To: [ AWIC ] [ Top of Document ] [ Contents ] [ Acknowledgements ] [ Introduction ] [ How to Use This Document ] [ Articles and Bibliographies ] [ Audiovisuals ] [ Internet Resources ] [ Organizations ] [ Guidelines ] [ Document Delivery Information ]

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Information resources for livestock and poultry handling and transport 1990-1998.
(AWIC resource series no. 4)
1. Livestock -- Handling -- Bibliography. 2. Livestock -- Behavior -- Bibliography. 3. Poultry -- Handling -- Bibliography. 4. Livestock -- Transportation -- Bibliography. 5. Poultry -- Transportation -- Bibliography.
I. O'Driscoll, Jennifer. II. Animal Welfare Information Center (U.S.) III. Title.
aHV4701.A94 no.4

About the cover: The diagram of the bovine flight zone is by Temple Grandin (©1980). The photograph of a cattle round-up at Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Station in Montana is by Jack Dykinga (K3908-1/USDA-ARS).

Web Policies and Links

Return to:
Animal Welfare Information Center
National Agricultural Library

The Animal Welfare Information Center, http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/livestock/lvstfull.htm, April 22, 1999

Information Resources for Livestock and Poultry Handling and Transport

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

How to Use This Document

Articles and Bibliographies

• Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport
  By Temple Grandin, Colorado State University
  
  
• Bibliography
  • General
  • Cattle
  • Exotic and Other Animals
  • Goats
  • Horses
  • Poultry
  • Ratites
  • Sheep
  • Swine
    
    

Audiovisuals

• General
• Cattle
• Goats
• Horses
• Llamas
• Poultry
• Ratites
• Sheep
• Swine

Internet Resources

• Individuals and Organizations
• Electronic Pamphlets and Articles

Organizations

Guidelines

Document Delivery Information

To: [ AWIC ] [ Top of Document ] [ Contents ] [ Acknowledgements ] [ Introduction ] [ How to Use This Document ] [ Articles and Bibliographies ] [ Audiovisuals ] [ Internet Resources ] [ Organizations ] [ Guidelines ] [ Document Delivery Information ]

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Temple Grandin, Ph.D., from Colorado State University, for providing her article on assessment of livestock stress published previously in the Journal of Animal Science, and also for sharing her extensive knowledge of the resources available in this field. Thank you also to the livestock and poultry organizations that contributed information to this project.

Thanks are also due to David Farr and D'Anna Jensen for invaluable computer assistance.

To: [ AWIC ] [ Top of Document ] [ Contents ] [ Acknowledgements ] [ Introduction ] [ How to Use This Document ] [ Articles and Bibliographies ] [ Audiovisuals ] [ Internet Resources ] [ Organizations ] [ Guidelines ] [ Document Delivery Information ]

Introduction

Information Resources for Livestock and Poultry Handling and Transport was developed by the Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Library (NAL), in an effort to provide a current guide to the scholarly information available on the handling and transport of farm animals.

Techniques used to move livestock, whether on the home farm, up the loading ramp of a long-distance transport truck, or down a raceway at the packing plant, have tended to be more a matter of habit and tradition than a subject for scientific investigation. In recent years, however, the prime importance of efficient and humane handling practices has become more widely recognized. Researchers in the fields of animal science and applied ethology have built up a substantial body of knowledge in this area, with one general conclusion -- proper handling is essential on both economic and animal welfare grounds.

This guide provides an entrance into that body of knowledge, which includes scientific journals, books, newsletters, conference proceedings, videotapes, the Internet, governmental and institutional guidelines, and the expertise of individuals and organizations.

The staff of the Animal Welfare Information Center hope that you find this publication to be a useful addition to your farm animal resources and welcome any comments for future editions.

To: [ AWIC ] [ Top of Document ] [ Contents ] [ Acknowledgements ] [ Introduction ] [ How to Use This Document ] [ Articles and Bibliographies ] [ Audiovisuals ] [ Internet Resources ] [ Organizations ] [ Guidelines ] [ Document Delivery Information ]

How to Use This Document

This publication is divided into seven sections: a full-text article bibliographies preceded by a full-text article, audiovisuals, internet resources, organizations, guidelines, and document delivery information for U.S. and foreign patrons.

This section is preceded by an article written by a recognized authority in the field of livestock handling. Following the article is a comprehensive bibliography containing citations that are arranged alphabetically according to the last name of the primary author. The reference section of the article may or may not overlap with the bibliographies. Each bibliographic entry contains the NAL call number if the particular source is available at the National Agricultural Library.

Livestock handling is a subject for which visual demonstration can be particularly useful. This annotated section describes the many videos and slide sets available pertaining to this topic. Most of the videos are in the NAL collection.

This section cites currently available websites containing information pertinent to livestock handling and transport. The section is divided into two parts: webpages of individual and organizations, and full-text on-line documents and pamphlets.

A number of organizations have shown an interest in livestock transport and handling issues. Information on how to contact each organization via a variety of electronic means and/or postal address is provided, as well as a brief description of the resources and services each offers.

This section cites some of the regulations and guidelines covering the handling and transport of livestock written by national and regional governments and non-profit and industry groups. It is not a comprehensive list.

The information contained here provides directions on how to obtain copies of articles mentioned in the bibliography. There are separate directions for U.S. patrons and those readers outside the United States. All patrons are encouraged to use their local resources before contacting the National Agricultural Library. While the National Agricultural Library provides a variety of services to patrons around the world, videocassettes are not available for loan outside the United States and Canada.

To: [ AWIC ] [ Top of Document ] [ Contents ] [ Acknowledgements ] [ Introduction ] [ How to Use This Document ] [ Articles and Bibliographies ] [ Audiovisuals ] [ Internet Resources ] [ Organizations ] [ Guidelines ] [ Document Delivery Information ]

Articles and Bibliographies

• "Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport"
• Bibliographies

Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport

By Temple Grandin
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523

Contents

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Importance of Fear and Effects of Novelty
• Effects of Adaptation to Handling on Stress
• Genetics
• Fear Pheromones
• Short-Term Stress Measurements
• Aversion Tests
• Implications
• Literature Cited

ABSTRACT: Fear is a very strong stressor, and the highly variable results of handling and transportation studies are likely to be due to different levels of psychological stress. Psychological stress is fear stress. Some examples are restraint, contact with people, or exposure to novelty. In many different animals, stimulation of the amygdala with an implanted electrode triggers a complex pattern of behavior and autonomic responses that resemble fear in humans. Both previous experience and genetic factors affecting temperament will interact in complex ways to determine how fearful an animal may become when it is handled or transported. Cattle trained and habituated to a squeeze chute may have baseline cortisol levels and be behaviorally calm, whereas extensively reared animals may have elevated cortisol levels in the same squeeze chute. The squeeze chute is perceived as neutral and non-threatening to one animal; to another animal, the novelty of it may trigger intense fear. Novelty is a strong stressor when an animal is suddenly confronted with it. To accurately assess an animal's reaction, a combination of behavioral and physiological measurements will provide the best overall measurement of animal discomfort.

Key Words: Handling, Restraint, Welfare, Anxiety, Stress, Slaughter

^l Presented at a symposium titled "Effects of Stress in Farm Animals" at the ASAS 87th Annu. Mtg., Orlando, FL, July 26, 1995
² The author would like to thank Mark Deesing and Julie Struthers for assistance with library research.
Received August 25, 1995.
Accepted February 2, 1996.

To: [ Contents of Article ]

J. Anim. Sci. 1997. 75:249-257

Introduction

Studies to determine the amount of stress on farm animals during routine handling and transport often have highly variable results and are difficult to interpret from an animal welfare standpoint. This paper will cover some of the factors that influence how an animal may react during handling. Much of the variability between handling studies is likely to be due to different levels of psychological stress. Animals can be stressed by either psychological stress (restraint, handling, or novelty) or physical stresses (hunger, thirst, fatigue, injury, or thermal extremes). Procedures such as restraint in a squeeze chute do not usually cause significant pain, but fear may be a major psychological stressor in extensively raised cattle. Many apparently conflicting results of different studies may be explained if the varying amounts of psychological stress and physical stress within each study are considered. Fear responses in a particular situation are difficult to predict because they depend on how the animal perceives the handling or transport experience. The animal's reactions will be governed by a complex interaction of genetic factors and previous experiences. For example, animals with previous experiences with rough handling will remember it and may become more stressed when handled in the future than animals that have had previous experiences with gentle handling. Previous handling experiences may interact with genetic factors. Rough handling may be more detrimental and stressful to animals with an excitable temperament compared to animals with a more placid temperament. For example, Brahmancross cattle had higher cortisol levels when restrained in a squeeze chute than English crosses (Zavy et al., 1992). An animal's social rank within the group can also affect stress levels. McGlone et al. (1993) found that subordinate submissive pigs were more stressed by 4 h of transport than dominant pigs. This paper will only address short-term stressors such as handling and transport. The measurement of chronic stress imposed by the environment or different housing systems is much more complex.

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Importance of Fear and Effects of Novelty

Fear is a universal emotion in the animal kingdom and motivates animals to avoid predators. All vertebrates can be fear-conditioned (LeDoux, 1994). The amygdala in the brain is probably the central fear system that is involved in both fear behavior and the acquisition of conditioned fear (Davis, 1992). Davis (1992) cited over 20 animal studies from many different laboratories that showed that electrical stimulation of the amygdala with an implanted electrode triggers a complex pattern of behaviors and changes in autonomic responses that resembles fear in humans. In humans, electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits feelings of fear (Gloor et al., 1981). Studies have also shown that electrical stimulation of the amygdala will increase plasma corticosterone in cats (Setckleiv et al., 1961; Matheson et al., 1971) and in rats (Redgate and Fahringer, 1973). Lesioning of the amygdala will block both unconditioned and conditioned fear responses (Davis, 1992). Large legions in the amygdala will reduce emotionality in wild rats as measured by flight distance (Kemble et al., 1984). Kemble et al. (1984) also noted that lesioning of the amygdala had a taming effect on wild rats. LeDoux (1994) explains that fear conditioning takes place in a subcortical pathway and that extinguishing a conditioned fear response is difficult because it requires the animal to suppress the fear memory via an active learning process. A single, very aversive event can produce a strong conditioned fear response, but extinguishing this fear response is much more difficult.

Observations by the author on cattle ranches have shown that to prevent cattle and sheep from becoming averse and fearful of a new squeeze chute or corral system, painful or highly aversive procedures should be avoided the first time the animals enter the facility. The same principle also applies to rats. Rats that receive a strong electrical shock the first time they enter a novel alley will refuse to enter it again (Miller, 1960). However, if the rat is subjected to a series of shocks of gradually increasing intensity, it will continue to enter the alley to get a food reward. Therefore, Hutson (1993) recommends that stress in sheep during routine handling could be reduced if the animals were conditioned gradually to handling procedures. Less severe procedures should be done first (Stephens and Toner, 1975; Dantzer and Mormede, 1983).

