormones in laying fowls from different housing systems. British Poultry Science 27(4):621-628.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: cage, range, straw yard, stress, housing, hens, hormones.
Gill, E.L. (August 1994). Environmental enrichment for captive starlings. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 45(2):89-93.
NAL call number: QL55.I5
Descriptors: sturnus vulgaris, animal welfare, foraging, cocoa husks, calliphora vomitoria, laboratory rearing.
Gill, J.L. (1989). Statistical aspects of design and analysis of experiments with animals in pens. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 106(5):321-334.
NAL call number: 442.8 Z35
Descriptors: statistical design, animal number, blocking, experimental units, split-plot design.
Gordon, S.H. (1992). The effect of broiler stocking density on bird welfare and performance. British Poultry Science 33(5):1120-1121.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: housing, substrate, flock management, production, broilers, welfare.
Granza, A.F. (1970). Vocal mimicry in captive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 27(8):971-983.
NAL call number: 410 Z35
Descriptors: learning, acoustic enrichment, play behavior, toys, budgerigars.
Gross, W.B. (1983). Chicken-environment interactions. In: Ethics and Animals, H.B. Miller and W.H. Williams (eds.), Clifton, N.J.; Humana Press pp. 329-337.
NAL call number: HV4711.E87
Descriptors: rearing environment, lumination, handler influence, social groups.
Gschwindt-Ensinger, B. (1986). The effect of different housing systems on several stress relevant physiological parameters. Archiv für Gefluegelkunde 50(1):13-19.
NAL call number: 47.8 AR2
Descriptors: floor pen, cage, body weight, antibody titers, blood lipids, carbohydrates, stress, physiological, hen, housing.
Gvaryahu, G., D.L. Cunningham, and A. Van Tienhoven (1989). Filial imprinting, environmental enrichment and music application: Effects on behaviour and performance of meat strain chicks. Poultry Science 68(2):211-217.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: broiler chicks, fear, feeding, approach, Classical music.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and R.B. Jones (1993). Situational factors that influence the level of fear of humans by laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36(2-3):197-210.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: tier housing system, battery cage, cage, hens, productivity, fear.
Huber, L. (1994). Amelioration of laboratory conditions for pigeons (Columba livia). Animal Welfare 3:321-324.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557
Descriptors: animal welfare, conditioning, learning tests, housing, Skinner box.
Huber, H.U., D.W. Folsch, and U. Stahli (1985). Influence of various nesting materials on nest site selection of the domestic hen. British Poultry Science 26(3):367-374.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: deep litter system, cage, nest material, preferences, nest site, hen.
Hughes, B.O., I.J.H. Duncan, and M.F. Brown (1989). The performance of nest building by domestic hens: Is it more important than the construction of a nest? Animal Behaviour 37(2):210-214.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: hens, behavior performance, motivation, nest building.
Hulet, R.M., D.M. Denbow, and R.W. Manley (1991). Effect of bird density on growth performance of cage-brooded male and female turkeys. Poultry Science 70(Supplement 1):54.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: group size, body weight, industry, turkeys, cage.
Hurnik, J.F. and N.J. Lewis (February 1991). Body surface area, a reference for space allowance in confinement Poultry Science 70(2):412-415.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: resting behavior, comfort, space, surface area.
Hypes, W.A., R.A. Peterson, G.H. Carpenter, and W.T. Jones (1992). Environmental stress evaluation of floor and high density cage brooded broiler chicks. Poultry Science 71(Supplement 1):127.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: crowding, immunosuppression, heterophil-lymphocyte ratio, housing, chicks, cage.
Ishimoto, Y., T. Yamazaki, K. Kondo, and C. Yamashita (October 1982).
Effect of cage shapes and colony size on layer performance. II.
Chicken housing. Research Bulletin of the Aichi-Ken
Agricultural Research Center [Aichi-ken Nogyo Sogo Shikenjo kenkyu
hokoku] 14:421-425.
NAL call number: S19 R42
Descriptors: cage, shape, colony size, performance.
Jin, L. and J.V. Craig (October 1988). Some effects of cage and floor rearing on commercial White Leghorn pullets during growth and the first year of egg production. Poultry Science 67(10):1400-1406.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: growth, genetics, behavior, cage, production.
Jones, R.B. (June 1989). Development and alleviation of fear
in poultry. The Proceedings of the Third European Symposium
on Poultry Welfare, Tours, France: 11-14th June 1989, J-M. Faure and
A.D. Mills, eds., The French Branch of the World's Poultry Science
Association with European Federation of the World's Poultry Science
Association's Working Group 9 on Poultry Welfare.
NAL call number: HD9437 E9 1989
Descriptors: fear alleviation, ontogeny, welfare, performance, behavior.
Jones, R.B. (November 1989). Fear in poultry. The
Proceedings of the BVA Animal Welfare Foundations's Eighth Symposium: The
Detection and Control of Fear in Animals, 9 November 1989, T.E.
Gibson, ed., BVA Animal Welfare Foundation.
NAL call number: HV4704 A54 1989
Descriptors: fear, poultry, consequences, alleviate, behavior, adapt, novel, tonic immobility, handling, cage, cannibalism, socialization, artificial selection, welfare, performance, environmental enrichment.
Jones, R.B. (1986). Responses of domestic chicks to novel food as a function of sex, strain and previous experience. Behavioural Processes 12:261-271.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: food neophobia, novel, chicks, environmental enrichment, fear, genetic factors, strain, sex, experiential factors, dietary diversity.
Jones, R.B. (February1986). The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: A review. World's Poultry Science Journal 42(1):82-96.
NAL call number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: tonic immobility, handling, dominance, genetics, age, stress, fowl.
Jones, R.B. (1985). Fearfulness and adaptability in the domestic fowl. IRCS (International Research Communications System) Medical Science 13(9):797-800.
NAL call number: R5 J6
Descriptors: tonic immobility, handling, genetics, environmental enrichment, fowl, fear, performance, welfare, egg production, cage, adapt.
Jones, R.B. (1985). Fearfulness of hens caged individually or in groups in different tiers of a battery and the effects of translocation between tiers. British Poultry Science 26(3):399-408.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: tonic immobility, tier system, avoidance, novel objects, hen, cage, translocation.
Jones, R.B. (1982). Effects of early environmental enrichment upon open-field behavior and timidity in the domestic chick. Developmental Psychobiology 15(2):105-111.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: environmental enrichment, fear, novel, behavior, open field, timidity, emergence latency.
Jones, R.B., S. Harvey, B.O. Hughes, and A. Chadwick (1980).
Growth and the plasma concentrations of growth hormone and
prolactin in chicks: Effects of "environmental enrichment," sex and
strain. British Poultry Science 21:457-462.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: novel objects, environmental enrichment, plasma growth hormone, prolactin, chicks, sex, strain, weight gain, gain-to-food ratio.
Jones, R.B., A.D. Mills, and J-M. Faure (1991). Genetic and
experimental manipulation of fear-related behavior in Japanese quail
chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Journal of
Comparative Psychology 105(1):15-24.
NAL call number: BF671 J6
Descriptors: tonic immobility, handling, environmental enrichment, activity, vocalizations, quail, genetics, fear.
Jones, R.B., A.D. Mills, and J-M. Faure (1990). Genetic selection, environmental enrichment, and regular handling can alleviate fear in Japanese quail. Poultry Science 69(Supplement 1):70.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: handling, fear, quail, tonic immobility, genetics, behavior, breeding.
Jones, R.B. and D. Waddington (June 1992). Modification of fear in domestic chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus, via regular handling and early environmental enrichment. Animal Behaviour 43(6):1021-1033.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: novel object, bird-human interaction, behavior, habituation, tonic immobility, chicks, fear, welfare, performance, handling.
Kaytasov, G., T. Stojanchev, and G. Boychev (1987). A study of productivity of broilers reared in battery cages and on deep litter. Zhivotnovudni Nauki 24(3):39-43.
Descriptors: body weight, broilers, cages, feed efficiency, breast blisters, production.
Keeling, L.J. and I.J.H. Duncan (1988). Relationship between inter-bird distances and available space in laying hens. British Poultry Science 29(4):874.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: behavior, hens, density, housing, dominance, space.
Keeling, L.J. and J.F. Hurnik (1993). Chickens show socially facilitated feeding behaviour in response to a video image of a conspecific. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36(2-3):223-231.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: feed consumption, pecks, social behavior, stimulus, behavior.
Keiper, R.R. (1969). Causal factors of stereotypies in caged birds. Animal Behaviour 17(1):114-119.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: stereotypies, cage size, hand-rearing, wild, social environments, food access, perch, behavior.
Keymer, I.F. (1987). The canary and other passerine cage birds. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals, 6th ed, T.B. Poole (ed.), Longman, London. pp. 687-700.
NAL call number: QL55.U5 1987
Descriptors: laboratory methods, disease control, canary.
King, C.E. (1993). Environmental enrichment: Is it for the birds? Zoo Biology 12(6):509-512.
NAL call number: QL77.5 Z6
Descriptors: comparison, birds, mammals, primates, environmental enrichment.
King, C.E. (1992). Parrot wellbeing. Does it deserve more attention? Psitta Scene 4(2):7-8.
Descriptors: care, housing, welfare, psychology, parrot, wellbeing.
Koelkebeck, K.W., J.R. Cain, and M.S. Amos, Jr. (1986). Corticosterone sampling of laying hens in different management systems. Poultry Science 65(1):183-185.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: stress, battery cage, floor pen, endocrinology, corticosterone, hen, management.
Koelkebeck, K.W., J.R. Cain, and M.S. Amos, Jr. (October 1986).
Use of adrenocorticotropin challenges to indicate chronic stress
responses of laying hens in several housing alternatives.
Domestic Animal Endocrinology 3(4):301-305.
NAL call number: QL868.D6
Descriptors: hens, stress, housing, corticosterone, corticotropin.
Kovach, J.K. (September 1983). Constitutional biases in early
perceptual learning. I. Preferences between colors, patterns, and
composite stimuli of colors and patterns in genetically manipulated and
imprinted quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica).
Journal of Comparative Psychology 97(3):226-239.
NAL call number: BF671 J6
Descriptors: perception, preference, color, pattern, stimuli, imprint.
Kreger, M.D. (1995). Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry: January 1992-January 1995. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 67p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no. 95-05
Descriptors: husbandry, bibliography, housing, behavior, physiology.
Kreger, M.D. (1994). Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of
Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant, Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot): December
1980-December 1993. Quick Bibliography Series U.S.
Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD,
30p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.94-26
Descriptors: husbandry, bibliography, housing, behavior, physiology.
Lee, H-Y. and J.V. Craig (February1991). Beak trimming effects on behavior patterns, fearfulness, feathering and mortality among three stocks of white leghorn pullets in cages or floor pens. Poultry Science 70(2):211-221.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: crowding, cannibalism, tonic immobility, pecking, weight gain, pullets, fear.
Leighton, A.T. Jr., D.M. Denbow, and R.M. Hulet (1985). Behavior and growth parameters of large white turkeys as affected by floor space and beak trimming. Poultry Science 64(3):440-446.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: age, feed consumption, feed efficiency, feather scores, mortality, aggression, social behavior, turkey, floor space, beak trimming.
Martin, S.G., J.R. Millam (May 1995). Nest box selection by floor laying and reproductively naive captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 43(2):95-109.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: cockatiels, preference testing, nest box, reproduction, behavior
Meijsser, F.M. and B.O. Hughes (December 1989). Comparative analysis of pre-laying behaviour in battery cages and in three alternative systems. British Poultry Science 30(4):747-760.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: perchery, deep litter, covered straw yard, battery cage, nesting, cage, hens, behavior.
Mench, J. (1994). Environmental enrichment and exploration. Lab Animal 23(4):38-41.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: laboratory animals, chickens, behavior, exploratory behavior, devices, age, sex, social context, genetics, experience.
Mench, J. (1986). Cage design for layers. Poultry Digest 45(533):273.
NAL call number: 47.8 N219
Descriptors: feed consumption, egg quality, stress, drinking, plumage condition, cage, layers, design.
Mou, L.J. and N. Kolstad (1990). Effects of different
environments and selection for persistency in laying hens. I. Effects of
two different rearing systems on growth rate, feed conversion, mortality
and age at sexual maturity in chickens. Norwegian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences 4(3):195-204.
NAL call number: S3 N672
Descriptors: battery cage, floor pen, weight gain, heritability, cage.
Murphy, L.B. (1994). Examples of species-specific
considerations in the design of an environment- domestic fowl.
In: Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research Environment:
Proceedings of the conference held at the Marriott Hotel, Sydney, October,
1993 R.M. Baker, G. Jenkin, and D.J. Mellor, eds., ANZCCART, PO Box
19, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia, pp. 119-121.
Descriptors: laying hens, broilers, substrate, mesh size, pecking targets, perches.
Nagarajan, S., D. Naraharp, and I.A. Jayaprasad (1990). Laying performance of Japanese quail hens under different stocking densities. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 60(12):1467-1470.
NAL call number: 41.8 IN22
Descriptors: cage space, egg production, feed efficiency, mortality, quail, cage.
Na-Lampang, P. and J.V. Craig (June 1990). Cage- and floor-rearing effects on productivity, nervousness, feather condition, and livability of White Leghorn layers. Poultry Science 69(6):902-909.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: mortality, productivity, hens, feather condition, cages, floor pen.
Na-Lampang, P. and J.V. Craig (October 1990). Cage-rearing and floor-rearing effects on subsequent behavior of white leghorn layers in multiple-bird cages. Poultry Science 69(10)1652-1658.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: preening, feeding, pecking, genetics, cage, hens.
Na-Lampang, P. and J.V. Craig (1989). Rearing environment effects on behavior of white leghorn layers in multiple-hen cages. Poultry Science 68(Supplement 1):102.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: density, genetics, hens, industry.
Nicol, C.J. (June 1992). Effects of environmental enrichment and gentle handling on behaviour and fear responses of transported broilers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 33(4):367-380.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: tonic immobility, handling, transport, activity, fear, behavior, broilers.
Nicol, C. (March 1990). Behaviour requirements within a cage environment. World's Poultry Science Journal 46(1):31-33.
NAL call number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: nesting, laying, feeding, hens, behavior.
Nicol, C.J. (1987). Behavioural responses of laying hens following a period of spatial restriction. Animal Behaviour 35(6):1709-1719.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: space, spatial allowance, behavior, single housing, activity rebound, welfare.
Nicol, C.J. (1987). Effect of cage height and area on the behavior of hens housed in battery cages. British Poultry Science 28(2):327-336.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: cage, hens, behavior, pecking, motivation, comfort, feeding.
Nicol, C.J. (1986). Non-exclusive spatial preference in the laying hen. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15(4):337-350.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: motivation, cage, floor area, time, hens, space.
Nicol, C.J. and T. Guilford (1990). Exploratory activity as a measure of motivation in deprived hens. Animal Behaviour 41(2):333-341.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: motivation, exploratory activity, deprivation, behavior, activity, tunnel behavior.
Nicol, C.J. and S.J. Pope (1993). A comparison of the behaviour of solitary and group housed budgerigars. Animal Welfare 2:269-277.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557
Descriptors: budgerigars, behavior, social isolation, group housing, cage, aviary, novel chamber, neophobia, handling.
Norgaard-Nielsen, G. (March 1990). Bone strength of laying hens kept in an alternative system, compared with hens in cages and on deep-litter. British Poultry Science 31(1):81-89.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: housing, bone strength, cage, deep litter, welfare.
Norgaard-Nielsen, G., K. Vestergaard, and H.B. Simonsen (1993). Effects of rearing experience and stimulus enrichment on feather damage in laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38(3-4):345-352.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: dustbath, substrate, plumage, hens, Hans Kier System, feather pecking.
Okamoto, S., S. Nagata, S. Kobayashi, and T. Matsuo (1989).
Effects of photoperiod and cage density on growth and feed
conversion in large and small quail lines selected for body
weight. Japanese Poultry Science 26(3):150-156.
NAL call number: 47.8 N57
Descriptors: illumination, photoperiod, cage, density, quail.
O'Keefe, T.R., H.B. Graves, and H.S.Siegel (1986). The effect
of changing housing density on the social organization and agonistic
behavior of the domestic fowl Gallus domesticus.
Poultry Science 65(Supplement 1):185.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: dominance, stress, aggressive behavior, housing, density, social, agonistic, fowl.
Okpokho, N.A. and J.V. Craig (1987). Fear-related behavior of hens in cages: Effects of rearing environment, age, and habituation. Poultry Science 66(2):376-377.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: tonic immobility, stress, floor pen, cage, hens, avoidance behavior.
Parrish, J.W. and D.K. Saunders (1989). Simplified cage modification to reduce self-inflicted injury in confined birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17(1):80-81.
NAL call number: SK357.A1W5
Descriptors: wildlife, field methods, wild birds, fiberglass screen.
Prayitno, D., C.J.C. Phillips, and H. Omed (1993). The initial and long-term preference of broilers for red, blue, or green light after being reared in red, blue, green, or white light. Animal Production 56(3):438.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: rearing environment, lighting, broilers, embryology.
Preston, A.P. (December 1987). Location in the cage and diurnal distribution of feather pecking by caged layers. British Poultry Science 28(4):653-658.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: cage, motivation, hens, feather pecking, environmental stimulation, behavior.
Rajecki, D.W., S.J. Suomi, E.A. Scott, and B. Campbell (1977). Effects of social isolation and social separation in domestic chicks. Developmental Psychology 13(2):143-155.
NAL call number: BF712 P7
Descriptors: social behavior, group housing, isolation.
Ramos, N.C., K.E. Anderson, and A.W. Adams (November 1986). Effects of type of cage partition, cage shape, and bird density on productivity and well-being of layers. Poultry Science 65(11):2023-2028.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: housing, cages, density, shape, size, partitions, production.
Ramos, N.C. and J.V. Craig (1985). Social dominance and pre-laying behaviour of hens in 4-bird cages. Poultry Science 64(Supplement 1):166.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: aggression, genetics, production, social dominance, hen, pre-laying behavior.
Reed, H.J. and C.J. Nicol (1992). Effects of nest linings, pecking strips and partitioning on nest use and behaviour in modified battery cages. British Poultry Science 33(4):719-727.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: housing, nest lining, cage partitions, nest disturbance, cage, behavior.
Reed, H.J., L.J. Wilkins, S.D. Austin, and N.G. Gregory (1993).
The effect of environmental enrichment during rearing on fear
reactions and depopulation trauma in adult caged hens.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36(1):39-46.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: handling, fear, housing, injury, humans, hens.
Roush, W.B. and T.L. Cravener (September 1990). Evaluation of colony size and cage space for laying hens (Gallus domesticus) using fuzzy decision analysis. Poultry Science 69(9):1480-1484.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: cage size, density, space, hens, egg production, mortality.
Rowley, I., E. Russell, and M. Palmer (1989). The food preference of cockatoos: An aviary experiment. Australian Wildlife Research 16(1):19-32.
NAL call number: S960 W5
Descriptors: seed preferences, seed size, Psittaciformes, cockatoo.
Savory, C.J., E. Seawright, and A. Watson (1992). Stereotyped behaviour in broiler breeders in relation to husbandry and opioid receptor blockade. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32(4):349-360.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: feed restriction, stress, group housing, battery cage, cage, broilers, behavior.
Sherwin, C.M. (1995). Environmental enrichment for laying hens: Spherical objects in the feed trough. Animal Welfare 4(1): 41-51.
NAL call number: HV 4701 A557
Descriptors: foraging, feeding behavior, leather balls, rubber balls, tennis balls.
Sherwin, C.M. (ed) (1994) Modified cages for laying hens. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts., UK, 102 p.
NAL call number: SF494.5 M63 1994
Descriptors: housing, caging, welfare.
Sherwin, C.M. (1993). Pecking behaviour of laying hens provided with a simple motorized environmental enrichment device. British Poultry Science 34(2):235-240.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: motivation, choice, water provision, environmental control, behavior, hens, cage, peck.
Sherwin, C.M. (1992). Design of cages for laying hens and the influences on behaviour and welfare. Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):172.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: feed trough, nest, feeding activity, hens, behavior, welfare, bar cage.
Sherwin, C.M. and C.J. Nicol (1993). A descriptive account of the pre-laying behaviour of hens housed individually in modified cages with nests. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38:49-60.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: hen, pre-laying behavior, cage, nest, housing, welfare, egg-laying behavior.
Sherwin, C.M. and C.J. Nicol (1993). Factors influencing floor-laying by hens in modified cages. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36(2-3):211-222.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: battery cage, litter-reared, nests, social interactions, cage, hens.
Sherwin, C.M. and C.J. Nicol (1992). Behaviour and production of laying hens in three prototypes of cages incorporating nests. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35:41-54.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: hen, cage, nest, behavior, production, welfare.
Slaugh, B.T., N.P. Johnston, J.T. Flinders, and R.K. Bramwell (August 1990). Effect of light regime on welfare and growth of pheasants. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 41(2):103-114.
NAL call number: QL55.I5
Descriptors: photoperiod, feed conversion, feathering, ring-necked pheasant.
Smith, C.P. (1992). Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Poultry. Special Reference Brief 92-17 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 80p.
NAL call number: aS21 D27S64
Descriptors: husbandry, bibliographies, biomedical research use.
Struwe, F.J., E.W. Gleaves, J.H. Douglas, and P.L. Bond, Jr. (January 1992). Effect of rearing floor type and ten-day beak trimming on stress and performance of caged layers. Poultry Science 71(1):70-75.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: debeaking, litter floor, wire floor, pullet, corticosterone.
Sullivan, J.P., K.A. Grasman, and P.F. Scanlon (1992). Effects of handling and pair management on reproduction in Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. Theriogenology 37(4):877-883.
NAL call number: QP251.A1TS
Descriptors: pairing intervals, mating opportunity, intercage transport, egg number, quail, handling.
Tanaka, T. and J.F. Hurnik (February 1992). Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed in battery cages and an aviary. Poultry Science 71(2):235-243.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: battery cage, aviary, behavior, production, activity, environment.
Tanaka, T. and J.F. Hurnik (March 1991). Behavioral responses of hens to simulated dawn and dusk periods. Poultry Science 70(3):483-488.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: sudden illumination, gradual illumination, comfort, battery cage, activity, behavior, hens.
Tanaka, T. and J.F. Hurnik (February1991). Research note: The behavior of young layers during the first two weeks in aviary and battery cages. Poultry Science 70(2):404-407.
NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P
Descriptors: housing density, feather-pecking, space, feeding, drinking, hens, behavior, cage.
Tauson, R. (1985). Mortality in laying hens caused by differences in cage design. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 35(2):165-174.
Descriptors: cage, engineering-related trauma, neck, head, toe, claw.
van Liere, D.W. (1992). The significance of fowls' bathing in dust. Animal Welfare 1:187-202.
NAL call number: HV470 A557
Descriptors: animal welfare, dustbath, feather, lipid, litter, sand, peat.
Vestergaard, K. (1992). The development of feather pecking in the fowl: Its association with dustbathing. Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):176.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: behavior, poultry, enrichment, displacement, feather pecking, dustbathing.
Wathes, C.M., D.R. Charles, and J.A. Clark (1985). Group size and plumage damage in laying hens. British Poultry Science 26(4):459-464.
NAL call number: 47.8 B77
Descriptors: floor space, age, density, battery cage, hen, plumage, group.
Wegner, R-M. (1990). Experience with the get-away cage system. World's Poultry Science Journal 46(1):41-47.
NAL call number: 47.8 W89
Descriptors: hens, nest box, perch, behavior.
Wiepkema, P.R. (1985). Abnormal behaviours in farm animals: Ethological implications. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 35(1-2):279-299.
NAL call number: 410 AR27
Descriptors: animal awareness, feelings, environmental control, behavior, farm, ethological.
Wineland, M.J. (1987). Nesting stimuli affects egg quality and numbers. Poultry Digest 46(542):162-164.
NAL call number: 47.8 N219
Descriptors: color, illumination, breeding, management, nesting, egg.
Zocchi, D.C. and S.E. Brauth (1991). An experimental study of mate directed behaviour in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Bird Behaviour 9(1-2):49-57.
Descriptors: budgerigar, social proximity, social cues, breeding, familiarity.
Sandra McCune
Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge,
Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK
Cats are intelligent, highly specialized carnivores. Like many predators, their senses are highly developed (reviewed by Bradshaw 1992). The cat's ability to hear, see and smell outside our own range give it a very different perception of its environment to ours. For example, it has a second olfactory system, the vomerosensory system which is associated with social behavior. The system is used when cats come into contact with other cats or their urine. In addition, the cat's visual images are supplemented with information from its highly developed sense of balance and sensory hairs on the head and legs which give the cat its position relative to other objects.
The domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, used in laboratories is the same species that is commonly kept as a pet and exists in substantial numbers in feral colonies. Until recently, cats were thought to be essentially solitary but studies have shown they are also found in large socially structured groups (at densities of over 2000 per km2 Izawa 1984; Izawa et al. 1982; Kerby and Macdonald 1988). The key to the success of the domestic cat is flexibility. Its ability toadapt enables it to survive in environments as diverse as the laboratory cage and isolated islands where individual territories can reach 6 km2 (Liberg and Sandell 1988). The rest of this paper introduces the problems of confinement experienced by domestic cats, the principles of enrichment relevant to this species and the role of enrichment in preventing and relieving problems.
Specific problems associated with confinement include boredom, aggression to people and to cats, fearfulness, poor reproductive success, anorexia, tail-chasing, stereotypies, fabric eating and self-mutilation (Mellen 1988; Holmes 1993). It seems that cats confined in relatively restricted environments are more likely to develop behavior problems as Mertens and Schär (1988) claim pet cats restricted to indoors are more likely to be presented for behavior problems than cats with access to outdoors. As single laboratory caging represents the most extreme and barren environment in which cats are confined, it is likely that this is where the worst problems will develop. However, any form of cat housing can be made more stimulating, complex, and less predictable through both environmental and social enrichment.
Above a critical minimum, improving quality of space for cats rather than quantity may be a better investment (Mansard 1989). In several species, increasing housing space alone did not change levels of activity (Hite et al. 1977; Bebak and Beck 1993). Quality of space can be improved by providing a range of resting places, by extending vertical space, by increasing complexity and by frequently changing internal structure and contents.
Elevated resting places are particularly favored by cats for watching their surroundings. They also preferred resting places that were warm, dry, and protected on one, or even better, two sides (Smith 1990; Roy 1992) and situated in the corners or edges of an enclosure where they can watch without the possibility of being approached from behind (Roy 1992). A range of resting places should be provided so that cats can choose their degree of contact with other cats. This may be particularly important if they are timid or the focus of aggression. The provision of shelves, ropes and climbing poles (illustrated in Loveridge 1984; Horrocks 1994) enrich the enclosure's vertical complexity and extend the available space. The latest advances in enriched group-housing are illustrated in Loveridge's paper (1994). Shelving allows the available space to be separated into functional areas. For example, the areas can be allocated to food, litter, scratch posts, toys, bedding and viewing points. These areas can be changed to promote activity. If shelves are hinged so they can fold down, the internal space periodically can be changed by erecting different combinations of the shelves available. Surface materials commonly used are metal and plastic but cats prefer materials which maintain a constant temperature such as straw, shredded paper, shavings, sacks, clothes or wood (Roy 1992).
Within the available space, furniture and objects can be provided to create a focus of interest, exploration and play. Toys which provide movement and which are frequently changed attract the most interest.
Food has been the focus of enrichment for several other Felis species (Mellen et al. 1981; Law et al. 1990). In laboratories, dry food is particularly suitable for hiding in the enclosure or for placing inside containers which the cat has to work at to extract individual pieces. A cheap version of a food puzzle can be made by gluing together two yoghurt containers containing dry food, with holes just large enough to extract one piece at a time. The puzzle can be made more challenging by hanging the tubs just above the cat's head height. Puzzle boxes for cats are now commercially available. Alternatives include hiding food inside cardboard boxes, in bedding, on shelves and inside rolling toys.
The social environment can also improve the quality of time spent confined. Cats vary in their degree of sociability. In colonies where new cats frequently join the group, some cats remain essentially solitary (Roy 1992) whereas others form social attachments which undoubtedly enrich their lives by adding variety and complexity. By providing a variety of retreats and resting places, cats have the opportunity to interact closely with other cats or to remain alone if less sociable.
Singly caged cats lack the opportunity that communally confined cats have for rich, interactive relationships. Ideally, cats should remain in stable groups. If research requires single housing, cats can often be returned to social groups in between trials or for a period each day.
Social contact with people
People are also a rich source of stimulation. Many cats respond positively to human social contact. Cats kept in a relatively restricted environment will seek additional stimulation from people (Turner and Stammbach-Geering 1990) indicating they may derive some benefit from the contact.
If direct contact is not possible, social enrichment can be indirect. Visual, vocal and olfactory communication are possible without direct contact by the use of glass partitions and grills between pens. Access to a communal room in which other cats have previously left chemical messages, rubbed from their glands, or sprayed in their urine, convey information to cats about each other (Natioli 1984). Providing scratch posts enables cats to keep their claws trimmed but also allows them to leave olfactory and visual messages (scratch marks) to other cats in the colony. The sound of voices on radio may habituate timid cats to people (Hurni and Rossbach 1987).
Many problems associated with confinement can be prevented by adequate early socialization and careful selection of cats for suitable temperament (McCune in press; Reisner 1994; McCune et al. 1995). One study showed that friendly, confident cats were less distressed by being caged, their normal behavior was less inhibited and they adapted sooner than timid cats (McCune 1992). For cats inadequately socialized as kittens and already stressed by caging, social contact can be an additional stressor. For these individuals, methods other than handling must be used to relieve stress and enrich the captive environment (McCune 1995). Individuals will vary in both their need for enrichment and the benefit it provides them. For example, cats with a timid temperament (McCune 1992), extremes of age (McCune 1994) and restricted experience (Konrad and Bagshaw 1970; Ledger 1993) are more likely to have problems adjusting to confinement and responding to novelty. Mellen (1988) claims that male cats are more likely than female cats to develop problems in restricted environments.
Few of these studies were primarily interested in environmental enrichment. Techniques of enrichment need to be scientifically validated to promote and communicate methods that work for cats and to avoid techniques which produce problems. Assessments should look for a decrease in abnormal behavior and a behavioral repertoire which more closely resembles that of free-ranging cats (UK Cat Behavior Working Group 1995). Research animals without behavior problems are likely to have better welfare and produce better quality data.
Bebak, B., and A.M. Beck (1993). The effect of cage size on play and aggression between dogs in purpose-bred Beagles. Laboratory Animal Science 43:457-459.
Bradshaw, J.W.S. (1992). The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat CAB International: Wallingford.
Carlstead,K., J.L Brown, and J. Seidensticker (1993). Behavioural and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in Leopard Cats (Felis bengalensis). Zoo Biology 12:321-331.
Carlstead K, J.L. Brown, S.L. Monfort, R. Killens and D.E.Wildt (1992). Urinary monitoring of adrenal responses to psychological stressors in domestic and nondomestic felids. Zoo Biology 11: 165-176.
Hite M., H.M. Hanson, N.R. Bohidar, P.A. Conti, and P.A. Mattis (1977). Effect of cage size on patterns of activity and health of Beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 27: 60-64.
Holmes, R. (1993). Environmental enrichment for confined dogs and cats. In: The TJ Hungerford Refresher Course for Veterinarians Proceedings 214, The Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science: University of Sydney, pp. 191-197.
Horrocks, L. (1994). Care and management of WALTHAM pets. Waltham Focus 4:11-16.
Hurni, H. and W. Rossbach (1987). The laboratory cat. In: The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals, 6th edition T.B. Poole, ed. Longman Scientific and Technical: Harlow, pp. 476-492.
Izawa, M. (1984). Ecology and social systems of the feral cats (Felis catus Linn.). Ph.D. thesis: Kuyshu University.
Izawa, M., T. Doi and Y. Ono (1982). Grouping patterns of feral cats (Felis catus) living on a small island in Japan. Japanese Journal of Ecology 32:373-382.
Kerby, G. and D.W. Macdonald (1988). Cat society and the consequences of colony size. In: The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behavior D.C. Turner and P. Bateson, eds., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 67-81.
Konrad, K.W. and M. Bagshaw (1970). Effect of novel stimuli on cats reared in a restricted environment. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 70:157-164.
Law, G., H. Boyle, J. Johnston and A. Macdonald (1990). Food presentation: Part 2-Cats. RATEL 17:103-105.
Ledger, R. (1993). Factors Influencing the Responses of Kittens to Humans and Novel Objects MSc thesis: University of Edinburgh.
Liberg, 0. and M. Sandell (1988). Spatial organization and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids. In: The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behavior D.C. Turner and P. Bateson, eds., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 83-98.
Loveridge, G. (August 1994). Provision of environmentally enriched housing for cats. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 45(2):69-87.
Loveridge, G. (1984). The establishment of a barriered respiratory disease-free cat breeding colony. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 35:83-92.
Mansard, P. (1989). Some environmental considerations for small cats. RATEL 16:12-15.
McCune, S. (in press) The impact of paternity and early socialization on the development of cats' behaviour to people and novel objects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.
McCune, S. (1995). Coping with confinement: Temperament effects on how domestic cats adjust to caging and handlers. In: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals Shepherdson D., Mellen J. and Hutchins M.eds., Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington DC.
McCune, S. (1994). Caged cats: Avoiding problems and providing solutions. Newsletter of the Companion Animal Behaviour Study Group No. 7.
McCune, S. (1992). Temperament and the Welfare of Caged Cats Ph.D. thesis: University of Cambridge.
McCune, S., J.A. McPherson, and J.W.S. Bradshaw (1995). Avoiding problems: The importance of socialization. In: The Waltham Book of Human-Animal Interactions I. Robinson, ed., Pergamon Press: Oxford.
Mellen, J.D. (1988). The effects of hand-raising on sexual behaviour of captive small felids using domestic cats as a model. AAZPA Annual Proceedings: 253-259.
Mellen, J.D., V.J. Stevens and H. Markowitz (1981). Environmental enrichment for servals, Indian elephants and Canadian otters at Washington Park Zoo, Portland. International Zoo Yearbook. 21:196-201.
Mertens, C. and Schär, R. (1988) Practical aspects of research on cats. In: The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behavior D.C. Turner and P. Bateson, eds., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 179-190.
Natioli, E. (1985). Behavioural responses of urban feral cats to different types of urine marks. Behaviour 94: 234-243.
Podberscek, A.L., J.K. Blackshaw and A.W. Beattie (1991). The behaviour of laboratory colony cats and their reactions to a familiar and unfamiliar person. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 31:119-130.
Reisner, I.R., K.A. Houpt, N.E. Hollis and F.W. Quimby (1994). Friendliness to humans and defensive aggression in cats: The influence of handling and paternity. Physiology and Behaviour 55:1119-1124.
Roy, D. (1992). Environmental Enrichment for Cats in Rescue Centres B.Sc. thesis: University of Southampton.
Smith, D. (1990). Sociality and Behaviour in Rescued Cats B.Sc. thesis: University of Southampton.
Turner, D.C. and K. Stammbach-Geering (1990). Owner assessment and the ethology of human-cat relationships. In: Pets, Benefits and Practice I.H. Burger, ed., British Veterinary Association Publications: London.
UK Cat Behaviour Working Group (1995). An Ethogram for Behavioural Studies of the Domestic Cat (Felis silvestris catus L.) Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: Potters Bar, England, 31pp.
Animal Welfare Institute (1979). Cats. In: Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals. Animal Welfare Institute: Washington, D.C., pp. 44-51.
NAL call number: SF91.A5 1979
Descriptors: resting boards, social housing, scratching post, tree trunks.
Bateson, P., M. Mendl and J. Feaver (1990). Play in the domestic cat is enhanced by rationing of mother during lactation. Animal Behaviour 40:514-525.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: colony cats, object play, social play, restricted versus ad libitum maternal feeding.
Beaver, B. (1980). Veterinary Aspects of Feline Behavior C.V. Mosby Co.: St. Louis, Missouri, 217p.
NAL call number: SF446.5.B4
Descriptors: senses, play, learning, communicative behavior, socialization, hunting.
Behrend, K. and M.Wegler (1991). Complete Book of Cat Care: How to Raise a Happy and Healthy Cat Barron's Educational Series, Inc.: Hauppauge, NY., 141p.
NAL call number: SF447.B4513 1993
Descriptors: toys, scratching posts, exercise, play, hunting, color photos.
Blackshaw, J.K. (December 1988). Abnormal behavior in cats. Australian Veterinary Journal 65(12):395-396.
NAL call number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: animal behavior, cats, aggression, grief, social behavior.
Bradshaw, J.W.S. (1992). The Behavior of the Domestic Cat Redwood Press Ltd: Melksham, UK., 219p.
NAL call number: SF446.5.B72 1992
Descriptors: sensory abilities, behavioral development, hunting, predation, social behavior, cat-human relationship, welfare.
Carlstead, K., J.L. Brown and W. Strawn (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of stress in laboratory cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38:143-158.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: ACTH, cortisol, caged cats, caretaking routine, hiding behavior, reproductive hormones.
Caro, T.M. (1981). Predatory behaviour and social play in kittens. Behaviour 76(1-2):1-24.
NAL call number: 410 B393
Descriptors: ontogeny, play, relationships.
DeLuca, A.M. and K.C. Kranda (January 1992). Environmental enrichment in a large animal facility. Lab Animal 21(1):38-44.
NAL call number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: dogs, cats, swine, gumadisc, nylabone frisbee, plastic chain, decoys, gumabone tug, catnip, sheepskin mice, balls, bells, cotton tugs, scented apples.
Dore, F.Y. (September 1990). Search behavior of cats (Felis catus) in an invisible displacement test: Cognition and experience. Canadian Journal of Psychology 44(3):359-70.
Descriptors: attention, cats, psychology, orientation, predatory behavior, problem solving, object permanence, psychomotor performance, recall, prior experience.
Drouard, C.M. (1979). Behavior of housed and stray cats. [Le comportement du chat et les chats errants.] Thesis, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire: Alfort, France, 140pp.
Descriptors: cat diseases animal welfare; cat, animal behavior.
Fox, M.W. (1975). The behavior of cats. In: The Behavior of Domestic Animals, E.S.E. Hafez, ed., 3rd edition, Bailliere Tindall: London, UK. pp. 410-436.
NAL call number: QL785.5.D7H3 1975
Descriptors: behavior, mating, cat, kitten, play, hunting, development, early experience, learning.
Frazier, A. and N. Eckroate. (1990). Desirable behavior in cats and owners. In: The New Natural Cat: A Complete Guide for Finicky Owners. Penguin Books: New York, NY, 448p.
NAL call number: SF447.F7 1990
Descriptors: scratching posts, toys, unsafe toys, games, play, exercise.
Guyot, G.W., T.L. Bennett, and H.A. Cross. (May 1980). The effects of social isolation on the behavior of juvenile domestic cats. Developmental Psychobiology 13(3):317-329.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: early experience, social environment, mother-offspring interactions, play, exploratory behaviour.
Hart, B.L. (1978). Feline Behavior: Collected Columns from Feline Practice Journal. Veterinary Practice Publishing Company: Santa Barbara, CA., 110p.
NAL call number: SF446.5.H37
Descriptors: sexual behavior, senses, development, sleep, grooming, predatory behavior, behavior modification.
Hart, B.L. (1974). Feline behavior: The role of grooming activity. Feline Practice 6(4):14,16.
NAL call number: SF985.F4
Descriptors: saliva, skin, hair, behavior, cat.
