United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center

Information Resources on the South American Camelids: Llamas, Alpacas, Guanacos, and Vicunas 1943-2006 November 2001 (Updated February 2006) AWIC Resource Series No. 12 Updated by: Information Resources on the South American Camelids: Llamas, Alpacas, Guanacos, and Vicunas 2004-2008 Compiled by: Jean Larson Judith Ho Animal Welfare Information Center USDA, ARS, NAL 10301 Baltimore Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705 Contact us : http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php PPF Shanghai Silk Photograph courtesy of owner Raccoon Ridge Farm, Mt. Airy, MD

Table of Contents

• Introduction
  
• Acknowledgments
  
• About this Document
  
• Bibliography
  
• Selected Web Resources
  

The Camelidae family consists of a small family of mammalian animals. There are two members of Old World camels living in Africa and Asia--Arabian and the Bactrian, and four members of the New World camels living in South America--the llamas, vicunas, alpacas and guanacos. They are all very well adapted to their respective environments: the camels in harsh deserts of Africa and Asia; and their South American cousins inhabit the high altiplano and bush area of South America. Most of these species have been integrated into, and play very important roles in lives of the indigenous people. They have been traditionally used for transport of people and things, hides and fibers for clothing and other textile articles, and in many cases they supply meat and milk products, etc. The South American species are being raised in non-native countries for a variety of reasons: as pack animals, pets, guard animals for sheep ranges, and for fiber. Their biology, reproduction, disease susceptibility, behavior, and nutrition have not been studied to any great extent until fairly recently. Because there are now fairly high populations of these animals in the United States and some other temperate countries, there has been more interest and need to understand their needs, in order to provide adequate housing, feed and veterinary care as they are moved from their native environments to new climates, etc. It is with these needs in mind, that this information resource has been compiled.

Camelidae Family (see Mason, I.L. 1979 for more taxonomic information and characteristics of these animals.)

Oddly enough, the Camelidae evolved in North America. The early ancestors migrated from North America by a crossing the Alaskan land bridge to Asia and the Panama land connection to South America. They eventually became extinct in North America, but began to thrive in their new lands. At one time camels ranged from Asia to Eastern Europe. After crossing into Africa, they were found across the entire northern region and as far south as northern Tanzania. The South American members of the family found their niche in the cool, dry mountain areas of that continent.

Taxonomy

Camelids are in the taxonomic order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates), sub order Tylopoda (pad-footed), and Family Camlidae. They are ruminants along with the giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep, goats and antelopes. They have several unique features: they walk on pads not hoofs, do not have horns or antlers, and their red blood cells are oval in shape. The New World camelids include two wild species in the high Andes of South America-- the vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) and the guanaco (Lama guanacoe). The native peoples of the Andes domesticated these animals and though selective breeding developed the llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Lama pacos). There seems to be some controversy over the parent species of the alpaca and llama. The evidence suggests that both domestic species were derived from the guanaco. These South American animals have long necks like the camel, but no humps. They also have the ability to survive in harsh dry climates due to their ability to conserve their body water.

Each of the South American camelids has unique qualities, value and can be used as a source of a wide range of services and products useful to humans. Therefore, a short description and use of each of these interesting and quite tractable animals follows. The animals are medium sized, with the males being somewhat larger than the females. Their heads have a straight profile. They have no horns or antlers. They have large eyes and thick lashes. The ears are long and pointed. One obvious feature that is different from camels is the lack of a hump as their backs are straight. Their foot pads are proportionately smaller than a camel's because they need to move securely on rocky trails and gravel mountain slopes. Since they live in cold, dry places, they have very dense, wooly coats. They may kick or spit if threatened.

As mentioned above, there are probably just basically two species. All four types have been found to breed in captivity, so genetic relationships are uncertain. The llamoid or camelid is a common name for this group.

Llamas* (Lama glama)

Llamas are medium sized animals and can weigh up to 300 pounds. Males are somewhat larger than the females. They are used for fiber and as unusual pack animals in many countries around the world. Currently, they are being used for hauling carts and driving, pet therapy with elderly and disabled persons and as guard animals in large free-range sheep operations. They are environmentally sensitive and intelligent. They are also extremely gentle and used as pet therapy because of their calming effect. They seldom bite or butt and they have no horns, hooves, or claws to do injury. They are alert, curious, adaptable, and predictable with docile, disarming temperaments. They are adapted to high altitudes because their hemoglobin, a constituent of red blood cells, can absorb more oxygen than that of other mammals. Their red blood cells also have a longer life span than other mammals, an average of 235 days versus 100 days for humans.

Llamas were also used by the ancient Inca civilization in South America. Archeological evidence indicates that they have been domesticated from the wild guanaco approximately 5,000 years ago. Many llamas and alpacas were sacrificed to the gods every year by the Incan culture. The meat would then be distributed to the crowds. Llamas were also an integral part of the Inca's workforce. As pack animals they contributed vastly to the building of their irrigation systems, roads, and temples. They were also used to carry loads in the Inca's mines.

Llamas are still used today by the indigenous peoples of South America for packing and transporting goods, fibers, and for meat. Mostly the males are used as pack animal. They usually carry up to fifty pound loads. Stallions can carry up to 110-176 pounds for about 19 miles (a day's march for a llama). Male pack animals are not sheared. Their heavy wool coat acts as a saddle blanket by cushioning their loads. It has been suggested that the llamas were selectively bred as pack animals leading to a larger stronger animals than their wild parent. The females are sheared, but llama wool is inferior to the alpacas and is often used to make rope. (The alpaca has probably been selected and breed for wool and not as a pack animal.) Llamas only allow themselves to be loaded when they are part of a group. Llamas provide meat, wool, hides for sandals, and fat for candles. Their dung can be dried and used for fuel. South American herders use most parts of a llama's carcass.

Alpacas+,* domesticated 6-7,000 years ago

Alpaca's roots also go back to the Inca civilization, where alpacas were considered a "prize." Kadwell et al ¹ used mitrochrondial and microsatellite DNA analysis that indicates that the vicuna was the ancestor of the alpaca. Their coats make the finest quality wool. Alpaca fiber was woven into robes used by Inca royalty. They also provided food, fuel, clothing, and transportation for this culture in an otherwise extremely hostile environment. Alpacas still thrive in the harsh climates of the Peruvian, Bolivian, and Chilean highlands where scorching temperatures in the day plummet to sub-freezing at night. They prefer low humidity and altitudes between 13,000 and 16,000 feet. At low altitudes, their wool is often of poorer quality. Nevertheless, they are well suited for conditions in the US and are being bred in at least 44 states (1997 estimates).

Alpacas are small compared to llamas, approximately 36" at the withers. Piebald color patterns are much rarer than in llamas, and alpacas usually have a tuft of hair on their forehead. Their life span is 15 to 25 years. Their weight can range between 100 to 175 pounds (approximately one-half to one-third the size of a llama). Their gestation period is approximately 11.5 months. Their birth weight is between 15 and 19 pounds and the babies (cria) can stand and nurse within 30 minutes to one hour after birth. They also have a very low infant mortality rate.

The males produce approximately eight pounds and the females about five pounds of easily marketable wool fiber from their coats per year. The fiber comes in approximately 22 basic colors with many variations and blends. It has a cellular structure similar to hair and is more resilient and much stronger than Merino sheep wool. It is highly sought after in Britain, Europe, and Japan. The cria fiber is extra fine and lustrous and commands a higher selling price. Their wool quality is only slightly lower than the vicuna. The black coats are usually the heaviest. The Suri breed has finer, thicker, and longer hair and provides up to eleven pounds of wool per year, but the breed has a greater susceptibility to parasites.

In South America, shearings are usually done every two years before the rainy season in November and December. After seven years of age, alpacas are used primarily for meat. In 1972, there were about two million living in Peru and 50,000 in Bolivia.

Alpacas are inexpensive to feed (about $1 per day per alpaca). This is about the same cost as a large dog. They have three stomachs which enable them to be very efficient at digesting what they eat. They are more fastidious feeders than llamas, being very Earth-friendly by grazing meticulously throughout the pasture. They prefer free range pasture to confinement in a stall or barn. They have sensitive feet and prefer soft, moist ground with tender grasses. They also enjoy pools and puddles for wallowing. A lack of adequate ground moisture is thought to lead to a fatal foot disease and rainless years often lead to higher mortality rates. No special food is required for them except in winter or in late pregnancy when all they need is good quality hay and low protein pellets. Alpacas will spit on one another if sufficiently angered, but will rarely spit on people.

One acre will provide ample room for five to ten alpacas, much more economical than most other types of livestock. Any fencing that may be required is usually to keep predators out of the pasture versus keeping the alpacas in. Simple shelters will suffice, usually only requiring a three-sided enclosure or a lean-to. Alpacas usually defecate in fixed areas and avoid grazing there, keeping parasitic infestations low. Their manure also makes an excellent fertilizer.

They have a high world market value between $8,500 and $25,000 per animal; a breeding age female goes for $15,000 to 25,000 (1997 estimates). Some female alpacas are bred as young as 6-12 months of age because breeders are in a hurry to produce young, but it is recommended that the first breeding be at 18-24 months of age to allow full physical and social maturity. In the United States, they can be insured and depreciated from the owner's taxes. Other tax advantages include expense deductions and deferred recognition of accumulating wealth.

There are relatively few of these animals in North America (less than 8,000 in 1996). They were first imported to the US in 1984 and spread quickly to Canada. There have been limited numbers allowed for export from South America for reasons such as restricting their export and animal health problems.

Guanacos*

Guanacos are the larger of the two wild camelid species. They stand about four feet tall at the shoulder and about five feet to the top of the head. They have a body length of up to six feet with an approximately ten-inch long tail. They can weigh up to 210 pounds. Their wooly coat is tawny to brown and their head is usually grey.

Wild guanacos thrive in the plains of northern Peru to southern Patagonia. They often live in the mountains and altiplano areas above 12,000 feet. Usually herds of several females travel with one male; however, leaderless herds of males of up to 200 have been found. The guanaco can run at speeds up to 40 miles per hour and they are also strong swimmers. Their mating season is during August and September. They have a ten to eleven month gestation period. The babies can run soon after birth and are weaned at six to twelve weeks.

Vicunas*

Vicunas are smaller than guanacos and weigh only about 100 pounds. Vicunas thrive in the mountainous regions of Northern Peru and Chile at altitudes above 14,000 feet. They are up to three feet at the shoulder and usually have a light brown coat with a yellow-red bib. They are very social animals. There are male dominated family groups. Non-territorial males form groups of both young and desposed older males. Vicunas are less easy to tame than the guanaco because they are extremely shy, but some South American Jesuits have shown they can be domesticated. These animals are less adaptable to different environments. The native people do harvest the wool of these animals. They drive them into an enclosure, shear them, and release them.

References (*, +- denotes a large portion of this reference was used to create the text below):

Anderson, David E. The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Presents Camelid Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, March 22-25, 2000. Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. Columbus, Ohio. [2000] 348 p., ill. (some col.).
NAL call no.: SF997.5.C3035 2000

*Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert. Marshall Cavendish Corp. The International Wildlife Encyclopedia. B.P.C. Publishing Limited, New York. 1969; 10: 1329-1331.
NAL call no.: QL9.B82

Burton, Maurice. The World Encyclopedia of Animals. World Publishing Company. New York. 1972.
NAL call no.: QL9.B8

Grzimek, Bernhard; Hutchins, M. (Editor). Camels, guanacos, llamas, alpacas and vicunas. In: D.G. Kleinman; V. Geist; M.C. McDade (Editors). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 2nd edition, Vol. 15, Mammals IV, p. 313-323, 200 3. Thompson, Gale, Farmington Hill, WI. ISBN: 0787653624.

Mason, I.L. Origins, evolution and distribution of domestic camels. In: W. Ross Cockrill (Editor). The Camelid. An All-Purpose Animal. Volume 1. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala. Proceedings of the Khartoum Workshop on Camels, December 1979. p. 16-35.
NAL call no.: SF401.C2K48 1979 v. 1

Rae, M. Alpacas: wooly & wonderful. Small Farm Today. Feb/Mar 1997; 14(1): 27. ISSN: 1079-9729.
NAL call no.: S1.M57

+Sands, J.D. Alpacas: attractive investment attractive lifestyle. AgVentures. June/July 1997; [1(1)?]: 28-32.
NAL call no.: S441.A475

1. Kadwell, Miranda; Fernandez, Matilde; Stanley, Helen F.; Baldi, Ricardo; Wheeler, Jane C.; Rosadio, Raul; Bruford, Michael W. Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences. Series B. 2001 Dec; 268(1485): 2575-2584.  ISSN:  0962-8452. 
NAL call no.:  501 L84B

The authors would like to thank Dr. William Franklin and Barbara Buchanan for their help in updating this publication.

Dr. William Franklin, a recognized authority on many aspects of the natural history and characteristics of guanacos, kindly provided his personal list of publications on these animals. Since many of Dr. Franklin’s papers were not in the previous document, their addition has increased the comprehensiveness of the document. Dr. Franklin also suggested several text changes to the introductory material. Needless to say, his interest and willingness to share information is much appreciated.

Barbara Buchanan, webmaster for the AWIC program, spent many hours editing the entire document, correcting errors, standardizing citation formats, adding the many new citations, and converting everything into HTML. Her careful attention to detail helped greatly to provide a consistent, accurate and more readable document.

There have been a number of decisions made regarding the topics that included in this publication. The topical choices include the following: all four animals are covered; the results of science-based research on the biology, physiology and care of these animals in both their native environments, and as transplants to other countries; the management of these animals by the native people as both herd and natural resources; some information on the important products such as fiber and meat; the role and economic value of the animals and animal products in rural communities; disease and disease organisms; veterinary care of diseases, injuries, surgery, genetic conditions, etc. The information sources are books, conference papers, and journal articles. Some credible web site resources are also listed. Abstracts are included when available.

The information in this resource has been extracted primarily from a variety of resources, and the collection of the National Agricultural Library. It is not a comprehensive listing of the Worlds literature available on these animals. However, all the information listed includes the National Agricultural Library call number for ease when requesting photocopies or interlibrary loans. Please see http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml for lending and document delivery information.

The bibliographic citations are arranged by publication year and alphabetically by author within each year. Since this is an electronic version, it does not include an index. It is expected that by searching using key words, the user will find what is of interest. Much of the information is in English.

The compiler welcomes additional information from other sources for inclusion or any comments or suggestions. It is desirable to have a comprehensive resource of information about these animals, and collaborators are welcome. If you have or know of science based information that would enhance this publication, please contact me. Note that any information submitted must have the important elements of identification and access i.e author, year, publication information, title, accessibility, etc.

Please send your comments, information, or suggestions to:

The Animal Welfare Information Center
10301 Baltimore Ave.
Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
Contact us: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php
Tel: 301-504-6212
Fax: 301-504-7125

2006

Sarno, Ronald J.; Bank, Michael S.; Stern, Hal S.; Franklin, William L. Effects of age, sex, season, and social dynamics on juvenile guanaco subordinate behavior.  Journal of Mammalogy.  2006; 87(1): 41-47.  ISSN: 1545-1542.
NAL call no.:  410 J823
Descriptors:  guanacos, juvenile animals, males and females, behavioral tactics, aggression, dispersal, submission, submissive crouch,  sex comparisons, group size and seasonal influences, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.

2005

Aba, M.A.; Miragaya, M.H.; Chaves, M.G.; Capdevielle, E.F.; Rutter, B.; Aguero, A.  Effect of exogenous progesterone and eCG treatment on ovarian follicular dynamics in vicunas (Vicugna vicugna).  Animal Reproduction Science.  2005; 86(1-2): 153-161.  ISSN:  0378-4320.
NAL call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: 12 adult non-pregnant females vicunas, follicular dynamics, exogenous progesterone, testing ability for synchronize ovarian activity, response to eCG treatment, trans-rectal ultrosonography, plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta co ncentrations monitored, CIDR® inserted vaginally, effects of various treatments, possibilities for synchronization.

Britt, Lisa G.; Middleton, John R.; Warhover, Terri Tucker; Kreeger, John M.; Branson, Keith R.  Acanthomatous ameloblastoma of the maxilla of an adult alpaca.  Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.  2005; 46(1): 65-68.  ISSN:  1058-8183.
NAL call no.:  SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: adult alpaca, maxillary swelling, histological diagnosis, ambeloglastoma, radiation therapy, poor outcome, animal euthanized, case study. 

Cavieres, L.A.; Fajardo, A.  Browsing by guanaco (Lama guanicoe) on Nothofagus pumilio forest gaps in Tierra del Fuego, Chile.  Forest Ecology and Management.  2005 Jan. 17; 204(2-3): 237-248.  ISSN: 0378-1127.
NAL call no.: SD1.F73
Descriptors:  guancos, Lama guanicoe, feeding behavior, Nothofagus pumilio, browsing behavior, forest gap environments, Tierra del Fuego, Chile.

Cebra, Christopher K.; Tornquist, Susan J.  Evaluation of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in llama crias.  American Journal of Veterinary Re search.  2005; 66(6): 1013-1017. ISSN:  0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: llama crias, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, IV injection of glucose, insulin or NaCl solution after glucose, various time intervals for blood sampling, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, fractional turnover rates and plasma half-life.

Chavez Velasquez, A.; Alvarez Garcia, G.; Gomez Bautista, A.; Casas Astos, E.; Serrano Martinez, E.; Ortega Mora, L.M. Toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (Lama glama) and vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) in the Peruvian Andean region.  Veterinary Parasitology.  2005; 130(1-2): 93-97.  ISSN:  0304-4017.
NAL call no.:  SF810.4.V4
Descriptors:  43 adult llamas, 200 vicunas, Toxoplasma gondii, serum samples, IFAT to detect titers, western blot, first recorded detection, Peru.

Cristofanelli, S.; Antonini, M.; Torres, D.; Polidori, P.; Renieri, C.  Carcass characteristics of peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) reared in the Andean highlands.  Small Ruminant Research.  2005; 58(3): 219-222.  ISSN:  0921-4488.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09214488
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors: 20 llamas, 40 alpacas, slaughter at 25 months, carcass characteristics, weights, various cuts, full digestive tract heaviest, dressing percentage, comparison, llama more easily bred for meat production, Peru.

D'Alterio, G.L.; Jackson, A.P.; Knowles, T.G.; Foster, A.P.   Comparative study of the efficacy of eprinomectin versus ivermectin, and field efficacy of eprinomectin only, for the treatment of chorioptic mange in alpacas.  Veterinary Parasitology.  2005; 130(3/4): 267-275.  ISSN:  0304-4017.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03044017
NAL call no.:  SF810.4.V4
Descriptors: alpacas, natural infections of Chorioptes mites, mange mite control, eprinomectin protocol was effective, ivermectin, efficacy of treatments.

D'Alterio, G.L.; Callaghan, C.; Just, C.; Manner-Smith, A.; Foster, A.P.; Knowles, T.G.   Prevalence of Chorioptes sp. mite infestation in alpaca (Lama pacos) in the south-west of England: implications for skin health.  Small Ruminant Research. 2005 Mar; 57(2-3): 221-228.  ISSN: 0921-4488.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09214488
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors:  llamas, skin health implications, Chorioptes sp., parasitic mite prevalence, England.

Dolk, Edward; van der Vaart, Marcel; Lutje-Hulsik, David; Vriend, Gert; de Haard, Hans; Spinelli, Silvia; Cambillau, Christian; Frenken, Leon; Verrips, Theo.  Isolation of llama antibody fragments for prevention of dandruff by phage display in shampoo.  Applied and Environmental Microbiology.  2005 Jan; 71(1): 442-450.  ISSN: 0099-2240.  
NAL call no.:  448.3 AP5
Descriptors:  dandruff control in humans, llama antibody fragments, cell surface binding in a shampoo, Malassezia furfur, fungus control.
Abstract:  As part of research exploring the feasibility of using antibody fragments to inhibit the growth of organisms implicated in dandruff, we isolated antibody fragments that bind to a cell surface protein of Malassez ia furfur in the presence of shampoo.  We found that phage display of llama single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs) can be extended to very harsh conditions, such as the presence of shampoo containing nonionic and anionic surfactants.  We selected several VHHs that bind to the cell wall protein Malf1 of M. furfur, a fungus implicated in causing dandruff. In addition to high stability in the presence of shampoo, these VHHs are also stable under other de naturing conditions, such as high urea concentrations.  Many of the stable VHHs were found to contain arginine at position 44.  Replacement of the native amino acid at position 44 with arginine in the most stable VHH that lacked this arginine resulted in a dramatic further increase in the stability.  The combination of the unique properties of VHHs together with applied phage display and protein engineering is a powerful method for obtaining highly stable VHHs that can be used in a wide range of applications.

Foster, A.P.; Houlihan, M.; Higgins, R.J.; Errington, J.; Ibata, G.; Wakeley, P.R.  BVD virus in a British alpaca.  Veterinary Record (London).  2005; 156(22): 718-719.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  alpaca, bovine diarrhea virus, BVD, case report, clinical aspects, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, disease vectors, postmortem examinations. 

Franklin, William L.; Grigione, Melissa M.  The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton.  Journal of Biogeography.  2005 Apr; 32(4): 661-675.  ISSN:  0305-0270.
URL:  http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118737564/HTMLSTART
NAL call no.: QH1.J62
Descriptors:  guanacos, success of transplanted/relocated animals, conservation measures, genetics, inbreeding, population dynamics, social behavior, zoogeography, introduced from Rio Gallegos, Argentina, restricted genetic pool, inbreeding, historical research, John Hamilton, Falkland Islands Government Archives, personal interviews, herd size, distribution on islands, behaviors, animals social structure, Falkland Islands.

Gandolf, A.R.; Papich, M.G.; Bringardner, A.B.; Atkinson, M.W.  Pharmacokinetics after intravenous, subcutaneous, and oral administration of enrofloxacin to alpacas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2005 May; 66(5 ): 767-771.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors:  llamas, enrofloxacins, pharmacokinetics, 3 routes of administration, intravenous, subcutaneous, oral.

Geurden, T.; Van Hemelrijk, K.  Ivermectin treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in New World camelids in Belgium.  Small Ruminant Research.  2005; 58(1): 71-73.  ISSN:  0921-4488.
URL:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09214488
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors: South American camelids, gastrointestinal parasites, antihelminths not approved, llamas, alpacas, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp., natural infection, ivermectin injections subcutaneous, reduction in fecal egg counts, efficacy of drug, no adverse affects noted.

Grubb, T.L.; Gold, J.R.; Schlipf, J.W.; Craig, A.M.; Walker, K.C.; Riebold, T.W.  Assessment of serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal adminstration at three dosages in healthy llamas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2005 May; 66(5): 907-909.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors:  healthy llamas, sedative effects, serum concentrations, fentanyl transdermal administration, 3 dose levels.

Gustafson, Nancy R.; Severidt, Julie; Van Metre, David C.; Schultheiss, Patricia C.; LaRue, Susan M.; Callan, Robert J.  Radiation therapy for the treatment of urethral sarcoma in a cria.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2005; 19(2): 271-274.  ISSN:  0891-6640.
NAL call no.:  SF601.J65
Descriptors: immature female alpaca, Enterobacter sakazakii, antiprotozoal drug, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxacin, dimethyl sulfoxide, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, renal acting drugs, antiparasitic drug.

Macaldowie, C.; Patterson, I.A.P.; Nettleton, P.F.; Low, H; Buxton, D.  Louping ill in llamas (Lama glama) in the Hebrides.  Veterinary Record (London).  2005; 156(13): 420-421.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  llamas, louping ill virus, Ixodes ricinus, brain disease, disease vectors, diagnosis, histopathology, clinical aspects, postmortem examinations, viral diseases.