Novelty is a very strong stressor (Stephens and Toner, 1975; Moberg and Wood, 1982; Dantzer and Mormede, 1983). This is especially true when an animal is suddenly confronted with it. In the wild, novelty and strange sights or sounds are often a sign of danger (Grandin, 1993a). Cattle will balk at shadows or differences in flooring during movement through handling facilities (Grandin, 1980). Pigs that have been trained to laboratory procedures will respond to deviations in their daily routine with a rise in blood pressure (Miller and Twohill, 1983). Reid and Mills (1962) have suggested that livestock can be trained to accept changes in management routines that would cause a significant increase in physiological measurements in animals that had not been trained. Gradual exposure of animals to novel experiences enables them to become accustomed to nonpainful stimuli that had previously evoked a flight reaction. Grandin et al. (1995b) reported that training nyala antelope to cooperate during blood sampling had to be done very slowly to avoid triggering a massive flight reaction. The animals are very vigilant and will react to any unfamiliar sights and sounds.

There are some situations in which novelty is attractive to animals. Cattle and pigs often approach and manipulate a piece of paper dropped on the ground. The author has observed that the same piece of paper will cause animals to balk and jump away if they are being forced to walk toward it. Therefore, the paper may be perceived as threatening in one situation and non-threatening in another. The author has observed that cattle in the Philippines seldom react to cars, trucks, and other distractions when they graze on the highway median strip. Cars and trucks are no longer novel because they have seen them since birth. In the nyala antelope, animals born after the adults had been trained to blood sampling procedures learned to cooperate more quickly (Grandin et al., 1995b).

Cattle can become accustomed to repeated nonaversive procedures such as weighing or drawing blood through an indwelling catheter (Peischel et al., 1980; Alam and Dobson, 1986). Sheep, pigs, and giraffes have been trained to voluntarily enter a restraint device (Panepinto, 1983; Wienker, 1986; Grandin, 1989).

However, animals do not habituate to procedures that are very aversive (Hargreaves and Hutson, 1990a). A procedure can be highly aversive without being painful. Full inversion to an upside-down position is extremely aversive to sheep. The time required to drive sheep down a race into a restraint device that inverted them increased the following year (Hutson, 1985). Cortisol levels did not decrease with experience when cattle were subjected to repeated truck trips during which they fell down (Fell and Shutt, 1986). Hargreaves and Hutson (1990a) found that repeated trials of a sham shearing procedure failed to reduce the stress response. Sheep also did not habituate to 6 h of restraint with their legs tied (Coppinger et al., 1991).

Apple et al. (1995) found that in sheep, 6 h of restraint stress caused dark cutting meat and very high (> 110 ng/mL) levels of cortisol. Epidural blockage with lidocaine, which prevents the animals from contracting their muscles and straining against the restraint, failed to inhibit glycogen metabolism. This experiment indicates that psychological stress was probably a significant factor.

Cattle are very sensitive to the relative aversiveness of different parts of handling procedures. When they were handled every 30 d in a squeeze chute and a single animal scale, balking at the scale decreased with successive experience and balking at the squeeze chute increased slightly (Grandin, 1992). The animals learned that the scale never caused discomfort. Cattle that had been mishandled in a squeeze chute and struck hard on the head by the headgate were more likely to resist entry into the chute in the future (Grandin et al., 1994) compared with cattle that had never been hit with the headgate.

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Effects of Adaptation to Handling on Stress

Tame animals that are accustomed to frequent handling and close contact with people are usually less stressed by restraint and handling than animals that seldom see people. Binstead (1977), Fordyce et al. (1985), and Fordyce (1987) report that training weanling heifer calves produced calmer adult animals that were easier to handle. Training these extensively raised calves involved walking quietly among them, teaching them to follow a lead horseman and quiet walking through chutes. How an animal is handled early in life will have an effect on its physiological response to stressors later in life. Calves on a university experiment station that had become accustomed to petting by visitors had lower cortisol levels after restraint than calves that had less frequent contact with people (Boandle et al., 1989). Lay et al. (1992a) found that restraint in a squeeze chute was almost as stressful as hot-iron branding for extensively reared beef cattle. In hand-reared dairy cows, branding was much more stressful than restraint (Lay et al., 1992b).

Taming may reduce the physiological reactivity of the nervous system. Hastings et al. (1992) found that hand-reared deer had lower cortisol levels after restraint compared with free-ranging deer. Even though the physiological response to restraint was lower in the tame animals, hand-reared deer struggled just as violently as free-range deer (Hastings et al., 1992). Associations that animals make seem to be highly specific. Mateo et al. (1991) found that tame sheep approached a person more quickly, but behavioral measurements of struggling indicated that taming did not generalize to other procedures. Similar findings by Hargreaves and Hutson (1990a,b) showed that gentling and reduction of the sheep's flight zone failed to reduce aversion to shearing. Tame animals can sometimes have an extreme flight reaction when suddenly confronted with novelty that is perceived as a threat. Reports from ranchers and horse trainers indicate that horses and cattle that are calm and easy to handle at their home farm sometimes become extremely agitated when confronted with the novelty of a livestock show or auction. The animal's behavioral reaction seems to be less likely to generalize to other procedures than its physiological reaction. Moberg and Wood (1982) found that experiences during rearing greatly affected behavior in an open field test but had little effect on adrenocortical response of lambs. Exposing piglets to novel noises for 20 min increases both heart rate and motor activity. Heart rate habituated to a recording of abattoir sounds more quickly than motor activity (Spensley et al., 1995).

The effects of previous experience on an animal's fear response may provide one explanation for the often variable results in handling and transport studies. For example, extensively raised animals may have more psychological or fear stress during loading and unloading for transport compared to more intensively reared animals. British researchers have found that loading and unloading of sheep and calves was the most stressful part of the journey (Trunkfield and Broom, 1990; Knowles, 1995). Kenney and Tarrant (1987) reported that for Irish cattle, the actual journey was more stressful than loading and unloading. The physical stresses of the trip, such as jiggling, were more stressful than the psychological stresses of loading or unloading. A possible explanation for this discrepancy between these two studies may be the amount of contact the animals had with people. There may be a big difference in the degree of fear stress between U.S. cattle reared on rangeland where they seldom see people and European pasture-reared cattle. Differences in the degree of psychological stress may explain why too many rest stops during long-distance transport is detrimental to the health of weaner calves raised under U.S. conditions. Cattle feeders have learned from practical experience that 200- to 300-kg calves shipped from the southeast to Texas will have fewer health problems if they are transported non-stop for the entire 32-hour trip. For these extensively reared calves, rest stops may possibly turn into stress stops. Research is needed to conclusively determine what factors caus6 the rest stops to be stressful. Legislating too many rest stops may be detrimental to welfare. One possibility is fear stress during loading and unloading at rest stops and the second possibility is that the calves become infected with diseases at the rest stop. Many of the calves shipped on these trips are not properly vaccinated. There may be an interaction between rest stops and disease. Frequent rest stops may be more beneficial to fully vaccinated calves.

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Genetics

Genetic factors such as temperament interact in complex ways with an animal's previous handling experiences and learning to determine how it will react during a particular handling procedure. Wild species are usually more reactive to novel stimuli than domesticated animals. Price (1984) maintains that the domestic phenotype have reduced responses to changes in the environment. Domesticated animals are more stress-resistant because they have been selected for a calm attitude toward people (Parsons, 1988). When deer or antelope are tamed, the flighty temperament is masked until they are confronted with a novel stimulus that is perceived as threatening. A tame deer or antelope can have an explosive reaction to a novel event. A wild species has a more intense flight response because this enables it to flee from predators.

Temperament in cattle is a heritable trait that may affect the animal's reaction to handling (Le Neindre et al., 1995). There are differences in temperament both between and within cattle breeds. Within the Brahman breed, temperament is heritable (Hearnshaw et al., 1979; Fordyce et al., 1988). Temperament differences between breeds have also been reported by Stricklin et al. (1980) and Tulloh (1961). Genetics also affects an animal's response to stress. Brahmancross cattle had higher cortisol levels while restrained in a squeeze chute compared to English crosses (Zavy et al., 1992). Recent research by Grandin et al. (1995a) and replicated by H. Randle (1995, personal communication, University of Plymouth, U.K.) indicated that the spiral hair whorl on a bovine's forehead is an indicator of temperament. Cattle with spiral hair whorls above the eyes became more agitated while restrained than animals with hair whorls below the eyes.

Temperament may be under genetic control in many different animals. Research with rats has shown that they can be selected for either high or low emotionality (Fujita et al., 1994) or for reduced fear induced aggressiveness toward humans (Popova et al., 1993). Phenotypic characteristics are also related to temperament. Interestingly, it seems that different genetic factors control fear-induced aggression and intermale aggression. Selection for reduced fear induced aggression had no effect on aggressive behavior toward other male rats.

Temperament is a trait that seems to be stable over time. In European Continental-cross cattle, certain individuals became extremely agitated every time they were handled in a squeeze chute and others were always calm (Grandin, 1992). The agitated animals failed to adapt to being held in the squeeze chute during four handling sessions spaced 30 d apart. Cattle with a very excitable temperament may have greater difficulty adapting to repeated nonpainful handling procedures than cattle with a calmer temperament. The two types of animals may have differing physiological and behavioral reactions to the same procedure. Animals with a calm temperament may adapt more easily and become less stressed with repeated handling treatments and animals with a very excitable temperament may become increasingly stressed with each repeated handling treatment. Lanier et al. (1995) found that some pigs habituated to a swimming task and maintained near baseline levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine and other animals failed to habituate and never adapted.

At five slaughter plants in the United States, Holland, and Ireland, the author has observed increasing problems with very excitable pigs and cattle from certain genetic lines that become highly agitated. It is almost impossible to drive them quietly through a high-speed slaughter line. These animals seem to have a much stronger startle reaction to novelty, are more likely to balk at small distractions such as shadows or reflections in the race, and are more likely to bunch together. Observations at slaughter plants and reports from ranchers also indicate that excitable cattle are more likely to injure themselves when they are confronted with the novel, unfamiliar surroundings of an auction market or slaughter plant. The appearance of greater numbers of more excitable pigs and cattle may possibly be related to the increasing emphasis of the livestock industry on lean beef and pork. In both cattle and pigs, the author has observed that excessive excitability occurs most often in animals bred for leanness that have a slender body shape and fine bones, Cattle and pigs bred for large, bulging lean muscles usually have a calmer temperament. This is an area that needs to be researched. Practical experience indicates that the excitable animal problem needs to be corrected because excessive excitability creates serious animal welfare problems during handling at auction markets and slaughter plants.

Cattle and pig producers need to select animals with a calm temperament, but care must be taken not to over-select for any one particular trait. A good example of overselection for a single trait is the halothane gene in pigs. Pigs with this gene have increased meat production, but the price for this increased production is poor meat quality (Pommier and Houde, 1993). Over-selection for calm temperament may possibly have detrimental effects on economically important traits, such as maternal ability. Researchers in Russia found that selecting foxes for calmness over 80 yr produced animals that lost their seasonal breeding pattern and had strange piebald black and white colored coats (Belyaev, 1979; Belyaev and Borodin, 1982). The foxes turned into animals that acted and looked like Border collies.