Hart, B.L. (1974). Feline behavior: Predatory behavior. Feline Practice 4(2):8-9.
NAL call number: SF985.F4
Descriptors: cat, hunting, prey.
Hart, B.L. (1974). Feline behavior: The catnip response. Feline Practice 4(6):8,12.
NAL call number: SF985.F4
Descriptors: Nepeta cataria, behavior, cat.
Hart, B.L. (1980). Feline behavior: The cat as hunter. Feline Practice 10 (5):8, 10-11
NAL call number: SF985.F4
Descriptors: predatory behavior.
Hatch, R.C. (1972). Effect of drugs on catnip (Nepeta cataria):Induced pleasure behavior in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 33(1):143-155.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: drugs, cat, behavior.
Hayes, A.A. (1985). Keeping your cat healthy: Play/Exercise. In: The Complete Book of Cat Health W.J. Kay and E. Randolph, eds., Macmillan Publishing Company: New York, NY, pp. 52-53.
NAL call number: SF447.K39
Descriptors: jump, climb, indoor tree, tunnel, scratching device, perch, safety.
Karsh, E.B. (1983). The effects of early handling on the
development of social bonds between cats and people. In: New
Perspectives on Our Lives with Companion Animals, A.H. Katcher and
A.M. Beck, eds., University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, PA, pp.
22-28.
NAL call number: SF411.5.N48
Descriptors: research colony vs. pet cats, behavior differences, early experience, preference.
Karsh, E. (1984). Factors influencing the socialization of
cats to people. In: The Pet Connection: Its
Influence on Our Health and Quality of Life. R.K. Anderson, B.L.
Hart, and L.A. Hart, eds., University of Minnesota: Minneapolis, Minn.,
pp. 207-215.
NAL call number: SF411.5.P47
Descriptors: social bonds, handling, critical period, friendly responses to humans.
Kubota, K. (September 1987). Physiology of the brain: Intelligent behavior and brain. Nippon Rinsho 45(9):1998-2009.
Descriptors: behavior, animal behavior, cerebral cortex, intelligence, cats, haplorhini, memory, visual cortex, visual perception.
Kupper, W. (1979). Keeping laboratory cats under the right conditions. [Zur artgemassen und verhaltensgerechten Unterbringung von Versuchskatzen.] Du und das Tier 9(1):32-33.
Descriptors: laboratory animal house, animal welfare, cage, technical personnel, laboratory animals, cat.
Kristensen, F. and J.A. Barsanti (1977). Analysis of serum proteins in clinically normal pet and colony cats, using agarose electrophoresis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 38(3):399-402.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: hematology, laboratory animals, blood proteins, cat, increased gamma-globulins in colony cats vs. pet cats.
Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat Behavior: The Predatory and Social Behavior of Domestic and Wild Cats. Garland STPM Press: New York, 340p.
NAL call number: QL737.C23L49
Descriptors: social behavior, aggression, behavior towards prey, play, experience, learning.
Loveridge, G., Horrocks, L.J, and A.J. Hawthorne (May 1995). Environmentally enriched housing for cats when housed singly. Animal Welfare 4(2):135-141.
NAL call number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: human-animal contact, single housing, glass walls, sensory stimulation, socialization.
Loveridge, G. (August 1994). Provision of environmentally enriched housing for cats. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 45(2):69-87.
NAL call number: QL55.I5
Descriptors: cats, animal housing, environment enrichment, design, animal husbandry, socialization, animal welfare.
Luesher, U.A., D.B. McKeown and J. Halip. (March 1991). Stereotypic or obsessive-compulsive disorders in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 21(2):401-413.
NAL call number: SF601 V523
Descriptors: grooming, polydipsia, circling, whirling, barking, aggression, early experience, conflict behavior.
Martin, P. and P. Bateson. (1985). The ontogeny of locomotor play behavior in the domestic cat. Animal Behaviour 33:502-510.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: laboratory conditions, indoor pen, climbing frame, kittens, locomotor behavior, vocalizations.
Martin, P. (1985). The influence of experimentally manipulating a component of weaning on the development of play in domestic cats. Animal Behaviour 33(2):511-518.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: kittens, weaning, social play, object play, locomotor play.
Martin, P. (1984). The time and energy cost of play behavior in the cat. Zeitscrift für Tierpsychologie 64:298-312.
NAL call number: 410.Z35
Descriptors: Felis catus, colony cats, kittens, percentage of total time spent playing, toys, metabolic rate.
Mellen, J.D. (1992). Effects of early rearing experience on subsequent adult sexual behavior. Zoo Biology 11(1):17-32.
NAL call number: QL77.5 Z6
Descriptors: human rearing, maternal rearing, aggression.
Mertens, C. and D.C. Turner (Fall 1988). Experimental analysis of human-cat interactions during first encounters. Anthrozoos 2(2):83-97.
NAL call number: SF411.A57
Descriptors: colony cats, contact latency, play, vocalizations, head rubbing.
Moelk, M. (1979). The development of friendly approach
behavior in the cat: A study of kitten-mother relation and the cognitive
development of the kitten from birth to eight weeks. Advances
in the Study of Behavior 10:163-224.
NAL call number: QL750 A33
Descriptors: approach behavior, ontogeny, cognition.
Poucet, B. (May 1985). Spatial behavior of cats in cue-controlled environments. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37(2):155-79.
Descriptors: cues, discrimination learning, orientation, space perception, cats.
Reichart, E. (1984). The importance of behavioral interactions of the laboratory cat and man. Stal Sciences et Techniques de l'Animal de Laboratoire. 9(3):149-156.
Descriptors: handler, experimenter, human-animal interaction.
Shepherdson, D.J., K. Carlstead, J.D. Mellen and J. Seidensticker. (1993). The influence of food presentation on the behavior of small cats in confined environments. Zoo Biology 12:203-216.
NAL call number: QL77.5 Z6
Descriptors: Felis viverrina, Felis bengalensis, exhibit animals, activity budget, live prey, environmental enrichment.
Smith, C.P. (1994). The Cat: January 1984 - January 1994. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 73p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no. 94-25
Descriptors: bibliography, behavior, stress, housing, nutrition.
Stasiak, M. and B. Zernicki (February 1993). Delayed response learning to auditory stimuli is impaired in cage-reared cats. Behavioral Brain Research 53(1-2):151-154.
Descriptors: acoustic stimulation, housing, learning, cats, food, reward, sensory deprivation, vision.
Tellington-Jones, L. (1992). The Tellington Touch for Happier, Healthier Cats. Hartworks Video: Ashland, OR, VHS, 60 minutes.
NAL call number: Videocassette no. 1967
Descriptors: relaxation, training, behavior, body awareness.
Thierry, B. (1982). Social requirements of the dog and cat as laboratory animals. [Les exigences sociales du chien et du chat en tant qu'animaux de laboratoire.] Sciences et Techniques de l'Animal de Laboratoire 7(3):175-180
Descriptors: animal welfare, social behavior, laboratory animals
Turner, D.C. (1991). The ethology of the human-cat relationship. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 133(2):63-70.
NAL call number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: human-pet bonding, cats, behavior, housing.
Turner, D.C. and P. Bateson (1988). The domestic cat: The
biology of its behaviour. In: Symposium Cats 86, D.C.
Turner and P. Bateson, eds., Zurich-Irchel, Switzerland, September 1-3,
1986, Cambridge University Press: Port Chester, New York, USA; Cambridge,
England, UK., pp. 9-22.
Descriptors: social development, senses, physiology.
Voith, V.L. (1980). Clinical animal behavior play: A form of hyperactivity and aggression. Modern Veterinary Practice 61(7):631-632.
NAL call number: 41.8 N812
Descriptors: cat, dog, kitten, pets, puppy, young animals, animal behavior, vices, aggression.
Wikmark, G., and J.M. Warren (March 1972). Delayed response learning by cage-reared normal and prefrontal cats. Psychonomic Science 26(5):243-245.
Descriptors: alley cats vs. cage-reared, lesions, cerebral cortex, cat learning, time, animal environments.
Robert Hubrecht
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
8 Hamilton Close, South Mimms
Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QD, UK
The dog is descended from the wolf, possibly the Southern wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). Wolves are social carnivores that can combine into packs, and this trait is still shown by some feral dogs (Feddersen-Petersen 1994). Thousands of years of domestication and artificial selection have produced breeds, with modified social repertoires (Bradshaw and Brown 1990), that are capable of transferring conspecific social behavior to humans. Like most larger mammals, dogs spend a considerable portion of their time inactive (Hubrecht et al. 1992, Adams and Johnson 1993). However, as a diet opportunist, the dog is adapted to seeking a wide variety of foods in unpredictable locations, it is therefore much more likely to be tolerant of novel items and circumstances than a more specialized feeder. Conversely, during its active periods it may be more easily bored by a predictable and limiting environment.
There are many publications that provide recommendations for the dog's general husbandry (e.g., MacArthur 1987, HMSO 1989, 1995). These are based on experience and provide valuable information but there has been very little research into specific physical requirements apart from diet. In most scientific work a tightly controlled environment is required to reduce unwanted variation, however, the dog is a very adaptable animal and a healthy adult can cope with a range of conditions, particularly if it has access to areas with different micro-climates.
An indoor temperature range of 15-24oC, and humidity of 55 percent ± 10 percent, with 8-12 air changes per hour is suitable. New-born puppies require an ambient temperature of 26-28oC for at least the first 10 days of life. Lighting should be adequate for staff to work, and there may be a case for a low level of nocturnal illumination in totally enclosed facilities.
Dogs appear to prefer meat to cereal diets (Houpt and Smith 1981). Some breeds have a propensity for obesity (Anderson 1973), however, they will usually adapt well to the many proprietary diets available. Advice, if needed, should be sought from the suppliers.
Dog housing is often very noisy because of barking, and sound pressures of well over 100 decibels have been recorded (Senn and Lewin 1975). Ottewill (1968) provided recommendations to reduce noise, mainly with the aim of improving conditions for the humans. The dog has a hearing frequency range of up to 55 kHz (Gamble 1982) with the most sensitive frequencies at 500Hz -16kHz. At these frequencies their hearing can be up to four times as acute as that of humans. Prolonged exposure to sound pressures of over 90 decibels is known to damage human hearing, and many sites advise or require hearing protection for the staff. It is not unreasonable to assume that such levels might also damage dog hearing, although there is very little evidence on this subject.
It has been known for a long time that inadequate housing can lead to behavioral problems in dogs (Fuller 1967, Solarz 1970). Normal husbandry for the dog should allow plenty of opportunities for social interactions with humans (Wolfle 1992) and conspecifics (Fox 1986). Group housing of compatible dogs in pairs or larger groups is the preferred housing method, (HMSO 1989, Hubrecht et al. 1992, Hubrecht 1993b) but care is needed to control any fighting. Regular human contact during the puppies' socialization period (3-14 weeks) is particularly important to produce dogs that are relaxed with humans (Scott and Fuller 1965).
Many laboratory enclosures are simple structures, with little or no complexity provided by cage furniture or subdivisions, and in some countries it is still legal and common practice to house dogs in what would seem to be very small cages. It is unlikely that such small enclosures can provide for the dogs' psychological needs (Hetts 1991). A good housing system should allow the dog to exercise an element of choice, to manipulate or chew safe objects, and provide opportunities for human and canine socialization (Hubrecht 1993a). Dogs sometimes have to be housed singly for experimental or quarantine reasons, in which case greater thought should be given to providing extra human contact time and an interesting environment.
Dog pens should be subdivided into separate sleeping and exercise areas which provide complexity, choice and allows the dog to defecate/urinate away from its sleeping area (Fox 1986). Solid partitions between pens provide privacy and help to prevent injuries, but can isolate the dog from its surroundings. A good pen design should allow the occupants to satisfy their natural curiosity about what is happening outside the enclosure. One solution is to provide platforms at a height that allows the dog to see over the partitions whilst lying down (Hubrecht 1993a). Such devices have the additional advantage of increasing the useable space available to dogs.
There have been a number of studies on the effects of exercise, and pen size (e.g., Campbell et al. 1988, Hughes et al. 1989, Bebak and Beck 1993, Hetts et al. 1992). There is no evidence that providing extra exercise per se improves welfare (Clark et al. 1991), although walks outside the enclosure are undoubtedly enjoyed.
Olfaction is an important canid sense. We know little about how to enrich an environment through odors but Hubrecht et al. (1992) found that dogs housed in groups spend more of their time sniffing and investigating the floor of their enclosure. Dogs will also make extensive use of chews, particularly if they taste of food and are presented properly (DeLuca and Kranda 1992, Hubrecht 1993a).
Breed differences and husbandry requirements should be kept in mind when considering enrichment options. It is also important to remember that dogs vary in temperament (Cattell and Korth 1973) and perhaps also in their housing requirements and ability to cope with a particular kennelling system.
Adams, G. J. and K.G. Johnson (1993). Sleep wake cycles and other night-time behaviours of the domestic dog Canis familiaris. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36: 233-248.
Anderson, R.S. (1973). Obesity in the dog and cat. Veterinary Annals 14:182-186.
Bebak, J. and A. M. Beck (1993). The effect of cage size on play and aggression between dogs in purpose-bred beagles. Laboratory Animal Science 43:457-459.
Bradshaw, J.W.S. and S. Brown (1990). Behavioural adaptations of dogs to domestication. Waltham Symposium 20:18-24.
Campbell, S.A., H.C. Hughes, H.E. Griffin, M.S. Landi and F.M. Mallon (1988). Some effects of limited exercise on purpose-bred Beagles. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49:1298-1301.
Cattell, R.B. and B. Korth ( 1973). The isolation of temperament dimensions in dogs. Behavioral Biology 9:15-30.
Clark, J.D., J.P. Calpin and R.B. Armstrong (1991). Influence of type of enclosure on exercise fitness of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52:1024-1028.
DeLuca, A.M. and K.C. Kranda (1992). Environmental enrichment in a large animal facility. Lab Animal 21:38-44.
Feddersen-Petersen, D. (1994). Comparative studies of behavioural development of wolves (Canis lupus l) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus f fam) - domestication traits and selective breeding. Tierärztliche Umschau 49:527-531.
Fox, M.W. (1986). Laboratory Animal Husbandry: Ethology, Welfare and Experimental Variables. State University of New York Press: Albany, NY.
Fuller, J.L. (1967). Experiential deprivation and later behaviour. Science 158:1645-1652.
Gamble, M.R. (1982). Sound and its significance for laboratory animals. Bio. Rev. 57: 395-421.
Hetts, S. (1991). Psychologic well-being: conceptual issues, behavioral measures and implications for dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 21:369-87.
Hetts, S., J.D. Clark, J.P. Calpin, C.E. Arnold and J.M. Mateo (1992). Influence of housing conditions on beagle behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34:137-155.
HMSO (1989). Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals Used in Scientific Procedures. HMSO: London.
HMSO (1995). Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals in Designated Breeding and Supplying Establishments. HMSO: London.
Houpt K.A. and Smith S.L. (1981). Taste preferences and their relation to obesity in dogs and cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal 22: 77-81.
Hubrecht, R.C. (1993a). A comparison of social and environmental enrichment methods for laboratory housed dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 37: 345-361.
Hubrecht, R.C. (1993). Dog Housing and Welfare UFAW Animal Research Report No 6, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW): Potters Bar, Herts, UK, 13p.
Hubrecht, R.C., J.A. Serpell and T.B. Poole (1992). Correlates of pen size and housing conditions on the behaviour of kennelled dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34:365-383.
Hughes, H.C., S. Campbell and C. Kenney (1989). The effects of cage size and pair housing on exercise of beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 39:302-305.
MacArthur, J.A. (1987). The Dog. In: The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals: 6th ed., T. Poole, ed., Longman Group: Harlow, England, pp. 456-475.
Ottewill, D. (1968). Planning and design of accommodation for experimental dogs and cats. Laboratory Animal Symposium 1:97-112.
Scott, J.P. and J.L. Fuller (1965). Genetics and the Social Behaviour of the Dog. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.
Senn, C.L. and J.D. Lewin (1975). Barking dogs as an environmental problem. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 166:1065-1068.
Solarz, A.K . (1970). Behavior. In: The Beagle as an Experimental Dog. A.C. Andersen, and L.S. Good, eds., Iowa State University Press: Ames, Iowa, USA, pp. 453-468.
Wolfle, T.L. (1992) Socialization of dogs. In: Implementation Strategies for Research Animal Well-being: Institutional Compliance with Regulations, L. Krulisch, ed., Conference Proceedings, SCAW: Bethesda, MD, pp. 15-21.
Agrawal, H.C., M.W. Fox, and W.A. Himwich (1967).
Neurochemical and
behavioral effects of
isolation rearing in
dogs. Life Sciences 6:71-78 (1967).
NAL call number: 442.8 L62
Descriptors: social interaction, environment, electrophysiology, electroencephalography, chemical analysis.
Althaus, T. (1989). The evaluation of dog raising conditions. [Die beurteilung von hundehaltungen.] Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 131(7):423-431.
NAL call number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: animal husbandry, animal welfare, dogs, housing.
Anderson, A.C. and M. Goldman (1960). An evaluation of an outdoor kennel for dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 137:129-135.
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: housing, economics, design, welfare.
Animal Welfare Institute (1979). Dogs. In: Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals. Animal Welfare Institute: Washington, D.C., pp. 52-57.
NAL call number: SF91.A5 1979
Descriptors: resting boards, social housing, human interaction, bedding.
Bebak, J. and A.M. Beck (1993). The effect of cage size on play and aggression between dogs in purpose-bred beagles. Laboratory Animal Science 43(5):457-459.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: welfare, exercise, cage size, cage design.
Besch, E.L. (1990). Environmental variables and animal care. In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L.Krulisch, eds., Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, pp. 53-57.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: dogs, animal housing, environment, laboratory animals.
Borchelt, P.L. and V.L. Voith (1982). Diagnosis and treatment of separation-related behavior problems in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 12(4):625-635.
NAL call number: SF601 V523
Descriptors: separation, behavior, animal care.
Bradshaw, J.W. and S.M. Wickens (April 1992). Social behaviour of the domestic dog. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskude 117(Supplement 1):50S-51S
NAL call number: SF601 N4
Descriptors: feral, dingo, bonding, social behavior.
Breazile, J.E. (1987). Physiologic basis and consequences of distress in animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 191:1212-1215.
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: stress, eustress, feeding behavior, reproduction, ACTH, glucocorticoids, sympathetic nervous system, responses.
Britz, W.E. Jr. (1990). Caging systems for dogs under the new
standards of the animal welfare act. In: Canine Research
Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch, eds., Scientists Center for
Animal Welfare:Greenbelt, MD, pp. 48-52.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: dogs, cages, animal welfare, legislation.
Campbell, S.A., H.C. Hughes, H.E. Griffin, M.S. Landi, and F.M. Mallon (August 1988). Some effects of limited exercise on purpose-bred Beagles. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49(8):1298-1301.
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: dogs, exercise, stress, lymphocyte transformation, cortisol, animal welfare.
Canadian Council on Animal Care (1993). Social and behavioral requirements of experimental animals. In: Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, E.D. Olfert, B.M. Cross and A.A. McWilliam, eds., Vol. 1, 2nd Edition,
pp. 51-90.
NAL call number: SF406 G85 1993
Descriptors: welfare, well-being, environmental enrichment, social behavior, dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, primates.
Carroll, T., D.A. Valerio, and G. Pucak (January 1990).
Socialization and management of purpose-bred dogs.
In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch, eds.,
Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, p. 37.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: dogs, animal husbandry, animal housing, animal breeding, animal welfare, socialization.
Case, D.B. (October 1985). Puppy socialization. Veterinary Technician 6(9):456-457.
NAL call number: SF406.A5
Descriptors: dogs, pups, social behavior, deviant behavior, behavior modification, animal housing.
Clark, J.D., J.P. Calpin, and R.B. Armstrong (July 1991). Influence of type of enclosure on exercise fitness of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52(7):1024-1028.
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: animal welfare, animals, dogs, housing, physical fitness, hydrocortisone.
Clark, J.D. (1990). Research studies in exercise and behavior of dogs. In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch eds., Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, pp. 61-65.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: confinement systems, housing, experimental design, EKG, muscle enzyme, behavior.
Corbett, L.K. (July 1988). Social dynamics of a captive dingo pack: Population regulation by dominant female infanticide. Ethology 78(3):177-198.
NAL call number: QL750.E74
Descriptors: animal dominance, animal social behavior, animal environments, infanticide, dogs, social density, dominance hierarchy.
DeLuca, A.M. and K.C. Kranda (January 1992). Environmental enrichment in a large animal facility. Lab Animal 21(1):38-44.
NAL call number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: dogs, cats, swine, gumadisc, nylabone frisbee, plastic chain, decoys, gumabone tug, catnip, sheepskin mice, balls, bells, cotton tugs, scented apples.
Falt, L. and E. Wilsson (1979). The effect of maternal deprivation between 6 and 10 weeks of age upon the behaviour of Alsatian puppies. Applied Animal Ethology 5(3):299.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: service dogs, training methods, early experience.
Feddersen, D.P. (January 1991). Behavior disorders in dogs, study of their classification. [Verhaltensstorungen bei hunden, versuch ihrer klassifizierung.] DTW Deutsche Teirarztliche Wochenschrift 98(1):15-19.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: behavior, bonding, human isolation, dogs.
Feldhaus, R.A. (1980). A resting platform for dog pens. Laboratory Animal Science 30(4):714-715.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: dogs, resting area, housing.
Fox, M.W. (1990). Canine behavior. In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch, eds., Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, pp. 21-31.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: ethology, socialization, exercise, housing, environment, psychological well-being.
Fox, M.W. (1986). Laboratory Animal Husbandry: Ethology, Welfare, and Experimental Variables. State University of New York Press: Albany, NY., pp. 1-98.
NAL call number: SF406 F69
Descriptors: dogs, primates, rodents, cats, confinement effects, physical activity, stereotypies, cage size, brain development.
Fox, M.W. (1971). Effects of rearing conditions on the behavior of laboratory animals. M.W. In: Defining the Laboratory Animal National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC, pp. 294-312.
NAL call number: SF406 I52
Descriptors: selective breeding, genotype, handling, socialization, temperament, isolation, exercise.
Fox, M.W. (1969). Behavioral effects of rearing dogs with cats during the critical period of socialization. Behaviour 35(3-4):273-280.
NAL call number: 410 B393
Descriptors: intra-species socialization, intra-species, identification, avoidance, recognition, bonding.
Fox, M.W. (1965). Environmental factors influencing stereotyped and allelomimetic behavior in animals. Laboratory Animal Care 15(5):363-370.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: review, dogs, rodents, poultry, behavior, social isolation, social stimulation, crowding.
Frank, H. and M.G. Frank (1982). On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior. Applied Animal Ethology 8(6):507-525.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: social behavior, social organization, domestication, Canis lupus, lycaon, effects on dogs.
Garnier, F., E. Benoit, M. Virat, R. Ochoa, and P. Delatour (January 1990). Adrenal cortical response in clinically normal dogs before and after adaptation to a housing environment. Laboratory Animals 24(1):40-43.
NAL call number: QL55.A1L3
Descriptors: dogs, sex differences, hydrocortisone, blood serum, stress, adaptation, environmental factors, susceptibility.
Gartner, K., W. Kupper, and J. Maess (1976). Type-specific
locomotive requirements of laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea pig,
rabbit, dog, cat). [Zum artgemassen bewegungsbedurfnis
der versuchstiere (maus, ratte, meerschweinchen, kaninchen, hund,
katze).] Fortschritte der Veterinarmedizin
(No.25):130-137.
NAL call number: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, cat, legislation, behavior, stress, exercise, laboratory animals, animal welfare, cages, housing.
Garvey, M.S. (1985). Keeping your dog healthy. In: The Complete Book of Dog Health W.J. Kay and E. Randolph, eds., Macmillan Publishing Company: New York, NY, pp. 52-53.
Descriptors: dog owner's book, toys, games, exercise.
Goddard, M.E. and R.G. Beilharz (November 1985). Individual variation in agonistic behaviour in dogs. Animal Behaviour 33(4):1338-1342.
NAL call number: 410.B77
Descriptors: dogs, stimuli, animal behavior, social behavior, aggression, fear.
Goodfellow, K.G. (April 1992). Care
and welfare of
pre-weaning beagle
puppies in a
commercial breeding
colony. Animal Technology: Journal of the
Institute of Animal Technology 43(1):49-55.
NAL call number: QL55.I5
Descriptors: puppies, laboratory rearing, breeding colony, husbandry, animal welfare.
Gross, W.B. (1980). The benefits of tender loving care. International Journal of the Study of Animal Problems 1(3):147-148.
Descriptors: socialization, human-animal bond, canines.
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1985). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health: Bethesda, MD; NIH Publication No. 86-23, pp. 11-31.
NAL call number: SF406 N32 1985
Descriptors: guidelines, policy, husbandry, facilities, laboratory management.
Hetts, S., J.D. Clark, J.P. Calpin, C.E. Arnold, and J.M. Mateo. (July 1992) Influence of housing conditions on beagle behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 4(1/2):137-155.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: dogs, pens, cages, animal housing, animal behavior, social interaction, isolation, space requirements, animal welfare.
Hetts, S. (March 1991). Psychologic well-being: Conceptual issues, behavioral measures, and implications for dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 21(2):369-387.
NAL call number: SF601.V523
Descriptors: Animal Welfare Act, regulations, history, physical and psychic well-being, measures, indicators, abnormal behavior, normal behavior, preference testing, caging, socialization.
Hite, M., H. M. Hanson, N. R. Bohidar, P. A. Conti, and P. A. Mattis (1977). Effect of cage size on patterns of activity and health of beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 27(1):60-64.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: weight gain, activity patterns, standing, lying, sitting, sleeping, electrocardiograph, examinations, ophthalmic, hematologic, biochemical measurements.
Houpt, K.A. (1983). Applied canine and feline ethology. Applied Animal Ethology 10(1/2):1-157.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: aggression, mating behavior, young animals, animal behavior, cat, dog, differential rearing.
Hubrecht, R.C. (February 1995). Enrichment in puppyhood and its effects on later behavior of dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 45(1):70-75.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: early socialization, human contact, toys, chews, plastic pipe.
Hubrecht, R.C. (1993). A comparison of social and environmental enrichment methods for laboratory housed dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 37(4):345-361.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: activity pattern, toys, psychological well-being, socialization session.
Hubrecht, R.C. (1993). Dog Housing and Welfare: UFAW Animal Research Report No. 6, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW): Potters Bar, Herts, UK, 13p.
Descriptors: welfare, behavior, socialization, stereotypies, enrichment, toys.
Hubrecht, R.C., J.A. Serpell, and T.B. Poole (September 1992). Correlates of pen size and housing conditions on the behaviour of kennelled dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34(4):365-383.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: dogs, kennels, cage size, animal behavior, shelters, laboratories, social behavior, animal housing, animal welfare.
Hughes, H.C., S. Campbell, and C. Kenney (July 1989). The effects of cage size and pair housing on exercise of beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 39(4):302-305.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: dogs, animal housing, cage size, cage density, exercise, animal welfare, regulations.
Hughes, H.C. and S. Campbell (1990). Effects of primary enclosure size and human contact. In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch, eds., Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, pp. 66-75.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: dogs, laboratory animals, animal housing, socialization, animal welfare.
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (1994).
Husbandry. In: Laboratory Animal Management:
Dogs Committee on Dogs, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources,
National Research Council, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C., pp.
11-34.
Descriptors: Animal Welfare Act, exercise, environmental enrichment, space recommendations, feeding, water, enclosures.
Korhonen, H., and M. Harri (1988). Social influences on productive performance in farmed raccoon dogs. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 38(4):433-440.
NAL call number: 11 AC82
Descriptors: cage size, body weight, feed intake, tameness score, fur quality.
Korhonen, H., M. Harri, and L. Nurminen (Autumn 1986). Effects of social competition for feed on growth of farmed raccoon dogs. Growth 50(3):340-350.
Descriptors: dogs, competitive behavior, physiology, feeding.
Korhonen, H. (1988). Activity and behavior of farmed raccoon dogs. Scientifur 12(1):27-37.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: circadian activity, behavioral patterns, rhythms, eating, elimination, aggression, environmental conditions.
Kuhn, G. and W. Hardegg (1988). Effects of indoor and outdoor maintenance of dogs upon food intake, body weight, and different blood parameters. Zeitschrift für Versuchstierkunde 31(5):205-214.
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: environment, red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, plasma enzymes, substrates, minerals.
LaBarge, L. (1977). The pet house book: How to build housing, accessories, and playthings for your dogs, cats, birds, lizards, hamsters, and other pets. Butterick Pub.: New York, NY, 200p.
NAL call number: SF414.2.L32
Descriptors: pets, housing, design and construction, pet supplies, building, amateurs' manuals, handicraft.
Lore, R.K. and F.B. Eisenburg (June 1986). Avoidance reactions of domestic dogs to unfamiliar male and female humans in a kennel setting. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15(3):261-266.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: human sex differences, animal sex, familiarity.
Luescher, U.A. (March 1991). Stereotypic and obsessive-compulsive disorders in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 21(2):401-413.
NAL call number: SF601.V523
Descriptors: excessive grooming, stone chewing, wool sucking, polydipsia, barking, tail or foot biting, aggression, environmental enrichment.
MacDonald, K.B. and B.E. Ginsburg (October 1981). Induction of normal prepubertal behavior in wolves with restricted rearing. Behavioral and Neural Biology 33(2):133-162.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: wolves, animal social behavior, social isolation, handling, infants (animal).
Mahut, H. (1958). Breed differences in the dog's emotional behaviour. Canadian Journal of Psychology 12(1):35-44.
Descriptors: genetics, behavior, breed differences, exercise.
Markwell, P.J. and C.J. Thorne (November 1987). Early behavioural development of dogs. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 28(11):984-991.
NAL call number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: socialization period, responses to environment, sensory isolation, play.
Milnes, S. (February 1992). Danger from toys? Veterinary Record 130(8):168.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dog, tongue injury, playthings, case report.
Netto, W.J., J.A. van der Borg, and J.F. Slegers (April 1992).
The establishment of dominance relationships in a dog pack and its
relevance for the man-dog relationship. Tijdschrift voor
Diergeneeskude 117(Supplement 1):51S-52S.
NAL call number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: bonding, posture, behavior, social dominance.
Nakano, L. (October 1979). The effects of spatial restriction on the behavior of random-source dogs. Dissertation Abstracts International 40(4,B):1932.
NAL call number: Z5055 U49D53
Descriptors: dogs, animal environments, environmental stress, animal ethology.
Neamand, J., W.T. Sweeney, A.A. Creamer, and P.A. Conti. (1975)
Cage activity in the laboratory beagle: A preliminary study to
evaluate a method of comparing cage size to physical activity.
Laboratory Animal Science 25:180-183.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: physical activity, specific activity measurements, body weight, blood chemical and urine values.
Newton, W.M. (1972). An evaluation of the effects of various degrees of long-term confinement on adult beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Science 22(6):860-864.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: exercise, dog, cage confinement, musculoskeletal system, dogs kept in cages, muscle, enzymes.
O'Farrell, V. (1991). Behavioural problems in companion animals. In: Managing the Behaviour of Animals P. Monaghan, D. Wood-Gush, eds., Chapman and Hall: London and New York, pp. 233-252.
NAL call number: QL751 M218 1990
Descriptors: pets, behavior, management, reviews.
O'Farrell, V. (1990). Behaviour problems in the dog: Aggression towards people. Veterinary Annual 30:196-199.
NAL call number: 41.8 V6456
Descriptors: exercise, aggression, human-animal bond.
Pettijohn T.F., T.W Wong, P.D Ebert, and J.P. Scott (1977). Alleviation of separation distress in three breeds of young dogs. Developmental Psychobiology 10:(4):373-381
NAL call number: QP351.D4
Descriptors: Shetland sheepdogs, telomians, beagles, food, toys, human contact, canine contact, distress vocalizations, isolation.
Pettijohn, T.F., K.L. Davis and J.P. Scott (1980). Influence of living area space on agonistic interaction in Telomian dogs. Behavioral and Neural Biology 28(3):343-349.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: aggression, crowding, dominance, eating, spatial behavior.
Pgurski J.C., K. Davis, and J.P. Scott (1980). Interaction of separation discomfort with contact comfort and discomfort in the dog. Developmental Psychobiology 13(5):463-467.
NAL call number: QP351.D4
Descriptors: social attachment, beagles, Telomians, separation distress.
Porschen, H. (1975). Keeping dogs, shortcomings observed and proposals for improvement. [Die hundehaltung, beobachtete mangel und verbesserungsvorschlage.] Praktische Tierarzt 56(12):752, 754-755.
NAL call number: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: housing, husbandry, animal welfare, dog, pets.
Samuels, W.M. (April 1991). Animal welfare regulations for exercising dogs, psychological wellbeing of primates assailed. Physiologist 34(2):42-43.
NAL call number: 447.8 P564
Descriptors: legislation, physical conditioning, dogs, housing, primates.
Schilder, M.B. (April 1992). Stress and welfare and its parameters in dogs. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 117(Supplement 1):53S-54S.
NAL call number: SF601 N4
Descriptors: definitions, measurement, parameters, coping, adaptation, stress psychology.
Scott, J.P., J.H. Shepard, and J. Werboff (1967). Inhibitory training of dog: Effects of age at training in basenjis and shetland sheepdogs. Journal of Psychology 66(2):237-252.
Descriptors: dogs, education, socialization with humans, age differences.
Siefert, J. (1976). Humane housing of dogs in cages and boxes.
[Untersuchungen zur tierschutzgerechten haltung von hunden in kafigen und
boxen.] Tierärztliche Hochschule, Inaugural
Dissertation, Hannover. 1976. 69pp.
NAL call number: 41.2 H198 [1976 No. 72]
Descriptors: dissertation, animal housing, animal welfare, cage, dog.
Sigg, H. and I. Tobler (1986). Motor activity of mongrel dogs
under three different housing conditions. [Motorische aktivitat von
bastardhunden in 3 verschiedenen laborhaltungen.] Zeitschrift
für Versuchstierkunde 28(4):157-165.
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: dogs, animal housing, movements, dark, light, kinetic energy.
Slabbert, J.M. and O.A.E. Rasa (March 1993). The effect of early separation from the mother on pups in bonding to humans and pup health. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 64(1):4-8.
NAL call number: 41.8 So8
Descriptors: disease susceptibility, separation stress, mortality, weight gain.
Smith, C.P. (1994). The Dog: January 1985-January 1994. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 93p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.94-24
Descriptors: bibliography, behavior, welfare, stress, nutrition, exercise.
Swanson, J.C. (October 1991). Exercise for Dogs. Special Reference Briefs 92-02 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 24p.
NAL call number: aS21.D27S64 no.92-02
Descriptors: bibliography, regulatory issues, physiology, behavior, husbandry, standard values.
Tellington-Jones, L. (1994). T-touch for Dogs. Thane Marketing International: La Quinta, CA, VHS, 84 minutes.
NAL call number: Videocassette no. 2040
Descriptors: stress, handling, relaxation, training, behavior, body awareness.
Thimm, H. J. and M. Potokar (1976). A new compound kennel
construction with unlimited circuit for keeping laboratory dogs. [Ein
neues konzept zur tierschutzgerechten haltung von versuchschunden:Die
verbundkafiganlage mit unbegrenztem Lauf.] Kleintier
Praxis 21(6):226-232.
NAL call number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: cages, animal welfare, zootechny, dog, animal housing, laboratory animals.
Thomas, K.J., O.D. Murphee and J.E. Newton. Effect of person and environment on heart rates in two strains of pointer dogs. Conditional Reflex 7(2):74-81.
Descriptors: petting, human presence, bradycardia, genetics.
Tipton, C.M., R.A. Carey, W.C. Eastin, H.H. Erickson (1974). A submaximal test for dog: Elevation of effects of training, detraining, and cage confinement. Journal of Applied Physiology 37(2):271-275.
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: dog, training, heart rate, blood circulation, exercise, heart, atropine.
Unshelm, J. (1993). Keeping dogs and cats in conditions which comply with animal welfare with the support of behavioral advice and therapy. DTW Deutsche Teirärztliche Wochenschrift 100(2):65-69.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: housing, behavior, companion animals.
Unshelm, J. (February 1993). Raising dogs and cats in
compliance with animal welfare using advice on behavior therapy.
[Tiergerechte haltung von hunden und katzen durch erhaltensberatungen und
verhaltenstherapie.] DTW Deutsche Teirärztliche
Wochenschrift 100(2):65-69.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: animal welfare, behavior, cats, dogs, housing.
Vanderlip, S.L., J.E. Vanderlip, and S. Myles (1985). A socializing program for laboratory-raised canines. Part 2: The puppy socialization schedule. Lab Animal 14(2):27-32.
NAL call number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: puppies, socialization, human-animal bond, toys.
Vanderlip, S.L., J.E. Vanderlip, and S. Myles (March 1985). A socializing program for laboratory-raised canines. Lab Animal 14(1):33-36
NAL call number: QL55.A1L33
Descriptors: behavior, temperament testing, toys, knotted towel, plastic bottles, food rewards.
Wolfle, T.L. (November 1989). Dog socialization. In: Animal Care and Use: Policy Issues in the 1990's. NIH, OPRR, OACU Conference: Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 43-45.
NAL call number: HV4704 A46 1989
Descriptors: exercise, stress, bonding, human interaction.
Wolfle, T.L. (1990). Policy, program and people: The three P's to wellbeing. In: Canine Research Environment J.A. Mench and L. Krulisch (eds.), Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, pp. 41-47.
NAL call number: QL737.C22C36
Descriptors: psychological well-being, exercise, socialization, management, performance vs. engineering standards.
Wright, J.C. (1980). The development of social structure during the primary socialization period in German shepherds. Developmental Psychobiology 13(1):17-24.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: social organization, exploratory behavior, ontogeny, dominance, dogs.
Wright, J.C. (1983). The effects of differential rearing on exploratory behavior in puppies. Applied Animal Ethology 10(1-2):27-34.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: hand-rearing, litter-rearing, stimulus, exploratory behavior, locomotor activity, novel objects, reactivity, social environment, rearing, exploratory behavior, dogs.
Wubs, W. and H. Rozemond (October 15, 1987). Experimental dog: A need for improvement in housing. [Proefhonden: Noodzaak tot verbetering van de huisvesting.] Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 112(20):1182-1190.
NAL call number: SF601 N4
Descriptors: animal welfare, laboratory animals, physiology, dogs, housing, standards, quality control.
Michael C. Appleby
Institute of Ecology and Resource Management
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
There has been relatively little published on environmental enrichment for the mammalian farm animals used in "laboratory" studies. This may be partly because most such studies are carried out either in normal farm conditions, or in conditions regarded as similar to these (for example, growing pigs housed singly, similar to normal housing for sows) or on animals removed only temporarily from such conditions. There may, however, be welfare problems in normal farm conditions and the considerable work which has now been done on improvement of these is relevant here. In addition, the special treatment necessary for experimental work may cause further problems and also cast doubt on the results of the research, not least when imposed temporarily. In this brief commentary, three aspects of such treatment will be considered which act separately and in combination: human contact, social conditions and physical conditions.
