NOTE: Information Resources on Induced
Molting in Chickens may be viewed as one complete publication file
via the table of contents below, or as individual chapter files molting2.htm. |
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
How to Use This
Document
Cooperative State
Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
Reports
Review of the
Literature
Salmonella, Other
Pathogens, and Immunology
Press Release
Selected
Websites
Poultry Welfare
Selected
Websites
Management Strategies
Economics
Selected
Websites
Nutritional and Lighting Manipulations
Selected
Websites
Mineral Supplements and
Deficiencies
Hormonal and Pharmaceutical Induced
Molting
Selected
Websites
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes
Records from the National Agricultural
Library Electronic Catalog
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Animal Welfare Information
Center gratefully acknowledges CAB
International and CABI
Publishing, a leading international, not-for-profit publisher in
applied life sciences, including animal science, nutrition, integrated
crop management, plant sciences and forestry, for the use of more than 90
abstracts from the CAB Abstracts database. More information on CABI
Publishing and CAB International is available at
http://www.cabi.org.
The Animal
Welfare Information Center also gratefully acknowledges BIOSIS, a leading not-for-profit
organization whose mission is to foster the growth, communication, and use
of biological knowledge for the common good. More information on BIOSIS is
available at http://www.biosis.org.
How to Use This Document
This publication is a comprehensive bibliography
containing citations that are arranged alphabetically according to the
last name of the primary author. Each entry also contains abstracts, if
available, descriptors, and the NAL call number if the resource is
available at NAL. If the full-text of the article/resource is available
on the WWW, the URL is provided. At the end of some subsections are
listings of World Wide Web sites that will provide additional information
on the topic. Web addresses are current as of August 1,
2002.
This
document is divided into 3 sections: (1) Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) Current Research Information
System Reports (CRIS), (2) a comprehensive review of the literature
available in electronic databases, and (3) additional records from the
National Agricultural Library Electronic Catalog.
Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) Current Research Information
System (CRIS) Reports
Records
in this section were retrieved from the Current Research Information
System maintained by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service. CRIS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA)
documentation and reporting system for ongoing and recently completed
research projects in agriculture, food and nutrition, and forestry.
Projects are conducted or sponsored by USDA research agencies, state
agricultural experiment stations, the state land-grant university system,
other cooperating state institutions, and participants in a number of USDA
research grant programs. It is available on the web at
http://cris.csrees.usda.gov/
Review of the Literature
Records
in this section were retrieved from the Agricola, Medline, CAB
International, AGRIS, BIOSIS, and Japanese Science and Technology
databases. A search of the CRISP database, that is similar to CRIS, but
maintained by the U.S. Public Health Service, revealed no funded projects
relating to induced molting and its effects on Salmonella. Some sections
also have relevant websites that will provide additional material not
found in journals or databases. Please
note that citations with a copyright notice are protected by U.S. and/or
international copyright laws and are used by special
permission.
National Agricultural Library Electronic
Catalog
Generally,
this resource is closely related to Agricola. However, some relevant
materials not appearing in the Agricola database were retrieved and
included here. Materials are arranged
chronologically.
National Agricultural Library Document Delivery
Information
The
information contained here provides directions on how to obtain copies of
articles mentioned in the bibliography from the National Agricultural
Library. However, you are encouraged to
consult local resources first before contacting the National
Agricultural Library.
Cooperative State
Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
Reports
Termination Year 2006
ACCESSION NO: 0152013 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: NC06184 AGENCY: CSREES NC.
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS:
REVISED
START: 01 OCT 2001 TERM: 30 SEP 2006 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: ANDERSON, K.
E.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
POULTRY
SCIENCE
NORTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIV
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA
27695
MAXIMIZATION OF LAYING HEN
PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC RETURN, AND EGG QUALITY
OBJECTIVES: Determine methods to optimize the productive
potential, economic return, and egg quality of commercial strains of
egg-type chickens by manipulation of pullet and layer nutrition, physical
environment, husbandry practices, induced molt programs and shell egg
processing factors. 1) Determine the relationship between body size and
age at sexual maturity on subsequent layer performance and egg mass
produced. 2) Determine the effects and interactions of strain, house type,
density, husbandry practices, and layer nutrition on production and
economics. 3) Determine the effects and interactions of induced molt
programs on production, behavior, and economics. 4) Determine the effects
of current egg processing technology on the physical quality and
microbiological safety of shell eggs. 5) Examine alternative manure
disposal systems.
APPROACH:
Commercial strains of white and brown egg-type chickens and the eggs that
they produce will be utilized. Pullets will be reared in environmental
control housing with various combinations of nutritional or management
programs which affect the productivity of the layers at the Poultry
Research Unit of the Piedmont Research Station at Salisbury, NC. The
factors could include: light programs, dietary regimen, body weight
program, molt techniques, husbandry practices, environment control
programs, and egg handling programs. Pullets and layers will be managed as
close to commercial industry standards as possible except when deviations
are needed to accomplish the research objectives. Pullet body weights,
feed consumption and mortality as well as hen feed consumption, egg
production, egg quality and livability data will be collected on each
flock. Productivity will be defined by various measurements of body
weight, skeletal structure, feed consumption, immune competence,
physiological health, and egg production criteria. The welfare status will
be defined by the behavioral profile and hormonal response of the birds.
Egg quality will be defined by the USDA egg quality standards, physical
shell and membrane measurements, and through microbiological testing of
the shell and contents. The potential of poultry manure as an organic fuel
source will be evaluated from commercial sources and based upon
governmental standards for emissions. The general experimental design will
be a factorial arrangement which will allow for examination of multiple
factors simultaneously.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: NA
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
The Pullet Rearing report for the 34th North Carolina Layer
performance and management test indicates that there is divergence in
growth parameters of the different commercial white egg layer strains
available. The first cycle report is under preparation and a significant
comparison of molt programs has been completed. The second full trial
using the avian cancer model has been initiated. The current study has
been establish to evaluate a new therapeutic application of a cancer
treatment drug. This study will evaluate the drugs cancer inhibitory
effect.
IMPACT: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
The NCLP&MT reports are utilized
nationwide in the evaluation of pullet rearing nutrition and programs on
growth and development of commercial layer strains. These programs are
being used as guidelines by the food service industry to satisfy the
welfare standards they are imposing on their egg
suppliers.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
1. Jones, D.R., K.E. Anderson, and
G.S. Davis, 2001. The effects of genetic selection on production
parameters of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci.
80:1139-1143.
2. Bell, D. D., P. H.
Patterson, K. W. Koelkebeck, K. E. Anderson, M. J. Darre, J. B. Carey, D.
R. Kuney, and G. Zeideler, 2001. Egg marketing in national supermarkets:
Egg quality-Part 1. Poultry Sci. 80:383-389.
3. Patterson, P. H., K. W. Koelkebeck, D. D. Bell, J. B. Carey,
K.E. Anderson, and M.J. Darre, 2001. Egg Marketing in National
Supermarkets: Specialty eggs - Part 2. Poultry Sci.
80:390-395.
4. Koelkebeck, K. W., D. D.
Bell, J. B. Carey, K. E. Anderson, and M. J. Darre, 2001. Egg Marketing in
National Supermarkets: Products, Packaging, and Prices - Part 3. Poultry
Sci. 80:396-400.
5. Davis, G. S., K. E.
Anderson, and A. S. Carrol, 2000. The Effects of Long Term Caging and Molt
of Single Comb White Leghorn Hens on Herterophil to Lymphocyte Ratios,
Corticosterone and Thyroid Hormones. Poultry Sci.
79:514-518.
6. McAvoy, K.C., P. A. Curtis,
K. M. Keener, K. E. Anderson, and D. E. Conner, 2001. Comparison of
quality and functionality of traditionally and cryogenically cooled shell
eggs. Poultry Sci. Suppl. 80:55. (abstract)
7. Hughes, L. A., K. E. Anderson, and P. A. Curtis, 2001. The
effect of cryogenic cooling with carbon dioxide on the USDA grade and
microbial load of shell eggs in the commercial setting. Poultry Sci.
Suppl. 80:54. (abstract)
8. Anderson, K. E.,
B. W. Sheldon, and K. Richardson, 2001. Effect of Termin-8 anti-microbial
preservative on the growth of commercial white and brown egg type laying
strains. Poultry Sci. Suppl. 80:88. (abstract)
9. K.E. Anderson, G.S. Davis, and S. Hudson. 2001. Effect of
dietary chitosan on production characteristics and egg proportions and
quality from commercial white egg laying strains. Poultry Sci. Suppl.
80:88. (abstract)
10. Fosnaught, M. H., and
K. E. Anderson, 2001. Interaction of increased Ca and P regimens on
commercial strains of layers housed at various densities. Poultry Sci.
Suppl. 80:89. (abstract)
11. Anderson, K.
E., 2001. Report on Pullet Rearing Period: 34th North Carolina Layer
Performance and Management Test. Vol. 34, No. 2, February
2001.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Anderson, K.
E.
Phone:
919-515-5527
Fax: 919-515-7070
Email:
ken_anderson@ncsu.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0404010 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-026-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 31 JAN 2001 TERM: 30 JAN
2006 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: GAST
R K; MITCHELL B W; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
DETECTION AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN
POULTRY
OBJECTIVES: Develop improved
methods for detecting Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infections in laying
flocks and SE contamination in eggs. Characterize how, where, when, and in
what numbers egg contamination by SE occurs. Reduce airborne dust and SE
in poultry hatching cabinets and breeder houses using an electrostatic
space charge system (ESCS), and determine the mechanism by which ESCS
kills airborne and surface SE.
APPROACH: Chickens will be infected with a range of doses of
various SE strains by oral inoculation, horizontal contact with infected
birds or contaminated environments, or exposure to contaminated air
sources. Eggs and egg fractions will be experimentally contaminated with
SE. Samples will be subjected to bacteriological and serological testing
to evaluate the efficacy of SE detection technologies and to characterize
SE deposition in eggs. Optimum designs for use of the ESCS to reduce dust
and pathogens including SE in poultry hatchers will be determined in
cooperation with commercial poultry integrators and breeders. The
mechanism by which the ESCS inactivates airborne and surface SE, and
biofilms, and the associated LD50 dose, will be determined. Effectiveness
of the ESCS for reducing egg contamination and airborne transmission of SE
will be determined in a small breeder house. Previously was
6612-42000-035-00D (05/01).
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? The objective of this project is to develop improved methods
for preventing, detecting, and controlling infections of chickens with
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and the associated production of SE
contaminated eggs. Among the specific goals of the research are
determining the processes and mechanisms by which SE infects chickens,
spreads vertically and horizontally, and is deposited in eggs;
characterizing the nature of SE contamination of eggs; developing more
sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for identifying SE infections of
chickens and for detecting SE contamination of eggs; and developing
electrostatic space charging technology to diminish airborne dust and
pathogens - including SE throughout - poultry hatching and housing
facilities. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The
association between human illness caused by SE and the consumption of
contaminated poultry products is an important international public health
and economic problem. In recent years, SE has been among the Salmonella
serotypes most often reported to cause human illness. Eggs have been the
most frequently implicated sources of human SE infections in the United
States. As food-borne transmission of SE threatens both the safety of
consumers and the ability of poultry producers to market their products,
the formulation and implementation of effective control strategies for
reducing the incidence of SE infections in chickens has been identified as
an urgent priority by both government and industry. 3. How does it relate
to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)? National Program
108, Food Safety (100%) This research contributes to the Microbial
Pathogens component of the Food Safety National Program by providing
scientists (veterinary, food, and agricultural), regulatory agency
officials, and the poultry industry with urgently needed tools to
understand, prevent, detect, and control SE infections of chickens. 4.
What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single
most significant accomplishment during FY 2001. Replicated trials
conducted in a small treatment chamber showed that an electrostatic space
charge system (ESCS) reduced biofilms developed on stainless steel from
poultry carcass rinses by 97.3% in 2 hours and 99.8% in 3 hours. These
results are comparable to those obtained by existing disinfection
chemicals and indicate that the ESCS could potentially be used as a
non-chemical treatment to reduce pathogens in biofilms which develop in
poultry egg or meat processing areas. B. Other significant
accomplishments. Because bacteria grow much more rapidly in egg yolk than
in albumen, the location at which SE cells are deposited is critical for
determining how quickly refrigeration must lower internal egg
temperatures. After experimentally infecting groups of laying hens with SE
strains of different phage types, we found SE more often in yolk than in
albumen. Most contaminated eggs contained fewer than 1 SE cell per ml.
These results suggest that refrigeration standards must address the
possibility that SE may sometimes be deposited in yolk. When contaminants
were experimentally introduced into egg contents, we observed rapid
multiplication in yolk and extended persistence in albumen for a diverse
assortment of SE strains of several phage types. This suggests that egg
refrigeration standards may not need to address much potential variability
in growth and survival characteristics between SE strains, but preventing
disease transmission by eggs requires rapid refrigeration in combination
with other control measures. When we compared the levels of serum
antibodies induced in experimentally infected hens to the frequency at
which they laid eggs contaminated by SE, we found that the relationship
between these two parameters was not very consistent. Accordingly,
although antibody tests are useful tools for preliminary screening of
laying flocks to detect SE infection, the magnitude of the antibody
response by individuals hens does not predict the overall risk of egg
contamination associated with the flock. 5. Describe the major
accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or
actual impact. This project provided the first definitive experimental
documentation that hens systemically infected with SE could produce
internally contaminated eggs. Scientists found that SE infections can be
highly persistent in both chicks and hens and elicit long-lasting antibody
titers. The project developed and assessed the sensitivity and predictive
value of methods for detecting specific antibodies in serum and egg yolks
from infected hens. The project developed effective and practical
bacteriological methods for consistently detecting very small numbers of
SE contaminants in eggs. Efficient killed vaccines were developed and
evaluated for reducing the susceptibility of laying hens to SE infection.
Studies assessed the relationship between phage type of SE isolates and
their virulence, infectivity, and invasiveness in chicks. One scientist
determined that air movement can mediate the horizontal transmission of SE
infection. An ESCS was developed under a CRADA to reduce airborne dust and
microorganisms in hatching cabinets. The ESCS has been shown to have
effectiveness comparable to a 95% media filter for removing dust in
laboratory experiments in hatching cabinets and transmission cabinets and
equal or better effectiveness for removing airborne bacteria and
Salmonella. The ESCS reduced airborne SE in an isolation room with caged
layers approximately 95%. The kill rate of the ESCS on airborne and
surface SE at close range has been shown to be 98% or more. The ESCS has
been patented and an exclusive license for poultry applications has been
approved with BioIon, Inc. to manufacture and distribute the system. 6.
What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
During FY2002, we will establish how the growth patterns of SE inside eggs
affects the development and application of faster methods for detecting
contamination. During this year we also will study the effectiveness of
the ESCS for pathogen reduction in egg rooms and upsize pathogen reduction
hatchery studies to include followup of chicks from ionizer treated
hatching cabinets to full-sized production houses. We will also determine
the effectiveness of the ESCS for reducing pathogens and airborne disease
transmission in a small scale breeder house and investigate the mechanism
by which ionization inactivates SE. Effectiveness of the ESCS for
reduction of biofilms in large open areas will be determined. For FY2003,
we will evaluate how the patterns of deposition and multiplication of SE
isolates in egg contents affects the probable effectiveness of proposed
standards for egg refrigeration. We will also design an ESCS for full
sized breeder houses and test effectiveness for pathogen and dust
reduction. In FY2004, we will seek to develop and apply improved models
and methods for producing experimental SE contamination of eggs, detecting
SE contaminants in eggs, and detecting specific antibodies in infected
chickens. We will also study the effectiveness of self-cleaning ESCS
devices in poultry production areas and test the effectiveness of
electrostatically-enhanced high volume air samplers for airborne
pathogens. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? Completed commercial hatcher tests of ESCS with two commercial
poultry production companies. CRADA partner initiated patent applications
for the ESCS for several foreign countries. Participated in the 2001
International Poultry and Egg Exhibition January 17-19, 2000 where the
ESCS and related posters were displayed in a commercial exhibit for
hatchery equipment. Recent developments in methods for culturing eggs and
other poultry samples to detect SE contaminants have been incorporated
into the testing protocols of a national flock testing program under
development by FDA. 8. List your most important publications in the
popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific
organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not
replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) Report,
"Electrostatic space charge system for reducing airborne pathogens and
dust", FLC Awards Page, http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/00/oct00/102700/ts00002.pdf, May 2001. Report, "Researchers honored for transferring
technologies." ARS News and Information,
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2001/010501.htm, May 2001. Presentation,
"Reducing airborne dust and bacteria in the hatchery." Georgia
International Poultry Course, Athens, Georgia 2001. Presentation,
"Pathogen reduction in poultry housing." Nebraska Poultry Industries,
Columbus, Nebraska, 2001. Presentation, "Epidemiology and ecology of
Salmonella enteritidis in poultry: general issues and research needs."
Public Meeting on Salmonella Enteritidis Research, Sponsored by U. S. Food
and Drug Administration, Atlanta, Georgia, 2000. Presentation, "The
evolving application of egg culturing for detecting Salmonella enteritidis
infection in laying flocks." Salmonella Isolation and Identification
Workshop. Sponsored by Georgia Poultry Laboratory and National Poultry
Improvement Plan, Oakwood, Georgia, 2001.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. Gast, R.K., Petter, J.G., Holt, P.S. Frequency and location of
Salmonella enteritidis contamination in eggs associated with various
routes of experimental infection of laying hens. Program of the annual
meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists. 2001. p. 21.
Abstract.
2. Gast, R.K., Holt, P.S.
Deposition of phage type 4 and 13a Salmonella enteritidis strains in the
yolk and albumen of eggs laid by experimentally infected hens. Avian
Diseases. 2000. v. 44. p.706-710.
3. Gast, R.K., Holt, P.S. Multiplication in egg yolk and survival
in egg albumen of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis strains of
phage types 4, 8, 13a, and 14b. Journal of Food Protection. 2001. v. 64.
p.865-868.
4. Gast, R.K., Holt, P.S. The
relationship between the magnitude of the specific antibody response to
experimental Salmonella enteritidis infection in laying hens and their
production of contaminated eggs. Avian Diseases. 2001. v. 45.
p.425-431.
5. Gast, R.K., Nadir, M.S.,
Jolly, M.E., Holt, P.S., Stone, H.D. Serological detection of experimental
Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens by fluorescence
polarization and enzyme immunoassay. Poultry Science. 2001. v. 80. p.1044.
(Abstract).
6. Mitchell, B.W. Emerging
technology electrostatic space charge system for pathogen reduction.
Institute of Food Technology Abstract.
http://ift.confex.com/ift/2001/techprogram/
2001.
7. Mitchell, B.W., Holt, P.S., Seo,
K.H. Effectiveness of electrostatic space charge for reducing dust in a
caged layer room. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2000. v. 9.
p.292-296.
8. Ricke, S.C., Birkhold,
S.G., Gast, R.K. Eggs and egg products. Downes, F. P., Ito, K., editors.
American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Compendium of methods
for the microbiological examination of foods, 4th edition. 2001.
p.473-481.
9. Seo, K.H., Mitchell, B.W.,
Holt, P.S., Gast, R.K. Bactericidal effects of negative air ions on
airborne and surface Salmonella enteritidis from an artificially generated
aerosol. Journal of Food Protection. 2001. v. 64.
p.113-116.
ACCESSION NO: 0188875 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: PEN03841 AGENCY: CSREES
PEN
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 01 JUL 2001 TERM: 30 JUN
2006
INVESTIGATOR: Mashaly, M.
M.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: POULTRY
SCIENCE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 208 MUELLER LABORATORY UNIVERSITY
PARK, PENNSYLVANIA 16802
OPTIMIZING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO ENHANCE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
AND IMMUNITY IN ORDER TO IMPROVE POULTRY HEALTH UNDER STRESSFUL
CONDITIONS
OBJECTIVES: 1) To investigate
the role of photoperiod and melatonin in alleviating the negative economic
impact of different stressors on broiler performance, immunity and health.
2) To study the influence of induced molting in laying hens on subsequent
effects of different stressors on production performance, immunity, health
and hormone profiles. 3) To determine the mechanisms involved in the
initiation of immune responses, including the roles of cytokines and
hormones, under different stressful conditions.
APPROACH: In studying the effect of photoperiod on broiler
performance under stressful conditions, CobbxCobb broiler chicks will be
used and exposed to either continuous light (23L:1D) or intermittent light
(1L:3D). Half of the birds in each group will be exposed to 35C (heat
stress) from 21 to 42 days of age, the other half will be exposed to 24C
(control). Production parameters such as body weight, feed consumption,
feed conversion, and mortality will be measured weekly. Immune parameters
such as cytokines and antibody production will be measured at 3 and 6
weeks of age. In studying the effect of melatonin on broiler performance
under stressful conditions, again CobbxCobb broiler chicks will be used.
They will be kept under 23L:1D and receive in the feed either 0, 20, 40,
or 60 ppm melatonin. The same heat stress treatment mentioned above will
be applied as well as production and immune parameters. In order to study
the influence of induced molting in laying hens on subsequent effects of
different stressors on production performance, immunity, health and
hormone profiles, 72-week-old laying hens will be induced molted and
following period of egg laying, they will be exposed to different kinds of
stresses. Percent hen-day egg production, percentage hen-housed egg
production, egg shell quality (specific gravity method), albumin quality,
albumin height, Haugh units, feed consumption, feed per dozen eggs, and
percent mortality will be measured throughout the experiment.
Corticosterone T3,T4, and prolactin will be measured in the plasma at
different times during the experiment. Antibody production and cell
mediated immunity will also be measured. In order to study the mechanisms
involved in the initiation of immune responses under different stressful
conditions, Cornell K-strain Single Comb White Leghorn immature male
chickens will be used. The birds will be housed in batteries with food and
water available ad libitum, and exposed to 16L:8D per day. Birds will be
exposed to different environmental and management stressors. Different
high temperatures will be used as the environmental stressor and different
population densities will be used as the management stressor. Different
T-independent and T-dependent antigens will be used to stimulate humoral
immunity in these chickens. Blood and spleen samples will be collected at
different time periods post-injection. Specific cytokines will be measured
in all samples collected as appropriate. Antibodies against the different
antigens will be measured in all plasma samples collected. Percentage of
different lymphocyte subpopulations will be measured in all blood and
spleen samples.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
Certain management practices can be optimized to reduce stress and improve
poultry health. The purpose of this study is to determine and apply the
optimum standards of certain management practices under stressful
conditions in order to improve poultry health and
production.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Mashaly, M.
M.
Phone:
814-863-0533
Fax: 814-865-5691
Email:
xn9@psu.edu
URL:
http://www.cas.psu.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0188709 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: VA-135638 AGENCY: CSREES VA.
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS:
NEW
START: 01 JUL 2001 TERM: 30 JUN 2006 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: MCELROY, A.
P.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
ANIMAL POULTRY
SCIENCES
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC
INSTITUTE
BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA
24061
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
AND DIETARY CAPSAICIN POTENTIATION OF INTESTINAL IMMUNITY IN
CHICKENS.
OBJECTIVES: Describe the
response of mast cells and eosinophils in the innate intestinal
inflammatory immune response to coccidia or Salmonella infection in
commercial broilers. Characterize the non-specific or specific effector
functions of mast cells and eosinophils in protective intestinal immune
responses to secondary exposure to homologous challenges with coccidia
species or Salmonella. Determine the role of mast cells or eosinophils in
immunopathology of coccidia. Evaluate the effect of dietary capsaicin
administration on intestinal immune responses and resistance to coccidia
or Salmonella.
APPROACH: Naive or
immunized commercial broiler chickens will be challenged with Salmonella
or selected Eimeria species of coccidia. Intestinal tissue will be
collected on selected days post-challenge for morphological evaluation and
microbiologic culture or lesion scoring for Salmonella or Eimeria,
respective to pathogen. Capsaicin will be included in commercial broiler
diets for selected periods of time pre- or post-challenge. Intestinal
tissues will be examined by light microscopy for alterations in structure
or cellular influx and protection to infection by Salmonella or coccidia
species will be evaluated by culture or lesion scoring.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Although Salmonella and
coccidia present problems to the commercial poultry industry from
economic, food-borne illness, or bird productivity standpoints, relatively
little is understood concerning the interactions between these pathogens
and the host at the level of the intestinal immune response. The purpose
of this research is to describe the effector functions of mast cells and
eosinophils in innate intestinal immune responses to Salmonella and
coccidia in broiler chickens.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
While live oocyst vaccination provides a viable alternative to
anticoccidial usage and resulting drug-resistance in the commercial
poultry industry, complete resistance to coccidia is difficult to achieve
due to immunovariability between vaccine species and field strains.
Immunovariability between coccidia species in vaccines and those found in
poultry rearing facilities has emerged as a potential complication
associated with vaccination. Additionally, there have been reports of
coccidia-like impacts on performance with minimal appearance of coccidia
lesions in the field environment. The purpose of the experiments conducted
was to evaluate the host response to different field isolates of Eimeria
acervulina (EA) by associating classical mucosal lesions with decreased
body weight gain in infected broilers, to compare the host response of two
commercial broiler breeds to the field isolates of EA, and to determine if
other vectors (bacterial) may contribute to the a differential host
response. Experiments were conducted comparing two isolates of EA, EA1 and
EA2, obtained from commercial poultry rearing facilities. In three
experiments, commercial broilers chicks were divided into control
(non-challenged) and EA1 or EA2 challenged groups at 14 days of age. In
all 3 experiments, EA1 resulted in significantly (P is less than 0.05)
higher lesion scores than EA2, however weight gain of EA1 challenged birds
was not significantly different from controls. EA2 challenged birds had
significantly higher lesion scores than control birds in Expts 1 and 3,
with no lesions characteristic of classical EA infection in Expt 2. EA2
resulted in significantly decreased weight gain as compared to EA1 or
control in Expt 3. While EA1 resulted in classical EA lesions with no
significant difference in weight gain, EA2 resulted in few classical
lesions with significant depression of weight gain. Subjective observation
of intestines from EA2 challenged birds was suggestive of a severe
secretory intestinal response and weakened intestinal strength. In Expt 4,
EA2 oocysts were cleaned with 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite to evaluate
the possibility of an external bacterial factor contributing to the
observed detrimental affects in the presence of few lesions. Birds were
challenged with bleached or non-bleached EA2. Although there was no
significant difference in lesion scores between EA2 challenged groups,
non-bleached EA2 resulted in significantly decreased weight gain as
compared to bleached. These data are indicative of immunovariability
between different isolates of the same coccidia species that result in
differences in clinical lesions and performance. Furthermore, the results
indicate differences in the host response that may contribute to the
pathogenicity and suggest that standard coccidia lesion scoring procedures
may not be applicable for evaluation of the severity of clinical infection
with all Eimeria isolates.
IMPACT: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
These findings contribute to the understanding of the complex
intestinal immune response to coccidia in commercial poultry and depict
the diversity of the host response that may exist to different
environmental isolates of the same coccidia species. Additionally, the
findings suggest differential responsiveness exists in different breeds of
commercial broilers. Continued description of the intestinal immune
response to this pathogen will allow for more effective vaccination or
control strategies.
PUBLICATIONS:
2000/10 TO 2001/09
Morris, B.C., H.D.
Danforth, D.J. Caldwell, and A.P. McElroy, 2001. Differential Intestinal
Response to Eimeria acervulina Challenge in Broiler Chickens. Poultry Sci.
80: Suppl. 1.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: McElroy, A.
P.
Phone:
540-231-8750
Fax: 540-231-3010
Email:
amcelroy@vt.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0164533 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: TEX08311 AGENCY: CSREES
TEX
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: REVISED
START: 10 MAY 2001 TERM: 09 MAY
2006 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
Ricke, S. C.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
POULTRY
SCIENCE
TEXAS A&M UNIV
COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77843
FOODBORNE SALMONELLA SPP. REDUCTION IN POULTRY
PRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES: A. Salmonella
virulence expression in molted birds, objectives are 1) to determine if
addition of dietary moderate zinc-low calcium will prevent colonization of
Salmonella Enteritidis in the crop of chickens undergoing molting and what
characteristics in the crop microenvironment are associated with this type
of induced molt, and 2) to understand the potential role of that crop for
Salmonella Enteritidis virulence expression while birds are undergoing
molting and if key characteristics in the chicken crop microenvironment
can be linked with limiting S. Enteritidis colonization and virulence
expression. B. The role of methanogens in establishment of anaerobic
microflora, the objectives are 1) to determine when methanogens become a
part of the cecal microflora, what characteristics in the cecal
microenvironment are associated with establishment of methanogens and
enumerate the methanogen populations, and 2) to determine how stable the
cecal methanogen population is by looking at whether feed deprivation
alters methanogen activity while birds are undergoing fasting and if key
characteristics in the chicken cecal microenvironment can be linked with
decreased methanogen populations. The hypothesis is that the final stages
of cecal obligate anaerobic microfloral development will coincide with the
emergence of methanogens and their presence will signify completion of
establishment of the dynamic complex anaerobic population characteristic
of mature birds. In addition, we hypothesize that decreases in numbers of
methanogens signifies the beginning of instability in the cecal anaerobic
microflora.
APPROACH: A. Salmonella
virulence expression in molted birds: the idea here is to compare the
indigenous microbial response in crops of birds that have been molted
either by feed deprivation or using the moderate Zn diet approach. The
hypothesis is that feed intake will be retained in the birds molted via
moderate Zn addition and the crop microflora will continue to be actively
fermenting to the point of being inhibitory to Salmonella Enteritidis
colonization and invasion. Based on our earlier work we hypothesize that
the key indicators of an active fermentation in the crop are low pH and a
high concentration of lactate. Therefore, in addition to enumerating
Salmonella Enteritidis recovered after infection in the different
treatment groups we plan to thoroughly examine the microenvironment of the
crops from the birds in these different treatment groups. This will be
done by quantitating fermentation products and enumeration of the crop
Lactobacilli. Whether these key characteristics in the chicken crop
microenvironment can be linked with limiting S. Enteritidis in vivo
invasion will be determined by examining virulence activity of Salmonella
Enteritidis (hilA-lacZY transcriptional operon fusion) with a gene fusion
strain for in vitro assays of crop contents. B. The role of methanogens in
establishment of anaerobic microflora: The overall experimental concept in
this proposal is to determine when methanogens appear in the ceca as birds
age on different diets and how stable the methanogen population is during
drastic dietary changes. To accomplish this, methanogens will be
enumerated from three different scenarios: 1) newly hatched chicks on
different diets; 2) newly hatched chicks given a cecal transfer from adult
birds and 3) feed deprived molted laying hens. These three scenarios
represent the commercial settings where the cecal microflora are
considered important in resisting colonization by foodborne pathogens,
namely, young chicks with or without a probiotic and laying hens
undergoing molting. In the proposed work we plan to thoroughly examine the
microenvironment of the ceca in the three groups of birds. This will done
by quantitating fermentation products (VFA, lactate, pH, and Eh) and in
addition to quantifying methanogens, enumerate microbial components of the
ceca including lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, total
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The rationale for these choices is that
aerobic bacteria and E. coli represent facultative populations that are
generally early colonizers of the chick ceca, followed by lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria and finally the strict anaerobes. These subgroups of
organisms in addition to the fermentation products should give us a
representative profile of the microbial population changes occurring in
the ceca prior to and during the establishment of methanogens. Whether
these characteristics in the chicken cecal microenvironment can be linked
with establishment of methanogens will be the outcome of this component of
the proposal.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
Specific research plans reflect an integrated approach for controlling
Salmonella in the early stages of production of poultry. This project will
provide A)ideas for management alternatives to reduce molting as a risk
for S. Enteritidis contamination, and B) understanding of the role of
methanogens in the development of the cecal microflora, the natural
microflora being inhibitory to Salmonella.