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Fear Pheromones

Another factor that could confound handling stress studies is fear pheromones. Vieville-Thomas and Signoret (1992) found that urine from a stressed gilt caused other gilts to avoid a feed dispenser and urine from an unstressed animal had no effect. Both the results of this experiment and observations by the author indicate that it takes 10 to 15 min for the fear pheromone to be secreted. Observations by the author indicate that cattle will voluntarily walk into a restraining chute that is covered with blood, but if an animal becomes extremely agitated for several minutes, the other animals refused to enter (Grandin, 1993b). In a laboratory setting pigs witnessing slaughter had no increases in either beta endorphins or cortisol. These were calm animals fitted with jugular catheters (Anil et al., 1995). Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1970) observed that if a rat is instantly killed by a trap, the trap will remain effective and can be used again. Rats will avoid a trap that failed to instantly kill. Research with rats indicates that blood may contain a fear pheromone (Stevens and Gerzog-Thomas, 1977). Stevens and Saplikoski (1973) found that blood and muscle tissue from stressed rats was avoided in a choice test, whereas brain tissue and water had no effect. Blood from guinea pigs and people also had little effect (Hornbuckle and Beall, 1974).

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Short-Term Stress Measurements

This discussion will be limited to measuring short-term stress induced by handling procedures such as being held in a squeeze chute. Assessment of stress and discomfort should contain both behavioral and physiological measures. Behavioral indicators of discomfort are attempting to escape, vocalization, kicking, or struggling. Other behavioral measures of how an animal perceives a handling procedure are choice tests and aversion tests. Common physiological measures of stress are cortisol, beta endorphin, and heart rate. Cortisol is a useful indicator of short-term stresses from handling or husbandry procedures such as castration. Researchers must remember that cortisol is a time-dependent measure that takes 10 to 20 min to reach peak values (Lay et al., 1992a).

A review of many studies indicates that cortisol levels in cattle fall into three categories: 1) baseline, 2) levels that occur during restraint in a headgate, and 3) extreme stress (Table 1). Cortisol levels are highly variable and absolute comparisons should not be made between studies, but the figures on Tables 1 and 2 would make it possible to determine whether a handling or slaughter procedure was either very low stress or very high stress. One could tentatively conclude that a mean value of >70 ng/mL in either steers or cows would possibly be an indicator of either rough handling or poor equipment, and low values close to the baseline values would indicate that a procedure was either low stress or was very quick. Quick procedures would be completed before cortisol levels could rise. Restraint in a headgate for blood sampling and slaughter produced similar values (Tables 1 and 2). Sexually mature bulls have much lower cortisol levels than steers, cows, or heifers (Tennessen et al., 1984). In one study, there was an extreme mean of 93 ng/mL for inverting cattle on their backs for 103 s (Dunn, 1990). This very high figure is not due to differences in assay methods because this same researcher obtained more reasonable values of 45 ng/mL for upright restraint. Properly performed cattle slaughter seems to be no more stressful than farm restraint (Tables 1 and 2).

Less clear cut ranges have been obtained in sheep. Pearson et al. (1977) found that slaughter in a quiet research abattoir produced lower cortisol levels than slaughter in a noisy commercial plant. The values were 40 vs 61 ng/mL. Values for shearing and other on-farm handling procedures were 73 ng/mL (Hargreaves and Hutson, 1990c,d) and 72 ng/mL (Kilgour and de Langen, 1970). Prolonged restraint and isolation for 2 h increased cortisol levels up to 100 ng/ mL (Apple et al., 1993).

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate seem to be useful measures for assessing handling stresses in pigs (Warris et al., 1994). Warris et al. (1994) found that the sound level of squealing pigs in a commercial abattoir was highly correlated with CPK measurements. White et al. (1995) also reported that vocalizations in pigs were indicative of stress and were correlated with other measures of acute stress, such as heart rate. Cattle that become behaviorally agitated have higher cortisol levels (Stahringer et al., 1989). Heart rate in cattle during restraint in a squeeze chute was highly correlated with cortisol levels (Lay et al., 1992a,b). Stermer et al. (1981) found that rough handling in poorly designed facilities resulted in greater heart rates than quiet handling in well-designed facilities.

Isolation is also a factor in handling stress. During restraint for routine husbandry procedures, animals are often separated from their conspecific. Stookey et al. (1994) found that cattle became less behaviorally agitated during weighing on a single animal scale if they could see another animal in the chute less than 1 m away in front of the scale. Agitation was measured electronically by measuring movement and jiggling via the scale load cell system. Numerous studies have shown that isolation from conspecific will raise cortisol and other physiological measures (Kilgour and deLangen, 1970; Whittlestone et al., 1970; Arave et al., 1974).

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Aversion Tests

Aversion to a handling procedure can be measured by either choice testing or measuring aversion. One measure of aversion is the time required to induce an animal to re-enter a chute where it was previously handled (Rushen, 1986a,b 1995). In a choice test, the animals are allowed to choose between two different that lead to different procedures (Grandin et al., 1986; Rushen and Congdon, 1986a,b). Another useful measure is the degree of force required to induce an animal to move through a race. In some cases, measuring the degree of force provides a more accurate assessment of aversion than time. Examples of force are the number of pats on the rump or number of electrical prods. Experience and genetic factors can confound aversion tests. Rushen (1996) warns that to accurately measure aversion in a race, the animal must experience the aversive procedure more than once. Observations by the author indicate that excitable cattle sometimes run through a single file chute quickly in an attempt to escape. Research (in progress by Bridgette Voisinet and the author) reveals that bulls trained to move through a race to a squeeze chute exhibit no aversion in the race after a single noxious treatment. After one aversive treatment, they continued to voluntarily walk through the race into the Squeeze chute, but balking and turning back in the crowd pen at the entrance to the race greatly increased. At this point, the animals may perceive that they may be able to avoid reentering the race. In aversion studies, balking and other behaviors indicative of aversion must be measured in both the single file race and in the pens and alleys that lead up to the entrance of the single file race. This is especially important if the aversive procedure is performed only once. After the animal is forced to enter the chute that leads to the squeeze, it may perceive that it may be able to escape by running quickly through it toward the squeeze chute. Under certain conditions, choice tests may be unreliable for measuring choices between mildly aversive procedures. Research conducted by Grandin et al. (1994) showed that cattle are reluctant to change a previously learned choice if the two choices in a choice test are only mildly aversive. Other research showed that sheep immediately switched sides to avoid highly aversive electroimmobilization (Grandin et al., 1986).

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Implications

Both researchers and people making decisions about animal welfare must understand that fear during non-painful routine handling and transport can vary greatly. Fear is a very strong stressor. Cattle that have been trained and habituated to a handling procedure may be completely calm and have baseline cortisol and heart rate measurements during handling and restraint. Extensively reared cattle with an excitable disposition may have very high cortisol levels and show extreme behavioral agitation during the same procedure. For one animal, a squeeze chute may be perceived as neutral and non-threatening, but to another it may trigger an extreme fear response. The animal's response will be determined by a complex interaction of genetics and previous experience. Studies to assess animal welfare during handling and transport should contain both behavioral and physiological measurements.

To: [ Contents of Article ]

Literature Cited

Alam, M.G.S., and H. Dobson. 1986. Effect of various veterinary procedures on plasma concentrations of cortisol, luteinizing hormone and prostaglandin E2 metabolite in the cow. Vet. Rec. 118:7.

Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, M. Field, M. Bracke, and R. G. Rodway. 1995. Assessment of distress experienced by witnessing slaughter in pigs. Proc. Br. Sec. Anim. Sci., paper 190.

Apple, J. K, M. E. Dikeman, J. E. Minton, R. M. McMurphy, M. R. Fedde, D. E. Leith, and J. A. Unruh. 1995. Effects of restraint and isolation stress and epidural blockade on endocrine and blood metabolite status, muscle glycogen depletion, and incidence of dark-cutting longissimus muscle in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2295.

Apple, J. K, J. E. Minton, K M. Parsons, and J. A. Unruh. 1993. Influence of repeated restraint and isolation stress and electrolyte administration on pituitary-adrenal secretions, electrolytes and other blood constituents of sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 71:71.

Arave, C. W., J. L. Albright, and C. L. Sinclair. 1974. Behaviour, milk yield and leucocytes of dairy cows in reduced space and isolation. J. Dairy Sci. 59:1497.

Belyaev, D. K. 1979. Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. J. Hered. 70:301.

Belyaev, D. K., and P. M. Borodin. 1982. The influence of stress on variation and its role in evolution. Biol. Zentbl. 100:705.

Binstead, M. 1977. Handling cattle. Queensland Agric. J. 103:293.

Boandle, K. E., J. E. Wohlt, and R. V. Carsia. 1989. Effect of handling, administration of a local anesthetic and electrical dehorning on plasma cortisol in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2193.

Cockram, M. S., and K.T.T. Corley. 1991. Effect of preslaughter handling on the behavior and blood composition of beef cattle. Br. Vet. J. 147:444.

Coppinger, T. R., J. E. Minton, P. G. Reddy, and F. Blecha. 1991. Repeated restraint and isolation stress in lambs increases pituitary-adrenal secretions and reduces cell-medicated immunity. J. Anim. Sci. 69:2808.

Crookshank, H. R., M. H. Elissalde, R. G. White, D. C. Clanton, and H. E. Smalley. 1979. Effect of transportation and handling of calves upon blood serum composition. J. Anim. Sci. 48:430.

Dantzer, R., and P. Mormede. 1983. Stress in farm animals: A need for reevaluation. J. Anim. Sci. 57:6.

Davis, M. 1992. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15:353.

Dunn, C. S. 1990. Stress reactions of cattle undergoing ritual slaughter using two methods of restraint. Vet. Rec. 126:522.

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1970. Ethology: The Biology of Behavior. p 236. Holt Rhinehart and Winston, New York.

Ewbank, R., M. J. Parker, and C. W. Mason. 1992. Reactions of cattle to head restraint at stunning: A practical dilemma. Anim. Welfare 1:55.

Fell, L. R., and D. A. Shutt. 1986. Adrenal response of calves to transport stress as measured by salivary cortisol. Canad. J. Anim. Sci. 66:637.

Fordyce, G. 1987. Weaner training. Queensland Agric. J. 113:323.

Fordyce, G., R. M. Dodt, and J. R. Wythes. 1988. Cattle temperaments in extensive herds in northern Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 28:683.

Fordyce, G., M. E. Goddard, R. Tyler, C. Williams, and M. A. Toleman. 1985. Temperament and bruising in Bos indicus cattle. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 25:283.

Fujita, O., Y. Annen, and A. Kitaoka. 1994. Tsukuba Highland low emotional strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus): An overview. Behav. Gen. 24:389.