Animals react to human contact behaviorally and physiologically in ways which may interfere with the topic under study. This is particularly likely if restraint is involved; for example, to obtain blood samples. A common approach to minimize such effects is to use remote sampling methods such as filming behavior, strapping on or implanting heart rate meters (Porges 1985), and automatically withdrawing blood samples from a catheter (Mayes et al. 1988). Other non-invasive techniques are also being developed, such as measurement of hormones in saliva, urine and faeces. Less attention has been given to the possibility of accustoming animals to human contact including handling, which may considerably reduce such effects (Pearce et al. 1989), despite the fact that more is known about this for farm animals than for other species (Gonyou 1991). A particularly promising finding is that pigs and sheep can be trained to enter a restraining device for procedures including blood withdrawal voluntarily and repeatedly (Grandin 1986, 1989). Another important aspect of human contact is predictability (Carlstead 1986). Thus if feeding times are to be manipulated experimentally, animals can be trained in advance not to expect food at the same time each day (Reid and Mills 1962). As a general rule it is better to accustom animals to disturbance than to attempt to avoid disturbing them; if there is little disturbance for long periods then any disruption which does occur may be very stressful. This is probably the main basis of the idea which is sometimes expressed that animals should be subjected to "adequate levels of stress".
Many experiments involve isolation of animals. This can have very strong effects: heart rate of sheep when first isolated is greatly elevated (Baldock and Sibly 1986) and sheep on restricted diets behave more abnormally in isolation than in groups (Done-Currie et al. 1984). There is some indication that the chance of conception by dairy cows is lower if they have been kept in isolation prior to artificial insemination (cf. Moberg 1991). Effects are usually reduced if animals can see each other and it should be possible to arrange this even in restrictive housing such as metabolism crates. More consideration should also be given to methods for housing animals in groups while making individual measurements; for example, using film (Pajor et al. 1991) or electronic devices (Lambert et al. 1983) for recording individual food intake. When animals are housed in groups, though, care must be taken to minimize harmful social behavior such as aggression, as in any husbandry system. Precautions should include careful consideration of physical conditions.
The space provided in experimental conditions is usually less constrained than that in commercial conditions with one major exception: the metabolism crate. This is commonly used to keep the animal in a fixed position for collection of urine and faeces, but more use could be made of bags fixed to the animal for this purpose; in pigs, it should also be possible to make use of their habitual urination and defecation sites as has been done for cats (Carlstead et al. 1993). Reactions of animals to close confinement may be extreme especially if it is combined with food restriction (Appleby et al. 1987). In experiments which do not use such crates, problems such as harmful social behavior and frustration of various behavior patterns are more likely to be associated with barrenness of the environment than with lack of space. Common causes for barrenness are cleanliness and avoidance of unwanted edible material (such as straw). Yet cleanliness is not always strictly necessary, and an acceptable degree of cleanliness may be achieved even with substrates such as woodchips (Chamove et al. 1982). The environment can be made more complex quite easily, for example by fitting barriers (Waran and Broom 1993) and providing manipulable objects. Many techniques which have been developed for other species such as primates could also be used for farm animals; these include, for example, increasing the animals' control over their physical environment (Baldwin 1979). Among other advantages, provision of "toys" makes handling of pigs easier (Grandin et al. 1987). It should be pointed out, however, that the effects of environmental enrichment need to be assessed rather than just assumed; there may be deleterious effects such as increased aggression (McGregor and Ayling 1990). Food can also be provided in ways which are more stimulating than a trough, such as operant devices. As with several of the other factors already mentioned, this will be particularly valuable if food is restricted. Without such measures, food restriction can have severe effects on behavior (Willard et al. 1977, Appleby and Lawrence 1987) with implications for physiological effects on the measurements being made (Marsden and Wood-Gush 1986). Such effects include extreme variability: one nutritional study of sheep which kept them without food for a period to obtain baseline measurements found that some reacted violently, with high metabolic rate, while others were somnolent with low metabolism (Blaxter and Wainman 1961).
Environmental enrichment for farm animals in experiments is important both for the validity of the experiments and for the animals themselves.
Appleby, M.C. and A.B. Lawrence (1987). Food restriction as a cause of stereotypic behaviour in tethered gilts. Animal Production 45:103-110.
Baldock, N.M. and R.M. Sibly (1986). Effects of management procedures on heart rate in sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15:191.
Baldwin, B.A. (1979). Operant studies on the behaviour of pigs and sheep in relation to the physical environment. Journal of Animal Science 49: 1125-1134.
Blaxter, K.L. and F.W. Wainman (1961). The utilization of food by sheep and cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science 57:419-425.
Carlstead, K. (1986). Predictability of feeding: Its effects on agonistic behaviour in grower pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16:25-38.
Carlstead, K., J.L. Brown, and W. Strawn (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of stress in laboratory cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38:143-158.
Chamove, A.S., J.R. Anderson, S.C. Morgan-Jones, and S.P. Jones (1982). Deep woodchip litter: Hygiene, feeding, and behavioral enhancement in eight primate species. International Journal for Study of Animal Problems 3: 308-318.
Done-Currie, J.R., J.F. Hecker, and M. Wodzicka-Tomaszewka (1984). Behaviour of sheep transferred from pasture to an animal house. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 12:121-130.
Gonyou, H.G. (1991). The interaction of humans with food animals: Making husbandry a science. In: Applied Animal Behaviour: Past, Present and Future Appleby, M.C., R.I. Horrell, J.C. Petherick, and S.M. Rutter, eds., Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: Potters Bar, UK, pp. 31-33.
Grandin, T. (1986). Minimizing stress in pig handling. Lab Animal 15:1-5.
Grandin, T. (1989). Voluntary acceptance of restraint by sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 23:257-261.
Grandin, T, S.E. Curtis, and I.A. Taylor (1987). Toys, mingling and driving reduce excitability in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 65(Supplement 1):230.
Lambert, R. J., M. Ellis, P. Rowlinson, and C.A. Saville (1983). An alternative system of sow housing and feeding based upon a sow activated feeder. Animal Production 36:532.
Marsden, D. and D.G.M. Wood-Gush (1986). A note on the behaviour of individually-penned sheep regarding their use for research purposes. Animal Production 42:157-159.
Mayes, R.W., C.S. Lamb, and P.M. Colgrove (1988). Equipment for estimating carbon dioxide turnover rate in undisturbed grazing sheep. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 47:136a.
McGregor, P.K. and S.J. Ayling (1990). Varied cages result in more aggression in male CFLP mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26:277-281.
Moberg, G.P. (1991). How behavioral stress disrupts the endocrine control of reproduction in domestic animals. Journal of Dairy Science 74:304-311.
Pajor, E.A, D. Fraser, and D.L. Kramer (1991). Consumption of solid food by suckling pigs: Individual variation and relation to weight gain. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32:139-155.
Pearce, G.P., A.N. Pearce, and A.M. Paterson (1989). The influence of pleasant and unpleasant handling and the provision of toys on the growth and behaviour of male pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 23:27-37.
Porges, S.W. (1985). Spontaneous oscillations in heart rate: Potential index of stress. In: Animal Stress G.P. Moberg, ed., American Physiological Society: Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 97-111.
Reid, R.L. and S.C. Mills (1962). Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep: The adrenal response to psychological stress. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 13:282-295.
Waran, N.K. and D.M. Broom (1993). The influence of a barrier on the behaviour and growth of early-weaned piglets. Animal Production 56:115-119.
Willard, J.G, J.C. Willard, S.A. Wolfram, and J.P. Baker (1977). Effect of diet on cecal pH and feeding behavior of horses. Journal of Animal Science 45:87-93.
Berry, D.J. (1994). Transport and Handling of Livestock and Poultry: January 1984 - January 1994. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 62p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no. 94-32
Descriptors: bibliography, livestock, poultry, handling, husbandry, transport, care.
Cregier, S.E. (1989). Farm Animal Ethology: A Source Book. Captus Press: Ontario, Canada, 213p.
NAL call number: SF81 C73
Descriptors: directory, information, journals, funding sources, academia, audio-visuals, conferences, books, reviews.
DeLuca, A.M. and C. Kranda (1992). Environmental enrichment in a large animal facility. Lab Animal 21(1):38-44.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: canine, swine, feline, welfare, exercise, toys, play, balls, runs, comparisons.
Ewbank, R. (1985). The behavioural needs of farm and laboratory animals. In: Animal Experimentation: Improvements and Alternatives N. Marsh and S. Heywood, eds., FRAME: Nottingham, UK, pp. 31-35.
NAL call number: QL55 A5
Descriptors: behavioral needs, comfort, shelter, flooring, legislation.
Fox, M.W. (1965). Environmental factors influencing stereotyped and allelomimatic behavior in animals. Laboratory Animal Care 15(5):363-370.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: boredom, crowding, space, noise, photoperiod.
Grandin, T. (April 1993). The effect of previous experiences on livestock behavior during handling. Agri-Practice 14(4):15-20.
NAL call number: SF601.B6
Descriptors: cattle, sheep, handling, restraint, behavior.
Grandin, T. (November 1990). Design of loading facilities and holding pens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(1/2):187-201.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: cattle, pigs, sheep, floor, lighting, chutes, pens, transport.
Grandin, T. (July 1987). Animal handling. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 3(2):323-338.
NAL call number: SF601.V535
Descriptors: livestock, handling, stress, movement, behavior, facilities.
Grandin, T. (June 1984). Reduce stress of handling to improve productivity of livestock. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician 79(6):827-831.
NAL call number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: cattle, physiology, stress, behavior.
Hart, L.A. (February 1994). Opportunities for environmental enrichment in the laboratory. Lab Animal 23(2):24-27.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: zoo, farm, laboratory, outdoor housing, noise.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and G.J. Coleman (1993). The human-animal relationship in agriculture and its consequences for the animal. Animal Welfare 2(1):33-51.
NAL call number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: stock people, human-animal bond, fear, handling.
Hemsworth, P.H. and J.L. Barnett (1987). Human-animal interactions. In: Farm Animal Behaviour. The Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice 3(2):339-356.
NAL call number: SF601 V535
Descriptors: fear, handling, noise, husbandry, housing.
Hughes, B.O. and I.J.H. Duncan (1988). The notion of ethological "need," models of motivation and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour 36:1696-1707.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: behavioral elasticity, motivation, appetitive and consummatory behavior.
Kilgour, R., T.M. Foster, W. Temple, L.R. Matthews, and K.J. Bremner (April 1991). Operant technology applied to solving farm animal problems. An assessment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30(1/2):141-166.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: cattle, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, feed preferences, conditioning.
Mench, J.A. (February 1994). Environmental enrichment and exploration. Lab Animal 23(2):38-41.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: exploratory behavior, appetitive behavior, genetics, experience.
Mench, J.A., S.J. Mayer, and L. Krulisch, eds. (1992). The Well-being of Agricultural Animals in Biomedical and Agricultural Research Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD, 111p.
NAL call number: HV4704.W38
Descriptors: handling, transport, management, care, behavior, regulations.
Purdue University (1993). Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Domestic Livestock Used for Research. Department of Animal Science: West Lafayette, Indiana, videorecording, 41 minutes.
NAL call number: videocassette no. 1542
Descriptors: farm animals, pointless behavior, physiology, genetics, parasites, nutritional deficiencies.
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (1990). Environmental Enrichment Advancing Animal Care. UFAW: Potters Bar, Herts, England, videorecording, 37 minutes.
NAL call number: videocassette no. 1327
Descriptors: zoo animals, housing, guidelines, captivity
Wood-Gush, D.G.M. and K. Vestergaard (1991). The seeking of novelty and its relation to play. Animal Behaviour 42:599-606.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: novel objects, exploration, learning.
Wood-Gush, D.G.M. and K. Vestergaard (1989). Exploratory behavior and the welfare of intensively kept animals. Journal of Agricultural Ethics 2:161-169.
NAL call number: BJ52.5 J68
Descriptors: pigs, exploration, learning, social behavior, housing.
Albright, J.L., T.H. Blosser, and S.E. Curtis (1987). Dairy animal welfare: Current and needed research. Journal of Dairy Science 70(12):2711-2731.
NAL call number: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: cows, welfare, review, housing, environment, behavior, environmental factors.
Berry, D.J. (1995). Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Beef Cattle: January 1985- March 1995. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 92p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no. 95-16
Descriptors: bibliography, handling, husbandry, facilities, care, welfare, well-being, behavior, stress, humane.
Berry, D.J. (1995). Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Dairy Cattle: January 1985 - March 1995. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 92p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no. 95-15
Descriptors: bibliography, handling, husbandry, facilities, care, welfare.
Berry, D.J. (1992). Veal Calves: January 1979 - August 1992. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 49p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no. 92-67
Descriptors: bibliography, handling, husbandry, facilities, care, welfare, behavior, stress, humane.
Boandl, K.E., J.E. Wohlt, and R.V. Carsia (August 1989). Effects of handling, administration of a local anesthetic, and electrical dehorning on plasma cortisol in Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science 72(8):2193-2197.
NAL call number: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: calves, handling, anesthesia, polling, cortisol, stress.
Brunner, C.J. (1989). Reducing handling stress aids immune function in calves. Agricultural Experiment Station 367(2):p.10.
NAL call number: 100 AL1H
Descriptors: calves, steers, cattle, stress management, stress response, adrenal cortex hormones, immune response, transport of animals.
de Wilt, J.G. (September 1987). Behavior and welfare of veal
calves in individual crates and in group pens. [Gedrag en
welzijn van vleeskalveren in individuele boxen en in
groepshuisvesting.] Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde
112(17):994-1000.
NAL call number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: society critique, group vs. isolated housing, preputial sucking.
Eldridge, G.A., C.G. Winfield, and D.J. Cahill (1988). Responses of cattle to different space allowances, pen sizes and road conditions during transport. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28(2):155-159.
NAL call number: 23 AU792
Descriptors: cattle, stress response, space requirements, pens, size, behavior, welfare, heart rate, surveys, injuries, weight loss.
Gebremedhin, K.G., C.O. Cramer, and H.J. Larsen (September 1985). Preference of dairy cattle for stall options in free stall housing. Agricultural Engineers 28(5):1637-1640.
NAL call number: 290.9 AM32T
Descriptors: cattle, dairy, stalls, housing, behavior.
Grandin, T. (1991). Cattle behavior during handling and corral design for beef cow herds. Extension Bulletin Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University: East Lansing, Michigan, 10p.
NAL call number: 275.29 M58B
Descriptors: cows, cattle, fencing, behavior, vision, movement.
Grandin, T. (1987). Using cattle psychology to aid handling. Agri-Practice 8(5):32-36.
NAL call number: SF601.B6
Descriptors: cattle, handling, behavior, perception, stress, guidelines.
Heerens, S.E. (August 1989). Confinement rearing of calves. [Letter] Journal of the American Veterinary Association 195(4):423.
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: housing, husbandry, pathogen transmission.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, A.J. Tilbrook, and C. Hansen (1989).
The effects of handling by humans at calving and during milking on
the behaviour and milk cortisol concentrations of primiparous dairy
cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
22(3/4):313-326.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: cattle, cows, milking interval, calving interval, handling, stress, cortisol, behavior.
Hinch, G.N. (1994). The behavioural and physiological assessment of well-being, pain and distress in sheep and cattle. In: Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research Environment: Proceedings of the conference held at the
Marriott Hotel, Sydney, October, 1993 R.M. Baker, G. Jenkin, and D.J. Mellor, eds., ANZCCART, P.O. Box 19, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia, pp. 35-40.
Descriptors: stress, pain, social behavior, physiology, stereotypies.
Johnson, D.D., N.W. Bradley, J.A. Boling, and R.M. Stone (September 1983). Effects of space and bedding on steer performance. Progress Report - Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station 272:17-18.
NAL call number: 100 K41PR
Descriptors: cattle, steers, housing, pens, bedding, space requirements.
Kerr, S.G.C. and D.G.M. Wood-Gush (1987). A comparison of the early behaviour of intensively and extensively reared calves. Animal Production 45(pt.2):181-190.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: calves, animal behavior, intensive livestock farming, extensive livestock farming, housing, welfare.
Lehenbauer, T., T. Jones, and L. Collar (1994). The impact of
free-stall housing on somatic cell counts in bulk tank milk. In:
Dairy Systems for the 21st century. Proceedings of the third
international dairy housing conference held in Orlando, Florida, February
2-5, 1994. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph,
MI, pp.128-137.
Descriptors: dry-lot housing, economic impact, milk production, housing, microclimate, milk quality, mastitis, design, loose housing, cattle diseases.
Martsching, S.L. (October 1989). More on confinement rearing of calves. [Letter] Journal of the American Veterinary Association 195(8):1055.
NAL call number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: housing, husbandry, pathogen transmission.
Mench, J.A., J.C. Swanson, and W.R. Stricklin (1990). Social stress and dominance among group members after mixing beef cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70(2):345-354.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163
Descriptors: cattle, cortisol, socialization.
O'Connell, J., P.S. Giller, and W. Meaney (1989). A comparison of dairy cattle behavioral patterns at pasture and during confinement. Irish Journal of Agricultural Research 28(1):65-72.
NAL call number: S539.5.174
Descriptors: ethograms, feeding, social behavior, resting behavior.
Pagano, A., R. Holt, R. Schwart, W. Boggess, and M. DeLorenzo (1994). Investments in free stall dairy housing: Estimated costs, returns and risk. Balanced Dairying Economics 14(1):11pp.
Descriptors: cows, housing, construction, design, cost benefit analysis, dairy, loose housing, management.
Rodenburg, J., H.K. House, and N.G. Anderson (1994). Free stall base and bedding materials: Effect on cow comfort. Annual Meeting: National Mastitis Council (U.S.)
NAL call number: SF967.M3N32
Descriptors: dairy herds, cubicles, litter, welfare, hygiene, housing.
Rynk, R.F. (1988). Performance of alternative veal housing systems. In: Livestock Environment III: Proceedings of the Third International Livestock Environment Symposium St. American Society of Agricultural Engineers: Joseph,
Michigan, pp. 409-416.
NAL call number: SF91.I5
Descriptors: calf housing, loose housing, husbandry, behavior, literature review.
Sato, S., K. Tarumizu, and K. Hatae (December 1993). The influence of social factors on allogrooming in cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38(3/4):235-244.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: dairy cows, beef cows, grooming, kinship, social structure, spatial distribution, social interaction, altruism.
Schlichting, M., D. Smidt, and C. Muller (November 1990). Studies of the effects of group housing of calves on their welfare. Tierärztliche Umschau 45(11):785-791.
NAL call number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: group housing, slat floors, litter, social behavior, calves.
Seabrook, M.F. (1984). The psychological interaction between the stockman and his animals and its influence on performance of pigs and dairy cows. Veterinary Record 115:84-87.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: human-animal bond, fear, handling, behavior.
Smidt, D. (1990). Animal welfare in cattle housing and pig housing and management. Landbauforschung Volkenrode 40(2):138-156.
NAL call number: 18 L2353
Descriptors: alternative housing, species-specific feeding, economics, production.
Stricklin, W.R. (1976). Theory and model for overcrowding effects on social animals. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 56(4):849.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163
Descriptors: social behavior, aggression, housing, husbandry.
Tilbrook, A.J., P.H. Hemsworth, J.L. Barnett, and A. Skinner (1989). An investigation of the social behavior and response to humans of young cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 23(1-2):107-116.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: bulls, steer, behavioral response, interaction, effects, husbandry/management practices.
Tsuji, O., Y. Matsuda, F. Tsuchiya, T. Suzuki, N. Abe, K. Oosaki, and
K. Ooboshi (1994). Study on drainage of cattle paddock: The
improvement of cattle paddock environment with underdrainage.
Research Bulletin of Obihiro University Natural Science
19(1):23-29.
NAL call number: 513 Ob3
Descriptors: paddock drainage, footing, management, housing, environmental enrichment.
van Niekerk, A., A.W. Lishman, and S.F. Lesch (December 1986).
The reproductive responses of two breeds of beef cows and the
performance of their progeny in two contrasting environments.
South African Journal of Animal Science [Suid Afrikaanse tydskrif vir
veekunde] 16(4):209:214.
NAL call number: SF1.S6
Descriptors: beef cattle, simmental, calving, stress, environment.
Verga, M., M Pavesi, and F. Cerutti (1985). Behaviour and performance of veal calves under different stabling conditions. Annales de Zootechnie 34(3):247-256.
NAL call number: 49 F84
Descriptors: calves, behavior, housing, stables, slatted floors, pens, microclimate.
Voyt, J. (June 1984). Good cattle handling facilities, less stress on man and beast alike. Georgia Cattleman 12(6):12.
NAL call number: SF191.G4
Descriptors: corrals, chutes, headgates, enclosures, stress, behavior.
Webster, A.J., C. Saville, B.M. Church, A. Gnanasakthy, and R. Moss (May-June 1985). The effect of different rearing systems on the development of calf behaviour. British Veterinary Journal 141(3):249-264.
NAL call number: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: social behavior, age, housing.
Barrey, E. (March 1989). Comparative study of the comfort quality of different tracks for equestrian sports [Etude comparative des qualities de comfort de differents sols equestres.] Journee de la Recherche Chevaline Cereeopa
Publishers: Paris, France, pp.134-144.
Descriptors: welfare, racehorses, safety, preference, substrates.
Blackshaw, J.K., D. Kirk, and S.E. Cregier (April/June 1983). A different approach to horse handling, based on the Jeffery method. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 4(2):117-123.
NAL call number: HV4701.I49
Descriptors: behavior, flight distance principle, human-animal bond, mutual confidence.
Crowell-Davis, S.L. (1992). The effect of the researcher on
the behavior of horses. In: The Inevitable Bond: Examining
Scientist-Animal Interactions H. Davis and D. Balfour, eds.,
Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, pp. 316-333.
NAL call number: QL55 I44
Descriptors: flight distance, avoidance, feral horses, domestic horses, psychobiology, researcher personality.
Crowell-Davis, S.L, K.A. Houpt, and C.M. Carini (May 1986). Mutual grooming and nearest-neighbor relationships among foals of Equus caballus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15(2):113-123.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: behavior, social interaction, herd structure, sex differences.
Crowell-Davis, S.L., K.A. Houpt, and L. Kane (August 1987). Play development in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) foals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18(2):119-131.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: behavior, colt, fillies, mating behavior, mares.
Cuddeford, D. and P. Imlah (1991). Effect of restricted grazing area on the normal behaviour of horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30(1-2):192(abstract).
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: welfare, behavior, grazing, natural environment.
Ewbank, R. (January 1985). Contributions of ethology to clinical interpretation of the horse's welfare. Equine Veterinary Journal 17(1):2-3.
NAL call number: SF955.E6
Descriptors: behavior, welfare, care, health, handling, well-being.
Fagen, R.M. and T.K. George (1977). Play behavior and exercise in young ponies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2(3):267-269.
NAL call number: QL751 B4
Descriptors: foals, behavior, running, exercise, socialization.
Feh, C. and J. de Mazieres (1993). Grooming at a preferred site reduces heart rate in horses. Animal Behaviour 46(6):1191-1194.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: social behavior, husbandry, grooming, stress.
Heird, J.C., R.W. Bell, and S.G. Brasier (1986/1987). Effects of early experience upon adaptiveness of horses. In: Advances in Animal Welfare Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Boston, MA, pp.103-109.
NAL call number: HV4701.A34
Descriptors: foals, adaptability, domestication, behavior, welfare, training.
Heird, J.C., D.D. Whitaker, R.W. Bell, C.B. Ramsey, and C.E. Lokey (1986). The effects of handling at different ages on the subsequent learning ability of 2-year-old horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15(1):15-25.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: behavior, learning, training, novel stimuli, conditioning, maze-learning.
Hogan, E.A., K.A. Houpt, and K. Sweeney (September 1988). The
effect of enclosure size on social interactions and daily activity
patterns of the captive Asiatic wild horse (Equus
przewalskii). Applied Animal Behaviour Science
21(1/2):147-168.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: Equus caballus przewalskii, wild animals, housing, space requirements, socialization, behavior.
Houpt, K.A. (Winter 1987). Equine behavior problems in relation to humane care. Anthrozoos 1(3):184-187.
NAL call number: SF411.A57
Descriptors: aggression, behavior, handling, care, treatment, welfare.
Houpt, K.A. and H.F. Hintz (1983). Some effects of maternal deprivation on maintenance behavior, spatial relationships and responses to environmental novelty in foals. Applied Animal Ethology 9(3/4):221-230.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: social behavior, feeding behavior, stress, newborn, foals, solitary confinement, pasture, familiarity, contact, space, grazing, novel environment.
Houpt, K.A. and T.R. Houpt (June 1992). Social and illumination preferences of mares. Equine Practice 14(6):11-16.
NAL call number: SF951.E62
Descriptors: social environment, physical environment, operant conditioning, lighting, preferences, behavior.
Houpt, K.A. and T.R. Houpt (September 1988). Social and illumination preferences of mares. Journal of Animal Sciences 66(9):2159-2164.
NAL call number: 49.J82
Descriptors: social environment, physical environment, operant conditioning, lighting, preferences, behavior.
Hunter, L. and K.A. Houpt (August 1989). Bedding material preferences of ponies. Journal of Animal Sciences 67(8):1986-1991.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: housing, behavior, substrate, straw, wood shavings.
Kiley-Worthington, M. (January 1990). The behaviour of horses in relation to management and training, towards ethologically sound environments. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 10(1):62-71.
NAL call number: SF951.J65
Descriptors: behavioral problems, vices, feeding behavior, mating behavior, group interaction, tractability, animal welfare, time allocation.
Kiley-Worthington, M. (1987). The behaviour of horses in relation to management and training: Horse psychology and behavior A. Muller: Ruschlikon-Zurich, Switzerland, 216p.
NAL call number: SF281.K5415 (German), SF281.K54 (English)
Descriptors: welfare, social behavior, learning, stereotypies.
Kolter, L. (September 1988). Social behavior of Przewalski horses in the Cologne Zoo and its consequences for management and housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 21(1/2):117-145.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: Equus caballus przewalskii, social behavior, housing, husbandry, facilities, zoological gardens, space requirements.
Kolter, L. (1984). Social relationships between horses and its influence on feeding activity in loose housing. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Applied Ethology in Farm Animals J. Unshelm, G. van Putten and K.
Zeeb, eds., Germany, pp. 151-155.
NAL call number: SF756.7.I5
Descriptors: social behavior, feeding behavior, housing, space, size.
Kresse, W. (1993). Open housing for the welfare of horses [Offenstllhaltung fuers wohlbefinden der pferde.] Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt. Organ des Landesbauernverbandes in Baden-Wuerrtemberg 160(8):45(abstract).
NAL call number: S232 B24L36
Descriptors: saddle horses, housing, animal needs, livestock, work animals, preferences.
Kusunose, R., H. Hatakeyama, F. Ichikawa, K. Kubo, A. Kiguchi, Y.
Asai, and K. Ito (1986). Behavioral studies on yearling horses in
field environments. 2.Effects of group size on the behaviour of
horses. In: Bulletin of Equine Research Institute (No.
23) Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association: Tokyo,
Japan, pp.1-6.
NAL call number: SF321 N5
Descriptors: animal behavior, group dynamics, social behavior, pastured, grazing.
Kusunose, R., H. Hatakeyama, K. Kubo, A. Kiguchi, Y. Asai, Y. Fujii,
and K. Ito (1985).Behavioral studies on yearling horses in field
environments. I. Effects of the field size on the behavior of
horses. In: Bulletin of Equine Research Institute (No.
22) Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association: Tokyo,
Japan, pp.1-7.
NAL call number: SF321 N5
Descriptors: animal behavior, group dynamics, social behavior, exercise, field size, pastured, grazing.
Mal, M.E., T.H. Friend, D.C. Lay, S.G. Vogelsang, and O.C. Jenkins (July 1991). Behavioral responses of mares to short-term confinement and social isolation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 31(1/2):13-24.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: behavior, isolation, socialization, pastures, open housing, stalls, stress.
Mal, M.E., T.H. Friend, D.C. Lay, S.G. Vogelsang, and O.C. Jenkins (1991). Physiological responses of mares to short-term confinement and social isolation. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 11(2):96-102.
NAL call number: SF951.J65
Descriptors: isolation, stalls, cortisol, stress, disease, adrenal glands, haemoglobin, thyroid hormones, mitogens, lymphocyte transformation, environment, housing, haematology, immune response, age differences.
Mal, M.E., C.A. McCall, K.A. Cummins, and C. Newland (1992). Influence of early handling on subsequent learning abilities in weanling horses. Journal of Animal Science 70 (Supplement 1):156(abstract).
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: abstract, foal, behavior, care, management, livestock, stress.
Malinowski, K., N.A. Hallquist, L. Helyar, A.R. Sherman, and C.G.
Scanes (September 1990). Effect of different separation protocols
between mares and foals on plasma cortisol and cell-mediated immune
response. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
10(5):363-368.
NAL call number: SF951.J65
Descriptors: weaning, stress, hydrocortisone, concentration, immunity, behavior, blood plasma, separation.
Malpass, J.P. (November 1994). A simple and effective environmental enrichment device for ponies in long-term indoor confinement. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 33 (6):74-76.
NAL call number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: horses, environment, enrichment, foraging, abnormal behavior.
McCall, C.A. (1993). Solving behavior problems in horses. Equine Practice 15(8):30-31.
NAL call number: SF951.E62
Descriptors: disease, animal behavior, animal welfare, housing, feeding exercise, training, abnormal behavior, stimuli, positive reinforcement, learning.
McCall, C.A. (January 1990). A review of learning behavior in horses and its application in horse training. Journal of Animal Science 68(19):75-81.
NAL call number: 49.J82
Descriptors: learning ability, training.
McCall, J. (1988). Influencing horse behavior a natural approach to training, 1st edition. Alpine Publishers: Loveland, CO, 77p.
NAL call number: SF287.M44
Descriptors: behavioral principles, psychology, handling, care.
McCann, J.S. (1986). Ethological observations and the effect of handling and reserpine on normal and nervous yearling horses. Dissertation Abstracts International, B 47(2):446.
NAL call number: Z5055 U49D53
Descriptors: theses, adaptation, training, behavior, stress, neuroleptics.
Pinsent, P.J.N. (1984). The horse and its welfare in different
states of confinement. In: Priorities in Animal Welfare: The
Proceedings of the Animal Welfare Foundation's First Symposium L.
Bagnall, ed., BVA Animal Welfare Foundation: London, England,
pp.67-72.
NAL call number: HV4704.A54
Descriptors: environment, stress, welfare, sports, isolation, space, socialization.
Pollack, J. (March 1987). Welfare lessons of equine social behavior. Equine Veterinary Journal 19(2):86-89.
NAL call number: SF955.E6
Descriptors: social behavior, wild horses, wild burros, social structure.
Rifa, H. (January 1990). Social facilitation in the horse. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25(1/2):167-176.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: Equus caballus, maternal behavior, social behavior.
Smith, C.P. (1994). Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Horses: January 1988-January 1994. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 62p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.94-22
Descriptors: bibliography, flooring, stress, housing design, ventilation, temperature control, transport, social environment.
Tellington-Jones, L. (1994). A Touch of Magic for Horses Phane Marketing International, Inc.: La Quinta, CA, VHS, 47 minutes.
Descriptors: training, handling, stress, human-animal bond, learning, total body recognition, vices..
Tellington-Jones, L. and U. Bruns (1988). An Introduction to the Tellington-Jones Equine Awareness Method: The T.E.A.M. Approach to Problem-free Training Breakthrough Publications: Millwood, NY, 180p.
NAL call number: GV1831 H8T44
Descriptors: handling, total body awareness, human-animal bond, learning.
Williams, M. (1974). The effect of artificial rearing on the social behavior of foals. Equine Veterinary Journal 6(1):17-18.
NAL call number: SF955.E6
Descriptors: intensive husbandry, foal, social behavior.
Young, J.R. (July 1979). Man and horse vs. boredom. Horseman 23(12):22-23, 26-27.
NAL call number: SF309.H6
Descriptors: repetition, training, handling, varied routine.
Zeeb, K. (March 1994). Possibilities for the all-year raising of horses. [Moglichkeiten der ganzjahrigen freilandhaltung von pferden.] Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 101(3):122-123.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: animal needs, welfare, management, semi-natural environment, shelter, social behavior, comfort behavior.
Zeitlerfeicht, M.H. (May 1993). Minimum requirements for lighting, climate and air-pollution for horse stables with respect to animal welfare. Tierärztliche Umschau 48(5):311.
NAL call number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: stables, animal health, metabolic changes, humidity, environment, temperature, ammonia concentrations.
Baldock, N.M. and R.M. Sibly (November 1990). Effects of handling and transportation on the heart rate and behaviour of sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(1/2):15-39.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: isolation, handling, transport, stress, heart rate.
Berry, D. (1994). Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Sheep and Goats: January 1985-April 1994. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 30p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.94-36
Descriptors: bibliography, flooring, crate design, ventilation, temperature control.
Biquand, S. and V. Biquand-Guyot (1992). The influence of peers, lineage and environment on food selection of the criollo goat (Capra hircus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34(3):231-245.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: social environment, food selection, genetics.
Bobek, S., J. Niezgoda, K. Pierzchala, P. Litynski, and A. Sechman
(November 1986). Changes in circulating levels of iodothyronines,
cortisol and endogenous thiocyanate in sheep during emotional stress
caused by isolation of the animals from the flock.
Zentralblatt fürVeterinarmedizin, Riehe A 33(9):698-705.
NAL call number: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: social isolation, stress, adaptation, physiology.
Boe, K., J.J. Nedkvitne, and D. Austbo (December 1991). The effect of different housing regimes on the performance and rectal temperature of sheep. Animal Production 53(pt. 3):332-337.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: housing, environmental temperature, feed intake, production.
Carbonaro, D.A., T.H. Friend, G.R. Dellmeier, and L.C. Nuti (February 1992). Behavioral and physiological responses of dairy goats to isolation. Physiology and Behavior 51(2):297-301.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: Nubian goat, Alpine goat, social isolation, fear, vocalization, behavior.
Casteilla, L., P. Orgeur, and J.P. Signoret (December 1987). Effects of rearing conditions on sexual performance in the ram: Practical use. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19(1/2):111-118.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: social behavior, experience, sexual behavior, rams.
Fenwick, D.C. and D.J. Green (August 1986). The effects of
handling procedures, breed differences and treatment with lithium and
dexamethasone on some blood parameters in sheep. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 16(1):39-47.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: ewes, border leicester, blood plasma, erythrocytes, sodium, potassium, calcium, hypocalcemia, stress, behavior.
Gonyou, H.W. (October 1991). Behavioral methods to answer questions about sheep. Journal of Animal Science 69(10):4155-4160.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: preference testing, aversiveness, spatial behavior, social behavior.
Gonyou, H.W. and J.M. Stookey (July 1985). Behavior of parturient ewes in group-lambing pens with and without cubicles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14(2):163-171.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: goats, parturition, cubicles, kids, pens.
Gonyou, H.W., J.M. Stookey, and L.G. McNeal (May 1985). Effects of double decking and space allowances on the performance and behavior of feeder lambs. Journal of Animal Science 60(5):1110-1116.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: production, growth, behavior, housing.
Gordon, G.D.H. and M.S. Cockram (May 1995). A comparison of wooden slats and straw bedding on the behaviour of sheep. Animal Welfare 4(2): 131-134.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557
Descriptors: standing, moving, lying, flooring preference.
Hargreaves, A.L. and G.D. Hutson (May 1990). The effect of gentling on heart rate, flight distance and aversion of sheep to a handling procedure. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26(3):243-252.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: handling, fear, heart rate, stress.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and G.J. Coleman (1993). The human-animal relationship in agriculture and its consequences for the animal. Animal Welfare 2(1):33-51.
NAL call number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: stockpeople, human-animal bond, fear, handling.
Hinch, G.N. (1994). The behavioural and physiological assessment of well-being, pain, and distress in sheep and cattle. In: Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research Environment: Proceedings of the conference held at the
Marriott Hotel, Sydney, October, 1993 R.M. Baker, G. Jenkin, and D.J. Mellor, eds., ANZCCART, P.O. Box 19, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia, pp. 35-40.
Descriptors: stress, pain, social behavior, physiology, stereotypies.
Horton, G.M.J., K. Malinowski, C.C. Burgher, and D.D. Palatini (November 1991). The effect of space allowance and sex on blood catecholamines and cortisol, feed consumption, and average daily gain in growing lambs. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 32(2/3):197-204.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: space, housing, growth, stress, physiology, lambs.
Lawrence, A.B. and D.G.M. Wood-Gush (1985). Investigations on social space in open and restricted environments in sheep. Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science 35:171-191.
NAL call number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: space, social behavior, loose housing, clustering.
Lyons, D.M. (1992). Early human-animal relationships and temperament differences among domestic dairy goats. In: The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist-Animal Interactions H. Davis and D. Balfour, eds., Cambridge University
Press: Cambridge, England, pp. 295-315.
NAL call number: QL55 I44
Descriptors: flight distance, avoidance, rearing experience, corticosteroids, production, psychobiology.
Lyons, D.M. and E.O. Price (1987). Relationships between heart rates and behavior of goats in encounters with people. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18(3-4):363-370.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: fear, heart rate, vocalizations, human-animal bond.
Lyons, D.M., E.O. Price, and G.P. Moberg (July 1993). Social grouping tendencies and separation-induced distress in juvenile sheep and goats. Developmental Psychobiology 26(5):251-259.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: social affinities, pen-mates, locomotor activity, plasma corticosteroid, vocalizations, adrenocortical responses, natural grouping, object attachment, depression, psychology, socialization, stress.
Lyons, D.M., E.O. Price, and G.P. Moberg (1988). Individual differences in temperament of domestic dairy goats: Constancy and change. Animal Behaviour 36(5):1323-1333.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: genetics, rearing environment, social behavior, temperament.
Mateo, J.M., D.Q. Estep, and J.S. McCann (October 1991). Effects of differential handling on the behaviour of domestic ewes (Ovis aries). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32(1):45-54.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: handling, lambs, human-animal bond.
Moberg, G.P. and V.A. Wood (1985). Effect of differential rearing on the behavioral and adrenalcortical response of lambs to a novel environment. Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 18:403-413.
NAL call number: QL1.D48
Descriptors: housing, stress physiology, rearing, lambs.
Niezgoda, J., D. Wronska, K. Pierzchala, S. Bobek, and S. Kahl
(December 1987). Lack of adaptation to repeated emotional stress
evoked by isolation of sheep from the flock. Zentralblatt
für Veterinarmedizin, Reihe A 34(10):734-739.
NAL call number: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: social isolation, stress, adaptation, physiology.
Nugent, R.A. III and T.G. Jenkins (August 1992). Effects of alternative lamb production systems, maternal line, and culling strategy on flock age structure. Journal of Animal Science 70(8):2285-2295.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: production, lambing, age, ewe replacement.
Parrott, R.F., K.A. Houpt, and B.H. Misson (May 1988). Modification of the responses of sheep to isolation stress by the use of mirror panels. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19(3/4):331-338.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: cortisol, isolation, stress, mirrors.
Ramos, A. and T. Tennessen (March 1992). Effect of previous grazing experience on the grazing behavior of lambs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 33(1):43-52.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: feeding preferences, age, genetics, experience.
Scheibe, K.M. (1989). Experimental determination of stress situations of sheep locomotor and psychic challenge in the course of keeping. Monatshefte für Veterinaermedizin 44(13):450-453.
NAL call number: 41.8 M742
Descriptors: handling, isolation, noise, stress.
Wood, G.N., V. Molony, S.M. Fleetwood-Walker, J.C. Hodgson, and D.J. Mellor (1991). Effects of local anaesthesia and intravenous naloxone on the changes in behaviour and plasma concentrations of cortisol produced by castration and tail docking
with tight rubber rings in young lambs. Research in Veterinary Science 51(2):193-199.