PROGRESS: 2000/01 TO 2000/12
The incidence of foodborne disease is increasing yearly, despite
the growing body of information regarding the most common foodborne
pathogens. During its life cycle Salmonella spp. can encounter various
environmental stress conditions which may have dramatic effects on their
survival and virulence. One of the potential stress conditions that can be
frequently encountered by foodborne pathogens is exposure to starvation
stress. We have found that virulence expression of S. enteritidis and S.
typhimurium to various stress conditions associated with food systems or
host environments could be greatly increased by exposure to SCFA, and
further enhanced by feed deprivation and the resulting microenvironment in
the crop of molted laying hens. We continue to investigate the molecular
response of Salmonella to gastrointestinal environmental
conditions.
IMPACT: 2000/01 TO
2000/12
This research is expected to
contribute to the understanding of virulence mechanisms of S. typhimurium
and may provide a scientific basis for developing more optimal strategies
to control the foodborne pathogen.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/01 TO 2000/12
1. Durant, J.A., V.K. Lowry, D.J. Nisbet, L.H. Stanker, D.E.
Corrier, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Late logarithmic Salmonella typhimurium
HEp-2 cell-association and invasion response to short chain volatile fatty
acid addition. J. Food Safety 20: 1-11.
2. Durant, J.A., D.E. Corrier, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Short-chain
volatile fatty acids modulate the expression of the hilA and invF genes of
Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Food Prot. 63: 573-578.
3. Durant, J.A., D.J. Nisbet, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Response of
selected poultry cecal probiotic bacteria and a primary poultry Salmonella
typhimurium isolate grown with or without glucose in liquid batch culture.
J. Environ. Sci. Health, B35: 503-516.
4. Durant, J.A., D.E. Corrier, L.H. Stanker, and S.C. Ricke.
2000. Expression of the hilA Salmonella typhimurium gene in a poultry S.
enteritidis isolate in response to lactate and nutrients. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 89: 63-69.
5. Durant, J.A.,
D.E. Corrier, L.H. Stanker, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Salmonella enteritidis
hilA gene fusion response after incubation in a spent media from either S.
enteritidis or a probiotic Lactobacillus strain. J. Environ. Sci. Health,
B35: 599-610.
6. Durant, J.A., V.K. Lowry,
D.J. Nisbet, L.H. Stanker, D.E. Corrier, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Short-chain
fatty acids alter HEp-2 cell association and invasion by stationary growth
phase Salmonella typhimurium. J. Food Sci.65: 1206-1209.
7. Kwon, Y.M., C.L. Woodward, S.D. Pillai, J. Pena, D.E. Corrier,
J.A. Byrd, S.C. Ricke. 2000. Litter and aerosol sampling of chicken houses
for rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium using gene amplification. J.
Industrial Microbiol. Biotech. 24: 379-382.
8. Kwon, Y.M., C.L. Woodward, D.E. Corrier, J.A. Byrd, S.D.
Pillai, and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Recovery of a marker strain of Salmonella
typhimurium in litter and aerosols from isolation rooms containing
infected chickens. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B35:
517-525.
9. Kwon, Y.M. and S.C. Ricke. 2000.
Efficient amplification of multiple transposon-flanking sequences. J.
Microbiol. Methods 41: 195-199. 10. Kwon, Y.M., S.Y. Park, S.G. Birkhold,
and S.C. Ricke. 2000. Induction of resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to
environmental stresses by exposure to short-chain fatty acids. J. Food
Sci. 65: 1037-1040 .
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Ricke, S.
C.
Phone: 979/862-1528
Fax: 979/845-1921
Email:
sricke@poultry.tamu.edu
Termination Year 2003
ACCESSION NO: 0186918 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: MD-VTMD-9130 AGENCY: CSREES MD.
PROJ TYPE: OTHER GRANTS PROJ
STATUS: NEW
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 00-51110-9739 PROPOSAL NO:
2000-05442
START: 15 SEP 2000 TERM: 14 SEP 2003 FY: 2001 GRANT YR:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: HECKERT, R. A.;
LILLEHOJ, H.; BABU, U.; SONG, W.; RAYBOURNE,
R.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
UNIV OF MARYLAND
COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND 20742
SALMONELLA IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND INTERVENTION
STRATEGIES
OBJECTIVES: Our goals for this
project are: Goal #1: Evaluate the host local immune responses to
Salmonella infection and investigate the effects of various
immunomodulating factors. Goal#2: Determine the effects of various
vaccination and intervention strategies on the immune response and
colonization, persistence and shedding of Salmonella in laying chickens.
Goal #3: Examine the impact of forced molting on the immune status of
commercial laying chickens.
APPROACH: The immune system is still the most powerful and
effective system the host has in preventing and eliminating infections by
microorganisms. Although SE infection may not result in serious illness in
chickens, a carrier state may be established, suggesting that the immune
system of the chicken is ineffective in completely preventing SE
infection, invasion and shedding. We propose to systematically examine the
immune system of the chicken before, during and after SE infection to gain
a greater understanding of how the microorganism and the immune system
interact. We will also examine mechanisms of altering this immune response
in order to enhance the resistance to colonization, enhance the
elimination of the microorganism and prevent shedding. Studies will not
only take place under controlled laboratory conditions, but will also
investigate the impact of the immune system on Salmonella infections of
commercial laying chickens on farms. In recent years, SE has been the most
commonly isolated Salmonella serotype in humans in the U.S.6 Between 1985
and 1991, eggs were the primary vehicle of SE infection in 82% of human
food borne outbreaks.7 Control of SE in man will depend upon effective
means of reducing SE in eggs. In order to effectively do this we must
first understand the pathogenesis of Salmonella in poultry and the impact
the immune system has on this infection. This could lead to strategies to
modulate the immune system to better prevent and control Salmonella
infections, thereby leading to effective pathogen reduction or
elimination. We have established a consortium of researchers with
expertise relevant to addressing the above research goals. This group will
carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the role of the immune system in
SE-elimination from various age groups of birds. In this proposal, we will
investigate the potential of several intervention strategies for
controlling SE infection in hens and determine their possible mechanisms
of action. Additionally, the field component of this proposal is a unique
feature, which has been identified as a key factor in the egg safety
action plan (a federal initiative designed to reduce the threat of SE in
shell eggs). Our proposed work includes examining the impact of forced
molting on the immune system and SE in commercial laying hens. We have
performed preliminary studies on various aspects of Salmonella-host
interaction and have established the methodology necessary to carry out
the investigations outlined in this proposal. This research should not
only provide basic information on the pathogen-host cell interaction, but
also give vital information on how the immune system of the chicken can be
used to control or eliminate the spread of SE from animals to
man.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY:
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) carried by chickens and shed into and onto
shell eggs has become a major source of human intestinal infections.
Despite a large amount of research, there are still no effective measures
for preventing SE colonization, and we still lack an understanding of why
Salmonella infected hens remain persistently infected. This study will
investigate the immunobiology of Salmonella infections in laying chickens
and develop novel immunomodulating strategies for the intervention of
Salmonella colonization, persistence, shedding and egg
contamination.
PROGRESS: 2001/01 TO
2001/12
In the last 20 years there has been an
increase in human food-poisoning outbreaks attributable to Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) in the United States. Epidemiological studies of this
increase have indicated that grade A shell eggs are an important source of
SE. Despite the tremendous efforts made by the poultry industry, no
effective measures for elimination of SE colonization have been developed.
The humoral immune responses after infection with SE have been extensively
studied for diagnostic purposes. However, the fundamental mechanism of
mucosal resistance to infection and clearance of SE from the gut has
received scant attention. Protection from infection by SE through humoral
mechanisms alone is unlikely, due to the organism being a facultative
intracellular bacterium. There is enough evidence in various animal models
that cell mediated immunity plays a major role in controlling Salmonella
infection. In chickens, thus far, there is lack of detailed knowledge on
the immune mechanisms involved in defense against Salmonella infection.
Our studies thus far have supported earlier conclusions that natural
infection produces weak and transient immune responses that are
ineffective at preventing or clearing a Salmonella infection. We have
found that immunization with a killed vaccine provides a better immune
response than using a modified live vaccine. This immunity is better with
respect to intestinal IgA (which is the main barrier to Salmonella
colonization of the intestinal tract) and better in producing cellular
immunity (that which is responsible for eliminating the infection). This
is somewhat surprising, as traditional thinking indicated that killed
vaccines were not effective at eliciting good cellular immunity. We are
currently preparing several publications regarding these findings. A
further goal in this research was to evaluate various methods of
increasing the chick's natural resistance to infection. To this end we
have been developing and evaluating various compounds that could be
administered in ovo, to increase the innate immunity of the chick at
hatch. One of the first substances we evaluated was a genetic adjuvant.
This is a short stretch of nucleic acids containing many C and G bases in
a particular motif. These sequences are bacterial in origin and have been
shown in the mammalian system to up regulate the immune system. We have
synthesized several of these sequences in various motifs and have shown
that some of them are also powerful stimulants in activating avian cells.
We have shown the CpG oligonucleotides to increase macrophage
intracellular nitric oxide, increase expression of cell surface antigens
and increase expression of IL-6 in vitro. Preliminary studies have also
shown it to have similar effects when delivered in ovo. We are in the
process of preparing a publication reporting this novel and important
finding. As further goals in this project we are continuing to explore
vaccination and other methods of increasing the immunity of the hatched
chick, such that it is better able to resist Salmonella infection at
hatch.
IMPACT: 2001/01 TO
2001/12
This research should not only provide
basic information on the pathogen-host cell interaction, but also give
vital information on how the immune system of the chicken can be used to
control or eliminate the spread of Salmonella from animals to
man.
PUBLICATIONS: 2001/01 TO
2001/12
No publications reported this
period
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Heckert, R.
A.
Phone:
301-935-6083
Fax: 301-935-6079
Email:
rh175@umail.umd.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0403095 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 3602-32000-003-02S AGENCY: ARS
3602
PROJ TYPE: USDA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROJ STATUS:
NEW
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 58-3602-9-146
START: 15 SEP 1999 TERM: 14 SEP
2003 FY: 2001 GRANT YR: 1999
INVESTIGATOR: LAY JR D C; PAJOR E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: ANIMAL SCIENCE PURDUE UNIVERSITY WEST
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 47907
ANIMAL WELFARE IN FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this cooperative agreement research
project is to determine the effect of specific management practices on
farm animal welfare and productivity in poultry, swine and dairy
cattle.
APPROACH: The impact of
specific management practices (induced-molting in poultry, housing
environments in swine, and introductions to the milking parlor in dairy)
on animal welfare will be scientifically quantified. Effects will be
determined using ethological, physiological, immunological and
neurological methodologies. Behavioral measures will be collected using
live observation and advanced video/computer technology. Computer software
will be used to collect and manipulate data in preparation for statistical
analyses. Laboratory techniques will consist of immunological assays, high
performance liquid chromatography, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemistry
and neuron mapping.
PROGRESS: 2000/10
TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue
is being resolved and how are you resolving it? 2. How serious is the
problem? Why does it matter? 3. How does it relate to the National
Program(s) and National Component(s)? 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? D. Progress Report This report documents
research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and
Purdue University. Additional details of research can be found in the
report for the parent CRIS 3602-33000-002- 00D Ethology of Food Producing
Animals. A second postdoctoral associate has been hired under this
agreement, bringing expertise in poultry behavior from Europe that is not
available in the U.S. The use of gestation stalls is banned in Europe and
questioned in the U.S. for animal welfare reasons. A project with Dr. Ed
Pajor, Purdue University, comparing confinement in gestation stalls or
access to group areas during gestation is under analysis. Gilt cortisol,
immune function, and acuta phase response data is completed and will be
presented at the 2002 National Animal Science Meeting. Gilt behavioral
data and piglet immune function and behavioral data are being analyzed.
This work will become part of a scientific data set that will be used to
establish swine welfare standards by commercial users. With recent dairy
expansions, the time that cattle are in holding areas waiting to enter the
parlor has increased. A study in collaboration with Dr. Mike Schutz and
Dr. Ed Pajor, Purdue University, investigated short term physiological and
behavioral changes caused by the increased holding time (40 minutes or 2
hours). Data are being analyzed. This work will be useful to producers and
extension agents during dairy expansions for advise on appropriate holding
times prior to milking. A poultry behavior project in collaboration with
Dr. Ed Pajor, Purdue University, that will investigate imprinting affects
on chick behavior is underway. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over
the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. 6.
What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 7.
What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When
is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end
user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? 8. List
your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and
presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about
your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications
which are listed below)
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
No publications reported this period.
ACCESSION NO:
0191950 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: CALV-AH-198 AGENCY:
CSREES CALV
PROJ TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ STATUS: PENDING NEW
START:
01 NOV 2001 TERM: 31 OCT 2003
INVESTIGATOR: MCCOWAN, B.; JEFFREY, J.; CARDONA, C.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
POPULATION HEALTH & REPRODUCTION
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA (VET-MED)
DAVIS, CALIFORNIA 95616
THE EFFECTS OF INDUCED MOLTING AND
CHICKEN WELL-BEING
OBJECTIVES: The
objective of this research is (1) to examine differences in chicken
behavior and physiology under conditions of no fast-induced molting,
natural molting and fast-induced molting under control (no-molt) and
experimental (molt) conditions using individual chickens as their own
controls to assess the amount of pain, suffering and/or stress in chickens
under various types of molting and (2) to develop protocols for inducing
molt that reduce pain, suffering or stress in chickens if fast-induced
molting is found to
comprise chicken
well-being.
APPROACH: Eight groups of
three chickens housed in standard cages at the VMTRC will be the subjects
of this study. Four experimental groups will be subjected to fast-induced
molting. Two experimental groups will be subjected to no fast-induced
molting in which a low caloric diet will be given to the chickens. Two
control groups will be unmanaged and allowed to undergo natural molting.
During all experiments, feed and water consumption, egg production and
physical appearance will be monitored on a per cage basis. Data will be
collected daily to monitor au natural inanition and to follow the progress
of the molt. Stage 1. Normative data on chicken behavior, both social and
vocal interactions, will be collected on and analyzed from video and audio
tape to develop a comprehensive ethogram for use in the subsequent stages.
Dominance or pecking order will be determined for each group to account
for its effects on differential rates of behaviors by each individual.
These normative data are important because little is known on the types or
rates of behaviors and vocalizations of chickens that are indicative of
psychological or physiological pain, suffering or stress. Examples of
possible types and changes in rates of behaviors that might indicate
increased stress include aggressive pecking, cage (non-nutritive) pecking,
stereotyped pacing, head flicking and alarm vocalizations. Stage 2.
Chickens will be subjected to a housing and lighting program that
typically would be used by the poultry industry during normal production.
During this stage, behavioral and vocal data will be collected for one
hour twice on three days per week on both the types and rates of
aggressive and alarm behaviors and vocalizations. Stage 3. Chickens will
be subjected to the different treatments and behavioral and vocal data
will be collected as described above. Experimental groups will be molted
by withdrawing feed, or by a low caloric diet feeding, under the housing
and lighting conditions typical of an induced molting program used by the
poultry industry. The control groups will be similarly subjected to the
housing and lighting conditions but feed will not be withdrawn. For all
groups, data will also be collected on body weight, feather status and
body temperature during Stages II and III in order to monitor molting
status. Blood samples will be drawn from subjects for subsequent hormonal
analyses to measures cortisol levels, which is used as physiological
indicator of chronic stress. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels will also be
measured as a physiologic indicator of reproductive tract involution,
which is an indicative of future reproductive performance and egg quality.
Behavioral data will be analyzed from the videotapes using a focal animal
and 10-second interval sampling regime. This regime will permit us to
analyze both the types and rates of aggressive, alarm and other
stress-related behaviors under control and experimental conditions with
each chicken acting as her own control. Behavioral and physiological data
will be statistically analyzed using mixed effects linear regression in
S-Plus statistical software.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: There is deepening concern that the
induced molting of egg-laying chickens is cruel. This management practice
is widespread in the commercial industry of California and other states
because it provides significant benefits to both the producer and the
consumer, as well to the health of the chicken flock. The purpose of this
study is to evaluate changes in the behavior and physiology of chickens
under non-molt conditions and three types of molt conditions to assess the
well-being of chickens subjected to induced molting.
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: McCowan, B.
Phone: 559-688-1731
Fax: 559-686-4231
ACCESSION NO:
0181123 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: NEB-13-146 AGENCY:
CSREES NEB
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 04 DEC 1998 TERM: 30 NOV
2003 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
SCHEIDELER, S. E.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
ANIMAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 68583
FACTORS AFFECTING CALCIUM UTILIZATION
IN THE AVIAN AND EGG SHELL QUALITY
OBJECTIVES: Goal: To develop nutritional regimens that will
improve eggshell quality in commercial egg flocks during the second cycle
of egg production. 1. Test potential beneficial effects of new feed
additives such as phytase enzymes or 25 OH cholecalciferol on eggshell
quality specifically during late first cycle and during the second cycle
of lay. 2. Measure potential effects of natural estrogen like compounds
from lignans in flaxseed on calcium utilization during late lay in laying
hens. 3. Investigate the effects of Zinc-source and level on carbonic
anhydrase activity and subsequent effects on eggshell quality into late
first cycle and second cycle hens.
APPROACH: Laying flocks will be maintained in the Poultry
Research facilities at the University of Nebraska for the conduct of the
planned research. Applied nutrition trials will be conducted with various
age birds fed diets differing in nutrient content.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: This project address dietary modifications
in laying hens to improve egg shell quality. Dietary modifications include
adaptation of new technologies such as phytase enzyme, 25 dihydroxy
Vitamin D, and trace mineral proteinates potential benefits to eggshell
quality. The purpose of the project is to improve egg shell quality since
6-8gg loss occurs between the time of lay through processing and packaging
to the consumer.
PROGRESS: 2000/10
TO 2001/09
A good deal of time was spent
on the development of a novel monocalcium phosphorus feed ingredient
utilizing eggshells as the calcium source for this product. This process
was refined and a patent is pending for the process and product at UNL.
Bioavailability studies in broiler chicks and laying hens were conducted
indicating an availability of greater than 100% compared to dicalcium
phosphorus. Further studies have also been conducted with hatchery waste
to produce the reaction to produce monocalcium phosphorus. Studies were
also conducted this year testing non-restrictive feeding programs for
molting laying hens. Low salt, high fiber diets were fed to laying hens to
induce molt and compared to typical feed molt feed restriction programs.
Hens successfully went through their molt on the low sodium diets and then
re-entered a 2nd cycle of egg production without total feed restriction.
IMPACT: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
The creation of a novel monocalcium
phosphorus product from egg processing egg shell waste or hatchery waste
has potentially tremendous positive benefits to the environment. The
volume of this waste grows annually and disposal is difficult as fields
become calcium saturated. Adding value to this waste to make it into a
feed ingredient is economically and environmentally sound. The molting
research helps address animal welfare concerns of consumers as the egg
industry adopts the UEP Bird Welfare guidelines of non feed restrictive
molts.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
1. Scheideler, S.E., and P.R. Ferket.
2001. Phytase in broiler rations - Effects on carcass yields and incidence
of tibial dyschondroplasia. J. Appl. Poultry Res.
9:469-475.
2. Puthpongsiriporn, U., S.E.
Scheideler, J.L. Sell and M.M. Beck. 2001. Effects of vitamin E and C
supplementation on performance and immune and antioxidant status of laying
hens during heat stress. Poultry Science 80:1190-1200.
3. Jalal, M., and S.E. Scheideler. 2001. Effect of phytase
supplementation on egg production parameters and amino acid
digestibilities. Poultry Science 80:1463-1471.
4. Novak, C. and S.E. Scheideler. 2001. Long-term effects of
feeding flaxseed based diets. 1. Egg production parameters, components and
eggshell quality in 2 strains of laying hens.
5. Scheideler, S.E., N. Ward and M.Jalal, 2001. Effects of Roche
Ronozyme CT on Hyline W-98 laying hen performance when fed low phosphorus
diets. Poultry Science 80:478 (abstract).
6. Puthpongsiriporn, U. and S.E. Scheideler, 2001. Effects of
ratios of dietary linoleic to linolenic acid on hen performance, mitogenic
response and antibody production of White Leghorn hens against Newcastle
disease vaccine. Poultry Science 80:169 (Abstract)
7. Scheideler, S.E.,M.A. Jalal and E. Pierson. 2001. Strain
response of laying hens to varying dietary energy with and without enzyme.
International Poultry Scientific Formum p. 20
(Abstract).
8. Ash, J.A., and S.E.
Scheideler, 2001. Bioavailability assessment of eggshell derived
monocalcium phosphate. International Poultry Scientific Forum p. 20
(Abstract).
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Scheideler, S.
E.
Phone: 402-472-6451
Fax: 402-472-6362
E-mail:
Sscheideler1@unlinfo.unl.edu
Termination Year 2002
ACCESSION NO: 0177174 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-109-05-52 AGENCY: CSVM IOWV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 JUL 1997 TERM: 30 JUN 2002 FY:
1999
INVESTIGATOR: KRAMER,
T.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
IOWA STATE
UNIVERSITY
S. AND 16TH
ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA 50011
LIVE VACCINE AGAINST EGG-TRANSMISSION OF SALMONELLA
ENTERITIDIS
OBJECTIVES: To prevent spread
of Salmonella between laying hens. To prevent food poisoning from
Salmonella contaminated eggs.
APPROACH: Develop and test a live, heterophil attenuated
Salmonella enteritidis vaccine. To determine safety of vaccine for mice as
a model for human safety.
PROGRESS: 1997/07 TO 2002/06
Food poisoning caused by poultry meat and eggs contaminated with
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) are the leading causes of food poisoning in
the U.S. and in the developed world. We postulated that fecal shedding and
egg transmission of SE can be reduced by vaccination with a live,
attenuated SE vaccine. The goal of this project was to develop a safe and
effective live Salmonella enteritidis vaccine as a safeguard against food
poisoning of poultry origin. The objectives of the project were to: 1)
improve the heterophil and adapted SE vaccine (HASE); 2) to test the
improved HASE vaccine by long-term monitoring of chicken feces, egg shells
and egg contents; 3) to assess cloacal vs. vertical (transovarian) SE
contamination of eggs; and 4) to determine the virulence/avirulence of the
HASE in mammalian animal models. Objectives 1-3 were fully met in 1997.
Preliminary data were gathered on the mammalian safety of the HASE
vaccine. Specific objectives for 1998-1999 research were: 1) Continue work
on demonstration of human safety of HASE vaccine TK 605 using a mouse
model; 2) Investigate cellular and molecular basis for mechanism of action
of HASE TK 605 vaccine by probing into vaccine-heterophil interactions, by
comparing phagocytic indices of SE and HASE at multiple adaptive steps by
fluorescein activated cell sorting (FACS); 3) Expand the applicability of
heterophil adaptation to other gram-negative bacteria of importance to the
poultry industry. Scientific advances over the life of the project: 1) The
vaccine adaptation steps were increased to 11. Fecal shedding of vaccine
and of challenge were very satisfactorily reduced. The vaccine strain was
given at a dose of 10(8)CFU for three consecutive days by gavage. It was
shed by 2 hens on the 3rd day after vaccination, and by 1 hen on the 11th
day after vaccination; 3) Fecal shedding of challenge ceased on the 9th
day after challenge in the vaccinated group, and persisted for the 40-day
duration after challenge in the challenge control group. 2) None of 525
eggs cultured after vaccination were infected. One egg isolation was made
from 422 eggs in the vaccinated group after challenge. Of the 12 egg
isolations in the challenge control group, 8 were egg shell (cloacal)
isolates, and 4 were egg content isolates (transovarian). These limited
data suggest the cloacal infection of eggs is the major risk factor. 3) A
safe and effective live SE vaccine was developed in 1997. Many vaccines
are effective in preventing disease, but few are also effective in
preventing colonization and infection. The HASE TK 605 vaccine has met
this stringent criterion. 4) It was shown that increasing the number of
granulocyte (heterophil) passages from 6X to 11X has greatly improved the
safety and effectiveness of the granulocyte adapted SE
vaccine.
IMPACT: 1997/07 TO
2002/06
Salmonella enteritidis of poultry
origin is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the U.S. and in the
developed world. The HASE vaccine, developed earlier in this laboratory
holds the promise of reduction (and perhaps elimination) of this source of
foodborne disease. It is therefore important to know how this vaccine
works.
PUBLICATIONS: 1997/07 TO
2002/06
1. Kramer, T., Reinke, C.R., and
James, M. 1998. Reduction of fecal shedding and egg contamination of
Salmonella enteritis by increasing the number of heterophil adaptations.
Avian Dis 42:585:588.
2. Kramer, T.T.
1998. Effects of heterophil adaptation on Salmonella enteritidis fecal
shedding and egg contamination. Avian Dis. 42:6-13.
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Kramer, T.
T.
Phone:
515-294-3090
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
ttkramer@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0187249 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: TEX08815 AGENCY: CSREES TEX
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: NEW
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 2001-35201-09946
PROPOSAL NO: 2000-02614
START: 15 NOV 2000 TERM: 30 NOV
2002 GRANT YR: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: RICKE, S. C.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: POULTRY SCIENCE TEXAS A&M UNIV
COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77843
MINIMIZING SALMONELLA enteriditis INVASION IN HENS DURING INDUCED
MOLTING
OBJECTIVES: Determine if
addition of dietary moderate zinc-low calcium will prevent colonization of
Salmonella Enteritidis in the crop of chickens undergoing molting and what
characteristics in the crop microenvironment are associated with this type
of induced molt. Understand the potential role of the crop for Salmonella
Enteritidis virulence expression while birds are undergoing molting and if
key characteristics in the chicken crop microenvironment can be linked
with limiting S. Enteritidis colonization and virulence
expression.
APPROACH: The idea here is to
compare the indigenous microbial response in crops of birds that have been
molted either by feed deprivation or using a moderate Zn diet approach.
The hypothesis is that feed intake will be retained in the birds molted
via moderate Zn addition and the crop microflora will continue to be
actively fermenting to the point of being inhibitory to Salmonella
Enteritidis colonization and invasion. In addition to enumerating
Salmonella Enteritidis recovered after infection in the different
treatment groups we plan to quantitate fermentation products and enumerate
crop lactobacilli. We will also examine virulence activity of Salmonella
Enteritidis (hilA-lacZY transcriptional operon fusion) with a gene fusion
strain for in vitro assays of crop contents.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: During the past 10-15 years, the number of
cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica
serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) infections has greatly increased in
the U.S. and Europe and by 1995, S. Enteritidis comprised 25% of all
foodborne Salmonella isolates. Between 1985 and 1991, over 80% of S.
Enteritidis infections in the U.S. were associated with table eggs and
this may be linked to the specific stressful management practice of
inducing a molt to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in hens. Feed
withdrawal is the primary method used in the layer industry to induce
molting. However, feed withdrawal dramatically enhances S. Enteritidis
recovery from crops, increases invasion of organs in chickens and
increases horizontal transfer in flocks. The poultry industry needs
alternative molting procedures that do not require feed withdrawal but
allow managers to keep the economic advantages of recycling laying hens by
molting without causing a S. Enteritidis contamination problem. In this
proposal we plan to determine whether molt induction diets will minimize
S. Enteritidis and if key characteristics in the chicken crop
microenvironment can be linked with limiting S. Enteritidis colonization
and pathogenesis.
PROJ
CONTACT:
Name: Ricke, S.
C.
Phone:
979-862-1528
Fax: 979-845-1921
Email:
sricke@poultry.tamu.edu
Termination Year 2001
ACCESSION NO: 0400561 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-017-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 16 APR 1996 TERM: 30 JAN 2001 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: GAST R K; PETTER
J G; MITCHELL B W; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
PATHOGENESIS, DETECTION, AND CONTROL OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
AND OTHER SALMONELLAE IN CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: Determine how Salmonella enteritidis (SE) spreads
within and between poultry flocks and is deposited in eggs. Determine how
phenotypic and genetic diversity influences invasion of host organs and
egg contamination by SE. Identify environmental factors that influence the
emergence of virulent forms of SE. Develop sensitive and specific
diagnostic tests for SE in chickens and eggs. Develop effective SE
vaccines. Develop methods to reduce surface and airborne dispersal of SE
by dust reduction.