Mason, T.E.; Dowling, B.A.; Dart, A.J.  Surgical repair of a cleft soft palate in an alpaca.  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2005 Mar; 83(3): 145-146.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AU72
Descriptors:  alpaca, cleft soft palate repair, surgical technique, case report.

McClanahan, S.L.; Malone, E.D.; Anderson, K.L.  Bladder outlet obstruction in a 6-month-old alpaca secondary to pelvic displacement of the urinary bladder.  Canadian Veterinary Journal.  2005; 46(3): 247-249.  ISSN:  0008-5286.  Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL call no.:  41.8 R3224
Descriptors:  young female alpaca, young animal, stranguria, radiographic studies, bladder outlet obstruction, pelvic displacement of the bladder, case report, clinical aspects, cystopexy surgery, uncomplicated recovery.

McKenna, P.B.; Hill, F. I.; Gillett, R.  Sarcoptes scabiei infection on an alpaca (Lama pacos).  New Zealand Veterinary Journal.  2005; 53(3): 213.  ISSN:  0048-0169.
Descriptors: male alpaca, pruritus, alopecia, hyperkeratotic crusts on hind legs, histopathological analysis of skin section, Sarcoptes scabiei, first record in New Zealand.

Moore, D.P. Neosporosis in South America.  Veterinary Parasitology.  2005; 127(2): 87-97.  ISSN:  0304-4017.
NAL call no.:  SF810.4.V4
Descriptors: cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, cats, water buffalo, alpacas, llamas, wild canids, reproductive losses, Neospora caninum, epidemiology, disease control, South America.

Odbileg, Raadan; Lee, Sung Il; Ohashi, Kazuhiko; Onuma, Misao.  Cloning and sequence analysis of llama (Lama glama) Th2 (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines.  Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.  2005; 104(3-4): 145-153.  ISSN:  0165-2427.
NAL call no.:  SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: llamas, cytokine analysis, interleukin 4, IL-10, IL-13, amplification, specific primers designed from reported bovine cytokine genes, homology analysis, phylogenetic analysis, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla.

Odbileg, R.; Konnai, S.; Usui, T.; Ohashi, K.; Onuma, M.  Quantification of llama inflammatory cytokine mRNAs by real-time RT-PCR.  Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.  2005; 67(2): 195-198.  ISSN:  0916-7250.
Descriptors: llamas, PCR, complementary DNA, messenger RNA, cytokines, gene expression, immune system, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor.

Padula, A.M.  Clinical evaluation of caudal epidural anaesthesia for the neutering of alpacas. Veterinary Record (London). 2005; 156(19): 616-617.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors: alpacas, neutering of males, castration, surgical procedures, efficacy of caudal epidural anesthesia.

Radi, Z.A.; Miller, D. L.; Liggett, A.D.  Cutaneous melanocytoma in a llama (Lama glama).  Veterinary Research Communications.  2005; 29(2): 137-14 0.  ISSN:  0165-7380.
NAL call no.:  SF601.V38
Descriptors: male llamas, skin tumor, tumor biology, diagnosis, treatment, case study.

Ratto, Marcelo; Berland, Marco; Huanca, Wilfredo; Singh, Jaswant; Adams, Gregg P.  In vitro and in vivo maturation of llama oocytes.  Theriogenology.  2005; 63(9): 2445-2457.  ISSN:  0093-691X.
NAL call no.:  QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: llama oocytes, postmortem collection of ovaries, in vitro culture for 28, 30, 36 hours, incubation conditions, reproductive technologies, FSH and eCG added, COC in metaphase II, in vitro fertilization.

Robinson, T.F.; Roeder, B.L.; Schaalje, G.B.; Hammer, J. D.; Burton, S.; Christensen, M.  Nitrogen balance and blood metabolites of alpaca (Lama pacos) fed three forages of different protein content.  Small Ruminant Research.  2005; 58(2): 123-133.  ISSN:  0921-4488.
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors: male alpacas, 4 age groups, metabolism crates, straw, grass hay alfalfa, water ad libitum, 14 day treatment, effects on N balance and blood metabolites, dietary nitrogen requirements.

Sarno, R.J.; Bank, M.S.; Stern, H.A.; Franklin W.L.  Forced dispersal of juvenile guanacos (Lama guanicoe): causes, variation, and fates of individuals dispersing at different times.  2005 (in press). Submitted to Journal of Mammalogy.  ISSN: 1545-1542.
NAL call no.:  410 J823
Descriptors:  guanacos, forced dispersal of young animals, causes, outcomes, seasonal differences.

Shapiro, J.L.; Watson, P.; McEwen, B.; Carman, S.  Highlights of camelid diagnoses from necropsy submissions to the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, from 1998 to 2004.  Canadian Veterinary Journal.  2005; 46(4): 317-318.  ISSN:  0008-5286.
NAL call no.:  41.8 R3224
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, camelids, age differences, animal diseases, diagnoses, bacterial diseases, causes of death, diseases of gastrointestinal and nervous systems, liver, neoplasms, postmortem examinations, Ontario, Canad a. 

Smith, Jennifer J.; Dallap, Barbara L.  Splenic torsion in an alpaca.  Veterinary Surgery.  2005; 34(1): 1-4.  ISSN:  0161-3499.
NAL call no.:  SF911.V43
Descriptors: adult female alpaca, spenic torsion, uterine torsion, abdominal discomfort, diagnosis, rectal examination, abdominocentesis, transabdominal ultrasound, surgical procedures, splenectomy, necrotized spleen, treatment s uccessful, favorable prognosis.

Tee, S.Y.; Dowling, B.A.; Dart, A.J.  Treatment of long bone fractures in South American camelids: 5 cases.  Australian Veterinary Journal.   2005; 83(7): 418-420.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL call no.: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: llama, alpacas, comminuted fracture of metatarsal bones, comminuted fracture of proximal radius, diagnosis with clinical examination and radiographs, treatment, open reduction and internal fixation, lag screws, dynamic compression pl ates, effectiveness of treatments.

Timoteo, O.; Maco, V. Jr.; Maco, V.; Neyra, V.; Yi, P.J.; Leguia, G.; Espinoza, J.R. Characterization of the humoral immune response in alpacas (Lama pacos) experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica against cysteine proteinases Fas1 and Fas2 and histopathological findings.  Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.  2005; 106(1-2): 77-86. ISSN:  0165-2427. &nb sp;
NAL call no.:  SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: 6 adult (1-2 year old) alpacas, Lama pacos, liver flukes, experimental infection with 200 metacercariae, Fasciola hepatica, proteinases of Fas1 and Fas2 antigens, immune responses, flukes recovered at necropsy, liver affects, circulating IgG antibodies, titers, ELISA.

Wolf, D.; Schares, G.; Cardenas, O.; Huanca, W.; Cordero, Aida; Baerwald, Andrea; Conraths, F.J.; Gauly, M.; Zahner, H.; Bauer, C.  Detection of specific antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama) and vicunas (Lama vicugna) from Peru and Germany.  Veterinary Parasitology.  2005; 130(1-2): 81-87.  ISSN:  0304-4017.
NAL call no.:  SF810.4.V4
Descriptors:  llamas, alpacas, wild vicunas, experimental infection, protozoal parasite, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, sera testing, immunoblot, ELISA, IFAT, antibody detection against N. caninum tachyzoites, routes of infection, natural infections in South American camelids, Peru, Germany .

Zarebski, Laura M.; Urrutia, Mariela; Goldbaum, Fernando A.  Llama single domain antibodies as a tool for molecular mimicry.  Journal of Molecular Biology.   2005; 349(4): 814-824.  ISSN:  0022-2836.
Descriptors:  llamas, antibodies, heavy-chain IgGs (hcIgGs), variable region one polypeptide chain suitable for engineering, immunized with anti-DNA mouse mAb develop anti-ld respons e, immuno-stimulant, excellent tool for molecular mimicry.

Zhang, Qiao Ling; Dong, Chang Sheng; He, Jun Ping; He, Xiao Yan; Fan, Rui Wen; Geng, Jian Jun; Ren, Yu Hong.  [Study on the chromosomal karyotype and G-banding of alpacas (Lama pacos).]  Yichuan.  2005; 27(2): 221-226.  ISSN:  0253-9772.  Note: In Chinese with an English summary.
Descriptors: 23 Huacaya alpacas, 3 males, 20 females, genetics, chromosomes and karyotypes, cytogenetic basis for selection, breeding, disease diagnosis, genetic mechanisms of sex determination, lymphocyte culture, trypase-EDTA for G-banding, 74 chromosones, XX, XY, autosomes, X chromosome was metacentric, Y chromosome telocentric.

2004

Al Ani, F.K.  Classification and breeds.  In:  Camel: Management and Diseases.  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.  2004; 61-68.
Descriptors: alpacas, guancos, llamas, vicunas, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, taxonomy, draft animals, riding animals, dual purpose animals, hybrids, breeds, adaptation, anatomy, physiology, milk and meat production. 

Al Ani, F.K.  Domestication, distribution and population.  In:  Camel: Management and Diseases. 2004; 1-24.  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Descriptors:  camels, llamas, vicunas, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, domestication, geographical distribution, livestock numbers, population dynamics, Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates. 

Al Ani, F.K.; Ababneh, M.M.  South American camelids (SAC).  In:  Camel: Management and Diseases.  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.  2004; 121-136.
Descriptors:  alpacas, guancos, llamas, vicunas, draft animals, riding animals, breeding, crossbreeding, diseases, husbandry, hematology, meat and milk production, reproduction, pregnancy diagnosis, parturition, physiology, surge ry, wool producing animals, South America.

Al Izzi, S.A.; Abdouslam, O.E.; Al Bassam, L.S.; Azwai, S.M.  Haematological parameters in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama).  Praxis Veterinaria Zagreb.  2004; 52(3): 225-232.  ISSN:  0350-4441.  Note: In English with a summary in Croatian. 
Descriptors: llamas, sex and age differences, blood base values, blood composition, proteins, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, prothrombin, thromboplastin, blood cells, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocyte count, leukocyte counts, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, reticulocytes.

Alwood, A.J.; Downend, A.B.; Slensky, K.A.; Fox, J.A.; Simpson, S.A.; Donahue, S.M.; Waddell, L.S.; Otto, C.M.  10th international veterinary emergency and critical care symposium, September 8-12, 2004. San Diego, California, USA.  Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care.  2004; 14(Supplement 1): 18 p.  ISSN:  1534-6935.  Note:  Conference proceedings.
NAL call no.:  SF778.J68
Descriptors:  cats, dogs, donkeys, horses, llamas, Clostridium tetani, Escherichia coli, emergency and intensive care, acepromazine, albumins, anesthesics, anticoagulants, antioxidants, antibiotic resistance, benzodiazepines, blood chemistries, transfusions, cardiac diseases, catheterization convulsion s, diagnostic techniques, disease control, drug resistance, electrocardiography, electroencephalograms, gastric acid, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, heparin, hyperkalaemia, ketamine, morphine, ketoacidosis, lithium, naltrexone, neoplasms, neuroleptics, obs tructions, oxygen, respiratory diseases, septicaemia, spinal diseases, tetanus, therapy, transport of animals, troponins, urethra, respiratory distress syndrome, ventilation, seizures, thoracotomy, thromboelastography, thromboembolism, tramadol.

Anderson, D.E.  Common surgical procedures in camelids.   In: Proceedings of the Thirty Seventh Annual Conference, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Forth Worth, Texas, City, USA, 23-25 September, 2004.  2004: 118-125.   ISSN:  0743-0450.
NAL call no.:  SF961.A5
Descriptors:  alpacas, dromedary camels, llamas, surgical procedures, teeth, tooth diseases, abscesses, bone diseases, castration, digestive tract, limb bones, limbs, postoperative care.

Anderson, D.E.  Comparison of trace mineral concentration in the various lobes of the liver of alpacas and llamas.  Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.  2004; 3(3): 162-164.  ISSN:  1680-5593.
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, postmortem study, site of liver collection, affects on selected trace metals postmortem study, left lobe, right lobe, caudate lobe, analysed via inductively coupled argon plasma emission, spectroscop y, calcium, copper, iron, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, potassium. 

Anderson, D.E.; Silveira, F.; Grubb, T.  Effects of venipuncture and correlation of plasma, serum and saliva cortisol concentration with transportation stress in camelids.  In:  Selected Research on Camelid Physiology and Nutrition.  The Camelid Publishers.  Bikaner, India.  2004: 160-168.  ISBN:  8190114123.
NAL call no.:  SF401.C2S46 2004
Descriptors:  alpacas, dromedary camels, llamas, camels, animal transport related stress effects, blood chemistry, saliva hydrocortisone, effects of venipuncture, intravenous injection, restraint of animals, stress response.

Anderson, D.E.; Rings, D.M.; Kowalski, J.  Infection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in five alpacas.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2004 Dec 1; 225(11): 1743-1747.  ISSN: 0003-1488 .
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: alpacas, bacterial infection, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, case study.

Anderson, D.E.  Liver disease, metabolism and digestion in llamas and alpacas.  In:  Selected Research on Camelid Physiology and Nutrition.  The Camelid Publishers.  Bakaner, India.  2004:. 545-554.  ISBN:  8190114123.
NAL call no.:  SF401.C2S46 2004
Descriptors:  llamas, alpacas, liver disease, hepatitis, lipidosis, diagnosis, etiology, clinical aspects, therapy, digestion, disease prevalence surveys, disease prevention, energy requirements, epidemiology, metabolism, neoplas ms, poisoning, therapy, toxicity.

Antonini, M.; Gonzales, M.; Valbonesi, A.  Relationship between age and postnatal skin follicular development in three types of South American domestic camelids.  Livestock Production Science.  2004; 90(2-3): 241-246.  ISSN:  0301-6226.
NAL call no.:  SF1.L5
Descriptors: 15 alpaca kids, (10 huacaya and 5 suri types), 10 llama kids (chaku type), age of secondary follicle maturity, skin follicular structure, difference in types, fiber study, shearing recommendation, "Alpaquero" Develop ing Centre of Toccra, Arequipa Plateau, Caylloma Province, Peru.

Baldi, Ricardo; Pelliza-Sbriller, Alicia; Elston, David; Albon, Steve.  High potential for competition between guanacos and sheep in Patagonia.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  2004; 68(4): 924-938.  ISSN:  0022-541X.
NAL call no.:  410 J827
Descriptors: guanacos, sheep, diets in sympatric conditions, interspecific competition, fecal sampling, potential species comparison of diet at 9 sites and 2 seasons, diet plants overlap, competition with sheep may have played a role in guanaco populations, arid zones, impact on current management practices, Patagonia.

Bird, K.E.; Parker, J.E.; Andreasen, C.B.; Watrous, B.J.; Heidel, J.R.  Keratinizing ameloblastoma in a 9-month-old llama (Lama glama).  Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.  2004; 16(1): 89-92.  ISSN:  1040-6387.
NAL call no.:  SF774.J68
Descriptors: 9 month old llama, odontogenic disease, destruction of bony structure, epithelial neoplasms, mass on face, clinical aspects, differential diagnosis, keratinizing ameloblastoma, treatment was surgical excision at early stage, case report, Oregon, United States.

Burkholder, Tanya H.; Jensen, James; Chen, Hong; Junkins, Katherine; Chatfield, Jenifer; Boothe, Dawn.  Plasma evaluation for ivermectin in llamas (Lama glama) after standard subcutaneous dosing.  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.  2004; 35(3): 395-396.  ISSN:  1042-7260. 
Descriptors:  5 llamas, pesticide levels, ivermectin, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, brainworm nematode, meningeal worm, 200 micrograms/kg s.c. injections pharmacokinetics, plasma levels after 4 weeks post injection, dosage not adequate for therapeutic concentration, pharmacokinetics.  

Buttolph, Lita P.; Coppock, D. Layne.  Influence of deferred grazing on vegetation dynamics and livestock productivity in an Andean pastoral system.  Journal of Applied Ecology.  2004; 41(4): 664-674.  ISSN:  0021-8901.
NAL call no.:  410 J828
Descriptors: sheep, llamas, alpacas, rangeland management, range degradation, livestock productivity, equilibrium and non-equilibrium theory, key grazing resources, Andean pastoral ecosystem, fencing of bofedal and gramadal (wet and dry meado ws) seasonally deferred grazing practices, peak standing crop, plant species, enclosures increased survival of young alpacas and sheep, different finding for meadow systems, negative effects of privitizing communal resources, Bolivia.

Cafrune, M.M.; Aguirre, D.H.; Freytes, I.  Fasciolosis en vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) en semi-cautiverio de Molinos, Salta, Argentina, con no tas de otros helmintos en este hospedador.  [Fasciolosis in semi-captive vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) from Molinos, Salta, Argentina, with notes of other helminths on this host.]  Veterinaria Argentina.  2004; 21(207): 513-520.  ISSN:  0326-4629.  Note: In Spanish with an English summary.
NAL call no.:  41.8 G112
Descriptors: semi-captive vicunas, liver flukes, Fasciola hepatica, Trichuris sp., concurrent infections, diagnosis, disease prevalence and control, fascioliasis, infectivity, outbreaks, consecutive treatments with closantel and triclabendazole, probable source of flukes, Molinos, S alta Province, Argentina.

Castellaro G., G.; Ullrich R., T.; Wackwitz, B.; Raggi S., A.  Composicion botanica de la dieta de alpacas (Lama pacos L.) y llamas (Lama glama L.) en dos estaciones del ano, en praderas altiplan icas de un sector de la Provincia de Parinacota, Chile.  [Botanical composition of alpaca (Lama pacos) and llama (Lama glama) diets in two seasons of the year on highland ranges of Parinacota Province, Chile.]  Agricultura Tecnica.  2004; 64(4): 353-363.  ISSN:  0365-2807.   Note: In Spanish with an English summary.
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, botanical composition of diets, grazing, winter dry and summer wet seasons, matter, dry matter, grazing, Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis tolucensis, Festuca nardifolia, Festuca orthophylla, Oxychloe, Oxychloe andina, Parastrephia lucida, Ranunculus uniflorus, highland range of Parinacota, Chile.

Cebra, C.K.; Tornquist, S.J.  Assessment of the effects of epinephrine and insulin on plasma and serum biochemical variables in llamas and alpacas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2004 Dec; 65(12): 1692-1696.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, blood values, plasma, serum biochemical variables, effects of epinephrine and insulin.

Cebra, C.K.; Tornquist, S.J.; Jester, R.M.; Stelletta, C.  Assessment of the effects of feed restriction and amino acid supplementation on glucose tolerance in llamas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2004 Jul; 65(7): 996-1001.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors:  llamas, glucose tolerance, effects of feed restriction, amino acid supplementation.

Cebra, C.K.; Tornquist, S.J.; Jester, R.M.; Stelletta, C.  Assessment of the metabolic effects of hydrocortisone on llamas before and after feed restriction.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2004 Jul; 65(7): 1002-1005.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors:  llamas, comparison study, pre and post feed restriction, metabolic effects of hydrocortisone.

Cecchi, Teresa; Cozzali, Claudia; Passamonti, Paolo; Ceccarelli, Piero; Pucciarelli, Filippo; Gargiulo, Anna Maria; Frank, Eduardo-Nargiso; Renieri, Carlo.  Melanins and melanosomes from llama (Lama glama L.).  Pigment Cell Research.  2004; 17(3): 307-311.  ISSN:  0893-5785. 
Descriptors:  adult pigmented Argentine llamas, analysis of melanins and melanosomes, hair and skin samples, eumelanins, pheomelanins, alkali-soluable melanins, eumelanosome shapes, black, reddish brown, dark brown, melanosomes a t stages I, II, III, IV described.

Chavez-Velasquez, A.; Alvarez-Garcia, G.; Collantes-Fernandez, E.; Casas-Astos, E.; Rosadio-Alcantara, R.; Serrano-Martinez, E.; Ortega-Mora, L.M.  First report of Neospora caninum infection in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama).  Journal of Parasitology.  2004 Aug; 90(4): 864-866.  ISSN:  0022-3395.
NAL call no.:  QH547.I55
Descriptors:  Vicugna, alpacas, llamas, Neospora caninum, protozoal disease, neosporosis, new host records, adult animals, seroprevalence, antibody detection, fluorescent antibody technique, immunoblotting, Western blotting, Peru.

Clauss, M.; Lendl, C.; Schramel, P.; Streich, W.J.  Skin lesions in alpacas and llamas with low zinc and copper status - a preliminary report.  Veterinary Journal.  2004; 167(3): 302-305.  ISSN:  1090-0233.
NAL call no.:  SF601.V484
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, species differences, breed differences, sex differences, 13 llamas, 17 huacaya alpacas, 18 suri alpacas predisposition to skin lesions, dry scaly lesions, dietary deficiencies of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) deficienc ies, fleece color, non-white colors, wool, Germany.

Coates, W.; Ayerza, R.  Comparison of llama fiber obtained from two production regions of Argentina.  Journal of Arid Environments.  2004 Sep; 58(4): 513-524.  ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL call no.:  QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors:  llamas, alpacas, farmed animal species, arid zones, overgrazing, environmental degradation, animal production, animal breeding, fiber differences, fleece, color, fiber quality, selection criteria, sustainable agricu lture, Argentina.

Coates, Wayne; Ayerza, Ricardo.  Fatty acid composition of llama muscle and internal fat in two Argentinian herds.  Small Ruminant Research.  2004; 52(3): 231-238.  ISSN:  0921-4488.
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors: castrated llama male, muscle meat composition, internal fats, fatty acids, cholesterol and fats than beef, higher 3 fatty acid content, castration improves meat quality.

Cristofanelli, S.; Antonini, M.; Torres, D.; Polidori, P.; Renieri, C.  Meat and carcass quality from Peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos).  Meat Science.  2004 Mar; 66(3): 589-593.  ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL call no.:  TX373.M4
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, male animals, alternative livestock, growth, body weight, 25 months old at slaughter, longissimus dorsi, physical and chemical parameters of meat, postmortem changes. pH, nutritional value of meat, carcass quality and weight, dressing percentage, meat quality, moisture content, lipid content, protein content, ash content, cholesterol, water holding capacity, species comparison, Peru.
Abstract:  An experiment based on 20 llama males and 40 alpaca males reared in Peru has been carried out with the aim to evaluate the live growth performances, carcass quality, the nutritional characteristics of meat from animals slaughtered at 25 months of age, and to determine the physica l and chemical parameters of meat obtained from these animals. The live body weights registered during the 25 months of the experiment were significantly lower in alpaca compared with llama. In llama carcasses were significantly h igher both warm and cold carcass weight (P < 0.001) but dressing percentage was higher in alpacas (P < 0.01). The glycolityc fine-course was very similar both in llama and in alpaca muscle Longissimus Thoracis et Lumborum. C hemical composition of muscle Longissimus Thoracis et Lumborum taken from llama and alpaca carcasses was significantly different (P < 0.01) in ash content; cholesterol content was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in llama meat compared with alpaca.

De Nigris, Mariana E.  Guanaco and huemul in Patagonian hunter-gatherers diet.  BAR International Series.  2004; 1298: 11-37. Note: In English with an English and Spanish summary.
Descriptors: guanacos, huemul, Hippocamelus bisulcus, hunter gathers, food animals, South America.

DeWitt, S.F.; Bedenice, D.; Mazan, M.R.  Hemolysis and Heinz body formation associated with ingestion of red maple leaves in two alpacas.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2004 Aug 15; 225(4): 578-583.  ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: alpacas, eating red maple leaves, toxicity, blood effects, hemolysis, Heinz body formation, case reports.

Dixon, Amy.  Animal management at Auckland Zoo.  1.  Clicker training llamas.  IZN International Zoo News. 2004 Jan-Feb; 51(1): 14-17; no. 330.  ISSN:  0020-9155.
Descriptors: llamas, zoo animals, animal training techniques, care in captivity, clicker conditioning, Auckland Zoo, New Zealand. 