NAL call number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: lambs, castration, docking, hydrocortisone, lidocaine, naloxone, behavior, blood plasma, pain, anesthesia.
Algers, B. and P. Jensen (1985). Communication during suckling in the domestic pig. Effects of continuous noise. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14:49-61.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: background noise, vocalizations, litter size, milk production.
Allen, T. (March 1994). Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine: January 1991-January 1994. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 75p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.94-14
Descriptors: bibliography, housing, flooring, pens, ventilation, temperature control, behavior, enrichment.
Anon. (May 1991). Sow stall and tethers. Veterinary Record 128(18):431-432.
NAL call number: SF601 I4
Descriptors: restraint, pregnancy, husbandry, welfare.
Apple, J.K. and J.V. Craig (November 1992). The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35(2):149-155.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: housing, stocking density, play, stress, abnormal behavior.
Appleby, M.C. and D.G.M. Wood-Gush (June 1985). Welfare of piglets in flat-deck cages. Animal Production 40(5):548.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: earth substrate, bare floor, flat-deck cages.
Arellano, P.E., C. Pijoan, L.D. Jacobson, and B. Algers (1992).
Stereotyped behaviour, social interactions, and suckling pattern
of pigs housed in groups or in single crates. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 35(2):157-166.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: housing, suckling behavior, crates, abnormal behavior, pens, chewing, aggression, straw, and space.
Arey, D.S. (1993). Effect of straw on the behaviour and performance of growing pigs in "Straw-Flow" pens. Farm Building Progress No. 112:24-25.
NAL call number: TH4911 F37
Descriptors: litter, pens, housing, behavior, comparison, self-dispensing, manual dispensing, natural behaviors, foraging, exploration, activity.
Arey, D.S. (1993). The effect of straw on the behaviour and
performance of growing pigs kept in a novel housing system. In:
Livestock Environment IV: Fourth International Symposium, University
of Warwick, Coventry, England, July 6-9, 1993 E. Collins and C. Boon,
eds., Scottish Agricultural College, Centre for Rural Building,
Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9TR, UK, pp.491-494.
NAL call number: SF91 L58
Descriptors: swine, litter, behavior, Straw-Flow, performance, feed conversion, behavioral effects, substate.
Arey, D.S. (1993). The welfare of pigs in confined and non-confined farrowing systems. Pig News and Information 14(2):81N-84N.
NAL call number: SF391 P55
Descriptors: reviews, sows, parturition, piglets, housing, farrowing, environment.
Arey, D.S. (1993). The effect of bedding on the behaviour and welfare of pigs. Animal Welfare 2(3):235-246.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557
Descriptors: reviews, straw, housing, behavior, litter, nesting.
Arey, D.S. (1993). The preference of growing pigs for sloped or level floors. Farm Building Progress No. 114:18-20.
NAL call number: TH4911 F37
Descriptors: lying activity, feeding activity, behavior, housing.
Arey, D.S., and J.M. Bruce (April 1993). A note on the behaviour and performance of growing pigs provided with straw in a novel housing system. Animal Production 56(pt.2):269-272.
NAL call number: 49 An55
Descriptors: swine, behavior, substrate, bedding, growth rate, feed conversion effiiciency, welfare, husbandry.
Arey, D.S., J.M. Bruce, and C.A. Pearce (April 1993). Straw-flow: A high welfare system for pigs. In: Proceedings from the Conference on Straw - A Valuable Raw Material Pira International Publishing: Leatherhead, Surrey, UK,
4pp.
Descriptors: housing, litter, straw, self-dispensing, manipulation, bedding, sloped pens, behavior.
Arey, D.S., A.M. Petchey, and V.R. Fowler (1992). The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building behaviour in sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54:129-133.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: preference, lying, nesting behavior, farrowing, straw.
Arey, D.S., A.M. Petchey, and V.R. Fowler (1991). The preparturient behaviour of sows in enriched pens and the effect of pre-formed nests. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 31:61-68.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: nest building, sand floor, straw enrichment, motivation.
Baldwin, B.A. and I.B. Start (1985). Illumination preferences of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14:233-243.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: preference testing, light, motivation, environmental control.
Baldwin, B.A. and G.B. Meese (May 1977). Sensory reinforcement and illumination preference in the domesticated pig. Animal Behaviour 25(2):497-507.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: light, heat preference, reinforcement, environmental control.
Barnett J.L., G.M. Cronin, P.H. Hemsworth, and C.G. Winfield (1983).
The welfare of confined sows: physiological, behavioral, and
production responses to contrasting housing systems and handler
attitudes. Annals of Veterinary Research [Annales de
Recherches Veterinarires] 15(2):217-226.
NAL call number: SF602 A5
Descriptors: human-animal interaction, corticosteroid level, stress, handling.
Barnett, J.L. and P.H. Hemsworth (1994). The animal's response
to its physical environment-physiology and behavior. In:
Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research Environment:
Proceedings of the conference held at the Marriott Hotel, Sydney, October,
1993 R.M. Baker, G. Jenkin, and D.J. Mellor, eds., ANZCCART, P.O. Box
19, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia, pp. 65-73.
Descriptors: group housing, pen shape, stress, tether-stall, density, aggression.
Barnett, J.L., and P.H. Hemsworth (August 1986). The impact of handling and environmental factors on the stress response and its consequences in swine. Laboratory Animal Science 36(4):366-369.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: swine, handling, environment, stress, housing, behavior.
Barnett J.L., P.H. Hemsworth, G.M. Cronin, E.A. Newman, T.H. McCallum, and D. Chilton (1992). Effects of pen size, partial stalls, and method of feeding on welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34(3):207-220.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, cortisol, pen design, skin lesion, aggression, stress response, pregnancy statistics.
Barnett J.L., P.H. Hemsworth, G.M. Cronin, C.G. Winfield, T.H.
McCallum, and E.A. Newman (1988). The effects of genotype on
physiological and behavioral responses related to the welfare of pregnant
pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
20(3-4):287-296.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: social interaction, tethering vs. groups, growth, stall-design, pregnancy, stress, aggression.
Barnett, J.L., P.H. Hemsworth, E.A. Newman, T.H. McCallum, and C.G. Winfield (1989). The effect of design of tether and stall housing on some behavioral and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 24(1):1-12.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, social interaction, stress, corticosteroid, group-house, tether-stalls, cage-stalls, pen design.
Barnett J.L., P.H. Hemsworth, and C.G. Winfield (1987). The
effects of design of individual stalls on the social behavior and
physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18(2):133-142.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, chronic stress, aggression, stall-design, welfare, free-corticosteroid.
Barnett, J.L. and G.D. Hutson (1987). Objective assessment of
welfare in the pig: Contributions from physiology and behavior.
In: Manipulating Pig Production I. Proceedings of the Inaugural
Conference of the Australasian Pig Science Association (APSA) J.L.
Barnett, E.S. Batterham, G.M. Cronin, C. Hansen, P.H. Hemsworth, D.P
Hennessy, P.E Hughes, N.E. Johnston, and R.H. King, eds., Australasian Pig
Science Association: Werribee, Australia, pp. 1-22.
NAL call number: SF391.3 A87
Descriptors: swine, environment, stress, welfare, behavior, physiology, review.
Barbari, M., U. Chiappini, and P. Rossi (1993). Survey on the behaviour of pregnant sows housed in collective pen with straw bedding. In: Livestock Environment IV: Fourth International Symposium, University of Warwick, Coventry,
England, July 6-9, 1993, E. Collins and C. Boon, eds., Scottish Agricultural College, Centre for Rural Building, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9TR, UK, pp.453-460.
NAL call number: SF91 L58
Descriptors: swine, behavior, housing, litter, nesting, slatted floors, flooring, groups, comparison, individual stalls, group housing.
Bartussek, H., R. Steinwender, A. Hausleitner, A. Schauer, and J.
Solkner (1993). Influence of keeping restricted fed pigs in groups
without or with straw litter at different ambient temperatures on daily
gain, feed conversion and carcass quality [Zum Einfluss der gruppenhaltung
mit und ohne stroheinstreu bei unterschiedlichen schlachtkorperqualitat
von restriktiv gefutterten mastschweinen.] Die
Bodenkultur 44(2):163-182.
NAL call number: 19 B635
Descriptors: welfare, feed conversion, environment, housing, restricted feeding, flooring, injuries.
Batchelor, G.R. (1991). Environmental enrichment for the laboratory pig. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 42(3):185-189.
NAL call number: QL55.I5
Descriptors: toys, social interaction, human-animal bond.
Beattie, V.E., I.A. Sneddon, and N. Walker (1993). Effect of environmental enrichment on behaviour, growth, and meat quality in the domestic pig Sus scrofa. Animal Production 56(3):477(abstract).
NAL call number: SF19.C45
Descriptors: abstract, behavior, husbandry, environment, housing, substrate, straw.
Beattie, V.E., I.A. Sneddon, and N. Walker (1993). Behaviour and productivity of the domestic pig in barren and enriched environments. In: Livestock Environment IV: Fourth International Symposium, University of Warwick, Coventry,
England, July 6-9, 1993, E. Collins and C. Boon, eds., American Society of Agricultural Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, pp.43-50.
NAL call number: SF91 L58
Descriptors: swine, behavior, housing, litter, stress, exploratory behavior, comparison, individual stalls, group housing, behavioral effects, growth rates.
Beattie, V.E., N. Walker, and I.A. Sneddon (1995). Effects of environmental enrichment on behaviour and productivity of growing pigs. Animal Welfare 4:207-220.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557
Descriptors: animal welfare, behaviour, environmental enrichment, intensive housing, tail biting, growth rates, substrate, barren pens.
Beattie, V.E., N. Walker, and I.A. Sneddon (1993). Effects of space allowance and environmental enrichment for the domestic pig (Sus scrofa). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38(1):82.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: housing, welfare, behavior, bedding, socialization.
Becker, B.A., J.J. Ford, J.A. Nienaber, G.L. Hahn, and R.K.
Christenson (1986). Endocrine and behaviour changes associated
with intensive housing systems for swine. In: Swine in
Biomedical Research M.E. Tumbleson (ed.), Vol. 1. Plenum Press: New
York, pp. 173-189.
NAL call number: RB125.C68 1985.
Descriptors: gilts, sows, behavior, pig housing, intensive husbandry, tether stalls, ACTH, cortisol, dexamethasone.
Blackburn, P.W. (March 1991). Ban on sow stalls and tethers. [Letter] Veterinary Record 128(6):140.
NAL call number: SF601 I4
Descriptors: stalls, tether, housing, welfare.
Britton, M., J.A. Roden, O. MacPherson, G. Willox, and P.R. English (1993). A comparison of a straw-based and slatted floor housing system for the weaned pig. Animal Production 56(3):477(abstract).
NAL call number: SF19.C45
Descriptors: abstract, swine, welfare, housing, litter, injuries, weight gain.
Carter, H. (February 1991). Ban on sow stalls and tethers. [Letter] Veterinary Record 128(6):140.
NAL call number: SF601 I4
Descriptors: stalls, tether, housing, welfare.
Chiappini, U. (April 1993). The "peace" of sows on the straw [La "tranquillita" delle scrofe su paglia.] Rivista di Suinicoltura 34(4):89-92.
NAL call number: 46.8 Su3
Descriptors: welfare, behavior, reproduction, pregnancy, intensive husbandry, farrowing pens, litter, bedding.
Cronin, G.M., P.R. Wiepkema, and J.M. Van Ree (1986). Endorphins implicated in stereotypies of tethered sows. Experientia 42:198-199.
NAL call number: 475 EX7
Descriptors: coping, tether, stereotypies, endorphins, chronic stress.
Dantzer, R., H.W. Gonyou, S.E. Curtis, and K.W. Kelley (1987). Changes in serum cortisol reveal functional differences in frustration-induced chain chewing in pigs. Physiology and Behavior 39(6):775-777.
NAL call number: QP1.P4
Descriptors: food presentation, stereotypies, cortisol.
Ernst, E., S. Stamer, and G. Gertken (1993). Animal welfare in group housing of breeding sows [Tiergerechte gruppenhaltung bei zuchtsauen.] KTBL-Schrift No. 357:131pp.
Descriptors: automatic feeding, natural behavior, individual housing, group housing, feed conversion.
Faucitano, L. (March 1993). Less stress, more welfare: Swine breeding in the ECC [Meno stress, piu benessere: Allevamento suini nella CEE.]
NAL call number: 46.8 Su3
Descriptors: swine, husbandry methods, animal health, intensive husbandry, meat yield, meat quality, European community.
Farmer, C. and G.I. Christison (1982). Selection of perforated floors by newborn and weanling pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62:1229-1236.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163
Descriptors: floor preferences, expanded metal, temperature, traction.
Feddes, J.J.R. and D. Fraser (1994). Non-nutritive chewing by pigs: Implications for tail-biting and behavioral enrichment. Transactions of the ASAE (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) 37(3):947-950.
NAL call number: 290.9 Am32T
Descriptors: pigs, juvenile, braided cotton cord, rubber strips, chewing, tail-biting.
Fiedler, E. (1993). Straw and free range are good for sows.
Stable-systems for piglet production [Stroh und auslauf tut sauen gut.
Stallsysteme fuer die ferkelerzeugung.] Landwirtschaftliches
Wochenblatt. Organ des Landesbauernverbandes in Baden-Wuerrtemberg
160(39):18-19.
NAL call number: S232 B24L36
Descriptors: free range, housing, group size, straw.
Fisher, T.F. (May 1993). Miniature swine in biomedical research: Applications and husbandry considerations. Lab Animal 22(5):47-50.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: handling, social interactions, toys, psychological needs.
Franceschini, E. (1993). Straw litter for the swine welfare [Lettiera di paglia per il benessere suino. Rivista di Suinicoltura 34(2):41-43.
NAL call number: 46.8 Su3
Descriptors: straw, housing, husbandry, behavior, production.
Fraser, D., P.A. Phillips, B.K. Thompson, and T. Tennessen (1991). Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30:307-318.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: behavior, raised decks, straw bedding, rooting, chewing, social activity.
Gertken, G. and E. Ernst (1993). Integrated group housing: a
form of keeping sows according to animal welfare [Integrierte
Gruppenhaltung: eine tiergerechte Haltungsform fuer Sauen.]
Deutsche Gefluegelwirtschaft und Schweineproduktion
45(31):18-20.
Descriptors: slatted floors, feed dispensers, automation, group housing.
Glodek, P. (1986). Breeding program and population standards of the Gottingen miniature swine. In: Swine in Biomedical Research M.E. Tumbleson, (ed.), Vol. 1. Plenum Press: New York, pp. 23-37.
NAL call number: RB125.C68 1985.
Descriptors: Gottingen miniature swine, breeding, boars, sows, body weight, litter size.
Gloor, P. and C. Holzer-Dolf (October 1986). Should gilt sows be housed alone or in groups? [Galtsauen einzeln oder in Gruppen? ] Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 128(10):535-547.
NAL call number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: housing, social groups, isolation, standards.
Gonyou, H.W., R.P. Chapple, and G.R. Frank (1992). Productivity time budgets and social aspects of eating in pigs penned in groups of five or individually. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 34(4):291-301.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, pens design, barrow, gilt, weight gain, feed intake, diurnal.
Gonyou, H.W., P.H. Hemsworth, and J.L. Barnett (1986). Effects of frequent interactions with humans on growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15(4):303-314.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: corticosteroids, chronic stress, reproductive effects, handling.
Grandin, T. (Winter 1989). Environment and genetic effect on hog handling. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Papers St. Joseph, Michigan, 7p. Paper #89-4514.
NAL call number: 290.9 AM32P
Descriptors: swine, hogs, housing, enriched environment, sensory restriction, excitability, transportation, temperament, husbandry, genetic effects, behavior.
Grandin, T., S.E. Curtis, and W.T. Greenough (1988).
Environmental enrichment for pigs: Differences in somatosensory
cortical neurons and subsequent behaviour. In Proceedings of
the VIth International Congress on Animal Hygiene I. Ekesbo (ed.),
Vol. 2, Skare, Sweden. June 14-17, 1988. pp.692-695.
NAL call number: SF757 R36 no.20-21
Descriptors: piglets, cortex, stimulation, environment, behavior.
Grandin, T., S.E. Curtis, and W.T.Greenough (1983). Effects of rearing environment on the behavior of young pigs. Journal of Animal Science 57(Supplement 1):137(abstract).
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: care, handling, piglets, adaptation, housing.
Grandin, T., S.E. Curtis, and I.A. Taylor (1987). Toys, mingling, and driving reduce excitability in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 65(Supplement 1):230-231.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: stress, husbandry, fear, enrichment devices.
Grauvogl, A. (1994). Pigs require bread and play. Schweinezucht und Schweinemast 41(2):30-32.
Descriptors: pigs, play, toys, games, behavior, welfare, performance.
Haskell, M.J. and G.D. Hutson (1993). The pre-farrowing behaviour of sows with access to straw and space for locomotion. Animal Production 56(3):435(abstract).
NAL call number: SF19.C45
Descriptors: abstract, swine, welfare, housing, litter, nest building, breeding, piglets, movement.
Hemsworth, P.H. (1992). The biological basis of animals responses to man. Animal Production 54(3):458.
NAL call number: SF19.C45
Descriptors: swine, chronic stress, fear, welfare.
Hemsworth, P.H. and J.L. Barnett (1992). The effects of early contact with humans on the subsequent level of fear of humans in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35(1):83-90.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, early handling, behavioral response, patting, stroking, socialization.
Hemsworth, P.H. and J.L. Barnett (1991). The effects of aversively handling pigs, either individually or in groups, on their behaviour, growth and corticosteroids. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30(1/2):61-72.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, handling, behavior, stress, growth, reproduction, corticoids, groups, individuals.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and G.J. Coleman (1993). The human-animal relationship in agriculture and its consequences for the animal. Animal Welfare 2(1):33-51.
NAL call number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: stock people, human-animal bond, fear, handling.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and G.J. Coleman (1992). Fear
of humans and its consequences for the domestic pig. In: The
Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist-Animal Interactions H. Davis and
D. Balfour, eds., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, pp.
264-284.
NAL call number: QL55.I44
Descriptors: fear, experimenter influence, corticosteroids, production.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and C. Hansen (1986). The influence of handling by humans on the behaviour, reproduction and corticosteroids of male and female pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15:303-314.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: stress, handling, physiology, corticosteroids, behavior.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and C. Hansen (1987). The influence of inconsistent handling by humans on the behavior, growth, and corticosteroids of young pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17(3-4):245-252.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, stress, welfare, reproductive status, breeding behavior.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, C. Hansen, and H.W. Gonyou (1986). Influence of early contact with humans on subsequent behavioural response of pigs to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15(1):55-63.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: socialization, husbandry, handling, human-animal bond.
Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, C. Hansen, and C.G. Winfield (1986).
Effects of social environment on welfare status and sexual
behavior of female pigs II: Effects of space allowance.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16(3):259-268.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, gilt, corticosteroid, mating, stress, crowding, behavior.
Hennessy, D.P. and P.N. Jackson (1987). Relationship between
adrenal responsiveness and growth rate. In: Manipulating Pig
Production I. Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Australasian
Pig Science Association (APSA) J.L. Barnett, E.S. Batterham, G.M.
Cronin, C. Hansen, P.H. Hemsworth, D.P Hennessy, P.E Hughes, N.E.
Johnston, and R.H. King, eds., Australasian Pig Science Association:
Werribee, Australia, pp. 23.
NAL call number: SF391.3 A87
Descriptors: swine, environment, hydrocortisone, growth, stress, welfare, behavior.
Hesse, D. (1994). Pig keeping on straw. Landtechnik 48(10):506,541-544.
NAL call number: S675.L32
Descriptors: litter, building material, round bales, environment, housing, husbandry, piglets, costs, dietary supplement.
Horrell, I. (1992). Effects of environmental enrichment on growing pigs. Animal Production 54(3):483.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: behavioral needs, rooting, vertical chain, football, straw, tire, space requirements, weight gain.
Hunter, E., S.A. Edwards, and P.H. Simmins (1989). Social activity and feeder use by a dynamic group of 40 sows using a sow-operated computerized feeder. Animal Production 48(3):643-644.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: dominance, environmental control, sows.
Kamada, T., M. Kimata, and I. Notsuki (1993). The effect of providing pigs with toy on the welfare and performance. Journal of Animal Science 71(Supplement 1):115(abstract).
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: abstract, manipulanda, device, housing, well-being.
Kerr, S.G.C., D.G.M. Wood-Gush, H. Moser, and C.T. Whittemore (1988).
Enrichment of the production environment and the enhancement of
welfare through the use of the Edinburgh family pen system of pig
production. Research and Development in Agriculture
5(3):171-186.
NAL call number: S539.5 R473
Descriptors: alternative housing, family pens, commercial viability, abnormal behavior, lactational oestrus.
Ladewig, J. and L. Matthews (1990). Social contact requirements of domestic pigs assessed by behavioral demand functions. Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. 53:25-30.
NAL call number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: social interaction, psychological needs.
Lawrence, A.B., E.M.C. Terlouw, and A.W. Illius (1991). Individual differences in behavioral responses of pigs exposed to nonsocial and social challenges. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30(1-2):73-86.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: gilts, handling, novel objects, group feeding, social behavior.
Lien, J. and Klopfer, F.D. (1978). Some relations between stereotyped suckling in piglets and exploratory behaviour and discrimination reversal learning in adult swine. Applied Animal Ethology 4:223-233.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: artificially fed, sow-fed piglets, exploration, learning.
Maier, P. (1993). Studies on ontogeny of playing behaviour in
young piglets kept in a modified STOLBA pig house [Untersuchungen zur
ontogenese des speil-und sozialverhaltens juveniler hausschweine in einem
modifizierten STOLBA-familienstall.] Wiener
Tierärztliche Monatsschrift 80(3):89-90.
NAL call number: 41.8 T345
Descriptors: thesis, piglets, sows, behavior, socialization, housing.
Matthews, L.R. and J. Ladewig (1994). Environmental requirements of pigs measured by behavioural demand functions. Animal Behaviour 47(3):713-719.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: pig, male, isolation, social contact, feed, behavior.
Marx, D. (1990). Observations on the new animal welfare legislation on the housing of pigs. Tierärztliche Umschau 45(2):94-103.
NAL call number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: floor type, spatial behavior, lighting, lying area, defecation area.
Marx, D. and H. Schuster (February 1986). Ethological choice studies with early weaned piglets kept on flat decks. 4. Results of studies on the preference for type of floor, surface size and padding (straw) from the viewpoint of the animal and
conclusions for the evaluation of flat deck rearing with reference to all results. [Ethologische Wahlversuche mit fruhabgesetzten wahrend der Flatdeckhaltung. 4. Mitteilung: Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zür Rangfolge der Bodenart, der Flachengrosse
und des Reizangebotes (Stroh) aus der Sicht des Tieres und Schlussfolgerungen für die Beurteilung der Flatdeckhaltung unter Berucksichtigung aller Ergebnisse.] Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 93(2):75-80.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: social behavior, preference testing, floor type, substrate, weaning, floor space.
McGlone, J.J. (October 1991). Techniques for evaluation and quantification of pig reproduction. Journal of Animal Science 69(10):4146-4154.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: literature review, social behavior, preference tests, behavioral frequency, animal care.
Mendl, M., D.M. Broom and A.J. Zanella (1993). A long-term study of the effects of housing conditions on the welfare of domestic pigs. Animal Production 56(3):440(abstract).
NAL call number: abstract, flooring, pens, stalls, groups, individual, stress, weight gain.
Meunier-Salaun, M.C. and R. Dantzer (December 1990). Behaviour-environment relationships in pigs: Importance for the design of housing management systems in intensive husbandry. Pig News and Information. 11(4):507-513.
NAL call number: SF391.P55
Descriptors: behavior, housing, husbandry, age differences, welfare.
Mews, A.R. (April 1991). Ban on sow stalls and tethers. Veterinary Record 128(10):239.
NAL call number: SF601 I4
Descriptors: stalls, tether, restraint, housing.
Moore, A.S., H.W. Gonyou, J.M. Stookey, D.G. McLaren (1994). Effect of group composition and pen size on behaviour, productivity, and immune response of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 40(1):13-30.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: pigs, socially reared, pen size, aggression, injuries, activity, performance, immune response.
Nicol, C.J. and S.J. Pope (1994). Social learning in sibling pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 40(1):31-43.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: novel diet, learning, exploration, siblings.
Paterson, A.M. and G.P. Pearce (1992). Growth, response to humans and corticosteroids in male pigs housed individually and subjected to pleasant, unpleasant or minimal handling during rearing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
34:315-328.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: aversive handling, effects, behavior, plasma cortisol, adrenal response, stress, growth performance.
Paterson, A.M., G.P. Pearce, and P.E. Hughes (1987). Puberty
in gilts handled pleasantly or unpleasantly. In: Manipulating
Pig Production I. Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the
Australasian Pig Science Association (APSA) J.L. Barnett, E.S.
Batterham, G.M. Cronin, C. Hansen, P.H. Hemsworth, D.P Hennessy, P.E
Hughes, N.E. Johnston, and R.H. King, eds., Australasian Pig Science
Association: Werribee, Australia, pp. 75-76.
NAL call number: SF391.3 A87
Descriptors: swine, sows, environment, hydrocortisone, housing, stress, welfare, behavior, sexual maturity.
Pearce, G.P. and A.M. Paterson (1993). The effect of space
restriction and provision of toys during rearing on the
behaviour, productivity and physiology of male
pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36(1):11-28
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: swine, stress, welfare, abnormal behavior, blood chemistry, hydrocortisone, boars, growth rate, pig housing, space requirements.
Pearce, G.P., A.M. Paterson, and A.N. Pearce (May 1989). The
influence of pleasant and unpleasant handling and the provision of toys on
the growth and behaviour of male pigs. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 23(1/2):27-37.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: animal behavior, pig housing, boars, handling, stress factors, growth.
Pearce, G.P., A.M. Paterson, and A.N. Pearce (1987). The
behavior and growth of male pigs handled pleasantly or unpleasantly during
rearing. In: Manipulating Pig Production I. Proceedings of
the Inaugural Conference of the Australasian Pig Science Association
(APSA) J.L. Barnett, E.S. Batterham, G.M. Cronin, C. Hansen, P.H.
Hemsworth, D.P Hennessy, P.E Hughes, N.E. Johnston, and R.H. King, eds.,
Australasian Pig Science Association: Werribee, Australia, pp. 78-79.
NAL call number: SF391.3 A87
Descriptors: swine, boars, environment, hydrocortisone, stress, welfare, behavior.
Pedersen B., S.E. Curtis, K.W. Kelley, and H.W. Gonyou (1993).
Well-being in growing finishing pigs: environmental enrichment and
pen space allowance. In: Livestock Environment IV: Fourth
International Symposium, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, July
6-9, 1993 E. Collins and C. Boon, eds., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, pp.143-150.
NAL call number: SF91 L58
Descriptors: comparative study, swine, behavior, intensive housing, animal health, environmental factors.
Pedersen B., S.E. Curtis, K.W. Kelley, and H.W. Gonyou (1992). Effect of enrichment and pen size on behavior productivity and immune response of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):49.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: conference paper, space requirements, hiding area, manipulanda, floor levels, weight gain, growth.
Phillips, P.A., D. Fraser, and B.K. Thompson (1991). Preference by sows for a partially enclosed farrowing crate. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32:35-43.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: animal behavior, housing, crates, stress factors.
Phillips, P.A., D. Fraser, and B.K. Thompson (December 1992). Sow preference for farrowing crate width. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72(4):745-750.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163
Descriptors: farrowing crate, preference testing, floor space.
Phillips, P.A., B.K. Thompson, and D. Fraser (March 1988). Preference tests of ramp designs for young pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68(1):41-48.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163
Descriptors: loaders, preference testing, ramps, behavior.
Rushen, J. (1990). Social recognition, social dominance and the motivation of fighting by pigs. Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science 53:135-143.
NAL call number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: social interactions, aggressive behavior.
Schaefer, A.L., M.O. Salomons, A.K.W. Tong, A.P. Sather, and P. Lepage (August 1990). The effect of environment enrichment on aggression in newly weaned pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 27(1/2):41-52.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: toys, aggressive behavior, postweaning interval.
Scheepens, C.J.M., M.J.M. Tielen, and P.R. Wiepkema (1990).
New possibilities of improving health and welfare of pigs by
introduction of the specific stress-free (SSF) system.
Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 116(8):837-846.
Descriptors: pigs, stress, production, alternative housing.
Seabrook, M.F. (1984). The psychological interaction between the stockman and his animals and its influence on performance of pigs and dairy cows. Veterinary Record 115:84-87.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: human-animal bond, fear, handling, behavior.
Semple, H.A., R. Berzins, R.T. Coutts, D.C. Secord, and Y.K. Tam
(1986). Commercial pig pen modifications for housing miniature
swine during chronic studies. In: Swine in Biomedical
Research M.E. Tumbleson, ed., Vol. 1. Plenum Press: New York, pp.
153-157.
NAL call number: RB125.C68 1985.
Descriptors: chronic implants, blood sampling, pharmacokinetics studies, confinement unit, design, modifications.
Simmins, P.H., S.A. Edwards, and H.H. Spechter (1994). Growth
and body condition of sows given different feeding regimes during the
rearing stage and through eight parities when housed in groups with straw
bedding. Animal Production 58(2):271-283.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: restricted feeding, housing, bedding, socialization, welfare, plane of nutrition, pregnancy, growth, longevity.
Smidt, D. (1990). Animal welfare in cattle housing and pig housing and management. Landbauforschung Volkenrode 40(2):138-156.
NAL call number: 18 L2353
Descriptors: alternative housing, species-specific feeding, economics, animal welfare.
Smith, C.P. (1994). Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Swine. Special Reference Brief, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 118p.
NAL call number: aS21 D27S64 no. 94-01
Descriptors: disease, physiology, behavior, stress, biomedical use.
Spitzfaden, D.M. and J.P. Hitchcock (1994). Environment enrichment and its effects on performance of nursery age grower pigs. Journal of Dairy Science 77(Supplement 1):209.
NAL call number: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: pigs, weanling, performance, abstract.
Stephens, D.B. and G.C. Perry (November 1990). The effects of restraint, handling, simulated and real transport in the pig (with reference to man and other species). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(1/2):41-55.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: restraint, handling, transport, vibration, noise, fear, welfare, cardiovascular response, feed intake.
Stolba, A. and D.G.M. Wood-Gush (1984). The identification of behavioural key features and their incorporation into a housing system for pigs. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 15:287-289.
Descriptors: social behavior, exploration, alternative housing.
Stookey, J.M. and S. Lerche (1993). Determining regrouping strategies in pigs using social preference testing. Journal of Animal Science 71(Supplement 1):111(abstract).
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: conference paper, abstract, socialization, isolation, aggression, behavior.
Swanson, J.C. (1990). Welfare, Care and Husbandry of Swine: January 1979-August 1990. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 20p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-14
Descriptors: bibliography, behavior, handling, transport, slaughter, housing.
Swanson, J.C. (1990). Swine Housing and Facilities: January 1985-August 1990. Quick Bibliography Series U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 30p.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-15
Descriptors: bibliography, flooring, crate design, ventilation, temperature control.
Tan, S.S.L. and D.M. Shackleton (March 1990). Effects of mixing unfamiliar individuals and of azaperone on the social behaviour of finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26(1/2):157-168.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: social behavior, social structure, mixing groups, agonistic behavior.
Terlouw, E.M.C., A.B. Lawrence, and A.W. Illius (1992). Relationship between amphetamine and environmentally induced stereotypies in pigs. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 43(2):347-355.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: stereotypies, catecholaminergic systems, locomotion, amphetamines, stress.
Tonn, S.R., D.L. Davis, and J.V. Craig (August 1985). Mating
behavior, boar-to-boar behavior during rearing, and soundness of boars
penned individually or in groups from 6 to 27 weeks of age.
Journal of Animal Science 61(2):287-296.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: mating behavior, growth rate, feed consumption, soundness, group housing, isolation.
Trudeau, V.L. and L.M. Sanford (1986). Influence of season and social environment on the reproductive-endocrine status of the adult boar. Journal of Endocrinology 108(Supplement ):36.
NAL call number: 448.8 J8293
Descriptors: social isolation, group housing, testosterone, gonadotropin, seasonal cycles.
Van Putten, G. (1989). The pig: A model for discussing animal behaviour and welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 22(2):115-128.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: sows, group housing, computerized feeding system, transponders.
Walton, J.R. (February 1991). Ban on sow stalls and tethers. [Letter] Veterinary Record 128(6):140.
NAL call number: SF601 I4
Descriptors: stalls, tether, housing, welfare.
Widowski, T.M. and S.E. Curtis (1990). The influence of straw, cloth tassel, or both on the prepartum behavior of sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 27:53-71.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: straw, cloth, prepartum behavior.
Wood-Gush, D.G.M. and K. Vestergaard (October 1991). The seeking of novelty and its relation to play. Animal Behaviour 43(4):599-606.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: play, exploration, curiosity, welfare.
Young, R.J., J. Carruthers, and A.B. Lawrence (March 1994). The effect of a foraging device (The "Edinburgh Foodball") on the behaviour of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39(3/4):237-247.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: pigs, gilts, foraging device, Edinburgh Foodball, diets, welfare, feed dispensers, enrichment.
Young, R.J., H.A. MacLeod, and A.B. Lawrence (1994). Effect of manipulandum design on operant responding in pigs. Animal Behaviour 47(6):1488-1490.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: learning, operant conditioning, manipulanda.
Zanella, A.J., D.M. Broom, and J.C. Hunter (1992). Sow housing behaviour and productivity are related to opioid receptor densities. Animal Production 54(3):462-463.
NAL call number: 49 AN55
Descriptors: group housing, production, neurobiology.
Zhou, J.Z. and W.R. Stricklin (1992). The influence of pen shape and size on crowding when density is constant. Journal of Animal Science 70(Supplement 1):174.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: livestock, space requirements, social stress, group size.
Dorothy Einon
Department of Psychology, University College, London, Gower Street,
London WC1E 6BT, England
Environmental enrichment and impoverishment are relative terms. We can measure them with reference to the normal keeping environment of laboratory animals or to the environment of their wild counterparts; in doing so we might form quite different conclusions. The environment of the average laboratory animal is clearly less complex than that of its wild counterpart, yet for many burrow-living species the average amount of visual and auditory stimulation may be higher in the laboratory (Milligan et al. 1993), and this is especially true during rearing. On the other hand the ready provision of food in all seasons, and the protection from both conspecific aggression and predation may make a good laboratory environment less stressful than a natural one if assessed on a life-time basis.
The ferret is a close relative of the polecat (Mustela putorius) and has been domesticated for 2000 years. It is widely kept as a working animal for use in trapping rabbits and is an increasingly popular laboratory animal: small enough to keep easily in the laboratory and relatively easy to breed and handle.
Social environment and impoverishment must always be measured with reference to the development stage of an animal and the environment in which this usually occurs. Feral ferrets are essentially solitary and nocturnal, but in captivity show much diurnal activity and individuals may be kept together, although males are often intolerant when in breeding condition. Keeping breeding males apart may reduce stress, but depriving ferret kits of conspecifics during the first month of life when much time is spent in play clearly impoverishes. By analogy with the rat (Potegal and Einon 1989, Morgan 1976, Einon and Sahakian 1983, Einon 1980) such impoverishment could alter later social interaction, sexual behavior, learning, drug tolerance, activity and body size. However as yet there has been little investigation of any of these questions in ferrets.
Most work on lifetime environmental enrichment and impoverishment has been carried out with rats and mice, work on ferrets has largely concerned the provision of objects and conspecifics for play during development. Exceptions include work by Korhonen and colleagues (Korhonen and Harri 1990, Korhonen et al. 1992) who examined the effects of differing housing regimes on body weight and pelt quality, concluding that males housed singly had poorer pelt quality than males raised in groups, but that large, all male groups weighed less. Floor space used in housing also influenced pelt quality. They suggest that cages containing one male and one female produces the best pelt size and quality. If body weight and pelt quality reflect the health of animals then this is the optimal housing outside the breeding season. They found that social status correlated with weight; but whether this is causal is unclear. The authors also found that balls and bite cups reduced skin biting. The addition of "toys" to ferret cages is certainly desirable. Other work suggests that changing these toys on a day-to-day basis has advantages.
Where ferrets are kept in cages which restrict movements there are skeletal changes especially of the hind limbs (Slesarenko 1986), and in a related species social impoverishment has been found to induce more stereotyped behavior (Bildsøe et al. 1990). In hot climates there are reports that restriction, crowding and captivity may itself be stressful (Gazizov 1987). Heat stress, and such severe restriction of movement reflect poor husbandry, but while such work is of less relevance in countries with controls upon animal housing, giving ferrets and other mustelids access to space for exercise is clearly important. We should bear in mind that while the whole surface of a cage can provide a "gym" for young mice and rats, ferrets do not swing and climb in the same way.
Chivers and Einon (1982) found that some of the isolation induced effects on behavior which had been shown in rats also occurred in ferrets. Specifically, deprivation of rough and tumble social play caused hyperactivity which persisted into adulthood. Rats deprived in this way also showed poor reversal of previously learned tasks (Morgan 1976), increased susceptibility to amphetamine (Einon and Sahakian 1983) and poor spatial memory (Einon 1980). The fact that a group of socially reared ferrets whose environment was enriched with a series of changing tube systems (Weiss-Buerger 1981) were superior in maze learning and reversal, suggests that they may respond in a similar fashion. Chivers and Einon also showed that the isolation induced deficits in object exploration found in rats were absent in ferrets raised in isolation. The way in which ferrets manipulate objects is influenced by rearing environment. Russell (1990) found that isolated ferrets raised in enriched conditions (with a daily change of play objects) would choose the arm of a maze leading to the more prey-like of two play objects; were superior in capturing both crickets and moving prey-models, and that more elaborate prey-catching responses were elicited from enriched than impoverished animals when placed with dummy objects and remote controlled fur-covered toy cars. Captive as compared to laboratory rearing (Miller et al. 1990) also affects predatory skills, particularly the location of prey.
In conclusion although little work has been carried out on impoverishment and enrichment in ferrets, investigations so far suggest impoverishment, whether physical restriction, social or in manipulation of objects has wide ranging effects; especially when imposed during rearing.
Bildsøe, M., K.E. Heller, and L.F. Jeppesen (1990). Stereotypies in adult ranch mink. Scientifur14(3):169-177.
Chivers, S.M. and D.F. Einon (1982). Effects of early social experience on activity and object investigation in the ferret, Mustelo furo. Developmental Psychobiology 15:75-80.
Einon, D.F. and B.J. Sahakian (1983). Environmentally induced differences in the susceptibility of rats to CNS stimulants and CNS depressants: Evidence against a unitary theory. Psychopharmacology 52:191-203.
Einon, D.F. (1980). Spatial learning and response strategies: Age, sex, and rearing differences in performance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32: 473-489.
Gazizov, V.Z. (1987). The peculiarities of fur-bearing animals under hot climatic conditions. Veterinariia (Moscow) 5:26-29.
Korhonen, H. and M. Harri (1990). Social influences on productive performance in farm-raised polecats. Scientifur 14(2):89-94.
Korhonen, H., H. Tukiainen and M. Harri (1992). Faktorer som paaverkar maarddjurens tillvaext. Finsk Paelstidskrift 26:202-204.
Miller, B., D. Biggins, C. Wemmer, R. Powell, L. Hanebury, D. Horn, and A. Vargos (1990). Development of survival skills in captive raised siberian polecats, Mustela eversmanni. 1. Locating prey. Journal of Ethology 8(2):89-94.