APPROACH: Chickens
will be infected with SE by oral inoculation or exposure to environmental
sources. Environmental factors and management practices that influence
persistence and vertical or horizontal transmission of SE will be
determined. Rapid and sensitive bacteriological and serological methods
for detecting SE infection or contamination will be applied. Vaccine
preparations will be tested for their efficacy. The pathogenic effects of
SE phage types and strains will be compared. Chromosomal heterogeneity in
virulence factor regulatory regions will be studied as it relates to egg
contamination. The identity of protein and carbohydrate receptors that
determine phage type will be established. Stages of the SE life cycle will
be defined by coupling continuous cell culturing to analysis of cell
surface protein and carbohydrate variability. Dust and bacterial counts
will be measured in poultry production areas and techniques including
ionization for reducing airborne dust and disease transmission will be
evaluated. Athens, GA-SEPRL-main lab & bldg
3.11/4/99.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? This project focuses on
explaining the pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infections in
chickens and developing improved methods for prevention, detection, and
control. Among the principal goals of the research are determining the
processes and mechanisms by which SE infects chickens, spreads vertically
and horizontally, and is deposited in eggs; assessing the influence of
strain variations on the ability of SE to invade host organs and
contaminate eggs; evaluating environmental factors that result in the
emergence of virulent forms of SE from avirulent populations; developing
more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for identifying SE infections
of chickens and for detecting SE contamination of eggs; developing and
evaluating effective killed and live vaccines for controlling SE
infections in chickens and associated egg contamination; and developing
electrostatic space charging technology to diminish the airborne spread of
SE throughout poultry hatching and housing facilities. 2. How serious is
the problem? Why does it matter? The association between human illness
caused by SE and the consumption of contaminated poultry products is an
important international public health and economic problem. In recent
years, SE has been among the Salmonella serotypes most often reported to
cause human illness. Eggs have been the most frequently implicated sources
of human SE infections in the United States. As food-borne transmission of
SE threatens both the safety of consumers and the ability of poultry
producers to market their products, the formulation and implementation of
effective control strategies for reducing the incidence of SE infections
in chickens has been identified as an urgent priority by both government
and industry. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and
National Component(s)? National Program 108, Food Safety (100%) This
research contributes to the Microbial Pathogens component of the Food
Safety National Program by providing scientists (veterinary, food, and
agricultural), regulatory agency officials, and the poultry industry with
urgently needed tools to understand, detect, and control SE infections of
chickens. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past
year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY2000 year. No
activity for this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and
replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under
that CRIS number. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any. No
activity for this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and
replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under
that CRIS number. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of
the project including their predicted or actual impact. This project
provided the first definitive experimental documentation that hens
systemically infected with SE could produce internally contaminated eggs.
Scientists found that SE infections can be highly persistent in both
chicks and hens and elicit long-lasting antibody titers. The project
developed and assessed the sensitivity and predictive value of methods for
detecting specific antibodies in serum and egg yolks from infected hens.
The project developed effective and practical bacteriological methods for
consistently detecting very small numbers of SE contaminants in eggs.
Efficient killed vaccines were developed and evaluated for reducing the
susceptibility of laying hens to SE infection. Studies assessed the
relationship between phage type of SE isolates and their virulence,
infectivity, and invasiveness in chicks. One scientist determined that air
movement can mediate the horizontal transmission of SE infection. An ESCS
was developed under a CRADA to reduce airborne dust and microorganisms in
hatching cabinets. The ESCS has been shown to have effectiveness
comparable to a 95% media filter for removing dust in laboratory
experiments in hatching cabinets and transmission cabinets and equal or
better effectiveness for removing airborne bacteria and Salmonella. The
ESCS reduced airborne SE in an isolation room with caged layers
approximately 95%. The kill rate of the ESCS on airborne and surface SE at
close range has been shown to be 98% or more. The ESCS has been patented
and an exclusive license for poultry applications has been approved with
BioIon, Inc. to manufacture and distribute the system. 6. What do you
expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? No activity for
this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and replaced by CRIS
number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under that CRIS number. 7.
What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When
is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end
user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? No
activity for this fiscal year. This project has been terminated and
replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under
that CRIS number. 8. List your most important publications in the popular
press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and
articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your
peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) No activity for this
fiscal year. This project has been terminated and replaced by CRIS number
6612-32000-026. All activity is reported under that CRIS
number.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
No activity for this fiscal year. This
project has been terminated and replaced by CRIS number 6612-32000-026.
All activity is reported under that CRIS number.
ACCESSION NO:
0400984 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-42000-022-00D
AGENCY: ARS 6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 DEC 1996 TERM: 30 JAN 2001 FY:
2001
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S; GAST R
K; PETTER J G; SWAYNE D E; MITCHELL B W
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN COMMERCIAL
POULTRY FLOCKS
OBJECTIVES: Identify the
sources of introduction of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and other
salmonellae into commercial poultry flocks and the reservoirs where they
persist in the poultry housing environment. Determine how SE spreads
within and between commercial poultry flocks. Identify unique
characteristics of Salmonella isolates, strains, serotypes, and phage
types and apply this information to determine the epidemiological
relationships between isolates from different sources.
APPROACH: Samples taken from diverse locations in
commercial poultry housing facilities, and from the birds themselves, will
be tested for S.enteritidis and other enteroinvasive salmonellae.
Different sampling and testing methods will be selected or developed and
then evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting SE. Samples will be
obtained from flocks of different ages and housed using different
management systems. Experiment- ally infected chickens will be used to
establish or verify fundamental aspects of the host-pathogen relationship
between SE and poultry. Statistical modeling tools will be applied to
establish the significance of and relationships between individual sources
and reservoirs of salmonellae in commercial poultry flocks. Molecular
analytical methods will be applied to characterize and differentiate
Salmonella isolates.
PROGRESS: 2000/10
TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue
is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Salmonella enteritidis
(SE)is the causative agent of pandemic salmonellosis in people, which is
most often acquired by consumption of contaminated eggs. The reservoir
involved in transmission of SE to people is well identified, namely the
egg-laying hen. It can be difficult to identify infected flocks, because
they do not often become ill and because the organism can be difficult to
detect in the hen-house environment even when the organs of birds are
positive. It is also accepted that mice are important vectors for
transmission of SE to hens. Thus, the basic biology of SE appears to have
unique parameters as compared to what happens when other types of
Salmonella are in the on-farm environment. This research program addresses
how the biology and genetics of SE differs from that other Salmonella. 2.
How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Increased illness in
people from SE has existed for at least 20 years and it is currently the
most prevalent serotype causing salmonellosis in the world and the second
most prevalent in the U.S. The concern is that the incidence of illness in
the U.S. from SE has the potential to increase to levels seen in Western
Europe and other countries. 3. How does it relate to the National
Program(s) and National Component(s)? This projects is in the Microbial
Pathogens component of National Program 108, Food Safety (100%). The
research evaluates how the biology and genetics of SE can be used to halt
its, growth and survival in chickens and in the hen house, because these
links in the infection route to humans precede egg contamination. 4. What
were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most
Significant Accomplishment during FY 2001 year: SE had been thought to be
a single clone with minimal difference between isolates from different
geographic regions. This project studied surface carbohydrate variation of
SE, especially from mice in chickens houses, and showed that SE has a
significantly more variable cell surface than did Salmonella typhimurium,
which is another important cause of human illness not associated with egg
contamination. These findings supported the concept that the house mouse
plays a unique role in the pandemic associated with SE. B. Other
Significant Accomplishment(s), if any: The genetic basis for why SE is
infectious was poorly understood. A series of infection studies were
conducted that revealed that loss of a molecule called flagella enhances
the ability of SE to be infectious when given by mouth. This information
may indicate that vaccines directed against the flagella may prevent SE
infections. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the
project including their predicted or actual impact. This research
identified that it is possible to use the structure of the
lipopolysaccharide molecule of SE and other Salmonella serotypes to
conduct epidemiological investigations of how strain heterogeneity
potentially contributes to emerging patterns of salmonellosis in people
and animals. The outcome of this research is improved epidemiological
methods for monitoring emergence of SE and other potential pathogens
on-farm by increasing knowledge of how bacteria can change to cause
sustained illness in people through the food supply 6. What do you expect
to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? This project was
terminated. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? The science and technology of how to assess strain heterogeneity
of SE has been transmitted to epidemiologists, infectious disease experts,
and public health officials through publications broadly available in
peer-reviewed journals. It is being made available to farmers and industry
through vaccine studies funded by CRADAS that will deliver improved
products to market. One aspect of the science has been made available to
industry by patenting. The technology is durable, because the general
knowledge about how to grow and analyze SE can be applied to other
bacteria. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press
(no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and
articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your
peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) No activity during
FY2001
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO
2001/09
Parker,C.T., Liebana,E., Henzler,D.J.,
Guard-Petter,J. Lipopolysaccharide O-chain microheterogeneity of
Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Environmental
Microbiology. 2001. V.5.p.332-342.
ACCESSION NO: 0404088 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-42000-036-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 31 JAN 2001 TERM: 30 JUN
2001
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S;
VACANT; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE ATHENS, GEORGIA
30613
EVALUATION OF STRATEGIES FOR
INDUCED MOLTING ON SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS PROBLEMS IN LAYING
FLOCKS
OBJECTIVES: Define the
physiological, neuroendocrinological and psychological alterations that
occur in the hen during feed withdrawal to induce molt vs. alternative
molt procedures. Evaluate whether experimental observation of molt effects
on Salmonella enteritidis infection also occur under commercial
conditions. Evaluate whether alternative molt procedures can reduce or
eliminate the Salmonella enteritidis problem normally observed during an
experimental molt.
APPROACH: Examine
Salmonella enteritidis situation in commercial operations at various times
pre, during and post molt. Develop molting procedures alternative to feed
withdrawal such as low energy feeds or hormone therapy which do not cause
exacerbated Salmonella enteritidis infection. Examine the effects of
molting on hormone levels in brain, serum, and gut and the impact of
molting on intestinal integrity. Examine effect of molting on reproductive
tract function and morphology.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Induced molting is an important management tool used by
70-80% of the layer industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging hens
(an estimated 168-192 million hens are molted annually). Previous
experimental studies showed that molting via long term feed removal
dramatically increased problems with Salmonella enterica serotype
Enteritidis (SE). Because of the studies, molting has come under increased
scrutiny by federal regulatory agencies and animal welfare groups as a
potential food safety issue. Information is still too limited to determine
the legitimacy of such claims and the current project will provide
additional information by determining whether molting in a commercial
setting similarly increases SE problems, examining alternative molting
procedures with respect to their effects on SE infection, studying
intervention strategies such as vaccination to ameliorate the problem,
investigating in detail the degree of stress in birds subjected to molt
and whether alternative molt procedures are less stressful, and studying
the physiological effects of molting to determine potential causes of the
exacerbated infection observed in the hens during molt. 2. How serious is
the problem? Why does it matter? Eggs produced by molted hens may be a
food safety risk to the consuming public. It is estimated that fully a
third of the profits derived from a flock during its life span comes from
molted hens. The producer could lose this very important management tool
unless studies are conducted to assess the problem, develop intervention
strategies to reduce the problem, and generate new methods to recycle
flocks. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National
Component(s)? This project is in the National Programs 108 on Food Safety
(75%) and 103 on Animal Health (25%). In Food Safety, developing
alternatives to molting of laying hens that will prolong their productive
egg laying and not be conducive to SE infection supports the Microbial
Pathogens Component. In addition, the project's objectives and goals are
aligned with the President's Council on Food Safety 1999 Action Plan
document that directs further research to provide data on molting to
federal action agencies that will support regulation of industry practices
based on logical, science- based information. In Animal Health, the stress
component of the studies addresses Disease Control Strategies and
Host/Pathogen Interactions components. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment
during FY 2001? This was a temporary bridging CRIS, please see progress
reported under project 6612-32000-031-00D. NPS changed the project number.
B. Other significant accomplishment(s),if any. Please see accomplishments
listed under project 6612-32000-031-00D. C. Significant
accomplishments/activities that support special target populations. Please
see accomplishments/activities noted under project 6612-32000-031-00D. D.
Progress Report. This was a temporary 3 month bridging CRIS for the final
CRIS number 6612-32000-031-00D. All progress is reported under
6612-32000-031-00D. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of
the project including their predicted or actual impact. This was a 3 month
temporary bridging CRIS. Previous accomplishments of the CRIS dealing with
molting include - 1) molting depressed cell-mediated immunity in hens; 2)
molting increased the severity of SE infections in hens; 3) molting made
the hens 1,000-10,000-fold more susceptible to an SE infection which
resulted in the rapid transmission SE to uninfected, but exposed, molted
hens. As a result of these studies, the USDA/FSIS Salmonella enteritidis
Risk Assessment Team, in their 1998 Risk Assessment document, placed
molting as a central flock variable for increasing the risk of eggs
produced which contain SE. 4) developed alternative molting procedure
using wheat middlings which dramatically decreased SE levels in hens. As a
result of these studies, researchers have moved to field studies to
examine the economic utility of using wheat middlings in a commercial
situation. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the
next 3 years? This project was a 3 month temporary bridging project and is
terminated. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? This project number was changed by NPS to 6612-32000-031-00D.
Project now terminated. 8. List your most important publications in the
popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific
organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not
replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) See
project 6612-32000-031-00D.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
No publications reported this period.
ACCESSION NO:
0178904 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-405-25-09 AGENCY:
CSVM IOWV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 09 MAR 1998 TERM: 31 MAR
2001 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
KRAMER, T. T.; HARRIS, R. S.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY MEDICINE
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
S. AND 16TH ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA
50011
A LIVE SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
(SE) VACCINE AGAINST EGG TRANSMITTED SALMONELLOSIS
OBJECTIVES: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is the most common source
of food poisoning worldwide. The primary source of SE contaminated food is
the chicken egg. The objective of this research is to validate the safety
for humans, and to explore the marketability of a live, heterophil
attenuated Salmonella enteritidis (HASE) vaccine for the prevention of
egg-transmitted salmonellosis.
APPROACH: Selection of live vaccine candidates by heterophil
adaptation.
PROGRESS: 1998/03 TO
2001/03
Fecal shedding and egg transmission of
a heterophil attenuated, vaccine candidate strain of Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) was evaluated in laying hens. Fecal shedding and egg
transmission of vaccine and challenge SE were used to assess, safety and
efficacy of the heterophil attenuated SE. Fecal shedding was very
significantly reduced in vaccinated hens by comparison to challenge
controls (p < 0.001). None of 1,019 eggs cultured from vaccinated and
challenged hens were infected with SE. Twelve of 479 (2.5%) of control
eggs were infected
IMPACT: 1998/03 TO
2001/03
Further evidence was obtained for the
suitability of heterophil adapted Salmonella enteritidis as a live
attenuated vaccine against salmonellosis of poultry.
PUBLICATIONS: 1998/03 TO 2001/03
No publications reported this period
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Kramer, T.
T.
Phone:
515-294-3090
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
ttkramer@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0178167 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-416-23-73 AGENCY: CSREES IOWV
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO:
97-35201-4608
START: 01 SEP 1997 TERM: 31 AUG 2001 FY: 2000 GRANT YR:
1997
INVESTIGATOR: MINION, F. C.;
TRAMPEL, D. W.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
IOWA STATE
UNIVERSITY
S. AND 16TH
ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA 50011
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS HETEROPHIL
RESISTANCE
OBJECTIVES: 9702755. Obtain a
better understanding of Salmonella enteritidis-chicken interactions at the
molecular level. This will be accomplished using unique mutants that are
resistant to chicken heterophil killing and by completing the following
specific aims: 1)We will complete the assessment of the SE mutants in
chicken in order to assess their pattern of colonization of infected
tissues and affinity for egg laying tissues; 2) Genes involved in immune
cell resistance will be identified by screening complemented strains in
cell cultures; 3) Mutations will be constructed in these genes in the wild
type strain in order to confirm their role in immune cell resistance; 4)
Mutants will be assessed for virulence and egg transmissibility in
chickens. For unknown reasons, immune cell resistance is directly linked
to lowered virulence in SE. These studies will shed light on the possible
mechanisms involved and add to our understanding of salmonella
pathogenesis.
APPROACH: First develop
mutant strains expressing green fluorescent protein to enhance our ability
to follow S. enteritidis in host tissues and eggs. These strains will then
be used to infect chickens and bacteriological and histopathological
studies undertaken. Cosmid libraries of wild type S. enteritidis will be
constructed and used to complement the mutant strains. Complementing
clones with wild type phenotype will then be analyzed by subcloning and
transposon mutagenesis, and the genes involves in heterophil resistance
(htr) sequenced and analyzed. Knockout mutations in putative htr genes
will be constructed in wild type strains, and the resulting strains
analyzed for sensitivity in heterophil cultures.
PROGRESS: 1997/09 TO 2001/08
The overall goal of this proposal was to determine the genetic
basis for heterophile resistance of a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) mutant
(TK605) and to characterize this mutant in terms of its persistence and
vaccine potential. The latter aim was accomplished in the first two years
of the grant. A third aim was to develop green fluorescent protein (GFP)
producing strains of SE strain TK474 and follow their transmission through
the chicken to learn more about the cell types and tissue locations for SE
during persistence. After integrating the GFPuv structural gene downstream
of the lac promoter in the chromosome, colonies were unexpectedly
fluorescently unstable in their fluorescence after in vitro passage. We
then obtained another derivative of GFP on a R6 vector used in Salmonella
typhimurium studies, which was stable in SE after prolonged passage in
vitro. Studies of this construct in SE in mature hens showed that the
numbers of fluorescent salmonella in tissues was low, making it difficult
to follow the organism in specific tissues, and we did not pursue this
avenue further. To determine the genetic basis for heterophile adaption,
we sought to complement the mutations in SE strain TK605 using cosmid
based approaches. The differences in survival between the mutant and wild
type strains in chicken heterophile cultures, however, were not great
enough to allow direct selection for a complemented mutant strain.
Instead, we focused the last 18 months on invasion studies and signature
tagged mutagenesis (STM) to identify genes needed for SE cell invasion
with the hypothesis that invasion is critical for heterophile survival,
tissue dissemination and persistence in the reproductive tract. STM
invasion negative mutants were identified using Vero cell cultures. Assays
using MTT or XTT to quantify the number of Salmonella present after lysis
of the Vero cells had high background and variability. Invasion was then
assessed by a growth/no-growth assay on brilliant green agar plates
containing kanamycin, which led to the identification of 46
invasion-negative mutants. These mutants were then tested in a day-old
chick model for virulence. The livers of all birds were sampled for
Salmonella mutants using brilliant green agar plates with kanamycin.
Virulence varied among the invasion-negative mutants with some low
pathogenicity and some retaining high virulence, rapidly killing all
chicks in a group. Further, STM experiments were also performed, and the
mutants displayed variability in their ability to persist in chickens in
comparison to wild type salmonella. Identification of the STM
mini-transposon insertion site by DNA sequencing is currently in progress.
Direct cloning of the transposon and flanking sequences, and direct
sequencing of chromosomal DNA had little success. The most successful
method for obtaining junction site sequences was using inverse PCR. The
insertion site for eleven of the forty-six mutants has been identified. At
the conclusion of this stage, we will have identified different loci in SE
involved in Vero cell invasion and correlated that phenotype with
persistence in mature chickens and virulence in a day-old chick
model.
IMPACT: 1997/09 TO
2001/08
Salmonella enteritidis remains an
important world-wide food safety pathogen. Identification of genes
involved in tissue invasion and the correlation of specific genes with
virulence and persistence in chickens will provide important information
needed for a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of this
organism. These genes might also provide therapeutic targets for
development of better intervention strategies both at the pre-harvest and
post-harvest stages.
PUBLICATIONS:
1997/09 TO 2001/08
1. Kramer, T. T. 1998.
Effects of heterophil adaption on Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding
and egg contamination. Avian Dis. 42:6-13.
2. Kramer, T.T., C. R. Reinke, and M. James. 1998. Reduction of
fecal shedding and egg contamination of Salmonella enteritidis by
increasing the number of heterophil adaptions. Avian Dis.
42:585-588.
3. Kramer, T.T. and J. Vote.
2000. Granulocyte selected live Salmonella enteritidis vaccine is species
specific. Vaccine 18:2239-2243.
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Minion, F.
C.
Phone:
515-294-6347
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
fcminion@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0400221 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-019-00D AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 09 APR 1996 TERM: 08 APR
2001 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
TUMPEY T; MITCHELL B W; HOLT P S; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE ATHENS,
GEORGIA 30613
STIMULATION OF MUCOSAL
IMMUNITY IN CHICKENS TO PROTECT AGAINST ENTERIC AND RESPIRATORY
PATHOGENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the
development of local humoral immune response at mucosal surfaces in
chickens and compare this response with systemic immunity. Develop
vaccines for mucosal immunity against intestinal and respiratory pathogens
in poultry and diagnostic tests that will predict effectiveness. Determine
the mechanisms for generation of airborne pathogens. Develop controls to
improve poultry health and enhance mucosal vaccine effectiveness by
reducing airborne pathgens and dust.
APPROACH: Birds will be orally infected with salmonella
enteritidis (SE) and serum and intestinal anti-SE antibody levels will be
ascertained over time. The birds will be re-infected to determine the
development of serum and intestinal immunological memory. Immune
recognition of different components of SE in serum and the intestinal
tract will be compared. The protective role of serum and mucosal
antibodies will be ascertained by passive administration of antibodies to
naive birds and following the progression of the infection. The
development of immunity in the intestinal tract will be delineated by
immunoassay of intestinal contents and elispot analysis of purified lamina
propria lymphocytes. Dust and bacterial counts will be measured in
hatching cabinets and other poultry production areas. Dust reduction
techniques studied will include lowering air velocity and using an
electrostatic space charge with a grounded collection system. Experiments
will be conducted to characterize airborne transmission of SE and to
explore treatments for reducing it.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Pathogens such as Salmonella enteritidis (SE), avian
influenza virus, and Newcastle disease virus initiate their infections at
mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal or respiratory tract. Procedures
which protect these sites from infection, either by inducing active
immunity or by reducing the challenge dose reaching the animal would
significantly reduce the morbidity, mortality, and egg contamination
resulting from infection. Vaccination regimens against these infections
generally involve parenteral injections which induce a good systemic
immune response. While this regimen does evoke a certain degree of
protection at mucosal surfaces, it is not complete - a certain percentage
of the birds remain infected and continue to shed organism into the
environment and, in the case of SE, produce eggs contaminated with the
organism. This scenario is observed regularly in the field and, as a
result, vaccination against avian influenza virus is not performed in
chickens in this country and only moderate vaccination against SE occurs.
Recent serious outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry
in Mexico and in Hong Kong underscore the need for improved vaccination
regimens to combat this problem organism. The continuing problem of SE
infections in humans traced to contaminated eggs and the limited use by
industry of currently available vaccines indicates the need for newer and
better immunization methods to prevent infections. If immunity were to be
elicited via mucosal vaccination at the site where infection was
initiated, there would be a greater chance of stopping the organism before
it has a chance to become firmly established within the tissue. Our
laboratory is taking a multiple-prong attack at this problem by examining
development of immunity at mucosal surfaces following infection and
comparing this response with that in serum. We are also developing
vaccination regimens which activate protective immunity at these surfaces.
A third area of research is the use of procedures to reduce the levels of
the pathogen in the air environment and therefore reduce the challenge
dose reaching the bird. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?
With highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the situation is grave and
the primary remedy is massive flock slaughter and quarantine of poultry
products leaving the area, both of which put a severe financial burden on
the producer, the region, and the industry as a whole. For SE, the
situation is very serious. This organism is the leading Salmonella serovar
causing human food borne infections in the U.S. and, while the number of
outbreaks of food borne infections by this organism is decreasing, the
number of sporadic cases continues to increase. The significance of this
is two-fold: 1) a large number of individuals are becoming ill, and some
die, due to consumption of eggs contaminated with this organism; 2) this
has dramatic repercussions on the egg industry due to reduced egg
consumption and the involvement of regulatory agencies in diverting eggs
to pasteurization. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and
National Component(s) to which it has been assigned? National Program 103,
Animal Health (75%) National Program 108, Animal Health (25%) Because of
the disastrous nature of poultry infections by avian influenza virus and
Newcastle disease virus, regimens which prevent the initiation and
dissemination of the organisms within flocks fit well within the National
Program animal health mandate. Similarly, food safety is a major component
of the National Program agenda and intervention strategies which help
prevent the dissemination of a human disease organism within flocks and
block the entry of the organism into the human food chain are important
areas of investigation. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments
this past year? Studies were conducted with an electrostatic space charge
system in a caged layer room to determine dust reduction capabilities and
potential of the system for reducing airborne Salmonella enteritidis.
Duplicated experiments in a caged layer room with artificially and
naturally generated dust indicated that electrostatic space charge system
treatment reduced dust concentration by 52-91%. Reductions in dust level
of 50% reduce airborne bacterial counts by 100 fold or more. A prototype
electrostatic space charge system that included an automatic rinse system
was developed and installed in several commercial chicken hatcheries. The
system reduced dust by 82% and Salmonella positive cabinets by as much as
83%. Hatchability with the system improved an average of 2.7%. The
electrostatic space charge system will decrease transmission of
disease-causing organisms and improve food safety. One-2 day-old chicks
were unable to mount a significant antibody response in either the serum
or intestinal tract. In adult chickens, a strong systemic and intestinal
response to SE occurred within a week post challenge and the chickens
cleared the infection within several weeks. These results demonstrated
that the age when birds are exposed to infection is a very important
variable with regards to their ability to respond to challenge and also
possibly to vaccination. An ELISPOT assay was developed to detect specific
antibody producing cells in the spleen and cecal tonsil in birds either
infected or vaccinated against SE. This assay will assess the role of
different intestinal tissues in the elicitation of an intestinal immune
response. Determined that certain compounds added to Salmonella
enteritidis killed vaccine emulsions resulted in an enhanced serum and
mucosal antibody response to the SE immunogen. This will improve vaccines
for use in SE control. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life
of the project including their predicted or actual impact. This a new
CRIS, in its third year, so a large proportion of the information was
presented in Question 4. However, we found that chicks infected with SE at
1-2 days post hatch cannot clear the infection and remain persistently
infected for over 20 weeks. Serum and mucosal responses in these birds
were severely depressed, with many birds not having any detectable
SE-specific antibodies. When these individuals were vaccinated or
re-infected, they were only minimally able to respond immunologically to
the new stimulus, indicating that very little immunological memory
occurred. These studies point to the hatchery as a very important area to
prevent SE infection since challenge at this age can have serious
repercussions on the health of the chicks. In the previous CRIS we
examined the effect of stress on immunity in poultry and there were
numerous accomplishments. We found that induced molting, a procedure used
by 70% of the layer industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging flocks
(affecting approximately 140-166 million hens annually) depressed the
immunity in the birds and substantially increased the severity of,
susceptibility to, and transmission of SE infections. Airborne
transmission of SE, not normally a route of spread of SE, was also
observed in molted hens indicating that the procedure could substantially
affect the spread of the organism through a flock. As a result of this
work, molting was identified by USDA/APHIS as a major risk factor for the
production of eggs contaminated with SE. 6. What do you expect to
accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? Develop ELISPOT assays to
further delineate the immune response in various locations in the
intestinal tract to identify the most important areas for targeting
vaccines. Determine whether the cecal tonsil is an important organ for the
development of an intestinal immune response. Evaluate more compounds with
respect to their adjuvanticity in the intestinal tract and examine whether
these vaccines can be adapted for use in ovo vaccination protocols. 7.
What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When
is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end
user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? A
patent application is pending for the electrostatic space charge system
technology and three license applications have been received for
manufacture of the system. Working under a CRADA with a manufacturer, we
developed a panel system, using monoclonal specific for SE flagella
developed in our laboratory, for detecting SE in poultry samples within 15
minutes. A Small Business Innovative Research grant was awarded by USDA to
further evaluate the capabilities of the panel in depth. 8. List your most
important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work(NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below). HOLT, P.S. Induced molting and possible Salmonella enteritidis
problems in layer flocks. Foodonics Incorporated Egg Quality Assurance
Producer's Meeting, Blackshear, GA, 1999. HOLT, P.S. Induced molting and
possible Salmonella enteritidis problems in layer flocks. Southeastern Egg
Producers Conference, Tallahassee, FL, 1999. HOLT, P.S. Risk factors for a
Salmonella enteritidis infection. SE Research Forum, Atlanta, GA, 1999
sponsored by the United Egg Producers.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. HOLT, P.S., MITCHELL, B.W., SEO, K-H.,and GAST, R.K. 1999. Use
of negative air ionization for reducing airborne levels of Salmonella
enterica serovar Enteritidis ... Journal of Applied Poultry Research, in
press.
2. DODSON, S.V., MAURER, J.J.. HOLT,
P.S., and LEE, M.D. 1999. Temporal changes in the population genetics of
Salmonella pullorum. Avian Diseases 43, in press.
3. HOLT, P.S., GAST, R.K. ,... 1999. Hyporesponsiveness of the
systemic and mucosal humoral immune systems in chickens infected with
Salmonella at one day of age. Poultry Science, in press.
4. CHAUBAL, L.H. and HOLT, P.S. 1999. Characterization of
motility and identification of flagella proteins in the avian pathogen
Salmonella pullorum. American Journal of Veterinary Research, in
press.
5. MITCHELL, B.W. 1999. Electrostatic
space charge system for dust and pathogen removal in commercial hatching
cabinets. Poultry Science 78(S1):143.
6. MITCHELL, B.W. 1999. Performance of an electrostatic dust
reduction system in a commercial hatchery. Dust Control in Animal
Production Facilities International Symposium, CIGR EurAgEng, Jutland,
Denmark.
7. HOLT, P.S., MITCHELL,B.W. , SEO,
K.-H., and GAST, R.K. 1999. Use of negative air ionization for reducing
airborne levels of Salmonella Enteritidis in a room. Proc. Western Poultry
Disease Conference, page 31.
8. HOLT, P.S., GAST,R.K., STONE, H.D.. 1999. Infection of chicks
with Salmonella enteritidis at one day of age results in persistent
infection and hyporesponsiveness humoral immune system. Immunology Letters
69:65.
9. HOLT, P.S. 1999. Possible
application of the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein assay as an indicator of
stress during an induced molt. Poultry Science
78(S1):29.
Termination Year
2000
ACCESSION NO: 0178835 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: ILLU-35-0226 AGENCY: SAES ILLU
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 AUG 1998 TERM: 31 JUL 2000 FY:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: BAHR, J. M.;
MALOY, S. R.; EDWARDS, R. A.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
ANIMAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS
URBANA, ILLINOIS
61801
DEVELOPMENT OF SALMONELLA
VACCINES FOR CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: C-FAR
1999 Internal. Salmonella enteritidis is a pathogenic bacteria responsible
for most cases of human food poisoning acquired from eating chickens or
eggs. Because this bacterium does not usually cause symptoms in chickens,
it is difficult to detect contaminated flocks. The long term aim of this
project is to design a vaccine against S. enteritidis that can be easily
administered to young chicks to protect chickens and their eggs from
infection.
APPROACH: Virulence factors
that have formed the basis of other vaccines include fimbriae, long
proteinaceous molecules on the bacterial surface. The SEF fimbriae are
unique to S. enteritidis virulence and seem to play a pivotal role in the
ability of this particular bacteria to infect chickens and eggs.
Therefore, we will use a molecular genetic approach to characterize the
role of SEF fimbriae in virulence and to test the role of SEF fimbriae as
a protective immunogen.