Dong, Chang Sheng; Zhang, Qiao Ling; He, Xiao Yan; He, Jun Ping; Fan, Rui Wen; Geng, Jian Jun.  [Study on the chromosome of alpacas (Lama pacos).]  Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica. 2004 Sep; 35(5): 594-596.  ISSN:  0366-6964.  Note: In Chinese with an English summary.
Descriptors:  alpacas, cytogenetics, chromosomes, karyotypes, mutations.

Drew, M.L.; Johnson, L.; Pugh, D.; Navarre, C.B.; Taylor, I.T.; Craigmill, A.L. Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in llamas and alpacas.  Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.  2004; 27(1): 13-20.  ISSN:  0140-7783.
NAL call no.:  SF915.J63
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, ceftiofur sodium, pharmacokinetics, antiobiotics, dosages based on other domestic species, disposition studies, intramuscular administration in llamas, intravenous and intramuscular administration in alpacas, ser ial timed blood sampling, similar to values in sheep and goats.

DuBois, W.R.; Prado, T.M.; Ko, J.C.H.; Mandsager, R.E.; Morgan, G.L.  A comparison of two intramuscular doses of xylazine-ketamine combination and tolazoline reversal in llamas.  Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia.  2004; 31(2): 90-9 6.  ISSN:  1467-2987.
NAL call no.:  SF914.V47
Descriptors: llamas, animal restraint, surgery, analgesia, anesthetics, xylazine, tolazoline, ketamine, blood gases, blood pressure, arterial pressure, heart rate, conduction anesthesia, dosage effects, electrocardiograms, animal restraint, hem oglobin, intramuscular injection, respiration, pharmacodynamics, pharmacology.

Dunkel, B.; Del Piero, F.; Wotman, K.L.; Johns, I.C.; Beech, J.; Wilkins, P.A.  Encephalomyelitis from West Nile flavivirus in 3 alpacas.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.  2004 May-June; 18(3): 365-367.  ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL call no.:  SF601.J65
Descriptors:  alpacas, 3 animals, West Nile virus, viral encephalitis, case studies.

Graziotti, Guillermo H.; Palencia, Pablo; Delhon, Gustavo; Rivero, Jose Luis L. Neuromuscular partitioning, architectural design, and myosin fiber types of the M. vastus lateralis of the llama (Lama glama).  Journal of Morphology.  2004; 262(2): 667-681.  ISSN:  0362-2525.
URL:  http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/109627426/PDFSTART
Descriptors: adult llamas, locomotory muscles, three fast myosin heavy chain isoforms (i.e., IIA, IIX, IIB), morphological and functional skeletal musculature, neuromuscular partitioning, architectural design, myosin fiber types, M. vastus late ralis, description of the muscle, Sihler’s technique, femoral nerve, deep partitions, functional adaptions.

Graziotti, G.H.; Rodriguez-Menendez, J.; Montesano, A.; Jalley, S.; Affricano, N.O.; Victorica, C.L. Tipos fibrilares en diversos musculos de llama (Lama glama) de interes zootecnico.  [Fibre types in different llama (Lama glama) muscles used as meat source.]  InVet [Investigacion Veterinaria].  2004; 6(1): 21-27.  ISSN:  1514-6634.  Note: In Spanish with an English summary.
Descriptors: llamas, muscle fiber types, meat production, meat quality, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles, staining with myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase, taste, juicyness, pH postmortem.

Gauly, M.; Erhardt, G; Dzapo,V.  Annual changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones in mal e llamas (Lama glama) and their correlation with reproduction parameters.  In:  Selected Research on Camelid Physiology and Nutrition.  The Camelid Publishers, Bakaner, India.  2004: 186-194.  ISBN:  8190114123.
NAL call no.:  SF401.C2S46 2004
Descriptors:  male llamas, male fertility, factors affecting reproductive efficiency, reproductive performance, blood chemistry, ejaculate volume, semen, spermatozoa, environmental temperature, hormone secretion, seasonal variatio n, thyroid gland, thyroxine, triiodothyronine.

Gauly, M.  Tierschutzaspekte bei der Haltung Neuweltkameliden.  [Aspects of animal welfare in South American Camelids husbandry.]  DTW (Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift).  2004; 111(3): 127-130.  ISSN:  0341-6593. Note: In German. 
NAL call no.:  41.8 D482
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, animal welfare, guidelines development, husbandry, feeding, lack of basic knowledge about requirements, veterinary care, education needed, Germany.

Gonzalez, F.; Smulders, F.J.M.; Paulsen, P.; Skewes, O.; Konig, H.E.  Anatomical investigations on meat cuts of guanacos (Lama guanicoe, Muller, 1776) and chemical composition of selected muscles.  Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift.  2004; 91(3): 77-84.  ISSN:  0043-535X.  Note: In English with a German summary.
NAL call no.:  41.8 T345
Descriptors: 70 young male guanacos, wild animals, animal anatomy, body fat, carcass composition and weight, carcass yield, chemical composition, longissimus dorsi muscle, meat composition, meat cuts, meat quality, meat yield, saturated fatty a cids, Tierra del Fuego, Chile.

Hunter, Robert P.; Isaza, Ramiro; Koch, David E.; Dodd, Charles C.; Goately, Marie A. Moxidectin plasma concentrations following topical administration to llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). &n bsp;Small Ruminant Research.  2004; 52(3): 275-279.  ISSN:  0921-4488.
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, extra label usage of pharmaceuticals, pharmacokinetic parameters between species, study of pour-on moxidectin, clipped along dorsal midline, serial blood sampling post dosing, variability in absorption, moxidectin not well absorbed, no adverse affects, pharmacokinetic parameters not determined. 

Hunter, R.P.; Isaza, R.; Koch, D.E.; Dodd, C.C.; Goatley, M.A.  The pharmacokinetics of topical doramectin in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos).  Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.  2004; 27(3): 187-189.  ISSN:  0140-7783. 
NAL call no.:  SF915.J63
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, avermectin, doramectin, avermectin encectocide, milbecycin, moxidectin, plasma concentration, pharmecokinectics, topical treatments.

Janmaat, A.; Choy, J.L.; Currie, B.J.  Melioidosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos).  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2004 Oct.; 82(10): 622-623.  ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AU72
Descriptors: alpaca, Lama pacos, disease, Burkholderia species, bacterial disease similar to glanders.

Kalicki, M.  Powikania ciazy i porodu u ssakow z gdanskiego zoo w latach 1995-1999.  [Pregnancy complications and cases of dystocia in mammals in Gdansk Zoo in 1995-1999.]  Zycie Weterynaryjne.  2004; 79(3): 152-153.  ISSN:  0137-6810.  Note: In Polish.
NAL call no.:  SF604.Z9
Descriptors: captive zoo animals, includes 1 pony, 1 zebra, 1 llama, 2 dromedaries, 687 mammalian pregnancies, spontaneous miscarriage, dystocia, pregnancy complications. 

Knight, A.P.   Plant poisoning of small ruminants.  In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual Conference, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Forth Worth, Texas, City, USA, 23-25 September, 2004.  2004: 127-134.  ISSN:  0743-0450.
NAL call no.:  SF961.A5
Descriptors:  sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, grazing and browsing toxic plants, grazing behavior, toxic plant danger when overgrazing, drought, access to high levels of toxic plants, oxalates, nitrates, cyanogenic glycosides, pho tosensitizing compounds, Halogeton glomeratus, Cicuta douglasii, Conium maculatum, Eupatorium rugosum, Xanthium, Karwinskia, North America.

Kraus, M.S.; Calvert, C.A.; Spier, A.W.; Meurs, K.M.; Anderson, D.E.  Determination of electrocardiographic parameters in healthy llamas and alpacas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2004 Dec.; 65(12): 1719-1723.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, healthly animals, cardiac scanning, electrocardiographic parameters.

Kosal, M.E.; Anderson, D.E.  An unaddressed issue of agricultural terrorism: A case study on feed security.  Journal of Animal Science.  2004; 82(11): 3394-3400.  ISSN:  0021-8812. 
NAL call no.:  49 J82
Descriptors: alpacas, feed contamination, case study, potential biosecurity concerns, mid-west, United States.

Kutzler, Michelle A.; Baker, Rocky J.; Mattson, Donald E.  Humoral response to West Nile virus vaccination in aluiacas and llamas.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2004; 225(3): 414-416.  ISSN:  0003-1488. 
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, horses, equine West Nile virus vaccine, humoral responses, clinical trial, vaccine intervals varied, results indicate the vaccine is safe.

Kutzler, M.A.; Bildfell, R.J.; Gardner-Graff, K.K.; Baker, R.J.; Delay, J.P.; Mattson, D.E.  West Nile virus infection in two alpacas.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2004 Sep. 15; 225(6): 921-924.  ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: alpacas, viral diseases, West Nile virus, diagnosis, symptoms, case reports.

Lenghaus, C.; O'Callaghan, M.G.; Rogers, C.  Coccidiosis and sudden death in an adult alpaca (Lama pacos).  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2004 Nov.; 82(11): 711-712.  ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AU72
Descriptors:  adult alpaca, Lama pacos, coccidiosis, disease pathology, case report.

Leroy, J.L.; Flahou, T.; Moerloose, K.; de Kruif, A.  De voortplanting bij de llama- en de alpacamerrie.  [The reproduction in llama and alpaca mares.]  Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift. 2004; 73(5): 31 0-316.  ISSN:  0303-9021.  Note: In Dutch with an English summary.
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, females, care in those imported into Europe, veterinary care, reproduction and breeding, assisted reproductive techniques, pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, reproductive efficiency, reproductive performance, Belgium.

Long, P.  A practitioner approach to llama and alpaca nutrition. In:  Selected Research on Camelid Physiology and Nutrition.  The Camelid Publishers, Bakaner, India.  2004; 747-749.  ISBN:  8190114123.
NAL call no.:  SF401.C2S46 2004
Descriptors:  alpacas, llamas, animal husbandry, animal nutrition, body condition, nutrient requirements, wool producing animals, Arab countries.

Majewska, M.; Panasiewicz, G.; Klisch, K.; Olivera, L.; Abd-Elnaeim, M.M.; Borkowski, K.; Szafranska, B.  Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) in camelids.  Reproduction in Domestic Animals.  2004; 39(4): 282-283.  ISSN:  0936-6768.  Note:  8th Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR), Warsaw, Poland; September 23-25, 2004.
NAL call no.:  SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: camelids, camels, llamas, alpaca, reproductive biochemistry, glycoproteins, pregnancy, PAG gene.

Mate, M.L.; Di Rocco, F.; Zambelli, A.; Vidal-Rioja, L.  Mitochondrial DNA structure and organization of the control region of South American camelids. Molecular Ecology Notes.  2004; 4(4): 765-767.  ISSN:  1471-8278.
NAL call no.:  QH541.15.M632
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, vicunas, guanaco, mitochrondrial DNA molecular organization of control region, conserved sequence blocks, potential as a molecular marker to infer data for camelid genetic relationships, population diversity tool.

McGregor, B.A.; Butler, K.L.  Sources of variation in fibre diameter attributes of Australian alpacas and implications for fleece evaluation and animal selection.  Australian Journal of Agricultural Research.  2004; 55(4): 433-442.  ISSN: 0004-9409.
NAL call no.:  23 AU783
Descriptors:  Lama pacos, alpacas, breeds, individual variations, fleece fiber quality, gender, age, body weight, selection criteria, repeatability, geographical variation, regression analysis, multivariate analysis, correlation, algo rithms, restricted maximum likelihood method, prediction, models, Australia.

Medina, Mirta A.; Fernandez, Francisco; Saad, Silvia; Rebuffi, Gustavo; Yapur, Jose.  Inmunoglobulinas G de Cadenas pesadas en la leche de los camelidos sudamericanos.  [Heavy-chain IgG in the milk of South American camelids.]  Mastozoologia Neotropical.  2004; 11(1): 19-26.  ISSN:  0327-9383.  Note: In Spanish with an English and Spanish summary.
Descriptors:  camelids, llama, vicuna, alpaca, guanaco, conventional IgG, IgG with two heavy chains, identify types of IgG in milk, PAGE-SDS, immunoblotting, immunoblotting assays, both types of IgG found.

Mercado, E.C.; Rodriguez, S.M.; Elizondo, A.M.; Marcoppido, G.; Parreno, V.  Isolation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from a South American camelid (Lama guanicoe) with diarrhea.  Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004; 42(10): 4809-4811.  ISSN:  0095-1137.
URL:  http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/10/4809
NAL call no.:  QR46.J6
Descriptors: 2 year old guanaco, bacterial infection, clinical picture, case report, bacterial toxins, diagnosis, diarrhea, genes, hemolysins, lipopolysaccharides, PCR, Escherichia coli, O26:H1 1 serotype, toxicity, Argentina.

Middleton, J.R.  Haematology of South American camelidae.  In:  Selected Research on Camelid Physiology and Nutrition.  The Camelid Publishers, Bakaner, India.  2004: 400-408.  ISBN:  8190114123.
NAL call no.:  SF401.C2S46 2004
Descriptors:  Bactrian camels, alpacas, vicunas, guanacos, llamas, blood chemistry, blood disorders, hematocrit, anemia, blood cells morphology, basophils, bone marrow, dissolved oxygen, eosinophilia, eosinophils, erythrocyte cou nt, erythrocytes, erythropoietin, transferring, hematology, hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia, leukocyte count, lymphocytes, monocytes, morphology, neutrophils, normal values, platelets, South America.

Miragaya, M.H.; Aba, M.A.; Capdevielle, E.F.; Ferrer, M.S.; Chaves, M.G.; Rutter, B.; Aguero, A. Follicular activity and hormonal secretory profile in vicuna (Vicugna vicugna).  Theriogenology.  2004 Feb.; 61(4): 663-671.  ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL call no.:  QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: vicunas, Vicugna vicugna, ovarian follicles, follicular development, diameter, hormones, secretary profile.

Nawrocki, M.A.; Lincoln, J.D.; Tibary, A.  Surgical management of unilateral ectopic hydroureter and hydronephrosis in a juvenile alpaca.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2004; 11(2): 119-123.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL call no.:  SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: female alpaca, 9 months old, ectopic ureter and hydronephrosis, incontinence, ultrasonographic examination, intravenous pyelogram, excretory urogram, left nephrectomy and ureterectomy surgical procedures, uneventful recovery.

Odbileg, R.; Lee, SungIl; Yoshida, R.; Chang, KyungSoo; Ohashi, K.; Sugimoto, C.; Onuma, M.  Cloning and sequence analysis of llama cytokines related to cell-mediated immunity.  Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.  2004; 99(1/2): 1-10.  ISSN:  0165-2427.
NAL call no.:  SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: llamas, pigs, cattle, amino acid sequences, cell mediated immunity, complementary DNA, cytokines, DNA cloning, genes, interferon, interleukin 12, interleukin 12p35, interleukin 12p40, interleukin 2, nucleotide sequences, open rea ding frames, species differences, T lymphocytes.

Oevermann, A.; Pfyffer, G.E.; Zanolari, P.; Meylan, M.; Robert, N. Generalized tuberculosis in llamas (Lama glama) due to Mycobacterium microti.  Journal of Clinical Microbiology.  2004; 42(4): 1818-1821.
URL:  http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/42/4/1818
NAL call no.:  QR46.J6
Descriptors:  2 llamas, caseous nodules, acid fast bacilli in various organs, tuberculosis, spoligotyping, Mycobacterium microti (vole type), infectivity, post mortem study.

O'Rourke, Jennifer L.; Callan, Robert J.; Van Metre, David C.   West Nile virus meningoencephalomyelitis in alpacas.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.  2004; 18(3): 396.  ISSN:  0891-6640.  Note:  22nd Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Forum, Minneapolis, MN, USA; June 9-12, 2004. 
NAL call no.:  SF601.J65
Descriptors:  alpacas, West Nile virus infection, neural affects, meningoencephalomyletitis, neural coordination effects.

Parreno, V.; Bok, K.; Fernandez, F.; Gomez, J.  Molecular characterization of the first isolation of rotavirus in guanacos (Lama guanicoe).  Archives of Virology.  2004 Dec; 149(12): 2465-2471.  ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL call no.:  448.3 AR23
Descriptors:  phylogeny, neonates, rotovirus causing diarrhea, molecular structure of virus, first record of guanco pathogen, strain G8, strain GRV Arg-RioNegro 98, strain GRV Arg-Chubut 99, strain P (14-), strain P (1-) Argentin a.

Patel, J.H.; Kosheluk, C.; Nation, P.N.  Renal teratoma in a llama.  Canadian Veterinary Journal. [La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne].  2004 Nov; 45(11): 938-940.  ISSN: 0008-5286.  Note: In English with a summary in French.
NAL call no.:  41.8 R3224
Descriptors: llamas, renal teratoma, diseases, diagnosis, treatment, case study.

Pugh, D.G.; Waldridge, B.M.  Goat and llama trace mineral nutrition.  In: Proceedings of the Thirty Seventh Annual Conference, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Forth Worth, Texas, City, USA, 23-25 September, 2004.  2004: 112-113.  
NAL call no.:  SF961.A5
Descriptors:  goats, llamas, mineral nutrition, nutritional edema, trace element deficiencies, copper, selenium, zinc.

Pugh, D.G.; Waldridge, B.; Wenzel, J.G.W.   Trace mineral nutrition in llamas.  In:  Selected Research on Camelid Physiology and Nutrition.  The Camelid Publishers, Bikaner, India.  2004: 728-737.  ISBN:  8190114123.
NAL call no.:  SF401.C2S46 2004
Descriptors:  llamas, trace mineral nutrition, nutrient requirements, mineral deficiency diseases, copper, zinc, iodine, iron, selenium, clinical aspects, dietary minerals, disease prevention, mineral nutrition, reviews.

Ramos Vara, J.A.; Loiacono, C.M.; Williams, F. III; Pardo, I.; Lakritz, J.  Pulmonary neoplasia in two llamas (Lama glama).  Veterinary Pathology.  2004; 41(5): 520-523.  ISSN:  0300-9858.
NAL call no.:  41.8 P27
Descriptors: llamas, pulmonary tumors, description of the types of cells and nodules, neoplasms, adenosquamous carcinoma, clinical aspects, histopathology, diagnosis, case reports.

Ray, W.M.; Gustafson, S.B.; Huber, M.J.  Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in a llama with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2004 Dec 1; 225(11): 1739-1742.  ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: llama, case study, ruptured cranial cruciate ligament, treatment, tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, recovery.

Reggiani, C.; Mascarello, F.  Fibre type identification and functional characterization in adult livestock animals.  In:  Muscle Development of Livestock Animals: Physiology, Genetics and Meat Quality.  2004; 39-68.  CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.  ISBN:  0851998119.
NAL call no.:  SF768.M87 2004
Descriptors: llamas, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, adult animals, livestock, myofibrils, muscle contraction, muscle fatigue, muscle fibers, muscle physiology.

Rojas, X.; Munoz, S.; Otto, B.; Perez, B.; Nielsen, K.  Utilizacion de los test de Fluorescencia Polarizada (FP) y Elisa de Competencia (C-Elisa) en el diagnostico de brucelosis de camelidos.  [The use of polarized fluorescence as say (PF) and competitive ELISA test (C-ELISA) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in South American camelids.]  Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria.  2004; 36(1): 59-64.  ISSN:  0301-732X.  Note: In Spanish with an English summary.
NAL call no.:  SF604.A75
Descriptors:  alpacas, llamas, Brucella, bacterial disease, diagnostic techniques, detection of antibodies, assays, camelid sera, fluorescence polarization assay (PF), competitive ELISA (C-ELISA), rose Bengal (RB), seroagglutination (SAT), comple ment fixation (CF) tests.

Sarno, Ronald J.; Villalba, Lilian; Bonacic, Cristian; Gonzalez, Benito; Zapata, Beatriz; Mac Donald, David W.; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Johnson, Warren E.  Phylogeography and subspecies assessment of vicunas in Chile and Bolivia utilizing mtDNA and microsatellite markers: Implications for vicuna conservation and management.  Conservation Genetics.  2004; 5(1): 89-102.  ISSN:  1566-0621. 
Descriptors: wild vicunas, semi-captivity in Peru, economic utilization, large scale rearing practices in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, impact of systems on various aspects of the animals, distribution and validity of recognized subspecies, m olecular genetic variation and diversity, restrict gene flow with isolation and distance, ensure gene flow in intensive rearing.

Sartin, E.A.; Crowe, D.R.; Whitley, E.M.; Treat, R.E., Jr.; Purdy, S.R.; Belknap, E.B.  Malignant neoplasia in four alpacas.  Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.  2004; 16(3): 226-229.  ISSN:  1040-6387.
NAL call no.:  SF774.J68
Descriptors: alpacas, B-cell lymphosarcoma, neuroendocrine neoplasm, clinical picture, postmortem examination, abdominal mass, thoracic masses, diagnosis with immunohistochemical stains, case reports.

Saulez, M.N.; Cebra, C.K.; Valentine, B.A.  Necrotizing hepatitis associated with enteric salmonellosis in an alpaca.  Canadian Veterinary Journal.  2004; 45(4): 321-323.  ISSN:  0008-5286.  In English with a French summary.
NAL call no.:  41.8 R3224
Descriptors: 1 year old alpaca, Salmonella typhimurium, isolated from feces, salmonellosis, clinical aspects, anorexia, weight loss, liver biopsies, hepatitis, differential diagnosis, disease control, antibiotic treatment, fluid therapy, blood chemistry, case report, he matology, histopathology. 

Serrano Martinez, E.; Collantes Fernandez, E.; Rodriguez Bertos, A.; Casas Astos, E.; Alvarez Garcia, G.; Chavez Velasquez, A.; Ortega Mora, L.M.  Neospora species-associated abortion in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama).  Veterinary Record (London).  2004 Dec 4; 155(23): 748-749.  ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors: alpacas, Vicugna pacos, llamas, Lama glama, abortion associated with Neospora sp.

Spinelli, Silvia; Desmyter, Aline; Frenken, Leon; Verrips, Theo; Tegoni, Mariella; C ambillau, Christian.  Domain swapping of a llama VHH domain builds a crystal-wide beta-sheet structure.  FEBS Letters.  2004; 564(1-2): 35-40.  ISSN:  0014-5793.
NAL call no.:  QD415.F4
Descriptors: camelids, llamas, VHH-R9 heavy chair functional antibodies, description of the structure, domain swapping, molecular properties, hapten, immunoglobulin proteins.

Teague, L.  Arriving with alpacas.  AgVentures.  2004 Apr-May; 8(2): 6-8.
NAL call no.:  S441.A475
Descriptors: alpacas, transport, care, handling, personal story.

Tichit, M.; Ingrand, S.; Moulin, C.H.; Cournut, S.; Lasseur, J.; Dedieu, B.   Analyser la diversite des trajectoires productives des femelles reproductrices: interets pour modeliser le fonctionnement du troupeau en elevage allaitant.  [Analysis of the diversity of breeding female productive trajectories: interest for modelling the functioning of suckling herds.]  Productions Animales (Paris).  2004; 17(2): 123-132.  ISSN:  0990-0632.  Note: In French.
Descriptors:  cattle, sheep, llamas, variable animal productivity, production trajectory herd model, based on 6 case studies, breeding and replacement practices, decreasing or increasing within herd diversity of female productive trajectories, consequences for modelling herd functioning are reviewed.

Tichit, Muriel; Hubert, Bernard; Doyen, Luc; Genin, Didier.   A viability model to assess the sustainability of mixed herds under climatic uncertainty.  Animal Research.  2004; 53(5): 405-417.  ISSN:  1627-3583. 
Descriptors:  llamas, sheep, herd diversification strategies, breeding rate control, unpredictable environmental conditions, dynamic mathematical model, different levels of care practices, efficiency measurements, animal producti on system sustainability, pastoral system management in arid conditions, Bolivia.