Milligan, S.R., G.D. Sales and K. Khirnykh (1993). Sound levels in rooms housing laboratory animals: An uncontrolled daily variable. Physiology and Behaviour 6:1067-1076.
Morgan, M.J. (1976). Effects of post-weaning environment on learning in the rat. Animal Behaviour 24:415-420.
Potegal, M. and D.F. Einon (1989). Aggressive behaviours in adult rats deprived of play fighting experience as juveniles. Developmental Psychobiology 22:159-172.
Russell, J. (1990) Predatory object play in the ferret. University of London, PhD Thesis, University of London.
Slesarenko, N.A. (1986). Changes in the femoral bone in fur animals under conditions of hypodynamia. Archives d'Anatomie d'Histologie et d'Embryologie 90(5):80-86.
Weiss-Buerger, M. (1981). An investigation of the influence of exploration and playing on learning by polecats, mustela-putorius-x-mustela-furo. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 551:33-62.
Andrews, P.L.R. and O. Illman (1987). The ferret. In: The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals (6th edition) T.B. Poole, ed., LongmanScientific and Technical: Harlow, Essex, England, pp. 436-455.
NAL call number: QL55.U5 1987
Descriptors: ferret, husbandry, health, biology.
Anonymous (1991). Council of Europe passes recommendations on the husbandry of fur-bearing animals in the context of the European agreement on animal protection. [Europarat beschliesst Empfehlungen fuer das Halten von Pelztieren im Rahmen des
Europaeischen Uebereinkommens zum Schutz von Tieren.] Deutsche Pelztierzuechter 65(2):22-26.
Descriptors: ferrets, polecats, foxes, coypus, chinchillas, animal welfare, husbandry, stunning.
Apfelbach, R. and U. Wester (1977). The quantitative effect of visual and tactile stimuli on the prey-catching behaviour of ferrets. Behavioural Processes 2(2):187-200.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: ferret, prey-catching, dummies, visual stimuli, tactile stimuli.
Auerlich, R.J., S.J. Bursian, H.C. Napolitano, and R.J. Balander
(1991). Single-, double-, and triple-stocking in cages of
different sizes: Stress effects in minks. [Einfach-, Zweifach-, und
Dreifachbesetzung bei verschiedener Kaefiggroesse: Wirkung auf Stress beim
Nerz.] Deutsche Pelztierzuechter 65(5):97-100.
Descriptors: mink, housing, stress, stocking rate, husbandry.
Bacon, B. (1992). The ferret as a laboratory animal: Housing and handling. Stal Sciences et Techniques de l' Animal de Laboratoire 17(3):127-133.
Descriptors: ferret, behavior, housing, handling, physiology.
Biben, M. (1982). Sex differences in the play of young ferrets. Biology of Behaviour 7(4):303-308.
NAL call number: QL750 B52
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, play, sex differences, aggression.
Bildsøe, M., K.E. Heller, and L.L. Jeppesen (1990). Stereotypies in adult ranch mink. Scientifur 14(3):169-177.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: mink, male, female, stereotypic behavior.
Bildsøe, M., K.E. Heller, and L.L. Jeppesen (1990). Stereotypies in female ranch mink: Seasonal and diurnal variations. Scientifur 14(4):243-247.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: mink, abnormal behavior.
Bildsøe, M., K.E. Heller, and L.L. Jeppesen (1991). Effects of immobility stress and food restriction on stereotypies in low and high stereotyping female ranch mink. Behavioural Processes 25(2):179-189.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: mink, stress, starvation, feeding, behavior, restraint.
Buckingham, C.J. (1979). The activity and exploratory behaviour of the weasel, Mustela nivalis. Doctoral Dissertation, available from British Library, Lending Division, Ref. No. D30923/80, 254 pp.
Descriptors: weasels, activity, behavior, exploration.
Bunnell, T. (1981). Playful behaviour in relation to family group activity in polecats (Mustelidae). Doctoral Dissertation, Open University Available from British Library, Lending Division, Ref. No. D44361/83, 222pp.
Descriptors: mustelids, play behavior, social groups, group activity.
Burke, T.J. (1981). Ferrets. Scientific proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Animal Hospital Association 48th:77-79.
NAL call number: 41.9 AM36
Descriptors: ferret, reproduction, housing, restraint, nutrition, anesthesia.
Chivers, S.M. and D.F. Einon (1982). Effects of early social experience on activity and object investigation in the ferret. Developmental Psychobiology 15(1):75-80.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, isolation, hyperactive, play, toys, exploratory behavior.
Clapperton, B.K. (1989). Scent-marking behavior of the ferret (Mustela furo L). Animal Behaviour 38(3):436-446.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, behavior, seasons, communication.
Collins, B.R. (1987). The environmental requirements and
diseases of rabbits, rodents, and ferrets. In: Anon.
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Zoological and Avian
Medicine. Association of Avian Veterinarians and the American
Association of Zoo Veterinarians, (place of publication not given), pp.
359-363.
Descriptors: ferret, rabbit, rodents, housing, husbandry, diet, diseases, captivity.
Diener, A. (1985). Behavior analysis of polecat ferrets during social play [Verhaltensanalysen zum Sozialspiel von Iltisfrettchen (Mustela putorius f. furo.] Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 67(114):179-197.
NAL call number: 410 Z35
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, play, social interaction, behavior.
Donovan, B.T. (1985). Wheel-running during anoestrus and oestrous in the ferret. Physiology and Behavior 34(5):825-829.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: ferret, female, wheel-running, gonadectomy, circadian rhythms.
Eastment, A.M. and R.N. Hughes (1968). Reactions of ferret-polecat hybrids to complexity and change. Perceptual and Motor Skills 26(3):935-938.
Descriptors: ferret-polecat hybrid, exploration, behavior.
Foster-Turley, P. and H. Markowitz (1982). A captive behavioural enrichment study with Asian small-clawed river otters (Aonyx cinerea). Zoo Biology 1(1):29-43.
NAL call number: QL77.5 Z6
Descriptors: otters, care, husbandry, environmental enrichment, activity, feeding, hunting.
Frederick, K.A. and J.G. Babish (1985). Compendium of recent literature on the ferret [1977-1985.] Laboratory Animal Science 35(3):298-318.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: ferret, bibliography, behavior, reproduction.
Garcia Botey, C., J.C. Fontanillas and F. Calderon (1991). A
study on the reproductive biology and maternal behaviour of ferrets in
captivity. [Estudio experimental sobre la biología de la
reproducción y comportamiento maternal del turon en
cautividad.] Avances en Alimentación y Mejorá
Animal 31(2):51-58.
NAL call number: SF95 A9
Descriptors: ferret, reproduction, weanling, housing, nutrition.
Gazizov, V.Z. (1987). The peculiarities of fur-bearing animals kept under hot climatic conditions. Veterinariia 5:26-29.
NAL call number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: mustelids, housing, environment, circulatory system.
Gupta, A.S. (1988). The structure and development of play in ferrets and dogs. Index to Theses Accepted for Higher Degrees in the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland 37(4):1608-1609.
NAL call number: 241.8 AS7
Descriptors: ferret, dog, play, behavior, social interactions.
Hansen, S.W. and A. Brandt (1989). Effects of cage size and nest box on the haematological/enzymological status and physiological stress levels in mink kits. Scientifur 13(3):185-192.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: mink, male, female, neonates, weanling, husbandry, nest boxes, caging, stress, cortisol.
Hansen, S.W. (1990). Activity pattern of lactating mink and the effect of water trays or wire netting cylinder in mink cages. Scientifur 14(3):187-193.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: mink, female, reproduction, behavior, activity.
Hillman, C.N. and J.W. Carpenter (1983). Breeding biology and behavior of captive Black-footed ferrets, Mustela nigripes. International Zoo Yearbook 23:186-191.
NAL call number: QL76 I5
Descriptors: ferret, black-footed, reproduction, behavior.
Hughes, R.N. (1967). Effects of intertrial confinement and brightness change on ferret alternation behavior. Psychological Reports 20(2):679-681.
Descriptors: ferret, behavior, activity, exploratory behavior, environment, light.
Jedrzejewska, B. (1989). Variation in weasels' response to transient and resident bank voles, enclosure experiments. Acta Oecologica-Oecologica Generalis 10(2):149-154.
NAL call number: QK901 A1033
Descriptors: weasel, bank vole, diet, predation, prey, food preferences.
Jeppesen, L.L. and H. Falkenberg (1990). Effects of play balls on peltbiting, behaviour, and level of stress in ranch mink. Scientifur 14(3):179-186.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: mink, stress, toys, behavior.
Kaufman, L. (1979). Foraging strategies: Laboratory simulations. Dissertation Abstracts International 40(1-B):489.
NAL call number: Film S-1806.
Descriptors: ferret, chicken, rat, feeding behavior.
Kemmerer, D. (1989). What technicians need to know about ferrets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 194(12):1809.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: ferret, handling, breeding, grooming, behavior.
Korhonen, H. and M. Harri (1985). Seasonal changes in polecats. Finsk Palstidskrift 19(9):484-486.
Descriptors: polecat, male, female, behavior, seasons.
Korhonen, H. and M. Harri (1990). Social influences on productive performance in farm-raised polecats. Scientifur 14(2):89-94.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: polecat, male, female, weanling, housing, isolation, social groups, body weight, behavior.
Korhonen, H. and M. Harri (1992). Social influences on weight gain in farm-raised polecats. [Faktorer som paaverkar maarddjurens tillvaext.] Finsk Paelstidskrift 26(8-9):202-204.
Descriptors: polecats, social behavior, body weight, social groups.
Korhonen, H., M. Harri, L. Nurminen, K. Rouvinen, and T. Laitila (1985). Seasonal changes in behavioural patterns of farmed polecats (Mustela putorius). Scientifur 9(4):264-271.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: polecat, behavior, feeding.
Korhonen, H., H. Tukiainen, and M. Harri (1990). Effect of group and sex combination on productive performance of farmed polecats. Zeitschrift für Versuchstierkunde 33(2):79-83.
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: polecat, male, female, housing, social groups, body weight, pelt quality.
Kusak, J. and D. Huber (1991). Curiosity in wild carnivores. [Istrazivanje radoznalosti mesozdera.] Veterinarski Arhiv 61(6):395-409.
NAL call number: 41.8 V6416
Descriptors: polecat, behavior, zoo animals, wildlife.
Lazar, J.W. and G. Beckhorn (1971). Mother-young relationships in the ferret. American Zoologist 11(4):618.
NAL call number: 410 Am3
Descriptors: ferret, nursing, play behavior, body weight.
Lazar, J.W. and G.D. Beckhorn (1974). Social play or the development of social behavior in ferrets, Mustela putorius. American Zoologist 14(1):405-414.
NAL call number: 410 Am3
Descriptors: ferret, play, behavior, development.
Lester, D. and C. Dunn (1989). A test of Sheldon's theory of personality in ferrets. Perceptual and Motor Skills 69(3-I) 962.
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, behavior, personality, body weight.
Liang, J. and Y. Cheng (1985). Daily activity rhythms of fitches and alpine weasels. In: Contemporary Mammology in China and Japan T. Kawamichi, ed., Mammalogical Society of Japan: Japan, pp. 1-195.
Descriptors: fitch, alpine weasel, feeding, activity, behavior, predation.
Lode, T. (1989). Prey storing in the polecat (Mustela putorius). [Le comportement de mise en reserve alimentaire des proies chez le putois (Mustela putorius).] Cahiers Ethologie Appliquee 9(1):19-30.
Descriptors: polecat, seasons, diet, feeding behavior.
Lode, T. (1991). Environment exploitation and space
organization of two European mustelids: Stone marten (Martes
foina) and polecat (Mustela putorius). [Exploitation des
milieux et organisation de l'espace chez deus Mustelides europeens: La
fouine et le putois.] Vie et Milieu 41(1):29-38.
NAL call number: QH301 V5
Descriptors: polecat, Stone marten, space, feeding zones, shelter, hiding place, diet, foraging behavior, behavior.
Mankovich, N.J. (1982). Sex differences in play-wrestling in the ferret (Mustela putorius). Dissertation Abstracts International (B) 43(3):651.
NAL call number: Film S-1806
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, play behavior, reproduction, body weight.
Miller, B.J. and S.H. Anderson (1989). Courtship patterns in induced estrous and natural estrous domestic ferrets, Mustela putorius furo. Journal of Ethology 7(2):65-74.
NAL call number: QL750 J68
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, pre-copulation behavior, courtship.
Milligan, S.R., G.D. Sales, and K. Khirnykh (1993). Sound levels in rooms housing laboratory animals: An uncontrolled daily variable. Physiology and Behavior 53(6):1067-1076.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: ferret, cats, mouse, rabbit, rat, sound, behavior, low vs. high frequency.
Moeller, S. (1990). The need for nest boxes and drop-in bottoms in the whelping period of female mink. Scientifur 14(2):95-100.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: mink, housing, nest boxes, body weight, behavior, reproduction.
Moody, K.D., T.A. Bowman, and C.M. Lang (1985). Laboratory management of the ferret for biomedical research. Laboratory Animal Science 35(3):272-279.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: ferret, husbandry, diet, handling, breeding.
Morgan, R. L. (1990). Carnivores, basic needs, handling, and
care. Symposium: Animal Welfare Compliance for Study
Directors; presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the American
College of Toxicology, Orlando, FL, October, 1990 Production Plus,
Inc., Closter, NJ, Videocassette, 31 minutes.
NAL call number: Videocassette no. 971
Descriptors: ferret, mink, dog, cat, social interaction, husbandry, environmental factors, guidelines, regulations, resource information.
Otis, R.E., C.D. Andrina, and N.J. Clemens (1971). Exploratory behavior in mink (Mustela vison) and ferrets (M. putorius). American Zoologist 11(4):631.
NAL call number: 410 Am3
Descriptors: ferret, mink, male, female, exploration, behavior.
Owen, C. (1971). Domestication of the ferret. In:
Domestikationforschung und Geschichte der Haustiere: Internationales
Symposion. (History of Domestic Animals: International Symposium in
Budapest, Hungary on April 19-23, 1971), J. Matolcsi, ed., Akademiai
Kiado: Budapest, Hungary, pp.115-117.
NAL call number: S494 M3
Descriptors: ferret, mustelids, hybrid behavior, activity, hunting, conference paper.
Paradis, M. (1987). A guide to the pet ferret. Medecin Veterinaire du Quebec 17(2):63-69.
NAL call number: SF602 M8
Descriptors: ferret, pet, husbandry, behavior, diet, diseases.
Pellis, S.M. (1983). The frequency and pattern of play behaviour. Mammalia 47(2):272-274.
NAL call number: 410 M31
Descriptors: mustelids, play, social groups, behavior.
Pollard, J.S. and R.F. Lewis (1969). Ferrets do learn mazes. Journal of Biological Psychology 11(1):40-43.
Descriptors: ferret, learning, maze.
Poole, T.B. (1978). An analysis of social play in polecats (Mustelidae) with comments on the form and evolutionary history of the open-mouth play face. Animal Behaviour 26(1):36-49.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: polecat, mink, play, behavior, biting.
Poole, T.B. (1973). The aggressive behavior of individual male polecats (Mustela putorius, M. furo) and hybrids towards familiar and unfamiliar opponents. Journal of Zoology Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
170(3):395-414.
NAL call number: 410.9 L84P
Descriptors: ferret, polecat, ferret-polecat hybrid, aggression, social groups.
Pozdnyakova, L.Eh. and N.K. Shul'gina (1985). The effect of
floor space and group size on fitch growth and pelt quality. [Vliyanie
ploschadi vygula i velichiny gruppy na rost i kachestvo shkurki
khor'kov.] Sbornik nauchnykh trudov-NII pushnogo zverovodstva
i krolikovodstva 32:112-119.
Descriptors: polecat, housing, space cages, growth, pelt quality, husbandry, social groups.
Sjogard, B. (1978). Ferret (Mustela putorius) rearing (Finland). (Illeruppfodning) Vara palsdjur 49(12):314-316, December 15, 1978.
NAL call number: 410 V42
Descriptors: ferret, housing, handling, husbandry.
Slesarenko, N.A. (1986). Changes of the femoral bone in fur-bearing animals under conditions of hypodynamia. Arkhiv anatomii, gistolgii, i embriologii 90(5):80-86.
NAL call number: QL801 A7
Descriptors: mustelids, restricted movement, skeletal changes.
Soenderup, M. (1990). Balls and bite cups can reduce skin biting. [Bidekopper og bolde kan reducere pelsgnav.] Dansk Pelsdyravl 53(9):396-398.
NAL call number: 412.628 D23
Descriptors: mink, abnormal behavior, skin biting, toys.
Sokolov, V.E. and V.V. Rozhnov (1988). Marking activity in polecat: Effect of physiological and social factors. Izvestiia Akademii nauk SSSR, Seriia biologicheskaia 6:805-813. (Translated to English in Biological Bulletin of
the Academy of Sciences of the USSR)
NAL call number: 511 SA2B
Descriptors: polecat, reproduction, scent marking, social organization.
Stockman, E.R., R.S. Callaghan, C.A. Gallagher, and M.J. Baum (1986). Sexual differentiation of play behavior in the ferret. Behavioral Neuroscience 100(4):563-568.
NAL call number: QP351 B45
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, prepubertal play, toys, endocrine control, age factors.
Stockman, E.R., H.E. Albers, and M.J. Baum (1985). Activity in the ferret: Oestradiol effects and circadian rhythms. Animal Behaviour 33(1):150-154.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: ferret, activity, endocrine system, behavior, circadian rhythms.
Weiss-Buerger, M. (1981). An investigation on the influence of exploration and playing on learning by polecats (Mustela putorius X Mustela furo). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 55(1):33-62.
NAL call number: 410 Z35
Descriptors: ferret-polecat hybrid, behavior, play, tubes, learning, maze.
Whiteside, A.J., R. Kilgour, and A.J. Pearson (1986). Courtship and mating behaviour of the domestic fitch (Mustela putorius furo). Scientifur 10(1):44-48.
NAL call number: SF402 S3
Descriptors: ferret, male, female, breeding, behavior.
Willis, L.S. and M.V. Barrow (1971). The ferret (Mustela putorius furo L.) as a laboratory animal. Laboratory Animal Care 21(5):712-716.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: ferret, diet, behavior, breeding.
Debbie Gunn and David B. Morton
Department of Biomedical Science and Ethics, The Medical School,
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England
This short paper introduces the general housing and husbandry of laboratory rabbits. The behavior of wild rabbits is compared with that of their laboratory counterparts, and consideration is given to their behavioral needs from the welfare point of view as well as to the effects of husbandry on scientific research.
The wild rabbit is gregarious, living in family groups in natural colonies or warrens (Cowan 1987). Rabbits spend most of their time underground in burrows during the diurnal period and venture above ground at night when they are generally more active, feeding mainly at dawn and dusk (Mykytowycz 1958). Females dig burrows to prepare nests for the protection of their young which are born helpless and blind; they also serve as a haven in an emergency (Cowan and Bell 1986). In terms of their social activities, stable breeding groups are formed with linear hierarchies of both males and females (Mykytowycz 1958, Cowan 1987). Once stabilized, the order of dominance is generally sustained and fighting is rare (Mykytowycz and Rowley 1958, Lockley 1961); the social organization being controlled by scent marking and territorial patrols which involve chin-marking from cutaneous glands, urination, defecation, and behavioral displays. Male rabbits naturally distance themselves to avoid conflict (Mykytowycz 1958) while females will only fight to compete for burrows if they are in limited supply (Kunkele 1992). Social behaviors include allogrooming and group foraging activities. Rabbits adopt "look-out" positions for potential predators and foot-thumping serves as an alarm signal to alert the colony (McFarland 1987), from which the rabbits run at high speeds for cover, often leaping and jumping obstacles in the process.
Observations on domestic rabbits have shown that there are few differences in their behavior compared with their wild counterparts (Mykytowycz and Hesterman 1975, Bell 1984) so it remains likely that the potential for the full range of behavior of wild rabbits is still present genetically, despite some selection for physical, physiological and behavioral traits.
Whilst the quality and quantity of laboratory bred rabbits have improved over the past 40 years or so, their psychological well-being has largely been neglected. Advances have included genetic selection for clearly defined pure-bred strains, such as New Zealand Whites, Dutch and Lops, with traits for docility, reproductive performance and growth as well as a vastly improved health status. Other improvements include a standardized complete diet, and a protected and standardized environment of caging, ventilation, lighting, temperature and humidity (Clough 1982). However, such standardized cage designs have evolved mainly for the ease of husbandry and economic considerations, and it is apparent that some of these designs have had undesirable effects on the animals, particularly a reduction in space (Gunn and Morton 1994). Physical and social isolation offers no mental stimulation (Huls et al. 1991). Furthermore, the constant feeding of a highly refined pelleted diet is likely to be monotonous (BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW 1993). There is evidence that all of these have lead to both physiological (Lehmann 1984, Wieser 1984) and psychological problems. Caged rabbits also show behavioral abnormalities including stereotypies (Stauffacher 1992, BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW 1993) which may be signs of discomfort, mental suffering and distress (Lawrence and Rushen 1993, Gunn 1994) even though the animals are able to grow and reproduce. There is an ethical mandate to improve the animal's well-being (Broom 1988, Wemelsfelder 1984). It is important to minimize suffering not only for welfare reasons, but also because such "suffering" may result in a range of physiological or psychological changes which could add unintentional variables to the experimental design and affect the accuracy and reliability of the scientific results (BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW 1993, Gunn 1994). This in turn may lead to more animals being used in research than is necessary.
For many years rabbits have been housed in purpose-built metal cages. Single caging isolates rabbits from physical and visual contact and prevents any social interaction, particularly in solid-walled cages (Gunn 1994, Huls et al. 1991). They also restrict movement (with minimal floor area (Gunn and Morton 1994, BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW 1993) and height) so that rabbits are unable to perform normal ambulation or rearing activities (Gunn and Morton 1994, BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW 1993). The barren environment provides no stimulation which leads to abnormal behavior patterns such as bar-biting and clawing of the cage (Stauffacher 1992, Gunn and Morton 1994). These stereotypic activities substitute for natural behaviors which are denied by standard laboratory conditions (Stauffacher 1992) and may indicate frustration, anxiety or boredom, and develop in stages involving a progressive narrowing of the behavioral repertoire (Gunn 1994). A lack of exteroceptive stimulation, restricted movement and social inhibition are reported to be initial causal factors (Dantzer 1986). Other indicators of boredom have been observed such as hunched posture (Gunn and Morton 1994), inertia (Metz 1984), and a staring coat and dull eyes which may also indicate poor health (Wallace et al. 1990). As the caged environment is not sufficient to permit an adequate level of physical activity, caged rabbits can develop osteoporosis (Lehmann 1984) and back-bone distortions (Wieser 1984), and a high percentage of intestinal disorders (Jackson 1991) may be a result of "caging stress".
It is no longer considered acceptable to only provide for animals' physiological needs or to provide conditions which maximize productivity (Dawkins 1980). The care of captive animals should also include consideration of their behavioral needs. Some behaviors which are essential to the animal's well-being are not provided for in the laboratory, such as allogrooming, digging for the purpose of nest-building (Podberscek et al. 1991), and foraging (Stauffacher 1992). The inability to perform certain behaviors is thought to lead to intention movements, or inappropriate or abnormal behaviors (Dantzer 1986, Lawrence and Rushen 1993). Subjective states, such as boredom and frustration, can be evaluated through the use of careful experimental design. Other abnormal activities include under- or over- grooming and eating, leading to a staring coat, hair-balls (intestinal stasis - Jackson 1991), weight loss and obesity, respectively. These conditions are commonly observed in singly caged rabbits (BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW 1993, Gunn 1994). Such behaviors are maladaptive and provide clear evidence of a need for some environmental improvement. These activities are often associated with apathy and a refusal to respond which are indicative of psychological disorders and show a lack of adaptation rather than a coping strategy (Lawrence and Rushen 1993).
The natural social organization of this species should influence how we house rabbits in laboratories. Since wild rabbits live in groups containing at least one other rabbit of the same sex (Cowan 1987), it seems sensible to suggest that they should at least be housed in pairs, with the exception of mature males (unless they have been castrated - Gunn 1994). Whether grouping rabbits in pairs in cages, in floor pens, or in breeding groups, they should have opportunities for "exercise" and social interaction (BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW 1993, Batchelor 1991), allowing them more control over their immediate environment. As they are social animals they mix well at an early age, although there may be problems with removal or replacement of adults in an established group (Hammond and Love 1989, Love and Hammond 1991). Males can also be group-housed until they reach sexual maturity, but may then have to be castrated to be housed successfully in stable groups for lengthy periods. If rabbits must be caged individually for experimental reasons, enriching the cage environment has been shown to be beneficial. The cages should be, as a minimum, large enough to enable the rabbits to sit upright and lie out at full stretch (Gunn 1994), have visual contact with other rabbits, an area to withdraw to, a shelf for resting on (Stauffacher 1992) as well as an improved visual field. The provision of roughage such as hay (Gunn 1994), and straw, a varied diet and objects to gnaw on (Stauffacher 1992) or manipulate (e.g., wooden shapes - Huls et al. 1991) have been suggested to alleviate boredom and stereotypic activities (Brooks et al. 1993, Gunn 1994) and thus substantially improve welfare. Some of these enrichments apply equally to rabbits grouped in pens. It is recommended from an animal welfare point of view that whenever possible rabbits should be group-housed (Home Office 1989, Batchelor 1991) unless the experimental design prohibits it.
Batchelor, G.R. (1991). Group housing on floor pens and environmental enrichment in Sandy Lop rabbits. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 42 (2):109-120.
Bell, D.J. (1984). The behaviour of rabbits: Implications for their laboratory management. In: Standards in Laboratory Animal Management (2) Proceedings of UFAW Symposium, Potters Bar.
Brooks, D.L., W. Huls, C. Leamon, J. Thomson, J. Parker and S. Twomey (1993). Cage enrichment for female New Zealand White rabbits. Laboratory Animals 22:30-35.
Broom, D.M. (1988). The scientific assessment of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20:5-19.
BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW (1993). Refinements in rabbit husbandry. 2nd Report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement. Laboratory Animals 27:301-329.
Clough, G. (1982). Environmental effects on animals used in biomedical research. Biological Review 57: 487-523.
Cowan, D.P. (1987). Group living in the European rabbit: mutual benefit or resource localization? Journal of Animal Ecology 56:779-795.
Cowan, D.P. and D.J. Bell (1986). Leporid social behaviour and social organisation. Mammal Review 16:169-179.
Dantzer, R. (1986). Behavioural, physiological and functional aspects of sterotyped behaviour: A review and re-interpretation. Journal of Animal Science 62:1776-1786.
Dawkins, M. (1980). Animal Suffering: The science of animal welfare. Chapman and Hall Ltd: London.
Gunn, D. (1994). Evaluation on welfare in the husbandry of laboratory rabbits. PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham.
Gunn, D. and D.B. Morton (1994). The behaviour of single-caged and group-housed laboratory rabbits. In: Welfare and Science. Proceedings of the 5th FELASA Symposium, J. Bunyan, ed., Royal Society of Medicine Press: London, p80-84.
Hammond, K. and J.A. Love (1989). The use of fentanyl and droperidol for group formation in adult rabbits. CALAS Conference, Ottowa, Ontario.
Home Office (1989). Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals Used in Scientific Procedures. Her Majesty's Stationery Office: London.
Huls,W.L., D.L. Brooks and D. Bean-Knudsen (1991). Response of adult New Zealand White rabbits to enrichment objects and paired housing. Laboratory Animal Science 41:609-612.
Jackson, G. (1991). Intestinal stasis and rupture in rabbits. The Veterinary Record 129:287-289.
Kunkele, J. (1992). Infanticide in wild rabbits. Journal of Mammology 73:317-320.
Lawrence, A.B. and J. Rushen (1993). Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon.
Lehmann, M. (1984). Beurteilung der Tiergerechtheit handelsueblicher Batteriekaefige fuer Mastkaninchen. Report Swiss Federal Veterinary Office: Bern (cited in Stauffacher, M. 1992).
Lockley, R.M. (1961). Social structure and stress in the rabbit warren. Journal of Animal Ecology 30:385-423.
Love, J.A. and K. Hammond (1991). Group housing rabbits. Laboratory Animals 20:37-43.
McFarland, D. (1987). The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour. Oxford University Press.
Metz, J.H.M. (1984). Effects of early handling in the domestic rabbit (Abstract). Applied Animal Ethology 11:86-87.
Mykytowycz, R. (1958). Social behaviour of an experimental colony of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) 1. Establishment of the colony. CSIRO Wildlife Research 3:7-25.
Mykytowycz, R. and E.R. Hesterman (1975). An experimental study of aggression in captive European rabbits. Behaviour 52:104-117.
Mykytowycz, R. and I. Rowley (1958). Continuous observations of the activity of the wild rabbit during 24 hour periods. CSIRO Wildlife Research 3:26-31.
Podberscek, A.L., J.K. Blackshaw and A.W. Beattie (1991). The behaviour of group penned and individual caged laboratory rabbits. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28:353-356.
Stauffacher, M. (1992). Group housing and enrichment cages for breeding, fattening and laboratory rabbits. Animal Welfare 1:105-125.
Wemelsfelder, F. (1984). Animal boredom: Is a scientific study of the subjective experiences of animals possible? In: Advances in Animal Welfare Science., M.W. Fox and L.D. Mickley, eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Boston, pp. 115-153.
Wieser, R.V. (1984). Zur Tiergerechtheit handelsublicher Batteriekariger für Hauskaninchen Zibben. Report Swiss Federal Veterinary Office: Bern (cited in Stauffacher, M. 1992).
Wallace, S., J. Sanford, M.W. Smith and K.V. Spencer (1990). The assessment and control of the severity of scientific procedures on laboratory animals. Report of the LASA Working Party (Assessment and control of severity). Laboratory Animals 24:97-130.
Adams, C.E. (1987). The rabbit. In: The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals (6th ed.) T. Poole, ed., Longman Scientific and Technical: Harlow, Essex, pp. 416-435.
NAL call number: QL55.U5 1987
Descriptors: housing, breeding, normal behavior, handling.
Allen, T. (1994). Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Rabbits, January 1979-January 1994. Quick Bibliography 94-16 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library: Beltsville, MD, 45.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3
Descriptors: housing, husbandry, welfare, management, behavior.
Anderson, C.O. (1970). Experimental factors which influence the development of sexual, maternal and social behaviors in the rabbit. Dissertation Abstracts International. B: The Sciences and Engineering 30(11):5247-5248.
NAL call number: Z5055 U49D53
Descriptors: estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, group composition, sexual, maternal, social.
Anderson, C.O., V.H. Denenberg, and M.X. Zarrow (1972). Effects of handling and social isolation upon the rabbit's behaviour. Behaviour 43(1):165-175.
NAL call number: 410 B393
Descriptors: gestation, sexual activity, group vs. solitary housing, handling, social isolation.
Anon. (1988). Code of recommendations for the welfare of rabbits. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research 11(1):8-10.
NAL call number: QL737 L3206
Descriptors: water, cage design, slaughter, housing, welfare, code.
Anon. (1982). Draft code of recommendations for the welfare of
rabbits, draft of December 1982. Farm Animal Welfare Council
of the United Kingdom, Tolworth, Surbiton KT6 7NF, UK; Block B,
Government Buildings, Hook Rise South. 14pp.
Descriptors: housing, husbandry, production, behavior, welfare.
Batchelor, G.R. (August 1991). Group housing on floor pens and environmental enrichment in sandy lop rabbits. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians 42(2):109-120.
NAL call number: QL55.I5
Descriptors: social groups, solitary housing, hierarchy, space, behavioral repertoire, environmental enrichment, group housing.
Beaver, B.V. (1989). Environmental enrichment for laboratory animals. ILAR News 31(2):5-11.
NAL call number: QL55.A1I43
Descriptors: artificial appliances, social peers, foraging, environmental control.
Black-Cleworth, P. and G. Verberne (1975). Scent-marking, dominance and flehmen behavior in domestic rabbits in an artificial laboratory territory. Chemical Senses and Flavor 1(4):465-494.
NAL call number: QP456 C5
Descriptors: pheromone, urine, social behavior, chemical cues, secretion, odors, scent-marking, dominance, flehmen behavior.
Brain, P.F. (1992). Understanding the behaviours of feral
species may facilitate design of optimal living conditions for common
laboratory rodents. Animal Technology: Journal of
the Institute of Animal Technology 43(2):99-105.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: welfare, housing, husbandry, rabbit, mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, optimal living conditions.
Brenner, F.J. and D.P. Flemming (1979). Behavioral determination of dominance in captive male cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 53(2):139-142.
NAL call number: 500 P383
Descriptors: social behavior, dominance, hierarchy, aggression.
Brooks, D.L., W. Huls, C. Leamon, J. Thomson, J. Parker, and S. Twomey (May 1993). Cage enrichment for female New Zealand White rabbits. Lab Animal 22(5):30-38.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: paired housing, single housing, enrichment objects, behavior, social contact, activity, PVC pipe.
Broom, D.M. (July 1988). The scientific assessment of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20(1):5-19.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: welfare, stimuli, preference-test, environment, indicators, behavior, physiology.
Cone, D.M. and A.L. Cone (1970). Cage activity in cottontail rabbits. Psychonomic Science 21(5):259-260.
Descriptors: photoperiod, illumination, behavior, resting periods, time of day, cage.
Dantzer, R. (June 1986). Behavioral, physiological and functional aspects of stereotyped behavior: A review and re-interpretation. Journal of Animal Science 62(6):1776-1786.
NAL call number: 49 J82
Descriptors: stereotypy, environment, behavioral repertoire, behavior, endogenous brain opioid peptides, catecholamine, neurotransmitter, dopamine, norepinephrine.
Denenberg, V.H., M.V. Wyly, J.K. Burns, and M.X. Zarrow (June 1973). Behavioral effects of handling rabbits in infancy. Physiology and Behavior 10(6):1001-1004.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: psychology, social activity, nesting, housing, genetics, maternal care, infancy, handling.
Denenberg, V.H., D. DeSantis, S. Waite, and E.B. Thoman (April 1977). The effects of handling in infancy on behavioral states in the rabbit. Physiology and Behavior 18(4):553-557.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: resting behavior, daily activity, physiological effects, sleep, infancy, handling.
DeSantis, D., S. Waite, E.B. Thoman, and V.H. Denenberg (October 1977). Effects of isolation rearing upon behavioral state organization and growth in the rabbit. Behavioral Biology 21(2):273-285.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: feeding behavior, sleeping behavior, locomotor activity, social stimulation, isolation.
Ewbank, R. (1969). Behavioural implications of intensive animal husbandry. Outlook on Agriculture 6(1):41-46.
NAL call number: 10 Ou8
Descriptors: productivity, behavior, diet, environment, confinement, population density, selective breeding.
Falk, S.A. (October 1973). Letter: Environmental noise. American Journal of Public Health 63(10):833-836.
NAL call number: 449.9 Am3J
Descriptors: rabbits, acoustic stimulus, stressors, sleep, behavior, environmental noise.
Farabollini, F. (1987). Behavioral and endocrine aspects of dominance and submission in male rabbits. Aggression and Behavior 13(5):247-258.
Descriptors: social behavior, testosterone, estradiol, androstenedione, corticotropin, dominance, submission.
Farabollini, F., M.E. Albonetti, and F. Dessi-Fulgheri (1991). Response to intruders in female rabbit colonies is related to sex of intruder and rank of residents. Behavioural Processes 24(2):111-122.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: housing, behavior, agonism, dominance, social behavior, intruder, rank.
Farabollini, F., G. Giordano, and G. Carli (December 1988). Tonic pain and social behavior in male rabbits. Behavior and Brain Research 31(2):169-175.
Descriptors: dominance, intermale activity, tonic pain, social behavior.
Finzi, A. and L. Gualterio (1990). Rabbit behaviour in communal nest boxes. [Nidi in comune nell'etologia cunicola.] Rivista di Coniglicoltura 27(3):29-31.
NAL call number: SF451 R5
Descriptors: colony cage, nesting, breeding, social interactions, productivity, paddock system, communal nest box.
Fox, M.W. (1971). Environmental influences on behavior of domesticated and laboratory animals. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 15:47-65.
NAL call number: 41.8 Ad9
Descriptors: management, psychological needs, environmental enrichment, age, trauma, stress, exploratory activity.
Harkness, J.E. (1988). Rabbit behavior as related to environmental stress. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research 11(3):227-236.
NAL call number: QL737 L32J6
Descriptors: ambient temperature, photoperiod, spatial needs, stress, social behavior, acoustic environment.
Hart, L.A. (1994). Opportunities for environmental enrichment in the laboratory. Lab Animal 23(2):24-27.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: rats, rabbits, reptiles, zoo animals, farm animals, noise, housing, caging, burrows, nesting materials, social groups.
Heath, M. and E. Scott (1990). Housing rabbits the unconventional way. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 41(1):13-26.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: social behavior, floorpen, cage, feeding, exercise, groups.
Horton, B.J., S.D. Turley, and C.E. West (December 1974). Diurnal variation in the feeding pattern of rabbits. Life Sciences 15(11):1895-1907.
NAL call number: QH301.L54
Descriptors: caging, genetics, behavior, illumination, physiological response, diurnal.
Hudson, R. and T. Vodermayer (February 1992). Spontaneous and odor-induced chin marking in domestic female rabbits. Animal Behaviour 43(pt.2):329-336.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: bricks, oestrus, sexual display, chemosignals, chin marking, photoperiod.
Huls, W.L., D.L. Brooks, and D. Bean-Knudsen (December 1991). Response of adult New Zealand White rabbits to enrichment objects and paired housing. Laboratory Animal Science 41(6):609-612.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: caging, females, pairs, chewing behaviors, preference, single housing, enrichment objects.
Jackson, G. (September 1991). Intestinal stasis and rupture in rabbits. The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association 129(13):287-289.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: intestinal stasis, intestinal rupture, handling, stress.
Jilge, B. (1991). The rabbit: A diurnal or a nocturnal animal? Journal of Experimental Animal Science 34(5-6):170-183.
NAL call number: QL1 J687
Descriptors: chronobiology, locomotor activity, food intake, water consumption, defecation, noise, feed restriction, diurnal, nocturnal.
Khabibulov, M.A. and V.P. Chikunova (1975). Effect on rabbits of different management systems (housing vs. outside cages). Veterinariya (No. 1):29-31.
Descriptors: husbandry, production, pens, manage, management systems, housing, cage.
Kraft, R. (1979). Comparative ethology of domestic and wild rabbits. Part 1: Behavior inventory of wild and domestic rabbits. Zeitschrift für Tierzuechtung und Zuechtungsbiologie 95(2):140-162.
Descriptors: domestication, defense, locomotion, social display, wild, ethology.
Kraft, R. (1979). Comparative ethology of domestic and wild rabbits. Part 2: Quantitative observation on social behavior. Zeitschrift für Tierzuechtung und Zuechtungsbiologie 95(3-4):165-179.
Descriptors: aggression, sexual behavior, affiliative behavior, chinning, ethology, domestic, wild.
Kraft, R. (1979). Comparative studies of behaviour in wild and
domestic rabbits. I. Behavioural inventory.
[Vergleichende verhaltensstudien an wild und hauskaninchen. I. Das
verhaltensinventar von wild und hauskaninchen.] Zeitschrift
für Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie. 95(2):140-141.
NAL call number: SF105 A1F6
Descriptors: social activity, dominance, breeding, spatial behavior, wild.