PROGRESS: 1998/08 TO 2000/07
C-FAR 1999 Internal. The objective was to design an effective,
inexpensive vaccine against Salmonella enterica sv. enteriditis that can
be administered to young chicks to protect chickens and their eggs from
infection. Preliminary studies suggested that a type of fimbriae
restricted to enteriditis may provide a useful vaccine target. Fimbriae
are long, proteinaceous structures that extend from bacterial cells and
mediate attachment to specific surfaces. Fimbriae have been shown to be
critical virulence factors in enteric bacteria and play multiple roles in
the course of infection. Salmonella infections are initiated by adherence
to intestinal epithelium using multiple fimbriae. Fimbriae involved in
this common step of Salmonella infections are found in all Salmonella
serovars. Enteritidis also produce a unique fimbriae encoded by the sef
genes (Salmonella Enteritidis fimbriae). SEF are not found in S.
Typhimurium or more distantly related Salmonella serovars, but all
Enteritidis isolates express SEF fimbriae. Results implicated SEF as a
unique virulence factor for Enteritidis. Immunization of mice with
purified SEF protects mice from Enteritidis infection, indicating that SEF
are expressed in the host and elicit a strong immune response. Properties
of these fimbriae suggest that this may be a novel vaccine target. We
showed that mutations in sef reduce virulence of Enteritidis in mice by 10
4-fold and 10 5-fold. In contrast, mutations in sef increase virulence in
chickens, suggesting that these fimbriae may play an important role in
establishment of chronic, asymptomatic infections in chickens. We have
characterized Enteritidis infections in chickens to develop a model system
for subsequent characterization of disease. Our research showed that day
old Leghorn chicks are susceptible to Enteritidis infections and a dose of
10 4-fold bacteria is lethal to young chicks. At lower doses, Enteritidis
colonizes the ceca, cloaca, liver, spleen and reproductive tissue of
chicks. Older chickens effectively clear the infection. Competition
experiments between the sefA mutant and wild-type Enteritidis confirm that
loss of SEF results in increased virulence in chickens. A simple
explanation of these results may be that SEF acts as an effective
immunogen, stimulating an protective cell-mediated immune response. This
would enhance the clearance of the wild-type strain while allowing a
mutant lacking SEF to persist in higher numbers. This conclusion is
supported by previous studies indicating that SEF induces a strong
T-lymphocyte response. Why would SEF promote virulence in mice and
decrease virulence in chickens? In BALB/c mice, SEF promotes uptake of
Enteritidis into macrophages which may limit the direct exposure of this
potential antigen to the host immune system. These results imply that SEF
may play different roles in the pathogenesis of Enteritidis depending on
the host. To test the effectiveness of SEF as a vaccine, we developed
methods to overproduce and purify SEF protein and we plan to use this
protein to immunize chickens. The immunized chickens will be subsequently
tested for protection against Enteritidis infections.
IMPACT: 1998/08 TO 2000/07
Salmonella enteriditis infects a wide variety of animals,
including chickens and humans. enteriditis typically initiates an
infection through the fecal oral route where it colonizes the intestinal
wall and causes diarrhea. In adult chickens these infections are usually
asymptomatic, but seemingly healthy chickens can carry and shed
enteriditis for long periods of time after the initial infection.
enteriditis can also colonize the developing egg in an otherwise
asymptomatic chicken, making enteriditis infections very insidious.
Recently, the occurrence of enteriditis infections in humans has increased
dramatically, largely due to the consumption of infected chicken eggs.
Despite the impact of enteriditis infections on agriculture and human
health, the virulence determinants (i.e., the mechanisms responsible for
causing disease) that mediate the unique aspects of enteriditis infections
in chickens are poorly understood. Understanding the unique virulence
mechanisms of enteriditis may lead to new, better ways of preventing
infections in chickens and thereby alleviating this major source of food
poisoning. Although enteriditis is the principle causes of Salmonella food
poisoning, most research on Salmonella pathogenesis has focused on
Salmonella Typhimurium. Work in many labs is beginning to elucidate the
Typhimurium virulence determinants. Our work identified a virulence factor
that is unique to Salmonella Enteritidis which has potential for use as a
cheap, effective vaccine for chickens.
PUBLICATIONS: 1998/08 TO 2000/07
1. Edwards, R., Schifferli, D. and Maloy, S. 2000. A novel role
for Salmonella enteritidis fimbriae in resistance to macrophage killing.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1258-1262.
2. Edwards, R. and Maloy, S. 2001. Inside or outside: Detecting
the cellular location of Salmonella during infection. Biotechniques 30:
304-311.
3. Townsend, S. 2001. Salmonella
enterica serotype Typhi possesses a unique repertoire of fimbrial genes.
Infect. and Immun. 69 (In Press).
4. Edwards, R., Matlock, B., Heffernan, B. and Maloy, S. 2001.
Regulation of SEF fimbriae expression in Salmonella enteritidis
(Submitted).
5. Helm, R.A., Sanderson, S.
and Maloy, S. 2001. A rapid approach to determine the rrn arrangement in
Salmonella serovars (Submitted).
6. Matlock, B., Heffernan, B., Edwards, R., Bahr, J. and Maloy,
S. 2001. The role of SEF14 fimbriae in the pathogenesis of Salmonella
enteritidis in day-old chicks (In Preparation).
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Bahr, J. M.
Phone:
217-333-2900
Fax: 217-333-8286
Email:
j-bahr@uiuc.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0149377 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6406-32000-005-00D AGENCY: ARS
6406
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 21 MAR 1995 TERM: 20 MAR
2000 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR:
BRANTON S L; BEARSON S M; LOTT B D; SIMMONS J D
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
MISSISSIPPI STATE, MISSISSIPPI 39762
DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF MYCOPLASMOSIS IN
POULTRY
OBJECTIVES: Improve both the
diagnosis and identification of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (MG) using an antigen-based ELISA and selected monoclonal
antibodies. Strain specificity will be pursued for MG. Determine effects
of common poultry mycoplasmal commensals on serology and egg quality.
Determine effects of commercially available live MG vaccines on layer
chickens. Isolate the receptor gene(s) from F strain Mycoplasma
gallisepticum and insert them into Mycoplasma
gallinarum.
APPROACH: Commercial hens
maintained in fiberglass isolation units will provide both production and
egg quality data. They will further serve as both the sera and culture
source for use in selecting from currently existing monoclonal antibodies
which will be used to produce the antigen-based ELISA. BALB/c mice will be
purchased and used to produce other needed monoclonal antibodies which
will be screened and selected against both direct hen mycoplasmal isolates
and against multiple-passaged mycoplasmal cultures. Selection should
result in a bank of monoclonals having specificity towards
mycoplasmal-common, species-specific as well as strain-specific epitopes.
The antigen-based ELISA will be utilized to determine the contribution of
common avian mycoplasmal commensals on MG and MS serology. Using molecular
approaches, a non-pathogenic, life-long protective immunity to respiratory
disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum will be
developed.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO
1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? The objectives of this
research are: a) to improve the diagnosis and identification of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), b) to identify virulence
factors that enable F strain MG to displace S6 strain MG, c) to
characterize the effects of the three currently available live MG vaccines
on egg production, egg and eggshell quality parameters, d) to characterize
the antibody responses of infected poultry to mycoplasma antigens by using
monoclonal antibodies and molecular techniques, and e) to evaluate the
impact of Mycoplasma infection in poultry. 2. How serious is the problem?
Why does it matter? Fully 80% of commercial egg laying chickens are
believed infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) which results in
decreased egg production, increased pharmaceutical costs, and mortality.
MG infection of broiler breeders is sporadic and results in either
condemnation and slaughter of infected hens and/or infection of progeny
which in turn, results in increased mortality, feed costs and slaughter
house condemnation. "Backyard" flocks exist as primary reservoirs of
infection. Numerous other species of Mycoplasma have been found in
commercial poultry. Fully 20% of the approximately 125 known mycoplasmas
can be found in the class Aves and of these about one-half (12) are found
in poultry. Of these 12, only four have been investigated to any depth. At
least five of the 12 mycoplasmas found in poultry can be isolated in
commercial layer chickens. We do not know the effect(s) of these other
mycoplasmal species on poultry and, coupled with the fact that mycoplasmal
infections in poultry are not cleared with antibiotics (once infected, a
chicken remains infected for the duration of its life) mycoplasmal
infection presents a dread scenario for the poultry industry. 3. How does
it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it
has been assigned? This research is assigned to National Program 103
Animal Diseases. It is appropriate for the sections on "pathogen
detection," "epidemiology of disease," and "disease prevention/control
through vaccine and novel strategies." 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? Although the temperature sensitive (ts-11)
live vaccine strain of MG has been available for use in commercial layers
for the past nine years, there has been NO information available to the
producer concerning the vaccines effects on egg production, egg weight
distribution, egg weight, blood/meat spot incidence, pimpling incidence,
Haugh unit determination and eggshell strength despite the fact that the
vaccine was developed to reduce egg production losses associated with MG
infection. The research included measuring, recording and analysis of the
aforementioned parameters together with hen mortality was conducted at the
Mid South Area Poultry Research Unit and involved collaborators from
Mississippi State University's College of Veterinary Medicine as well as
from the Mid South Area Office of the Director. We determined that the
ts-11 MG vaccine does not detrimentally affect any of the parameters
measured when the hens are vaccinated at ten weeks of age. The outcome of
this research is that now egg producers can make an informed decision
regarding the use of this vaccine in their flocks. Most commercial layer
chickens are infected with MG and most of these chickens remain "on the
farm" for approximately 100 weeks of age; this becomes important when
attempting to eradicate MG from multi-age layer operations, particularly
in view of the fact that "the influence of age on resistance to disease
has not been adequately examined." Chickens were maintained in biological
isolation units at the Mid South Area Poultry Research Unit and chickens
were infected at either 10 or 66 weeks of age whereupon recovery of the
organism was attempted involving collaboration from Mississippi State
University's College of Veterinary Medicine. Organism recovery data
indicated that older infected hens are more efficient at suppressing the
replication of the organism than are hens infected at a younger age. The
ramification of this research impacts epidemiological investigations in
that it suggests that older infected hens do not shed (implying that
transmission to other hens is decreased) the organism as readily as
younger infected hens. Most commercial layers are infected with MG and
remain "on the farm" through 100 weeks of age during which time they are
molted at about 65 weeks of age. Choanal cleft swabs were taken before and
after molting during which time the birds were maintained in biological
isolation units at the Mid South Area's Poultry Research Unit and involved
collaboration from Mississippi State University's College of Veterinary
Medicine. Molting was shown to result in a decreased ability to isolate MG
from known infected chickens. This result has epidemiological
ramifications in that it suggests that confirmatory MG isolation tests may
be impaired when conducted on hens either in molt or immediately after
molt. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project
including their predicted or actual impact. Major accomplishments over the
life of the project include: a) the finding that the chicken remains
infected over its life and that neither isolation nor disinfection of its
environment will rid the chicken of the organism, impact - unless you can
depopulate an infected farm, you cannot get rid of the organism from the
flock, b) that the cellular profile of the chicken's blood reflects an
acute infection with mycoplasma; however, the cellular blood profile of
the chronically infected chicken is similar to control hens, despite the
fact that the organism can still be isolated from the chronically infected
hen, impact - the chicken's immune system is apparently "tricked" by the
organism into believing there is no need to continue mounting an immune
response, c) that the addition of the commonly used therapeutic agent
ammonium chloride in layer chickens hinders the bacteriological recovery
of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from chickens, impact - a diagnostician needs
to know that a flock is being treated with ammonium chloride when he is
attempting to isolate the organism and therefore take a greater number of
swabs in order to assure the organism's isolation when the flock is
actually infected, d) that vaccination of chickens at 10 weeks of age with
the F strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum does not reduce egg production
over a 44-week laying cycle, impact - since 1979, flock managers have used
the F strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with the understanding that the
vaccine reduces egg production by approximately 7 eggs/hen over a 45-week
laying cycle. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the
next 3 years? In 2000, we expect to demonstrate the effects of an
available live MG vaccine (6/85) on egg production, egg size distribution,
and egg and eggshell quality parameters of layer chickens. Further, we
expect to sequence the genetic code and location of a putative gene
associated with the ability of the MG organism to adhere to a host cell
(cytadhesin gene) thereby inciting infection of the host. In 2001, we
expect to investigate the effect of one of the most prevalent Mycoplasma
species (Mycoplasma gallinarum) found in commercial layer chickens on egg
production, egg size distribution, and egg and eggshell quality
parameters. Also, we expect to show the impact of MG infection on the
lipoprotein content of eggs and further, to evaluate the virulence of the
cytadhesin gene sequenced in 2000. In 2002, we expect to demonstrate the
impact of Mycoplasma gallinaceum, the second most prevalent Mycoplasma
species found in commercial layer chickens, on egg production, egg size
distribution, and egg and eggshell quality parameters. We also expect,
contingent upon a determination of non-virulence in 2001, to insert the
cytadhesin gene sequenced in 2000 into Mycoplasma gallinarum to result in
the initiation of the development of a novel vaccine against MG. This
novel vaccine will be capable of preventing colonization by wild or field
strains of MG and will also result in enhanced interstate movement and
export of commercial poultry by not resulting in positive seroconversion
for both MG and MS tests. Finally, this vaccine should be more acceptable
to the broiler and turkey industries as it will be protective against MG
and MS yet cause no pathology. 7. What science and/or technologies have
been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely
to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)?
What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the
technology product? Information pertaining to the effect of ts-11 MG
vaccine on egg production, egg size distribution, Haugh unit measurement,
egg shell breaking strength, blood meat spot incidence, pimpling
incidence, and average egg weight has been made available to egg
producers, veterinarians, and diagnosticians. Similarly, information
regarding both molting and age of the chicken at the time of MG
vaccination has been made available as it pertains to these factors
potential for hindrance to isolation of the MG organism. The foregoing
information is relevant immediately as approximately 80% of the commercial
layer chickens are either infected or vaccinated with MG. This technology
has been delivered to commercial layer managers via telephone call,
reviewed journal articles, and conference talks. The value will continue
as long as this vaccine is used in commercial layers. The only constraints
to adoption of the technology rest with the individual states and whether
they permit use of the vaccine within their borders. 8. List your most
important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work(NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below). Becker, Hank. "Timing of vaccination could increase egg output."
Poultry Times, March 22, 1999, p. 14. Becker, Hank. "Vaccinating hens at
the right time saves eggs." Agricultural Research, March 1999, p. 17.
Becker, Hank. "Vacc boost for egg production." ANIMAL PHARM World Animal
Health and Nutrition News, July 2, 1999, p. 19.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. BRANTON, S.L., LOTT, B.D., MAY, J.D., MASLIN, W.R., PHARR,
G.T., BROWN, J.E. and BOYKIN, D.L. 1999. The effects of F strain ... .....
II. Egg size distribution. Avian Diseases 43:326-330.
2. BRANTON, S.L., MAY, J.D., LOTT, B.D. and PHARR, G.T. 1999.
Effects of age at inoculation and induced molt on .... Mycoplasma
gallisepticum from layer chickens. Avian Diseases
43:516-520.
3. BRANTON, S.L., LOTT, B.D.,
MAY, J.D. and MASLIN, W.R. 1999. The effects of ts-11 strain of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum in commercial layer hens. Poultry Science (Suppl.
1):17.
4. BRANTON, S.L., SIMMONS, J.D.,
PHARR, G.T. and BROWN, J.E. 1999. Mycoplasma isolates in layer chickens.
Poultry Science (Suppl. 1):107.
ACCESSION NO: 0177392 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: MOR-9702552 AGENCY: CSREES MO.R
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO:
97-35201-4936
START: 01 OCT 1997 TERM: 30 SEP 2000 FY: 2000 GRANT YR:
1997
INVESTIGATOR: CURTIS III, R.;
WILMES-RIESENBERG, M.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
BIOLOGY
WASHINGTON UNIV
#1 NORTH BROOKINGS
DRIVE, CAMPUS BOX 1137
ST LOUIS, MISSOURI
63130
ADHESINS FOR COLONIZATION OF
CHICKENS & THEIR USE IN PREVENTION OF SALMONELLOSIS
OBJECTIVES: An understanding of the mechanism of
Salmonella adherence to chicken cells could be particularly valuable when
developing strategies to eliminate or reduce Salmonella colonization of
poultry, and consequently, the shedding of Salmonella in feces, its
transmission to eggs, and the cross-contamination of chicken carcasses
which occurs during processing. The specific aims of this proposal are: to
identify the gene(s) encoding the iron-induced adhesin, to evaluate the
role of the iron-induced adhesin in the adherence of the Salmonella to
avian cells in culture, the colonization of the chicken intestine, and the
attachment of Salmonella to the surface of chicken carcasses and to
determine if the iron-induced adhesin is made by other serotypes of S.
enterica which colonize chickens.
APPROACH: The goals of this proposal are to identify the
iron-induced adhesin and to evaluate its role in the adherence of the
Salmonella to avian cells in culture, the colonization of chicken
intestine, and in the attachment of Salmonella to the surface of chicken
carcasses. This information may ultimately be used to design an avirulent
S. typhimurium vaccine strain which will express the gene(s) encoding the
Iia constitutely, and to evaluate its potential to induce an immune
response that would lessen the ability of S. typhimurium and other
serotypes to colonize the intestinal tract of chickens. The experiments
proposed involve using a variety of genetic and molecular biology
techniques. Mutants will be evaluated using tissue culture and animal
models.
PROGRESS: 1999/10 TO
2000/09
Our long-term objective is to reduce
or eliminate Salmonella colonization of poultry resulting in a reduction
in the shedding of Salmonella in feces, transmission to eggs and cross
contamination which occurs during processing. Toward this end, we
initially constructed a S. typhimurium strain possessing knockout
mutations in the genes encoding type 1 fimbriae (Fim), long polar
fimbriale (Lpf), plasmid encoded fimbriale (Pef) and thin aggregative
fimbriae (Agf). A derivative of this strain was also generated but lacking
the ability to synthesize flagella, which can also serve as an adhesin.
These strains were constructed to facilitate better identification of
mutants defective in the expression of an iron-induced adhesin using
TnphoA mutagenesis. Such a mutation, iia-8::TnphoA was identified in a S.
typhimurium strain with a phoP allele to block synthesis of acid
phosphatase which would then enable screening for strains that could or
could not express alkaline phosphatase encoded by the phoA gene in the
presence rather than in the absence of high iron concentrations. This
Iia-defective mutant adhered to tissue culture cells with only 5 to 10
percent of the efficiency of wild-type cells under high iron conditions
and with equal but low efficiency under low iron conditions. Using genomic
subtractive hybridization and selective capture of transcribed sequences
(SCOTS), we have identified another unique fimbrial operon, termed stf, in
the S. typhimurium genome flanking the ferrochrome uptake operon. This stf
fimbrial operon is similar to sequences encoding a mannose- resistant
fimbrial type in Proteus mirabilis. Although the stf fimbrial operon is
absent from the human pathogen S. typhi, it is present in the genomes of
broad host range serovars that are specifically adapted to avian hosts. A
lacZ reporter fusion was constructed, and studies demonstrated that the
stf fimbrial operon was not regulated by iron concentration or by other
environmental stimuli or stresses that affect expression of other fimbrial
operons. A mutant with constitutive expression of Stf fimbriae has been
constructed as well as a knockout mutant unable to synthesize Stf
fimbriae. These mutants, as well as those with combination of these
mutations and those affecting synthesis of other adhesins, including Iia
fimbriae, will be evaluated for ability to colonize day-of-hatch chicks
and to cause disease. Future studies will explore the potential
effectiveness of the immune responses against these fimbrial adhesins in
blocking the ability of Salmonella of diverse serotypes to colonize the
avian intestinal track and thus to reduce the likelihood that the
Salmonella will be transmitted through the food chain to
humans.
IMPACT: 1999/10 TO
2000/09
We have identified six fimbrial
adhesins, two newly identified by our efforts, that permit Salmonella
typhimurium strains to effectively colonize the intestinal tract of
chickens and thus become invasive. Flagella can also facilitate adherence
and contribute to colonization of the avian intestinal tract. Using mutant
strains with various constellations of mutations, colonization of the
intestinal tract and virulence can be reduced significantly, if not
eliminated. The results obtained permit us to postulate that effective
immune responses against the 7 adhesins would likely abolish the ability
of Salmonella strains to colonize the intestinal tract and be invasive and
thus reduce the likelihood for Salmonella transmission through the food
chain to humans.
PUBLICATIONS:
1999/10 TO 2000/09
1. Morrow, B.J., J.E.
Graham, and R. Curtiss III. 1999. Genomic subtractive hybridization and
selective capture of transcribed sequences identify a novel Salmonella
typhimurium fimbrial operon and putative transcriptional regulator that
are absent from the Salmonella typhi genome. Infect. Immun.
67:5106-5116.
2. Abstracts of poster
presentations have been submitted for the 2001 general meeting of the
American Society for Microbiology. Full-length papers describing our
results are in preparation.
ACCESSION NO: 0402941 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-017-05T AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 26 APR 1999 TERM: 31 MAR
2000 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT
P S
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH SERVICE, ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
COMPARISON OF THE IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS TO INDUCE
INFECTION IN WHITE LEGHORN HENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the impact of different molting procedures on
a Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens
APPROACH: Hens will be molted via feed removal, skip feeding, or
low nutrition diets and then infected with s. enteritidis. The course of
the infection in these hens will be compared with normal-fed hens. Trust
Agreement with US Poultry an Egg Association
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Induced molting is a prevalent procedure used by the layer
industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging flocks. It is estimated
that 70% of the flocks nationwide are molted. There are a variety of
methods to induce a molt but taking the birds off feed until they drop
25-30% body weight is the preferred method. Early studies on molting
showed that the effects of molting on a flock were primarily positive but
we showed that the procedure depressed the immune system of the birds and
dramatically exacerbated a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. This
increased the chance for the production of eggs contaminated with SE and
therefore presented a food safety problem. Procedures need to be developed
which will allow the producers access to this important economic tool
while, at the same time, not putting the consuming public at risk for an
SE infection. One procedure which we examined was the use of alternative
molt procedures in the place of chronic feed removal to reduce or
eliminate the exacerbated SE infection. We submitted a grant which was
funded by the U.S. Poultry and Egg Association to examine the efficacy of
using these alternative molt procedures to decrease or eliminate the SE
problem. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? A 70%
prevalence of molting means the procedure affects between 144-168 million
hens annually - a tremendous number of birds. It is estimated that
approximately one third of the egg industry's profits is derived from
molted birds which means that this is a very valuable industry tool.
Successful completion of these studies could mean that the egg industry
could use this important procedure without putting the consuming public at
risk. The impact would therefore be dramatic. 3. How does it relate to the
National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it has been
assigned? National Program 103, Animal Health (25%) National Program 108,
Food Safety (75%) Food safety is a major component of the National Program
agenda and intervention strategies which help prevent the dissemination of
a human disease organism within flocks and block the entry of the organism
into the human food chain are important areas of investigation. 4. What
were the most significant accomplishments this past year? We wanted to see
if feeding the hens a nonnutritive filler such as soybean hulls, which
would provide the hens with bulk materials to keep the intestinal tract
filled but yet provide no nutrition and therefore put the hens into a
egg-laying pause, would result in a less severe intestinal infection
compared with hens totally without feed. We found that the use of soybean
hulls had a minimal effect on the SE infection at day 3 post challenge,
compared with the fasted birds but there was a significant, 1000-fold SE
decrease in the soybean hull group at day 10 post challenge, indicating
that use of a nonnutritive diet can affect the SE situation during a molt.
In a second group of experiments, we examined whether a shortened feed
removal period, 6 days, followed by 3 alternating periods of 3 days on
feed/1 day off, would result in lower intestinal SE levels compared with
total feed withdrawal. As was seen in the soybean hull experiment, no
significant effects were observed at day 3 post challenge but by day 10,
there was a significantly lower number of SE in the intestinal tract of
the birds receiving the skip feed procedure compared with the birds off
feed for the entire time. These studies show that there are molting
strategies which will allow producers to recycle their birds and not
increase the risk of contaminated egg production. 5. Describe the major
accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or
actual impact. This CRADA has been going 0.5 years and question 4 is the
data to date. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the
next 3 years? This grant terminates on March 31, 2000. 7. What science
and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science
and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry,
farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the
adoption & durability of the technology product? None 8. List your
most important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work (NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below).
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO
1999/09
No publications reported this
period.
ACCESSION NO: 0149083 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: 6202-42000-008-00D
AGENCY: ARS 6202
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
NEW
START: 01 MAY 1995 TERM: 30 APR 2000 FY:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: KOGUT M H;
VACANT; VACANT
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS
77845
CYTOKINE-MEDIATED MODULATION
OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO PREVENT SALMONELLOSIS IN
POULTRY
OBJECTIVES: 1) Produce
cytokines or immune lymphokines in poultry by stimulation of spleen cells
to proliferate in vitro; 2) identify functional activity of cytokines; 3)
elucidate the mechanism of action of cytokines in poultry to aid in
identification; 4) encapsule and/or bind cytokines to cell or other
support matrix for delivery to neonatal chicks; and 5) purify cytokine(s)
and cloning of gene for possible mass production.
APPROACH: Research will be focused on the identification and
purification of cytokines which potentiate the innate immune responses of
poultry that effectively prevent organ invasion of Salmonella enteritidis.
Experiments will be conducted to separate and determine any effector
cytokines present in our T cell supernatants and any host-derived
cytokines induced endogenously in response to the injected material.
Studies will be conducted to identify the specific components of a
protective response and to elucidate the mechanisms of protection induced
by a prophylactic administration of cytokines in neonatal chicks. Emphasis
will be placed on the development of a cost-effective delivery system that
can be incorporated into the poultry industry.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Despite the endeavors of researchers and public health
agencies, the incidence of human salmonellosis has continued to increase
over the past 20 years. Salmonellosis is now one of the most common
food-borne causes of gastroenteritis. The number of reported cases of
human salmonellosis exceeds 40,000 per year. The CDC estimates the true
annual incidence of human salmonellosis in the US may be as high as 2 to 4
million cases/year. Animal food products are the principal source of human
infections. Traditional management of infectious diseases in poultry has
for the large part depended on the use of either broad-spectrum
antibiotics and/or vaccines. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and concerns
of antibiotic residues in meat causing microbial resistance in humans
disease, has caused a public outcry demanding the removal of many
antibiotics from animal feed and ultimately limiting future introduction
of antibiotics for animal use. Vaccinations have limitations, at least
7-10 days are required for the stimulation of the acquired immune response
for protection, and thus early protection for chicks from diseases is
attempted through maternal antibodies. We propose an alternative
immunological method for the control of infectious diseases, cytokine
immunomodulation. Using avian cytokines as natural enhancers of the
functional activity of the avian immune system results in direct
protection against infectious diseases and provides an adjuvant-like
promotion to any vaccine administered. Additionally, cytokines would be
given during the first few days of life when the animals' immune system is
functionally immature. Cytokines induce a very rapid protective response
(within hours) which would last through this susceptible period of life.
2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? More than 8 billion
broiler chickens are produced and commercially processed in the US each
year. Research has indicated that 35% or more of all processed poultry
meat products purchased by consumers may be contaminated by salmonellae.
Because those Salmonella serotypes most often associated with human
illness do not cause serious disease or grossly identifiable lesions in
poultry, it has not been possible to eliminate contaminated poultry
carcasses by inspection procedures during processing. Induced molting of
laying hens is a common practice used by the US layer industry for the
continual productivity of aging hens. However, induced molting has been
linked to the decreased resistance and increased severity of Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) in these hens. In fact, table eggs have been shown to be
major sources of SE infections in humans with the risk of eggs becoming
positive for SE contamination increasing threefold in flocks molted within
the previous 10 weeks. Since 60% of the hens undergo a forced molt,
approximately 200 million hens have an increased risk to SE infection.
Salmonellosis in swine has been estimated to cost swine producers over
$100 million dollars/year in losses. 3. How does it relate to the National
Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it has been assigned? Food
safety belongs to a cross cutting program area. A major research direction
in the Food Safety program (NP-108) is to decrease pathogenic bacteria.