Ueda, J.; Cebra, C.K.; Tornquist, S.J.  Assessment of the effects of exogenous long-acting insulin on glucose tolerance in alpacas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2004 Dec; 65(12): 1688-1691.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: alpacas, glucose metabolism, glucose tolerance, effects of exogenous long-acting insulin.

Van Hoogmoed, L.M.; Drake, C.M.; Snyder, J.R.   In vitro investigation of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-flammatory drugs, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2 alpha on contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas.  American Journal of Research.  2004 Feb.; 65(2): 220-224.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors:  NSAIDS, prostaglandin E3, prostaglandin F2 alpha, in vitro testing, effects on contractile activity, third stomach.

Varney, K.  Quarterly review of diagnostic cases - October to December 2003.  Surveillance Wellington.  2004; 31(1): 21-25.  ISSN:  0112-4927.
Descriptors:  alpacas, cats, cattle, deer, dogs, horses, pigs, rabbits, sheep, protozoa, bacteria, viruses, various types of animal diseases, clinical aspects, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, case reports.

Vaughan, J.L.  Eradication of the carnelid biting louse, Bovicola breviceps.  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2004; 82(4): 218-219.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AU72
Descriptors: alpaca, llama, sheep, camelid biting louse, Bovicola breviceps, common parasite, pesticide, egg counts, shearing, treatment, Extinosad (spinosad 25 g/l spinosad suspension concentrate) with wetting agent, efficacy of treatment.  

Vaughan, J.L.; Macmillan, K.L.; D'Occhio, M.J.  Ovarian follicular wave characteristics in alpacas.  Animal Reproduction Science.  2004; 80(3-4): 353-361.  ISSN:  0378-4320.
NAL call no.:  QP251.A5
Descriptors:  alpacas, study of ovarian follicular growth characteristics, intervals between, successive large follicles in unmated females, non-pregnant and non-lactating adult alpacas, ultrasound 46-100 days, wave pattern, diam eters measured, possible use for optimal mating times.

Waldridge, B.M.; Duran, S.H.; Ravis, W.R.; Paxton, R.; Herdt, T.H.; Pugh, D.G.  Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous selenium in adult llamas.  Veterinary Therapeutics Research in Applied Veterinary Medicine.  2004 Winter; 5(4): 272-278.  ISSN: 1528-3593.
NAL call no.:  SF601.V4745
Descriptors:  llamas, subcutaneous selenium, pharmacokinetics, deficiency diseases, dietary mineral supplements.

Wauters, J.J.M.; Duchi, N.; Guevara, P.; Onate, W.; Castillo, P.; Lopez, J.; de Wilde, R.  Comparison of the digestibility of paja de paramo and barley straw between sheep (Ovis aries), llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama paco).  In:  Selected Research on Camelid Physiology and Nutrition.  The Camelid Publishers, Bakaner, India.  2004: 766-769.  ISBN:  8190114123.
NAL call no.:  SF401.C2S46 2004
Descriptors:  sheep, llamas, alpacas, animal nutrition, forage, feed digestibility study, barley straw, Hordeum vulgare, lignin, nutritive value, species differences, Calamagrostis rigida, Festuca dolichophyla, Festuca humilior, Muhlembergia angustata.

Webb, A.I.; Baynes, R.E.; Craigmill, A.L.; Riviere, J.E.; Haskell, S.R.R.  Drugs approved for small ruminants.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2004; 224(4): 520-523.  ISSN:  0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: alpacas, deer, goats, llamas, sheep, drugs for small ruminants, pharmacology, regulations.

Wernery, U.; Kaaden, O.R.  Foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review.  Veterinary Journal.  2004; 168(2): 134-142.  ISSN:  1090-0233.
NAL call no.:  SF601.V484
Descriptors: South American camelids, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, foot and mouth diseases, infectability, disease transmission risks, dromedaries may contact the disease in experimental infection and close contact with infected animals, camels not FMDV carriers, llamas and alpacas infected by direct contact, not very susceptible and no risk of transmitting to suspectible species, Bactrians have similar lesions, but no samples have been positive, recommend further research in ca melids.

Yaeger, M.; Yoon, K.J.; Schwartz, K.; Berkland, L.  West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in a Suri alpaca and Suffolk ewe.  Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.  2004; 16(1): 64-66.  ISSN:  1040-6387.
NAL call no.:  SF774.J68
Descriptors:  alpacas; Suffolk ewe sheep, clinical signs, llama symptoms, torticollis, hyperesthesia, ataxia, recumbency, altered mentation, ewe symptoms, rapidly progressive illness of ataxia and convulsions, diffuse, lymphoplas macytic meningoencephalitis with focal gliosis meningoencephalitis, microscopic brain lesions, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, West Nile virus, immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, PCR, first confirmed case in camelids, New Hampshire, United States.

Young, Julie K.; Franklin, William L.  [Activity budget patterns in family-group and solitary territorial male guanacos.]  Revista Chilena de Historia Natural.  2004; 77(4): 617-625.  ISSN:  0716-078X.  Note: In Spanish with an English and Spanish summary.
NAL call no.:  QH119.R48
Descriptors:  male guanacos, behavioral patterns, aggressive and miscellaneous, territorial, mata barrosa, Mulinum spinosum, resources defended, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.

Young, Julie K.; Franklin, William L.  Territorial fidelity of male guanacos in the patagonia of southern Chile.  Journal of Mammalogy.  2004; 85(1): 72-78.  ISSN:  0022-2372.  Note:  In English with an English and Spanish summary.
Descriptors: territorial male guanacos, 10 year study, resource defense polygyny, fluid movement of females between male territories, data on various territory parameters, type, location, size, usage, known age males, solo males, family group m ales, patterns relevant to management and conservation, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.

Zapata, B.; Gimpel, J.; Bonacic, C.; Gonzalez, B.A.; Riveros, J.L.; Ramirez, A.M.; Bas, F.; Macdonald, D.W.  The effect of transport on cortisol, glucose, heart rate, leukocytes and body weight in captive-reared guanacos (Lama guanicoe).  Animal Welfare.  2004 Nov; 13(4): 439-444.  ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL call no.:  HV4701.A557
Descriptors:  captive animal transport, guanacos, Lama guanicoe, travel stress factors tested, cortisol, glucose, heart rate, leukocytes, body weight, animal welfare concerns.

Zhang, Qiao Ling; Dong, Chang Sheng; He, Jun Ping; He, Xiao Yan.   [Research progress on the study of the chromosomes of alpacas.]  Journal of Economic Animal.  2004; 8(2): 115-121.  ISSN:  1007-7448.  Note:  In Chinese with an English summary.
Descriptors:  alpacas, animal breeding, sex determination, chromosomes, genetic variance, inheritance, physiology, reviews.

2003

Abbas, S.F.; Milad, I.S. Performance and some body measurements as a management tool of imported llama (Lama glama) under Libyan condition.  Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences.  2003; 34(5): 265-274.  ISSN:  1110-0486.  Note:  In English with an Arabic summary.
NAL call no.:  S540.A2A7
Descriptors: llamas, age differences, birth, body measurements and weight, equations, mortality, environmental effects on birthing and mortality, seasonal differences, sex differences, Libya.

Abdouslam, O.E.; Al Izzi, S.A.; Al Bassam, L.S.; Azwai, S.M.  Effect of anthelmintic treatment on haematological and coagulation parameters in llamas (Lama glama) infected with gastrointestinal parasites.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2003; 10(2): 149-152.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL call no.:  SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  llamas, 5 males, 5 females, fecal analysis, parasitic nematodes, Nematodirus sp. (n=6 cases), Capillaria sp. (n=1), Strongyloides sp (n=1), capillariasis, strongyloidiasis, disease control, drug therapy with albendazole, efficacy of drug, pre and post treatment blood parameters, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, hematology, hemoglob in.

Abdouslam, O.E.; Al Bassam, L.S.; Al Izzi, S.A.; Azwai, S.M.  Prevalence of external and internal parasites in llamas (Lama glama) at Surman Park in Libya.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2003; 10(1) : 61-65.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL call no.:  SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors:  83 adult llamas, 12 crias, parasite prevalence, parasitoses, fecal examination, disease survey, capillariasis, trongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, Capillaria, Eimeria, Nematodirus, Strongyloides, Trichostrongyle, Trichuris, Faciola hepatica, significance of finding discussed, zoological gardens, Surman Park, Libya.

Aco, E. Characteristics of ovarian follicle development in domestic animals.  Reproduction in Domestic Animals.  2003; 38(4): 240-246.  ISSN:  0936-6768.
NAL call no.:  SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: llamas, buffalo, Bactrian camels, dromedary camels, cattle, fowls, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, gonadotropins, livestock, estrous cycle, ovarian follicle development, dominant follicles and litter size, ovulation, tool to manage r eproduction, species differences.

Aller, J.F.; Rebuffi, G.E.; Cancino, A.K.; Alberio, R.H. Influencia de la criopreservacion sobre la motilidad viabilidad y fertilidad de espermatozoides de llama (Lama glama).  [Influence of cryopreservation on the motility, viability and fertility of llama (Lama glama) spermatozoa.] Archivos de Zootecnia.  2003; 52(197): 15-23.  ISSN:  0004-0592.  Note:  In Spanish.
NAL call no.:  49 AR22
Descriptors: llama, cryopreservation of spermatozoa, effects on motility and viability of sperm, artificial insemination with frozen semen, compared to fresh semen, lower fertility rates with frozen semen, females born and adapted to Argentinia n Puna. 

Anderson, D.E.; Silviera, F.  Effect of age and gender on serum concentration of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) in alpacas (Lama pacos).  Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.  2003; 2(11): 626-62 9.  ISSN:  1680-5593.
Descriptors: alpacas, thyroid hormone concentrations, age and gender comparison study, venous blood samples, radioimmunosassay, totals and free concentrations of T4, T3, age and gender effects are significant.

Ansaloni, F.; Pyszny, F. Allevare alpaca e vendere maglioni per migliorare il reddito.  [Rear alpaca and sell sweaters to enhance income.]  Informatore Agrario.  2003; 59(17): 33-35.  ISSN:  0020-0689.  Note:  In Italian.
Descriptors: alpacas, angora goats, processing fiber, spinning and production of garments, direct marketing of farm products, diversification, economic analysis, farm holidays and tourism, farm income, Tiber Valley, Umbria, Italy.

Bank, Michael S.; Sarno, Ronald J.; Franklin, William L.  Spatial distribution of guanaco mating sites in southern Chile: conservation implications.  Biological Conservation.  2003 Aug; 112(3): 427-434.  ISSN:  0006-3207. 
NAL call no.:  S900.B5
Descriptors: llamas, gunacos, nutrition, diets, habitat preference, habitat use, behavior, habitat distribution, reproduction, predators, predation effects on mating sites, conservation, Chile.

Bartlett, G.R.; Dart, A.J.; Dart, C.M. Surgical repair of a coxofemoral luxation in an alpaca.  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2003; 81(5): 271-272.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL call no.:41.8 AU72
Descriptors: alpaca, lameness, bone fractures, coxofemoral luxation, fracture fixation, surgery, surgical operations, case report, New South Wales, Australia.

Beldomenico, P.M.; Uhart, M.; Bono, M. F.; Marull, C.; Baldi, R.; Peralta, J. L. Internal parasites of free-ranging guanacos from Patagonia.  Veterinary Parasitology.  2003; 118(1-2): 71-77.  ISSN:  0304-4017.
NAL call no.:  SF810.4.V4
Descriptors: guanaco populations, 80% reduction, massive mortality, starvation, disease, parasites, fecal analysis, Nematodirus spp., Marshallagia spp., Trichuris tenuis spp. and Eimeria spp. histopathology showed Sarcocystis spp. in muscle and fascia cysts, Dictyocaulus filarial and Moniezia expansa diseases may be from sheep, Cabo Dos Bahias Wildlife Reserve, Chubut, Argentina.

Boileau, Melanie J.; Streeter, Robert N.; Step, Douglas L.; Washburn, Kevin E.  Colocolic intussusception in a 12-year-old llama.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.  2003; 17(6): 937-939.  ISSN:  0891-6640.
NAL call no.:  SF601.J65
Descriptors:  llama, adult animal, ingestion and assimilation, colocolic intussusception.

Bonacic, C.; MacDonald, D.W.; Villouta, G.  Adrenocorticotrophin-induced stress response in captive vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) in the Andes of Chile.  Animal Welfare (Wheathampstead).  2003 Aug; 12(3): 369-385.  ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL call no.:  HV4701.A557
Descriptors:  captive vicunas, behavior, animal stress, normal values, endocrine system physiology, corticotrophin, calibration, hematocrit, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios, leukocytes, blood picture, blood composition, blood glu cose, animal welfare issues, animal physiology, species differences, Chile. 

Bonacic, C.; MacDonald, D.W.  The physiological impact of wool-harvesting procedures in vicunas (Vicugna vicugna).  Animal Welfare (Wheathampstead).  2003 Aug; 12(3): 387-402.  ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL call no.:  HV4701.A557
Descriptors:  vicunas, Vicugna vicugna, wool production, animal welfare aspects to wool shearing, harvesting procedures, distress, stress levels, capture and transport of wild animals, human-wildlife relations, sustainable agriculture, animal physiology, hormone secretion, cortisol, heart rate, breathing, body temperature, blood glucose, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, habituation, Chile.

Bouts, T.; Fox, M.T.; Scheres, G.; Chavez, A.  Identification of gastrointestinal nematodes and coccidia in wild vicunas (Lama vicugna) in Pampa Galeras, Peru. In:  Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41 Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May 1 June, 2003.  2003: 101-105.
Descriptors:  39 vicunas, wild animals, fecal survey, parasitic nematode eggs, Bunostomum (first report), Capillaria (first report), coccidian oocysts, Cooperia, Eimeria punoensis, Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Strongylidae, Trichuris, disease prevalence, epidemiology, gastrointestinal diseases, no age or sex differences, Pampa Galeras, Peru.

Brolin Schlanger, L.  Prevalence of external parasites in alpacas and llamas in Andean Ecuador.  Minor Field Studies, International Office, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.  2003; (258): 24.  ISSN:  1402-3237.
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, 82 wool producing animals, ectoparasites, ectoparasitoses, examination of wool and skin, skin scrapings, identification at Instituto Agropecuario Superior Andino (IASA), Quito, Sarcoptes scabiei, scabies, mites, Damalinia breviceps, biting lice, Microthoracius cameli, sucking lice, antibody detection with ELISA, prevalence, reduced quality of wool, Ecuador. 

Burton, S.; Robinson, T.F.; Roeder, B.L.; Johnston, N.P.; Latorre, E.V.; Reyes, S.B.; Schaajle, B.  Body condition and blood metabolite characterization of alpaca (Lama pacos) three months prepartum and offspring three months postpartum.  Small Ruminant Research.  2003; 48(2): 69-76.  ISSN:  0921-4488.
NAL call no.:  S1.M57
Descriptors:  alpacas, crias, females, pre and post partum body conditioning scores, blood chemistry changes in electrolytes, metabolites, pastured animals, Festuca dolicophylla, Poa pretensis, early spring to late summer, neonate growth patterns, body weight, blood sampling, glucose, plasma ures, creatinine, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca), non-esterified fatty acid, Kampenaike Research Station in Punta Arenas, Chile.

Bustamante, A.V.; Mate, M.L.; Zambelli, A.; Vidal Rioja, L. Isolation and characterization of 10 polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite markers for llama and guanaco.  Molecular Ecology Notes.  2003; 3(1): 68-69.  ISSN:  1471-8278.
NAL call no.:  QH541.15.M632
Descriptors: llamas, guanacos, wild animals, genes, isolation and characterization, genetic polymorphism, alleles, DNA sequencing, genetic markers, genetic polymorphism, heterozygosity, loci, microsatellites, nucleotide sequences, Argentina.

Cebra, C.K.; Tornquist, S.J.; Bildfell, R.J.; Heidel, J.R.  Bile acids in gastric fluids from llamas and alpacas with and without ulcers.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.  2003; 17(4): 5 67-570.
NAL call no.:  SF601.J65
Descriptors:  alpacas, llamas, relationship between duodenogastric reflux and ulceration, postmortem, gastric fluid from 1^st and 3^rd gastic compartments, duodenum, physiopathology, stomach ulcers, bile acids levels, intestinal emptying.

Cebra, Christopher K.; Mattson, Donald E.; Baker, Rocky J.; Sonn, Robert J.; Dearing, Peggy L.  Potential pathogens in feces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhea.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2003; 223(12): 1806-1808.  ISSN:  0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, crias, 45 unweaned young animals, diarrhea, 39 potential pathogens isolated, Eimeria ssp., Giardia ssp., Cryptosporidium ssp., corona viruses, rotavorus, nematode ova, protozoa, herd management, seasonal differences.

Cecchi, R.; D'Alterio, G.L.; Pearson, G.R.; Foster, A.P.  Retrospective histopathological study of some skin disorders of alpacas (Lama pacos).  In: Erkrankungen de Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41 Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy , 28-May--1 June, 2003.  2003: 179-183.
Descriptors: alpacas, Chorioptes sp., mites, mange, eosinophilic dermatitis, effects on fiber production, skin scrapings, histopathology, hyperkeratosis, lympho-plasmacytic, difficulty in diagnosing skin d iseases, United Kingdom.

Clutton, E.; Pascoe, P. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists 27th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 10-11 October 2002.  Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia.  2003; 30(2): 100-120.  ISSN:  1467-2987.
NAL call no.:  SF914.V47
Descriptors: llamas, cats, dogs, goats, horses, rabbits, laboratory animals, surgery, acepromazine, adverse effects, anesthesia, anesthetics, analgesics, butorphanol, diazepam, isoflurane, ketamine, thiopental, xylazine, urethane, lidocaine, me detomidine, propofol, pharmacodynamics, pharmacology, drug interactions, compilation of abstracts of 38 research papers.

Cohen, M.; Bohling, M.W.; Wright, J.C.; Welles, E.A.; Spano, J.S.  Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination: 269 cases (1999-2000).  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2003; 222(7): 964-967.  ISSN:  0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors:  llamas, ferrets, cats, dogs, mice, rats, horses, post mortem diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, cytolopgy, histopathology, hyperplasia, lesions, neoplasms, Alabama, United States. 

Compas, L.  Alpacas produce fiber on mid-Missouri farm.  Small Farm Today.  2003 Mar/Apr; 20(2): 26-27.  ISSN: 1079-9729.
NAL call no.:  S1.M57
Descriptors:  alpacas, care and husbandry, fiber quality, sustainable agriculture, alternative livestock species, Missouri. 

Conrath, K.E.; Wernery, U.; Muyldermans, S.; Nguyen, V.K.  Emergence and evolution of functional heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae.  Developmental and Comparative Immunology.  2003; 27(2): 87-103.  ISSN:  0145-305X.
NAL call no.:  QR180.D4
Descriptors: llamas, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, review, antibody evolution, heavy chain antibodies, gamma isotypes, antigen binding, immunoglobulins, immunoglobin, genes incoding ofr HCAb of Camelidae.

Cortes, A.; Miranda, E.; Rau, J.R.; Jimenez, J.E. Feeding habits of guanacos Lama guanicoe in the high Andes of north-central Chile.  Acta Theriologica.  2003; 48(2): 229-237.  ISSN  0001-7051.
NAL call no.:  410 AC88
Descriptors: guanacos, wild species, 3 age classes, animal behavior, ecology, diets, selective feeding behavior, feeding habits, forage preferences, seasonal variation, dry vs wet years, herbivores, perennial graminoids and legumes, fecal plant remains, wild animals, 4100 meters altitude, Andes, Chile.

D'Alterio, G.L.; Bazeley, K.J.; Pearson, G.R.; Jones, J.R.; Jose, M.; Woodward, M.J. Meningitis associated with Salmonella Newport in a neonatal alpaca (Lama pacos) in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record (London).  2003; 152(2): 56-57.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors: new born alpacas, Salmonella infection of the meninges, brain disease, clinical aspects, clinical examination, case reports, United Kingdom.

D'Alterio, G.L.; Bazeley, K.J. Referral service for South American camelids at the University of Bristol Veterinary School: a review of cases between 1999 and 2002. In: Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41 Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo-und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy, 28 May--1 June, 2003.  2003: 203-210.
Descriptors: South American camelids, llamas, alpacas, guanaco, vicuna, new veterinary residency in camelid medicine, University of Bristol and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Trust, common diagnoses, mandibular/ maxillary osteomyeliti s, clinical and surgical cases described, Farm Animal Practice and Hospital of the University of Bristol, Britain.

Evdotchenko, D.; Han, Y.; Bartenschlager, H.; Preuss, S.; Geldermann, H. New polymorphic microsatellite loci for different camel species.  Molecular Ecology Notes.  2003; 3(3): 431-434.  ISSN:  1471-8278.
NAL call no.:  QH541.15.M632
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, dromedaries, Bactrian camels, microsatellite loci screened and sequenced, genomic DNA of male Bactrian camel, alleles, genetic markers, genetic variation, genomes, nucleotide sequences.

Fysh, Geoff; Australian Alpaca Association. Education and Training Subcommittee. Managing Alpacas in Australia: An Introductory Guide to Farming and Breeding Alpacas Under Australian Conditions.  Australian Alpaca Association, Mitchan North, Victoria.  c2003.  40 p.  ISBN: 0957739036.
NAL call no.:  SF401.A4M36 2003
Descriptors: alpaca farming, husbandry, management, care, breeding, educational manual, Australia.

Gauly, M.; Pouillion, C.; Erhardt, G.  Saugverhalten von Lamas (Lama glama).  [Suckling behaviour of llamas (Lama glama).]  DTW (Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift).  2003; 110(10): 412-416.  ISSN:  0341-6593.  Note:  In German.
NAL call no.:  41.8 D482
Descriptors: 6 llama crias, suckling behavior, position, no side preference, short duration and long duration, age related differences, nutrition and social contact.

Geurden, T.; Deprez, P.; Vercruysse, J. Treatment of sarcoptic, psoroptic and chorioptic mange in a Belgian alpaca herd.  Veterinary Record (London).  2003; 153(11): 331-332.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors: alpacas, 11 adult females, 2 crias, 1 male, alopecia, puritus, cachexia, clinical aspects, skin scrapings, skin disease prevalence, ectoparasiticides, epidemiology, Chorioptes from ventral abdomen and inner thighs, Psoroptes from the head, Sarcoptes mites on head and inner thighs, ivermectin t reatment was effective, Belgium.

Gonzalez, F.; Paulsen, P.; Smulders, F.J.M.; Skewes, O.; Polsterer Heindl, E.; Konig, H.E.  Zerlegung: Exotisches fur die Fleischtheke: Fachgerechte Zerlegung handelsublicher Teilstucke vonz Guanakofleisch.  [Exotics for the meat counter.  Specialist cutting of traditional joints of guanaco meat.]  Fleischwirtschaft.  2003; 83(10): 32-37.  ISSN:  0015-363X.  Note:  In German.
NAL call no.:  280.38 F62
Descriptors:  70 male guanacos, anatomy of meat cuts based on joints, meat structure, meat composition, carcass weight, low animal fat, low cholesterol, crude protein, muscle structure, meat composition, meat cuts, Tierra del Fue go, Chili.

Graziotti, Guillermo Horacio; Rodriguez-Menendez, Jose Manuel; Victorica, Carlos Lisandro; Fux-Solveyra, Gustavo Fabian; Rios, Clara Maria.  Systematic study of the internal iliac artery in llama (Lama glama).  Annals of Anatomy.  2003; 185(5): 461-463.  ISSN:  0940-9602.
Descriptors: llamas, origins of parietal and visceral branches of internal iliac artery, comparison to humans and other animals, similar structure to the cat, Adachi classification is IVa type, comparative anatomy.