Gloor, P., A. Olivier, and L. F. Quesney. 1981. The role of the amygdala in the expression of psychic phenomena in temporal lobe seizures. In: Y. Ben Avi (Ed.) The Amygdaloid Complex. Elsevier, New York.

Grandin, T. 1980. Observations of cattle behavior applied to the design of cattle handling facilities. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 6:19.

Grandin, T. 1989. Voluntary acceptance of restraint by sheep. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 23:257.

Grandin, T. 1992. Behavioral agitation during handling is persistent over time. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36:1.

Grandin, T. 1993a. Handling facilities and restraint of range cattle. In: T. Grandin (Ed.) Livestock Handling and Transport. p 43. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.

Grandin, T. 1993b. Handling and welfare of livestock in slaughter plants. In: T. Grandin (Ed.) Livestock Handling and Transport. p 289. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.

Grandin, T., S. E. Curtis, T. M. Widowski, and J. C. Thurmon. 1986. Electro-immobilization versus mechanical restraint in an avoid-avoid choice test for ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1469.

Grandin, T., M. J. Deesing, J. J. Struthers, and A. M. Swinker. 1995a. Cattle with hair whorl patterns above the eyes are more behaviorally agitated during restraint. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 46:117.

Grandin, T., M. B. Rooney, M. Phillips, R. C. Cambre, N. A. Irlbeck, and W. Graffam. 1995b. Conditioning of nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) to blood sampling in a crate with positive reinforcement. Zoo Biol. 14:261.

Grandin, T., K G. Odde, D. N. Schutz, and L. M. Beherns. 1994. The reluctance of cattle to change a learned choice may confound preference tests. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 39:21.

Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson. 1990a. Some effects of repeated handling on stress responses in sheep. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:253.

Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson. 1990b. The effect of gentling on heart rate, flight distance, and aversion of sheep to a handling procedure. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:243.

Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson. 1990c. The stress response in sheep during routine handling procedures. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:83.

Hargreaves, A. L., and G. D. Hutson. 1990d. Changes in heart rate, plasma cortisol and haematocrit of sheep during a shearing procedure. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:91.

Hastings, B. E., D. E. Abbott, and L. M. George. 1992. Stress factors influencing plasma cortisol levels and adrenal weights in Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). Res. in Vet. Sci. 53:375.

Hearnshaw, H., R. Barlow, and G. Want. 1979. Development of a 'temperament' or handling difficulty score for cattle. Proc. Aust. Assoc. Anim. Breed. and Genet. 1:164.

Henricks, D. M., J. W. Cooper, J. C. Spitzer, and L. W. Grimes. 1984. Sex differences in plasma cortisol and growth in the bovine. J. Anim. Sci. 59:376.

Hornbuckle, P. A., and T. Beall. 1974. Escape reactions to the blood of selected mammals by rats. Behav. Biol. 12:573.

Hutson, G. D. 1985. The influence of barley food rewards on sheep movement through a handling system, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 14:263.

Hutson, G. D. 1993. Behavioral principles of sheep handling. In: T. Grandin (Ed.) Livestock Handling and Transport. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K

Kemble, E. D., D. C. Blanchard, R. J. Blanchard, and R. Takushi. 1984. Taming in wild rates following medial amygdaloid lesions. Physiol. Behav. 32:131.

Kenny, F. J., and P. V. Tarrant. 1987. The physiological and behavioral responses of crossbred steers to short haul transport by road. Livest. Prod. Sci. 17:63.

Kilgour, R., and H. de Langen. 1970. Stress in sheep resulting from management practices, Proc. N. Z. Soc. of Anim. Prod. 30:65.

Knowles, T. G. 1995. The effects of transport in slaughter weight lambs. Br. Soc. Anim. Sci., Winter Meeting (Summary), Paper 43.

Lanier, E. K, T. H. Friend, D. M. Bushong, D. A. Knabe, T. H. Champney, and D. G. Lay, Jr. 1995. Swim habituation as a model for eustress and distress in the pig. J. Anim, Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):126 (Abstr.).

Lay, D. C., Jr., T. H. Friend, C. L. Bowers, K. K. Grissom, and O. C. Jenkins. 1992a. A comparative physiological and behavioral study of freeze and hot-iron branding using dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1121.

Lay, D. C., Jr., T. H. Friend, R. D. Randel, C. L. Bowers, K. K. Grissom, and 0. C. Jenkins. 1992b. Behavioral and physiological effects of freeze and hot-iron branding on crossbred cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 70:330.

LeDoux, J. E. 1994. Emotion, memory and the brain. Sci. Am. 271:50.

Le Neindre, P., G. Trillet, J. Sapa, F. Ménissier, J. N. Bonnet, and J. M. Chupin. 1995. Individual differences in docility of Limousin cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2249.

Mateo, J. M., D. Q. Estep, and J. S. McCann. 1991. Effects of differential handling on the behavior of domestic ewes. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 32:45.

Matheson, B. K, B. J. Branch, and A. N. Taylor. 1971. Effects of amygdaloid stimulation on pituitary adrenal activity in conscious cats. Brain Res. 32:151.

McGlone, J. J., J. L. Salak, E. A. Lumpkin, R. L. Nicholson, M. Gibson, and R. L. Norman. 1993. Shipping stress and social status effects on pig performance, plasma cortisol, natural killer cell activity and leukocyte numbers. J. Anim. Sci. 71:888.

Miller, N. E. 1960. Learning resistance to pain and fear effects of overlearning, exposure, and rewarded exposure in context. J. Exp. Psychol. 60:137.

Miller, K N., and S. Twohill. 1983. A method for measuring systolic blood pressure in conscious swine (Sus scrofa). Lab Anim. 12(6):51.

Mitchell, G., J. Hattingh, and M. Ganhao. 1988. Stress in cattle assessed after handling, transport and slaughter. Vet. Rec. 123: 201.

Moberg, G. P., and V. A. Wood. 1982. Effect of differential rearing on the behavioral and adrenocortical response of lambs to a novel environment. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 8:269.

Panepinto, L. M. 1983. A comfortable minimum stress method of restraint for Yucatan miniature swine. Lab. Anim. Sci. 33:95.

Parsons, P. A. 1988. Behavioral stress and variability. Behav. Gen. 18:293.

Pearson, A. J., R. Kilgour, H. de Langen, and E. Payne. 1977. Hormonal responses of lambs to trucking, handling and electric stunning. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 37:243.

Peischel, A., R. R. Schalles, and C. E. Owensby. 1980. Effect of stress on calves grazing Kansas flint Hills range. J. Anim. Sci. 51(Suppl. 1):245 (Abstr.).

Pommier, S. A., and A. Houde. 1993. Effect of genotype for malignant hypothermia as determined by a restriction endonuclease assay on the quality characteristics of commercial pork loins. J. Anim. Sci. 71:420.

Popova, N. J., E. M. Nikulina, and A. V. Kulikov. 1993. Genetic analysis of different kinds of aggressive behavior. Behav. Gen. 23:491.

Price, E. O. 1984. Behavioral aspects of domestication. Q. Rev. Biol. 59:1.

Ray, D. E., W. J. Hansen, B. Theurer, and G. H. Stott. 1972. Physical stress and corticoid levels in steers. Proc. West. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 23:255.

Redgate, E. S., and E. E. Fahringer. 1973. A comparison of pituitary adrenal activity elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic amygdaloid and hypothalamic sites in the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology 12:334.

Reid, R. I., and S. C. Mills. 1962. Studies of carbohydrate metabolism in sheep. XVI. The adrenal response to physiological stress. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13:282.

Rushen, J. 1986a. Aversion of sheep to electro-immobilization and physical restraint. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 15:315.

Rushen, J. 1986b. Aversion of sheep for handling treatments: Paired-choice studies. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 16:363.

Rushen, J. 1996. Using aversion learning techniques to assess the mental state, suffering, and welfare of farm animals. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1990.

Rushen, J., and P. Congdon. 1986a. Relative aversion of sheep to simulated shearing with and without electro-immobilization. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 26:535.

Rushen, J., and P. Congdon. 1986b. Sheep may be more averse to electro-immobilization than to shearing. Aust. Vet. J. 63:373.

Setckleiv, J., O. E. Skaug, and B. R. Kaada. 1961. Increase in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids by cerebral cortical and amygdaloid stimulation in the cat. J. Endocrinol. 22:119.

Spensley, J. C., C. M. Wathes, N. K Waran, and J. A. Lines. 1995. Behavioral and physiological responses of piglets to naturally occurring sounds. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, 44:277 (Abstr.).

Stahringer, R. C., R. D. Randel, and D. A. Neuenforff. 1989. Effect of naloxone on serum luteinizing hormone and cortisol concentration in seasonally anestrous Brahman heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 67(Suppl. 1):359 (Abstr.).

Stephens, D. B., and J. N. Toner. 1975. Husbandry influences on some physiological parameters of emotional responses in calves. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 1:233.

Stermer, R., T. H. Camp, and D. G. Stevens. 1981. Feeder cattle stress during transportation. Paper No. 81-6001. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MO.

Stevens, D. A. and N. J. Saplikoski. 1973. Rats reaction to conspecific muscle and blood evidence for alarm substances. Behav. Bio. 8:75.

Stevens, D. A., and D. A. Gerzog-Thomas, 1977. Fright reactions in rats to conspecific tissue. Physiol. Behav. 18:47.

Stooky, J. M., T. Nickel, J. Hanson, and S. Vandenbosch. 1994. A movement-measuring-device for objectively measuring temperament in beef cattle and for use in determining factors that influence handling. J. Anim. Sci. 72(Suppl. 1):207 (Abstr.).

Stricklin, W. R., C. E. Heisler, and L. L. Wilson. 1980. Heritability of temperament in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 5l(Suppl. 1):109 (Abstr.).

Tennessen, T., M. A. Price, and R. T. Berg. 1984. Comparative responses of bulls and steers to transportation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 64:333.

Trunkfield, H. R., and D. M. Broom. 1990. Welfare of calves during handling and transport. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 28:135.

Tulloh, N. M. 1961. Behavior of cattle in yards. II. A study of temperament. Anim. Behav. 9:25.

Tume, R. K, and F. D. Shaw. 1992. Beta-endorphin and cortisol concentrations in plasma of blood samples collected during exsanguination of cattle. Meat Sci. 31:211.

Vieville-Thomas, C., and J. P. Signoret. 1992. Pheromonal transmission of an aversive experience in domestic pigs. J. Chem. Endocrinol. 18:1551.

Warriss, P. D., S. N. Brown, and M. Adams. 1994. Relationships between subjective and objective assessments of stress at slaughter and meat quality in pigs. Meat Sci. 38:329.

White, R. G., J. A. DeShazer, C. J. Tressler, G. M. Borcher, S. Davy, A. Waninge, A. M. Parkhurst, M. J. Milanuk, and E. T. Clemens. 1995. Vocalization and physiological response of pigs during castration with and without a local anesthetic. J. Anim. Sci. 73:381.