Kryter, K.D. (March 1972). Non-auditory effects of environmental noise. American Journal of Public Health 62(3):389-398.
Descriptors: threshold, psychology, adaptation, infarction, environmental noise.
Lefevre, B. and B. Moret (1978). Effect of sudden environmental change on the onset of estrus in nulliparous rabbits. Annales de Biologie Animale Biochimie Biophysique 18(3):695-698.
NAL call number: 442.8 AN75
Descriptors: photoperiod, handling, exposure to male, individual cages, stress, environmental change, estrus, nulliparous.
Lehmann, M. (November 1991). Social behavior in young domestic rabbits under semi-natural conditions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32(2-3):269-292.
NAL call number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: feeding, locomotor activity, exploration, spatial behavior, social.
Lindemann, H. (1978). Behavioural habits as values for
studying the well-being of domestic rabbits. [Verhaltensweisen als
parameter für das wohlbefinden von hauskaninchen.] In:
Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemassen Tierhaltung F. Lachenmaier and
M.C. Schlichting, eds., Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der
Landwirtschaft: German Federal Republic, pp. 84-92.
NAL call number: 18 K96 No. 233
Descriptors: housing, cages, floor pens, husbandry, social behavior.
Loeffler, K., B. Drescher, and G. Schulze (1991). Effects of
different housing systems on the behaviour in
Chinchilla-Bastard-Experimental and New Zealand White rabbits. Part I.
[Einfluss unterschiedlicher haltungsverfahren auf das Verhalten von
versuchs und fleischkaninchen. I. Mitteilung.]
Tierärztliche Umschau 46(8):471-478.
NAL call number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: wire-floor, cages, straw bedding, feeding, locomotion, nest building, circadian activity, housing.
Love, J.A. (February1994). Group housing: Meeting the physical and social needs of the laboratory rabbit. Laboratory Animal Science 44(1):5-11.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: group housing, single caging, group sizes, management, space allocation, diet, stress, stereotypy, behavior, activity, disease, economic guidelines.
Love, J.A. and K. Hammond (September 1991). Group-housing rabbits. Lab Animal 20(8):37-43.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: group housing, single caging, welfare, cage space, behavior, management, disease.
Luzi, F., E. Heinzl, and C. Crimella (1990). Effects of
transport on some measures of production in rabbits. [Influenza del
transporto su alcuni parametri produttivi nella specie cunicola.]
Rivista di Coniglicoltura 27(6):37-40.
NAL call number: SF451 R5
Descriptors: season, ambient temperature, plastic cages, stress, travel, transport.
Milligan, S.R., G.D. Sales, and K. Khirnykh (1993). Sound levels in rooms housing laboratory animals: An uncontrolled daily variable. Physiology and Behavior 53(6):1067-1076.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: noise, stress, rabbits, rodents, ultrasound, ferrets.
Morton, D. (1994). Enrichment techniques for rodents and
rabbits. In: Rodents and Rabbits: Current Research
Issues, S.M. Niemi, J.S. Venable, and H.N. Guttman, eds., Scientists
Center for Animal Welfare: Greenbelt, MD and WARDS: Washington, DC, pp.
20-27.
Descriptors: group housing, behavior, economics, noise, labor.
Morton, D.B., M. Jennings, G.R. Batchelor, D. Bell, L. Birke, K.
Davies, J.R. Eveleigh, D. Gunn, M. Heath, B. Howard, P. Koder, J.
Phillips, T. Poole, A.W. Sainsbury, G.D. Sales, D.J.A. Smith, M.
Stauffacher, and R.J. Turner (October 1993). Refinements in rabbit
husbandry: Second report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/ RSPCA/UFAW Joint working
group on refinement. Laboratory Animals
27(4):301-329.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: welfare, husbandry, housing, density, environmental enrichment, breeding, health, costs, cage, lighting, natural behavior, stereotyped behavior, temperature, humidity, ventilation, handling, bedding, food.
Muller, H.A. and H. Brummer (1981). Reproductive behaviour and
fertility of rabbits kept individually or in groups. [Untersuchungen uber
fortpflanzungsverhalten und fertilitat des hauskaninchens in einzel und in
gruppenhaltung.] Tierärztliche Umschau
36(11):763-767.
NAL call number: 41.8 T44S
Descriptors: breeds, housing, litter size, behavior, reproductive behavior, fertility.
Nayfield, K.C. and E.L. Beach (1981). Comparative responses of rabbits and rats to elevated noise. Laboratory Animal Science 31(4):386-390.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: rabbits, rats, noise, behavior.
Olfert, E.D., B.M. Cross, and A.A. McWilliam, eds. (1993). VI.
Social and behavioural requirements of experimental animals: G. Rodents
and rabbits. In: Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental
Animals (2nd ed.) Canadian Council on Animal Care: Ottawa, Ontario.
1:70-88.
NAL call number: SF406 G85 1993
Descriptors: social behavior, enrichment devices, caging and bedding, environmental control.
Paatashvili, K.A., N. Ya. Kravchenko, and B.S. Babayants (1978). Battery system for laboratory rabbits. Veterinariya (No. 9):100-101.
Descriptors: cages, housing, husbandry.
Podberscek, A.L., J.K. Blackshaw, and A.W. Beattie (1991). The behavior of group penned and individually caged laboratory rabbits. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(4):353-364.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: genetics, maintenance behavior, locomotion, comfort, investigatory behavior, stereotypes.
Podberscek, A.L., J.K. Blackshaw, and A.W. Beattie (1991). The effects of repeated handling by familiar and unfamiliar people on rabbits in individual cages and group pens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(4):365-374.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: rabbit-human interaction, fear, habituation, housing, handling, familiarity.
Rabillard, J.L. (1985). The behavior of rabbits during breeding and experimentation. Stal Sciences et Techniques de l'Animal de Laboratoire 10(3):209-212.
Descriptors: Aggressive behavior, litters, stress, human interaction, breeding, experimentation.
Rothfritz, P., K. Loeffler, and B. Drescher (October 1992). The effects of different housing systems on the structure of cancellous bones of Chinchilla and New Zealand White rabbits. Tierärztliche Umschau 47(10):758.
NAL call number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: movement, vertebrae, hypoplasia, cages, housing, cancellous bone.
Rothfritz, P., K. Loeffler, and B. Drescher (1992). Effect of
housing and exercise on the structure of spongy bone of the ribs, thoracic
vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae of laboratory and broiler rabbits. IV.
[Einfluss unterschiedlicher haltungsverfahren und bewegungsmoglichkeiten
auf die spongiosastruktur der rippen sowie brust und lendenwirbel von
versuchs und fleischkaninchen. 4. Mittelung.]
Tierärztliche Umschau 47(10):758-768.
NAL call number: 41.8 T445
Descriptors: cage size, hypoplasia, husbandry, welfare, housing, exercise, spongy bone.
Sandford, J.C. (1986). The Domestic Rabbit. Collins Professional and Technical: London, UK, 272 p.
NAL call number: SF453 S33 1986
Descriptors: housing, breeding, equipment, industry, genetics.
Scholtyssek, S. and K. Eissele (1986). Keeping rabbits at different housing densities. [Die haltung von kaninchen in unterschiedlicher besatzdichte.] Zuchtungskunde 58(2):142-147.
NAL call number: 49 Z8
Descriptors: housing, food consumption, crowding, weight gain, density.
Stauffacher, M. (1992). Group housing and enrichment cages for breeding, fattening, and laboratory rabbits. Animal Welfare 1:105-125.
NAL call number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: legislation, welfare, breeding, single cages, paired housing, near-to-nature conditions, pup area, nesting area, commercial housing, social groups, spatial conditions.
Stauffacher, M. (1992). Rabbit breeding and animal welfare: New housing concepts for laboratory and fattening rabbits. DTW (Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift) 99(1):9-15.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: breeding groups, caging, legislation, behavior, welfare, housing, floor area, stereotypies, sexual behavior, breeding.
Stavy, M., A. Goldblatt, and J. Terkel (March 1985). Home odor preferences in young hares (Lepus capensis syriacus): Effects of age and role of maternal presence. Developmental Psychobiology 18(2):125-139.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: home cage odor, strange cage odor, preference testing, avoidance, age, social relationships, maternal presence.
Vastrade, F.M. (1987). Spacing behavior of free-ranging domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18(2):185-196.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: social relationships, colony management, distance, husbandry, behavior, free-range, spacing behavior.
Whary, M., R. Peper, G. Borkowski, W. Lawrence, and F. Ferguson (March 1993). The effects of group housing on the research use of the laboratory rabbit. Laboratory Animals 27:330-341.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: exercise, social contact, group housing, single housing, environmental enrichment, behavior.
Wyly, M.V., V.H. Denenberg, D. DeSantis, J. K. Burns, and M.X. Zarrow (March 1975). Handling rabbits in infancy: In search of a critical period. Developmental Psychobiology 8(2):179-186.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: psychology, social activity, exploratory activity, open-field test, handling, infancy.
Heleen A. van de Weerd and Vera Baumans
Department of Laboratory Animal Science,
Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.166, 3508 TD Utrecht
The Netherlands
Environments of laboratory animals have often been designed on the basis of economic and ergonomic aspects, with little or no consideration for animal welfare. Laboratory housing conditions can deprive animals the possibility of performing a full repertoire of normal behavior. As a response to this lack of stimulation animals may show abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypies or passiveness (Wemelsfelder 1990).
The living conditions and therefore the well-being of captive animals can be improved through environmental enrichment. Environmental enrichment can be defined as altering the living environment of captive animals in order to provide opportunities to express more of their natural behavioral repertoire. It is widely acknowledged that allowing animals to perform the widest possible range of behaviors is likely to be beneficial and, furthermore, providing environmental enrichment has been shown to reduce stereotypic behavior in captivity (e.g., bank voles: Ödberg 1987).
The environment of an animal consists of a wide range of stimuli,
including the social environment of conspecifics, contraspecifics and
humans, and the physical environment such as the cage and its contents
(See Figure 1). Currently used caging for rodents restricts various
behaviors
(O' Donoghue 1993) and it is recommended that the cage environment should be improved to cater for physiological and ethological "needs" including resting, grooming, exploring, hiding, searching for food, and gnawing.
The social environment of animals can be enriched by housing them together with conspecifics in pairs or in groups. This will only be successful if the groups or pairs formed are harmonious and stable. Mice and rats are social animals and often housed in groups, although this is not a natural situation for the males. In some strains, especially in mice, aggression may be a problem and the males need to be separated. In contrast, hamsters are not social, which eventually can lead to problems when housing such animals together.
Housing together several animal species in the same room is often common practice. It is not known whether contraspecifics housed in one animal room are affected by the olfactory and auditory cues from each other. Humans are part of the social environment of laboratory animals and handling the animals is a very important aspect of this daily care routine. It is also beneficial to train animals to become used to routine handling and procedures (Biological Council 1992).
In the wild, rodents spend a major proportion of their time searching for and consuming food. In the laboratory food is mostly provided ad libitum and easily obtained by the animals. For enrichment purposes food items can be scattered in the substrate or bedding so that the animals spend time searching for it. Carder and Berkowitz (1970) found that rats preferred earned food although free food was available, when the work demands were not too high . For hamsters who naturally hoard their food, scattering food pellets into the cage is an easy source of stimulation.
The type of food given to laboratory animals is usually standardized in the form of pellets but additional food such as hay or straw can be supplied to satisfy the need for roughage.
Sensory enrichment can be provided in many forms. Animals such as guinea pigs, which are easily frightened, react to noises in their environment; a radio which plays softly during the day can mask sudden background noises.
In many animal facilities, light intensity is usually too high. This may have deleterious effects on eyes such as retinal degeneration (Williams et al. 1985), especially in albinos. Rodents, who are essentially nocturnal animals, should be given the opportunity to hide from light.
It is important that animals have a certain degree of control over their environment, as a lack of control may cause stress. Rats reared in an environment in which they could control lighting, food and water supply were less emotional compared to controls (Joffe et al. 1973). In the laboratory cage the possibilities for animals to control their environment are restricted. However providing a shelter or refuge gives them the opportunity to withdraw from frightening stimuli outside or inside their cage as well as hide from too much light. Plastic tubes (Peters and Festing 1990) or old drinking bottles (Ward and DeMille 1991) are simple solutions for shelters.
Sometimes enlarging the available space for an animal can enhance well-being. Small cages may increase the incidence of stereotyped movements and other non-locomotor abnormal behaviors (Ödberg 1987). Enlarging the available space can be achieved by providing climbing accessories, shelters/refuges and exercise devices. When mice were given a divided cage with a bedding section and a wire mesh section, they deposited almost all excreta on the wire mesh floor, thus keeping their sleeping area clean (Blom 1993).
Nesting material such as tissues, hay or wood-wool enables rodents to perform nest-building behavior. Softwood sticks can be provided to guinea pigs for manipulation and gnawing (Sharmann 1991).
Reactions of the animals to the enrichment should be monitored and compared with baseline behavior, which was assessed before introduction of enrichment. An increase in species-typical behavior or a decrease in abnormal behavior may be seen. Different strains of animals can respond differently to enrichment as has been observed in mice (van de Weerd et al. 1994). It is also important to assess whether the changes in behavior are short or long term effects, as the animals may be interested in the enrichment for a short period only. Physiological variables can also be monitored to assess responses to changes in laboratory environments, e.g., body-weight, heart rate, hormonal levels, immune status and reproductive function (Markowitz and Line 1990).
When introducing enrichment in the laboratory, costs and the practical use of enrichment items are also important. Objects introduced into the cage should be stimulating for the animals, but they should also be easy to remove, clean, and replace, so that personnel are willing to work with them. If it is clear to those responsible for animals that environmental enrichment is beneficial to the animals, their motivation to work with and to improve the enrichment program should increase.
Baumans, V. (1994). Husbandry and welfare of laboratory rodents and rabbits: the relevance of behavioural studies. In: Welfare and Science. Proceedings of the 5th FELASA symposium, J. Bunyan, ed., Royal Society of Medicine Press: London, pp.65-67.
Biological Council (1992). Guidelines on the Handling and Training of Laboratory Animals. UFAW: Potters Bar, England.
Blom, H.J.M. (1993). Evaluation of housing conditions for laboratory mice and rats. Ph.D Thesis, Utrecht University: The Netherlands, pp. 81-99.
Carder, B. and K. Berkowitz (1970). Rats' preference for earned food in comparison with free food. Science 169:1273-1274.
Joffe, J.M., R.A. Rawson, and J.A. Mulick (1973). Control of their environment reduces emotionality in rats. Science 180:1383-1384.
Markowitz, H. and S. Line (1990). The need for responsive environments. In: The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, vol I., B.E. Rollin, ed., CRC Press: Florida, pp. 153-170.
Ödberg, F.0. (1987). The influence of cage size and environmental enrichment on the development of stereotypies in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) Behavioural Processes 14:155-173.
O' Donoghue, P.N. (1993). The Accommodation of Laboratory Animals in Accordance with Animal Welfare Requirements. Proceedings of an international workshop, Berlin 1993.
Peters, A. and M. Festing (1990). Population density and growth rate in laboratory mice. Laboratory Animals 24:273-279.
Sharmann, W. (1991). Improved housing of mice, rats and guinea-pigs: A contribution to the refinement of animal experiments. ATLA 19:108-114.
van de Weerd, H. A., V. Baumans, J.M. Koolhaas, and L.F.M. van Zutphen (August 1994). Strain specific behavioural response to environmental enrichment in the mouse. Journal of Experimental Animal Science. 36(4-5):117-127.
Ward, G.E. and DeMille, D. (1991). Environmental enrichment for laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 42(3):149-156.
Wemelsfelder, F. (1990). Boredom and laboratory animal welfare. In: The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, vol I, B.E.Rolin, ed., CRC Press: Florida, pp. 243-272.
Williams, R.A., A.G. Howard, and T.P. Williams (1985). Retina damage in pigmented and albino rats exposed to low levels of cyclic light following a single mydriatic treatment. Current Eye Research 4(2):97-102.
Arnold, C. and S. Gillaspy (1994). Assessing laboratory life for golden hamsters: Social preference, caging selection, and human interaction. Lab Animal 23(4):34-37.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: hamster, Golden, male, socialization, solitary nature, caging, Habitrail tunnels, bedding, handling, group housing.
Borer, K.T., A. Pryor, C.A. Conn, R. Bonna, and M. Kielb (1988). Group housing accelerates growth and induces obesity in adult hamsters. American Journal of Physiology 255(1 pt.2):R128-R133.
NAL call number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: hamster, Golden, female, adult, isolation, socially reared, bedding, body weight, body fat.
Brain, P.F. (1992). Understanding the behaviours of feral
species may facilitate design of optimal living conditions for common
laboratory rodents. Animal Technology: Journal of
the Institute of Animal Technology 43(2):99-105.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: welfare, housing, husbandry, rabbit, mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, optimal living conditions.
Cheal, M.L. (1987). Environmental enrichment facilitates foraging behavior. Physiology and Behavior 39(2):281-283.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: gerbil, adult, old, locomotor activity, outdoor experience vs. laboratory rearing, novel objects, odors, food.
Cheal, M.L. (1987). Lifespan environmental influences on species typical behavior of Meriones unguiculatus. In: Evolution of Longevity in Mammals. A Comparative Approach, A.D. Woodhead and K.H. Thompson, eds. Plenum Press: New York, NY, pp.145-159.
NAL call number: QP85 B73
Descriptors: gerbil, body weight, lifespan, behavior.
Cheal, M.L., K. Foley, and R. Kastenbaum (1986). Brief periods of environmental enrichment facilitate adolescent development of gerbils. Physiology and Behavior 36(6):1047-1051.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: gerbil, male, female, motor behavior, somatic growth, seizures, indoor vs. outdoor.
Fischer, R.B. and P.S. Brown (1993). Vaginal secretions increase the likelihood of intermale aggression in Syrian hamsters. Physiology and Behavior 54(2):213-214.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: hamster, male, female, social environment, vaginal odors.
Hsu, C.H. and C.S. Carter (1986). Social isolation inhibits male-like sexual behavior in female hamsters. Behavioral and Neural Biology 46: 242-247.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: hamster, Golden, female, group housing, weaning age.
Hull, E.M., C. Kastaniotis, G. L'Hommedieu, and J. Franz (1976). Environmental enrichment and crowding: Behavioral and hormonal effects. Physiology and Behavior 17(5):735-741.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: gerbil, male, female, weanling, adult, crowding, social interaction, cortisol, testosterone, testes weight, adrenal weight, behavior, reproduction.
Martin-Ramirez, J. and D.I. Onyekwere (1993). Play fighting in Golden Syrian hamsters: Influence of age, sex, and social isolation. Aggressive Behavior 19(1):65-66.
NAL call number: BF575 A3A57
Descriptors: hamster, Golden Syrian, male, isolation, play.
McClure, D.E. and J.L. Thomson (1992). Cage enrichment for hamsters housed in suspended wire cages. Contemporary Topics 31(4):33 (abstract).
NAL call number: SF405.5 A23
Descriptors: hamster, aggression, anorexia, cotton nestlets, wire cages, PVC pipe, toys, seclusion.
Norris, M.L. and C.E. Adams (1979). Vaginal opening in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus: Normal data and the influence of social factors. Laboratory Animals 13(2):159-162.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: gerbil, male, female, cage density, body weight, vaginal opening, age.
Onyekwere, D.I. and J.M. Ramirez (1993). Play fighting versus serious fighting in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 31(6):503-506.
Descriptors: hamster, Golden, young, isolation, aggression.
Pellis, S.M. and V.C. Pellis (1993). Influence of dominance on the development of play fighting in pairs of male Syrian Golden hamsters--Mesocricetus auratus. Aggressive Behavior 19(44):293-302.
NAL call number: BF575 A3A57
Descriptors: hamster, Syrian Golden, male, weanling, young, adult, aggression, submission, play, rat.
Tang-Martinez, Z., L.L. Mueller, and G.T. Taylor (1993). Individual odors and mating success in the golden hamster, Mesocrecitus auratus. Animal Behaviour 45(6):1141-1151.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: hamster, Golden, female, male, olfaction, pheromones, litter size, pregnancy rate.
Thomas, E.M., M.E. Jewett, and I. Zucker (1993). Torpor shortens the period of Siberian hamster circadian rhythms. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265(4):R951-R956.
NAL call number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: hamster, Siberian, male, ambient temperature, body temperature, gonadectomized, running wheel, body mass.
Van den Broek, F.A.R., H. Klompmaker, R. Bakker, and A.C. Beynen (May 1995). Gerbils prefer partially darkened cages. Animal Welfare 4(2): 119-123.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557
Descriptors: housing, preference test, light intensity, Mongolian gerbils.
Bailey, K.J., D.B. Stephens, and C.E. Delaney (1986). Observations on the effects of vibration and noise on plasma ACTH and zinc levels, pregnancy and respiration rate in the guinea pig. Laboratory Animals 20: 101-108.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: guinea pig, female, pregnant, nonpregnant, transport simulator, ACTH, zinc.
Berryman, J.C. (1981). Guinea pig responses to conspecific vocalizations: Playback experiments. Behavioral and Neural Biology 31(4):476-482.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: guinea pig, female, neonate, lactating, virgin, behavior, silence, nonvocal sounds, communication, maternal behavior.
Berryman, J.C. (1978). Social behaviour in a colony of domestic guinea pigs: Aggression and dominance. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 46(2):200-214.
NAL call number: 410 Z35
Descriptors: guinea pig, male, female, behavior, activity, social group, dominance, aggression, vocal communication.
Brain, P.F. (1992). Understanding the behaviours of feral
species may facilitate design of optimal living conditions for common
laboratory rodents. Animal Technology: Journal of
the Institute of Animal Technology 43(2):99-105.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: welfare, housing, husbandry, rabbit, mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, optimal living conditions.
Coulon, J. (1971). Influence of social isolation on the behavior of guinea pigs (Influence de l'isolement social sur le comportement du cobaye. Behaviour 38(1-2):93-120.
NAL call number: 410 B393
Descriptors: guinea pig, male, female, isolation, maternal care, exploratory behavior, activity, play, open-field behavior.
Coulon, J. (1973). Social relationships of domestic male
guinea pigs. 2. The agonistic behavior on their territory. [Les relations
sociales chez le cobaye domestique male. II. Le comportement agonistique
interterritorial.] Behaviour 53(3-4):200-216.
NAL call number: 410 B393
Descriptors: guinea pig, male, dominance, aggression, behavior, territory.
Dayal, V.S. and J.K. Bhattacharyya (1986). Cochlear hair cell damage from intermittent noise exposure in young and adult guinea pigs. American Journal of Otolaryngology 7: 294-297.
Descriptors: guinea pig, male, female, weanling, adult, auditory stimuli.
Hennessy, M.B. and L. Moorman (1989). Factors influencing cortisol and behavioral responses to maternal separation in guinea pigs. Behavioral Neursoscience 103(2):378-385.
NAL call number: QP351 B45
Descriptors: guinea pigs, male, female, maternal separation, isolation, cortisol, inanimate surrogates.
Plank, S.J. and R. Irwin (1966). Infertility of guinea pigs on sawdust bedding. Laboratory Animal Care 16(1):9-11.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: guinea pig, male, female, reproduction, bedding.
Pye, A. (1987). Comparison of various short noise exposures in albino and pigmented guinea pigs. Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 243: 411-416.
Descriptors: guinea pigs, noise.
Sascher, N. (1986). The effects of longterm isolation on physiology and behavior in male guinea pigs. Physiology and Behavior 38: 31-39.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: guinea pig, male, female, isolation, group-housed, body weight, tyrosine hydroxylase, activity, aggression.
White, W.J., M.W. Balk, and C.M. Lang (1989). Use of cage space by guinea pigs. Laboratory Animals 23: 208-214.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: guinea pig, male, female, spatial behavior, caging, activity.
Ahroon, J.K. (1977). The effects of environmental switchovers between enrichment and impoverishment on brain and behavior in mice. Dissertation Abstracts International 37(7-B):3668.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49 D53
Descriptors: mouse, environmental enrichment, impoverishment, open field, activity.
Ardila, R., M. Rezk, R. Polanco, and F. Pereira (1977). Early handling, electric shock, and environmental complexity: Effects on exploratory behavior, "emotionality," and body weight. Psychological Record 27(1):219-224.
Descriptors: mouse, Swiss, aversive stimuli, environmental enrichment, darkness, handling, open field, defecation, activity.
Bartos, L. and P.F. Brain (1993). Physiological responses to social status and housing conditions in male mice subject to food competition tests. Bollettino di Zoologia 60(3):293-296.
NAL call number: 410 B63
Descriptors: mouse, male, testes, prostate, adrenal gland, stress.
Baumans, V., F.R. Stafleu, and J. Bouw (1987). Testing housing system for mice-the value of a preference test. Zeitschrift für Versuchstierkunde 29:9-14.
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: mouse, female, caging, preference testing, shelter.
Beynan, A.C. and G. Van Tintelen (1990). Daily change of cage depresses mass gain in mice. Zeitschrift für Versuchstierkunde 33:106-107.
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: mouse, male, female, cage changing, weight gain, activity.
Boehm, G.W., N.S. Waters, G.F. Sherman, G.D. Rosen, D.M. Bradway, B.J.
Hoplight, A.M. Galaburda, and V.H. Denenberg (1993). Environmental
enrichment, neocortical ectopias and behavior in BXSB mice.
Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 19(1-3):184.
NAL call number: QP351 S6
Descriptors: mouse, learning, behavior.
Bouchon, R. and B. Will (1982). Effects of post-weaning
rearing conditions on learning performance in "dwarf" mice. [Effets des
conditions d'elevage apres le sevrage sur les performances d'apprentissage
des souris "dwarf."] Physiology and Behavior
28(6):971-978.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: mouse, dwarf, locomotor activity, learning.
Bouchon, R. and B. Will (1982). Effects of early enriched and restricted environments on the exploratory and locomotor activity of dwarf mice. Behavioral and Neural Biology 35(2):174-186.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: mouse, weanling, dwarf, open-field, habituation, behavior.
Bouchon, R. and B. Will (1983). Effects of post-weaning environment and apparatus dimension on spontaneous alternation as a function of phenotype in "dwarf" mice. Physiology and Behavior 30(2):213-219.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: mouse, DW/Orl-dw, inbred strain, male, maze, spatial information, behavior.
Brain, P.F. (1992). Understanding the behaviours of feral
species may facilitate design of optimal living conditions for common
laboratory rodents. Animal Technology: Journal of
the Institute of Animal Technology 43(2):99-105.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: welfare, housing, husbandry, rabbit, mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, optimal living conditions.
Brain, P. (1975). What does individual housing mean to a mouse? Life Sciences 16(2):187-200.
NAL call number: 442.8 L62
Descriptors: mouse, isolation, caging, socially reared, adrenal medullary function, adenocortical function, reproduction, neurochemistry, defeat experiments, review.
Bronson, F.H. (1984). The adaptability of the house mouse. Scientific American March: 116-125.
NAL call number: 470 Sci25
Descriptors: mouse, running wheel, burrow, reproduction, foraging, temperature, social cues, behavior, review.
Chamove, A.S. (1989). Cage design reduces emotionality in mice. Laboratory Animals 23(3):215-219.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: mouse, caging, partitions, activity, stress, adrenal glands, behavior, complexity.
Corridi, P., F. Chiarotti, S. Bigi, and E. Alleva (1993).
Familiarity with conspecific odor and isolation-induced aggressive
behavior in male mice (Mus domesticus). Journal of
Comparative Psychology 107(3):328-335.
NAL call number: BF671 J6
Descriptors: mouse, Swiss CD-1, isolation, olfaction, agonistic behavior, dominance.
Cummins, R.A., T.N. Carlyon, and R.N. Walsh (1978). Drug-modulated behavioural responses to environmental enrichment. Psychopharmacology 58(2):197-199.
Descriptors: mouse, Quackenbush albino, male, strychnine, chlorpromazine, activity, socialization.
Cummins, R.A., P.J. Livesey, and J.A. Bell (1982). Cortical depth changes in enriched and isolated mice. Developmental Psychobiology 15(3):187-195.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: mouse, neonate, weanling, aging, occipital cortex, neuronal development, metabolic activity.
Diaz, J.-L. (1988). Brain weights correlate with behavioral parameters in individual inbred mice housed in a common and enriched environment. Behavioral and Neural Biology 50(2):164-183.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: mouse, BALB/c, young, maze, open field, exploration, aversive response, swimming, induced grooming, whole brain, cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon, telencephalon, prosencephalon.
Elliott, R.A. (1970). Some anatomical and behavioral effects of environmental enrichment on genetically heterogenous mice selectively bred for high and low brain weight. Dissertation Abstracts International 31(4-B):2302-2303.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: mouse, cortex, discrimination tasks.
Engellenner, W.J., C.R. Goodlet, R.G. Burright, and P.J. Donovick
(1982). Environmental enrichment and restriction effects on
reactivity, exploration and maze learning in mice with septal
lesions. Physiology and Behavior 29(5):885-893.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: mouse, Binghamton, heterogenous, male, handling-reactivity test, open-field, water-maze, learning, behavior.
Erikson, D.J. and T.N. Meacham (1973). Effects of increased space deprivation on reproductive performance of female ICR-albino mice. Publication - Extension Division of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 153:
56-59.
NAL call number: S543.V5V5
Descriptors: mouse, ICR-albino, female, prebreeding, postbreeding, embryo survival, density, corticosteroids.
Eveleigh, J.R. (1993). Murine cage density: Cage ammonia levels during the reproductive performance of an inbred strain and two outbred stocks of monogamous breeding pairs of mice. Laboratory Animals 27(2):156-160.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: mouse, BALB/c, TO, CD-1, Laboratory Animal Breeders Association Guidelines, housing, male, female, breeding, litter size.
Falke, H.E. and H.P. Til (1985). Effect of polychlorophenols in sawdust bedding on some biotransformation parameters in the liver of mice. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 33(3):314-316.
NAL call number: 12 N3892
Descriptors: mouse, male, female, weanling, liver weight, P-450 enzymes, polychlorophenols, bedding.
Ferrer, I. et al.. (1983). Morphological changes in the
cerebral cortex of mice subjected to enriched and impoverished
environments and its later reversal. [Cambios
morfologicos en la corteza cerebral de retones somtidos a medios
enriquecidos y a medios empobrecidos en stimulos sensoriales y su
posterior recuperacion.] Archivos de Neurobiologia
46(3):177-182.
Descriptors: mouse, visual cortex, maze, neuronal plasticity.
Goodlet, C.R., W.J. Engellenner, R.G. Burright, and P.J. Donovick
(1982). Influence of environmental rearing history and
postsurgical environmental change on the septal rage syndrome in
mice. Physiology and Behavior 28(6):1077-1081.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: mouse, Binghamton, heterogenous, septal lesions, handling reactions.
Guastavino, J.M. and G. Goodall (1985). Permanency of gait improvement induced by vestibular stimulation in the mutant mouse staggerer. Journal of Neurogenetics 2(4):273-283.
Descriptors: mouse, behaviorally deficient mutant, environmental
enrichment, vestibular, muscular, and visual stimulation.
Gue, M., J. Fiorsmonte, and L. Bueno (1987). Comparative influences of acoustic and cold stress on gastrointestinal transit in mice. American Journal of Physiology 253(2 pt.1):G124-G128.
NAL call number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: mouse, noise, stress, temperature, gastrointestinal transit.
Hastings, I.M. and W.G. Hill (1993). The effects of cage type on murine body composition. Mouse Genome 91(2):329-330.
NAL call number: QL737 R638M68
Descriptors: mouse, high fat content, plastic vs. aluminum caging.
Henderson, N.D. (1979). Dominance for large brains in laboratory mice. Behavior Genetics 9(1):45-49.
NAL call number: QH301 B45
Descriptors: mouse, genetic variance, genotype, housing, environmental enrichment.
Hoffman, G.L., J.R. Simpson, and Y. Arumugam (1991). Impact of changes in housing condition on mouse natural killer cell activity. Physiology and Behavior 49(3):657-660.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: mouse, male, caging, tumors, in vitro, cytolytic activity.
Hurst, J.L., F. Jiming, and C.J. Barnard (1993). The role of substrate odors in maintaining social tolerance between male house mice, Mus musculus domesticus. Animal Behaviour 45(5):997-1006.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: mouse, male, bedding, olfaction, isolation, interaction.
Iturrian, W.B. (1971). Effect of noise in the animal house on experimental seizures and growth of weanling mice. In: Defining the Laboratory Animal, pp. 332-352.
NAL call number: SF406 I52
Descriptors: mouse, age, noise, test interval, seizure-prone, drugs, non-auditory stimuli.
Iturrian, W.B. and G.B. Fink (1968). Comparison of bedding material: Habitat preference of pregnant mice and reproductive performance. Laboratory Animal Care 18(2):160-164.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: mouse, female, behavior, cellulose, nesting.
Jacobs, B.B. and D.K. Dieter (1978). Spontaneous hepatomas in
mice inbred from HA-ICR Swiss stock: Effects of sex, cedar shavings in
bedding, and immunization with fetal liver or hepatoma cells.
Journal of the National Cancer Institute 61(6):1531-1534.
NAL call number: 176.622 J82
Descriptors: mouse, SWJ/Jac, male, female, hepatoma, cedar shavings, bedding.
Jones, R.B. (1992). Reply to McGregor, Barnard, and Hurst (see App.Anim.Behav.Sci. 33:297-299). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 33:300-301.
Descriptors: mouse, environmental enrichment, impoverished, aggression, caging, animal welfare.
Jones, R.B. (1992). Varied cages and aggression. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 33(2-3):295-296.
Descriptors: mouse, male, environmental enrichment, standard caging, impoverished, dominance, submission, fighting, olfaction, benefits.
Karp, J.D., J.A. Moynihan, and R. Ader (1993). Effects of differential housing on the primary and secondary antibody responses of male C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 7(4):326-333.
Descriptors: mouse, inbred, male, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, isolation, group-reared, IgM, IgG.
Klipple, J.A. (1978). Behavioral persistence following switchovers between environmental enrichment and impoverishment in mice. Developmental Psychobiology 11(6):541-557.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: mouse, weanling, environmental enrichment, impoverishment, behavior.
Koyama, S. (1993). Isolation effect in mice (Mus musculus):(i) Does it really induce aggression? Journal of Ethology 11(2):117-130.
NAL call number: QL750 J68
Descriptors: mouse, isolation, group-reared, dominance, territorial dominance, behavior.
Koyama, S. (1993). Isolation effect in mice (Mus musculus):(ii) Variance in aggression. Journal of Ethology 11(2):131-140.
NAL call number: QL750 J68
Descriptors: mouse, isolation, dominance, behavior.
Kropveld, D. and R.A. Chamuleau (1993). Doppler radar device as a useful tool to quantify the liveliness of the experimental animal. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 31(4):340-342.
Descriptors: mouse, BALB/c, rat, Wistar, activity, circadian rhythm.
Kubanis, P., S.F. Zornetzer, and G. Freund (1982). Memory and postsynaptic cholinergic receptors in aging mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 17(2):313-322.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: mouse, C57BL/6, male, female, young, old, passive avoidance tasks, 3H-QNB, muscarinic receptor binding, benzodiazepine binding, cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, brain stem.
Levine, L., J. Grossfield, and R.F. Rockwell (1979).
Functional relationships between genotypes and environments in
behavior: Effects of different kinds of early social experience on
interstrain fighting in male mice. Journal of Heredity
70(5):317-320.
NAL call number: 442.8 Am3
Descriptors: mouse, ST/bJ, CBA/J, male, socially reared, isolation, behavior.
Manosevitz, M. and J.B. Pryor (1975). Cage size as a factor in environmental enrichment. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89(6):648-654.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: mouse, C57BL/6J, cage size, surface texture, wire, Plexiglas, body weight, open-field, defecation, running-wheel, exploration, water consumption.
Manosevitz, M., R.B. Campenot, and C.F. Swencionis (1968). Effects of enriched environment upon hoarding. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66(2):319-324.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: mouse, inbred, genotype, genotype/environment interactions.
Manosevitz, M. and U. Joel (1973). Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment in randomly bred mice. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 85(2):373-382.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: mouse, open field, defecation, running wheel, exploration, hoarding, activity, adrenal gland, body weight, behavior.
Manosevitz, M. (1970). Early environmental enrichment and mouse behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 71(3):459-466.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: mouse, open field, running wheel, food competition, defecation.
Manosevitz, M. and R.J. Montemayor (1972). Interaction of environmental enrichment and genotype. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 79(1):67-76.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: mouse, A/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/10J, neonate, weanling, open field, exploration, running wheel, activity.
Martinez, S., M. Ramirez, A. Salvador, and V.M. Simon (1993). Olfaction of defeated mice may play an important role in subsequent agonistic behavior of the winners. Aggressive Behavior 19(1):60-61.
NAL call number: BF575 A3A57
Descriptors: mouse, male, isolation, socially housed, behavior, exploration, activity, abstract.
McGregor, P.K., C. Barnard, and J.L. Hurst (1992). Reply [to R.B. Jones on Varied cages and aggression]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 33: 297-299.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: mouse, male, aggression, caging, objects, dominance, submission, fighting, animal welfare, environmental enrichment, anthropocentric view, olfaction.
McGregor, P.K. and S.J. Ayling (1990). Varied cages result in more aggression in male CFLP mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26(3):277-281.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: mouse, CFLP, male, behavior, caging.
Misslin, R. and P. Ropartz (1981). Responses of mice to a novel object. Behaviour 78(3-4):169-177.
NAL call number: 410 B393
Descriptors: mouse, Swiss albino, male, novel environment, familiar environment, contacts, behavior.
Mondragon, R., L. Mayagoitia, A. Lopez-Lujan, and J.-L. Diaz (1987).
Social structure features in three inbred strains of mice,
C57BL/6J, Balb/cj, and NIH: A comparative study. Behavioral
and Neural Biology 47(3):384-391.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: mouse, male, adult, inbred, behavior, aggression, exercise wheel.
Mulder, J.B. (1975). Bedding preferences of pregnant laboratory reared mice. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 7(1):21-22.
Descriptors: mouse, female, bedding.
Nielsen, J., O. Andersen, and P. Svendsen (1985). Induction of liver-enzymes in mice by alpha-pinene from softwood bedding. Zeitschrift für Versuchstierkunde 27((2):105.
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: mouse, bedding, spruce/pine shavings, pinene, P-450 enzymes, anesthesia.
Nielsen, J.B., Andersen, O., and P. Svendsen (1986). Hepatic O-deethylase activity in mice on different types of bedding. Zeitschrift für Versuchstierkunde 28(1-2):69-75.
NAL call number: 410 Z36
Descriptors: mouse, male, female, wood shavings.
Petitto, J.M., D.T. Lysle, J.L. Gariepy, and M.H. Lewis (1994).
Association of genetic differences in social behavior and cellular
immune responsiveness: Effects of social experience. Brain,
Behavior, and Immunity 8(2):111-122.
Descriptors: mouse, ICR, social behavior, isolation-induced aggressiveness, group housing, tumor development, natural killer cells, T cells, B cells.
Port, C.D. and J.P. Kalenbach (1969). The effect of corncob bedding on reproductivity and leucine incorporation in mice. Laboratory Animal Care 19(1):46-49.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: mouse, mycotoxins, dietary proteins, liver metabolism.
Schrott, L.M., V.H. Denenberg, G.F. Sherman, N.S. Waters, G.D. Rosen,
and A.M. Galaburda (1992). Environmental enrichment, neocortical
ectopias, and behavior in the autoimmune NZB mouse.