Grubb, Tamara L.; Schlipf, John W.; Riebold, Thomas W.; Cebra, Christopher K.; Poland, Lisa; Zawadzkas, Xenia; Mailhot, Nicole.  M inimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing llamas and alpacas.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2003; 223(8): 1167-1169.  ISSN:  0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, healthy adults, anesthesia induction, sevoflurane and oxygen delivered via a mask, endotracheal tube, measurement of endidal and inspired concentration, procedures and techniques described, MAC of servoflurance sim ilar to reports for other species.

Hamir, A.N.; Timm, K.I.  Nodular hyperplasia and cysts in thyroid glands of llamas (Lama glama) from north-west USA.  Veterinary Record (London).  2003; 152(16): 507-508.  ISSN:  0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  77 llamas, thyroids, gross post mortem examination, enlarged, fluid filled cavities, clear yellowish fluid, small multifocal areas of follicular hyperplasia in older animals, Northwest, United States.

Hart, K.W.; Barker, S.J.; Skerritt, J.W.; Vercoe, P.E.  The gene for white fleece in alpacas is homous to AWt, the gene for white fleece in sheep.  In: 50 Years of DNA: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference, Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Melbourne, Australia, 7-11 July, 2003.  Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Armidale, Australia.  2003: 82-85.  ISBN:  0958629927.
Descriptors: alpacas, sheep,dominant ovine Agouti allele AWt for white fleece color, segregated Extension locus, recessive allele Ee, phaeomelanic coat, gene expression, genetic model for the inheritance of white fleece, genotype s, inheritance, phenotypes.

Hoffman, Eric.  The Complete Alpaca Book. 1st ed.  Bonny Doon Press, Santa Cruz, Calif.  2003. xxii, 604 p. ill.  ISBN: 0972124209.
NAL call no.:  SF401.A4H64 2003
Descriptors:  alpacas, handling care, diseases, breeding, reproductions, fleece and fiber, raising.

Hoogmoed, L.M. van; Harmon, F.A.; Snyder, J. Microvascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research.  2003 Mar; 64(3): 346-350.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: llamas, anatomy, stomach structure, microvascularization of 3^rd stomach compartment.

Jenkins, D. Guard animals for livestock protection: existing and potential use in Australia.  In:  Guard Animals for Livestock Protection:  Existing and Potential Use in Australia.  NSW Agriculture; Orange, Australia.  2003: 44.  ISBN:  0734715455.
NAL call no.:  SF170.J46 2003
Descriptors: sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, dogs, donkeys, animal husbandry, common breeds of guard dogs, livestock protection, livestock farming losses to predation, pest control, telephone perceptions survey, training of working animals, effe ctiveness of livestock guarding animals, Australia. 

Junkins, K.; Boothe, D. M.; Jensen, J.; Herzog, T.; Chatfield, J.  Disposition of sulfadimethoxine in male llamas (Lama glama) after single intravenous and oral administrations. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.  2003; 34(1): 9-15.  ISSN:  1042-7260.
Descriptors: llamas, healthy, adult, gelded males, disposition of sulfadimethoxine, intravenous dosing followed by oral dosing, blood sampling, serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic study, bioavailability, drug therapy, half-life, pharmacodynam ics, minimum inhibitory concentration.

Kiupel, M.; Van Alstine, W.; Chilcoat, C.  Gross and microscopic lesions of polioencephalomalacia in a llama (Lama glama).  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2003; 34(3): 309-313.  ISSN:  1042-7260.
Descriptors: young female llama, clinical picture, neurologic disease, stiff gait, circling behavior, decreased mentation, seizures, postmortem brain lesions, bilateral necrosis, gray matter, occipital lobes, diagnosis, polioencephalomalacia.

Leroy, J.; Geurden, T.; Meulemans, G.; Moerloose, K.; de Kruif, A.  Ernstige Sarcoptes scabiei infectie bij llama's.  [Severe Sarcoptes scabiei mange in llamas.]  Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift.  2003; 72(5): 359-363.  ISSN:  0303-9021.  Note:  In Dutch with an English summary.
Descriptors:  llamas, Sarcoptes scabiei, mite infections, sacroptic mange, acaricides, case reports, clinical aspects, pruritus, hyperkeratinization, alopecia and pyoderma, doramectin, multiple drug therapy, topical acaricide made of tri amcinolone acetonide 1 mg, neomycin sulfate 4.5 mg, nystatin 20.1 mg, lidocaine 20 mg and lindane 5 mg/1 g, Belgium.

Lobo, Maria Luisa; Teles, Ana; Da Cunha, Margarida Barao; Henriques, Joaquim; Lourenco, Ana Mafalda; Antunes, Francisco; Matos, Olga.  Microsporidia detection in stools from pets and animals from the zoo in Portugal: A preliminary study.  Supplement to the Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.  2003; (50): 581-582.  Note:  Eighth International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists and International Conference on Anaerobic Protists, Hilo, HI, USA; July 23-29, 2003.
NAL call no.:  QL366.J67
Descriptors: captive animals, llama, dogs, birds, rabbits, primates, pigs, feces sampling, epidemiology, populations studies, vector biology, Encephalitozoon hellum, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, zoo, Portugal.

Lucas, J.N.; Cousins, D.V.; Mills, A.J.; van Wijk, J.G.A.  Identification of Mycobacter ium avium subsp. avium in an alpaca with lesions resembling paratuberculosis.  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2003; 81(9): 567-569.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL call no.:  41.8 R3224
Descriptors:  alpaca, intestinal lesions, clinical aspects, diagnosis, histopathology, pathogen identification, Mycobacterium avium avium, paratuberculosis, case report.

Mannerova, S.; Pantucek, R.; Doskar, J.; Svec, P.; Snauwaert, C.; Vancanneyt, M.; Swings, J.; Sedlacek, I.  Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas.  International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.  2003; 53(5): 1647-1654.  ISSN:  1466-5026.
Descriptors: llamas, Gram positive, catalase and oxidase positive cocci bacteria, 8 strains, resistance to bacitracin, sensitivity to furazolidone, Macrococcus, phylogenetic analysis based on 16SrDNA, new species, ribotyping, macrorestriction analysis, fatty acid methyl ester analysis, 3 stable clusters, proposed names: Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4809T=LMG 21711T), Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4811T=LMG 21712T) and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4815T=LMG 21713T).

Martin, P.A.  Reproductive patterns of alpacas and llamas, with reference to the vicuna and guanaco.  In:  Pineda, M.H.; Dooley, M.P.  McDonald's Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction. 5^th edition.  Iowa State Press, Ames. 2003: 523-546.  ISBN:  0813811066.
NAL call no.:  SF768.3.M335 2003
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos, reproductive patterns, anatomy of reproductive organs, sexual maturity, breeding season, fertilization, estrous cycle, ovaries, pregnancy, reproductive efficiency.

Martinson, Elizabeth; Reinhard, Karl J.; Buikstra, Jane E.; de la Cruz, Katharina Dittmar.  Pathoecology of Chiribaya parasitism.  Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.  2003 15 January; 98: 195-205; (Suppl. 1).  ISSN:  0074-0276.
Descriptors: llamas, dogs, guinea pigs, parasitic hosts, pathoecological reconstructions from archaeological remains, Peru. 

McKenna, P.B.  Register of new host-parasite records.  Surveillance Wellington.  2003; 30(4): 15-16.  ISSN:  0112-4927.
Descriptors:  alpacas, host parasite relationships, hosts, new host records, Acanthocephala, Alectoris rufa, Anas, Ascaridia galli, Capillaria, Hirudinea, Histomonas meleagridis, Larus, Macropus, Microphallus, Moniezia, Porrocaecum, Sturnidae, Arhythmorhynchus, Potamopyrgus, Richardsonianus, Richardsonianus mauianus, Rugopharynx, Rugopharynx longispicularis, New Zealand.

McNeill, Desmond; Lichtenstein, Gabriela.   Local conflicts and international compromises: the sustainable use of vicuna in Argentina.  Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy.  2003; 6(3): 233-253.  ISSN:  1388-0292. 
Descriptors: vicuna, natural resource management, trade in animals, conflicts over resource use, conservation, sustainable use, Agrentina.

Medina, Mirta A.; Fernandez, Francisco; Saad, Silvia; Rebuffi, Gustavo; Von Thuengen, Julieta. Aspectos comparativos de las proteinas del lactosuero de camelidos Sudamericanos.  [Comparative aspects of lactoserum proteins in South American camelids.  Acta Zoologica Lilloana.  2003; 47(1-2): 71-76.  ISSN:  0065-1729.  Note:  In Spanish with an English and Spanish summary.  
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, vicunas, guanacos, comparison study, lactoproteins, electrophoretic and Western blot assays, compared with bovines, immunoglobulin G, mammalian IgG, L chain lacking IgG, a four species have serum albumin, alpha-lac talbumin, chain L of immunoglobulins, two different H chain belonging to IgGs, and free secretory component, beta-lactoglobulin was not detected.

Meerburg, B.G.; de Jong, R. Vicunas in Bolivia: an opportunity for their sustainable use.  Outlook on Agriculture.   2003; 32(2): 105-109.  ISSN:  0030-7270.
NAL call no.:10 OU8
Descriptors: vicunas, possibilities for change in vicuna production, economic evaluations, economic impact, sustainability, marketing, production economics, production structure, High Andes, Bolivia.

Messineo, Pablo G.  Analisis arqueofaunisticos en el sitio Laguna La Barrancosa 1 (Partido de Benito Juarez, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina).  [Archeological faunistic analysis of the Laguna La Barranosca 1 site (Benito Juarez district, Buenos Aires province, Argentina).] Archaeofauna.  2003; 12: 73-86.  ISSN:  1132-6891.  Note:  In Spanish.
Descriptors: hunter gather site, late Holocene, bone analyses, exclusively guanaco bones, processing and use of bones, Argentina.

Norambuena, M. Cecilia; Paredes, Marco.  Variabilidad y estructura genetica en dos poblaciones de Vicugna vicugna (Camelidae) del norte de Chile.  [Genetic variability and structure in two populations of Vicugna vicugna (Camelidae) from northern Chile.]  Revista Chilena de Historia Natural.  2003 Marzo; 76(1): 99-104.  ISSN:  0716-078X.  Note:  In Spanish with an English summary.
NAL call no.:  QH119.R48
Descriptors: vicunas, study of 2 populations, genetic variability, population genetics, allozymic variation, taxonomic implications, Chile.

Nykamp, S.G.; Dykes, N.L.; Cook, V.L.; Beinlich, C.P.; Woodie, J.B.  Computed tomographic appearance of choanal atresia in an alpaca cria.  Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.  2003; 44(5): 534-5 36.  ISSN:  1058-8183.
NAL call no.:  SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: alpacas, atresia, clinical aspects, computed tomography, diagnosis, epidemiology, head, respiratory diseases, case reports, New York, United States. 

Olivera, L.V.M.; Zago, D.A.; Jones, C.J.P.; Bevilacqua, E.   Developmental changes at the materno-embryonic interface in early pregnancy of the alpaca, Lamos pacos.  Anatomy and Embryology.  2003; 207(4/5): 317-331.  ISSN:  0340-2061.
URL: http://springerlink.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?wasp=2g54 nhrtuk3w6xxtwc2l&referrer=parent&backto=issue,7,15;journal,4,78;linkingpublicationresults,id:100395,1 Descriptors: alpacas, pregnancy, trophoblast cell adherence to uterine epithelium, epitheliochorial placentation, luteal and follicular phases, sampling at different ages of pregnancy, description, materno-fetal interactions, attachment areas, hormones.

Olivera, L.; Zago, D.; Leiser, R.; Jones, C.; Bevilacqua, E.  Placentation in the alpaca Lama pacos. Anatomy and Embryology.  2003; 207(1): 45-62.  ISSN:  0340-2061.
URL: http://www.springerlink.com/app/home/contribution.asp?wasp=m1b672xvwq4jqg 768x2m&referrer=parent&backto=issue,6,9;journal,2,72;linkingpublicationresults,id:100395,1%20 Descriptors: alpacas, study of reproduction in females, pregnancy changes in the uterus, trophoblast, chorion, choriomammotropin, endometrium, fetal membranes, histochemistry, morphology, placenta.

Oevermann, A.; Zanolari, P.; Pfyffer, G.E.; Meylan, M.; Robert, N.   Mycobacterium microti infection in two llamas (Lama guanicoe F. glama).  In: Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41 Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Rome, Italy , 28 May--1 June, 2003.  2003: 217-220. 
Descriptors: llamas, Mycobacterium microti, clinical aspects, diagnosis, histopathology, mycobacterial diseases, case reports, Switzerland.

Parraguez, V.H.; Thenot, M.; Latorre, E.; Ferrando, G.; Raggi, L. A.  Milk composition in alpaca (Lama pacos):  Comparative study in two regions of Chile.  Archivos de Zootecnia.  2003; 52(200): 431-439.  ISSN:  0004-0592.
NAL call no.:  49 AR22
Descriptors:  alpacas, colostrum and milk composition, 5 months of lactation, effects of environmental conditions, pasture quality, altitude, 4400 meters in the Andean high plateau, Patagonian at 12 meters, comparison study, dry matter, protein, fat, lactose, ash content, variations in fat and lactose levels, differences may be pasture and behavior related.

Pinares Patino, C.S.; Ulyatt, M.J.; Waghorn, G.C.; Lassey, K.R.; Barry, T.N.; Holmes, C.W.; Johnson, D.E.  Methane emission by alpaca and sheep fed on lucerne hay or grazed on pastures of perennial ryegrass/white clover or birdsfoot trefoil.  Journal of Agricultural Science.  2003 Mar; 140(pt. 2): 215-226.  ISSN: 0021-8596.
NAL call no.:  10 J822
Descriptors: alpacas, Romney sheep, feeding, chaff, alfalfa, hay, grazing, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, forage evaluation, chemical constituents of plants, organic matter, digestibility, rumen fermentation, methane gas emission levels, quantitative analysis, comparison study, New Zealand.
Abstract: Based on the knowledge that alpaca (Lama pacos) have a lower fractional outflow rate of feed particles (particulate FOR) from their forestom ach than sheep (San Martin 1987), the current study measured methane (CH4) production and other digestion parameters in these species in three successive experiments (1, 2 and 3): Experiment 1, lucerne hay fed indoors; Experiment 2, grazed on perennial ry egrass/white clover pasture (PRG/WC); and Experiment 3, grazed on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) pasture (Lotus).  Six male alpaca and six castrated Romney sheep were simultaneously and successively fed on the forages either ad libitum or at generous herbage allowances (grazing).  CH4 production (g/day) (using the sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique), voluntary feed intake (VFI), diet quality, and protozoa counts and volatile fatty acid concentrations in samples of forestomach contents were determined.  In addition, feed digestibility, energy and nitrogen (N) balances and microbial N supply from the forestomach (using purine derivatives excretion) were measured in Experiment 1.  Diets selected by alpaca were of lower quality than those selected by sheep, and the voluntary gross energy intakes (GEI, MJ) per kg of liveweight(0.75) were consistently lower (P < 0.001) for the alpaca than for the sheep (0.7 4 v. 1.36, 0.61 v. 1.32 and 0.77 v. 2.53 on lucerne hay, PRG/WC and Lotus, respectively). Alpaca and sheep did not differ (P > 0.05) in their CH4 yields (% GEI) when fed on lucerne hay (5.1 v. 4.7), but alpaca had a higher CH4 yield when fed on PRG/WC (9.4 v. 7.5, P < 0.05) and Lotus (6.4 v. 2.7, P < 0.001).  When grazing on Lotus, the sheep had very high protozoa counts in their forestomach contents, compared with those with the other forages and those in the alpaca.  On lucerne hay and Lotus, but not on PRG/WC, the alpaca had higher (P < 0.01) acetate/propionate ratio in their forestomach fluid than sheep. When fed on lucerne hay, alpaca and sheep did not differ (P > 0.05) in diet N partition or microbial N yield, but alpaca had higher (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre digestibility (0.478 v. 0.461) and lower (P < 0.01) urinary energy losses (5.2 v. 5.8 % GEI) than sheep.  It is suggested that differences between these species in forestomach particulate FOR might have been the underlying physiological mechanism responsible for the differences in CH4 yield, although the between-species differences in VFI and diet quality also had a major effect on it.

Pineda, M.H.; Dooley, M.P. Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction. 5^th edition. Iowa State Press, Ames.  2003; xiv + 597 pp.  ISBN:  0813811066.
NAL call no.:  SF768.3.M335 2003
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, cats, dogs, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, sheep, adrenal glands, reproduction, endocrinology, thyroid glands, pancreas, pituitary, artificial insemination, calcitonin, cholecalciferol, embryo transfer, parathyrin, r eproduction.

Ratto, M.H.; Singh, J.; Huanca, W.; Adams, G.P.  Ovarian follicular wave synchronization and pregnancy rate after fixed-time natural mating in llamas. Theriogenology.  2003; 60(9): 1645-1656.  ISSN:  0093-691X.
NAL call no.:  QP251.A5
Descriptors: llamas, reproduction physiology, induction of follicular wave synchronization, pregnancy rates, fixed time natural mating, estradiol and progesterone (E/P, n=20); (3) LH (LH, n=20); or (4) transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle ab lation (FA, n=20), daily monitoring with transrectal ultrasonography, LH and FA most effective, increased pregnancy in synchronized females.

Reynolds, B.J.  Turning problems into profits.  Rural Cooperatives.  2003 Mar/Apr; 70(2): 8-10.  ISSN: 1088-8845.
URL:  http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5331
NAL call no.:  aHD1491.U6R87
Descriptors: cooperatives, alpacas, fibers, textile industry, United States.

Sarno, Ronald J.; Bank, Michael S.; Stern, Hal S.; Franklin, William L.   Forced dispersal of juvenile guanacos (Lama guanicoe): Causes, variation, and fates of individuals dispersing at different times.  Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.  2003 Jun; 54(1): 22-29.  ISSN:  0340-5443. 
Descriptors: guanacos, impacts of forced dispersal, behavior, activity patterns, population dynamics, dispersal patterns in habitat, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.

Schulman, F.Y.; Krafft, A.E.; Janczewski, T.; Reupert, R.; Jackson, K.; Garner, M.M.  Camelid mucoutaneous fibropapillomas: clinicopathologic findings and association with papillomavirus.  Veterinary Pathology.  2003; 40(1): 103-107.  ISSN:  0300-9858.
NAL call no.:  41.8 P27
Descriptors:  alpacas, llamas, fibropapillomas, similar to equine sarcoids, ulcerated hyperplastic epidermis with thin rete pegs, lesions on nose, lip and cheek, papillomavirus by PCR, one was a unique PV, clinical aspects, histo pathologylesions, nucleotide sequences.

Shi, Yan Feng; Shan, Xiang Nian; Li, Jian; Zhang, Hai Jun; Zheng, Ai Ling.  [Phylogenetic relationships of seven Cetartiodactyla species inferred from mitochondrial genome.]  Zoological Research.  2003; 24(5): 331-336.  ISSN:  0254-5853.  Note:  In Chinese.
Descriptors: mitochondrial genomes, muntjak, based on contatenated sequences of 13 inferred amino acid sequences of protein coding genes, phylogenetic tree, 3 clades, muntjak-sheep, cow clade, pig alpaca clade, hippopotamus-whale clade, divergence millions of years ago.

Sponheimer, M.; Robinson, T.; Ayliffe, L.; Passey, B.; Roeder, B.; Shipley, L.; Lopez, E.; Cerling, T.; Dearing, D.; Ehleringer, J.  An experimental study of carbon-isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces of mammalian herbivores.  Canadian Journal of Zoology.  May 2003; 81(5): 871-876.  ISSN: 0008-4301.   Note:  In English with a French summary.
NAL call no.:  470 C16D
Descriptors:  cattle, llamas, alpacas, goats, rabbits, horses, herbivores, diet, feeds, alfalfa, Medicago sativa, Cynodon dactylon, Bromus inermis, carbon, stable isotopes, isotope fractionation, hairs, feces, chemical composition, diet switch, carbon turnover.

Sponheimer, M.; Robinson, T.F.; Roeder, B.L.; Passey, B.H.; Ayliffe, L.K.; Cerling, T.E.; Dearing, M.D.; Ehleringer, J.R An experimental study of nitrogen flux in llamas: Is 14N preferentiall y excreted?  Journal of Archaeological Science.  2003; 30(12): 1649-1655.  ISSN:  0305-4403.
Descriptors:  llamas, nitrogen isotopes, 15N enrichment as move up the food chain, differential excretion for N14, diet study, high and low protein, fecal and urinary nitrogen loss, threorize influx and efflux in adult animals is steady state, possibly under growth, diet change, nutritional stress, heat stress, may change steady state.

Staudte, K.L.; Gibson, N.R.  Type 1B external fixation of a metacarpal fracture in an alpaca.  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2003; 81(5): 265-267.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AU72
Descriptors:  alpacas, external skeletal fixation, 1B frame, comminuted metacarpal bone fractures, first treated with internal fixation, normal recovery with complete healing, case reports, Australia.

Step, D.L.; Ritchey, J.W.; Drost, W.T.; Bahr, R.J.  Ameloblastic odontoma in the mandible of a llama.  Canadian Veterinary Journal.  2003; 44(10): 824-827.  ISSN:  0008-5286.  Note:  In English with a French summary.
NAL call no.:  41.8 R3224
Descriptors: 4 year old llama, clinical picture, aggressive, multiloculated, expansile bone lesion, rostral mandible, diagnosis, radiography, computed tomography, ameloblastic odontoma, tooth diseases, Oklahoma, United States.

Tharaldsen, J.; Djonne, B.; Fredriksen, B.; Nyberg, O.; Sigurdardottir, O.  The national paratuberculosis program in Norway.  Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica.  2003; 44(3/4): 243-246. ISSN:  0044-605X. 
NAL call no.:  41.8 AC87
Descriptors:  cattle, goats, llamas, Johne’s disease, paratuberculosis, disease control programs, diagnosis, disease prevalence, disease surveys, epidemiology, immunodiagnosis, seroprevalence, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Norway.

Vaughan, J.L.; Macmillan, K.L.; Anderson, G.A.; D'Occhio, M.J. Effects of mating behaviour and the ovarian follicular state of female alpacas on conception.  Australian Veterinary Journal.  2003; 81(1/2): 86-90.  ISSN:  0005-0423.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AU72
Descriptors: alpacas, mating behavior effects on ovarian follicles, success of conception, corpus luteum, pregnancy, commercial stud, Victoria, receptive and nonreceptive behaviors, transdominal untrasound scanning, plasma concentration of estr adiol and progesterone, Australia.

Villarreal, F.; Longo, L.  Valoracion economica del guanaco patagonico.  [A methodological approach for the economic valuation of an alive natural resource.]  Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia Universidad de Buenos Aires.  2003; 23(1): 59-69.  ISSN:&nb sp; 0325-9250.  Note:  In Spanish with an English summary.
Descriptors: guanaco, sheep, production animals, contingent valuation, cost benefit analysis of 3 systems, traditional sheep production, sustainable sheep production, extensive guanaco production, rangeland farming systems, negative impact of desertification on sheep, methodology, reduced sustainability of sheep farming, value of guanacos, conservation of forage resources, Patagonia, Argentina.

Waldridge, B.M.; Billups, L.H.; Frost, A.R.; McKenzie, D.M.; Lenz, S.D.  A hormone receptor positive mammary gland adenocarcinoma in a llama.  Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine.   2003; 1(2): 163-167.  ISSN:  1542-2666.
Descriptors: adult female llama, ovariectomized, udder enlargement, mammary gland adenocarcinoma, estrogen hormone receptors, immunohistochemistry, neoplasms, physiopathology, progesterone.

Wentz, P.A.; Belknap, E.B.; Brock, K.V.; Collins, J.K.; Pugh, D.G.  Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.  2003; 223(2): 223-228.  ISSN:  0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, experimental infection of females with bovine diarrhea virus, no effects on crias or fetus, antibodies after colostrums consumption, antibodies, effect on fetuses, seroprevalence, genetic characterization of BVDV isolates from llamas, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, specific antibody responses, few clinical signs, infection source probably cattle. 