Whittlestone, W. G., R. Kilgour, H. de Langen, and G. Duirs. 1970. Behavioral stress and cell count of bovine milk. J. Milk Food Technol. 33:217.

Wienker, W. R. 1986. Giraffe squeeze cage procedures. Zoo Biol. 5:371.

Zavy, M. T., P. E. Juniewicz, W. A. Phillips, and D. L. Von Tungeln. 1992. Effects of initial restraint, weaning and transport stress on baseline and ACTH stimulated cortisol responses in beef calves of different genotypes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:551.

To: [ AWIC ] [ Contents of Article ] [ Acknowledgements ] [ Introduction ] [ How to Use This Document ] [ Articles and Bibliographies ] [ Audiovisuals ] [ Internet Resources ] [ Organizations ] [ Guidelines ] [ Document Delivery Information ]

Livestock Resources: Bibliography

• General
• Cattle
• Exotic and Other Animals
• Goats
• Horses
• Poultry
• Ratites
• Sheep
• Swine
  
  

Bibliography: General

Alteneder, K. (1995). [Checklist for purchasing a livestock trailer]. Checkliste fuer den Kauf eines Viehtransportanhaengers. Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt. Organ des Landesbauernverbandes in Baden Wuerttemberg. Ausg. WWL 162(20):26-27.
NAL call number: S232 B24L36

Anderson, R.S. and A.T.B. Edney, eds. (1991). Practical animal handling. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 198 p.
NAL call number: SF61 P73 1991

Animal Industry Foundation (1995). Show animal care & handling guide. Arlington, Va.: Animal Industry Foundation, 187 p.
NAL call number: SF118 S55 1995

Austin, A.R. (1996). Travel sickness in pigs and sheep. Veterinary Record 139(23):575.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641

AVMA Animal Welfare Forum: The veterinarian's role in farm animal welfare, Rosemont, Illinois, USA, November 5, 1993. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 204(3):363-395.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3

Balta i Moner, J. (1993). [Stress of animals during transport]. Stress de los animales durante el transporte. Nuestra Cabana (245):28-31.

Baumgartner, G. (1990). [Conditions for the keeping and transport of farm animals in conformity with animal welfare requirements]. Tierschutzgerechte haltungs- und transportbedingungen fuer landwirtschaftliche nutztiere. Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 97(4):139-144.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482

Berry, D.J. (1992). Transport and handling of livestock--January 1981-July 1992. Quick Bibliography Series (92-57), U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library. Beltsville, Md.: The Library, 40 p. Updates QB 91-143.
NAL call number: aZ5071 N3

Berry, D.J. (1994). Transport and handling of livestock and poultry: January 1984 - January 1994. Quick Bibliography Series (94-32), U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library. Beltsville, Md.: The Library, 71 p.
NAL call number: aZ5071 N3

Biller, R.H., J. Brunotte, R. Artmann, and H. Sonnenberg (1996). [Animal husbandry production methods]. Produktionsverfahren der Tierhaltung. Interner Arbeitsbericht 1994-95. Bericht aus dem Institut fuer Betriebstechnik (225):59-77.

Birchall, A. (1990). The rough road to slaughter. New Scientist 128(1744):33-36, 38.
NAL call number: 472 N42

Boehm, R. (1994). [Disinfection of transport vehicles, transport containers and livestock loading ramps]. Desinfektion von fahrzeugen, transportbehaeltern und ladestellen. Fleischwirtschaft 74(9):947-951.
NAL call number: 280.38 F62

Brauner, U. (1994). Comparison of animal welfare legislation in Germany and Australia, with special reference to farm animals and penalties. Hannover, Germany, 237 pp.
NAL call number: DISS F1994074

Briese, A., K. von Holleben, and M. von Wenzlawowicz (1995). [Demands for drive from cattles and pigs for loading on agricultural farm, stockyard and slaughterhouses. Part 3: Proven solutions and unfavorable systems out the practice of cattle driving]. Anforderungen an das Treiben von Rindern und Schweinen zur Verladung am landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb, auf Viehhoefen und in Schlachtbetrieben. Teil 3: Bewaehrte Loesungen und unguenstige Systeme aus der Praxis des Viehtreibens. Rundschau fuer Fleischhygiene und Lebensmittelueberwachung 47(9):195-198.

Broom, D.M. (1993). Welfare assessment and welfare problem areas during handling and transport. In: Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 35-42.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Broucek, J., V. Tancin, and S. Mihina (1993). Transport of animals and its problems. Veterinarstvi 43(11):425-428.
NAL call number: 41.8 V6439

Butko, M.P. and I.N. Tsarikov (1990). Suitability of new railway trucks for transporting livestock. Veterinariya Moskva (7):20-25.

Carroll, Jr., D.W. (1990). Ship agent/broker viewpoint. In: Conference proceedings: Animal Transportation Association, April 22-25 1990, 16th International Conference, Dallas, Tex.: The Association, p. 39-42.
NAL call number: HE9788.4 A55A54 1990

Casper, J., S.E. Heath, and R.D. Linnabary (1993). Preparing the farm and farm animals for diasters. Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 4(4):3-6.
NAL call number: aHV4701 A952

Chapman, H.D. and J.W. Branch, Jr. (1991). Corral construction and location. Publication collection, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service (400-050), 4 p.
NAL call number: S544.3 V8V52

Cheffins, R. and D. Hirst (1990). Self mustering - progress and developments. Animal production in Australia. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, held in Adelaide, Australia on 8-12 July 1990, G.J. Judson, ed., 18:172-175.
NAL call number: 49.9 Au72 v.13

Clingerman, K. (1991). Transport and handling of livestock--January 1979-June 1991. Quick Bibliography Series (91-143), U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library. Beltsville, Md.: The Library, 27 p. Updates QB 90-39.
NAL call number: aZ5071.N3

Coates, J. (1990). Challenges facing the livestock freight forwarder in the 1990's. In: Conference proceedings: Animal Transportation Association, April 22-25, 1990, 16th International Conference, Dallas, Tex.: The Association, p. 29-32.
NAL call number: HE9788.4 A55A54 1990

Cockrill, W.R., ed. (1990). World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies. Inaugural Meeting. Wolfson College Oxford, 12 December 1989. Working animals international. Oxford, UK, 78 p.

Coppinger, L. and R. Coppinger (1993). Dogs for herding and guarding livestock. In: Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 179-196.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Cortesi, M.L. (1996). [Income animals. Welfare indicators and "guide lines" for their application in slaughtering]. Animali da reddito. Indicatori di benessere e "linee guida" per la loro applicazione nella macellazione. Selezione Veterinaria (3):173-191.
NAL call number: 241.71 B75

Cross, H. (1995). Battle over live animal transport. Animals International (51):32-33.
NAL call number: HV4701 A53

English, P., G. Burgess, R.S. Cochran, and J. Dunne (1992). Stockmanship: Improving the care of the pig and other livestock. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press, 190 p.
NAL call number: SF71.2 S76 1992

Facilities, handling key to making livestock health programs work (1991). Georgia Cattleman 19(5):46.
NAL call number: SF191 G4

Farm Animal Welfare Council (1991). Report on the European Commission proposals on the transport of animals. London: MAFF Publications, 31 p.

Fikuart, K. (1992). [Experiences with long-distance transportation of animals -cattle, pigs, deer, rabbits]. Erfahrungen mit ferntransporten von tieren - rinder, schweine, hirsche, kaninchen. Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 99(1):18-20.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482

Florent, L. (1991). [Meat animals transport: physiological, pathological, behavioral and economical aspects]. Le transport des animaux de boucherie: aspects physiopathologiques, comportementaux et economiques. Toulouse, France: Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse, 1991, 224 p.

Fortbildungsveranstaltung an der Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, eds. (1996). Current problems in animal welfare. Part 1. Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 103(2):35-70.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482

Gallo S.C. (1994). [Effect of pre and post slaughtering handling on meat quality]. Efecto del manejo pre y post faenamiento en la calidad de la carne. Serie Simposios y Compendios Sociedad Chilena de Produccion Animal (2):27-47.

Gibbens, N. (1996). Welfare during handling and transport of farm animals. State Veterinary Journal 6(1):7-9.
NAL call number: SF601 S8

Gonyou, H.W. (1993). Behavioural principles of animal handling and transport. Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 11-20.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Goossens, B., S. Osaer, S. Kora, K.J. Chandler, L. Petrie, J.A. Thevasagayam, T. Woolhouse, and J. Anderson (1998). Abattoir survey of sheep and goats in The Gambia. Veterinary Record 142(11):277-281.

Grandin, T. (1990). Innovation in pre-slaughter handling. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26(3):286.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Grandin, T. (1993). Handling and welfare of livestock in slaughter plants. Livestock handling and transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 289-311.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Grandin, T.F. and L. Krulisch (1992). Handling and transport of agricultural animals used in research. In: The well being of agricultural animals in biomedical and agricultural research, J.A. Mench and S.J. Mayer, eds., p. 74-84.
NAL call number: HV4704 W38 1990

Grandin, T. and M. Deesing (1998). Genetics and behavior during handling, restraint, and herding. In: Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, T. Grandin, ed., San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, p. 113-144.
NAL call number: SF756.7 G46 1998

Grandin, T. (1997). Assessment of stress during handling and transport. Journal of Animal Science 75(1):249-257.
NAL call number: 49 J82

Grandin, T. (1994). Euthanasia and slaughter of livestock. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209(9):1354-1360.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3

Grandin, T. (1994). Farm animal welfare during handling, transport, and slaughter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 204(3):372-377.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3

Grandin, T. (1993). Handling and welfare of livestock in slaughter plants. Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 289-311.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Grandin, T. (1993). Livestock handling and transport. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 320 p.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Grandin, T. (1994). Solving livestock handling problems. Veterinary Medicine 89(10):989-998.
NAL call number: 41.8 M69

Grandin, T. (1993). Teaching principles of behavior and equipment design for handling livestock. Journal of Animal Science 71(4):1065-1070
NAL call number: 49 J82

Grandin, T. (1995). Restraint of livestock. In: Animal Behavior and the Design of Livestock and Poultry Systems International Conference Ithaca, NY: Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Cooperative Extension, p. 208-223.
NAL call number: S675 N72 no.84

Grandin, T. (1992). Livestock trucking guide: livestock management practices that reduce injuries to livestock during transport. Madison, WI : Livestock Conservation Institute, 16 p.
NAL call number: SF89 G73 1992

Grandin, T. (1996). Factors that impede animal movement at slaughter plants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209(4):757-759.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3

Grandin, T. (1990). Introduction: Management and economic factors of handling and transport. Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 1-10.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Grandin, T. (1993). Design of loading facilities and holding pens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(1/2):187-201.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Grandin, T. (1993). The effect of previous experiences on livestock behavior during handling. Agri-Practice 14(4):15-20.
NAL call number: SF601 B6

Grandin, T. (1993). Facility design in relation to animal behaviour, stress and bruising. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 53:175-178.
NAL call number: 49.9 N483

Grauvogl, A. (1990). [How to handle horses, cattle, pigs and sheep]. Umgang mit pferd, rind, schwein und schaf. Praktische Tierarzt 71(4):8-13.
NAL call number: 41.8 P882

Gregory, N.G. (1992). Developments in livestock transport and slaughter. Sustainable livestock farming into the 21st Century, CAS Paper 25, B.J. Marshall, ed., p. 31-50.