Developmental Brain Research (Netherlands) 67(1):85-93.
Descriptors: mouse, New Zealand Black, male, discrimination learning, spatial maze, shuttlebox, autoimmune disease.
Smith, W. and S. Ross (1953). The hoarding behavior of the mouse. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 82: 279-316.
Descriptors: mouse, behavior, feed.
Tennekes, H.A., A.S. Wright, K.M. Dix, and J.H. Koeman (1981). Effects of dieldrin, diet, and bedding on enzyme function and tumor incidence in livers of male CF-1 mice. Cancer Research 41(9):3615-3620.
NAL call number: 448.8 C16
Descriptors: mouse, CF-1, male, bedding, Douglas fir sawdust, body weight, organ weight, hepatomas, hepatocellular enzymes.
Terranova, M.L., G. Laviola, and E. Alleva (1993). Ontogeny of amicable social behavior in the mouse: gender differences and ongoing isolation outcomes. Developmental Psychobiology 26(8):467-481.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: mouse, outbred CD-1, male, female, weanling, isolation, pair housing, play behavior, social interactions, exploration, activity, affiliative behavior.
Torronen, R., K. Pelkonen, and S. Karenlampi (1989).
Enzyme-inducing and cytotoxic effects of wood-based materials used
as bedding for laboratory animals. Comparison by a cell culture study.
[published erratum appears in Life Science 1989: 45(24):2381]
Life Science 45(6):559-565.
NAL call number: 442.8 L62
Descriptors: mouse hepatoma cell line, Hepa-1, hardwoods (aspen and alder), softwoods (pine and pine-spruce), cellulose materials, cytochrome P450I1A, aldehyde dehydrogenase.
van de Weerd, H. A., V. Baumans, J.M. Koolhaas, and L.F.M. van Zutphen
(August 1994). Strain specific behavioural response to
environmental enrichment in the mouse. Journal of
Experimental Animal Science. 36(4-5):117-127.
Descriptors: behavior, environment design, housing, Inbred BALB C, Inbred C57BL, species specificity.
Vlahakis, G. (1977). Possible carcinogenic effects of cedar shavings in bedding of C3H-AVY FB mice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 58(1):149-150.
NAL call number: 176.622 J82
Descriptors: mouse, C3H-AVY, female, bedding, pine shavings, cedar shavings, mammary gland tumors.
Wainwright, P.E., Y.S. Huang, B. Bulman-Fleming, S. Levesque, and D. McCutcheon (1994). The effects of dietary fatty acid composition combined with environmental enrichment on brain and behavior in mice. Behavioural Brain Research
60(2):125-136.
Descriptors: mouse, male, female, pregnancy, weaning, nutrition, brain composition, Morris water maze, learning.
Wainwright, P.E., S. Levesque, L. Krempulec, B. Bulman-Fleming, and D.
McCutcheon (1993). Effects of environmental enrichment on cortical
depth and Morris-maze performance in B6D2F2 mice exposed prenatally to
ethanol. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 15(1):11-20.
Descriptors: mouse, cortex, body weight, water maze, learning.
Ward, G.E. and D. DeMille (1991). Environmental enrichment for laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 42(3):149-156.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: mouse, environmental enrichment, cages, bottles, toys.
Warren, J.M., C. Zerweck, and A. Anthony (1982). Effects of environmental enrichment on old mice. Developmental Psychobiology 15(1):13-18.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: mouse, C57BL/6J, male, old, behavior, brain chemistry, toys, housing, females, cerebral cortex, maze, tasks.
Wilson, R.A. and P.S. Coulson (1984). The effect of soft-wood bedding on the maturation of an infection of Schistosoma mansoni in mice exposed to cercariae via the tail or abdominal skin. Transactions of the Royal Society
of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78(3):411-412.
NAL call number: 448.9 R813
Descriptors: mouse, bedding, softwood sawdust, Schistosoma mansoni.
Yates, G., J. Panksepp, S. Ikemoto, E. Nelson, and R. Conner (1991). Social isolation effects on the "behavioral despair" forced swimming test: Effect of age and duration of testing. Physiology and Behavior 49(2):347-353.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: mouse, Swiss Webster, male, female, weanling, young depression, immobility, body weight, reserpine.
Yoshimura, H. and N. Kimura (1993). Ethopharmacology of behavioral disorders induced by prolonged individual housing in male mice. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 61(Supplement 1):94.
Descriptors: mouse, male, isolation, copulation, imipramine, chlordiazepoxide, anti-psychotic drugs.
Zahem, H.B. and C.W. Alliston (1974). The effects of noise level and elevated ambient temperature upon selected reproductive traits in female Swiss Webster mice. Laboratory Animal Science 24(3):469-475.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: mouse, Swiss Webster, female, temperature, noise, reproduction, embryos, gestation.
Ando, S., Y. Ohashi, and S. Kobayashi (1993). Enhancement of learning ability by enriched environment. Neuroscience Research Supplement 0(18):S150.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, learning, abstract.
Anzaldo, A.J., P.C. Harrison, G.L. Riskowski, L.A. Sebek, R-G.
Maghirang, W.R. Stricklin, and H.W. Gonyou (1994). Increasing
welfare of laboratory rats with the help of spatially enhanced
cages. Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter
5(3):1-2, 5.
NAL call number: aHV4701 A952
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, caging, platforms, decks, cage dividers, spatially enhanced.
Armario, A., J.M. Castellanos, and J. Balaseh (1985). Chronic noise stress and insulin secretion in male rats. Physiology and Behavior 34:359-361.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, stress, insulin, noise, behavior.
Batchelor, G.R. (1994). The rest/activity rhythm of the laboratory rat housed under different systems. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians 45(3):181-187.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, sleep, activity, caging, isolation, socially reared, ladders, climbing frame, funnel, tubes, boxes, nesting container, film canisters, foraging devices.
Batchelor, G.R. (1993). An enriched commune housing system for laboratory rats: A preliminary view. Animal Technology: Journal of the Institute of Animal Technicians 44(3):201-213.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: rat, rabbit, housing, social groups, behavior, ladders, shelves, tubes, funnels, climbing frame, boxes.
Bean, G. and T. Lee (1991). Social isolation and cohabitation with haloperidol-treated partners: Effect on density of striatal dopamine D2 receptors in the developing rat brain. Psychiatry Research 36(3):307-317.
Descriptors: rat, male, female, weanling, young, isolation, striatum, handling.
Bennett, E.L., et al. (1974). Effects of successive environments on brain measures. Physiology and Behavior 12(4):621-631.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, environmental enrichment, impoverished, cerebrum, brain weight, acetylcholinesterase, cholinesterase, interlaboratory comparison.
Bennett, E.L., M.R. Rosenzweig, and M.C. Diamond (1969). Rat brain: Effects of environmental enrichment on wet and dry weights. Science 163(3869):825-826.
NAL call number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, male, cortex, brain weight, impoverished.
Bernstein, L. (1972). The reversibility of learning deficits in early environmentally restricted rats as a function of amount of experience in later life. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 16(1):71-73.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, isolation, learning.
Bernstein, L. (1973). A study of some enriching variables in a free-environment for rats. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 17(2):85-88.
Descriptors: rat, space, visual enrichment, toys, running wheel, activity, learning.
Bernstein, L. (1979). Hebb's claim of irreversibility in environmentally restricted rats. American Psychologist 34(9):802-803.
Descriptors: rat, learning, problem solving, environmental enrichment.
Bhide, P.G. and K.S. Bedi (1985). The effects of a 30 day
period of environmental diversity on well-fed and previously
undernourished rats: Neuronal and synaptic measures in the visual cortex
(area 17). Journal of Comparative Neurology
236(1):121-126.
NAL call number: QP351 J68
Descriptors: rat, fetus, neonate, adult, nutrition, visual cortex, histology.
Birke, L.I. and D. Sadler (1988). Effects of modulating neonatal progestins and androgens on the development of play and other social behavior in the rat. Hormones and Behavior 22(2):160-171.
NAL call number: QP801 H7H64
Descriptors: rat, male, female, testosterone anti-serum, progestin anti-serum, medroxyprogesterone.
Black, J.E., M. Polinsky, and W.T. Greenough (1989). Progressive failure of cerebral angiogenesis supporting neural plasticity in aging rats. Neurobiology of Aging (USA) 10(4):353-358.
Descriptors: rat, old, capillaries, synaptogenesis, visual cortex, toys.
Bokovin, A.G. and E.S. Petrov (1992). Influence of perceptual experience on the agonistic behavior of rats bred in isolation. Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti 42(4):800-802.
Descriptors: rat, male, neonate, adult, behavior, social interactions.
Borg, E. and A.R. Moller (1978). Noise and blood pressure: Effect of lifelong exposure in the rat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia 103: 340-342.
NAL call number: QP1 A2
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, Lancing horns, long term study.
Bowling, S.L., J.K. Rowlett, and M.T. Bardo (1993). The effect of environmental enrichment on amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity, dopamine synthesis, and dopamine release. Neuropharmacology 32(9):885-893.
NAL call number: RM315 N4
Descriptors: rat, male, environmental enrichment, impoverished, nucleus accumbens, striatum, in vivo, in vitro.
Brain, P.F. (1992). Understanding the behaviours of feral
species may facilitate design of optimal living conditions for common
laboratory rodents. Animal Technology: Journal of
the Institute of Animal Technology 43(2):99-105.
NAL call number: QL55 I5
Descriptors: welfare, housing, husbandry, rabbit, mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, optimal living conditions.
Brenner, E., M. Mirmiran, H.B.M. Uylings, and J. Van Der Gugten (1985). Growth and plasticity of cerebral cortex after central noradrenaline depletion. Experimental Neurology 89(1):264-268.
NAL call number: RC231 E96
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, bilateral ICV injection, 6-hydroxydopamine, brain growth.
Buelke-Sam, J., P.A. Sullivan, C.A. Kimmel, and C.J. Nelson (1984). Sex and strain differences in the developmental activity profile of the rat tested over clean vs. home cage bedding. Developmental Psychobiology 17(1):67-77.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, CD, Long-Evans, male, female, neonate, olfaction, behavior, hyperactivity.
Burgess, M.L., J.M. Davis, T.K. Borg, S.P. Wilson, W.A. Burgess, and
J. Buggy (1993). Exercise training alters cardiovascular and
hormonal responses to intracranial self-stimulation. Journal
of Applied Physiology 75(2):863-869.
NAL call number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: rat, male, endocrine system, treadmill, ventral tegmental area, lever pressing, adrenal, organ weights, body weight.
Burkhart, C.A. and J.L. Robinson (1978). High rat pup mortality attributed to use of cedar wood shavings as bedding. Laboratory Animals 12(4):221-222.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, female, adult, neonate, bedding, corncobs, aspen shavings, cedar shavings, mortality.
Camel, J.E., G.S. Withers, and W.T. Greenough (1986). Persistence of visual cortex dendritic alterations induced by postweaning exposure to a "superenriched" environment in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 100(6):810-813.
NAL call number: QP351 B45
Descriptors: rat, postweaning, toys, maze, barriers, occipital cortex, neuronal development.
Carughi, A., K.J. Carpenter, and M.C. Diamond (1989). Effect
of environmental enrichment during nutritional rehabilitation on body
growth, blood parameters, and cerebral cortical development of
rats. Journal of Nutrition (USA) 119(12):2005-2016.
NAL call number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: rat, male, neonate, malnutrition, dendrites, occipital cortex, toys.
Caul, W.F., B.J. Freeman, and D.C. Buchanan (1975). Effects of differential rearing condition on heart rate conditioning and response suppression. Developmental Psychobiology 8(1):63-68.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, female, weanling, environmental enrichment, isolation.
Chaloupka, Z., J. Myslivecek, B. Semiginovsky, and J. Hassmannova
(1971). The effect of afferentation in early postnatal life on the
formation of temporary connections and other properties of the
brain. Activitas Nervosa Superior 13(2):147-148.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, impoverished, neural activity.
Chao, H.M., D.C. Blanchard, R.J. Blanchard, B.S. McEwen, and R.R. Sakai (1993). The effect of social stress on hippocampal gene expression. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences 4(6):543-548.
Descriptors: rat, male, female, visible burrows, dominance, interactions, behavior, neuroendocrine effects, corticosterone, glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, mRNA, growth-associated protein, preproenkephalin.
Chia-Hung, H., W. Ching-Hsien, J. Tz-Yi, and W.C. Su-Yu, (1976). The effects of learning and environment on the rat's brain. Acta Psychologica Taiwanica 18:25-30.
Descriptors: rat, cortex, environmental enrichment, learning, Hebb-Williams maze, methamphetamine, brain weight, acitivity.
Coburn, J.F. and R.D. Tarte (1976). The effect of rearing environments on the contrafreeloading phenomenon in rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 26(2):289-294.
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, environmental enrichment, impoverishment, operant chambers, feed acquisition.
Cowie, S., S. Quintero, and N. McNaughton (1987). Home cage and test apparatus artifacts in assessing behavioural effects of diazepam in rats. Psychopharmacology 91(2):257-259.
Descriptors: rat, partial reinforcement, extinction effect, sodium amylobarbitone, chlordiazepoxide, anxiolytics.
Coyle, I.R. and G. Singer (1975). The interactive effects of prenatal imipramine exposure and postnatal rearing conditions on behaviour and histology. Psychopharmacologia 44(3):253-256.
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, weanling, imipramine, environmental enrichment, impoverished, brain histology, behavior.
Coyle, I.R. and G. Singer (1975). The interaction of postweaning housing conditions and prenatal drug effects on behaviour. Psychopharmacologia 41(3):237-244.
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, weanling, imipramine, Vitamin A, environmental enrichment, impoverished, Henderson-type maze, swimming maze.
Crepeau, L.J. (1990). The interactive influences of early
handling, prior play exposure, acute stress, and sex on play behavior,
exploration, and H-P-A reactivity in juvenile rats.
Dissertation Abstracts International 51(3-B):1133.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: rat, adrenal glands, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Crnic, L. (1983). Effects of nutrition and environment on brain biochemistry and behavior. Developmental Psychobiology 16(2):129-145.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, female, malnutrition, environmental enrichment, behavior, open field, passive-avoidance performance.
Crnic, L.S. (1984). Nutrition and mental development. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 88(5):526-533.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, isolation, malnutrition, behavior, biochemical deficits.
Cummins, R.A., et al. (1973). Environmentally-induced changes in the brains of elderly rats. Nature 243(5409):516-518.
NAL call number: 472 N21
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, weanling, old, environmental enrichment, isolation, toys, maze, brain weight, behavior, plasticity.
Cummins, R.A., P.J. Livesey, and J.G. Evans (1977). A developmental theory of environmental enrichment. Science 197(4304):692-694.
NAL call number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: rat, male, brain development, environmental enrichment, deprivation.
Dalrymple-Alford, J.C. and C.R. Kelche (1987). Behavioral effects of differential postoperative housing after septal lesions made in weanling rats. Psychobiology 15(3):255-260.
Descriptors: rat, male, weanling, behavior, open field, radial maze.
Dalrymple-Alford, J., C. Kelche, F. Eclancher, and B. Will (1988). Preoperative enrichment and behavioral recovery in rats with septal lesions. Behavioral and Neural Biology 49(3):361-373.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, male, weaning, adult, behavior, open field, radial maze.
Davis, S.F. et al. (1975). Contrafreeloading as a function of early environmental rearing conditions. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 6(6):595-597.
Descriptors: rat, Holtzman, male, environmental enrichment, impoverished, feed acquisition, learning.
DeBlieux, P.M.C. (1993). Exercise training improves cardiac performance in diabetic rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 203(2):209-213.
NAL call number: 442.9 S1
Descriptors: rat, female, cardiomyopathy, streptozotocin, diabetes mellitus, treadmill.
Dell, P.A. and F.D. Rose (1986). The impairing effects of environmental impoverishment in rats: A cognitive deficit? IRCS Medical Science: Psychology and Psychiatry 14(1-2):19-20.
Descriptors: rat, Hooded Lister, male, Hebb-Williams maze, learning activity, exploratory behavior.
Dell, P.A., and F.D. Rose (1987). The role of environmentally induced brain changes in subserving behavioural function: An investigation in female rats postpartum. Medical Science Research 15(16):959-960.
Descriptors: rat, female, virgin, pregnant, cortical depth, enrichment.
Dell, P.A. and F.D. Rose (1987). Transfer of effects from environmentally enriched and impoverished female rats to future offspring. Physiology and Behavior 39(2):187-190.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, female, behavior, pre-pregnancy, pregnancy.
Deni, R., et al. (1982). Effect of cross-litter pup and cage bedding changes on huddling in rat pups. Psychological Record 32(4):543-549.
Descriptors: rat, Norway, male, female, neonate, contact behavior, ultrasonic vocalizations, olfaction.
Devenport, L., S. Dallas, C. Carpenter, and M.J. Renner (1992). The relationship between adrenal steroids and enrichment-induced brain growth. Behavioral and Neural Biology (USA) 58(1):45-50.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, male, brain weight, adrenalectomy, corticosterone.
Diamond, M.C., R.E. Johnson, A.M. Protti, et al. (1985). Plasticity in the 904-day-old male rat cerebral cortex. Experimental Neurology 87(2):307-317.
NAL call number: RC321 E96
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, toys, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, occipital cortex, histology.
Diamond, M.C., et al. (1977). Effects of aging and environment on the pyriform cortex, the occipital cortex and the hippocampus. Behavioral and Neural Biology 20(3):325-336.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, neonates, old, brain thickness, brain development, memory.
Diamond, M.C., E.R. Greer, A. York, et al. (1987). Rat cortical morphology following crowded-enriched conditions. Experimental Neurology 96(2):241-247.
NAL call number: RC321 E96
Descriptors: rat, male, medial occipital cortex, toys, caging.
Domjan, M., R. Schorr, and M. Best (1977). Early environmental influences on conditioned and unconditioned ingestional and locomotor activity. Developmental Psychobiology 10(6):499-506.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, post-weaning, socialization, isolation, handling, aversive stimuli, taste aversion, open field, gustatory-visceral sensory system, telereceptor-cutaneous sensory system.
Doty, B.A. (1972). The effects of cage environment upon avoidance responding of aged rats. Journal of Gerontology 27(3):358-360.
NAL call number: 447.8 J824
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, old, environmental enrichment, impoverished, learning.
Ducommun, D. (1993). Humane care of laboratory rats. AWI Quarterly (Animal Welfare Institute) 42(4):14.
NAL call number: HV4761 A5
Descriptors: rat, social groups, behavior, caging, handling, identification, exercise, gnawing, running wheel, toys, nest building, psychology experiments.
Dunnett, S.B., I.Q. Whishaw, S.T. Burch, and A. Fine (1986).
Acetylcholine-rich neuronal grafts in the forebrain of rats:
Effects of environmental enrichment, neonatal noradrenaline depletion,
host transplantation site and regional source of embryonic donor cells on
graft size and acetylcholinesterase-positive fibre outgrowth.
Brain Research 378(2):357-373.
NAL call number: Film S-1779
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, neocortex, nucleus basalis lesions, hippocampus, fimbria-fornix lesions.
Dwoskin, L.P., A.L. Jewell, S.T. Buxton, M. Bradley, and M.T. Bardo
(1993). Environmental enrichment decreases the sensitivity of
dopamine autoreceptors in rat nucleus accumbens. Society for
Neuroscience Abstracts 19(1-3):822.
NAL call number: QP351 S6
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, amphetamine, striatum.
Edward, H.P., W.F. Barry, and J.O. Wyspianski (1968). Early environment effects on rat photic evoked potentials: A preliminary study. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia 2(2):85-92.
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, environmental enrichment, cortical potentials.
Einon, D. and M. Potegal (1991). Enhanced defense in adult rats deprived of playfighting experience as juveniles. Aggressive Behavior 17(1):27-40.
NAL call number: BF575 A3A57
Descriptors: rat, male, isolation, pairs, defense, tonic immobility, social threat.
Einon, D.F., M.J. Morgan, and B.E. Will (1980). Effects of
post-operative environment on recovery from dorsal hippocampal lesions in
young rats: Tests of spatial memory and motor transfer.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32(1):137-148.
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, young, hippocampal lesions, learning, memory tasks, motor tasks.
Escorihuela, R.M., A. Tobena, and A. Fernandez-Teruel (1994). Environmental enrichment reverses the detrimental action of early inconsistent stimulation and increases the beneficial effects of postnatal handling on shuttlebox learning in adult
rats. Behavioural Brain Research 61(2):169-173.
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, neonate, adult, postnatal handling, active avoidance task, learning.
Faith, R.E., S.J. Henning, D.R. McCarty and W.F. McKenzie (1985). Reduction of reproductive efficiency in Sprague-Dawley rats by softwood bedding. Laboratory Animal Science 35(5):555.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, abstract.
Falkenberg, T., A.K. Mohamed, B. Henriksson, H. Persson, B. Winblad,
and N. Lindefors (1992). Increased expression of brain-derived
neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus is associated with improved
spatial memory and enriched environment. Neuroscience
Letters (Ireland) 138(1):153-156.
NAL call number: QP351 N3
Descriptors: rat, water maze, learning, memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Ferchmin, P.A., V.A. Eterovic, and L.E. Levin (1980). Genetic learning deficiency does not hinder environment-dependent brain growth. Physiology and Behavior 24(1):45-50.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, shuttlebox avoidance, exploratory behavior, Greek Cross apparatus, brain weight.
Ferchmin, P.A., E.L. Bennett, and M.R. Rosenzweig (1975). Direct contact with enriched environment is required to alter cerebral weight in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88(1):360-367.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, interaction with environment, environmental enrichment, isolation, impoverished, brain weight, behavior.
Ferchmin, P.A. and V.A. Eterovic (1990). Experience affects cortical but not subcortical polyamines. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior (USA) 35(1):255-258.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: rat, occipital cortex, cortex, subcortex, cerebellum, DFMO, spermidine, spermine, putrescine.
Fernandez, V., R. Pascual, and S. Ruiz (1993). Early-life environmental deterioration, nutrition, and ontogeny of the motor cortex in the rat - A Golgi study. Biology of the Neonate 64(4):245-253.
NAL call number: QH301 B46
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, impoverished housing, diet, cortex, neurons, body weight, size, motor pyramids, dendrites.
Fessler, R.G. and W.W. Beatty (1976). Variations in postweaning environment and sensitivity to electric shock in male and female rats. Behavioral Biology 16(4):535-538.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, Holtzman-derived, male, female, environmental enrichment, isolation, shock thresholds, open field, behavior.
Fiala, B., F.M. Snow, and W.T. Greenough (1977). "Impoverished" rats weigh more than "enriched" rats because they eat more. Developmental Psychobiology 10(6):537-541.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, female, weanling, toys, isolation, socialization, boredom, body weight, feed consumption, water consumption.
Fordyce, D.J. and J.F. Knutson (1980). Influence of blinding and home-cage lighting on aggressive behaviors of laboratory rats. Physiology and Behavior 25:217-226.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, hooded, male, blinding, home-cage aggression, shock-induced aggression, lighting.
Fowler, S.C., J.S. Johnson, M.J. Kallman, Jr. Liou, et al. (1993).
In a drug discrimination procedure isolation-reared rats
generalize to lower doses of cocaine and amphetamine than rats reared in
an enriched environment. Psychopharmacology
110(1-2):115-118.
Descriptors: rat, male, environmental enrichment, isolation, operant procedure, dopaminergic agonists, learning.
Galef, B.J. Jr. and P. Durlach (1993). Should large rats be housed in large cages? An empirical issue. Canadian Psychology 34(2):203-207.
Descriptors: rat, preference test, cage size, behavior, Canadian Council on Animal Care.
Garcia-Brull, P.D., J. Nunez, and A. Nunez (1993). The effect of scents on the territorial and aggressive behaviour of laboratory rats. Behavioural Processes 29(1-2):25-36.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, young, adult, odors, dominance, behavior, urine, alpha male.
Gardner, E.B. et al. (1975). Environmental enrichment and deprivation: Effects on learning, memory, and exploration. Physiology and Behavior 14(3):321-327.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, perceptually enriched, socially enriched, impoverished, open field, learning, avoidance training, electric shock.
Geber, W.T., J.A. Anderson, and B. Van Dyne (1966). Physiologic responses of the albino rat to chronic noise stress. Archives of Environmental Health 12:751-754.
NAL call number: RC963 A1A7
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, adrenal ascorbic acid, auditory stress, brain, eosinophils.
Gentile, A.M., Z. Beheshti, and J.M. Held (1987). Enrichment versus exercise effects on motor impairments following cortical removals in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 47(3):321-332.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, male, CD, sensorimotor cortex, exercise wheel, environmental enrichment.
Gentsch, C., M. Lichtsteiner, and H. Feer (1981). Taste neophobia in individually and socially reared male rats. Physiology and Behavior 27(2):199-202.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, isolation, socially reared, hyperactivity, fear, taste neophobia.
Gentsch, C., M. Lichtsteiner, K. Kraeuchi, and H. Feer (1982). Different reaction patterns in individually and socially reared rats during exposure to novel environments. Behavioural Brain Research 4:45-54.
Descriptors: rat, isolation, socially reared, behavior, housing.
Gogia, P.P., M. Brown, and S. Al-Obaidi (1993). Hydrocortisone and exercise effects on articular cartilage in rats. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 74(5):463-467.
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, female, treadmill, knees, femoral cartilage, degeneration, fibrosis.
Goldman, H., R.F. Berman, S. Gershon, S.L. Murphy, et al. (1987). Correlation of behavioral and cerebrovascular functions in the aging rat. Neurobiology of Aging 8(5):409-416.
Descriptors: rat, cerebral blood flow, T-maze, environmental enrichment.
Gonzalez, B. B. Castellano, J.M. Vela, P. Fabregas, I. Dalmau, R.M.
Escoriheula, A. Tobena, and A. Fernandez-Teruel (1994).
Infantile stimulation may protect against age-related deficits in
RHA-Verh and RLA-Verh rats: A behavioral and histological study.
Behavior Genetics 24 (6):514-515(abstract).
Descriptors: brain, postnatal handling, environmental enrichment, learning, cognition.
Greenough, W.T., T.C. Madden, and T.B. Fleischmann (1972). Effects of isolation, daily handling, and enriched rearing on maze learning. Psychonomic Science 27(5):279-280.
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, activity, Lashley III maze, straight alley.
Greer, E.R., M.C. Diamond, and J.M. Tang (1982). Environmental enrichment in Brattleboro rats: Brain morphology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 394:749-752.
NAL call number: 500 N484
Descriptors: rat, Brattleboro, male, heterozygous, homozygous, diabetes insipidus, neocortex, telencephalon, diencephalon, hippocampus, brain size, age.
Greer, E.R. (1982). Environmental enrichment in rats with a memory deficit (Brattleboro strain). Dissertation Abstracts International 42(7-B):2646-2647.
NAL call number: Film S-1805
Descriptors: rat, Brattleboro, brain morphology.
Gruendel, A.D. (1972). The influence of experimental factors on the early development and sexual behavior of male rats. Dissertation Abstracts International 33(4-B):1817-1818.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: rat, male, female, environmental enrichment, isolation, impoverished, foster mothers, play.
Gulve, E.A., K.J. Rodnick, E.J. Henriksen, and J.O. Holloszy (1993). Effects of wheel running on glucose transporter (GLUT4) concentration in skeletal muscle of young adult and old rats. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
67(1-2):187-200.
NAL call number: QP84 M4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, female, young, old, running wheels, aging, citrate synthase, hexokinase, heart, epitrochlearis, flexor digitorum brevis.
Hagemeyer, J.A. and J. Panksepp (1988). An attempt to evaluate the role of hearing in the social play of juvenile rats. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26(5):455-458.
Descriptors: rat, young, deafness, aminooxyacetic acid, kanamycin, acoustic startle.
Hamilton, W.L., M.C. Diamond, R.E. Johnson, and C.A. Ingham (1977). Effects of pregnancy and differential environments on rat cerebral cortical depth. Behavioral and Neural Biology 19(3):333-340.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, female, pregnant, nonpregnant, brain thickness, environmental enrichment, sex, hormonal state.
Hannigan, J.H., R.F. Berman, and C.S. Zajac (1993). Environmental enrichment and the behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 15(4):261-266.
Descriptors: rat, postweaning, isolation, groups, ataxia, Morris maze, postnatal environmental enrichment.
Harro, J. (1993). Measurement of exploratory behavior in rodents. In: Methods in Neurosciences, Vol.14. Paradigms for the study of behavior P.M. Conn, ed., Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, CA, pp. 359-377.
NAL call number: QP351 M47
Descriptors: rat, male, female, housing, hormones, exploration.
Hart, L.A. (1994). Opportunities for environmental enrichment in the laboratory. Lab Animal 23(2):24-27.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L33
Descriptors: rats, rabbits, reptiles, zoo animals, farm animals, noise, housing, caging, burrows, nesting materials, social groups.
Held, J.M., J. Gordon, and A.M. Gentile (1985). Environmental influences on locomotor recovery following cortical lesions in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 99(4):678-690.
NAL call number: QP351 B45
Descriptors: rat, sensorimotor cortex, locomotor tasks.
Hill, S.Y. and B.J. Powell (1976). Cocaine and morphine self-administration: Effects of differential rearing. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 5(6):701-704.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, post-weaning, environmental enrichment, impoverishment, choice test, morphine, cocaine, emotionality, conditionability, body weight.
Hole, G. (1991). Proximity measures of social play in the laboratory rat. Developmental Psychobiology 24(2):117-133.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, male, female, littermates, spatial relationships, access to resources, territorial, cover.
Hole, G. (1991). The effects of social deprivation on levels of social play in the laboratory rat--Rattus norvegicus. Behavioural Processes 25(1):41-53.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: rat, male, weanling, isolation, social contact, rough-and-tumble play.
Hole, G. (1988). Temporal features of social play in the laboratory rat. Ethology (formerly Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie) 78(1):1-20.
NAL call number: QL750 E74
Descriptors: rat, male, female, young, rough-and-tumble play, duration.
Holson, R.R. (1986). Feeding Neophobia: A possible explanation for the differential maze performance of rats reared in enriched or isolated environments. Physiology and Behavior 38(2):191-201.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, open field, emergence test, maze, handling.
Holson, R.R., A.C. Scallet, S.F. Ali, and B.B. Turner (1991). "Isolation stress" revisited: Isolation-rearing effects depend on animal care methods. Physiology and Behavior 49(6):1107-1118.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, female, caging, handling, behavior, adrenocortical system, olfaction, open field.
Huck, U.W. and E.O. Price (1975). Differential effects of environmental enrichment on the open field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89(8):892-898.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Norway, wild, domestic, environmental enrichment, open field, behavior, body, weight, genetic influences.
Ikemoto, S. and J. Panksepp (1992). The effects of early social isolation on the motivation for social play in juvenile rats. Developmental Psychobiology 25(4):261-274.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, weanling, family reared, peer, isolation, play, t-maze, rewards.
Ina, Y., K. Machida, K. Suzuki, and K. Tsukamoto (1994). Effects of voluntary wheel running on health indexes in rats with SRBC-induced inflammation. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan) 48(6):1077-1089.
Descriptors: rat, Fischer, male, sheep red blood cells, inflammation, voluntary exercise, feed intake, activity, body weight, blood chemistry, liver function.
Ivinskis, A. and J. Homewood (1980). Effect of preweaning environmental enrichment on later problem-solving behavior in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior 8(2):336-340.
NAL call number: QL785 A725
Descriptors: rat, female, neonates, handling, Hebb-Williams maze, vision.
Johansson, B.B. and A.-L. Ohlsson (1994). An enriched environment enhances functional outcome in focal brain ischemia in the rat. Stroke 25(1):265 (abstract).
Descriptors: rat, plasticity, cerebral artery.
Jones, D.G. and B.J. Smith (1980). Morphological analysis of the hippocampus following differential rearing in environments of varying social and physical complexity. Behavioral and Neural Biology 30(2):135-147.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, hippocampus, cortex, cell physiology, preweaning, postweaning, toys, multifamily groups, isolation.
Jones, G.H., C.A. Marsden, and T.W. Robbins (1991). Behavioural rigidity and rule-learning deficits following isolation-rearing in the rat: neurochemical correlates. Behavioural Brain Research 43(1):35-50.
Descriptors: rat, female, isolation, socialization, visual discrimination, learning, appetitive behavior, cerebral cortex, dopamine.
Joseph, R. and R.E. Gallagher (1980). Gender and early environmental influences on activity, overresponsiveness, and exploration. Developmental Psychobiology 13(5):527-544.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, male, female, adult, environmental enrichment, running wheel, open field, maze, noxious stimuli.
Julin, C.M. and D.P. Thomas (1993). Effects of age and exercise training on size and composition of the rat left main coronary artery. Journal of Gerontology 48(3):B101-B107.
NAL call number: 447.8 J824
Descriptors: rat, Fischer 344, female, young, old, sedentary, treadmill, body weight, wall thickness, collagen, elastin.
Katz, H.B. and C.A. Davies (1982). The effects of early under-nutrition and subsequent environment on morphological parameters of the rat brain. Behavioural Brain Research 5(1):53-64.
Descriptors: rat, hooded Lister, male, undernourishment, brain growth spurt, forebrain, cortex, hippocampus, brain development.
Kazmaier, K., R.E. Butler, R.J. Senter, and R.M. Stutz (1973). Rearing conditions and ethanol consumption by rats. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 34(2):520-524.
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, emotionality, environmental enrichment, impoverished, handling, bedding, open field, activity.
Kelche, C., J.C. Dalrymple-Alford, and B. Will (1988). Housing
conditions modulate the effects of intracerebral grafts in rats with brain
lesions. Behavioural Brain Research
28(3):287-295.
Descriptors: rat, female, behavior, memory,
fimbria-fornix, fetal grafts, Hebbs-Williams maze,
acetylcholinesterase.
Kelche, C., J.C. Dalrymple-Alford, and B. Will (1987). Effects of postoperative environment on recovery of function after fimbria-fornix transection in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 40(6):731-736.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, female, housing conditions, memory, radial maze.
Kelche, C. and B. Will (1982). Effects of post-operative environments following dorsal hippocampal lesions on dendritic branching and spines in rat occipital cortex. Brain Research 245(1):107-115.
NAL call number: Film S-1779
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, bilateral hippocampal lesions, pyramidal cells, morphology, behavior.
Kelche, C. and B.E. Will (1978). Effects of environment on functional recovery after hippocampal lesions in adult rats. Physiology and Behavior 21(6):935-941.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, August, male, learning, bilateral lesions, hippocampus, Hebb-Williams maze.
Kemble, E.D. and V.A. Davies (1981). Effects of prior
environmental enrichment and amygdaloid lesions on consummatory behavior,
activity, predation, and shuttlebox avoidance in male and female
rats. Physiological Psychology 9(4):340-346.
Descriptors: rat, Holtzman, male, female, water consumption, food consumption, activity levels, open field, avoidance test, sex differences.
Kirby, R.J. (1970). Early environmental experience and avoidance learning in the rat. Psychonomic Science 19(1):30-31.
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, weanling, environmental enrichment, impoverished, passive-avoidance problem, emotions.
Kirby, R.J. and J.E. Kirby (1968). Note: Early environmental experience and spontaneous alternation. Psychological Reports 23(3, Pt.2):1278.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, impoverished, exploration, learning.
Kiyono, S., M.L. Seo, M. Shibagaki, and M. Inouye (1985). Facilitative effects of maternal environmental enrichment on maze learning in rat offspring. Physiology and Behavior 34(3):431-435.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, female, pregnant, foster mothers, male offspring, Hebb-Williams maze, postnatal learning.
Klein, S.L., K.G. Lambert, D. Durr, T. Schaefer, and R.E. Waring (1994). Influence of environmental enrichment and sex on predator stress response in rats. Physiology and Behavior 56(2):291-297.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, female, cat avoidance apparatus, stress, stomach, adrenal glands, thymus, defensive behavior.
Klinger, H.J. and E.D. Kemble (1985). Effects of housing space and litter size on play behavior in rats. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23(1):75-77.
Descriptors: rat, Holtzman, male, female, neonate, caging, play, stress.
Klir, P., R. Bondy, J. Lachout, and T. Hanis (1984). Physiological changes in laboratory rats caused by different housing. Physiologia Bohemoslavaca 33:111-121.
Descriptors: rat, caging, physiology.
Kramer, K., H. Dijkstra, and A. Bast (1993). Control of physical exercise of rats in a swimming basin. Physiology and Behavior 53(2):271-276.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, swimming, exercise, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, diethyl maleate, emotions, maze, norepinephrine, epinephrine, lactate, stress.
Kuenzle, C.C. and A. Knusel (1974). Mass training of rats in superenriched environment. Physiology and Behavior 13(2):205-210.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, apparatus, learning, maze, feed acquisition, water acquisition, behavior.
Larue-Achagiotis, C., C. Martin, P. Verger, M. Chabert, and J. Louis-Sylvestre (1993). Effects of acute treadmill exercise and delayed access to food on food selection in rats. Physiology and Behavior 53(2):403-408.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, total energy intake, nutrient self-selection, body weight, carbohydrates, protein, fat.
Latane, B. and D.C. Glass (1969). Social and nonsocial attraction in rats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9(2, Pt. 1):142-146.
Descriptors: rat, Carworth, fear, open field, defecation, anesthetized rat, toy car, pair interaction, gregariousness.
Leah, J., H. Allardyce, and R. Cummins (1985). Evoked cortical potential correlates of rearing environment in rats. Biological Psychology 20(1):21-29.
NAL call number: QP351 B52
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, enriched environment, isolation.
LeFevre, J. and M.K. McClintock (1991). Isolation accelerates reproductive senescence and alters its predictors in female rats. Hormones and Behavior 25(2):258-272.
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, female, aging, constant estrus, isolation, group rearing, lordosis reflex, ovarian steroids.
Liljequist, R., B.G. Henriksson, N. Latif, T. Pham, B. Winblad, and
A.H. Mohammed (1993). Subchronic MK-801 treatment to juvenile rats
attenuates environmental enrichment effects on adult spatial
learning. Behavioural Brain Research 56(1):107-114.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, impoverished, NMDA receptor, open field, [3H]MK-801 binding sites, cortex, learning, activity, cognitive changes.
Lore, R.K. (1969). Pain avoidance behavior of rats reared in restricted and enriched environments. Developmental Psychology 1(5):482-484.
NAL call number: BF712 D46
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, environmental enrichment, impoverished, candle, nose-flame contacts, emotions, perceptual deficits.
Louie, D.S. (1983). The effects of an enriched environment on the consequences of lactational undernutrition on learning and on brain chemistry in rats. Dissertation Abstracts International 44(1-B):117-118.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49D5
Descriptors: rat, undernutrition, learning, biochemistry.
Luciano, D. and R. Lore (1975). Aggression and social experience in domesticated rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88(2):917-923.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, male, female, isolation socially reared, aggression, behavior, body weight, stress.
Mailloux, J.G., et al. (1974). Effects of differential rearing on cortical evoked potentials of the albino rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 87(3):475-480.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, weanling, visual enrichment, auditory enrichment, electrodes.
Matysiak, J. and Z. Toeplitz (1990). Influence of genetic and environmental factors on self-exposure to sensory stimuli in rats. Ricerche di Psicolgia 14(2):19-28.
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, Brown-Norway, male, environmental enrichment, behavioral tests.