Wheeler, J.C.; Fernandez, M.; Rosadio, R.; Hoces, D.; Kadwell, M.; Buford, M.W. Genetic diversity and management implications for vicuna populations in Peru.  In:  John Lemons; Reginald Victor; Daniel Schaffer (Editors).  Conserving Biodiversity in Arid Regions: Best Practices in Developing Nations.  Kluwer Academic, Boston, Dordrecht & London. 2003: 327-344.  ISBN:  1402074832.
Descriptors: vicuna populations, genetic diversity of populations, animal resource management, conservation measures and genetic diversity, molecular genetics, Peru.

Yau, K.Y.F.; Groves, M.A.T.; Li, Sheng Hua; Sheedy, C.; Lee, Hung; Tanha, J.; MacKenzie, C.R.; Jermutus, L.; Hall, J.C.  Selection of hapten-specific single-domain antibodies from a non-immunized llama ribosome display library.  Journal of Immunological Methods.  2003; 281(1/2): 161-175.  ISSN:  0022-1759.
Descriptors:  llamas, lymphocytes, VHH of heavy chain antibodies, complementary DNA, DNA libraries, haptens, lymphocytes, messenger RNA, peptides, ribosomes, selection.

Zanolari, P.; Zulauf, M.; Nitzl, D.; Ueltschi, G.; Steiner, A.  Offene Schragfraktur von Metatarsus III/IV und interne Fixation bei einem Alpaka.  [Open fracture of metatarsus III/IV treated by open reduction and internal fixation in an alpaca.]  SAT, Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde.  2003; 145(8): 378-385.  ISSN:  0036-7281.  Note:  In German with summaries in English, French and Italian. 
Descriptors: 15 month old male alpaca, bone fracture of metatarsus, fracture fixation, surgical procedure, meticulous lavage and curettage, fracture reduction, internal fixation with 12 hole broad 3.5 mmDCP, implantation of gentamicin impregn ated collagen sponge, healing was good, implant later removed, case report, Czechoslovakia.

Zapata, B.; Fuentes, V.; Bonacic, C.; Gonzalez, B.; Villouta, G.; Bas, F.  Haematological and clinical biochemistry findings in captive juvenile guanacos (Lama guanicoe Muller 1776) in central Chile.  Small Ruminant Research.  2003; 48(1): 15-21.  ISSN:  0921-4488.
NAL call no.:  SF380.I52
Descriptors: male and female guanacos, farmed animals, hematological values, blood biochemistry, plasma, hematocrit, blood protein, serum albumin, blood sugar, creatine kinase, enzyme activity, hematology, hemoglobin, blood cells, lymphocytes , neutrophils, seasonal variation, sex differences, wild animals, Chile.

2002

Aller, J.F.; Rebuffi, G.E.; Cancino, A.K.; Alberio, R.H.  Successful transfer of vitrified llama (Lama glama) embryos.  Animal Reproduction Science.  Sep 16, 2002; 73(1/2): 121-127.  ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL call no.:  QP251.A5
Descriptors: llamas, embryos, embryo culture, embryo transfer, sexual reproduction, embryo survival, cryopreservation, chorionic gonadotropin, GNRH, estradiol, ovulation, blastocysts, glycerol, ethylene glycol, sucrose, synchroni zed females, pregnancy rate, reproductive techniques.

Aller, J.F.; Rebuffi, G.E.; Cancino, A.K. Superovulation response to progestogen treatment in vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) in semicaptive conditions. Theriogenology. January 2, 2002; 57(1): 576. ISSN: 0093-691X. Note: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil, January 12-15, 2001.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: vicuna, semicaptive females, hormone treatment, progestogen-eCG, reproduction hormones.

Andrew, Stacy E.; Willi, A. Michelle; Anderson, David. Density of corneal endothelial cells, corneal thickness, and corneal diameters in normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research. March, 2002; 63(3): 326-329. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, eye measurements, non-contact, specular microscopy, thickness, ultracsonographic pachymetry, Jameson calipers, vertical and horizontal corneal diameters, sex differences, adult and young animals.

Aylan-Parker, J.; McGregor, B.A. Optimising sampling techniques and estimating sampling variance of fleece quality attributes in alpacas. Small Ruminant Research. April, 2002; 44(1): 53-64. ISSN: 0921-4488
NAL call no.: SF380.I52
Descriptors: Huacaya and Suri alpacas, males, females, fleece, models to predict fleece quality, sampling fleece from various body parts, Australia.
Abstract: Huacaya and Suri alpacas (n = 120) of varying age, live weight (LWT) and sex (female, male) were selected randomly from four farms in southern Australia. At shearing, fleeces were divided into four components: saddle (S), neck (N), pieces (P; front and back legs, belly, apron) and the midside sample (MS). Components were weighed , sampled using the grid sampling technique and fleece attributes measured: clean washing yield (CWY), mean fibre diameter (MFD), coefficient of variation of the MFD (CV(D)), incidence of medullated fibres (Med), mean medullated f ibre diameter (MedMFD) and coefficient of variation of the MedMFD (MedCV(D)). The MS and saddle grid sample (SGS) were used to create models to predict the fleece attribute of the total fleece (TF), saddle and neck fibre. For each fleece attribute MS had lower values than SGS and TF (P < 0.005) and SGS, except for CWY, had lower values than the P and TF (P < 0.005). The means were: MFD MS 27.5 micrometer, S 28.8 micrometer, N 28.7 micrometer, P 37.6 micrometer, TF 31.2 micrometer; CV(D) MS 24.3%, S 27.0%, N 28.6%, P 30.6%, TF 28.1%; CWY MS 90.2%, S 91.4%, N 88.9%, P 92.8%; Med 24.4%, S 33.1%, P 44.5%, TF 35.2%; MedMFD MS 32.7 micrometer, S 34.4 micrometer, P 41.1 micrometer, TF 36.0 micrometer; MedCV(D) MS 19.4%, S 22.3%, P 25.9%, TF 23.4%. The MS w as found to be an appropriate sample from which to predict the MFD and CWY CV(D) was only satisfactorily predicted by the SGS (r = 0.88), with the exception of the neck fleece, for which neither the MS nor SGS could provide an accurate predictive model. T he MS did not sufficiently account for the variation in Med (r = 0.73-0.79). The SGS gave accurate prediction of Med (r = 0.98). Sex effects were detected in models for TFMFD, NMFD and TFCV(D). LWT effects were detected in models for NMFD, NCV(D) and TFMedMFD. SGS often gave a more accurate prediction of a fleece attribute but it requires the removal of the entire fleece, whereas MS can be removed by shearing a small area or can be removed during shearing with a minimum o f effort. Sampling variance for SGS was generally two to four times greater than the sampling variance for MS with the 95% confidence limits (CLs) for SGS being about double those of MS for most parameters except for clean washing yield (CWY) which were s imilar. Sampling variance for the incidence of medullated fibres in SGS was very high. The large 95% CL for all the tested fibre attributes indicate that alpaca breeders and advisors need to consider taking suitable duplicate measurements and other precau tions during breeding and animal selling programs.

Bank, Michael S.; Sarno, Ronald J.; Campbell, Nichole K.; Franklin, William L. Predation of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) by southernmost mountain lions (Puma concolor) during a historically severe winter in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.  Journal of Zoology (London).  2002 October; 258(2): 215-222.  ISSN:  0952-8369.
Descriptors:  guanacos, mountain lions, Puma concolor, prey/predator relationships, impact of severe winter conditions, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.

Bedenice, D.; Mazan, M.R.; Kuehn, H.; Hoffman, A.M.  Diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve degeneration in a llama.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medi cine.  2002 Sep/Oct; 16(5): 603-606.  ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL call no.:  SF601.J65
Descriptors:  llamas, phrenic nerve degeneration, diaphragm paralysis, nerve atrophy, clinical aspects, respiration rate, lung ventilation disfunction, diagnostic techniques, diagnostic value, respiratory inductive plethysmograph y, pneumotachography, diagnostic value.

Bravo, P.W.; Moscoso, R.; Alarcon, V.; Ordonez, C. Ejaculatory process and related semen characteristics. Archives of Andrology. 2002 Jan-Feb; 48(1): 65-72. ISSN: 0148-5016.
NAL call no.: QP253.A54
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, urethral contractions, semen characteristics, transrectal probe technique, artificial vagina, spermatic motility and concentration.
Abstract: South American camelids are dribble ejaculators, and urethral contractions occur throughout copulation, which may last 25 min. The urethral contractions and their associationwith semen characteristics during copulation were determined in llamas and alpacas. A transrectal probe was held in the rectum of the male while copulating an artificial vagina, which was accessed underneath the dummy through a hole. The semen‑collecting tube was changed every 5 min. Semen characteristics, color, volume, consistency, motility, concentration, and percentage of live sperm were determined at 5‑min intervals. Urethral contractions were evenly distributed during copulation: 40 in alpacas and 63 in llamas (p <.05), with a general range of 11 to 132. Semen color was milky in 63%, and translucent in 36.5% for alpacas; and creamy (9.9%) milky (47%), and translucent (42%) for llamas. The mean volume of ejaculate was 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.6, 0.8, 0.3, and 3.0 mL for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min, respectively. Semen consistency was variable: viscous (65%) and semiviscous (34%) in alpacas; and viscous (57%) and semiviscous (42%) in llamas. Spermatic motility varied between 60 and 80% for the llama, and 40 and 80% for the alpaca. Spermatic concentration varied between 60 and 188 x 10(3)/mm3 in llamas, and 30 and 170 x 10(3)/mm3 in alpacas. Percentage of live sperm varied the least: 81 to 90% in llamas and 65 to 90% in alpacas. The ejaculate of llamas and alpacas is not fractionated, urethral contractions are evenly distributed, during copulation, and semen characteristics are present throughout the copulatory period.

Buendia, P.; Soler, C.; Paolicchi, F.; Gago, G.; Urquieta, B.; Perez Sanchez, F.; Bustos Obregon, E. Morphometric characterization and classification of alpaca sperm heads using the sperm-class analyzer computer-assisted system. Theriogenology. 2002 Mar 1; 57(4): 1207-1218. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: alpacas, sperm morphology, sperm fertility, standarised morphological criteria, sperm quality, Sperm Class Analyzer computer-aided image analysis system, sperm head size and shape.
Abstract: Sperm morphology has been identified as one characteristic which can be useful in the prediction of sperm fertility, therefore, we hope that this study aimed at establishing standardized morphological criteria might serve in future studies dealing with the search for sperm parameters which facilitate an estimation of sperm quality. For this purpose, ejaculates from fertile alpacas were used to evaluate sperm head morphometry by means of the Sperm-Class Analyzer (SCA) computer-aided image analysis system. We defined three morphological categories according to sperm head size (normal 50%, small 26%, large 24%) and five categories according to sperm head shape (normal 47%, pyriform 3%, short 20%, round 1%, long 29%). Sperm classification according to shape was performed by first morphometrically characterizing sperm heads clearly falling into each of the shape categories. Thereafter, discriminant analysis was performed on the data from these typical sperm heads and the resulting classification functions were used to categorize 2,200 spermatozoa from 11 alpacas. Classification of sperm heads by this method agreed in 88% of the cases with most of the misclassifications being due to pyriform heads classified as long heads. Morphometric values obtained from samples of 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 sperm heads were compared. At least 150 sperm heads should be evaluated to overcome sample size influence on sperm measurements. Significant differences in sperm morphometry were found between individuals (CV for morphometric parameters ranging from 1.3 to 13.0) and there were marked differences in the sperm morphological composition of the ejaculates. Within-animal CV ranged from 4.7 to 17.8 thus showing the high degree of sperm polymorphism present in the alpaca ejaculate.

Bustamante, A.V.; Zambelli, A.; De Lamo, D.A.; von Thungen, J.; Vidal, Rioja L. Genetic variability of guanaco and llama populations in Argentina. Small Ruminant Research. May, 2002; 44(2): 97-101. ISSN: 0921-4488.
NAL call no.: SF380.I52
Descriptors: llama, guanacos, dinucleotide microsatellite loci markers, population parameters, allele size and distribution, heterozygosity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic distances, polyorphic information content. exclusion probability, high level of genetic variability, genetic stocks, conservation, sustainable use programs.

Butler, K.L.; McGregor, B.A. A statistical approach for evaluating micron blowout, with Australian alpacas as an example.  Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding.  2002; 50(3): 383-38 9.  ISSN:  0043-7875.
Descriptors: alpacas, sheep, Australian Merino, wool producing animals, age, animal fibers heritability, statistical analysis, Australia.

Cebra, C.K.; Watrous, B.J.; Cebra, M.L. Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy llamas and alpacas.  Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.  2002 Jul/Aug; 43(4): 359-366.  ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL call no.:  SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, ultrasonography, gastrointestinal diseases, abdomen, stomach motility, intestinal motility, small intestine, large intestine, colon, peritoneum, peritoneal fluids, normal values, diagnostic value, intestinal obstructio n.

Chaves, M.G.; Aba, M.; Aguero, A.; Egey, J.; Berestin, V.; Rutter, B. Ovarian follicular wave pattern and the effect of exogenous progesterone on follicular activity in non-mated llamas. Animal Reproduction Science. 2002 Jan 23; 69(1-2): 37-46 ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: secretory profiles of oestradiol-17beta, progesterone, follicular dynamics, non- ovulating animals, exogenous progesterone effects, hormone production, adults, non-pregnant, transrectal ultrasonography.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was two-fold. First, to characterize the secretory profiles of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in relation to the structural changes observed by ultrasonography during follicular dynamics in non-ovulating llamas. Second, to evaluate the effect of exogenous progesterone on follicular activity, in terms of follicle development and hormone production. In experiment one, six adult non-pregnant, non-lactating llamas were examined daily by rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasonography during 70 days. On day 54, intravaginal devices containing 0.33 g of progesterone (CIDR) were inserted and left in the vagina during 16 days. The mean duration of a follicular wave was 22.6+/-2.5 days. The follicular growth phase (follicles growing from 3mm to maximum size) averaged 9.2+/-2.8 days, the mature phase (follicles around maximum size) 5.2+/-1.4 days and regression phase (follicles with decreasing size) 8.2+/-2.2 days. Oestradiol-17beta plasma concentrations exhibited a similar wave pattern (P<0.05). In addition, oestradiol-17beta peak plasma concentrations (46.9+/-3.3 pmoll(-1)) were attained approximately 12 days after the beginning of the growing phase in connection with maximum follicle size (11.8+/-1.6mm). After CIDR insertion, a rapid increase in plasma progesterone concentrations was observed, with peak concentrations attained on day 1 after insertion. Thereafter, concentrations decreased gradually. Mean follicle size steadily decreased from the day of CIDR insertion to day 11 post-insertion (10.3+/-1.6 and 3.3+/-0.8mm, respectively). In order to investigate the effect of follicle size at CIDR insertion on the outcome of progesterone treatment, experiment two was designed. Sixteen adult non-pregnant and non-lactating llamas were divided into four groups according to follicle development at the time of CIDR insertion (group I: follicles < or =6 mm; group II: follicles between 6 and 9 mm; group III: follicles between 10 and 14 mm and group IV, regressing follicles). In groups II, III and IV, a significant decrease in follicle size was observed after the insertion of the CIDR device. In group I, no further development of dominant follicles was observed until the device was withdrawn. In all cases, the smallest diameter was registered between days 5 and 7 after the beginning of treatment. In conclusion, a detailed characterization of follicular waves using ultrasound and hormone determinations simultaneously in non-ovulating llamas and after the insertion of progesterone releasing devices, is presented.

Chen, Zhigang; Narang, Saran; Ni, Feng. Solution structure of a llama single-domain antibody with hydrophobic residues typical of the VH/VL interface. Biochemistry. 2002 Jul 9; 41(27): 8570-8579. ISSN: 0006-2960.
NAL call no.: 381 B523
Descriptors: llama, antibody, BrucD4-4, NMR spectroscopy, VH, V(H)H, differentiating from murine and human VHs, molecular structure, surface characteristics, hydrobrobicity.

Davis, C.  Alpacas as a retirement career.  Small Farm Today.  2002 Mar/Apr; 19(2): 39-40.  ISSN:  1079-9729.
NAL call no.:  S1.M57
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, retirement income, fleece, conformation, breeding, care and management, llamas, United States.

Del Campo, M.R.; Toro, F.; von Baer, A.; Montecinos, S.; Donoso, X.; von Baer, L. Morphology and physiology of llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama Paco) embryos. Theriogenology. January 2, 2002; 57(1): 581. ISSN: 0093-691X. Note: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil, January 12-15, 2001.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, embryos, structure, morphology, biochemical physiology.

DuBois, W.R.  Injectable anesthesia in llamas and alpacas.  Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.  2002; 16: 166-168.  Note:  In volume: Large Animal.  Part of a three volume set.  Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.
NAL call no.:  SF605.N672
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, injectable anesthetics.

European College of Veterinary Surgeons. Eleventh Annual Scientific Meeting of the European College of Veterinary Surgeons, Vienna, Austria, July 5-7, 2002. Veterinary Surgery. May-June, 2002; 31(3): 285-302. ISSN: 0161-3499. Note: Includes abstracts of papers (55) and posters (25) on clinical studies and surgical topics. Animals include llamas, dogs, cats and horses.
NAL call no.: SF911.V43
Descriptors: veterinary surgical methods, clinical studies, various mammals, dogs, cats, llamas, horses.

Farrar, L.H.  Ready. Get set. Show! (Showing alpacas).  Small Farm Today.  2002 Mar/Apr; 19(2): 43-44.  ISSN: 1079-9729.
NAL call no.:  S1.M57
Descriptors: alpacas, competitive shows, conformation, preparing the animals, fleece and fibers quality.

Flores, P.; Garcia Huidobro, J.; Munoz, C.; Bustos Obregon, E.; Urquieta, B. Alpaca semen characteristics previous to a mating period. Animal Reproduction Science. 2002 Aug 15; 72(3-4): 259-266. ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: alpacas, males, fertility, sperm quality, artificial vagina, sperm color, volume, volume, morphology, protocol for selecting good breeding males.
Abstract: Increasing the knowledge of the semen characteristics in the alpaca will contribute to understanding one of the many factors that affect the poor fertility rate in this species. Ten adult male alpacas, 2.6-10 years of age, average weight 64.7+/-4.7kg were used. The animals were distributed randomly into two groups of five each and submitted alternatively to two semen collections, using an artificial vagina and sexually receptive females. For the first semen collection the animals had a sexual rest period of about 90 and 45 days before the second. Duration of semen collection, color and volume of ejaculate were recorded, and sperm concentration and morphology (light microscopy) were evaluated. Descriptive statistical analyses were used for each variable, considering all samples obtained (n=19). An analysis of variance for animal groups and opportunity of collection were used for quantitative variables. Most frequent color was opalescent white (84.2%). There were no statistical differences among male groups or between semen collections. The average values and standard deviations for the quantitative variables were: 12.3+/-7.2min for semen collection time, 1.8+/-0.8ml for ejaculate volume, (17.6+/-26.1)x10(6) sperm/ml for sperm concentration and 34.0+/-52.2x10(6) for total number of sperm per ejaculate. The percentage of normal spermatozoa was 51.0+/-12.4%. From the total abnormalities, that of mid piece segment (14.4%) was the most frequent. These results indicate that male alpaca have poor semen quality, when compared with other domestic species. Nevertheless, for the evaluation of male alpaca as breeders it would be necessary to create a protocol for the selection of them, where phenotypic, behavioral and seminogram aspects are considered. The values reported herein define the characteristics of the alpaca semen that could be considered as the initial base of the seminal analysis to select male alpacas before mating.

Frank, E.N.; Renieri, C.; Hick, M.V.H.; la Manna, V.; Gauna, C.D.; Lauvergne, J.J. Segregation analysis of irregular spotting and full white in llama.  In: Proceedings of the 7^th World Congress o n Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002 Session 12.  2002: 0-4.  ISBN:  2738010520.
Descriptors: llamas, animal fibers, coat colors, phenotypic relationships, white, irregular spotted, self colored, allelesautosomes, chromosomes crossing, dominance, epistasis, inheritance, genetics, segregation.

Gauly, M.; Vaughan, J. Endoparasite infections in alpacas (Lama pacos) in relation to their genetic background.  In: Proceedings of the 7^th Wo rld Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002 Session 7.&n bsp; 2002: 0-3.  ISBN:  2738010520.
Descriptors: 92 alpacas, crias, age differences, 5 different sires, feces survey for parasites, parasitoses, genetic based resistance, helminth ova, Nematodirus sp., Trichostrongylidae.

Genin, D.; Abasto, P.; Choque, S.; Magne, J. Dung ash treatment of a native forage to improve livestock feeding in low-input Andean pastoral systems.  Livestock Research for Rural Development.  2002; 14(2): 1-7.  ISSN:  0121-3784.
Descriptors: llamas, sheep, livestock feeding study, Festuca orthophylla, paja brava bunch grass, alkali treatment of sodium hydroxide + urea or dung ash + urea to improve nutrient digestibility, 4 comparative feeding and dig estibility studies, alkali treatments improved nutritive value, feeding management for low-input substance farming, Andean Group.

Gionfriddo, Juliet R.  Cataracts in New World camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicunas, and guanacos).  Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice.  2002 May; 5(2): 357-369.  ISSN:  1094-9194.
NAL call no.:  SF997.5.E95E97
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, vicunas, guanacos, South American camelids, eye disorders, treatment, causes.

Gionfriddo, Juliet R.; Blair, Michael. Congenital cataracts and persistent hyaloid vasculature in a llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2002 Mar; 5(1): 65-70. ISSN: 1463-5216.
NAL call no.: SF891.V47
Descriptors: llama, young animals, case study, bilateral catracts, surgical correction, tissue treatment, viscoelastic endothelian protectants, anti-inflammatories, irrigating solution.
Abstract: A 9-month-old llama was evaluated for apparent blindness. Bilateral cataracts were diagnosed and cataract surgery was performed on the right eye. At the time of surgery persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, persistent hyperplastic tun ica vasculosa lentis, and a persistent hyaloid artery were observed. Prior to surgery Power Doppler ultrasound revealed a patent tunica vasculosa lentis OS. Despite reports of a poor success rate for llama cataract surgery, through use of careful tissue h andling, phacoemulsification, viscoelastic endothelial protectants, anti-inflammatories, and BSS-Plus irrigating solution, vision was successfully restored in both eyes of the llama.

Gomez, G.; Ratto, M.H.; Berland, M.; Wolter, M.; Adams, G.P. Superstimulatory response and oocyte collection in alpacas. Theriogenology. January 2, 2002; 57(1): 584. ISSN: 0093-691X. Note: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Inter national Embryo Transfer Society, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil, January 12-15, 2001.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: alpacas, females, egg collection, superovulation, hormone treatment, methods, techniques.

Hackenbroich, Ch.; Gerwing, M.; Litzke, L.F.  Chirurgische Therapie einer Femurspiralfraktur beim Lama (Lama glama).  [Surgical repair of a femur  spiral fracture in a llama (Lama glama).] Tieraerztliche Praxis Ausgabe G Grosstiere Nutztiere.  2002; 30(1): 58-62.  ISSN:  1434-1220.  Note:  In German with an English summary.
Descriptors: llama, femur, spiral fracture, surgical repair, case study.

Hamir, A.N.; Smith, B.B.  Severe biliary hyperplasia associated with liver fluke infection in an adult alpaca. Veterinary Pathology.  2002 Sep; 39(5): 592-594.  ISSN:  0300-9858.
NAL call no.:  41.8 P27
Descriptors: llamas, adult animal, internal parasitic diseases, Fasciola hepatica, liver fluke infection, biliary hyperplasia.