Targeted microbes include Salmonella spp. There is a need to develop
integrated strategies for the prevention of Salmonella colonization and
organ invasion in poultry and swine. One such strategy is the modulation
of the host immune system. Immunological research on the control of
intestinal and tissue colonization of poultry by invasive Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) has largely focused on the development of live,
attenuated vaccines. Regardless of the efficacy of a vaccine, at least
7-10 days are required for the stimulation of the acquired immune response
for protection. Unfortunately for the poultry industry, neonatal poultry
are most susceptible to Salmonella infections during the first 4 days
post-hatch, after which they become increasingly more resistant to
infection. During this first 4 days post-hatch we hypothesized
immunopotentiation of the innate defense mechanism(s) would prevent
Salmonella organ infectivity. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? This year tests were undertaken to
determine the effects of induced molt on basal functional activities of
heterophils from aging hens. The results indicated that feed withdrawal to
induce molt alters the number and function of peripheral blood
heterophils. This decreased efficiency of heterophil functional activity
appears to play a role in the increased susceptibility of molting hens to
Salmonella enteritidis infections. Preliminary investigations conducted
during the last year demonstrated that the oral administration of
Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines (SILK) to hens 24 h before feed
withdrawal for molting will prevent SE infections in the hens. These
results suggest that SILK could become a commercial product for hens
during induced molt that can convey protection against Salmonella
enteritidis infections. During the last year, we conducted experiments
that clearly showed that SILK delivered to day-old turkey poults orally,
intranasally, and subcutaneously is effective in protecting the birds from
SE infections. This protection is mediated by the activation of peripheral
blood heterophils. These results are significant because we have now
demonstrated in both chickens and turkeys multiple cost-effective industry
friendly delivery systems for SILK. We have also conducted experiments to
evaluate the effect of SILK on the incidence of horizontal transmission of
S. arizonae in turkey poults and S. gallinarum in broiler chickens. Our
results demonstrated that the immunoprophylactic administration of SILK to
young turkey poults and broiler chicks significantly reduces the
horizontal transmission of Salmonella in poultry. These results further
suggest the possibility of using a non-vaccine immunologically-based
preventive strategy against Salmonella in poultry. We also evaluated the
effects of SILK on the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of
heterophils from chicks during the first 1-7 days of life. We demonstrated
that following the administration of SILK, the functional activities of
heterophils from 1-7 day-old birds is comparable to that of an
immunologically mature (2-3 weeks of age) bird. Mechanistically, these
functionally mature heterophils are responsible for the protective
inflammatory response, which protects the birds from salmonellae
infections. These data demonstrate that SILK augments the innate host
defenses in chicks during the greatest period of susceptibility to
Salmonella infections. We have also demonstrated that recombinant chicken
interferon-gamma (rChIFN-gamma) is capable of enhancing the functional
activities of heterophils from day-of-hatch chicks. These results
demonstrate that the heterophils from neonatal chicks possess the receptor
for IFN-gamma; thus, this cytokine could possibly be used either as an
immunopotentiator for day-old chicks or as an adjuvant for vaccines. We
conducted studies to identify the specific protein in SILK responsible for
the protective effect in chickens. SILK was fractionated by ammonium
sulfate precipitation and the protective activity was recovered in the 40-
60% ammonium sulfate saturation fraction. Monoclonal antibodies against
SILK were then linked to a solid matrix to form an immunoaffinity column
over which the 40-60% fraction was run. The recovered activity was then
subjected to size exclusion, ion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction
chromatography. Isolation of the SILK protein will enable us to clone the
gene for this protein that will be a useful tool for the development of
economical and effective immunologically-based treatments for the
reduction of Salmonella in poultry products. 5. Describe the major
accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or
actual impact. Our laboratory has been evaluating the practicality of
potentiating the endogenous innate host defenses of poultry using immune
and inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines, chemical messengers secreted by
various immune and non-immune cells, are some of the most effective
mediators of natural host defenses. Specifically, we have found that the
prophylactic administration of cytokines derived from T cells (SILK)
isolated from Salmonella enteritidis-immune chickens have a favorable
effect in controlling or eliminating salmonellosis in neonatal poultry and
hens undergoing induced molting. This resistance is associated with a
dramatic peripheral blood leukocytosis after the injection of the SILK
followed by a marked infiltration of bactericidal inflammatory heterophils
in the lamina propria of the ceca. Heterophils are highly phagocytic,
polymorphonucleated white blood cells which are important mediators of
innate resistance in poultry; especially in young birds that have not yet
developed an acquired immune response. Under normal conditions, invasion
of the intestinal mucosa by Salmonella spp. initiates the recruitment of
heterophils to the lamina propria which control bacterial numbers in the
bird until the development of acquired immunity. Administration of SILK
into neonatal chicks induces a significant increase in the production and
release of heterophils into the peripheral blood and also augments the
effector functions of these phagocytes. Thus, salmonellae infections are
not only controlled but eliminated from chicks following the
administration of SILK. Further studies indicate that the delivery of SILK
either in ovo at 18- days of embryogenesis or orally and as an aerosol at
hatch can be used by the poultry industry to confer protection to chickens
against a localized enteric SE organ invasion by potentiating the systemic
heterophilic innate response. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by
year, over the next 3 years? In FY-00, we hope to identify and purify the
effector cytokine(s) in SE- ILK and clone the gene for mass production. We
also hope to identify and clone genes for many avian cytokines for use in
the immunopotentiation of host immune responses in neonatal poultry. Genes
for interferon-gamma and the putative homologue of human IL- 8, 9E3/CEF4
have been cloned in our laboratory and they will be evaluated for their
protective abilities in our Salmonella models. This CRIS will terminate in
April FY-00. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and
to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available
to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? SILK has been sent to scientists all over the world for use in
research in immunology enhancement of the avian and porcine immune
systems, as well as for evaluation in the prevention and control of
various viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases of food animals. The main
constraint for the transfer of this technology is the purification and
identification of the effector molecules in the SILK. Once we can fully
identify the components of our SILK soup the pharmaceutical industry will
license this material. In addition, we have developed a CRADA with
Cobb-Vantress Poultry Breeders to evaluate the effect of SILK in
commercial birds. 8. List your most important non-peer reviewed
publications and presentations to non-scientific organizations, and
articles written about your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer
reviewed publications which are listed below). Heterophils to the Rescue!
Agricultural Research p. 9. July, 1997.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. KOGUT M.H., HOLTZAPPLE C., LOWRY V.K., GENOVESE, K. and
STANKER, L.H. 1998. Comparison of the functional and turkey heterophils in
response to stimulation by inflammatory agonists. Am. J. Vet. Res.
59:1404-1408.
2. GENOVESE, K.J., LOWRY,
V.K., STANKER, L.H. and KOGUT, M.H. 1998. Administration of Salmonella
enteritidis-immune lymphokine blood heterophilia, and heterophil
activation. Avian Pathol. 27:597-604.
3. LOWRY, V.K., NISBET, D.J., STANKER, L.H. and KOGUT, M.H. 1999.
Efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis-immune turkeys and S. gallinarum in
chickens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 48:139-148.
4. GENOVESE, L.L., LOWRY, V.K., GENOVESE, K.J. and KOGUT, M.H.
1999. Enhancement of phagocytosis and bacterial administration of
Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines. Vet. Microbiol.
65:133-143.
ACCESSION NO: 0153343 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IND073045V AGENCY: CSREES IND
PROJ TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ
STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 07 MAY 1996 TERM: 30 SEP 2000 FY:
2000
INVESTIGATOR: SAEED, A. M.;
ASEM, E. K.; CSONCO, L.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY PATHOBIOLOGY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
WEST LAFAYETTE,
INDIANA 47907
VIRULENCE FACTORS OF
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS AND INFECTIVITY FOR THE AVIAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES: To characterize
the virulence factors in Salmonella enteritidis isolates from poultry,
eggs and human cases of food poisoning to study the relatedness among
Salmonella isolates from different sources and to establish pathotypes for
the organism that may be associated with disease outbreaks in commercial
poultry flocks, which result in the production of Salmonella infected
eggs.
APPROACH: To use the
characteristics of Salmonella pathotypes in experimental infection of
egg-laying hens and study the course of the disease microbiologically,
pathologically and serologically to identify useful markers for the
diagnosis of the disease and characterize Salmonella infectivity to the
avian reproductive system.
PROGRESS: 1996/05 TO 2000/09
Salmonella Enteritidis is among the most virulent Salmonella
Serotypes in humans and animals. In the US. More than 25 percent of all
cases of salmonellosis in humans are associated with eating raw or
undercooked eggs. In previous reports we demonstrated that egg
contamination may take place transovarially. Our recent investigation
targeted the virulence factors of Salmonella Enteritidis that enable the
organism to contaminate the preovulatory follicles of the laying hen that
leads to the contamination of laid eggs. We produced knockout mutants of
three phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis such that their flagellar
expression was suppressed. We studied the role of flagella in the in vitro
attachment and invasion of the avian ovary cells maintained in primary
tissue culture. We found that flagellar suppression was associated with
the failure of the organism to attach or invade the avian ovary cells
compared to the parent or wild flagellated strains. We also found that
incubating the inoculated cells at 42C, which is closer to the normal
temperature of the avian species, enhanced flagellar expression. These
results may suggest the preference of hens by the salmonella organisms as
a major reservoir.
PUBLICATIONS:
1996/05 TO 2000/09
Popiolarczyk. M., Asem
E.,., Koons. C., Csanco. L., Kazocos. E., Thacker. L. Saeed. A.M.. The
role of flagella in the virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis. pp 425-439.
in Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the United States Animal
Health Association. San Diego, CA, October 7-14. 1999
Termination Year
1999
ACCESSION NO: 0401397 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-019-01T AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 DEC 1997 TERM: 30 NOV 1999
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S; GAST, R. K.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERVENTION MEASURES TO REDUCE SALMONELLA
ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS IN CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the utility of using different licensed
products as intervention measures to reduce the severity of Salmonella
enteritidis infections in birds exposed during periods of high
susceptibility.
APPROACH: Subject hens to
induced molting procedure and infect with Salmonella enteritidis. Use
antibiotics in the presence or absence of probiotics to eliminate
infection. Subject hens to induced molting procedure and infect select
hens with Salmonella enteritidis. Treat part of the unchallenged hens with
probiotics while the others remain untreated to examine the effects of the
probiotics on horizontal transmission of the Salmonella enteritidis.
Infect one day old chicks with Salmonella enteritidis in the presence or
absence of probiotics to examine the effects of treatment on long term
persistent infections and immunodepression. CRADA with Bayer
Corporation.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO
1999/11
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? Induced molting is a
prevalent procedure used by the layer industry to achieve a second egg lay
from aging flocks. It is estimated that 70% of the flocks nationwide are
molted. There are a variety of methods to induce a molt but taking the
birds off feed until they drop 25-30% body weight is the preferred method.
Early studies on molting showed that the effects of molting on a flock
were primarily positive but we showed that the procedure depressed the
immune system of the birds and dramatically exacerbated a Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) infection. This increased the chance for the production
of eggs contaminated with SE and therefore presented a food safety
problem. Procedures need to be developed which will allow the producers
access to this important economic tool while, at the same time, not
putting the consuming public at risk for an SE infection. One procedure
which we examined was the use of antibiotics, in combination with
reconstituting the intestinal bacterial flora with competitive exclusion
cultures, to eliminate the SE problem. We established a CRADA with Bayer
Corporation, marketers of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin and
a competitive exclusion culture , to examine the efficacy of treating with
these products to decrease or eliminate the SE problem 2. How serious is
the problem? Why does it matter? A 70% prevalence of molting means the
procedure affects between 144-168 million hens annually - a tremendous
number of birds. It is estimated that approximately one third of the egg
industry's profits is derived from molted birds which means that this is a
very valuable industry tool. Successful completion of these studies could
mean that the egg industry could use this important procedure without
putting the consuming public at risk. The impact would therefore be
dramatic. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National
Component(s) to which it has been assigned? National Program 103, Animal
Health (25%) National Program 108, Food Safety (75%) Food safety is a
major component of the National Program agenda and intervention strategies
which help prevent the dissemination of a human disease organism within
flocks and block the entry of the organism into the human food chain are
important areas of investigation. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? We wanted to see if treatment of molted
infected birds with antibiotics and competitive exclusion cultures would
decrease the SE infection after the molt. Birds were molted, infected with
SE 4 days into the feed removal, and then put back on feed after 14 days.
They were put on a regimen of antibiotics for 10 days followed by two days
of competitive exclusion administration. We showed that antibiotic
treatment after the birds went back on feed reduced the percentage of
infected birds from 33% and 25% to 4% and 0% in experiments one and two,
respectively. The addition of the competitive exclusion cultures were
critical in the protection. These studies showed that there are
intervention strategies which will allow producers to molt their birds and
not increase the risk of contaminated egg production. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project including their
predicted or actual impact. This CRADA has been going 1.5 years and
question 4 is the data to date. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year
by year, over the next 3 years? This CRADA will be terminated at the end
of the calendar year. 7. What science and/or technologies have been
transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to
become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)?
What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the
technology product? N/A 8. List your most important non-peer reviewed
publications and presentations to non-scientific organizations, and
articles written about your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer
reviewed publications which are listed below). HOLT, P.S. Possible
intervention strategies for Salmonella enteritidis problems in layer hens.
Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, January
1999.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO
1999/11
SEO, K.-H., HOLT, P.S., ... 1999.
Combined effect of antibiotic and competitive exclusion treatment on
Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding in molted laying hens. Proceedings
of the 86th IAMFES meeting, pp 55-56.
ACCESSION NO: 0401397 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-019-01T AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 DEC 1997 TERM: 30 NOV 1999
INVESTIGATOR: HOLT P S; GAST, R. K.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE ATHENS,
GEORGIA 30613
IMPLEMENTATION OF
INTERVENTION MEASURES TO REDUCE SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS IN
CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the
utility of using different licensed products as intervention measures to
reduce the severity of Salmonella enteritidis infections in birds exposed
during periods of high susceptibility.
APPROACH: Subject hens to induced molting procedure and infect
with Salmonella enteritidis. Use antibiotics in the presence or absence of
probiotics to eliminate infection. Subject hens to induced molting
procedure and infect select hens with Salmonella enteritidis. Treat part
of the unchallenged hens with probiotics while the others remain untreated
to examine the effects of the probiotics on horizontal transmission of the
Salmonella enteritidis. Infect one day old chicks with Salmonella
enteritidis in the presence or absence of probiotics to examine the
effects of treatment on long term persistent infections and
immunodepression. CRADA with Bayer Corporation.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO 1999/11
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you
resolving it? Induced molting is a prevalent procedure used by the layer
industry to achieve a second egg lay from aging flocks. It is estimated
that 70% of the flocks nationwide are molted. There are a variety of
methods to induce a molt but taking the birds off feed until they drop
25-30% body weight is the preferred method. Early studies on molting
showed that the effects of molting on a flock were primarily positive but
we showed that the procedure depressed the immune system of the birds and
dramatically exacerbated a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. This
increased the chance for the production of eggs contaminated with SE and
therefore presented a food safety problem. Procedures need to be developed
which will allow the producers access to this important economic tool
while, at the same time, not putting the consuming public at risk for an
SE infection. One procedure which we examined was the use of antibiotics,
in combination with reconstituting the intestinal bacterial flora with
competitive exclusion cultures, to eliminate the SE problem. We
established a CRADA with Bayer Corporation, marketers of the
fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin and a competitive exclusion
culture , to examine the efficacy of treating with these products to
decrease or eliminate the SE problem 2. How serious is the problem? Why
does it matter? A 70% prevalence of molting means the procedure affects
between 144-168 million hens annually - a tremendous number of birds. It
is estimated that approximately one third of the egg industry's profits is
derived from molted birds which means that this is a very valuable
industry tool. Successful completion of these studies could mean that the
egg industry could use this important procedure without putting the
consuming public at risk. The impact would therefore be dramatic. 3. How
does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s) to
which it has been assigned? National Program 103, Animal Health (25%)
National Program 108, Food Safety (75%) Food safety is a major component
of the National Program agenda and intervention strategies which help
prevent the dissemination of a human disease organism within flocks and
block the entry of the organism into the human food chain are important
areas of investigation. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments
this past year? We wanted to see if treatment of molted infected birds
with antibiotics and competitive exclusion cultures would decrease the SE
infection after the molt. Birds were molted, infected with SE 4 days into
the feed removal, and then put back on feed after 14 days. They were put
on a regimen of antibiotics for 10 days followed by two days of
competitive exclusion administration. We showed that antibiotic treatment
after the birds went back on feed reduced the percentage of infected birds
from 33% and 25% to 4% and 0% in experiments one and two, respectively.
The addition of the competitive exclusion cultures were critical in the
protection. These studies showed that there are intervention strategies
which will allow producers to molt their birds and not increase the risk
of contaminated egg production. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over
the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. This
CRADA has been going 1.5 years and question 4 is the data to date. 6. What
do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? This
CRADA will be terminated at the end of the calendar year. 7. What science
and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science
and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry,
farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the
adoption & durability of the technology product? N/A 8. List your most
important non-peer reviewed publications and presentations to
non-scientific organizations, and articles written about your work(NOTE:
this does not replace your peer reviewed publications which are listed
below). HOLT, P.S. Possible intervention strategies for Salmonella
enteritidis problems in layer hens. Poultry Diagnostic and Research
Center, University of Georgia, January 1999.
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/11
SEO, K.-H., HOLT, P.S., ... 1999. Combined effect of antibiotic
and competitive exclusion treatment on Salmonella enteritidis fecal
shedding in molted laying hens. Proceedings of the 86th IAMFES meeting, pp
55-56.
ACCESSION NO: 0167506 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-400-25-27 AGENCY:
CSVM IOWV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 01 JUL 1994 TERM: 30 JUN
1999 FY: 1995
INVESTIGATOR:
REYNOLDS, D. L.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
IOWA STATE
UNIVERSITY
S. & 16TH
ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA 50011
STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF A SWINE SALMONELLA
VACCINE FOR PREVENTION OF SALMONELLA COLONIZATION IN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to
evaluate the feasibility of using a swine salmonella vaccine for use in
poultry.
APPROACH: The experimental
design and approach for evaluating safety and efficacy of the swine
vaccine for use in poultry is very direct and straight-forward and is as
follows: All birds used will be specific pathogen free (SPF) leghorn type.
These birds will be hatched and reared at our facility designed for
maintaining SPF status. The SC-54 modified live vaccine will be supplied
by a commercial laboratory and used at 10/8 CFUs/chick administered
intranasally. A nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella enteritidis
will be used at a challenge dosage of 10/8 CFUs per bird. Four groups of
birds will be used as follows: 1) unvaccinated, unchallenged; 2)
unvaccinated, challenged; 3) vaccinated, unchallenged; 4) vaccinated,
challenged. Day-old birds will be intranasally vaccinated with SC-54 and
will be challenged at 2 weeks of age. Birds will be monitored daily for
the presence of clinical signs of disease. At 8 to 10 days following
inoculation birds will be euthanized, data and samples will be collected
for evaluation. Parameters of evaluation include 1) number of salmonella
(CFUs) per gram of cecal content, 2) clinical signs and/or lesions of
disease, 3) body weights, 4) serologic antibody to pullorum antigen (plate
test), 5) organ cultures of liver and spleen will be
done.
PROGRESS: 1995/01 TO
1995/12
A commercially licensed live
Salmonella swine vaccine was evaluated for efficacy in protecting chickens
from Salmonella enteritidis infections. It was found that there was no
efficacy in protecting chickens from SE infections.
PUBLICATIONS: 1995/01 TO 1995/12
No publications reported this period.
PROJ CONTACT:
Name: Reynolds, D.
L.
Phone:
515-294-0914
Fax: 515-294-1401
Email:
dlr@iastate.edu
ACCESSION NO: 0149221 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 3602-32000-002-00D AGENCY: ARS
3602
PROJ TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW MULTISTATE PROJ NO:
W-173
START: 10 NOV 1994 TERM: 09 NOV 1999 FY:
1999
INVESTIGATOR: SHEA MOORE M M;
VACANT; VACANT; PRUIETT S D
PERFORMING INSTITUTION: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE WEST
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 47907
ETHOLOGY OF FOOD
PRODUCING ANIMALS
OBJECTIVES:
Identify internal states of animal cognition and learning. Establish
objective indicators of well-being (behavioral, immunological,
neuroendocrinological and molecular). Determine how well-being in food
producing animals relates to behavior, health and production
efficiencies.
APPROACH: Develop
physiological measures as indicators of stress and well-being including
immune and neuroendocrine responses as well as alterations in gene
products in food producing animals. Measure behavior and learning in
livestock to identify animal interactions with the production environment
and identify conditions that both cause and alleviate stress. Combine
physiological and behavioral measures to define cause and effect
relationships between well-being and production efficiency in food
animals.
PROGRESS: 1999/01 TO
1999/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? Determination of objective
indicators of animal cognition and well-being in food producing animals.
We have developed a team consisting of expertise in ethology, immunology
and neuroscience combined with highly skilled technicians to ensure a
multidisciplinary approach to answering complex whole-animal questions. 2.
How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Animal welfare is an
international issue and consumers of food products in this country are
beginning to demand to know how the animals are raised and cared for in
production systems. If information on the well- being of food-producing
animals is not provided by scientifically assessing the animal's welfare,
then emotional, subjective opinions will be used to provide this
information to the consumer. This will in turn, be harmful to the American
Producer with no scientific evidence to support or contradict the
opinions. Ultimately, the market for U.S. livestock products will be
affected both locally and internationally. 3. How does it relate to the
National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it has been
assigned? This project is in direct concurrence with National Program 105.
All of the research conducted in this project directly addresses the
"Animal Stress and Well-Being, 105" National Program. 4. What were the
most significant accomplishments this past year? As this project
progresses, advances in determining indicators of well- being are being
made in the species studied. Behavioral and immunological data continue to
show advantages to all tail-banding first calf heifers over young calves.
Calves show higher levels of agitative behaviors and elevations in acute
phase proteins (liver proteins released in response to tissue trauma) if
docked in close proximity to banding date. Additionally, a new study has
shown improvements in immunological & productivity measures when
first-calf heifers are exposed to a pre-milking experience prior to
calving. The implications of this study suggest that gradual habituation
of the animal to a management procedure, such as milking, improves the
well-being of the animal. Further progress was also made with the
different genetic lines of pigs selected for lean gain. The most
significant accomplishment in this area of research was to combine the
genetic lines with a transportation stressor. Results indicated that pigs
selected for lean growth show significantly higher levels of aggressive
activity when mixed during transportation. These data compliment the
previous data describing greater handling problems in these pigs selected
for lean growth. Salivary stress hormones, although significantly elevated
due to transportation stress, were not higher in pigs selected for lean
gain over other genotypes. Furthermore, genotype did not affect the meat
quality scores after transportation. Finally, significant progress was
made in the area of cognition work this year. It was shown that piglets
are capable of perceiving and remembering olfactory and gustatory cues
presented in their prenatal environment, affecting postnatal behavior. By
adding volatile compounds to diets during gestation, it may be possible to
increase feed consumption and reduce stress at weaning. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project including their
predicted or actual impact. The major accomplishment over the life of this
project is the building of an interdisciplinary team to address complex
questions about animal welfare across three species, dairy, swine and
poultry. To combine neuroscience, immunology, and ethology in
comprehensive approaches to answering animal welfare questions is very
difficult. We have made significant progress in this area. Furthermore, we
have built teams with scientists at Purdue University to incorporate
genetics, nutrition and production to strengthen our approach to welfare
questions. This is an essential component to the success of this project.
6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
Year 1: Addition of 2 new scientists to expand our interdisciplinary team.
One neuroscientist with expertise in gross morphology/structure/function,
and one new post-doctoral scientist to focus in the area of neuroethology
(relationship between the brain and behavior)in dairy, swine and poultry.
These two people will establish a quantifiable link between management
systems and animal welfare by incorporating the role of the brain into new
and ongoing projects in our unit. Year 2: Both the first and second year
will also determine both chronic and/or acute 'pain', associated with
common industry practices (beak trimming, induced molting, tail docking)in
conjunction with the expression/lack of expression of behavior in these
animals. There is a politically sensitive concern between forced molting
and food safety (Salmonella enteritidis) currently under discussion in the
U.S. Year 2 and 3 will try to connect this information with animal welfare
(neuroscience, stress physiology, immunology and behavior). Year 3: We
should have a full-team of scientists hired into our unit at this point.
This will include: 2 ethologist (one of whom will address food safety
concerns in connection with behavior), 1 immunologist, 1 neuroscientist (1
neuroethologist, postdoc), 1 animal scientist, and possibly a gut
microbiologist. This unit should be up to full-speed by year 3 with a
significant scientific contribution to the area of animal welfare science.
7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom?
When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the
end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if
known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product? Data
from three research projects on tail docking in dairy cattle were
summarized in a letter published in Hoard's Dairyman (May 25, 1999, Vol.
144 #10, p. 390). Currently being disseminated to the dairy industry, are
results from a study using pre-milking in dairy heifers to decrease the
stress of first milking in first-calf heifers. This information has been
shared with and presented by Purdue Dairy Extension Specialists to
producers in Indiana. One of our ARS scientists will present this
information in an invited seminar at the University College Dublin, Animal
Science and Production Department in September, 1999. A primer for the
porcine IL-1 receptor antagonist was developed and will be listed as
available for other scientists as earlier as October, 1999. This work will
permit us to look at the microenvironment of the pig for early cell
signals in response to stressors (environmental, physiological, social).
The receptor antagonist modulates the early response of cytokines to
stress. 8. List your most important non-peer reviewed publications and
presentations to non-scientific organizations, and articles written about
your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer reviewed publications
which are listed
below).
PUBLICATIONS: 1999/01 TO 1999/09
1. BUSSE, C. and SHEA-MOORE, M. 1999. Behavioral and
physiological responses to transportation stress on three genetic lines of
pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (Suppl. 1):147.
2. EICHER-PRUIETT, S.D. and MORROW-TESCH, J.L. 1999. Tail-docking
alters behavior but not acute phase proteins of young dairy calves. J.
Dairy Sci. 82:842.
3. EICHER-PRUIETT, S.D.
and SCHUTZ, M.M. 1999. Prepartum milking of Holstein heifers: II Effect on
acute phase proteins and immune activation. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl.
1):60.
4. EICHER-PRUIETT, S.D. 1999. Data on
Docking. p. 390 IN: Hoard's Dairyman Vol.144 N o. 10. Eds.:Knox and
Larson.
5. SCHUTZ, M.M. and EICHER, S.D. 1999.
Prepartum milking of Holstein heifers: I Effects on production,
parturition, edema, and SCC. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl.
1):60.
6. SCOTT, K.A. and SHEA-MOORE, M.
1999. Influence of sow gestation diet on piglet behavior. J. Anim. Sci. 77
(Suppl. 1):145.
7. SHEA-MOORE, M. 1999. Social
behavior of Pekin ducks raised in a production environment. 33rd Intl.
Congress of the Intl. Soc. for Appl. Ethology. P. 183.
ACCESSION NO:
0173189 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: GEO00812 AGENCY: CSREES
GEO
PROJ TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 01 NOV 1996 TERM: 31 OCT
1999 FY: 1999
INVESTIGATOR:
WEBSTER, A. B.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
POULTRY SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA
30602
WELFARE ASPECTS OF INDUCED
MOLTING PROGRAMS
OBJECTIVES: To
assess the welfare impact on hens of extended feed withdrawal typical of
commercial induced molting programs for commercial
layers.
APPROACH: To obtain
quantitative measures of behavior, plasma corticosterone and
heterophil:lymphocyte ratios during an induced molt and second cycle of
egg production. To assess the capacity of hens to react to an additional
stressor during a fast by recording behavior and plasma corticosterone of
fasting hens in open field tests. To determine if hens experience
increasing levels of hunger during a fast, and to determine if hens have
sufficient cognitive capacity to suffer during a fast by recording the
behavior of trained, fasting hens in a standardized test in which a food
reward which might be expected is withheld.
PROGRESS: 1996/11 TO 1999/10
The first phase of this project has been wound up. Behavioral
changes of hens during the molt fast reflected conservation of bodily
reserves rather than debilitation. A small increase in aggression occurred
on the first day of feed withdrawal. Increased attentiveness and stimulus
generalization in foraging behavioral patterns was evident on the second
day of feed withdrawal. Afterward, hens appeared to adjust expectations in
regard to feeding opportunity although behavior associated with foraging
and feeding did not disappear entirely. Hens which experienced feed
withdrawal had significantly better survival during the second production
cycle than did control hens. Preparations are being made to develop the
next phase, which will involve investigation of the variation of
motivational strengths in relation to hunger. This research will shed
light on changes in a hen's cognitive status during feed withdrawal and
determine if the potential for a hen to suffer during feed deprivation
reaches a steady state or increases continuously with time off
feed.
PUBLICATIONS: 1996/11 TO
1999/10
Webster, A.B., 2000. Behavioral
changes of laying hens during feed withdrawal. Poultry Science: (in
press)
Termination Year
1998
ACCESSION NO: 0149691 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: 6612-32000-017-03S AGENCY: ARS
6612
PROJ TYPE: USDA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO: 58-6612-6-012
START: 08 JAN 1996 TERM: 30 SEP
1998 GRANT YR: 1997
INVESTIGATOR: PETTER, J. G.; MATIN, A.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
STANFORD UNIV
PALO ALTO,
CALIFORNIA 94305
PRODUCTION OF
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS SUBUNIT VACCINES
OBJECTIVES: To produce stabilized populations of S. enteritidis
that hyperexpress virulence factors using continuous culture
technology.
APPROACH: Specific nutrients
will be titrated into cell populations at defined dilution rates. Once
stabilized, samples of cells will be assayed for the production of
virulence factors, which include but are not limited to
lipopolysaccharide, flagella, invasomes, and pili. Those conditions that
are found to produce copious amounts of virulence factors will be used to
obtain enough cells for the production of a pilot killed subunit
vaccine.
PROGRESS: 1998/01 TO
1998/09
1. What major problem or issue is
being resolved and how are you resolving it? Vaccines made from killed
cells have been made by industry for years as aids to prevent colonization
and organ invasion by Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellae.
However, these products lack the level of efficacy (greater than 90%
protection) that is the usual hallmark of a highly successful vaccine. We
believe that partial protection by vaccines can in some cases perpetuate
problems with infection by this organism rather than solve them. Our
research indicates current products do not provide a high degree of
protection against S. enteritidis, possibly because new information about
subpopulation biology is not incorporated into current methods for
preparing vaccines. The research of many investigators already indicates
that Salmonella isolates vary in their ability to survive in the
environment, to colonize the intestinal tract, to invade the mucosa, to
gain access to internal organs via the lymphatic or circulatory systems,
and to survive intracellularly. Indeed, mutations introduced into
Salmonella produces defined strains that target one niche versus another,
but do not complete a cycle of pathogenesis because an essential ability
to undergo change has been deleted. At SEPRL, scientists have concentrated
on understanding what characteristics enable Salmonella enteritidis to be
so invasive that eggs become routinely contaminated with this pathogen.
Contamination of eggs is the final outcome of infection in hens that
affects the food safety, because eggs are the most important source of S.
enteritidis for people. Research at SEPRL indicates that the ability of
S.enteritidis to contaminate eggs can be tracked by following the
structure of the predominant outer membrane molecule lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), and indeed, some strains produce a structure much like that of S.
typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. This phenomena is known as
LPS O-chain phase variation. The importance of this phenomena to
manufacturers of vaccines is that production of immunogenic cell-surface
proteins change in coordination with changes in LPS O-chain structure. In
addition, S. enteritidis appears to be able to produce S. typhi-like LPS
while it grows to very high cell densities. Because these biological
capabilities are so remarkable, scientists at SEPRL have developed special
strains and methods to improve second generation bacterins intended to aid
in the prevention of egg contamination specifically and organ invasion by
any salmonellae in general. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it
matter? Salmonella enteritidis has emerged within the last fifteen years
to become the leading cause of salmonellosis around the world, with
overall incidence of human illness increased from 5 to 40 fold depending
upon the country. The most frequently identified food source for this
pathogen is the hen's egg, and wherever isolation of this organism from
eggs has increased, so has human salmonellosis. While the United States
does not yet have a problem of epidemic proportions, with risk of
consuming a contaminated egg estimated at about 1 in 5,000 to 10,000 eggs
consumed, the European problem is at least 10 times worse, with risk of
eating a contaminated egg estimated at between 1 in 100 (Germany) to 1 in
700 eggs consumed (United Kingdom). Since incidence of infection with S.
enteritidis in Central America, South America and Pacific Rim countries is
also estimated to be much worse than within the USA, the potential for
eggs produced in this country to become contaminated at epidemic levels is
ever present. Infection of people by S. enteritidis is indeed a serious
problem for USDA due to its association with poultry. 3. How does it
relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s) to which it
has been assigned? This research allowed scientists to develop novel
methods for increasing the efficacy of bacterins against Salmonella
enteritidis. This project ended 9/30/98. 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? A patent award was received on a special
medium and associated intellectual property that describes enhanced
recovery of proteins from Salmonella enteritidis that produces Typhi-like
lipopolysaccharide. This patented medium in general supports high cell
density growth and cellular differentiation of the salmonellae. 5.
Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including
their predicted or actual impact? . The actual impact of this research is
that it broadens our knowledge about how Salmonella enteritidis became a
world wide problem. The predicted impact is that the information can be
used to understand how sustained epidemics (greater than 10 years) due to
bacterial pathogens come into existence. Specific accomplishments are as
follows: 1) A strain of Salmonella enteritidis was developed that
efficiently contaminates eggs and that greatly improved our ability to
assess the efficacy of vaccines, both killed and modified live products.
This new strain produces a plethora of cell-surface proteins and grows to
cell densities two logs higher than the parent strain. Surprisingly, use
of this strain in animals also indicated that parenteral adaptation is
required to achieve efficient egg contamination. This finding confirmed
previous results that indicated an orally invasive phenotype was required
to be mixed with parenterally adapted phenotypes in order to achieve egg
contamination following oral infection. 2) Collaboration with Dr. A.C.
Matin of Stanford University helped expose yet another problem associated
with production of bacterins. Dr. Matin grew a wildtype attenuated strain
of Salmonella enteritidis in continuous culture, but found he could get
good protein production only in diluted medium. Since economical
production of bacterins requires growth of bacteria to high cell yields,
this collaboration confirmed that SE-HCD, which can produce lots of
cell-surface proteins at high-cell-densities in rich broth, was a crucial
development. Dr. Matin has been asked for a final report on this
collaborative research, which is still pending. 3) At least 3 manuscripts
were published that described findings from these studies as they were
pursued for their relevance to general objectives of CRIS 6612-32000-017.
One of these papers describes the intellectual property associated with
the patented medium. Two others describe the recovery from farms of
invasive Enteritidis that grows to high cell density and the unique growth
properties of a genetically modified strain of Salmonella enteritidis that
grows to high-cell-density (SE-HCD). 4) Use of the patented growth medium
revealed that serotyping can be used to do more than just name salmonellae
according to the LPS O-chain and flagellar antigens they produce. It
appears that the patented medium produces unexpected changes in serotype
that can be used to assess invasive potential and important aspects of
epidemiology. 5) The patented medium also detects metabolites present in
hen houses that can cause cells to undergo differentiation into
potentially more invasive forms. New lines of research with relevance to
major CRIS objectives are originating from this use. 6. What do you expect
to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? This proj. has ended.
However, we are now in a new stage of applying these findings. We will be
growing SE-HCD in continuous culture to begin defining the exact
conditions for maximizing both cell-surface protein and cell yields. These
two factors are crucial to producing pilot vaccines with enhanced efficacy
that can be produced en masse. 7. What science and/or technologies have
been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely
to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)?
What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the
technology product? The patented medium is now available for non-exclusive
licensing. The technology is available now. One major constraint to the
adoption of the technology is a lack of understanding of the new
information and how it addresses practical issues. Another major
constraint is that this research has been dependent upon the efforts of
one scientist who has no authority to scientific support staff to build
upon this research. To educate USDA staff and other scientists about the
impact this new information could have on issues of food safety, ARS News
is planning an article on how bacterial cells communicate when they grow
to high cell density, how high cell density growth changes gene
regulation, and how novel research conducted at SEPRL provides the first
clear evidence that these factors are important to improving food safety.
8. List your most important non-peer reviewed publications and
presentations to non-scientific organizations, and articles written about
your work(NOTE: this does not replace your peer reviewed publications
which are listed below) . Presentations: Approved Patent: "A complex
growth supplement for maintenance of bacterial cell viability and
induction of bacterial cell differentiation." Uses of the medium include
improving bacterins and refining diagnostic serotyping to detect pandemic
strains of S. enterica ser Enteritidis. Jean Guard-Petter. 1998. Variants
of smooth Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis that grow to higher cell
density than the wild type are more virulent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
64:2166-2172. American Soc. for Microbiology (ASM), S.E. Branch Meeting,
Montgomery, Alabama. Symposium on emerging human disease: The specialized
virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Oct. 1998.
PUBLICATIONS: 1998/01 TO
1998/09
HOGUE, A., WHITE, P.,
GUARD-PETTER, J., SCHLOSSER, W., GAST, R.K., et al.
1998. Invited Review Article: Epidemiology and control of
egg-associated S.E. in the U.S. Rev. Sci. et Tech., Intnl Office of
Epizootics 16:542-553.
ACCESSION NO: 0161480 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: IND073058V AGENCY: CSREES IND
PROJ TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ
STATUS: TERMINATED
START: 01 OCT 1993 TERM: 30 SEP 1998 FY:
1998
INVESTIGATOR: PORTER, R. E.;
BOWERSOCK, T. L.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
VET SCIENCE & ANIMAL
DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC LAB
PURDUE
UNIVERSITY
WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA
47907
ORAL VACCINATION OF CHICKENS
WITH HYDROGELS TO PROMOTE RESISTANCE TO ENTERIC SALMONELLA
ENTERITIDIS
OBJECTIVES: To stimulate
systemic and mucosal immunity in chickens by oral vaccination with
hydrogels; to determine whether a defined oral vaccination regimen with SE
flagellin-hydrogels can promote resistance of the intestine to
colonization and invasion by Salmonella enteritidis.
APPROACH: Hydrogels containing flagellin of
Salmonella enteritidis will be orally administered to white leghorn
chickens. The dose regimen will be varied to determine what regimen
promotes the greatest humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses.
Alimentary fluid and serum will be analyzed for IgA and IgG anti-SE
activity by ELISA. Cell-mediated immunity will be measured by delayed-type
hypersensitivity of the toeweb to intradermal injection of purified
protein subunits of SE, such as flagellin or fimbriae. In an additional
study, a defined oral vaccination regimen of hydrogels containing
flagellin will be administered to chickens. Two weeks later the chickens
will be infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 13. At one week
after infection chickens will be euthanized and cecum, colon, liver, and
spleen will be cultured for Salmonella enteritidis to determine the effect
of the vaccine.
PROGRESS: 1993/10 TO
1998/09
Vaccination of poultry against various
infectious disease etiologies using parenteral routes is cumbersome and
costly because it involves handling the birds during the vaccination
process. This can be associated with significant stress which may
compromise the immune status of the birds. We have started the evaluation
of the Alginate hydrogels as carrier particles for Salmonella enteritidis
proteins that may offer protection to the hens against natural infection
with these organisms. We evaluated several lectins from: Arachis hypogea,
Conavalia ensiformis, Lens culinaris, Ricinus communus, Triticum
esculentum (wheat germ lectin) and Triticum vulgaris. These lectins were
conjugated with Fluoresin isothiocyanate before oral administration into
the White Leghorn hens. Results of these experiment suggested that there
are specific pattern of attachment and engulfemnet of these lectins by the
different parts of the alimentary tract of the hens. These results
suggested the heterogenous composition of the villus epithelium of the
alimentary tract in chickens. Wheat germ lectin was found to be the best
stimulant when used to coat the Hydrogel particles uptake by the
intestinal and liver and spleen tissues of the hens. The mean diameter of
less that 5 microns appeared to be optimal in the tissue uptake of these
microspheres.
PUBLICATIONS: 1993/10 TO
1998/09
1. T. L. Bowersock, K. Park, R.E.
Porter, Jr. 1997. Patent No. 08-394, 802 awarded 9/97. Alginate based
vaccine composition
2. R. E. Porter, Jr, N.P.
Macri, T.L. Bowersock. 1997. Uptake of aliginate microspheres by the
intestinal tract of white leghorn chickens. Proceedings of the North
Central Avian Disease Conference, Des Moines, IA.,
p.11-12.
Termination Year
1997
ACCESSION NO: 0169155 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: PENV-9503113 AGENCY: CSREES PENV
PROJ TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT NO:
95-37201-2007
START: 15 SEP 1995 TERM: 30 SEP 1997 FY: 1998 GRANT YR:
1995
INVESTIGATOR: KELLER, L.
H.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
PATHOBIOLOGY
NEW BOLTON CENTER
KENNETT SQUARE,
PENNSYLVANIA 19348
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS COLONIZATION OF 2 MHC-CONGENIC LINES OF
CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: This laboratory
has previously identified two MHC-congenic lines of White Leghorn chickens
that respond differentially to an oral challenge with S. enteritidis. The
project will examine the role of the immune response in this differential
susceptibility in 2 day old and 5 day old chicks from these lines. The
study will also determine the effect of the MHC locus differences on the
shed of S. enteritidis into the eggs of adult laying hens from these two
lines of chickens, and the involvement of the immune response in that
shed. Therefore, the objectives of this project are to: (1) define immune
cell populations that respond to S. enteritidis infection of neonatal
chicks from the MHC-congenic lines, G-B1 and G-B2. (2) Compare S.
enteritidis tissue colonization and shed into the eggs between the adult
G-B1 and G-B2 laying hens. (3) Define immune cell populations that relate
to S. enteritidis colonization of tissues and eggs from adult G-B1 and
G-B2 laying hens.
APPROACH: Objective
1 will be carried out by isolation of intestinal intra-epithelial or
lamina propria lymphocytes, and lymphoid cells from the spleen, cecal
tonsils from chicks infected with S. enteritidis at either 2 or 5 days of
age. Subtype specificities of the immune cell populations responding to S.
enteritidis challenge will be compared with the specificities of immune
cell populations in naive chickens by flow cytometric analysis after
staining isolated lymphoid cells with avian immune-cell-specific
monoclonal antibodies. Tissue samples will be taken 24, 72, 120 and 144
hours post-infection (pi). Objective 2 will be accomplished through
bacterial culture for S. enteritidis isolation of tissues from the liver,
spleen, intestine, ovary and oviduct, including eggs both pre-and
post-oviposition, from infected and un-infected adult G-B1 and G-B2 laying
hens. Objective 3 will utilize adult G-B1 and G-B2 laying hens, who will
be inoculated with S. enteritidis at 24 weeks of age to compare immune
cell populations that may relate to a differential shed of the pathogen
into eggs. The same methods as described under objective 1 will be
employed except the immune cell populations will also be identified from
the oviduct and the cloaca of these hens.
Termination Year 1996
ACCESSION NO: 0174233 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: PENV-5-24358 AGENCY: CSVM PENV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
NEW
START: 01 JAN 1996 TERM: 31 DEC 1996 FY:
1998
INVESTIGATOR: KELLER,
L.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
SCHOOL OF VETERINARY
MEDICINE
UNIV OF PENNSYLVANIA
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19104
SHED OF S. ENTERITIDIS INTO THE EGGS OF SUSCEPTIBLE AND
RESISTANCE CHICKENS
OBJECTIVES: To
compare the shed of S. enteritidis into the eggs of adult hens from two
MHC-congenic lines of chickens with differential susceptibility to the
pathogen and to monitor antibody titers and examine phagocytic cell
functions that may relate to the differential response to S. enteritidis
of the two MHC-congenic lines of chickens.
APPROACH: One-hundred twenty chickens from lines G-B1 and G-B2
will be used. At 3 days of age the chicks will be orally inoculated with
organisms of the invasive strain of 575 S. enteritidis. Males will be
culled within 10 weeks. As the matured hens begin to lay, their eggs will
be collected daily. The eggs will be tested by bacteriology for the
presence of S. enteritidis contamination for up to 12 months. Serum blood
samples will be taken from the chickens every week for 1 month
post-inoculation and every 2 weeks thereafter to test for anti-Salmonella
antibody titers. Samples of egg yolks will be taken from each freshly laid
egg as it is cracked for culturing. Yolk samples will be pooled in groups
of 10 for ELISA testing.
ACCESSION NO: 0165256 SUBFILE:
CRIS
PROJ NO: LAB03087 AGENCY: SAES LA.B
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START: 01 JUL 1994 TERM: 31 DEC 1996 FY:
1997
INVESTIGATOR: LOE, L. C.;
INGRAM, D. R.
PERFORMING
INSTITUTION:
CALHOUN RESEARCH
STATION
LOUISIANA STATE
UNIVERSITY
BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA
70893
EVALUATION OF MOLTING PROGRAMS
FOR LAYING HENS
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the
effectiveness of molting programs on subsequent egg production and egg
shell quality in laying hens.
APPROACH: Six molting treatments will be examined: 1) control (no
treatment); 2)10-day fast; 3) 4-day fast; 4) feeding 150,000 ppm zinc for
10 days; 5) feeding 150,000 ppm zinc for 4 days; 6) fasting hens until
they achieve a 30% body weight loss. 240, 72-week old hens will be
subjected to 7 days of 24 hour photostimulation prior to the start of the
study. Egg production, egg specific gravity, egg weight, feed consumption,
and livability will be measured during the treatment period and for 9,
28-day periods.
PROGRESS: 1994/01
TO 1996/12
Feed withdrawal (FW) and .15%
dietary zinc (ZN) were evaluated for inducing molting laying hens. Six
treatments (trt) included: 1) control- no FW or ZN (CON); 2) 4-day FW
(4FW); 3) 10-day FW (10FW); 4) 4-day ZN (4ZN); 5) 10-day ZN (10ZN); and 6)
feed withdrawal until a 30% loss in body weight was achieved 14-18 days
(30BW). Each trt was applied to ten, individually cages hens, 74 wks old.
The experiment had 4 replicates. Seven days prior to trt application,
photoperiod was increased from 18L:6D to 24L:OD. Photoperiod was reduced
to 17L:7D at trt initiation and was maintained at this level for the
duration of the study. During the molt period, ZN trt proved inhibitory to
feed consumption. No differences between FW and ZN trt of the same length
were noted for days to pause, number of shell-less eggs or time to 50%
production. Increasing length of molt trt increased hen weight loss and
days to 50% production. Cumulative feed consumption per hen (36 wk post
trt) was affected in a like manner. Hen weight at the end of the study was
the same. No differences in cumulative production indices were found (egg
production, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and feed efficiency)
although initial trt effects were noted.
PUBLICATIONS: 1994/01 TO 1996/12
Loe, Linda C. and LeRon Robbins. 1996. Evaluation of dietary zinc
or fasting in molting laying hens. Louisiana Academy of Sciences 70th
Annual Meeting. (Poster presentation).
Top of Document |
Acknowledgements |
How to Use This Document |
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES) Reports |
Review of the Literature |
Salmonella, Other Pathogens, and Immunology |
Poultry Welfare |
Management Strategies |
Histological, Metabolic, and Physiological
Changes |
Records from the National Agricultural Library
Electronic Catalog
REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE
SALMONELLA, OTHER
PATHOGENS, AND IMMUNOLOGY
Press Release |
Selected Websites
Alodan MA; Mashaly MM (1999). Effect of induced molting in laying hens on production and
immune parameters. Poultry Science 78(2): 171-177.
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
A total of 600 commercial strain (DeKalb) Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 80 wk of age,
were used in this study to determine the effects of different induced molting programs on
production and immune parameters. The hens were randomly divided into four treatment
groups (three experimental and one control) of 150 hens each. The hens in the first treatment
group were fed a layer ration containing 20,000 ppm of zinc for 5 d, and received a reduced
photoperiod of 8 h/d for 5 d (Zn group). In the second group, feed was withdrawn for 10 d,
the photoperiod was reduced to 8 h/d and oyster shell and water were provided for ad libitum
consumption. At Day 11, hens consumed corn and oyster shell ad libitum until Day 30 and at
Day 31, hens were returned to a full feed layer ration and received 16 h of light/d [California
treatment (CAL group)]. In the third treatment, light was reduced to 8 h/d, and oyster shell
was provided for ad libitum consumption until Day 60. Feed and water were removed for the
first 2 d and on Days 4, 6, and 8. On Days 3, 5, 7, and 9, hens were fed 45 g of feed per hen.
On Day 10 until Day 60, hens were fed 90 g/hen and at Day 61, hens were returned to the
layer ration ad libitum and received 16 h of light/d [on-again, off-again program (ON-OFF
group)]. The last group served as controls (CONT). Body weight, egg production, egg size,
internal egg quality, shell weight, and mortality were determined. Total circulating
leukocytes, differential leukocyte counts, and antibody production were also measured. The
results demonstrated that induced molting significantly increased egg production from 64%
to 77 to 83%, Haugh units from 80.4 to 85.9 to 87.3, and shell weight from 5.3 g to 6.3 to 6.4
g when compared to CONT. The body weight of the molted hens decreased significantly to
84.8, 74.5, and 88% of the initial body weight for Zn, CAL, and ON-OFF groups,
respectively. The total circulating leukocytes was significantly lower in molted hens than in
CONT hens. Differential leukocyte counts were affected by all induced molting programs and
the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was significantly increased, reaching 0.61, whereas that of
CONT was only 0.20. Antibody production was largely unaffected by any of the induced
molting programs.
Descriptors: hens, molting, zinc, mineral supplements, photoperiod, restricted feeding,
maize, oyster shells, refeeding, body weight, blood picture, ratios, leukocyte count, weight
losses, laying performance, egg weight, egg shell, weight, egg quality, antibody formation,
mortality, heterophil lymphocyte ratio
Al-Rawashdeh OF; Gumaa AY; Saeed M; Orban JI; Patterson JA; Nour AYM (2000). Effects of
sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel and feed restriction on the performance,
hematological values and cecal bacteriological counts of broiler chickens. Acta
Veterinaria (Beograd) 50(4): 225-239.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6447
Inclusion of fructo-oligosaccharide in poultry diets and feed restriction are some of the
strategies that have received increased attention in efforts to improve production efficiency
and reduce mortality and Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens. Forty-eight 3-week-old
Peterson x Arbor Acres males were used in an experiment to evaluate the influence of the
novel sugar sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel (STOC) on haematological values and
caecal total Gram-negative counts in growing broilers fed ad libitum or restricted diets.
Broilers fed STOC consumed more feed, gained more weight (P<0.001) and had a similar
feed conversion compared with birds on the control diet. Birds fed ad libitum consumed more
feed and gained more (P<0.001) weight compared with birds fed the restricted diet. Chickens
fed STOC had slightly but not significantly higher (P>0.05) MCV, heterophil counts, H/L
ratio and basophils than chickens fed the control diet. Feed-restricted birds had slightly higher
PCV, MCV, WBC, heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes than birds fed ad libitum.
Six-week-old birds had slightly but not significantly higher values for PCV, RBC, MCV,
WBC, lymphocytes and basophils. Packed cell volume (PCV) was lower for 4-week-old birds
and tended to increase up to 6 weeks of age. In 8-week-old-birds fed STOC ad libitum there
were lower lymphocyte counts and a higher H/L ratio compared with the control group.
Although diet did not influence caecal Gram-negative bacterial counts (log10), the results
indicate a significant decrease in log10 bacterial counts in birds fed the restricted diets. Birds
fed STOC had slightly less caecal Gram-negative bacteria than the control group. Caecal
Gram-negative bacteria were influenced by age in broilers. Eight-week-old birds had lower
mean log10 bacterial counts in their caeca than 6-week-old birds. The results showed only
slight alterations in haematological profile in broilers due to the influence of STOC and feed
restriction. The observation of reduced numbers of Gram-negative bacteria in birds fed STOC
with feed restriction needs further investigation.
Descriptors: oligosaccharides, heat treatment, processing, caramel, restricted feeding,
haematology, caecum, intestinal microorganisms, pathogens, Gram negative bacteria, feed
supplements, poultry
Alshawabkeh K; Tabbaa MJ (2002). Using dietary propionic acid to limit Salmonella
gallinarum colonization in broiler chicks. Asian-Australasian
Journal of Animal Sciences 15(2): 243-246.
NAL Call Number: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: chicks, broilers, propionic acid, feed additives, Salmonella gallinarum,
experimental infections, inhibitors, dosage, digesta, crop, cecum, pH, bacterial count,
intestinal microorganisms
Ambrus SA; Tellez G; Hargis BM; Corrier DE; Deloach
JR (1992). Resistance to cecal
Salmonella-enteritidis (SE) colonization following dietary lactose or
capsaicin administration is associated with histopathological and
morphometric changes of the cecal mucosa in leghorn chicks.
Poultry Science 71(Suppl.1): 135.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Arnold JW; Holt PS (1996). Cytotoxicity in chicken alimentary secretions as measured by
a
derivative of the tumor necrosis factor assay. Poultry Science 75(3): 329-334.
USDA, ARS, Poultry Processing and Meat Quality, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The host immune response to enteric bacterial infections, including salmonellosis, results in
inflammatory cells entering the intestine near the site of infection. These cells produce
factors, such as cytokines, that are cytotoxic to bacteria-infected cells, resulting in loss of host
cells. In this study, an assay was developed, based on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) assay,
that measured the cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from chickens during a
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. Secretions were collected by pilocarpine-induced
evacuation from the alimentary tract and clarified by centrifugation. Activity was assessed by
the cytotoxic effect of secretions on chicken embryo fibroblasts as target cells. Cytotoxic
activity from SE-infected hens was measured at intervals during the first 24 h following
infection and daily for the next 10 d. The level of activity varied between hens but was
maximal in secretions obtained at 24 h and 10 d after SE infection. Maximal levels of
cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from hens occurred in response to a dose of 5 X
10(8) cfu/mL of SE. The cytotoxicity in secretions from SE-exposed hens that were deprived
of feed was greater than those from control SE-exposed hens by more than fivefold.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, cytotoxicity, inflammation, intestines,
secretions, molting, bioassays, tumor necrosis factor, experimental infections
Bailey JS;
Blankenship LC; Cox NA Effect of
fructooliogsaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken
intestine. Poultry Science 70(12):
2433-2438.
USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
The influence of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the ability of Salmonella typhimurium to
grow and colonize the gut of chickens was investigated. In vitro studies showed that
Salmonella did not grow when FOS was the sole carbon source. When FOS was fed to chicks
at the .375% level, little influence on Salmonella colonization was observed. At the .75%
level 12% fewer FOS-fed birds were colonized with Salmonella compared with control birds.
When chicks given a partially protective competitive exclusion (CE) culture were fed diets
supplemented with .75% FOS, only 4 of 21 (19%) chickens challenged with 10(9)
Salmonella cells on Day 7 became colonized as compared with 14 of 23 (61%) chickens
given CE alone. When chickens were stressed by feed and water deprivation on Day 13 and
challenged with 10(9) Salmonella on Day 14, 33 of 36 (92%) chickens fed a control diet were
colonized compared with only 9 of 36 (25%) chickens fed a .75% FOS diet. Chickens treated
with FOS had a fourfold reduction in the level of Salmonella present in the ceca. Feeding
FOS in the diet of chickens may lead to a shift in the intestinal gut microflora, and under
some circumstances may result in reduced susceptibility to Salmonella colonization.
Descriptors: fowls, salmonella typhimurium, colonizing ability, oligosaccharides, oral
administration, competitive ability, stress response, feed additives, competitive exclusion
Barnhart ET; Caldwell DJ;
Crouch MC; Byrd JA; Corrier DE; Hargis BM (1999). Effect of lactose administration in drinking
water prior to and during feed withdrawal on Salmonella recovery
from broiler crops and ceca.
Poultry Science 78(2): 211-214.
Department of Poultry Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station,
Texas 77843
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Salmonella contamination of the chicken crop has been reported to increase markedly and
significantly during feed withdrawal, probably due to coprophagy, and may contribute to
carcass contamination at processing. The effect of prolonged lactose administration (2.5%) in
the drinking water on the incidence of Salmonella recovery from broiler crops or ceca was
evaluated in seven experiments. In these experiments, all or a percentage (providing seeders
and contacts) of 7-wk-old broilers were challenged with approximately 1 x 108 cfu
Salmonella enteritidis and provided lactose for 5 or 11 d prior to and during an 18 or 24 h
feed withdrawal period. A small but significant lactose-mediated reduction in Salmonella
contamination of crops was observed in one of two identical experiments with 18 h feed
withdrawal. Extending the feed withdrawal period to 24 h did not improve the ability of
lactose to affect Salmonella recovery from crops or ceca. Similarly, lactose did not affect
Salmonella recovery when the percentage of birds challenged was reduced to 3 out of 16 and
Salmonella recovery from crops or ceca of unchallenged, contact broilers was measured.
Extending the duration of exposure to 2.5% lactose in the drinking water from 5 to 11 d did
not improve the ability of lactose to affect Salmonella recovery. Taken together, these data
suggest that provision of 2.5% lactose in the drinking water during the last 5 to 11 d of
growout prior to slaughter will not be useful in an integrated Salmonella control program
under commercial conditions.
Descriptors: *Chickens--microbiology--MI; *Lactose--pharmacology--PD; *Salmonella
--isolation and purification--IP ; Animal Husbandry--methods--MT;
Cecum--microbiology--MI; Chickens --physiology--PH; Crop, Avian--microbiology--MI;
Drinking; Food Contamination--prevention and control--PC; Food Deprivation; Lactose
--administration and dosage--AD; Salmonella--pathogenicity--PY
Barua A; Furusawa S; Yoshimura Y; Okamoto T (2001). Effects of forced molting on the IgY
concentration in egg yolk of chickens. Japanese Poultry Science 38(2): 169-174.
Hiroshima Univ., Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Descriptors: laying hen, yolk, immunoglobulin, rearing management, restricted feeding,
molting, ELISA, immunoglobulin Y, forced molting, IgY concentration is increased during
early phase of postmolt
Berchieri A Jr; Murphy CK; Marston K; Barrow PA (2001). Observations on the persistence a
nd
vertical transmission of Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in
chickens: effect of bacterial and host genetic background. Avian Pathology 30(3):
221-231.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Commercial laying hens inoculated with a strain of Salmonella enterica ser. Pullorum when
they were 4 days old showed no morbidity, but harboured infection until they came into lay,
and then produced S. Pullorum-contaminated eggs and infected progeny. There was limited
evidence of transmission of maternal immunity to the progeny. Attempts were made to set up
similar infections in hens with Salmonella Gallinarum, but without success. Infection either
resulted in clinical disease or elimination of the pathogen. Infection of birds when in lay
produced a similar result. The possibility of eggs becoming contaminated with S. Gallinarum
after they were laid in the nest box was evaluated but there was no evidence for this. In-bred
chicken lines with a SalI-susceptible phenotype showed greater localization of S. Pullorum in
the reproductive tract than did a SalI-resistant line. In addition, in-bred birds, which were SalI
resistant but showed greater susceptibility to intestinal colonization by Salmonella, infected
with S. Gallinarum when they were 1 week old, showed longer term persistence in the liver
and spleen than did a resistant line.
Descriptors: hens, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella gallinarum, microbial contamination,
eggs, chicks, vertical transmission, persistence, liver, spleen, maternal immunity, line
differences, susceptibility, genetic-resistance
Berchieri A. Jr.; Wigley P; Page K; Murphy CK; Barrow PA (2001).
Further studies on vertical
transmission and persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 in
chickens. Avian Pathology 30(4): 297-310.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
One-week-old commercial layers were infected orally with 10(8) colony forming units of
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4. No mortality was observed. The
inoculated organism was isolated in decreasing viable numbers from a number of tissues,
particularly the spleen, liver and caeca. Organisms present in the spleen were primarily
localized within macrophages. No Salmonella Enteritidis organisms were isolated between
10 and 24 weeks of age, when the experiment was terminated after several weeks of lay.
When two groups of adult hens, housed with males, were infected, contaminated eggs were
found within 2 weeks of infection in one of the experiments only. Progeny hatched from
these eggs showed no mortality unless they were infected artificially with the S. Enteritidis
strain. In this case, the percentage mortality fell as the hatches progressed, indicating
increasing immunity to infection. The faecal excretion of the inoculated phage type 4 strain
by infected but healthy progeny was followed. Although most birds ceased to excrete by 11 to
12 weeks of age, a small number of the birds continued to excrete until they themselves came
into lay. The small numbers of birds in which this occurred indicates that tolerance to
infection does not occur readily following infection of hens laying fertile eggs or in progeny
birds infected before or within hours of hatching. Birds infected when they were less than 24
h old remained persistently infected until they were well into lay. However, control birds
infected when 1 week old, on this occasion, showed a high level of excretion until the birds
began to lay at 18 weeks. Inbred lines of chickens showing differences in their susceptibility
to systemic salmonellosis did not show significant differences in the extent to which S.
Enteritidis localized in the organs of the reproductive tract or in the number of infected eggs
produced.
Descriptors: chickens, Salmonella enteritidis, vertical transmission, persistence,
macrophages, experimental infections, eggs, microbial contamination, mortality, maternal
immunity, chicks, genotypes, susceptibility, age
Bhatia TR;
McNabb GD (1980). Dissemination of
Salmonella in broiler-chicken operations.
Avian Diseases 24(3): 616-624.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Dissemination of Salmonella from hatchery to broiler farm and from broiler farm to
processing plant was assessed. Bacteriological examination of fluff and meconium at the
hatchery, feed and litter at the farm, and carcass rinsing at the plant level was conducted.
When fluff and/or meconium were contaminated with Salmonella, litter and carcasses were
contaminated with the same serotypes. Properly pelleted feed does not seem to be an
important source of infection. Stress (feed and water deprivation) and some effect on
shedding of Salmonella. Fluff and meconium at hatchery, feces from 3-to-7-day-old chicks,
and litter at 3 and 6 weeks can be used as an indicator of flock infection and thus carcass
contamination.
Descriptors: *Chickens--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella--isolation and purification--IP ;
Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Feathers--microbiology--MI; Food Microbiology;
Food-Processing Industry; Manure; Meat; Meconium --microbiology--MI; Salmonella
typhimurium--isolation and purification
Bierer BW; Eleazer TH (1965). Clinical salmonellosis accidentally induced by feed and wat
er
deprivation of one-week-old broiler chicks. Poultry Science 44(6): 1606-1607.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: *Poultry Diseases; *Salmonella Infections, Animal--etiology--ET; *Starvation
Branton SL; May JD; Lott BD; Pharr GT (1999). Effects of age at inoculation and induced molt
on the recovery of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from layer chickens. Avian Diseases 43(3):
516-520.
USDA, ARS, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of age at inoculation and induced molt
on the reisolation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) from commercial leghorn hens that
had been eyedrop-inoculated with F strain MG at either 10 or 66 wk of age. Chickens were
maintained in biological isolation units from 10 wk of age through 78 wk of age. At 70 wk of
age (premolt), hens were swabbed, cultured for MG, and molted. Swabs were taken both at
the end of molt (postmolt [74 wk]) and again 4 wk later (postmolt + 4 [78 wk]). A significant
(P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in MG isolations was observed in the postmolt swabs
as compared with the premolt swabs of hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk of age. A
significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increase in isolations was observed in the postmolt +
4 swabs as compared with the postmolt swabs of hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk of age.