Gregory, N.G. (1994). Preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughter. Meat Science 36(1/2): 45-56.
NAL call number: TX373 M4

Gregory, N.G. (1996). Welfare and hygiene during preslaughter handling. Meat Science 43(suppl.): S35-S46.
NAL call number: TX373 M4

Gross, W.B. and P.B. Siegel (1993). General principles of stress and welfare. Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 21-34.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Guizzardi, F. (1996). [Escort sanitary documentation (for the transport of cattle and swine in Italy)]. Documentazione sanitaria di scorta (per il trasporto dei bovini e suini in Italia). Informatore Agrario 52(8):55-57.
NAL call number: 281.8 IN32

Hall, S.J.G. and R.H. Bradshaw (1998). Welfare aspects of the transport by road of sheep and pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 1(3):235-254.

Hays, S.M. (1990). Shipping fever: drive it out. Agricultural Research 38(3):12-13.
NAL call number: 1.98 Ag84

Hemsworth, P.H. and G.J. Coleman (1998). Human livestock interactions: the stockperson and the productivity and welfare of intensively farmed animals. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 152 p.

Hemsworth, P.H., E.O. Price, and R. Borgwardt (1996). Behavioural responses of domestic pigs and cattle to humans and novel stimuli. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 50(1):43-56.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, and G.J. Coleman (1993). Improving productivity with better stock handling. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 53:211-314.
NAL call number: 49.9 N483

Hodge, R.W., K.L. Butler, A.P. Kelly, and P.T. Beers (1990). Simulated ship transport--the effect of presenting the ration as pellets on the incidence of failure to eat. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production , Sydney, Australia: Pergamon Press, 18 p.
NAL call number: 49.9 Au72

House of Commons Agricultural Committee (1990). Animals in transit. Memoranda. London: HMSO, 89p.

Hovell, G.J.R. (1990). Transport animals promoted. British Veterinary Journal 146(5):385-386.
NAL call number: 41.8 V643

Hoy, S. (1993). [Transportation of slaughter animals in agreement with prevention of cruelty to animals (cattle, poultry, rabbits)]. Tierschutzgerechtes Transportieren von Schlachttieren (Rinder, Gefluegel, Kaninchen). Fleisch 47(6):353-354.
NAL call number: 50.8 F622

Huisinga, G. (1996). [Direct marketing: What should consumers take into account]. Direktvermarktung: Was Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher beachten sollten. DGS International (39):10-11.
NAL call number: SF481 D48

Humane Slaughter Association (1991). Handling and loading of livestock. Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK: Humane Slaughter Association, 35 p.
NAL call number: SF89 H85 1991

Humane Slaughter Association (1993). Captive-bolt stunning of livestock. South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK: Humane Slaughter Association, 23 p.
NAL call number: SF760 A55C37 1993

Investigation into the condition of livestock markets: hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, June 11, 1996 (1996). United States Senate, Committee on Commerce, Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O. For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 142 p.
NAL call number: Fiche S 133 Y-4.C-73/7:S.HRG.104-625

Jerabek, J. (1995). [Regulations on protection of animals during transport]. Smernice o ochrane zvirat behem prepravy. Veterinarstvi 45(11):506-508.
NAL call number: 41.8 V6439

Joyce, J. (1990). Operations: from an airline viewpoint. Conference proceedings: Animal Transportation Association, April 22-25, 1990, 16th International Conference, Dallas, Tex.: The Association, p. 32-38.
NAL call number: HE9788.4 A55A54 1990

Kidd, R. (1994). How to corral handling stress: innovative facilities and techniques make working stock a breeze. New Farm 16(6):5-9.
NAL call number: S1 N32

Kieffer, J.P. (1991). Animal welfare during transport of livestock. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Veterinaire Pratique de France 75(6-7):325-330, 332-337.
NAL call number: 41.9 SO12

Koenigs, E. (1993). [Animal transportation: necessity of action persists]. Tiertransporte: Weiterhin Handlungsbedarf. Tierzuechter 45(10):25-27.
NAL call number: 49 T445

Kokoszka, S. (1994). Type of farming versus transport requirements and equipment with transport means of family farms. Problemy Inzynierii Rolniczej 2(4):117-123.

Laing, J.A. (1991). Prevention, management and repair of trauma in transport animals. In: World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies, Spring Meeting, 15 May 1991. Newmarket, UK: Animal Health Trust, 63 p.

Larsen, W.E. and R.E. Short (1993). Variable-dimension livestock restraining cage. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 9(6):549-552.
NAL call number: S671 A66

le Neindre, P., X. Boivin, and A. Boissy (1996). Handling of extensively kept animals. Applied Animal Behavioural Science 49(1):73-81.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Lindkvist, K. (1995). [Transportation of grazing animals for landscape management]. Foerflyttning av betesdjur i landskapsvaardande syfte. Uppsala, Sweden. 176 p. Summaries in English and Swedish.

Livestock Conservation Institute (1992). Proper handling techniques for non-ambulatory animals. Madison, Wis.: The Institute, 19 p.
NAL call number: SF140 S33P76 1992

[Livestock traffic (marketing) regulation altered at high speed]. Viehverkehrs-VO im Eilverfahren geaendert. Schweinezucht und Schweinemast 41(2):4.
NAL call number: 46 Z7 Ed.4

Loi, P. (1991). [With regard to the livestock transports (in Italy)]. A proposito dei trasporti di bestiame (in Italia). Eurocarni 6(9):91-95.

Lorenz, J. (1996). Transport of animals. Ways of averting stress and losses among cattle and pigs. Arbeiten der DLG, Band 193, 85 pp.
NAL call number: 18 D48

Mangas, J.M., R. Millan, E. Sanjuan, M. Castelo, and L. Tudela (1997). [Humane slaughter of animal meat for human consumption]. El sacrificio humanitario de los animales de abasto. Eurocarne (53):43-49. Summaries in English and Spanish.

Manteca, X. and J.L. Ruiz de la Torre (1996). Transport of extensively farmed animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49(1):89-94.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Mason, C.W., J.L. Metheringham, and M.J. Parker (1995). Slaughter and welfare. Meat Focus International 4(12):495-500.
NAL call number: TS1950 M433

McGlone, J.J. (1995). Facility design should correspond to animal behavior. Feedstuffs 67(26):12-16, 21.
NAL call number: 286.81 F322

Meunier Salaun, M.C. (1991). Animal behaviour and design of animal housing. Bulletin Technique du Machinisme et de l'Equipement Agricoles (51): 9-15.
NAL call number: 58.9 F842

Moebius, C. (1997). [EuroTier further selection: Novelty in the techniques of cleaning and transportation]. EuroTier-Nachlese: Neuheiten in der Reinigungs- und Transporttechnik. DGS Magazin (2):26-30.

Murray, K.C., S. Cullinane, J.C. Eddison, and J.A. Kirk (1996). The relationship between livestock distribution channels and animal welfare. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology, 14-17 August 1996, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, p. 123.
NAL call number: SF756.7 I57 1996

National Youth Livestock Program Ethics Symposium: December 1-2, 1995, Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada. Official proceedings National Youth Livestock Program Ethics Symposium (1995). Bowling Green, Ky.: Livestock Conservation Institute, 161 p.
NAL call number: HV4757 N38 1995

Nijskens, J.J.W. (1997). Two microbiological techniques for evaluating the hygiene of livestock trucks after cleaning and disinfection. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 122(7):193-195.
NAL call number: 41.8 T431

O'Donnell, J.B. (1990). Port authority point of view. Conference proceedings: Animal Transportation Association, April 22-25, 1990, 16th International Conference, Dallas, Tex.: The Association, p. 42-43.
NAL call number: HE9788.4 A55A54 1990

Orihuela, J.A. and J.J Solano (1994). Relationship between order of entry in slaughterhouse raceway and time to traverse raceway. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 40(3-4): 313-317.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Panepinto, L.M. and L. Krulisch (1992). The minimum-stress physical restraint of swine and sheep in the laboratory. In: The Well-being of Agricultural Animals in Biomedical and Agricultural Research, J.A. Mench and S.J. Mayer, eds., p. 85-87.
NAL call number: HV4704.W38 1990

Perry, G., ed. (1990). Transport and pre-slaughter handling. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(1-2):1-211.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Poerstel, T.M. and W.L. Craig (1993). A guide for livestock exporters. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Transportation and Marketing Division.
NAL call number: aSF89 P63 1993

Potapov, G.P. (1990). [Loading-transport vehicles for stock raising]. Pogruzochno-transportnye mashiny dlia zhivotnovodstva : spravochnik. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 238 p.
NAL call number: SF89 P6

Randall, J.M. (1993). Environmental parameters necessary to define comfort for pigs, cattle and sheep in livestock transporters. Animal Production 57(Pt.2):299-307.
NAL call number: 49 An55

Randall, J.M. and R. Patel (1994). Thermally induced ventilation of livestock transporters. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 57(2):99-107.
NAL call number: 58.8 J82

Reintam, E. (1995). [Animal welfare and European integration]. Euroopa integratsiooni mitmetahulisus. Estonian Veterinary Review (Oct 1995):356-359. Summary in English.

Robinson, G.M. (1990). Port of export for sea/air user/provider perspectives. Conference proceedings: Animal Transportation Association, April 22-25, 1990, 16th International Conference, Dallas, Tex.: The Association, p. 45-48.
NAL call number: HE9788.4 A55A54 1990

Rushen, J. (1996). Using aversion learning techniques to assess the mental state, suffering, and welfare of farm animals. Journal of Animal Science 74(8):1990-1995.
NAL call number: 49 J82

Sacht, J.H. (1990). Animal welfare at transport - lists for checking horse, cattle, sheep and pig transports. Rundschau fur Fleischhygiene und Lebensmitteluberwachung 42(11): 203-204.

Sascht, J.H. (1990). Animal welfare during transport. Rundschau fur Fleischhygiene und Lebensmitteluberwachung 42(10):180-181.