Heath, A.M.; Pugh, D.G.; Sartin, E.A.; Navarre, B.; Purohit, R.C.  Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of testicular biopsies in llamas.  Theriogenology.  2002 Oct; 58(6): 1125-1130.  ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL call no.:  QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: llamas, reproductive function, needle biopsy of testes, histologic examination of tissue, safety and efficacy of the procedure, seminiferous tubules, scrotum, body temperature, thermography, histology.
Abstract:  Evaluation of the reproductive function of Lama glama is generally considered to be a challenging task due to the difficulty of obtaining representative semen samples.  One method that has been proposed for evaluation of testicular function in these animals is histologic examination of testicular needle biopsies.  This study was undertake n to examine the safety and efficacy of using needle biopsies to assess testicular function in this species.  One randomly selected testicle from each of 16 sexually mature llamas was biopsied with a 14-gauge self-firing biopsy instrument.  The llamas were evaluated over a 6-week period with thermography for temperature changes of the scrotum.  At the end of the 6-week trial, the llamas were castrated and sections of each testis were fixed in Bouin's solution for histologic examination.   Immediately prior to castration, an additional biopsy was taken from each testis to compare the tissue obtained via biopsy with sections from the corresponding estis obtained after castration.  A qualitative grading scale was used to compare the seminiferous tubules from each testis.  No difference was found between the biopsied and the nonbiopsied testes (P = 0.69).  The percentage of normal tubules between the biopsied and the nonbiopsied sides also did not differ (P = 0.70).  Furthermore, the percentage of normal seminiferous tubules did not differ between the needle biopsy samples and the corresponding tissue samples obtained at castration (P = 0.48).  The number of round seminiferous tubules counted in each biopsy section ranged from 3 to 67.  There was no significant difference in the thermographic images of the scrotum between the biopsied and the nonbiopsied testes.  This study supports testicular biopsies as a safe and useful procedure in the evaluation of testicular function.

Herrera, E.A.; Riquelme, R.A.; Sanhueza, E.M.; Raggi, L.A.; Llanos, A.J. Use of fetal biometry to determine fetal age in late pregnancy in llamas.  Animal Reproduction Science.  2002 Nov; 4(1/2): 101-109.  ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL call no.:  QP251.A5
Descriptors: llamas, fetal development, determination of fetal age, gestation period, pregnancy, reproduction biometry, weight, diameter, fetal length, fetal limbs, mathematical models, newborn animals.

Ivany, Jennifer M.; Anderson, David E.; Birchard, Stephen J.; Mattoon, John R.; Neubert, Brad G. Portosystemic shunt in an alpaca cria. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. June 1, 2002; 220(11): 1652; 1696-1699. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no.: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: alpaca, 5 month old cria, diarrhea, poor growth, colonic vein shunt, surgical correction, case study.

Janis, Christine M.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Boisvert, Bethany. Locomotor evolution in camels revisited: A quantitative analysis of pedal anatomy and the acquisition of the pacing gait. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 March, 2002; 22(1): 110-121. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: llamas, camels, pacing gait, measurements, metapodials, phalanges, comparison to extinct camelids, Tertiary of North America, Oligocene, early Miocene, evolution.

Jones, C.J.P.; Abd Elnaeim, M.; Bevilacqua, E.; Oliveira, L.V.; Leiser, R. Comparison of uteroplacental glycosylation in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (Lama pacos). Reproduction. 2002 Jan; 123(1): 115-126. ISSN: 1470-1626.
NAL call no.: QP251.J75
Descriptors: camels, alpacas, comparison study, glycosylation of fetal and maternal tissues, interspecies differences, camelid hybrids, placentae, viability of hybrid pregnancies, embryo transplantation.
Abstract: The recent birth of a camel-llama hybrid, after numerous failed attempts, has prompted an investigation into the glycosylation of apposing fetal and maternal tissues of pregnant camels and alpacas. This study was undertaken to determine whether interspecies differences in glycans are factors that may account in part for the difficulty in producing a viable hybrid. Specimens of camel placentae from day 60 to day 375 of gestation and alpaca placentae from day 22 to term (approximately 345 days) were fixed and embedded in resin, and sections were stained with a panel of 19 biotinylated lectins and an avidin--peroxidase revealing system. Several qualitative interspecies differences in tissue glycosylation were found, mainly in the trophoblast, and especially with respect to bi/tri-antennary bisected N-glycan, fucosylated structures, beta-galactosyl residues and sialyl termini. In the maternal uterine epithelium, differences were found mainly in bi/tri-antennary bisected complex N-glycan and beta-galactosyl residues, indicating that there is more conservation of glycosylation in maternal tissues compared with trophoblast. There were also many quantitative differences in the distribution of glycans. It is possible that a failure to effect the normal glycan--glycan complementation that occurs at the cell surface between maternal and fetal tissues during the implantation processes of apposition and adhesion may account in part for the difficulty in establishing a viable pregnancy between these two species.

Kuch, M.; Rohland, N.; Betancourt, J.L.; Latorre, C.; Steppan, S.; Poinar, H.N. Molecular analysis of a 11,000-year-old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile. Molecular Ecology. 2002; 11(5): 913-924. ISSN 0962-1083.
NAL call no.: QH540.M64
Descriptors: plants, animals, vicuna, birds, rodents.

Lattanzi, M.; Santos, C.; Chaves, G.; Miragaya, M.; Capdevielle, E.; Judith, E.; Aguero, A.; Baranao, L. Cryopreservation of llama (Lama glama) embryos by slow freezing and vitrification. Theriogenology. January 2, 2002; 57 (1): 585. ISSN: 0093-691X. Note: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil, January 12-15, 2001.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: llamas, embryos, cryopreservation, slow temperature reduction, vitrification, methods and techniques.

Leoni, L.; Miragaya, M.H.; Lager, I.; Lomonaco, M.; Fondevila, N.; Aguero, A.; Baranao, L.; Schudel, A.A. Bovine Herpes Virus-1 DNA detection in Lama glama embryos previously infected and washed. Theriogenology. January 2, 2002; 57(1): 573. ISSN: 0093-691X. Note: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil, January 12-15, 2001.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: llama, embryos, infectious agent, Bovine Herpes Virus 1, bovine viral disease.

Llanos, Anibal J.; Riquelme, Raquel A.; Sanhueza, Emilia M.; Herrera, Emilio; Gertrudis; Giussani, Dino A.; Parer, Julian T. Regional brain blood flow and hemispheric oxygen consumption during acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. Journal of Physiology. 2002 Feb 1; 538(Pt. 3): 975-983. ISSN: 0022-3751.
NAL call no.: 447.8 J82
Descriptors: llamas, live fetuses, hyoxaemia, cerebral hemispheric oxygen, O₂, Frick principle, hemispheric metabolism.
Abstract: Unlike fetal animals of lowland species, the llama fetus does not increase its cerebral blood flow during an episode of acute hypoxaemia. This study tested the hypothesis that the fetal llama brain maintains cerebral hemispheric O₂ consumption by increasing cerebral O₂ extraction rather than decreasing cerebral oxygen utilisation during acute hypoxaemia. Six llama fetuses were surgically instrumented under general anaesthesia at 217 days of gestation (term ca 350 days) with vascular and amniotic catheters in order to carry out cardiorespiratory studies. Following a control period of 1 h, the llama fetuses underwent 3 x 20 min episodes of progressive hypoxaemia, induced by maternal inhalational hypoxia. During basal conditions and during each of the 20 min of hypoxaemia, fetal cerebral blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres, cerebral oxygen extraction was calculated, and fetal cerebral hemispheric O₂ consumption was determined by the modified Fick principle. During hypoxaemia, fetal arterial O₂ tension and fetal pH decreased progressively from 24 +/- 1 to 20 +/- 1 Torr and from 7.36 +/- 0.01 to 7.33 +/- 0.01, respectively, during the first 20 min episode, to 16 +/- 1 Torr and 7.25 +/- 0.05 during the second 20 min episode and to 14 +/- 1 Torr and 7.21 +/- 0.04 during the final 20 min episode. Fetal arterial partial pressure of CO₂ (P(a,CO₂), 42 +/- 2 Torr) remained unaltered from baseline throughout the experiment. Fetal cerebral hemispheric blood flow and cerebral hemispheric oxygen extraction were unaltered from baseline during progressive hypoxaemia. In contrast, a progressive fall in fetal cerebral hemispheric oxygen consumption occurred during the hypoxaemic challenge. In conclusion, these data do not support the hypothesis that the fetal llama brain maintains cerebral hemispheric O₂ consumption by increasing cerebral hemispheric O₂ extraction. Rather, the data show that in the llama fetus, a reduction in cerebral hemispheric metabolism occurs during acute hypoxaemia.

Marley, S.E.; Conder, G.A. The use of macrocyclic lactones to control parasites of domesticated wild ruminants.  In:  Macrocyclic Lactones in Antiparasitic Therapy.  CAB International. Wallingford, UK.  2002: 371-393.  ISBN:  0851996175.
NAL call no.:  RM412.M33 2002
Descriptors:  anthelmintics, disease control, macrocylic lactones, ivermectin, drug therapy and residues, pharmacokinetics, many animals and parasites tested, alpacas, llamas, guanancos, buffalo, elk, Bactrian camels, dromedary c amels, Amblyomma americanum, Bison bonasus, buffalos, goats, various species of deer, reindeer, Bunostomum, Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Cephenemyia trompe, Chabertia ovina, Cooperia, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, Haematopinus tuberculatus, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus longistipes, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma diana, Hypoderma tarandi, Ixodes scapularis, Linguatula, Linognathus africanus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia ostertagi, Otobius megnini, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, Psoroptes cuniculi, Stephanofilaria zaheeri, Strongyloides papillosus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichuris discolor, Trichuris ovis, Impalaia tuberculata, Lamanema chavezi .

McGregor, B.A. Comparative productivity and grazing behaviour of Huacaya alpacas and Peppin Merino sheep grazed on annual pastures. Small Ruminant Research. June, 2002; 44(3): 219-232. ISSN: 0921-4488
NAL call no.: SF380.I52
Descriptors: Huacaya alpacas, Peppin Merino sheep, improved pasture, grazing preferences, nutrient values of pasture, seasonal affects on fiber characteristics, growth, diameter, curvature, staple strength, resistance to compression, staple crimp, Australia.
Abstract:  Adult Huacaya alpaca (mixed sex, mean +/- S.D., age 5.2 +/- 2.7 years, live weight 72.0 +/- 9.5 kg) were grazed with Peppin Merino sheep (castrated male, age 3 +/- 0.1 years, live weight 54.0 +/- 3.9 kg) for 2 years on improved annual pasture at commercial grazing pressures (10-17 dry sheep equivalents/ha) near Melbourne, Australia. Alpacas and sheep gained weight during the first year and then lost weight (proportional loss: alpacas 22%, sheep 20%, NS) before comme ncing weight gain.  Twice the alpacas gained when the sheep lost weight (P < 0.001).  Alpacas lost weight when green pasture was < 0.5 t DM/ha and gained weight when green pasture exceed ed 0.5 t DM/ha.  The pasture was not grazed evenly.  The behaviour of alpacas indicated a strong preference for short green grazed pasture and they generally avoided l ong dry grass.  The alpacas did not increase the utilisation of the pasture until increased grazing pressure resulted in an expansion of the area utilised.  Midside wool and alpaca fibre growth rates were depressed when animals lost weight and increased when animals gained weight.  The effects of the adverse nutritional conditi ons on alpaca were: a significant reduction in clean fibre growth (CFW) 2.86 vs 1.91 kg, P < 0.001; clean washing yield (CWY) 95.2 vs 91.5%, P < 0.001; mean fibre diameter (MFD) 37.5 vs 35.2 micrometers, P < 0.01; staple length (SL) 94 vs 77 mm, P < 0.001; SL/MFD ratio 2.50 vs 2.20, P < 0.001; an increase in mean fibre diameter coefficient of variation (MFD CV) 23.3 vs 25.1%, P < 0.05; fibre curvature (FC) 24.6 vs 26.4 degrees/mm, P < 0.1 and no change in staple strength (SS) 54 vs 46 N/ktex; resistance to compression (Rc) 5.1 vs 5.1 kPa; staple crimp (SC) 1.2 vs 1.1 cm-1. The.effects on wool were: a significant reduction of CFW 4.12 vs 3.42 kg, P < 0.001; CWY 73.7 vs 69.1%, P < 0.001; MFD 22.4 vs 20.5 micrometers, P < 0.001; SL 96 vs 76 mm, P < 0.001; SS 54 vs 40 N/ktex, P < 0.001; an increase in MFD CV 16.1 vs 18.0%, P < 0.005; FC 97.9 vs 105.5 degrees/mm, P < 0.005 and little change in SL/MFD ratio 4.43 vs 4.17, P < 0.1; Rc 10.0 vs 10.4 kPa, ns; SC 5.8 vs 5. 7 cm-1, ns.  The live weight, fibre productivity and fibre attributes of Huacaya alpacas and Merino sheep were substantially affected by seasonal nutritional conditions in a similar manner.  The annual clean alpaca fibre growth was affected to a greater extent than the annual wool growth (decline of 33 vs 17%).  Under conditions when green pasture availability was < 0.5 t DM/ha, alpacas utilised pasture more effectively than sheep.  Managers can manipulate the provision of pasture to manage live weight change and manipulate alpaca productivity and fibre quality.

Messick, Joanne B.; Walker, Pamela G.; Raphael, William; Berent, Linda; Shi, Xun. 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemodidelphidis' sp. nov., 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' sp. nov. and Mycoplasma haemocanis comb. nov., haemotrophic parasites from a naturally infected opossum (Didelphis virginiana), alpaca (Lama pacos) and dog (Canis familiaris): Phylogenetic and secondary structural relatedness of their 16S rRNA genes to other mycoplasmas. International Journal Systematic & Evolutionary Microbiology. May, 2002; 52(3): 693-698. ISSN: 1466-5026.
NAL call no.: QR1.I577
Descriptors: alpaca, opossum, dog, hemotrophic bacteria, newly characterized species, new group of Mycoplasma, phylogenetic affiliation, molecular genetics.

Miragaya, M.H.; Chaves, M.G.; Capdevielle, E.F.; Ferrer, M.S.; Pinto, M.; Rutter, B.; Neild, D.M.; Aguero, A. In vitro maturation of llama (Lama glama) oocytes obtained surgically using follicle aspiration. Theriogenology. January 2, 2002; 57(1): 731. ISSN: 0093-691X. Note: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil, January 12-15, 2001.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: llama, eggs, oocytes, invitro development, surgical methods and techniques, follicle aspiration.

Nagy, D.W.; Chakwenya, J.; Tyler, J.W.; Holle, J.  A note on colostral immunoglobulin G concentrations vs. subsequent serum concentrations in naturally suckled llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) crias.  Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2002; 9(2): 171-172.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL call no.:  SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, newborn animals, colostral immunity, colostrums, IgG, immune serum, immunity.

Nagy, D.W.; Lakritz, J.; Tyler, J.W.; Jarboe, J.; Loiacono, C.M.; Haddad, M.F.  The treatment of suspected cerebrospinal nematodiasis with moxidectin in 3 llamas (Lama glama).  Journal of Camel Practice and Research.  2002; 9(2): 145 -149.  ISSN:  0971-6777.
NAL call no.:  SF997.5.C3J68
Descriptors: llamas, suspected cerebrospinal nematodiasis, parasitic nematodes, Paralaphostrongylus tenuis, clinical aspects, blood chemistry, blood picture, leukocyte counts, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, drug therapy, moxidectin, case reports, Paralaphostrongylus, Illinois, United States.

Neyra, Victor; Chavarry, Elizabeth; Espinoza, Jose R. Cysteine proteinases Fas1 and Fas2 are diagnostic markers for Fasciola hepatica infection in alpacas (Lama pacos). Veterinary Parasitology. 2002 Apr 19; 105(1): 21-32. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: alpacas, antibodies, ELISA, Fasciola hepatica, serological assay parameters, immunodiagnostic technique.
Abstract: Circulating antibody against Fasciola hepatica antigens was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoelectrophoresis in alpacas naturally exposed to F. hepatica. Serological assay parameters were established by using sera from eight infected animals and seven controls with no record of this parasitic infection. Excretory--secretory (ES-) products, Fas1- and Fas2-ELISA were used to survey 307 alpacas from a F. hepatica endemic area in the Peruvian Andes. Seroprevalence of F. hepatica infection varied from 56.7, 64.8 and 66.8% measured by Fas1-, Fas2- and ES-ELISA, respectively. The sensitivity for ES-ELISA was 95%, corresponding Fas1- and Fas2-ELISA sensitivity values were 90 and 95%. In this population, 7% of animals were positive for F. hepatica eggs in faeces, other parasites detected were Trichuris sp. (40%), Nematodirus sp. (34.6%), Lamanema sp. (12.8%) and Eimeria sp. (11.8%). The results show that F. hepatica infected animals elicit circulating antibodies against ES, Fas1 and Fas2. Fas2-ELISA may be proposed as a sensitive assay for the immunodiagnosis of fasciolosis in alpacas.

Parker, Jill E.; Timm, Karen I.; Smith, Bradford B.; Van Saun, Robert J.; Winters, Kerri M.; Sukon, Peerapol; Snow, Christine M. Seasonal interaction of serum vitamin D concentration and bone density in alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2002 Jul; 63(7): 948-953. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: alpacas, males, seasonal variations, serum analysis, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, feed concentrations, bone mineral density.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate temporal changes in bone mineral density associated with seasonal variation in serum vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations in alpacas. ANIMALS: 5 healthy mature neutered male alpacas. PROCEDURE: Metacarpal bone mineral density was measured at 4 times during a year. Each time alpacas were weighed, blood was collected for determination of serum calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D concentrations, and samples of feed were analyzed for nutrient content. Vitamin D status was determined by use of an assay that measured serum 25-hydroxycalciferol concentration. Effects of changes in serum vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus concentration and body weight with season on bone mineral density were determined. RESULTS: Bone mineral density, body weight, and serum vitamin D and phosphorus concentrations varied with season. Bone mineral density, serum vitamin D concentration, and body weight also varied among individual alpacas. Serum vitamin D concentration was lower in January than the previous October and increased from May to the following September. The decrease in bone mineral density lagged behind the decrease in serum vitamin D concentration and was lower in May, compared with the previous October. Body weight was lower in May than the previous October or following September. Solar radiation was highest in July and lowest in December. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Seasonal changes in bone mineral density are associated with changes in serum vitamin D concentrations in alpacas. Changes in bone mineral density associated with a decline in serum vitamin D concentration may predispose some alpacas to developing fractures minimal trauma.

Parker, Jill E.; Semevolos, Stacy A. Use of a parainguinal approach for cryptorchidectomy in alpacas. Journal American Veterinary Medical Association. 2002 Jun 15; 220(12): 1835-6, 1797-1798. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no.: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, cryptorchidism, surgical treatment, parainguinal incision, case study.
Abstract: Cryptorchidism, is an uncommon condition in llamas and alpacas, and there are no reports detailing surgical management of this condition in llamas or alpacas; however, flank or ventral midline approaches have been mentioned. Cryptorchid castration was performed by use of a parainguinal approach in 2 alpacas. The retained testicle of each alpaca was found on the ventral aspect of the abdomen, just caudal to the incision in 1 alpaca and at the cranial edge of the incision in the other. The testicle was approximately 1 X 0.5 cm in 1 alpaca and 2 X 1 cm in the other. In an alpaca or llama with a single abdominal testicle and no history of surgery, the parainguinal approach has several advantages, including the likely proximity of the testicle to the incision; the small incision, which can be extended if needed; ease of closure; and minimal aftercare. The retained testicles were small and could be difficult to find from a more distant midline, paramedian, or flank incision.

Powell, Cynthia C.; Nuhsbaum, Tanja M.; Gionfriddo, Juliet R. Aqueous misdirection and ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma after cataract removal in a llama. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2002 Jun; 5(2): 99-101. ISSN: 1463-5216.
NAL call no.: SF891.V47
Descriptors: llama, ciliary block glaucoma, cataract surgery, vitrectomy, surgical complications of cataract surgery, case report.
Abstract: Ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma is caused by the posterior flow of aqueous humor into or behind the vitreous. It is a rare complication of anterior segment surgery in humans. This is a report of ciliary block glaucoma occurring as a postoperative complication of cataract surgery in a llama. Medical management was ineffective in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). Posterior capsulotomy and anterior hyaloid disruption with a 22-gauge needle, in addition to medical management maintained IOP in the normal range until anterior vitrectomy could be performed. After vitrectomy, glaucoma resolved and medical treatment was no longer necessary.

Prado, Tulio M.; Morgan, Gregor L.; Prado, Maria E.; Bahr, Robert J.; Streeter, Robert N.; Emmett, Gregory. Case report: Urethrovaginal fistula in a llama. Bovine Practitioner. February, 2002; 36(1): 22-26. ISSN: 0524-1685
NAL call no.: SF779.5.A1B6
Descriptors: llama, female, adult, case study, urinary incontinence, scalding of the perineum and rear limbs, urethrovaginal fistula, surgical correction.

Pugh, D.G. Care of the pregnant llama.  Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.  2002; 16: 188-190.  Note:  In volume Large Animal. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.
NAL call no.:  SF605.N672
Descriptors: Lama species, care and management of pregnant females, reproduction in captivity.

Pugh, D.G.  Small ruminant and llama parasite management.  Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference.  2002; 16: 191-192.  Note:  In volume Large Animal.  Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.
NAL call no.:  SF605.N672
Descriptors: sheep, goats, llamas, parasites.

Ramos Vara, Jose A.; Miller, Margaret A. Metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a llama (Lama glama). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2002 Jul; 14(4): 328-31 ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL call no.: SF774.J68
Descriptors: llama, adult female, case study, pulmonary adenocarcinoma, neoplastic tissue.
Abstract: An adult female llama with a comminuted fracture of the left femoral head was necropsied. A firm multinodular mass infiltrated skeletal muscle adjacent to the fracture. Multiple, firm, white nodules were in the pulmonary parenchyma and pleura. A single nodule was in the liver. Microscopically, transition from nonneoplastic bronchiolar epithelium to neoplastic epithelium that formed acinar structures was evident at bronchioloalveolar junctions. A diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma was made. Similar neoplastic tissue was in the liver and in the perifemoral mass. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were positive for pan-cytokeratin, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin 5/6 antibodies and negative for vimentin and cytokeratins 8/18 and 20.

Ratto, M.H.; Berland, M.; Adams, G.P. Ovarian superstimulation and ultrasound-guided oocyte collection in llamas. Theriogenology. January 2, 2002; 57(1): 590. ISSN: 0093-691X. Note: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, Foz do Iguassu, Parana, Brazil, January 12-15, 2001.
NAL call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: llamas, egg collection, super ovulation, ultrasound techniques, oocyte recovery method.