Mazurski, E.J. (1994). Handling and emotionality in laboratory
rats. In: Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research
Environment: Proceedings of the conference held at the Marriott Hotel,
Sydney, October, 1993 R.M. Baker, G. Jenkin, and D.J. Mellor, eds.,
Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and
Teaching (ANZCCART):Glen Osmond, SA, Australia, pp. 81-85.
NAL call number: in process
Descriptors: rat, handling, behavior, learning, aggressiveness, stress, fear, physiological responses.
McKee, J., P. Harrison, H. Gonyou, G. Riskowski, L. Sebek, and R. Maghirang (1993). Effect of double density housing of laboratory rats in simulated space shuttle transport caging. FASEB Journal 7(3-4):A620.
NAL call number: QH301 F3
Descriptors: rat, housing, cardiovascular system, abstract.
Menzaghi, F., S.C. Heinrichs, E. Merlo-Pich, F.J. Tilders, and G.F.
Koob (1994). Involvement of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing
factor neurons in behavioral responses to novelty in rats.
Neuroscience Letters 168(1-2):139-142.
NAL call number: QP351 N3
Descriptors: rat, paraventricular nucleus, locomotor activity, novel environments, housing, ricin A toxin, stress.
Mills, D.E., Y.S. Huang, M. Narce, and J.P. Poisson (1994). Psychosocial stress, catecholamines, and essential fatty acid metabolism in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 205(1):56-61.
NAL call number: 442.9 So1
Descriptors: rat, Wistar-Kyoto, normotensive, spontaneously hypertensive, Sprague-Dawley, epinephrine, isolation, group-reared, fatty acid desaturase.
Mirmiran, M., and H.B. Uylings (1983). The environmental enrichment effect upon cortical growth is neutralized by concomitant pharmacological suppression of active sleep in female rats. Brain Research 261(2):331-334.
Descriptors: rat, female, REM sleep, clonidine, brain weight, cortex.
Mitani, K. (1975). Enhancement of general activity in the white rat through rearing in enriched environment. Annual of Animal Psychology 24(2):73-85.
Descriptors: rat, male, environmental enrichment, cage size, toys, open field, activity, body weight, urination, defecation.
Mohamed, A.K., B. Winblad, T. Ebendal, and T. Larkfors (1990). Environmental influence on behaviour and nerve growth factor in the brain. Brain Research (Netherlands) 528(1):62-72.
NAL call number: Film S-1779
Descriptors: rat, Morris maze, nerve growth factor, septohippocampal pathway, Alzheimer's disease, environmental stimulation.
Mohammed, A.H., B.G. Henriksson, S. Soderstrom, T. Ebendal, T. Olsson,
and J.R. Seckl (1993). Environmental influences on the central
nervous system and their implications for the aging rat.
Behavioural Brain Research 57(2):183-191.
Descriptors: rat, adult, old, neuronal plasticity, environmental enrichment, handling, glucocorticoid receptors, hippocampus, nerve growth factor.
Moore, C.L. and K.L. Power (1992). Variation in maternal care and individual differences in play, exploration, and grooming of juvenile Norway rat offspring. Developmental Psychobiology 25(3):165-182.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Norway, female, neonate, mothers, maternal anogenital licking, licking, time in nest, nursing, zinc sulfate, dietary saline.
Morgensen, J. (1991). Influences of the rearing conditions on functional properties of the rat's prefrontal system. Behavioural Brain Research (Netherlands) 42(2):135-142.
Descriptors: rat, male, visual pattern discrimination, maze, spatial delayed alternation, cortex.
Morinah, A. and B.E. Leonard (1980). Some anatomical and physiological correlates of social isolation in the young rat. Physiology and Behavior 24:637-640.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, weanling, isolation, socially reared, ascorbic acid, corticosterone, cortex, stress.
Morseth, S.L., H.A. Dengerink, and J.W. Wright (1985). Effect of impulse noise on water consumption and blood pressure in the female rat. Physiology and Behavior 34:1013-1016.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, female, adult, impulse noise, drinking, blood pressure.
Muir, J.L., P.H. Pfister, and A. Ivinskis (1985). Effects of
prepartum stress and postpartum enrichment on mother-infant interaction
and offspring problem-solving ability in Rattus
norvegicus. Journal of Comparative Psychology
99(4):468-478.
NAL call number: BF671 J6
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, female, behavior, Hebb-Williams maze, closed field.
Mulligan, B.E., S.C. Baker, and M.R. Murphy (1994). Vocalizations as indicators of emotional state and psychological wellbeing in animals. Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 5(3):3-4.
NAL call number: aHV4701 A952
Descriptors: rats, macaques, vocalizations, emotionality.
Murtha, S., B.A. Pappas, and S. Raman (1990). Neonatal and
adult forebrain norepinepherine depletion and the behavioral and cortical
thickening effects of enriched/impoverished environment.
Behavioural Brain Research (Netherlands) 39(3):249-261.
Descriptors: rat, neonate, adult, Hebb-Williams maze, 6-OHDA, buproprion, depletion, learning.
Nayfield, K.C. and E.L. Beach (1981). Comparative responses of rabbits and rats to elevated noise. Laboratory Animal Science 31(4):386-390.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: rat, rabbit, male, noise, adrenal gland, spleen, hematology, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight.
Nilsson, L., A.K.H. Mohammed, B.G. Henriksson, R. Folkesson, and B. Winblad (1993). Environmental influence on somatostatin levels and gene expression in the rat brain. Brain Research 628(1-2):93-98.
NAL call number: Film S-1779
Descriptors: rat, preprosomatostatin-mRNA, impoverished, environmental enrichment, spatial learning, open field, locomotor activity, cortex, hypothalamus.
Nott, H.M.R. and R.M. Sibly (1993). Response to novel food by rats: Effects of social rank. Crop Protection 12(2):89-94.
NAL call number: SB599 C8
Descriptors: rat, dominant, subdominant, neophobia, feeding.
Oehler, J., M. Jahkel, and J. Schmidt (1987). Neuronal transmitter sensitivity after social isolation in rats. Physiology and Behavior 41(3):187-191.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, isolation, neurotransmitter, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic.
Olsson, T., A.H. Mohammed, L.F. Donaldson, B.G. Henriksson, and J.R.
Seckl (1994). Glucocorticoid receptor and NGFI-A gene expression
are induced in the hippocampus after environmental enrichment in adult
rats. Molecular Brain Research 23(4):349-353.
Descriptors: rat, adult, nerve growth factor, hippocampus, mineralocorticoid receptor, transcription factor.
Ough, B.R., W.W. Beatty, and J. Khalili (1972). Effects of isolated and enriched rearing on response inhibition. Psychonomic Science 27(5):293-294.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, isolation, DRL-20 task, food reward, CRF.
Pacteau, C., D. Einon, and J. Sinden (1989). Early rearing
environment and dorsal hippocampal ibotenic acid lesions: Long-term
influences on spatial learning and alternation in the rat.
Behavioral Brain Research 34(1-2):79-96.
Descriptors: rat, female, weanling, environmental enrichment, social isolation, chemical vs. electrical lesions, learning.
Panksepp, J. (1981). The ontogeny of play in rats. Developmental Psychobiology 14(4):327-332.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, weaning, young, pinning behavior, isolation, dominance.
Pappas, B.A., M. Saari, J. Smythe, S. Murtha, et al..
Forebrain norepinepherine and neurobehavioral plasticity: Neonatal
6-hydroxydopamine eliminates enriched-impoverished experience effects on
maze performance. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and
Behavior 27(1):153-158.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: rat, male newborn, weanling, 6-OHDA, maturation, Lashley maze, Hebb-Williams maze.
Pappas, B.A., G. Vickers, J. Gallivan, and M. Buxton (1981). Neuro-pharmacological and environmental (home cage bedding) influences on infant rat activity. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology 5(3):307.
Descriptors: rat, neonate, abstract.
Pappas, B.A., S.J.E. Murtha, G.A.S. Park, K.T. Condon, R.M. Szirtes,
S.I. Laventure, and A. Ally (1992). Neonatal brain dopamine
depletion and the cortical and behavioral consequences of enriched
postweaning environment. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and
Behavior (USA) 42(4):741-748.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, water maze, 6-OHDA, cognition.
Pare, W.P. and G.P. Vincent (1989). Environmental enrichment, running behavior and activity-stress ulcer in the rat. Medical Science Research 17(1):35-36.
Descriptors: rat, hypertensive, Wistar-Kyoto, running wheel, genetics.
Park, G.A.S., B.A. Pappas, S.M. Murtha, and A. Ally (1992).
Enriched environment primes forebrain choline acetyltransferase activity to respond to learning experience. Neuroscience Letters (Ireland) 143(1-2):259-262.
NAL call number: QP351 N3
Descriptors: rat, weanling, water maze, caudate, training.
Parsons, P.J. and N.E. Spear (1972). Long-term retention of avoidance learning by immature and adult rats as a function of environmental enrichment. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 80(2):297-303.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, female, weanling, adult, handling, avoidance learning, electric shock, memory.
Pascual, R., V. Fernandez, S. Ruiz, and R.O. Kuljis (1993). Environmental deprivation delays the maturation of motor pyramids during the early postnatal period. Early Human Development 33(2):145-155.
NAL call number: RG600 E27
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, female, neonate, morphometrics, pyramidal neurons, dendrites, cortex, malnutrition.
Paylor, R., S.K. Morrison, J.W. Rudy, L.T. Waltrip, and J.M. Wehner (1992). Brief exposure to an enriched environment improves performance on the Morris water task and increases hippocampal cytosolic protein kinase C activity in the young rat.
Behavioural Brain Research 52(1):49-56.
Descriptors: rat, neonate, water maze, hippocampus, protein kinase C, learning, memory.
Pellis, S.M., V.C. Pellis, and M.M. McKenna (1993). Some subordinates are more equal than others play fighting amongst adult subordinate male rats. Aggressive Behavior 19(5):385-393.
NAL call number: BF575 A3A57
Descriptors: rat, male, dominance, behavior, play.
Pellis, S.M., E. Castaneda, M.M. McKenna, L.T.L. Tran-Nguyen, and I.Q. Whishaw (1993). The role of the striatum in organizing sequences of play fighting in neonatally dopamine-depleted rats. Neuroscience Letters 158(1):13-15.
NAL call number: QP351 N3
Descriptors: rat, male, female, young, 6-hydroxydopamine, striatum, play fighting, allogrooming, sexual mounting.
Perez, V.J., B.B. Thach, and J.L. Palet (1978). S-100 protein: Regional CNS concentrations in rats raised in different environments. Developmental Psychobiology 11(4):301-308.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Holtzman, female, post-weaning, toys, cerebellum, brainstem, protein turnover.
Pogun, S., S. Demirgoren, F.Z. Kutay, and B. Okur (1992). Learning induces changes in the central cholinergic system of the rat in a sexually dimorphic pattern. International Journal of Psychophysiology 13(1):17-23.
Descriptors: rat, male, female, environmental enrichment, active avoidance learning, muscarinic receptors, acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase.
Por, S.B., E.L. Bennett, and S.C. Bondy (1982). Environmental enrichment and neurotransmitter receptors. Behavioral and Neural Biology 34(2):132-140.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, binding assays, membrane fractions, cerebellum, subcortex, cortex.
Potegal, M. and D. Einon (1989). Aggressive behaviors in adult rats deprived of playfighting experience as juveniles. Developmental Psychobiology 22(2):159-172.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, male, female, littermates, isolation, pairs, mouse-killing, intraspecific aggression, shock-induced fighting, thresholds.
Rabe, A. and R.K. Haddad (1970). Response of micrencephalic rates to environmental complexity. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 5(Pt.1):195-196.
Descriptors: rat, adult, chemically induced micrencephaly, Hebb-Williams maze.
Ray, O.S. and S. Hochhauser (1969). Growth hormone and environmental complexity effects on behavior in the rat. Developmental Psychobiology 1(4):311-317.
NAL call number: BF712 D46
Descriptors: rat, female, pregnant, neonate, weanling, bovine growth hormone, reflex maturation, environmental enrichment, isolation, open field, Lashley III maze, shuttle box, learning.
Raynor, T.H., W.H. Steinhagen, and T.E. Hamm, Jr. (1983). Differences in the microenvironment of a polycarbonate caging system: Bedding vs. raised wire floor. Lab Animal 17(2):85-89.
NAL call number: QL55 A1L3
Descriptors: rat, male, female, caging, bedding, floor type, ammonia, aerosols, temperature, humidity.
Renner, M.J. and M.R. Rosenzweig (1986). Social interactions among rats housed in group and enriched environments. Developmental Psychobiology 19(4):303-313.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, brain weight, behavior, social factors.
Renner, M.J. and C.H. Renner (1993). Expert and novice intuitive judgements about animal behavior. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 31(6):551-552.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, impoverished, observations, training.
Rethlingshafer, D. and L.R. Arrington (1966). Problem solving
in B1 deficit rats reared in enriched and restricted
environments. Proceedings of the 74th Annual Convention of
the American Psychological Association 1966:3-4.
Descriptors: rat, vitamin B1, complete diet, Hebb-Williams maze.
Richardson, R., M.A. Siegel, and B.A. Campbell (1988). Unfamiliar environments impair information processing as measured by behavioral and cardiac orienting response to auditory stimuli in preweanling and adult rats. Developmental
Psychobiology 21(5):491-503.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, male, female, weanling, adult, orienting response, auditory stimulus, heart rate, isolation, socially reared.
Rieg, T.S., L.E. Doerries, J.G. O'Shea, and P.F. Aravich (1993). Water deprivation produces an exercise-induced weight loss phenomenon in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 53(3):607-610.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, feed restriction, running wheel, body weight, exercise, anorexia nervosa, vasopressin, blood chemistry.
Riege, W.H. and H. Morimoto (1970). Effects of chronic stress and differential environments upon brain weights and biogenic amine levels in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 71(3):396-404.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, Fischer, tumbling stress, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, environmental enrichment, impoverished, adrenal glands, cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, brain weight.
Rinck, C. (1968). The effect of enriched environment and handling on the learning of a visual discrimination task. Psychonomic Science 12(7):317-318.
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment, impoverished, handling, emotionality, exploration.
Rockman, G.E. and J.E.M. Gibson (1992). Effects of duration and timing of environmental enrichment on voluntary ethanol intake in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior (USA) 41(4):689-693.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, weanling, ethanol.
Rockman, G.E., J.E. Gibson, and A. Benarroch (1989). Effects of environmental enrichment on voluntary ethanol intake in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 34(3):487-490.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, weanling, isolation, water consumption.
Rockman, G.E., T.B. Borowski, and G.B. Glavin (1986). The effects of environmental enrichment on voluntary ethanol consumption and stress ulcer formation in rats. Alcohol 3(5):299-302.
Descriptors: rat, weanling, immobilization, ulcers.
Rockman, G.E., A.M. Hall, L.E. Market, and G.B. Glavin (1988). Influence of rearing conditions on voluntary ethanol intake and response to stress in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 49(2):184-191.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, male, weanling, immobilization, ulcers.
Rodriguez Enchandia, E.L., A.S. Gonzalez, R. Cabrera, and L.N. Fracchia (1988). A further analysis of behavioral and endocrine effects of unpredictable chronic stress. Physiology and Behavior 43(6):789-795.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, female, depression, emotional stress, physical stress, motor activity, exploration, corticosterone, prolactin.
Rose, F.D., K. al-Khamees, M.J. Davey, and E.A. Attree (1993). Environmental enrichment following brain damage: An aid to recovery or compensation? Behavioural Brain Research 56(1):93-100.
Descriptors: rat, prelesion performance vs. postlesion performance, water maze, escape response, bilateral occipital lesions.
Rose, F.D., M.J. Davey, and E.A. Attree (1993) How does environmental enrichment aid performance following cortical injury in the rat? Neuroreport 4(2):163-166.
Descriptors: rat, cortex, brain damage, water maze, learning.
Rose, F.D., M.J. Davey, K. Al-Khamees, and E.A. Attree (1992). General adaptive capacity and recovery of function following cortical damage in the rat. Medical Science Research 20(10):359-360.
Descriptors: rat, bilateral lesions, occipital cortex, water maze, environmental enrichment, learning.
Rose, F.D., M.J. Davey, S. Love, and P.A. Dell (1987).
Environmental enrichment and recovery from contralateral sensory
neglect in rats with large unilateral neocortical lesions.
Behavioural and Brain Research 24(3):195-202.
Descriptors: rat, compensation vs. recovery, bracelet removal test, postoperative.
Rose, F.D., P.A. Dell, and S. Love (1987). An analysis of reinforcement in rats reared in enriched and impoverished environments. Medical Science Research: Psychology and Psychiatry 15(9-12):717-718.
Descriptors: rat, male, Lister hooded, reward, behavior, operant learning.
Rose, F.D., P.A. Dell, and S. Love (1985). Behavioural consequences of different types of environmental enrichment in the rat. IRCS Medical Science 13(8):748-749.
Descriptors: rat, behavior, methods.
Rose, F.D., P.A. Dell, S. Love, and M.J. Davey (1989). Post-surgical environmental enrichment and functional recovery in the hemidecorticate rat: Alternative interpretations. Medical Science Research 17(11):481-483.
Descriptors: rat, male, open field test, attention test, grip test, new learning vs. established learning.
Rose, F.D., P.A. Dell, S. Love, and M.J. Davey (1988).
Environmental enrichment and recovery from a complex G0/No-Go
reversal deficit in rats following large unilateral neocortical
lesions. Behavioural Brain Research 31(1):37-45.
Descriptors: rat, operant task, behavior, hemidecorticate deficit.
Rose, F.D. and P.J. Lamden (1983). GO NO-GO learning in rats reared in enriched and impoverished environments. IRCS Medical Science: Psychology and Psychiatry 11(5-6):433-434.
Descriptors: rat, Hooded Lister, male, auditory discrimination, learning.
Rose, F.D., S. Love, and P.A. Dell (1986). Differential reinforcement effects in rats reared in enriched and impoverished environments. Physiology and Behavior 36(6):1139-1145.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, learning, lever-press training, response-contingent events.
Rose, F.D., S. Love, P.A. Dell, and M.J. Davey (1988). Environmental attenuation of DRL performance in the rat following hemidecortication. Medical Science Research 16(11):563-564.
Descriptors: rat, male, Skinner box, differential reinforcement, error inhibition.
Rosenzweig, M.R. and E.L. Bennett (1972). Cerebral changes in rats exposed individually to an enriched environment. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 80(2):304-313.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, male, methamphetamine, brain weight, brain enzymes, light vs. dark.
Rosenzweig, M., E.L. Bennett, and M.C. Diamond (1972). Cerebral effects of differential experience in hypophysectomized rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 79(1):56-66.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Fischer, Long-Evans, male, environmental enrichment, impoverished, brain weight, cortex, lesions, acetylcholinesterase, cholinesterase, pituitary.
Sanchez-Toscano, F., M.M. Sanchez, and J. Garzon (1991). Changes in the number of dendritic spines in the medial preoptic area during a premature long-term social isolation in rats. Neuroscience Letters 122(1):1-3.
NAL call number: QP351 N3
Descriptors: rat, male, neonates, premature weaning, Golgi study, dendrites, isolation, postsynaptic structures, stress.
Satinder, K.P. (1967). Effects of bedding material on survival probability, body weight and open-field behaviour in rat. Psychological Reports 21(3):954-956.
Descriptors: rat, female, learning, behavior.
Schaefer, G.J. and R.P. Michael (1991). Housing conditions alter the acquisition of brain self-stimulation and locomotor activity in adult rats. Physiology and Behavior 49(3):635-638.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, electrodes, medial forebrain bundle, lateral hypothalamus, group reared, isolation, handling, locomotion, unconditioned behavior.
Schmorrow, D.D. and R.E. Ulrich (1991). Improving the housing and care of laboratory pigeons and rats. Humane Innovations and Alternatives 5:299-305.
NAL call number: QL55 H8
Descriptors: rat, caging, space requirements, animal welfare.
Schuster, R., B.D. Berger, and H.H. Swanson (1994).
Cooperative social coordination and aggression: II. Effects of sex
and housing among three strains of intact laboratory rats differing in
aggressiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
(B):Comparative and Physiological Psychology 46(4):367-390.
Descriptors: rat, S3, Charles River, Wistar, synchronized shuttling, pair housing, isolation, behavior, learning.
Schwandt, L.M. (1993). Individual versus group housing affects nociception independently of housing status during development. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 31(6):525-528.
Descriptors: rat, isolation, housing, pain reception, electric shock, stress-induced hypoalgesia, stress.
Selseth, K.J. and E.D. Kemble (1988). Fluprazine hydrochloride decreases play behavior but not social grooming in juvenile male rats. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26(6):563-564.
Descriptors: rats, male, young, attack, male copulation, maternal behavior, fear.
Seybold, K.S., P. Wampler-Parsons, H.A. Murphy, R. Magee, and R.L. Port (1993). Modest environmental enrichment improves cognitive performance of aged rats. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 19(1-3):600.
NAL call number: QP351 S6
Descriptors: rat, old, behavior, memory.
Sharp, P.E., C.A. Barnes, and B.L. McNaughton (1987). Effects of aging on environmental modulation of hippocampal evoked responses. Behavioral Neuroscience 101(2):170-178.
NAL call number: QP351 B45
Descriptors: rat, young, old, dentate gyrus, evoked responses.
Siegel, M.A. and R.A. Jensen (1986). The effects of naloxone and cage size on social play and activity in isolated young rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 45(2):155-168.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, young, pinning behavior, socialization, activity, play behavior.
Sirevaag, A.M., J.E. Black, D. Shafron, and W.T. Greenough (1988).
Direct evidence that complex experience increases capillary
branching and surface area in visual cortex of young rats.
Developmental Brain Research 43(2):299-304.
Descriptors: rat, adolescent, toys, enrichment, angiogenesis.
Siviy, S.M. and J. Panksepp (1987). Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats. Developmental Psychobiology 20(1):39-55.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, somatosensory input, xylocaine, local anesthesia, dorsal body, pinning, play motivation.
Siviy, S.M. and D.M. Atrens (1992). The energetic costs of rough-and-tumble play in the juvenile rat. Developmental Psychobiology 25(2):137-148.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, young, indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure, play, play restricted, body weight, feed consumption.
Slagle, R.W. (1969). The effects of specialized environmental enrichment on brain and behavior of rats. Dissertation Abstracts 29(9-B):3518.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: rat, environmental enrichment.
Slentz, C.A. and J.O. Holloszy (1993). Body composition of physically inactive and 25-month-old female rats. Mechanisms of Aging and Development 69(3):161-166.
NAL call number: QP84 M4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, female, isolation, running wheel, feed intake, body fat, body mass, body protein, body weight.
Smart, J.L., A.C. McMahon, R.F. Massey, G.-N.K. Akbar, and M.A. Warren (1990). Evidence of non-maternally mediated acceleration of eye-opening in "enriched" artificially reared pups. Developmental Brain Research (Netherlands 56(1):141-143.
Descriptors: rat, neonates, eye-opening, gentling, social interaction, homing.
Smith, H.V. (1972). Effects of environmental enrichment on open field activity and Hebb-Williams problem solving in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 80(1):163-168.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Carworth Europe, male, female, impoverished, test order, activity, defecation, maze, exploration.
Sokolov, V.E. and S.A. Kvashnin (1993). Play behavior in the Turkestan rat, Rattus turkestanicus. Zoologiceskij zurnal 72(6):124-129.
NAL call number: 410 R92
Descriptors: rat, Turkestan, activity, dominance.
Sokolov, V.E. and S.A. Kvashnin (1993). A comparative study of play behavior in 3 species of rattus (Rodentia, Muridae). Zoologichesky Zhurnal 72(11):126-139.
NAL call number: 410 R92
Descriptors: rat, Norwegian, Black, Turkestan, male, female, age.
Sokolov, V.E. and S.A. Kvashnin (1993). Play behavior in the black rat, Rattus rattus. Zoologiceskij zurnal 72(5):132-141.
NAL call number: 410 R92
Descriptors: rat, Black, male, female, age, behavior, activity.
Speiler, K., P. Schoch, J.R. Martin, and W. Haefely (1993). Environmental stimulation promotes changes in the distribution of phorbol ester receptors. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 46(3):553-560.
NAL call number: QP901 P4
Descriptors: rat, female, protein kinase C, learning, memory, [3H]-PDBu, receptor binding, cortex, hippocampus, radial maze, environmental enrichment.
Spencer, P.J., J.L. Mattsson, K.A. Johnson, and R.R. Albee (1993). Neurotoxicity screening methods are sensitive to experimental history. International Journal of Psychophysiology 14(1):5-19.
Descriptors: rat, exercise, handling, neurotoxicity, evoked potentials, motor activity, histopathology.
Strupp, B.J. and D.A. Levitsky (1984). Social transmission of food preferences in adult hooded rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 98(3):257-266.
NAL call number: BF671 J6
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, hooded, male, social learning.
Sturgeon, R.D. and L.D. Reid (1971). Rearing variations and Hebb-Williams maze performance. Psychological Reports 29(2):571-580.
Descriptors: rat, hooded, male, weanling, young, environmental enrichment, impoverished, pretraining, problem solving.
Sucheki, D., P. Rosenfield, and S. Levine (1993). Maternal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the infant rat: The role of feeding and stroking. Developmental Brain Research 75(2):185-192.
Descriptors: rat, female, neonate, corticosterone, maternal separation, feeding, stroking.
Susser, E.R. and R.B. Wallace (1982). The effects of environmental complexity on the hippocampal formation of the adult rat. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 42(2):203-207.
NAL call number: 442.8 AC8
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, dorsal hippocampus, brain weight, granule cells, plasticity.
Swanson, H.H., et al. (1983). Interaction between pre-weaning undernutrition and post-weaning environmental enrichment on somatic development and behaviour in male and female rats. Behavioural Processes 8(1):1-20.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, neonate, young, growth, sexual maturation, behavior, brain weight, toys.
Swanson, H.H. and N.E. Van De Poll (1983). Effects of an isolated or enriched environment after handling on sexual maturation and behavior in male and female rats. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 69:165-171.
NAL call number: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, handling, toys, ladders, ropes, tubes, isolation, socially reared, behavior, sexual behavior, body weight, organ weight.
Symons, L.A. and R.C. Tees (1990). An examination of the intramodal and intermodal behavioral consequences of long-term vibrissae removal in rats. Developmental Psychobiology 23(8):849-867.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: rat, male, environmental enrichment, cauterization vs. plucking, tactile stimuli, visual stimuli.
Tachibana, T. (1979). Effects of early nutritional and environmental conditions on later runway test behavior in rats. Japanese Psychological Research 21(2):99-102.
Descriptors: rat, Sprague-Dawley, malnutrition, environmental enrichment, isolation, runway.
Tagney, J. (1973). Sleep patterns related to rearing rats in enriched and impoverished environments. Brain Research 53:353-361.
NAL call number: Film S-1779
Descriptors: rat, male, weanling, electro-oculogram, EEG, EMG, slow wave, REM.
Takahashi, L.K., C. Haglin, and N.H. Kalin (1992). Prenatal stress potentiates stress-induced behavior and reduces the propensity to play in juvenile rats. Physiology and Behavior 51(2):219-323.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, female, siblings, juvenile, social play, foot shock, tonic immobility, corticosteroids.
Tanabe, G. (1972). Remediating maze deficiencies by the use of environmental enrichment. Developmental Psychology 7(2):224.
NAL call number: BF712 D46
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, female, pregnancy, lactation, malnutrition, isolation, learning.
Taylor, A.J., S. Gordon, and R.D. Tee (1994). Influence of bedding, cage design, and stock density on rat urinary aeroallergen levels. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 25(1):89.
Descriptors: rat, allergens, occupational exposure.
Thor, D.H. and W.R. Holloway (1984). Developmental analyses of social play behavior in juvenile rats. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22(6):587-590.
Descriptors: rat, male, female, ontogenetic descriptions, rough and tumble play, sexual maturity, aggression.
Tobin, B.W., J.L. Beard, and W.L. Kenney (1993). Exercise training alters feed efficiency and body composition in iron deficient rats. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25(1):52-59.
Descriptors: rat, training, exercise, growth, diet.
Uylings, H.B., K. Kuypers, M.C. Diamond, W.A. Veltman (1978). Effects of differential environments on plasticity of dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons in adult rats. Experimental Neurology 62(3):658-677.
NAL call number: RC321.E96
Descriptors: rat, male, Berkeley S1, cortex, dendrites, length, branching, environmental enrichment.
Van Gool, W.A. and M. Mirmiran (1986). Effects of aging and housing in an enriched environment on sleep-wake patterns in rats. Sleep 9(2):335-347.
Descriptors: rat, male, adult, old, slow wave, desynchronized sleep, adaptation.
Van Gool, W.A., M. Mirmiran, and F. Van Haaren (1985). Spatial memory and visual evoked potentials in young and old rats after housing in an enriched environment. Behavioral and Neural Biology 44(3):454-469.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, adult, old, radial maze, paired flashes, visual sensitivity, hippocampal changes.
Van Gool, W.A., H.F. Pronker, M. Mirmiran, and H.B.M. Uylings (1987). Effect of housing in an enriched environment on the size of the cerebral cortex in young and old rats. Experimental Neurology 96(1):225-232.
NAL call number: RC321 E96
Descriptors: rat, adult, old, caging, toys, cortical plasticity.
Van Haaren, F.P., and A. Van Hest (1987). Old, but not worn out. [Oud, maar niet versleten.] Special Issue: The elderly and psychology. Psycholoog 22(11):510-513.
Descriptors: rat, adult, aging, environmental enrichment, social deprivation, memory loss, problem solving, circadian activity.
Venable, N., V. Fernandez, E. Diaz, and T. Pinto-Hamuy (1989)
Effects of preweaning environmental enrichment on basilar
dendrites of pyramidal neurons in occipital cortex: A Golgi
study. Developmental Brain Research 49(1):140-144.
Descriptors: rat, neonates, cortical dendrites, Golgi-Cox-Sholl stain.
Venable, N., T. Pinto-Hamuy, J.A. Arraztoa, M.T. Contador, A. Chellew, C. Peran, and X. Valenzuela (1988). Greater efficacy of preweaning than postweaning environmental enrichment on maze learning in adult rats. Behavioural Brain
Research 31(1):89-92.
Descriptors: rat, adult, Hebb-Williams maze, development.
Vore, D.A. and D.R. Ottinger (1970). Maternal food restriction: Effects on offspring development, learning, and a program of therapy. Developmental Psychology 3(3, Pt.1):337-342.
NAL call number: BF712 D46
Descriptors: rat, Purdue Wistar, female, malnutrition, estrus, gestation, lactation, foster mothers, body weight, T-maze, Hebb-Williams maze.
Walker, J.P. (1973). The effects of enriched environment and isolation upon catecholamine metabolism in various brain regions. Dissertation Abstracts International 33(9-B):4497.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: rat, hypothalamus, cerebellum, caudate nucleus.
Wallace, R.J. (1988). Latency measures indicate new place neophobia in Rattus species. Behavioural Processes 17(1):63-67.
NAL call number: QL750 B4
Descriptors: rat, novel places, exploration, home cage, lighting.
Weldon, D.A. and C.J. Smith (1979). Superior colliculis lesions and environmental experience: Nonvisual effects on problem solving and locomotor activity. Physiology and Behavior 23(1):159-165.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, bilateral lesions, environmental enrichment, closed field, open field, illumination, vision.
Wells, A.M. The effect of dietary and environmental conditions on performance of rats in the Hebb-Williams maze. Dissertation Abstracts International 32(1-B):600-601.
NAL call number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: rat, neonate, environmental enrichment, impoverished.
Wells, A.M., C.R. Geist, and R.R. Zimmerman (1972). Influence of environmental and nutritional factors on problem solving in the rat. Perceptual and Motor Skills 35(1):235-244.
Descriptors: rat, Holtzman, male, neonate, foster mothers, dietary protein, environmental enrichment, spatial, visual, tactile, impoverished, Hebb-Williams maze.
Whishaw, I.Q., R.J. Sutherland, B. Kolb, and J.B. Becker (1986).
Effects of neonatal forebrain noradrenaline depletion on recovery
from brain damage: Performance on a spatial navigation task as a function
of age of surgery and postsurgical housing. Behavioral and
Neural Biology 46(3):285-307.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, neonate, adult, hemidecortication, noradrenaline, environmental enrichment.
Whishaw, I.Q., J.-A. Zaborowski, and B. Kolb (1984). Postsurgical enrichment aids adult hemidecorticate rats on a spatial navigation task. Behavioral and Neural Biology 42(2):183-190.
NAL call number: QP351 B45
Descriptors: rat, neonate, adult, cortex, Morris water maze, outdoors.
White, W.J. and A.M. Mans (1984). Effect of bedding changes and room ventilation rates on blood and brain ammonia levels in normal rats and rats with portacaval shunts. Laboratory Animal Science 34(1):49-52.
NAL call number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: rat, Long-Evans, male, bedding, air pollution.
White, N.R. and R.J. Barfield (1989). Playback of female rat ultrasonic vocalizations during sexual behavior. Physiology and Behavior 45(2):229-233.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, female, male, devocalized, intact, darting.
Widman, D.R., G.C. Abrahamsen, and R.A. Rosellini (1992).
Environmental enrichment: The influences of
restricted daily exposure and subsequent exposure to uncontrollable
stress. Physiology and Behavior 51(2):309-318.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, stress, operant tasks, pavlovian tasks, learning.
Widman, D.R. and R.A. Rosellini (1990). Restricted daily exposure to environmental enrichment increases the diversity of exploration. Physiology and Behavior 47(1):57-62.
NAL call number: QP1 P4
Descriptors: rat, male, object exploration test, environmental exposure.
Will, B.E., et al. (1977). Relatively brief environmental
enrichment aids recovery of learning capacity and alters brain measures
after postweaning brain lesions in rats. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91(1):33-50.
NAL call number: 410 J822
Descriptors: rat, Fischer, Berkeley S1, male, bilateral lesions, occipital cortex, hippocampus, Hebb-Williams maze, methamphetamine, brain weight, RNA, DNA.
Will, B., C. Kelche, and F. Deluzarche (1981). Effects of post-operative environment on functional recovery after entorhinal cortex lesions in the rat. Behavioral and Neural Biology 33(3):303-316.
NAL call number: QH301 C63
Descriptors: rat, young, bilateral lesions, entorhinal cortex, Hebb-Williams maze, learning.
Will, B.E., F. Deluzarche, and C. Kelche (1983). Does post-operative environment attenuate or exacerbate symptoms which follow hippocampal lesions in rats? Behavioural Brain Research 7(1):125-132.
Descriptors: rat, hooded, female, spontaneous alternation, hippocampus.
Witvitskaya, L.V. (1983). DNA synthesis in the brain of rats bred in sensorily enriched or impoverished environment. Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti 33(4):773-775.
Descriptors: rat, deprivation, brain, biochemistry.
Wolffgram, J. and A. Heyne (1991). Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 38(2):389-399.
Descriptors: rat, Wistar, male, adult, ethanol, diazepam, quinine, open field, isolation, group housing, activity, body weight.
Wong, P.T.P., T. Roach, and B. Osborne (1975). A sand-digging apparatus for rats. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 7(1):34-36.
Descriptors: rat, recording device, digging behavior, time.
Wu, S.Y.C. (1973). Effects of enriched environment and visual deprivation on development of brain in rat. Acta Psychologica Taiwanica 15:154-160.
Descriptors: rat, Berkeley S1, neonate, brain weight, cortex, superior colliculi, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase.
Yamamoto, Y., T. Nakaya, and S. Kato (1988). Influences of early rearing environment on Hebb-Williams maze learning in the rat: A comparison among group/imposed rich stimulation, group/poor stimulation, and isolation/poor stimulation.
Annual of Animal Psychology 37(2):99-114.
Descriptors: rat, weanling, adolescent, sensory stimuli, Hebb-Williams maze, learning.
Yeterian, E.H. and W.A. Wilson (1976). Cross-modal transfer in rats following different early environments. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 7(6):551-553.
Descriptors: rat, black-hooded, male, weanling, cross-modal transfer, visual discrimination, learning.
Zendzian-Piotrowska, M. and J. Gorski (1993). Metabolic adaptation to daily exercise of moderate intensity to exhaustion in the rat. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 67(1):77-82.
Descriptors: rat, male, treadmill, training, body mass, feed intake, glycogen, muscle fibers, heart, diaphragm, liver, hypoglycemia, urea.
Zimmerberg-Glick, B. and M.B. Brett (1992). Effects of early environmental experience on self-administration of amphetamine and barbital. Psychopharmacology (Germany) 106(4):474-478.
Descriptors: rat, male, female, social isolation, self-administration, d-amphetamine sulfate, sodium barbital.
Christisen, D.M. (1985). Seasonal tenancy of artificial nest structures for tree squirrels. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 19:41-48.
NAL call number: QC180 A1M52
Descriptors: tree squirrels (Sciurus sp.), den boxes, tire nest structures, housing.
Cooper, J.J. and C.J. Nichol (1991). Stereotypic behaviour affects environmental preference in bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus. Animal Behaviour 41(6):971-977.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: bank vole, preference test, perception, aversive conditions.
Escherich, P.C. (1981). Social biology of the bushy-tailed woodrat, Neotoma cinerea. Publications in Zoology 110:132pp.
NAL call number: 500 C125Z v.110
Descriptors: Bushy-tailed wood rat, social behavior.
Faulkes, C.G. and D.H. Abbott (1993). Evidence that primer
pheromones do not cause social suppression of reproduction in male and
female naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber).
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 99(1):225-230.
NAL call number: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: naked mole-rats, male, female, chemical cues, reproductive suppression, olfactory cues, gustatory contact, luteal phase, androgens.
Murphey, R.M., J.S. Mariano, and F.A. Duarte (1985). Behavioral observations in a capybara colony (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14(1):89-98.
NAL call number: QL750 A6
Descriptors: capybara, alarm response, flight or fight response, behavior.
Ödberg, F.O. (1987). The influence of cage size and environmental enrichment on the development of stereotypies in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Behavioural Processes 14(2):155-173.
Descriptors: bank voles, behavior, conflicts.
Renner, M.J. and M.R. Rosenzweig (1987). The golden-mantled
ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) as a model for the
effects of environmental enrichment in solitary animals.
Developmental Psychobiology 20(1):19-24.
NAL call number: QP351 D4
Descriptors: ground squirrel, brain weight, behavior, social factors.
Rushen, J. (1993). The "coping" hypothesis of stereotypic behavior. Animal Behaviour 45(3):613-615.
NAL call number: 410 B77
Descriptors: bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), environmental enrichment, impoverished, perceptions, adverse environments.
Shiga, J., K. Yamamoto, M. Ito, K. Koshimizu (1989). Breeding and care for wild woodchucks (Marmota monax) by indoor and outdoor housing. Jikken Dobutsu 38(2):155-158.
NAL call number: QL55 J55
Descriptors: woodchuck, Japanese, English abstract, housing, reproduction.
Vogt, F.D. and P. Kakooza (1993). The influence of nest sharing on the expression of daily torpor in the white-footed mouse. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71(7):1297-1302.
NAL call number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis), huddling, isolation, radiotelemetry, body temperature, frequency of torpor, euthermic.
Wallace, J. (1994). Evolution of ground squirrel housing at
Biosciences Animal Service, University of Alberta. Canadian
Association for Laboratory Animal Science/ L'Association Canadienne pour
la Technologie des Animaux de Laboratoire Newsletter
28(4):109-118.
NAL call number: SF405.5 C36
Descriptors: ground squirrel, housing, social groups, burrows, nests, vocalization, visual communication, tactile communication, olfactory communication.