Sato, S. and N. Okamoto (1996). The effect of presence of a stockperson on behaviour of livestock under distress. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology 14-17 August, 1996, Guelph, Ontario, Canada / International Society for Applied Ethology International Congress, p.53.
NAL call number: SF756.7 I57 1996

Schaefer, A.L., S.D.M. Jones, and R.W. Stanley (1997). The use of electrolyte solutions for reducing transport stress. Journal of Animal Science 75(1):258-265.
NAL call number: 49 J82

Schneiderova, P. (1993). [Farm animal handling with respect to welfare conditions - pigs, cattle (Review)]. Zasady manipulace s hospodarskymi zviraty z hlediska welfare - prasata, skot (Studijni zprava). Studijni Informace Zivocisna Vyroba. Prague, Czech Republic: Ustav Zemedelskych a Potravinarskych Informaci, 52 p.
NAL call number: 49.9 C33

Second National Youth Livestock Program Ethics Symposium: December 6-8, 1996, Hyatt Regency DFW Airport, Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. Official proceedings (1996). Bowling Green, Ky.: Livestock Conservation Institute, 175p.
NAL call number: HV4757 N38 1996

Stafford, K.J. and D.J. Mellor (1993). Castration, tail docking and dehorning - what are the constraints? Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 53:189-196.
NAL call number: 49.9 N483

Stevenson, P. (1994). A far cry from Noah. London: Green Print, 128 p.
NAL call number: HV4733 S74 1994

Tarrant, P.V. (1990). [The stress by transport in the animal of zootechnical interest]. Lo stress da trasporto negli animali di interesse zootecnico. Selezione Veterinaria 31(1):15-21.
NAL call number: 241.71 B75

Texdorf, I. (1994). [Animal protection at slaughter houses - inspections and problems at discharge]. Tierschutz am schlachthof - kontrollen und probleme bei der entladung. Rundschau fuer Fleischhygiene und Lebensmittelueberwachung 46(8):171-172.

Tibau, J. and A. Diestre (1995). [Genetic and handling factors to take part in carcass and meat quality]. Factores geneticos y de manejo que intervienen en la calidad de la canal y de la carne. Eurocarne (35):73-77.

Town, W.K. and J.W. Lapworth (1990). The use of wind tunnel modelling to improve the transport environment in roadtrains carrying livestock on unsealed roads. In: Agricultural engineering conference 1990. Proceedings of a conference held in Toowoomba, Australia, 11-14 November 1990, National Conference Publication Number 90-13, Institution of Engineers Australia, ed., p. 435-438.
NAL call number: S671.3 A37 1990

[Transport of livestock] (1993). Transport des animaux d'elevage. In: Syndicat francais de l'assurance maritime et transports. Paris, France: Editions l'assurance francaise, 150 p. In French and English.
NAL call number: SF89 T76 1993

[Transportation of sick or injured animals] (1994). Transport von kranken oder verletzten Tieren. Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt. Organ des Landesbauernverbandes in Baden Wuerttemberg. Ausg. WWL 161(38):26.
NAL call number: S232 B24L36

Viere, H.P. (1994). Mobile slaughtering plant. An integrated slaughtering and processing unit of modular construction. Fleischwirtschaft 74(10):1077-1078.
NAL call number: 280.38 F62

Vitzthum, W. (1996). [Responsibility for care on the part of the stockyard in relation to fitness for transport of livestock.] Betreuungspflicht auf dem Viehhof und Transportfaehigkeit. Tieraerztliche Umschau 51(2): 99-100, 105-106.
NAL call number: 41.8 T445

Walsh, P.A., J.W. Lapworth, D. Hall, and L.C. Zeller (1994). Vibration levels in livestock trailers on Australian roads. Agricultural Engineering Australia, p. 47.
NAL call number: S671 A33

Walter, J. and P. Knief (1993). Animal friendly houses have five sections. DLG Mitteilungen Agrar Inform 108(3):60-62.
NAL call number: HD1491 G3K6

Warris, P.D. (1992). Animal welfare. Handling animals before slaughter and the consequences for welfare and product quality. Meat Focus International 1(3):135-138.
NAL call number: TS1950 M433

Warriss, P.D. (1996). The welfare of animals during transport. Veterinary Annual 36:73-85.
NAL call number: 41.8 V6456

von Wenzlawowicz, M., K. von Holleben, A. Briese, and L. Heuking (1994). [Animal welfare in slaughterhouses]. Tierschutz am Schlachthof. Berliner und Muenchener Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 107(7):237-244. Summaries in German and English.
NAL call number: 41.8 B45

Wiklund, E., G. Malmfors, and B. Essen Gustavsson (1991). [Handling of slaughter animals - effects on glycogen depletion and animal welfare]. Glykogenfoerbrukning och stress hos noetkreatur i samband med slakt. In: [AGRIA research fund. Projects 1988-1990]. AGRIAs forskningsfond. Ett urval av projekt 1988-1990, Stockholm, Sweden: AGRIA, p. 63-65.

Winegar, G.O. (1990). USDA perspective. In: Conference proceedings: Animal Transportation Association, April 22-25, 1990, 16th International Conference, Dallas, Tex.: The Association, p. 44-45.
NAL call number: HE9788.4 A55A54 1990

Winters, R.A. (1993). Safety for the animal handler. Live Animal Trade and Transport Magazine 5(1):5-9.
NAL call number: HE199.5 L5L58

Zeeb, K., C. Bock, and B. Heinzler (1990). Control of social stress by consideration of suitable social space. In: Social stress in domestic animals, R. Zayan and R. Dantzer, eds., Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 275-281.
NAL call number: SF600 C82 53

Zeeb, K. (1990). [The ethological basis concerning animal management and handling]. Ethologische Grundlagen im Zusammenhang mit der Haltungstechnik. Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift 97(6):220-225.
NAL call number: 41.8 D482

To: [ Main Contents ] [ Top of Bibliography section ]

Bibliography: Cattle

Agnes, F., P. Sartorelli, B.H. Abdi, and A. Locatelli (1990). Effect of transport loading or noise on blood biochemical variables in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51(10):1679-1681.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A

Albright, J.L. (1993). Dairy cattle husbandry. Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Arnemo, J.M. and N.E. Soli (1993). Chemical capture of free-ranging cattle: immobilization with xylazine or medetomidine, and reversal with atipamezole. Veterinary Research Communications 17(6):469-477.
NAL call number: SF601 V38

Atkinson, P.J. (1992). Investigation of the effects of transport and lairage on hydration state and resting behaviour of calves for export. Veterinary Record 130(19):413-416.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641

Becker, B.G. and J.F.P. Lobato (1997). Effect of gentle handling on the reactivity of zebu crossed calves to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 53(3):219-224.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Bertoni, G., R. Gennari, M.G. Troglio, and A. Soressi (1992). Preliminary studies on changes in blood chemistry induced by two stress factors: movement from one farm to another and drying off. Atti della Societa Italiana di Buiatria 24:505-511.

Bickert, W.G. and J.P. Chastain (1998). Sorting, handling and restraining lactating cows for treatment and other purposes. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Dairy Housing Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 28-30 January 1998, St. Joseph, Missouri: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE), p. 44-50.
NAL call number: SF506 I58 1998

Boissy, A. (1990). [Emotive reactions in female cattle (Bos taurus L.). Quantification and influence of environmental and hormonal factors emotional reactivity, social relations, man-animal relations, early handling, social context]. Les reactions emotives chez les bovins domestiques (Bos taurus L.). Quantification et variations sous l' influence de facteurs environnementaux et hormonaux reactivite emotionnelle, relations intraspecifiques, relations homme-animal, manipulations precoces, contexte social. Paris, France: Université de Paris 13, 280 p.

Boivin, X., P. le Neindre, J.P. Garel, J.M. Chupin, and J.C. Edison (1995). Long term effects of rearing management before the weaning on the behavioural and physiological responses of cattle to human handling. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology: Exeter, UK, 3-5 August, 1995, S.M. Rutter, J. Rushen, and H.D. Randle, eds., p. 151-152.
NAL call number: SF756.7 I57 1995

Boivin, X., P. le Neindre, J.P. Garel, and J.M. Chupin (1994). Influence of breed and rearing management on cattle reactions during human handling. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39(2):115-122.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Boivin, X., P. le Neindre, and J.M. Chupin (1992). Establishment of cattle-human relationships. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32(4):325-335.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Boivin, X., P. le Neindre, J.M. Chupin, J.P. Garel, and G. Trillat (1992). Influence of breed and early management on ease of handling and open-field behaviour of cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 32(4):313-323.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Boivin, X., J.P. Garel, A. Mante, and P. Le Neindre (1998). Beef calves react differently to different handlers according to the test situation and their previous interactions with their caretaker. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55(3/4):245-257.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Borg, R. (1993). Corrals for handling beef cattle. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Publishing Branch, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 91 p.
NAL call number: SF207 B67 1993

Brearley, J.C., H. Dobson, and R.S. Jones (1990). Investigations into the effect of two sedatives on the stress response in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13(4):367-377.
NAL call number: SF915 J63

Bremner, K.J., L.R. Matthews, D.J. Brears, and A.M. Painting (1992). The behaviour and welfare of calves during unloading after transportation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 52:73-75.
NAL call number: 49.9 N483

Broucek, J., V. Tancin, and S. Mihina (1993). [Transport of calves and associated problems]. Preprava telat a problemy s tim spojene. Veterinarstvi 43(11):425-428.
NAL call number: 41.8 V6439

Broucek, J., V. Tancin, S. Mihina, L. Botto, P. Tongel, and M. Uhrincat (1994). [The effect of transport on responses, behaviour and performance of calves]. Vplyv prepravy na reakcie, spravanie a uzitkovost teliat. Polnohospodarstvo 40(7):539-553. Summaries in English and Slovakian.
NAL call number: 19.5 P752

Brouchek, Y., S. Mikhina, V. Brestenski, V. Tanchin, and L. Gartsek (1994). Canadian standards for beef cattle husbandry. Naturalium (3-4):17-20.