Renisio, Jean Guillaume; Perez, Janice; Czisch, Michael; Guenneugues, Marc; Bornet, Olivier; Frenken, Leon; Cambillau, Christian; Darbon, Herve. Solution structure and backbone dynamics of an antigen-free heavy chain variable domain (VHH) from llama. Proteins. 2002 Jun 1; 47(4): 546-55. ISSN: 1097-0134.
Descriptors: dromedaries, camels, llamas, heavy chain antibody types, VHH, NMR spectroscopy, structure.
Abstract: Camelids, (dromedaries, camels, and llamas) produce heavy-chains antibodies, with their antigen recognition sites composed of a single VH-like domain, referred to as VHH. The solution structure of one of these VHHs domains (VHH-H14), raised against the alpha subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), has been determined by (15)N heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The framework is well resolved within the set of 20 best-calculated NMR structures and is close to that of classical VH domains from vertebrate antibodies, consisting of two antiparallel beta-sheets organized in a beta-barrel. Loops display a lower precision, especially the Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs), involved in antigen recognition. Comparison of the three-dimensional VHH-H14 solution structure with its previously solved crystal structure (Spinelli et al., Nature Struct. Biol. 1996;3:752-757) reveals a high similarity to the framework, whereas significant conformational differences occur on CDRs, leading to the assumption that the antigen recognition site is a more mobile part. In order to deepen our insights into the dynamics of VHH-H14 in solution, (15)N relaxation was measured with longitudinal R1 and transverse R2 self-relaxation rates, and (15)N steady-state heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE), making it possible to probe picosecond-to-millisecond internal motions. Determination of dynamic parameters (S(2), tau(e), and Rex) through the Lipari-Szabo Model-free approach enables the identification of several regions with enhanced dynamics. Especially, the mobility measurements from NMR confirm that the antigen recognition site is the most mobile part of the VHH-H14 domain on picosecond-to-nanosecond fast time scales. Several residues belonging to the three CDRs are submitted to chemical exchange processes occurring on slow microsecond-to-millisecond time scales, suggesting that the formation of the VHH/antigen complex should be accompanied by structural changes.

Su, Chen; Nguyen, Viet Khong; Nei, Masatoshi. Adaptive evolution of variable region genes encoding an unusual type of immunoglobulin in camelids. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2002 Mar; 19(3): 205-215. ISSN: 0737-4038.
NAL call no.: QH506.M642
Descriptors: Camelidae, llamas, dimeric immunoglobulin (Ig) structure, evolution, adaptions, VHH genes, immune function.
Abstract: A typical immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L) chains. This tetrameric structure is conserved in almost all jawed vertebrate species. However, it has been discovered that camels and llamas (family: Camelidae) possess a type of dimeric Ig that consists of two H chains only. These H chains do not associate with L chains, and they do not have the first constant region (CH1), which is present in the conventional Ig. In spite of these changes, the dimeric Ig maintains the normal immune function. To understand the evolution of the dimeric Ig, we studied the phylogenetic relationships of the variable region (V(H)H) genes of the dimeric Ig from Camelidae and those (V(H)) of the conventional Ig from mammals. The results showed that the V(H)H genes form a monophyletic cluster within one of the mammalian V(H) groups, group C. We examined the type of selective force in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and framework regions (FRs) by comparing the rate of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions. We found that the results obtained from V(H)H genes were similar to those from V(H) genes in that CDRs showed an excess of dN over dS (indicating positive selection), whereas the reverse was true for FRs (purifying selection). However, when the extent of positive selection or purifying selection was investigated at each codon site, three major differences between V(H)H and V(H) genes were found. That is, very different types of selective force were observed between V(H)H and V(H) genes (1) at the sites that contact the L chain in the conventional Ig, (2) at the sites that interact with the CH1 region in the conventional Ig, and (3) in the H1 loop. Our findings suggest that adaptive evolution has occurred in the functionally important sites of the V(H)H genes to maintain the normal immune function in the dimeric Ig.

Summerfield, N.; Baird, A.N.; Boston, R.  Reference ranges for prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet count in llamas and alpacas.  Comparative Clinical Pathology.  2002 Oct; 11(4): 256-261.  ISSN:  1618-5641.
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, blood factors, platelet counts, prothrombin times, activiated partial thromboplastin times, blood clotting, reference values.

Sukemori, Seizi; Kuwayama, Takehito; Ikeda, Shuhei; Yoshida, Yutaka; Sato, Mitsuo; Hanzawa, Kei; Monji, Yasunori; Watanabe, Tadao; Ohmi, Hiroaki; Kurihara, Yoshio; Domeki, Ikuo; Watanabe, Seiki; Maezono, Luis; Flores, Enrique; Ito, S umimaro.  [Shape of hair from genus llama (Lama).]  Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku. 2002 Jun; 47(1): 49-53.  ISSN:  0375-9202.  Note:  In Japanese with an English Summary.
Descriptors: llama, South American camelids, hair morphology, description of hair.

Strauss, Guenter.  Polydaktylie und Arthrogryposis als Ursache einer Dystokie bei einem Vikunja (Lama vicugna).  [Polydactyly and arthrogryposis as cause of dystocy in a vicuna (Lama vicugna).]  Zoologische Garten.  2002 Sep; 72(5): 372-377.  ISSN:  0044-5169.  Note:  In German with an English summary.
Descriptors:  vicuna, arthrogryposis and polydactyly, dystocy, case report. 

Tait, S.A.; Kirwan, J.A.; Fair, C.J.; Coles, G.C.; Stafford, K.A.  Parasites and their control in South American camelids in the United Kingdom.  Veterinary Record (London).  2002 May; 150(20): 637-638.  ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  alpacas, llamas, parasite control programs, United Kingdom.

Vila, Bibiana.  La silvestria de las vicunas, una caracteristica esencial para su conservacion y manejo.  [The wilderness of the vicunas: An es sential issue for conservation and management.] Ecologia Australia.  2002 Jun; 12(1): 79-82.  ISSN:  0327-5477.  Note:  In Spanish. 
Descriptors: vicunas, conservation, resource management, population genetics relationships, South America.

Vranken, Wim; Tolkatchev, Dmitri; Xu, Ping; Tanha, Jamshid; Chen, Zhigang; Narang, Saran; Ni, Feng. Solution structure of a llama single-domain antibody with hydrophobic residues typical of the VH/VL interface. Biochemistry. 2002 Jul 9; 41(27): 8570-8579. ISSN: 0006-2960.
NAL call no: 381 B523
Descriptors: llama, antibody, BrucD4-4, NMR spectroscopy, VH, V(H)H, differentiating from murine and human VHs, molecular structure, surface characteristics, hydrobrobicity.

Waguespack, Richard W.; Belknap, Ellen B.; Spano, Joseph S.; Wenzel, James G.W.; Pugh, David. Analysis of synovial fluid from clinically normal alpacas and llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research. April, 2002; 63 (4): 576-578. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, reference range values, synovial fluid, arthocentesis, radiocarpal and tarsocrural joints, total nucleated cell counts, number and percentages of polymorphonuclear (PMN), mononuclear leukocytes, total protein, specific gravity.

Waguespack, R.W.; Belknap, E.B.; Spano, J.S.; Wenzel, J.G.W.; Pugh, D.G.  Normal synovial fluid analysis in the new world camelid (alpaca and llama).  Proceedings of the 12^th International Symposium on Lameness in Ruminants, Orlando, Florida, USA, 9^th 13^th January 2002.  2002: 452-453. 
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, joints, synovial fluid, normal values.

Wood, B.  Living our alpaca dreams.  Small Farm Today.  2002 Mar/Apr; 19(2): 41.  ISSN: 1079-9729.
NAL call no.:  S1.M57
Descriptors:  alpacas, marketing, herd improvement, management.

Wurzinger, M.; Delgado, J.; Nurnberg, M.; Ugarte, G.; Valle-Zarate, A.; Stemmer, A.; Solkner, J.  Phenotypic and genetic parameters of growth traits in Bolivian llamas.  In: Proceedings of the 7^th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, August, 2002 Session 7.  2002: 0-4.  ISBN:  2738010520.
Descriptors: llamas, growth curves, body measurements, genetic correlation, genetic parameters, growth heritability, phenotypic correlation, sex differences.

Zanolari, P.; Tschudi, M.; Rytz, U.; Steiner, A. Treatment of temporary upward fixation of the patella in an alpaca by abrasion trochleoplasty and imbrication of the medial retinacular fascia. Veterinary Record (London). 2002 Jun 15; 150(24): 752-754. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: alpaca, female, abrasion trochleoplasty, fascial imbrication, case study, successful surgery.
Abstract: A two-year-old female alpaca suddenly became lame on its right hindlimb. Eight days later clinical and radiographic examinations showed that the patella had become temporarily fixed within the supratrochlear notch of the femur. Under general anaesthesia an abrasion trochleoplasty followed by fascial imbrication was carried out. After two weeks in supporting slings, the animal put full weight on the leg, and six months after the surgery it showed no signs of lameness or recurrence of the upward fixation.

Zulauf, M.; Bergadano, A.; Steiner, A. Unilaterale laparoskopische Kryptorchidektomie bei einem Lama. [Unilateral laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in a llama.] Schweizer Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde. May, 2002; 144(5): 233-237. Note: In German. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL call no.: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: llama, cryptorchism, congenital disease, reproductive system disease/male, case study, anesthesia, laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.

Adolf, J.E.; Dykes, N.L.; Divers, T.J. The diagnosis and treatment of a thoracic abscess in an alpaca. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2001 Oct; 79(10): 675-679. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL call no.: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: alpaca, case study and report, thoracic abscess, diagnosis, treatment.

Aubin, M.L.; Gionfriddo, J.R.; Mama, K.R.; Powell, C.C.  Analysis of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. American Journal of Veterinary Research. July 2001; 62(7): 1060-1062.  ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, eyes fluids, normal values, chemical composition, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonates, phosphorus, glucose, osmotic pressure,  pH, animal proteins, species differences.

Baldi, Ricardo; Albon, S.D.; Elston, D.A. Guanacos and sheep: evidence for continuing competition in arid Patagonia. Oecologia (Berlin). 2001 Dec; 129(4): 561-570.  ISSN: 0029-8549.
NAL call no.: QL750.O3
Descriptors: guanacos, sheep, feeding behavior, foraging plant choices, interspecific competition, chubut, arid zone, Argentina.

Barr, B.S.; Seco, O.; Axon, J.; Sleeper, M.M.; Baird, A.N. Successful treatment of pericarditis in a pregnant llama. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 2001; 11(4): 287-291. ISSN: 1534-6935.
NAL call no.: SF778.J68
Descriptors: 2 year old pregnant female llama, pericarditis, symptoms, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, tachypnea, lethargy, diagnosis, electrocardiography showed tachycardia, second degree AV blick, electrical alternans, cardiac compromise, pleural effusion, successfully treated with intravenous fluids, systemic antimicrobials, systemic anti-inflammatories, thoracocentesis and eventual pericardiocentesis with daily drainage and lavage, case report.

Bonacic, C.; Franklin, W.L. Camels and llamas.  In:  D. MacDonald (Editor).  The Encyclopedia of Mammals.  Andromedia Oxford Ltd. Press Oxford.  2001: 496-499.  ISBN: 08871968711.
Descriptors:  camelids, Old World camels, dromedary, Bactrian camels, South American camelids, llamas, guanacos, alpacas, vicunas, characteristics, distribution, taxonomic relationships, natural history.

Bonenberger, T.E.; Ihrke, P.J.; Naydan, D.K.; Affolter, V.K.  Rapid identification of tissue micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from domestic animals using polyclonal BCG antibody.  Veterinary Dermatology. Feb 2001; 12(1): 41-47.  ISSN: 0959-4493.
NAL call no.:  SF901.V47
Descriptors: dogs, cats, horses, cattle, llamas, skin, biopsy, microorganisms, antibodies, Mycobacterium bovis bcg strain, staining, diagnostic techniques, rapid methods, screening, immunostaining.

Bravo, P. Walter; Fowler, Murray E. Order Artiodactyla, family Camelidae (guanacos, vicunas). Biology and medicine. In: Murray E. Fowler; Zalmir S. Cubas (Editors). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals.  Iowa State University Press; Ames.  2001: 392-401.  ISBN:  0813828465.
Descriptors:  camelids, captive care and management, veterinary care, physical and chemical restraint, sedation, anesthesia, diseases and disorders, South America.

Burgess, R.G. Alpacas: an alternative lifestyle. AgVentures. June/July 2001; 5(3): 6-9.
NAL call no.:  S441.A475
Descriptors: alpacas, livestock raising, care and handling, ranching, profitability.

Butt, T.D.; Macdonald, D.G.; Crawford, W.H.  Persistent right aortic arch in a mature llama.  Veterinary Record (London). Jan 27, 2001; 148(4): 118-119. ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  llamas, aorta structure, vascular congenital abnormalities, clinical aspects, bloat, mature animal, case reports.

Buttolph, L.P.; Coppock, D.L. Project alpaca: intensified alpaca production leads to privatization of key grazing resources in Bolivia. Rangelands. Apr 2001; 23(2) ; 10-18. ISSN: 0190-0528. Note: In English with a Spanish summary.
NAL call no.: SF85.A1R32
Descriptors:  alpacas, livestock production, grazing, privatization of grazing systems, tenure systems, Bolivia.

Cafrune, M.M.; Aguirre, D.H.; Rickard, L.G. First report of Lamanema chavezi (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in llamas (Lama glama) from Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology. May 22, 2001; 97(2): 165-168. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL call no.:  SF810.V4
Descriptors: llamas, Molineidae, parasitic nematodes, Lamanema chavezi, nematode infections, case reports, new geographic records, Argentina.

Campbell, G.S.   Raising alpacas: Easy to raise and easy to love, let alpacas bring you farming bliss. Small Farm Today. Mar/Apr 2001; 18(2): 36-40. ISSN: 1079-9729.
NAL call no.: S1.M57
Descriptors: alpacas, wool, livestock raising, care and handling.

Carmalt, J.L.; Baptiste, K.E.; Blakley, B. Suspect coper [copper] toxicity in an alpaca. Canadian Veterinary Journal. July 2001; 42(7): 554-556. ISSN: 0008-5286. Note: In English with a French summary.
NAL call no.: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: alpacas, copper poisoning, postmortem examinations, liver, heavy metal toxicity, case reports.

Carroll, Gwendolyn L.; Boothe, Dawn M.; Hartsfield, Sandee M.; Martinez, Elizabeth A.; Spann, Angela C.; Hernandez, Adrian. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol in llamas after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2001 November 1; 219(9): 1263-1267.  ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no.:  41.8 AM3
Descriptors:  llamas, butorphanol, intravenous and intramuscular administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, biochemistry.

Castellaro, G.; Leon, F.; Wackwitz, B.; Raggi, A.  Botanical composition of alpaca (Lama pacos) diet and degradability of range forages in the central zone of Chile.  In: Martina Gerken; Carlo Renieri (Editors). Progress in South American Camelids Research. Proceedings of the 3rd European Symposium and SUPREME European Seminar, Goettingen, Germany, 27-29 May 1999. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen. 2001: 140-148.  ISBN:  9074134912.  Note: In English with a Spanish summary.
Descriptors: alpaca, diets, forage plant choices, feed preferences, feeding behavior, forage degradability, Chile.

Castrignano, F.; Antonini, M.; Misiti, S.; Cristofanelli, S.; Renieri, C. SUPREME-Project: sequence of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) in alpaca. In: Martina Gerken; Carlo Renieri (Editors).Progress in South American Camelids Research. Proceedings of the 3rd European Symposium and SUPREME European Seminar, Goettingen, Germany, 27-29 May 1999. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen. 2001: 199-206.  ISBN:  9074134912.  Note: In English with a Spanish summary. 
Descriptors:  alpacas, nucleic acids, proteins, trosinase related protein 1, gene cloning and sequence analysis, molecular genetics.

Cebra, C.K.; Tornsquist, S.J.; Van Saun, R.J.; Smith, B.B. Glucose tolerance testing in llamas and alpacas.  American Journal of Veterinary Research. May 2001; 62(5): 682-686. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no.: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: llamas, alpacas, glucose tolerance test, blood sugar, species differences, fatty acids, hydrocortisone, insulin  ratios.

Celedon, M.; Sandoval, A.; Droguett, J.; Calfio, R.; Ascencio, L.; Pizarro, J.; Navarro, C. Pesquisa de anticuerpos seroneutralizantes para pestivirus y herpesvirus en ovinos, caprinos y camelidos sudamericanos de Chile. [Survey for antibodies to pestivirus and herpesvirus in sheep, goats, alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) from Chile.] Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria (Valdivia). 2001; 33(2): 165-172. ISSN:  0301-732X. Note: In Spanish with an English summary.
NAL call no.:  SF604.A75
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, guanacos, vicunas, sheep, goats, incidence of viral diseases, herpes virus, pestivirus, antibody survey, disease, Chile.

Chen Xue Long; Zhang Wei; Jin Yu.  [The physical parameters of alpaca (Lama pacos) hair.] Journal of Northeast Forestry University (Harbin, China).  2001; 29(6): 46-48.  ISSN:  1000-5382.  Note: In Chinese with an English summary.
Descriptors:  alpacas, hair structure, description of various parameters, hair diameter, length, breaking strength, low medullary index, monotypic scale arrangement, can be used for textiles.

Christensen, J.M.; Limsakun, T.; Smith, B.B.; Hollingshead, N.; Huber, M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiulcer agents in llama. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Feb 2001; 24(1): 23-33. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: llamas, gastrointestinal pharmaceutical agents, pharmacokinetics, drug half-life, pharmacodynamics, hydrochloric acid secretion, intravenous administration, oral administration, drug dosage, adverse effects, ranitidine, omeprazole, misoprostol.
Abstract: Plasma concentration time curves following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 1.5 mg/kg of ranitidine, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg of omeprazole, respectively, were analysed in six llamas. Plasma profiles after i.v. administration of both drugs showed plasma concentrations declining in a biexponential manner with a rapid distribution phase. Pharmacokinetics parameters after ranitidine administration to six llamas showed a mean elimination half-life of 1.53 +/- 0.26 h. The mean volume of distribution (V(dss)) in llamas was 1.77 +/- 0.31 L/kg, and mean body clearance in llamas was 0.778 +/- 0.109 L/kg/h. Ranitidine produced only a small transitory (<1 h) decline in acid production when administered i.v. at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. Omeprazole showed dose-dependent nonlinear pharmacokinetics. The mean half-life of 0.2 mg/kg i.v. omeprazole was shorter than that of 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg i.v. omeprazole, i.e. 0.61, 0.72 and 1.07 h, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) increased with increasing dose, while clearance decreased as dose increased. The decline in acid production following 0.2 mg/kg i.v. omeprazole was highly variable and did not produce a clinically useful suppression of third compartment acid production. In contrast, both 0.4 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg omeprazole i.v. administration significantly reduced third compartment acid production. The reduction in acid production following 0.8 mg/kg omeprazole was not significantly greater than the reduction observed following 0.4 mg/kg dosage. Misoprostol (10 micrograms/kg) was administered i.v. in an absolute alcohol solution. Two animals collapsed following drug administration. While the side-effects could have been produced by either misoprostol or the alcohol vehicle, the clinical changes were more consistent with an adverse drug reaction. Unfortunately, the limitation of UV detection did not provide the sensitivity needed to quantify the amount of misoprostol in llama plasma, and the pharmacokinetics could not be evaluated.

Curtis, C.F.; Chappell, S.J.; Last, R. Concurrent sarcoptic and chorioptic acariosis in a British llama (Lama glama). Veterinary Record (London). Aug 18, 2001; 149(7): 208-209. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: llamas, scabies, Sarcoptes scabiei, O Chorioptes, mange, concurrent infections, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, case reports, United Kingdom.

Dugdale, A. Anaesthesia of a pregnant alpaca (Lama pacos). Veterinary Record (London). July 7, 2001; 149(1): 28. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no.:  41.8 V641
Descriptors:  alpacas, pregnancy, anesthesia, anesthetics, case reports.

Galleguillos, M.; Valenzuela, M.A.; Riquelme, R.; Sanhueza, E.; Sanchez, G.; Figueroa, J.P.; Llanos, A.J.  Nitric oxide synthase activity in brain tissues from llama fetuses submitted to hypoxemia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Molecular and Integrative Physiology. June 2001; 129A (2/3): 605-614. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL call no.:  QP1.C6
Descriptors: llamas, chronic hypoxia, altitude, Andes highlands, NO, nitric oxide synthase, fetal response.
Abstract:  The fetal llama (Lama glama; a species adapted to live in chronic hypoxia in the highlands of the Andes) did not increase cerebral blood flow and reduce the brain oxygen uptake during hypoxemia. Although nitric oxide (NO) is a normal mediator in the regulation of vascular tone and synaptic transmission, NO overproduction by hypoxemia could produce neuronal damage. We hypothesized that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity is either maintained or reduced in the central nervous system of the llama fetuses submitted to chronic hypoxemia. Approximately 85% of the Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity was soluble, at least 12% was associated with the mitochondrial fraction, and less than 5% remains associated with microsomes. To understand the role of NO in chronic hypoxemia, we determined the effect of 24-h hypoxemia on NOS activity in the central nervous system. No changes in activity or the subcellular distribution of NOS activity in brain tissues after hypoxemia were found. We proposed that the lack of changes in NOS activity in the llama under hypoxemia could be a cytoprotective mechanism inherent to the llama, against possible toxic effects of NO.

Gazitua, F.J.; Corradini, P.; Ferrando, G.; Raggi, L.A.; Parraguez, V.H.   Prediction of gestational age by ultrasonic fetometry in llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos). Animal Reproduction Science. Apr 30, 2001; 66(1/2): 81-92. ISSN: 0378-4320.
NAL call no.: QP251.A5 
Descriptors:  llamas, alpacas, prediction, gestation period duration, fetal age prediction, diameter, height, pregnancy, developmental stages, fetometry, ultrasound.

George, J.W.; O'Neill, S.L. Comparison of refractometer and biuret methods for total protein measurement in body cavity fluids. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2001; 30(1): 16-18. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL call no.:  SF601.A54 
Descriptors:  horses, cattle, dogs, llamas, cats,  body fluids, refractometry,  biuret, techniques evaluation, protein content, measurement, conversion tables, mathematical models, quantitative analysis.

Gilsdorf, M.J.; Thoen, C.O.; Temple, R.M.S.; Gidlewski, T.; Ewalt, D.; Martin, B.; Henneger, S.B.  Experimental exposure of llamas (Lama glama) to Brucella abortus: humoral antibody response.  Veterinary Microbiology. July 3, 2001; 81(1): 85-91. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL call no.: SF601.V44
Descriptors: llamas, Brucella abortus, immune response, experimental infections, humoral immunity, blood chemistry, ELISA, serology, antibodies, virulence, diagnostic techniques.
Abstract: Positive antibody reactions to brucella were observed in the sera of four llamas receiving Brucella abortus Strain 19 subcutaneously at 2-3 weeks post-exposure (PE) using five of eight conventional brucella serologic tests and an ISU-ELISA. Positive brucella antibody reactions were detected in sera of four llamas exposed by intraocular instillation (IOI) of 1.02 x 10(8)(high dose) B. abortus Strain 2308 at 16-35 days PE using seven of eight serologic tests or an ISU-ELISA. Brucella antibody was also detected in sera of four llamas exposed by IOI of 9 x 10(5) (low dose) B. abortus using each of four agglutination tests, Complement Fixation test, PCFIA, the rivanol test and the ISU-ELISA at 16-35 days PE. Positive reactions were observed using the Card test, BAPA, SPT, STT, the rivanol test, the PCFIA, and the ISU-ELISA on sera collected on days 42-70 PE, except on one llama, given the low dose; that llama was negative on the PCFIA on day 42. Positive or suspicious reactions were not detected in sera of controls, receiving saline subcutaneously, using the routine tests, with the exception of the CFT. The B. abortus Strain 2308 was isolated from tissues of seven of eight llamas exposed to virulent B. abortus Strain 2308.

Brunschwig, G.  Conduite des petits ruminants dans les cordilleres latino-americaines: comparaison des Andes centrales du Perou et de l'Altiplano du Guatemala.  [Performance of small ruminants in Latin American mountains: comparison of the central Andes in Peru and the Altiplano in Guatemala.]  In: Livestock Farming Systems: Integrating Animal Science Advances into the Search for Sustainability. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Livestock Farming Systems, Posieux, Fribourg, Switzerland, 19-20 August, 1999.  2000: 160-163.  ISBN:  9074134793.  Note:  In French with an English summary.
Descriptors: alpacas, llamas, goats, sheep, compared typology, animal breeding systems, meat production, wool production, influence of natural environments on management and rearing, Guatemala, puna of Peru.