For the hens inoculated at 10 wk, no significant difference was found in premolt as compared
with postmolt + 4 MG isolations; however, for hens inoculated at 66 wk, a significant (P less
than or equal to 0.05) decrease was observed between premolt and postmolt + 4 isolations.
Significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) fewer MG isolations were obtained from the
premolt swabs of hens inoculated at 10 wk as compared with hens inoculated at 66 wk. No
significant difference in MG isolations was observed in either the postmolt or postmolt + 4
swabs between hens inoculated at either 10 or 66 wk.
Descriptors: chickens, mycoplasma gallisepticum, age, vaccination, molt, persistence
Branton SL; Simmons JD; Hardin JM (1989). The effect of biological isolation and a
molt-inducing regimen on the recovery of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from commercial
Leghorn hens. Avian Diseases 33(3): 574-577.
USDA, ARS, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, Mississippi
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of induced molt on the reisolation of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) from commercial leghorn hens that had been
eyedrop-inoculated with MG at 10 weeks of age. Chickens were maintained in a conventional
floored chicken house on dry litter through 100 weeks of age. At age 64 weeks, 4 days (Trial
1), and at 100 weeks (Trial 2), hens were swabbed and cultured for MG and then molted in
biological isolation units. Swabs were again taken at the end of each molt. No difference was
observed in the number of MG isolations between molted hens and controls that did not
undergo molting. However, a significant decrease in MG isolations was observed in both
trials from swabs obtained when hens were housed on dry litter floors as compared with
swabs taken from the same hens after 18 days (Trial 1) or 21 days (Trial 2) of confinement in
isolation units.
Descriptors: Chickens--microbiology--MI; Mycoplasma--isolation and purification--IP;
Mycoplasma Infections--veterinary--VE; Poultry Diseases--microbiology--MI ; Age Factors;
Chickens--physiology--PH; Housing, Animal; Mycoplasma Infections--microbiology--MI
Byrd JA; Corrier DE; Hume ME; Bailey RH; Stanker LH; Hargis BM (1998). Effect of feed
withdrawal on Campylobacter in the crops of market-age broiler chickens. Avian
Diseases 42(4): 802-806.
USDA, ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, Texas
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella on poultry meat products remains a
significant public health concern. Previous research has indicated that feed withdrawal may
significantly increase Salmonella contamination of broiler crops and that crop contents may
serve as an important source of Salmonella carcass contamination at commercial processing.
The present study evaluated the effect of preslaughter feed withdrawal on the incidence of
Campylobacter isolation in crops of market-age commercial broiler chickens prior to capture
and transport to the processing plant. The incidence of Campylobacter isolation from the crop
was determined immediately before and after feed withdrawal in 40 7-wk-old broiler
chickens obtained from each of nine separate broiler houses. Ceca were collected from
broilers in six of the same flocks for comparison with the crop samples. Feed withdrawal
caused a significant (P < 0.025) increase in Campylobacter-positive crop samples in seven of
the nine houses sampled. Furthermore, the total number of Campylobacter-positive crops
increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 90/360 (25%) before feed removal to 224/359
(62.4%) after the feed withdrawal period. Alternatively, feed withdrawal did not significantly
alter the Campylobacter isolation frequency from ceca. Similar to our previous studies with
Salmonella. the present results suggest that preharvest feed withdrawal increases the
frequency of Campylobacter crop contamination and, thus, provides a source of
Campylobacter contamination of carcasses at commercial processing.
Descriptors: broilers, campylobacter, food deprivation, crop, food safety, contamination,
carcasses, incidence, cecum
Corrier DE; Byrd JA; Hargis BM; Hume ME; Bailey RH; Stanker LH (1999). Survival of
Salmonella in the crop contents of market-age broilers during feed withdrawal. Avian
Diseases 43(3): 453-460.
USDA, ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, Texas
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Recent studies have indicated that crop contamination increases during preslaughter feed
withdrawal and that contaminated crop contents may serve as an important source of
Salmonella entry into poultry processing plants. During the present study, we evaluated the
effect of preslaughter feed withdrawal on crop pH and Salmonella crop contamination in
broilers from three commercial broiler flocks. The effect of experimental feed withdrawal on
crop pH, lactic acid concentration, and Salmonella crop contamination was also evaluated in
market-age broilers challenged experimentally with Salmonella typhimurium. Crop pH
increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 3.64 +/- 0.25 before feed removal to 5.14 +/- 0.72
after 8 hr of feed withdrawal in broilers from commercial flocks. The incidence of
Salmonella crop contamination in the commercial broilers increased (P < 0.05) from 3.3%
before feed removal to 12.6% after 8 hr of feed withdrawal. Similarly, crop pH increased (P <
0.05) by a magnitude of approximately 1 unit in broilers after 8 hr of experimental feed
withdrawal. The population of S. typhimurium in the crops of the experimentally challenged
broilers increased (P < 0.05) by approximately 1 log unit during the 8-hr experimental feed
withdrawal. The concentration of lactic acid in the crop of the broilers during experimental
feed withdrawal decreased (P < 0.01) from a range of 119-135 micromol/ml before feed
removal to a range of 22-32 micromol/ml after 8 hr of feed withdrawal. The results indicated
that feed withdrawal resulted in a decrease in lactic acid in the crop, accompanied by an
increase in crop pH, and an increase in Salmonella crop contamination.
Descriptors: broilers, salmonella, survival, crop, pH, food deprivation, microbial
contamination, lactic acid, flocks
Corrier DE; Nisbet DJ; Hargis BM; Holt PS; DeLoach JR (1997).
Provision of lactose to molting
hens enhances resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Journal of Food
Protection 60(1): 10-15.
ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, USDA, College Station, TX.
NAL Call Number: 44.8 J824
Older leghorn hens, more than 50 weeks of age, were divided into three groups designated 1,
unmolted controls; 2, molted; or 3, molted treated with lactose. Forced molt was induced by
14 days of feed removal. Lactose was provided to the hens in group 3 as 2.5% (wt/vol) of the
daily drinking water. Each hen in all groups was challenged orally with 10(5) Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) cells on day 7 of feed removal. The study was repeated in three replicated
trials. The concentrations of acetic, propionic, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the cecal
contents of the molted hens in groups 2 and 3 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) on days 6
and 14 of molt compared with the unmolted controls. Forced molt had no apparent effect on
pH or on the oxidation-reduction potential of the ceca. Compared to the unmolted controls,
SE cecal and spleen and liver colonization was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the
molted hens in group 2. Compared to the molted hens in group 2, SE cecal and spleen and
liver colonization was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in two of three trials in the hens in
group 3provided with lactose. The results suggested that the increased susceptibility of
molting hens to SE colonization may be associated with decreased fermentation and
production of VFA by cecal bacteria or by a depletion of the number of VFA-producing
bacteria present in the ceca. The results further suggest that providing lactose in the drinking
water during molting may significantly enhance resistance to SE colonization.
Descriptors: chickens, diet, lactose, salmonella enteritidis, disease resistance ;
Corrier DE; Nisbet DJ; Hargis BM; Kogut MH; Deloach JR (1995).
Protective effect of providing
lactose to leghorn hens during molting on Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry
Science 74(Suppl. 1): 51.
Food Animal Protection Res. Lab., USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845 USA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Dorn CR; Silapanuntakul R; Angrick EJ; Shipman LD (1993). Plasmid analysis of Salmonel
la
enteritidis isolated from human gastroenteritis cases and from epidemiologically
associated poultry flocks. Epidemiology and Infection (ENGLAND) 111(2): 239-243.
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
NAL
Call Number: RA651 A1E74
Plasmid analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human gastroenteritis cases and from
two commercial egg-producing poultry flocks was performed to determine if the poultry
flocks were the source of the human infections. The plasmid profile and restriction fragment
pattern (fingerprint) of five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases matched those of nine
isolates from internal organs of egg-laying hens in one flock which was the source of eggs
consumed by the cases. Another commercial flock was epidemiologically associated as the
source of eggs consumed by affected persons in four separate gastroenteritis outbreaks from
which S. enteritidis isolates were available. Five S. enteritidis isolates from human cases in
these four outbreaks had the same profile and fingerprint, and they all matched those of the
24 isolates from hens in this flock. These results provide further documentation of egg-borne
transmission of S. enteritidis to humans.
Descriptors: *Chickens--microbiology--MI; *Food Microbiology; *Gastroenteritis
--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella Food Poisoning--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella
enteritidis--genetics--GE ; DNA Fingerprinting; DNA, Bacterial--analysis--AN; Disease
Outbreaks; Eggs --microbiology--MI; Gastroenteritis--epidemiology--EP; Plasmids--genetics
--GE; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Salmonella Food Poisoning -
Durant JA; Corrier DE; Byrd JA; Stanker LH; Ricke SC (1999). Feed deprivation affects cro
ps
environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion of Leghorn
hens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65(5): 1919-1923.
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
NAL Call Number: 448.3 Ap5
Leghorn hens over 50 weeks of age were assigned to two treatment groups designated as
either unmolted controls or molted. A forced molt was induced by a 9-day feed withdrawal,
and each hen was challenged orally with 10(5) Salmonella enteritidis organisms on day 4 of
feed withdrawal. On days 4 and 9 of molt, the numbers of lactobacilli and the concentrations
of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids in the crops
decreased while crop pH increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to
the controls. S. enteritidis crop and cecal colonization, in addition to spleen and liver
invasion, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls. The
invasive phenotype of Salmonella spp. is complex and requires several virulence genes which
are regulated by the transcriptional activator HilA. Samples of the crop contents from the
molted and unmolted birds were pooled separately, centrifuged, and filter sterilized. The
sterile crop contents were then used to measure the expression of hilA. By using a lacZY
transcriptional fusion to the hilA gene in S. enteritidis, we found that hilA expression was
1.6- to 2.1-fold higher in the crop contents from molted birds than in those from control birds
in vitro. The results of the study suggest that the changes in the microenvironment of the crop
caused by feed deprivation are important regulators of S. enteritidis survival and influence the
susceptibility of molted hens to S. enteritidis infections. Furthermore, our in vitro results on
the expression of hilA suggest that the change in crop environment during feed withdrawal
has the potential to significantly affect virulence by increasing the expression of genes
necessary for intestinal invasion.
Descriptors: transcription factors, gene expression
Durant JA; Corrier DE; Stanker LH; Ricke SC (2000). Expression of the hilA Salmonella
typhimurium gene in a poultry Salmonella enteritidis isolate in response to lactate and
nutrients. Journal of Applied Microbiology 89(1): 63-69.
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472
NAL Call Number: QR1 J687
Pathogens express virulence genes in response to the combination of environmental
conditions present in the host environment. The crop is the first gastrointestinal environment
encountered in birds. However, feed withdrawal alters the crop environment resulting in an
increased pH, and decreased concentrations of lactate, glucose and amino acids compared
with unmoulted birds. Salmonella enteritidis infections increase significantly in hens that
have been forced to moult by feed withdrawal. The effects of pH, carbohydrate sources,
amino acids and lactate on expression of S. enteritidis virulence was investigated by
measuring expression of hilA. The hilA gene encodes a transcriptional activator that regulates
expression of Salmonella virulence genes in response to environmental stimuli. HilA
expression was measured using a poultry isolate of S. enteritidis carrying a hilA-lacZY
transcriptional fusion from S. typhimurium. The media used were Luria Bertani (LB) broth
and LB broth diluted 1:5 (DLB). The expression of hilA was 2.9-fold higher in DLB broth
compared with LB broth which suggested that there is a nutritional component to the
regulation of hilA. Addition of 0.2% glucose, fructose or mannose to LB and DLB reduced
hilA expression 1.5- to 2-fold. Addition of 0.2% Casaminoacids, arabinose, fucose, or lactose
had little effect on hilA expression. Lactate (25 and 50 mmol/litre) reduced hilA expression
at pH 6, 5 and 4, with the lowest expression at pH 4. These results suggest that the
composition of the crop lumen could potentially affect S. enteritidis virulence expression.
Descriptors: nutrients; poultry; amino acids; arabinose; environment; fructose; digestive
system; genes; lactates; mannose; nutrition; virulence; gene expression; in vitro culture;
bacterial diseases
Ebel E; Schlosser W (2000). Estimating the annual fraction of eggs contaminated with
Salmonella enteritidis in the United States. International Journal of Food Microbiology
61(1): 51-62.
NAL Call Number: QR115.I57
Descriptors: eggs, food contamination, microbial contamination, salmonella enteritidis,
estimation, incidence, monte carlo method, epidemiology, flocks, prediction, risk assessment,
mathematical models, molting, affected flocks
Fadly AM; Davison TF; Payne LN; Howes K (1989). Avian leukosis virus infection and sheddi
ng
in Brown Leghorn chickens treated with corticosterone or exposed to various stressors.
Avian Pathology 18(2): 283-298.
AFRC Inst. Anim Hlth., Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE17 2DA, UK.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Brown Leghorn chicks derived from hens positive for antibodies to subgroup A avian
leukosis virus (MAB+) and chicks derived from virus-free hens (MAB-) were exposed to
avian leukosis virus (ALV HPRS-F42 strain)-infected hens from hatching to 18 weeks of age.
At one or two weeks of age some chicks were implanted with a pellet containing a mixture of
corticosterone and cholesterol (1:4 w/w) or with an osmostic pump containing corticosterone
dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) which delivered 50 micro g/hour over 7 days. In
a second trial implanted chicks were moved to climatic chambers at two weeks old and kept
at 40 deg C or 25 deg C for 3 weeks, or at 15 deg C for 4 days and then at 10 deg C. In a third
trial 38-week-old hens that had been inoculated with ALV as embryos, at one day old or at 4
weeks old and forced to moult by changes in photoperiod and food and water intakes were
examined for egg production, plasma corticosterone and triiodothyronine. In a fourth trial
these hens were implanted with osmotic pumps as above after return to lay (60 weeks old)
and inoculated with ALV (1.6 x 105 infectious units) by oral, nasal, ocular and tracheal
routes. Samples of meconium, cloacal, and vaginal swabs and plasma were tested for ALV.
Increased levels of plasma corticosterone following implantation of the hormone at 1, but not
2, weeks after exposure to ALV at hatching, increased cloacal shedding of ALV in chickens
that lacked maternal antibody (MAB-) to ALV. Exposure of 2-week-old chickens, which had
been exposed to virus at hatching, to heat- or cold-stress for 21 days had no effect on ALV
infection and shedding in treated as well as in control chickens. Induced moulting or raised
circulating corticosterone in adult hens did not affect the incidence of ALV infection or
shedding.
Descriptors: glucocorticoids, cold zones, heat, molting, stress
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Fernandez F; Hinton M; Gils B van (2002). Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effec
t
on
chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian
Pathology 31(1): 49-58.
Division of Food Animal Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of
Bristol, Langford, Avon BS40 5DU, UK.
NAL Call Number: SF995.A1A9
This study first investigates the effects of mash diet, or mash supplemented with either 2.5%
mannose-oligosaccharide (MOS) or palm kernel meal (PKM), on the microflora of the hen
caecal contents. Second, it investigates the effect of caecal contents of hens (HCC) fed mash
or mash supplemented with MOS or PKM on the major microflora groups of chicks, and
their inhibitory effect on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (PT4) colonization. Finally,
this study investigates the effect over time of diets supplemented with MOS or PKM on S.
Enteritidis colonization and the microflora of chicks. In hens, supplemented diets increased
Bifidobacterium spp., while decreasing members of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus
spp., compared with the mash diet. Chicks dosed with the HCC showed, on average, increased
numbers of anaerobes, while the numbers of aerobes decreased including coliforms and S.
Enteritidis compared with controls without HCC. In chicks fed the MOS-supplemented or
PKM-supplemented diets, S. Enteritidis colonization decreased over time, compared with mash
alone. Four-week-old PKM birds showed an increase in Bifidobacterium spp. and
Lactobacillus spp., with a decrease in S. Enteritidis compared with week 2. Generally, the HCC
and diets supplemented with MOS or PKM affected the birds intestinal microflora by
increasing the Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., while decreasing the
Enterobacteriaceae groups. They also reduced susceptibility in young chickens to colonization
by S. Enteritidis.
Descriptors: caecum, chicks, diets, hens, infection, mannans, microbial flora,
oligosaccharides, palm kernel cake, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Furuta K (1); Mekada Hiroyuki (2); Hayashi N (2) (1991). Detection of antibodies against
pathogens and measurement of serum components of chickens which laying was paused
by forced molting. Nippon Kakin Gakkaishi (Japanese Poultry Science) 28(1): 47-51.
(1)Univ. of Ryukyus, College of Agriculture ; (2)Gifu Prefect. Poultry Exp. Stn.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N57
Descriptors: molting, laying hen, antibody titer, enzyme activity, egg-laying, blood
component, serum, alkaline phosphatase, GOT, GPT, pathogen, rearing management
Gast RK; Nasir MS; Jolley ME; Holt PS; Stone HD(2002). Serologic detection of experimenta
l
Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens by fluorescence polarization and enzyme
immunoassay. Avian Diseases 46(1): 137-142.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry
Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Detection of infected poultry flocks is essential for controlling eggborne transmission of
Salmonella enteritidis to humans. The present study evaluated the detection of antibodies in
the sera of experimentally infected chickens by a fluorescence polarization assay with a tracer
prepared from the O-polysaccharide of S. enteritidis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) with an S. enteritidis flagellin antigen. In two trials, groups of
specific-pathogen-free laying hens were infected orally with either 10(6) or 10(8)
colony-forming units (CFU) of S. enteritidis (phage type 13a) or with 10(8) CFU of
Salmonella typhimurium. Serum samples were collected before inoculation and at five
subsequent weekly intervals. Both assays successfully detected the majority of hens infected
with S. enteritidis at either dose level, but they also identified a substantial number of hens
infected with S. typhimurium as seropositive. The fluorescence polarization test detected S.
enteritidis infection significantly more often and cross-reacted with sera from hens infected
with S. typhimurium significantly less often than the ELISA. The fluorescence polarization
assay also offered advantages in terms of speed and methodologic simplicity.
Gray JS (1982). The effect of
induced moulting in hens on resistance to primary and secondary
infections of Raillietina cesticillus Molin, 1858. Journal of Helminthology 56(1): 37-40.
NAL Call number: 436.8 J82
Mature hens induced to moult were subsequently found to be resistant to both primary and
secondary infections of Raillietina cesticillus; non-moulting birds that continued to lay were
susceptible to both.
Descriptors: resistance, host, immunity, reproduction, Raillietina cesticillus (Cestoda)
Hill CH (1989). Effect of
Salmonella gallinarum infection on zinc metabolism in
chicks. Poultry Science 68(2): 297-305.
Dep. Poultry Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The effect of Salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens on serum, liver and kidney zinc
concentrations was studied. Within 48 h after intraperitoneal administration of S. gallinarum,
serum Zn decreased to about one-half the control value. In one experiment, serum Zn
remained low for the 12 days of the experiment, whereas in a second experiment, serum Zn
gradually increased after 6 days postinoculation but never returned to the control value.
Supplemental zinc 500 mg/kg did not prevent the infection-induced decrease in the serum Zn.
The infection resulted in a sequestering of Zn in the liver; the kidney remained relatively
unresponsive in this system. Fractionation of liver homogenates by gel filtration column
chromatography revealed that the Zn in livers of infected animals eluted in a volume
characteristic of metallothionein, whereas that of controls was associated with high molecular
weight proteins. Increasing serum Zn by repeated subcutaneous Zn injections had no effect on
mortality. Restricting feed intake of uninfected chickens to that of infected chickens resulted
in similar weight gains, but effects on metallothionein and serum Zn were minimal compared
with effects in infected chickens.
Descriptors: zinc metabolism, infection, Salmonellosis, Salmonella gallinarum
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Holt PS (1999). Impact of induced molting on immunity and Salmonella enterica serovar
Enteritidis infection in laying hens. In Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans
and animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control, Saeed AM; Gast RK; Potter ME;
Wall PG (eds.), Iowa State University Press: Ames, Iowa USA, p.367-375.
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
Descriptors: moulting, immune response, hens, animal husbandry, disease transmission,
poultry
Holt PS (1995). Horizontal
transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in molted and unmolted
laying chickens. Avian Diseases 39(2): 239-249.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The impact of induced molting on the horizontal transmission of S. enteritidis was studied. In
Expt. 1, every other hen in rows of either molted or unmolted hens was infected with S.
enteritidis (1 X 10(6) bacteria/hen). S. enteritidis was transmitted more rapidly to the
unchallenged hens in the adjacent cages of molted hens than in unmolted hens, and these
molted hens shed significantly more of the organism than unmolted hens. In Expts. 2 and 3,
the center hen in two rows each of 11 molted and unmolted hens was infected with S.
enteritidis (dose of 6-8 X 10(4) in Expt. 2 and 1 X 10(3) in Expt. 3). In both trials of Expt. 2,
the rate of transmission was significantly higher in molted hens than in unmolted hens, and
the molted hens shed significantly more of the organism. In Trial 1 of Expt. 3, molting had
little effect on S. enteritidis shedding. In Trial 2 of Expt. 3, however, molted hens had
significantly higher shed rates and shed more S. enteritidis than the unmolted hens. Individual
hens in Expts. 2 and 3 frequently shed more S. enteritidis than the original challenge. The
amplification of intestinal S. enteritidis in the molted hens plus their previously described
higher susceptibility to S. enteritidis infection accelerated transmission of the organism to the
uninfected hens in neighboring cages. These results indicate that induced molting can have
substantial effects on transmission of S. enteritidis to uninfected hens, which could affect the
overall S. enteritidis status of a flock.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, disease transmission, spread, molting,
susceptibility, food deprivation, induced molting
Holt PS (1993). Effect of induced molting on the susceptibility of white leghorn hens to
a
Salmonella enteritidis infection. Avian Diseases 37(2): 412-417.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Older white leghorn hens (more than 52 weeks old) were induced to molt using a 14-day
feed-removal protocol. On day 4 of feed removal, groups of hens were infected with varying
10-fold dilutions of Salmonella enteritidis, and these hens were examined for S. enteritidis
intestinal shedding 7 days later. Molting hens infected with a 10-1 dilution of S. enteritidis
shed 3-4 logs more of the organism at 7 days postinfection than the unmolted group receiving
a similar dose. The mean infectious dose (ID50) for S. enteritidis in unmolted hens ranged
from 0.65 X 10(4) to 5.6 X 10(4), whereas in molting hens the ID50 was found to be less
than 101, a 2-3 log increase in the susceptibility of the hens to the organism.
Descriptors: hens, molting, induction, salmonella enteritidis, susceptibility, disease
resistance, inoculum, experimental infection
Holt PS (1993). Effect of induced
molting on the susceptibility of chickens to Salmonella
enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 72(Suppl.1): 171.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Holt PS (1992). Effect of induced on molting on B cell and CT4 and CT8 T cell numbers in
spleens and peripheral blood of White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 71(12): 2027-2034.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Two trials were conducted to examine the possible effect of induced molting on splenic and
peripheral blood T and B cells. Molting was achieved using shortened light exposure and a
14-day fast. Feed was removed on Day 0 and blood for analysis was removed on Days 3, 10,
and 17 whereas spleens were removed on Days 4, 11, and 18. Fluorochrome-labeled
antichicken CT4 and CT8 monoclonal antibodies were used to examine molting effects on
chicken T cells and polyclonal anti-chicken immunoglobulin was used to detect chicken B
cells. The labeled cell preparations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Molted hens had
significantly decreased CT4+ peripheral blood T cells on Day 3 in both trials and on Day 10
in one trial. No effects on peripheral blood CT8+ T cells were observed. Splenic CT4+ T
cells were decreased on Day 11 in one trial whereas splenic CT9+ T cells were significantly
increased on Day 4 in two trials and on Day 11 in one trial. Peripheral blood and splenic B
cells were largely unaffected in both trials. These results indicate that fasting to induce a molt
does alter T lymphocyte subpopulations and these effects primarily occur early in the fasting
procedure.
Descriptors: hens, fasting, b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, molting, spleen, blood, cell
counting, flow cytometry, immunological deficiency
Holt PS (1992). Effects of induced moulting on immune responses of hens. Britis
h
Poultry
Science 33(1): 165-175.
US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research
Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 B77
In spent hens from White Leghorn and White Rock layer flocks induced to moult by
withdrawal of food, lymphocyte numbers were lower in moulted birds than in nonmoulted
controls. Antibody responses to sheep red blood cells or Brucella abortus antigen were
largely unaffected. The delayed type hypersensitivity response to the skin sensitiser
dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was depressed during the period of food withdrawal but
recovered when feeding resumed. It is concluded that induced moulting probably has a
negative effect on the cellular component of the immune system of the moulted birds.
Descriptors: cell mediated immunity, humoral immunity, immunity, molting, molt,
immunuosuppression
Holt PS; Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL (1993). Comparison of molt induction by 14-day
feed-removal versus the use of a low-energy, low density molt feed on the exacerbation
of an intestinal Salmonella enteritidis infection on white leghorn hens. Poultry Science 72
(Suppl.1): 90.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Holt PS; Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL; Porter RE Jr (1994). Effect of induced molting via feed
removal or low energy, low density feed on the severity of an intestinal infection by
Salmonella enteritidis in white leghorn hens. Poultry Science 73 (Suppl.1): 140.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Res. Lab., 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Holt PS; Buhr RJ; Cunningham DL; Porter RE Jr (1994). Effect of two different molting
procedures on a Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 73(8): 1267-1275.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous studies have shown that inducing a molt using feed removal exacerbated an
intestinal infection by Salmonella enteritidis (SE). The current study was conducted to
determine whether inducing a molt using a molt diet would still cause a pause in egg laying
but not exacerbate an intestinal SE infection. In Experiments 1 and 2, hens were either
provided ad libitum access to layer feed (control), fed 45 g molt diet (molt-feed) daily, or
deprived of feed for 14 d (molted), and were orally infected with 1 X 10(7) SE on Day 4 of
molt. Egg lay ceased in hens subjected to both molt treatments. The percentage of hens
shedding SE did not differ among treatment groups in Experiment 1, whereas in Experiment
2 the molted hens had significantly higher shed rates than the controls on Days 10, 17, and 24
postinfection and the molt-feed hens on Days 17 and 24 postinfection. Compared with both
fed groups of hens, the molted hens shed significantly more SE in Experiment 1 on Day 10
postinfection, and in Experiment 2 the molted hens shed significantly more SE on all 4
sampling days. In Experiment 3, subgroups of hens within each treatment group received
serial 10-fold dilutions of SE and intestinal shedding of the organism in each subgroup was
determined 7 d later. The 50% infectious dose (ID50) was calculated for each treatment
group from these shedding results. The ID50 was 2.7 X 10(3) SE, 5.2 X 10(2) SE, and 1.3 SE
for control, molt-feed, and molted hens, respectively, indicating that feed removal
substantially increased the susceptibility of hens to an SE infection and the molt diet
decreased this susceptibility. Little difference was observed in the pH of alimentary samples
or of cecal contents from hens in each treatment group, indicating that increased severity of
SE infection was not due to alterations of intestinal pH. Histologically, the molted hens
exhibited more extensive inflammation of the intestinal tract at Day 4 postinfection compared
with the unmolted group. Intestinal inflammation in the molt-feed hens was intermediate
between the two. These results indicated that molt induction, using a molt diet, will not put
hens at risk for the severe intestinal infection observed in birds subjected to feed removal.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, restricted feeding, fasting, unrestricted
feeding, experimental infections, digesta, ph, digestive tract, inflammation
Holt PS; Macri NP; Porter RE Jr. (1995). Microbiological analysis of the early
Salmonella
enteritidis infection in molted and unmolted hens. Avian Diseases 39(1): 55-63.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
A study was conducted in which the early kinetics (4 hr to 96 hr) of an infection by
Salmonella enteritidis in older white leghorn hens was examined, and a molt was induced
through withholding feed to determine its effect on the progression of this infection. Molted
and unmolted hens were orally infected with 5-10 X 10(6) S. enteritidis on day 4 of the feed
removal. At 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr postinfection, liver, spleen, ileum, colon, cecum, and
feces were removed from six hens per group and sampled for the presence of the challenge
organism. By 24 hr postinfection, S. enteritidis was most prevalent in the cecum and feces of
unmolted hens, and this prevalence continued throughout the experimental period. In molted
hens, however, S. enteritidis could be determined in a high percentage (90-100%) of colon,
cecum, and feces samples at 24 to 96 hr postinfection and in 67% or more of ileum samples
at 48 to 96 hr postinfection, indicating a much wider distribution of the S. enteritidis along
the intestinal tract than in unmolted hens. The numbers of S. enteritidis recovered from these
alimentary samples were also significantly higher in molted than unmolted hens. S. enteritidis
could not be detected in livers or spleens of either treatment group at 4 or 24 hr postinfection.
At 48, 72, and 96 hr postinfection, 50% or more of the livers and spleens in both the molted
and unmolted hens were positive for the challenge organism, but significantly more S.
enteritidis was recovered from the organs of the molted hens at these three sampling times.
These results indicate that induced molting has a profound effect on both intestinal and
extraintestinal infection by S. enteritidis, and these effects occur within 24 hr postinfection in
the intestine and within 48 hr postinfection in the livers and spleens.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molt, fasting, bacterial diseases, disease course,
liver, spleen, ileum, colon, cecum, feces
Holt PS; Mitchell BW; Gast RK (1998). Airborne horizontal transmission of Salmonella
enteritidis in molted laying chickens. Avian Diseases 42(1): 45-52.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Salmonella enteritidis is currently thought to be transmitted principally through contact with
infected individuals and ingestion of fecally contaminated materials. The present study was
undertaken to determine if S. enteritidis could be spread in chickens by the airborne route and
if induced molting could affect this mode of transmission. To test for airborne transmission,
hens were placed in two rows of cages, the rows separated from each other by 1 m. One row
of hens was challenged with S. enteritidis, whereas the other row remained unchallenged but
exposed to the room air. Ventilation delivered within the room provided an even air
distribution within the area and minimized directional air flow toward any set of cages. In
Expt. 1, 4 of 12 and 9 of 12 exposed molted hens became infected with S. enteritidis after 3
and 8 days of exposure, respectively, compared with 1 of 12 and 0 of 12 unmolted hens
sampled on the same days. Similar S. enteritidis levels were detected circulating in the air in
the two rooms housing the hens. Expts. 2 and 3 examined airborne transmission in molted
hens only. In Expt. 2, 2 of 12 exposed hens became infected with S. enteritidis at 3 days
postchallenge, and this increased to 12 of 12 1 wk later. In Expt. 3, exposed hens were again
housed in cages 1 m from challenged hens but were placed in every other cage to prevent
transmission through contact with hens in adjacent cages. At day 3 post challenge, 0 of 12
exposed hens were culture positive for S. enteritidis, and this increased to only 3 of 10
positive hens at day 10. Large numbers of S. enteritidis shed by the molted challenged hens
were recovered from the floors beneath the cages. These results indicate that, contrary to the
generally held beliefs regarding organism spread, airborne transmission S. enteritidis can
occur and induced molting can provide the impetus for this event. As was observed
previously, rapid dissemination of the organism to other members of the flock resulted
through bird-to-bird contact.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, disease transmission, airborne infection, molting,
ventilation, experimental infection, epidemiology
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1993). Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous
Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 72(11): 2069-2078.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that hens infected with Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) during the feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more SE
and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in adjacent cages when compared with
unmolted hens. A study was conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the
recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk
in Trials 1 and 2, respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days later. In Trial
1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and
45 (P less than or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to.05 and P less than or equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens.