Brown, S.N., E.A. Bevis, and P.D. Warriss (1990). An estimate of the incidence of dark cutting beef [depleted glycogen due to preslaughter stress, identified by pH (more or equal to 6.0)] in the United Kingdom. Meat Science 27(3):249-253.
NAL call number: TX373 M4

Bruce, H.L., C.R. Jones, and R.O. Ball (1990). Interactive effects of low voltage electrical stimulation and leg restraint on meat quality of Charolais crossbred steer carcasses. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70(4):1131-1135.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163

Buchner A., W. Baumgartner, C. Carda, C. Holzleithner, and F. Trenti (1994). Aetiology of mechanical and infectious damage to cattle hides. In: Proceedings of the 18th World Buiatrics Congress: 26th Congress of the Italian Association of Buiatrics, Bologna, Italy, August 29-September 2, 1994. Volume 2, pp. 1301-1305.
NAL call number: IPM960207521

Campero, C.M. The use of halter chains in cattle. Veterinaria Argentina 12(117):468-469.
NAL call number: SF604 V463

Carrano, J.A. and R. Bucklin (1994). Automatic cow sorting system. In: Dairy systems for the 21st century. Proceedings of the third international dairy housing conference held in Orlando, Florida, USA, 2-5 February 1994, ASAE Publication 02-94, p. 11-16.
NAL call number: SF206 I58 1994

Castro, M.J., J.M. Sanchez, J.A. Riol, M.E. Alonso, and V.R. Gaudioso (1994). [Evaluation of the stress reaction produced in fighting cattle by different standard handling procedures]. Evaluacion de la reaccion de estres en animales de raza delidia ante diferentes practicas habituales de manejo. Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria. Produccion Animal 90(2):104-111. Summaries in English and Spanish.
NAL call number: S15 I8

Cecugiewicz, S. (1992). [Calf restraining by use of electric impulses]. Badania nad efektami stosowania impulsow elektrycznych do poskramiania cielat. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Krakowie, Zootechnika 28(266):67-71.
NAL call number: SD1 K7

Christoffersen, S.A. (1994). Statement on cow trainers. From the ethics committee of the Department of Agriculture. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 106(4):310-314.
NAL call number: 41.8 N81

Cockram, M.S. (1991). Resting behaviour of cattle in a slaughterhouse lairage. British Veterinary Journal 147(2):109-119.
NAL call number: 41.8 V643

Cockram, M.S. and K.T.T. Corley (1991). Effect of pre-slaughter handling on the behaviour and blood composition of beef cattle. British Veterinary Journal 147(5):444-454.
NAL call number: 41.8 V643

Corrier, D.E., C.W. Purdy, and J.R. DeLoach (1990). Effects of marketing stress on fecal excretion of Salmonella spp. in feeder calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51(6):866-869.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A

Coventry, J. (1995). Live export (beef) cattle in South East Asia...more deaths in Indonesia. Alice Springs Rural Review 25(5):2.
NAL call number: S478 A84R8

Curtis, S.E. (1995). Bovine behavior: key to handling cattle. In: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 27^th Convention, p. 18-20.
NAL call number: SF961 A5

Dirksen, G. and M. Stober (1994). Evaluation of the suitability for transport of diseased or injured cattle on the basis of clinical criteria. Deutsches Tierarzteblatt 42(3):194-196.
NAL call number: 41.8 D484

Dumelow, J. and C. Boon (1993). Simulating the cattle foot/floor interaction to develop improved skid resistant floors. In: Livestock Environment IV. Proceedings of a conference held in Coventry, UK, 6-9 July 1993, E. Collins, ed., p. 173-180.
NAL call number: SF91 L58 1993

Dunn, C.S. (1990). Stress reactions of cattle undergoing ritual slaughter using two methods of restraint. Veterinary Record 126(21):522-525.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641

Edwards, J.F., S.E. Wikse, J.K. Loy, and R.W. Field (1995). Vertebral fracture associated with trauma during movement and restraint of cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207(7):934-935.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3

Espona, X. (1991). [Pasteurella haemolytica in the shipping fever]. Importancia de Pasteurella haemolytica en el SRB (Sistema Respiratorio Bovino). Medicina Veterinaria 8(7-8):433-488.
NAL call number:

Ewbank, R. (1993). Handling cattle in intensive systems. In: Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 59-74.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Ewbank, R., M.J. Parker, and C.W. Mason (1992). Reactions of cattle to head-restraint at stunning: a practical dilemma. Animal Welfare 1(1):55-63. HV4701 A557
NAL call number: HV4701 A557

Floyd, J. (1995). Proper preparation of calves for shipment is essential. Feedstuffs 67(20):13, 23.
NAL call number: 286.81 F322

Fluharty, F.L., S.C. Loerch, D.R. Redman (1992). Effects of 0, 48 or 72 hours of feed and water deprivation and trucking stress on rumen characteristics and bacterial numbers in newly weaned steers. Ohio Beef Cattle Research and Industry Report (Number 92-1):74-84.
NAL call number: SF207 B442

Frandsen, K.E. (1994). [Bullocks droves: Production and export of oxen from Denmark in the mid-1600s]. Okser paa vandring: Produktion og eksport af stude fra Danmark i midten af 1600-tallet. Ebeltoft, Denmark: Skippershoved, 156 p. Summary in English.

Frank, G.H., R.E. Briggs, R.W. Loan, C.W. Purdy, and E.S. Zehr (1996). Respiratory tract disease and mucosal colonization by Pasteurella haemolytica in transported cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57(9) :1317-1320.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3A

Friend, T.H., D.C. Lay, R.D. Randel, C.L. Bowers, K.K. Grissom, D.A. Neuendorff, and O.C. Jenkins (1998). Effects of restricted nursing on physiological and behavioral reactions of Brahman calves to subsequent restraint and weaning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56(2/4):109-119.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Gortel, K., A.L. Schaefer, B.A. Young, and S.C. Kawamoto (1992). Effects of transport and electrolyte supplementation on body fluids and weights of bulls. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72(3):547-553.
NAL call number: 41.8 C163

Grandin, T. (1997). The design and construction of facilities for handling cattle. Livestock Production Science 49:103-119.
NAL call number: SF1 L5

Grandin, T. (1992). Double rail restrainer system for holding large beef cattle during stunning. Proceedings: 38th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology: August 23-28, 1992, Clermont Ferrand, France: Volume 2., p. 181-184.

Grandin, T. (1991). Double rail restrainer for handling beef cattle. Papers of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, No. 91-5004, 15 p.
NAL call number: 290.9 Am32P

Grandin, T. (1993). Behavioral agitation during handling of cattle is persistent over time. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36(1):1-9.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Grandin, T. (1993). Behavioural principles of cattle handling under extensive conditions. Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 43-58.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Grandin, T. (1991). Cattle behavior during handling & corral design for beef cow herds. Extension Bulletin of the Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University (29-96), East Lansing, Mich.: The Service, 10 p.
NAL call number: 275.29 M58B

Grandin, T. (1990). Design of loading facilities and holding pens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28(1/2):187-201.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Grandin, T. (1993). Handling facilities and restraint of range cattle. In: Livestock Handling and Transport, T. Grandin, ed., Wallingford, UK: CAB International, p. 75-94.
NAL call number: SF89 L59 1993

Grandin, T. (1992). Observations of cattle restraint devices for stunning and slaughtering. Animal Welfare 1(2):85-90.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557

Grandin, T. (1994). The two major animal welfare problems of the dairy industry: treatment of newborn calves and handling of downed cows. In: Humane Innovations and Alternatives, Washington Grove, MD: Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, p. 616-617.
NAL call number: QL55 H8

Grandin,T. (1998). The feasibility of using vocalization scoring as an indicator of poor welfare during cattle slaughter. AppliedAnimal Behaviour Science 56(2/4):121-128.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Grandin, T., M.J. Deesing, J.J. Struthers, and A.M. Swinker (1995). Cattle with hair whorl patterns above the eyes are more behaviorally agitated during restraint. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 46(1/2):117-123.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Grandin, T., K.G. Odde, D.N. Schutz, and L.M. Behrns (1994). The reluctance of cattle to change a learned choice may confound preference tests. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39(1):21-28.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Graves, R.E. (1991). Animal handling safety in the milking parlor. Papers of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, No. 91-4571, 8p.
NAL call number: 290.9 Am32P

Gustafson, G.M. and E. Lund Magnussen (1996). Effect of daily exercise on the getting up and lying down behaviour of tied dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 25(1): 27-36.
NAL call number: SF601 P7

Hagenlocher, H. and T. Schroeer (1990). [Prevention and treatment of skin damage in cattle]. Wirtschaftliche bedeutung, vermeidung und behandlung von hautschaeden beim rind. Praktische Tierarzt 71(12):5-23.
NAL call number: 41.8 P882

Harness, J.K. (1992). Lifting the bovine fore leg. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (24):152.
NAL call number: SF961 A5

Hemsworth, P.H., J.L. Barnett, L. Beveridge, and L.R. Matthews (1995). The welfare of extensively managed dairy cattle: a review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 42(3):161-182.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Hoffman, D.E., M.F. Spire, J.R. Schwenke, and J.A. Unruh (1998). Effect of source of cattle and distance transported to a commercial slaughter facility on carcass bruises in mature beef cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212(5):668-672.
NAL call number: 41.8 Am3

Holmes, R.J. (1991). Cattle. In: Practical animal handling, R.S. Anderson and A.T.B. Edney, eds., Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, p. 15-38.
NAL call number: SF61 P73 1991

Honkavaara, M. and P. Kortesniemi (1994). Effect of long distance transport on cattle stress and meat quality. Meat Focus International 3(10):405-409.
NAL call number: TS1950 M433

Hosokawa, Y. (1990). A fencing system based on cattle behavior. JARQ 23(4):301-309.
NAL call number: S19 J3

Hucka, M. (1990). Cattle sheds. Mechanizace Zemedelstvi 40(9):418-422.
NAL call number: 58.8 M467

Jacobson, L.H. and C.J. Cook (1998). Partitioning psychological and physical sources of transport-related stress in young cattle. Veterinary Journal 155(2):205-208.

Jarvis, A.M., L. Selkirk, and M.S. Cockram (1995). The influence of source, sex class and pre-slaughter handling on the bruising of cattle at two slaughterhouses. Livestock Production Science 43(3):215-224.
NAL call number: SF1 L5

Jarvis, A.M., D.W.J. Harrington, and M.S. Cockram (1996). Effect of source and lairage on some behavioural and biochemical measurements of feed restriction and dehydration in cattle at a slaughterhouse. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 50(1):83-94.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Jarvis, A.M., C.D.A. Messer, and M.S. Cockram (1996). Handling, bruising and dehydration of cattle at the time of slaughter. Animal Welfare 5(3):259-270.
NAL call number: HV4701 A557

Jubb, T.F., D.S. Pinch, and S.R. Petty (1990). Treatment with vitamins A, D and E did not reduce weight loss in transported cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 70(5):171-173.
NAL call number: 41.8 Au72

Kabuga, J.D. and P.A. Appiah (1992). A note on the ease of handling and flight distance of Bos indicus, Bos taurus and their crossbreds. Animal Production 54(Pt.2):309-311.
NAL call number: 49 An55

von Kaufmann, R. (1990). A home-built and portable cattle race. Tropicultura 8(3):142-143.
NAL call number: HD1417 T76

Kelly, M. and G.A.L. Watson (1993). Cattle handling and penning. Farm Building Progress (111):8-10.
NAL call number: TH4911 F37

Kenny, F.J. and P.V. Tarrant (1990). The behavioural responses of beef cattle to short haul road transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26(3):292-293.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Kent, J.E. and R. Ewbank (1990). The behavioural response of 3-month-old calves to 18 hours road transportation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26(3):289.
NAL call number: QL750 A6

Kent, J.E., M.V. Thrusfield, I.S. Robertson, and V. Molony (1996). Castration of calves: a study of methods used by farmers in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record 138(16):384-387.
NAL call number: 41.8 V641

Kimmel, E., H. Arkin, and A. Berman (1992). Evaporative cooling of cattle: transport phenomena and thermovision. Papers of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 14 p.
NAL call number: 290.9 Am32P

King, M.C., M.T. van Koevering, D.R. Gill, J. Garza, and R.L. Ball (1992). Effect of Rep-Gel on performance of shipping stressed cattle. In: Animal Science Research Report, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, p. 307-311.
NAL call number: 10