Horizontal transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact exposed hens in adjacent
cages was also higher in the molted group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted, contact- exposed hens also shed
significantly more SE than unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed
progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the differences were not significant.
However, more molted contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and also shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to .05 and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the unmolted hens.
Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to
exert no effect on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary tract were lower in
the molted hens than the unmolted hens on Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P
less than or equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly infected hens and two of
eight molted contact-exposed hens produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the
unmolted hens produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE-contaminated eggs
were produced.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, relapse, susceptibility, disease
transmission, stress
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Effect of induced molting on the course of infection and
transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in White Leghorn hens of different ages. Poultry
Science 71(11): 1842-1848.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA
NAL Call Number: 47.8 AM33P
Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that inducing molt using a 2-wk feed
removal protocol in 58- to 84-wk-old White Leghorn hens increased the severity of intestinal
infection by Salmonella enteritidis (SE). As susceptibility to infection can be influenced by
age, a study was conducted to compare the effect of the feed removal on infection by SE in
20-, 40-, and 74-wk-old hens. Birds were orally infected with 5 to 10 X 10(6) SE on Day 4 of
fast and were sampled for SE shedding 3, 10, 17, and 24 days later. Significantly higher
numbers of SE were shed in fasted birds on Day 3 (20 and 40 wk of age), Day 10 (40 and 74
wk of age), and Day 17 (74 wk of age). Transmission of SE to uninfected, contact-exposed
birds was observed in all three trials for both the fed and fasted groups. However,
significantly more fasted contact-exposed birds became positive for SE on Day 3 (20-wk-old), Day 10 (74-wk-old), and Day 17 (74-wk-old). Significantly more SE was also shed in
these fasted contact-exposed birds on Day 3 (20-wk-old), Day 10 (all age groups), and Day
17 (74-wk-old). The current results indicate that the fasting conditions used to induce a molt
in hens increase the shedding of SE in direct-infected and contact-exposed hens and this
effect does not appear to be affected by age.
Descriptors: hens, age differences, molting, fasting, salmonella enteritidis, susceptibility,
aging, disease transmission, disease course
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1993). Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous
Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 72(11): 2069-2078.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown that hens infected with Salmonella
enteritidis (SE) during the feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more SE
and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in adjacent cages when compared with
unmolted hens. A study was conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the
recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk
in Trials 1 and 2, respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days later. In Trial
1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and
45 (P less than or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to.05 and P less than or equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens.
Horizontal transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact exposed hens in adjacent
cages was also higher in the molted group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted, contact- exposed hens also shed
significantly more SE than unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed
progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the differences were not significant.
However, more molted contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than or
equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and also shed more SE on these days (P
less than or equal to .05 and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the unmolted hens.
Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to
exert no effect on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary tract were lower in
the molted hens than the unmolted hens on Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P
less than or equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly infected hens and two of
eight molted contact-exposed hens produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the
unmolted hens produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE-contaminated eggs
were produced.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, relapse, susceptibility, disease
transmission, stress
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Effect of induced molting on severity of Salmonella enteritidis
infection in different aged hens. Poultry Science 71(Suppl.1): 156.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA. 30605.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: bacteria, microorganism, bird, starvation, intestinal disease, poultry industry
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Induced molting increases severity and recrudescence of
Salmonella enteritidis intestinal infections in laying hens. Proceedings 19th World's
Poultry Congress Amsterdam 19-24 September 1992, Volume 1: 346-349.
NAL Call Number: SF481.2 W6 1992
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, poultry, food deprivation, egg production, moulting,
predisposition, stress, poultry diseases, Salmonella enteritidis
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Holt PS; Porter RE Jr. (1992). Microbiological and histopathological effects of an induced-molt
fasting procedure on a Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Diseases 36(3):
610-618.
USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AV5
A study was undertaken to determine if a 2-week feed-removal protocol, as is used by
industry to induce a molt in aging hens, could affect the course of a Salmonella enteritidis
infection. White leghorn hens aged 69-84 weeks were deprived of feed to induce a molt, and
on day 4 of the fast, the birds were orally infected with 5 X 10(6) S. enteritidis. S. enteritidis
organisms were enumerated in the spleen on day 6 and from the alimentary tract on days 7,
14, 21, 28, and 35. Little difference was detected in numbers of S. enteritidis from spleens of
molted and unmolted hens. Significantly more molted hens shed detectable intestinal S.
enteritidis than unmolted hens on day 14 (one of two trials) and day 21 (one of two trials).
Intestinal levels of S. enteritidis were increased 100- to 1000-fold in the molted birds on day
7 (one of two trials) and day 14 (two of two trials), and many of the hens exhibited bloody
alimentary secretions. Histological examination of the intestinal tract of S. enteritidis-infected
molted hens showed increased inflammation in the epithelium and lamina propria of colons
and ceca, compared with unmolted infected hens.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, food deprivation, experimental infection,
histopathology, disease course, immune response
Holt PS; Porter RE (1991). Effects of induced molting on immunocompetence and susceptibility
to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection in laying hens. Poultry Science 70(Suppl. 1): 53.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: Salmonellosis, Immune response, disease resistance
Horuto P (1998). The SE countermeasure in hen. 1. Concentrating countermeasure in forced
molting and day-old chicken. Effect of aerial negative ionization. Niwatori no Kenkyu
73(12): 23-26.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N64
Descriptors: laying hen, animal hygiene, Salmonella enteritidis, bird disease, rearing
management, chick, indoor air, anion, forced ventilation, antibiotics, forced molting
Humphrey TJ; Baskerville A; Whitehead A; Rowe B; Henley A (1993). Influence of feeding
patterns on the artificial infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type
4. The Veterinary record : Journal of the British Veterinary Association 132(16): 407-409.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, food deprivation
Ito T (1999). HACCP as prevention
measures for Salmonella food poison in the U.S. and food
poisoning tendency by foodservice facilities in Japan and countermeasures. Shokuhin
Eisei Joho 10(2): 1-8.
Tokyo Kenbikyoin
Descriptors: HACCP, USA, food poisoning, chicken egg, chicken house, Salmonella, rat,
food service, cooking place, microorganism contamination, heating, heat sterilization,
education and training, consumer, rearing management, forced molting
Jones DR; Anderson KE; Curtis PA; Jones FT (2002). Microbial contamination in inoculated
shell eggs: I. Effects of layer strain and hen age. Poultry Science 81(5): 715-720.
Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Three Ottawa control strains and a current commercial laying stock were reared and housed
under identical environmental and management conditions. Eggs were collected from each
strain when hens were 32, 45, 58, 71, and 84 wk of age. The eggs were inoculated with
Salmonella enteritidis (SE), Pseudomonasfluorescens (PF), or a combination of the two.
After storage at 26 C, bacterial counts were obtained from the exterior shell surfaces (rinse),
air cell, egg contents, and shell structure. SE and PF survived at different rates on the shell
surface with as much as a 1 log difference during a given collection period. Egg content
counts tended to be higher than eggshell counts in PF, whereas the opposite was true for SE.
These data suggest that PF is a primary invader of eggs that is more capable of contaminating
egg contents through the shell membranes than SE. The PF and SE data suggest that bacterial
contamination of air cells, shells, and egg contents is more easily achieved in eggs from older
hens than from younger hens. There were also differences between the strains. Control Strain
10 consistently maintained a lower level of contamination for both organisms in each
sampling location. The overall results of this study suggest that genetic selection has altered
the ability of eggs to resist microbial contamination and that screening for microbial integrity
should be considered in the selection process among the laying egg breeders.
Kato H(1999). For right knowledge
and correspondence of Salmonella enteritidis(SE). 144.
Concepts of HACCP in raising of layer. 9. Keiranniku Joho (Poultry Magazine) 29(11):
42-46.
Descriptors: laying hen, chicken egg, HACCP, Salmonella enteritidis, rearing management,
clostridium infection, coccidiosis, bird disease, Salmonella enteritidis, forced molting
Keiranniku Joho (1998). State of
Maryland Department of Agriculture. Keiranniku Joho (Poultry
Magazine) 28(9): 48-52.
Descriptors: Maryland, Salmonella enteritidis, chicken egg, food contamination, laying hen,
rearing management, slaughter and dressing, slaughter house, forced molting
Kogut MH; Genovese KJ; Stanker LH (1999). Effect of induced molting on heterophil functio
n
in
White Leghorn hens. Avian Diseases 43(3): 538-548.
USDA, ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, TX.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of induced molt on basal functional
activities of heterophils from aging hens. For this purpose, heterophils from both molted and
unmolted hens were examined by in vitro bioassays for functional responsiveness and
efficiency. We evaluated the ability of the heterophils to migrate to chemotactic stimuli,
phagocytize opsonized and nonopsonized Salmonella enteritidis (SE), and generate an
oxidative burst in response to inflammatory agonists. A significant (P < 0.001) heterophilia
was found in the molted hens within 2 days after feed withdrawal and remained throughout
the length of the experimental feed withdrawal period. No significant differences were found
in the random migration of heterophils from either group. The chemotactic movement of
heterophils from molted hens was not affected until 8 days after feed withdrawal when
compared with heterophil chemotaxis from unmolted hens. A significant decrease in
chemotaxis by the heterophils from molted hens was observed days 8-12 after feed
withdrawal (P < 0.05). Significantly (P < 0.05) fewer heterophils from molted hens were able
to phagocytize opsonized (59% vs. 38%) and nonopsonized (26% vs. 15%) SE within 2 days
after feed withdrawal. Likewise, significantly (P < 0.05) fewer bacteria were phagocytized
per heterophil from the molted hens when compared with the number of bacteria per
heterophil from the unmolted hens. The oxidative burst of heterophils stimulated by either
opsonized zymosan A or phorbol myristate acetate of heterophils from molted hens was
significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when compared with that generated by heterophils from the
unmolted hens. These results indicate that feed withdrawal to induce molt alters the number
and function of peripheral blood heterophils. This decreased efficiency, of heterophil
functional activity appears to play a role in the increased susceptibility of molting hens to SE
infections.
Descriptors: hens, molting, phagocytes, phagocytosis, salmonella enteritidis, chemotaxis,
defense mechanisms
Latshaw JD (1991). Nutrition--mechanisms of immunosuppression. Veterinary
Immunology and
Immunopathology 30(1): 111-20.
Department of Poultry Science, Columbus, OH 43210
NAL Call Number: SF757.2 V38
Nutritionists must formulate diets that supply adequate amounts of nutrients from five major
groups. These are carbohydrate, protein (amino acids), fat, minerals and vitamins.
Carbohydrate is usually a cheaper source of energy than fat, but fat is often used to increase
the caloric concentration of the diet. Variations in energy intake which may effect
immunocompetence usually result from management practices rather than diet formulation.
Feed restriction for broiler breeders and withholding feed in forced molting practices may
affect immunocompetence. Feed restriction causes higher plasma corticosterone levels, which
are known to decrease the immune response, possibly through effects on cytokines. Excessive
feed, through forced feeding, may also have short-term effects on indicators of humoral
immunity. Protein and amino acid nutrition have been studied in relation to
immunocompetence. The level of dietary amino acid needed to maximize growth and feed
efficiency will also generally maximize measures of immunocompetence. The level of amino
acids needed for maximum growth is lower in chicks which have been immunologically
stressed than in chicks which have not. An immune response changes metabolism so that less
growth occurs, thereby decreasing the need for amino acids. Dietary levels of minerals can
affect immunocompetence. While deficient levels of sodium and chloride decrease humoral
immunity, levels of these nutrients which supported maximum growth also supported
maximal humoral immunity. Low dietary zinc levels did not affect indicators of
immunocompetence in the chick. The effect of fat soluble vitamin levels on the immune
system has been studied. Vitamin A is needed to maintain epithelial tissue and prevent
infection. Cellular immune response is decreased when the chick is deficient in this nutrient.
Several indicators of immune responsiveness are depressed when chicks are vitamin E and/or
selenium deficient. Since these nutrients serve as antioxidants, cellular integrity may be
affected by a deficiency. Cellular integrity is very important for receiving, and responding to
the messages needed to coordinate an immune response. High levels of vitamin E (greater
than 10 times the required level) have been found to be immunostimulatory.
Descriptors: Animal Nutrition, Chickens--immunology--IM, Immune Tolerance ,
Avitaminosis--immunology--IM, Poultry Diseases--immunology--IM, Virus
Diseases--immunology--IM, Virus Diseases--veterinary--VE
Le Floch N
(1992. [Effect of starvation and cooling
on chick sensibility for Salmonella infection]
Effet de la privation alimentaire et hydrique et du refroidissement sur la sensibilite du
poussin a l'infection salmonellique. Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes (France) Thesis
Degree: Doctorat (These) , 7 Fev 1992 , 108 p.
Availability: INRA, Centre de Jouy, Unite Centrale de Documentation, Domaine de Vilvert,
78350 Jouy en Josas (Fr)
Descriptors: chicks, salmonella typhimurium, pathogenicity, stress, water deprivation,
malnutrition, biological contamination, in vivo experimentation , bacteria, biological
properties, birds, chickens, contamination, domestic animals, domesticated birds,
enterobacteriaceae, experiments, galliformes, livestock, microbial properties, poultry,
salmonella, useful animals, young animals
Leitner G;
Heller ED (1992). Colonization of
Escherichia coli in young turkeys and chickens.
Avian Diseases 36(2): 211-220.
Department of Animal Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture,
Rehovot, Israel
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
In order to investigate the possibility of pathogenic Escherichia coli penetrating the
bloodstream via the intestinal mucosa in normal and stressed turkeys and chickens, birds
were inoculated orally with the bacteria or exposed environmentally to it. Immediately after
hatch, intestines contained a substantial number of coliform bacteria that increased with time.
In orally infected turkeys, the pathogenic bacteria (nalidixic-acid-resistant O78) replaced
10%-50% of the native coliform flora but could not be isolated from the trachea or blood.
Environmentally exposed groups exhibited pathogenic bacteria in intestines but not in blood.
Stressing of exposed turkeys resulted in isolation of the pathogenic bacteria from blood and
even spleen. In orally infected broiler chickens, stress resulted in bacteremia and mortality.
Chickens that were exposed to pathogenic bacteria at a young age and showed no mortality or
morbidity demonstrated no detrimental effects due to challenge with the same pathogenic
bacteria later in life. Stress seems to cause penetration of the pathogenic bacteria into the
bloodstream, which in turn can cause severe disease and mortality.
Descriptors: *Chickens; *Escherichia coli--physiology--PH; *Escherichia coli Infections
--veterinary--VE; *Poultry Diseases--microbiology--MI; *Turkeys ;
Bacteremia--etiology--ET; Bacteremia--microbiology--MI; Bacteremia --veterinary--VE;
Carrier State--microbiology--MI; Carrier State --veterinary--VE; Escherichia coli--isolation
and purification--IP; Escherichia coli--pathogenicity--PY; Escherichia coli
Infections--etiology --ET; Escherichia coli Infections--microbiology--MI; Food Deprivation;
Heat--adverse effects--AE; Intestines--microbiology--MI; Poultry Diseases --etiology--ET;
Spleen--microbiology--MI; Stress--complications--CO; Stress--veterinary--VE; Water
Deprivation
Leitner G;
Waiman R; Heller ED (2001). The effect of
apramycin on colonization of pathogenic
Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of chicks. Veterinary Quarterly (Netherlands ) 23(2):
62-66.
Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
NAL
Call Number: SF601 V46
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of apramycin sulphate on the
colonization of pathogenic E. coli in the intestines of chicks. Apramycin treatment (0.5g/l in
the drinking water) of 3-to 5-week-old Leghorn chicks for 24 or 48 hours resulted in a
reduction, to an undetectable level, in the number of coliforms in the digestive tract for at
least the first 24 h. Per os inoculation of E. coli (O2:K1) after 24 to 48 h of treatment resulted
in a significant decrease in colony forming units (cfu) in the digestive tract of the treated
chicks. Food deprivation from the time of inoculation did not significantly change the results.
However, food and water deprivation caused bacteraemia in a number of the control chicks
but not in the treated chicks. Comparison of the level of protection between Leghorn and
broiler (Anak strain) chicks revealed that there was a significantly higher (P<0.05) level of
bacteraemia in the broiler than in the Leghorn chicks. Chicks treated with 0.25 g/l or 0.125
g/l apramycin for 24 or 48 h before E. coli inoculation showed significantly lower cfu in the
colon and caecum than untreated control chicks, but significantly higher cfu were found in
the colon than in chicks treated with 0.5 g/l apramycin. Although in vitro preincubation of
apramycin with ileum cells did not decrease the percentage of cells to which the bacteria
adhered, the number of bacteria adhered per cell decreased significantly. Taken together, our
in vitro and in vivo results show that apramycin is effective against E. coli by preventing
colonization of the gut by the bacteria, which could lead to a reduction of colibacillosis in
poultry.
Descriptors: *Antibiotics, Aminoglycoside--pharmacology--PD; *Chickens; *Escherichia
coli--drug effects--DE; *Escherichia coli Infections--veterinary--VE; *Nebramycin--analogs
and derivatives--AA; *Nebramycin--pharmacology--PD; *Poultry Diseases--prevention and
control--PC ; Bacteremia--etiology--ET; Bacteremia--veterinary--VE; Bacterial Adhesion
--drug effects--DE; Cells, Cultured; Colony Count, Microbial--veterinary --VE; Escherichia
coli--pathogenicity--PY; Escherichia coli Infections --drug therapy--DT; Escherichia coli
Infections--prevention and control --PC; Food Deprivation; Intestines--microbiology--MI;
Poultry Diseases --drug therapy--DT; 10Water Deprivation
Lloyd AB
(1978). Salmonellosis and stress.
Proceedings Second Australasian Poultry and Stock
Feed Convention, 12-17 March, p.253-254.
NAL
Call Number: SF95 A8 1978
Descriptors: poultry, bacterial diseases, hygiene, cold zones, social behaviour, food
deprivation, carrier state, predisposition, stress, poultry diseases, salmonellosis
Macri NP; Porter RE; Holt PS (1997). The effects of induced molting on the severity of acute
intestinal inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Diseases 41(1): 117-124.
Purdue University, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Lafayette, IN.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
This study describes and compares early inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis in
molted and nonmolted hens. Adult white leghorn chickens were orally infected with
Salmonella enteritidis 4 days after feed removal. At 2, 4, 8, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after
infection, the hens were euthanatized, and the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon
were evaluated by light microscopy. Two trials were conducted, and in both trials
inflammation occurred more frequently and was significantly greater in the cecum and colon
of molted-infected hens compared with nonmolted-infected hens beginning at 8 hr after
infection. In one trial, inflammation was more severe in the ileum of molted-infected hens
compared with nonmolted-infected hens. Results indicated that molting by feed deprivation
shortened the time of onset and increased the severity of acute intestinal inflammation caused
by Salmonella enteritidis.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, molting, restricted feeding, disease course,
inflammation, intestines, experimental infections
Maxwell MH; Robertson GW; Anderson IA; Dick LA; Lynch M (1991). Haematology and
histopathology of seven-week-old broilers after early food restriction. Research in
Veterinary Science 50(3): 290-297.
Agricultural and Food Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics
Research, Edinburgh Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS (United Kingdom)
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: chicks, broiler chickens, pathogenesis, deficiency diseases, blood , pathology,
nutritional disorders, birds, chickens, disorders, domestic animals, domesticated birds,
functional disorders, galliformes, livestock, meat animals, poultry, useful animals, young
animals
McElroy AP; Manning JG; Jaeger LA; Taub M; Williams JD; Hargis BM (1994). Effect of
prolonged administration of dietary capsaicin on broiler growth and Salmonella
enteritidis susceptibility. Avian Diseases 38(2): 329-333.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The effect of continuous (42 days) dietary administration of 5 or 20 ppm capsaicin to broiler
chickens on Salmonella enteritidis susceptibility, body weight, and feed efficiency was
investigated. Chickens were weighed at 1, 21, and 42 days of age. No significant differences
in body weight or feed efficiency were observed. Chickens were challenged with 1 X 10(8)
colony-forming units of S. enteritidis at 21, 28, or 42 days of age. The S. enteritidis-positive
culture rate for cecal tonsils was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups
receiving 5 ppm or 20 ppm dietary capsaicin than in the untreated control group at all
challenge times. Dietary capsaicin (5 and 20 ppm) resulted in protection against S. enteritidis
organ invasion at 28 days in one experiment and at both 21 and 42 days in the other. These
results indicate that continual dietary capsaicin administration increases resistance to S.
enteritidis colonization and organ invasion throughout the normal growth period without
detrimental effects on growth in broiler chickens,
Descriptors: broilers, capsaicin, chemoprophylaxis, Salmonella enteritidis, susceptibility,
disease prevention, body weight, feed conversion efficiency, growth rate, colonization
Mityushnikov VM; Kozharinova TA (1976). Effect of forced moulting on the resistance of hens
to disease. Veterinariya, Moscow (No.8): 39-41.
Descriptors: disease resistance, moulting, animal husbandry, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Mohammed HO; Carpenter TE; Yamamoto R; Mcmartin DA (1986). Prevalence of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial layers in Southern and Central
California USA. Avian Disease 30(3): 519-526.
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of California, Davis, California 95616.
The prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) in commercial
pullet and layer flocks in Southern and Central California was estimated by testing serum and
egg-yolk samples from 360 sample flocks in Southern California and 41 sample flocks in
Central California. Data relating to potential risk factors associated with MG and MS
infections were collected. The estimated true prevalence rate of MG was 73% in Southern
California and 3% in Central California. The estimated true prevalence rate of MS was 91%
in Southern California and 32% in Central California. Compared with uninfected flocks,
MG-infected flocks in Southern California were significantly older and were medicated less
(P < 0.05). More managements were under a multiple-age system, more flocks had molted,
more were vaccinated with F-strain, and more had concurrent infection with MS (P < 0.05).
Only one sample flock in Central California was MG-infected; none were vaccinated with
F-strain. In Southern California, MS-infected flocks were older than uninfected flocks, more
had molted, more were medicated, and more had concurrent infection with MG (P < 0.05). In
Central California, MS-infected flocks did not differ significantly from uninfected flocks in
any factor examined; the lack of statistical significance may be due to small sample size.
Descriptors: risk factors, age, medication, multiple-age
management, molt history, F-strain,
vaccination, concurrent infection
Copyright© 2002, Biosis
Mondini S (1980). Cannibalism due to earthquake in laying hens after forced moult.
[Cannibalismo (da terremoto?) in ovaiole da consumo in muta forzata]. Clinica
Veterinaria 103(7): 456-458.
Ist. Allevamenti Zootecnici, Universita, Bologna, Italy
NAL Call Number: 41.8 C61
When a previously successful method was used to induce moult in 7107 hens, 224 (3%) died
in the following 10 days as a result of cannibalism. This had not occurred in the 400 000
already treated, the only difference this time being an earth tremor of intensity IV on the
Mercalli scale on the day after moult induction.
Descriptors: etiology, disasters, moulting, cannibalism
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Nakamura M
(1999). Transmission of Salmonella
enterica serovar Enteritidis and effect of stress
on shedding in laying hens. In Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans and
animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control, Saeed AM; Gast RK; Potter ME; Wall PG
(Eds.), Iowa State University Press: Ames, Iowa, p.377-389.
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
Descriptors: disease transmission, stress, restraint of animals, vertical transmission, egg shell,
contamination, experimental infections, water deprivation, food deprivation, social
behaviour, heat, cold zones, poultry
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Nakamura M (1999). For right
knowledge and correspondence of Salmonella enteritidis(SE).
146. Salmonella pollution control strategy of egg 1. For control of Salmonella food
poison. Effect of stress on Salmonella infection of chicken. Keiranniku Joho (Poultry
Magazine) 29(13): 40-46.
Kitasato Univ., Sch. of Vet. Med. and Anim. Sci.
Descriptors: Gallus, stress(physiology), Salmonella, bird disease, bacterium count, cecum,
egg-laying, air duct(respiration), vitamin, rearing management, chicken egg, germ excluding,
forced molting
Nakamura M (1999). Salmonella
(SE) countermeasure in layer hen. (Japan chicken raising society
S). Yokei Seisan Taio Shisutemu Kento Jigyo, p. 2-6.
Kitasato Univ., Sch. of Vet. Med. and Anim. Sci.
Descriptors: Salmonella enteritidis, Gallus, bird disease, salmonellosis, pathogenicity, USA,
Japan, bacteria test, rearing management, stress(physiology), United Kingdom, Netherlands,
prevention, Salmonella enteritidis, pullorum disease, forced molting
Nakamura M (1995). Effect of
forced molting on the salmonellosis infection. Yokei
Gijitsu to keiei
5: 9-13.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory
Descriptors: rearing management, salmonellosis, bird disease, Salmonella enteritidis, Gallus,
prevention of animal epidemic, heat stress, fasting
Nakamura M; Nagamine N; Takahashi T; Norimatsu M; Suzuki S; Sato S (1995). Intratracheal
infection of chickens with Salmonella enteritidis and the effect of feed and water
deprivation. Avian Diseases 39(4): 853-858.
Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The tissue distribution of Salmonella enteritidis in intratracheally inoculated chickens and the
effect of deprivation of food and water on tissue distributions of the bacteria have been
investigated. Seven-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated intratracheally
with 10(2), 10(5), or 10(8) cells and orally with 10(5) cells. The intratracheally inoculated
organisms entered the blood stream immediately after inoculation and produced generalized
infection. Infection by the intratracheal route resulted in colonization of S. enteritidis in the
cecum that was similar to infection by the oral route. The tissue distribution of S. enteritidis
was markedly affected when chickens were deprived of food and water for a short time,
demonstrating an increased susceptibility of chickens to S. enteritidis infection. This suggests
that stresses such as food and water deprivation are one of the causes of the rapid
dissemination of S. enteritidis among chickens in poultry houses.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, experimental infection, trachea, application
methods, stress, food deprivation, water deprivation, susceptibility, animal tissues, oral
administration
Nakamura M; Nagamine N; Takahashi T; Suzuki S; Kijima M; Tamura Y; Sato S (1994).
Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis and effect of stress on shedding in
laying hens. Avian Diseases 38(2): 282-288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens and the short-term effect of
stress on shedding were examined in 32 seven-month-old laying hens. Half were inoculated
with 10(5) colony-forming units of S. enteritidis phage type 4, and the remaining half were
left uninoculated to study horizontal transmission. Isolation of S. enteritidis from cecal
droppings of all hens was attempted every morning. Uninoculated hens rapidly became
infected through contaminated drinking water. Introduction of young chickens to the same
rearing room and withdrawal of water and feed for 2 days coincided with a rapid increase in
the shedding rate of S. enteritidis for a short period of time. The results showed that a
short-term increase in the shedding rate of S. enteritidis is associated with short-term
exposure to environmental stress.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, disease transmission, stress, dexamethasone,
immunosuppression, egg production
Nakamura M; Saeed AM (ed.); Gast RK (ed.); Potter ME (ed.); Wall PG (1999). Transmission
of
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and effect of stress on shedding in laying hens. In
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans and animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis,
and control, p. 377-389.
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
Descriptors: disease transmission, stress, restraint of animals, vertical transmission, egg shell,
contamination, experimental infections, water deprivation, food deprivation, social
behaviour, heat, cold zones
Nihon'yokeikyo (1998). Guideline
of Salmonella countermeasure in egg-laying farm. Keiranniku
Joho (Poultry Magazine) 28(19): 42-46.
Descriptors: laying hen, salmonellosis, bird disease, guiding principle, animal hygiene,
microorganism test, rearing management, sterilization(disinfection), cleaning(sweeping),
forced molting
Niwatori no Kenkyu (1998). Effect of feed additives. 3. Production of much high quality o
f
chicken meat and eggs, by improving productivity. Supply of the safety food by using
oligosaccharides. Niwatori no Kenkyu 73(10): 41-44.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 N64
Descriptors: commentary, Gallus, feed additive, oligosaccharide, diarrhea, umami,
egg-laying, Salmonella, offensive odor, reducing sugar, rearing management, forced molting
Oyarzabal OA; Conner DE (1996). Application of direct-fed microbial bacteria and
fructooligosaccharides for Salmonella control in broilers during feed withdrawal.
Poultry Science 75(2): 186-190.
Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5416, USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Providing direct-fed-microbial (DFM) bacteria and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for the
control of potential escalation of Salmonella colonization during simulated feed withdrawal
and confinement was assessed. Eight hundred and eighty broilers (16 pens; 55 chicks per
pen) were reared to 6 wk of age. Chicks were sprayed with a solution containing 10(6)
nalidixic-acid resistant Salmonella typhimuriumNR cells per milliliter on the 2nd d after
hatching. Because this first challenge did not yield a high infection rate, chickens were
rechallenged per Os at Day 18 by providing water containing 10(7) cells of S.
typhimuriumNR per milliliter. At 3 and 5 wk of age, 10 birds per pen were euthanatized and
cecal Salmonella were quantified (log colony-forming units per gram). Feed was removed
from all pens at 6 wk, and pens were randomly assigned to be either the treatment group or
the control group. The treatment groups were provided a DFM (mixture of nine bacteria) and
FOS 50 ®) (10%) in the drinking water. The control groups received drinking water only.
After 6 h of feed withdrawal, chickens were cooped (eight per coop) and held 10 h.
Immediately after confinement, 10 chickens were used for cecal enumeration of S.
typhimuriumNR. Salmonella colonization declined from 99% at 3 wk to 44% at 5 wk. After
feed withdrawal, application of the treatment, and confinement, 11 and 14% of the treated
and control groups, respectively, yielded S. typhimuriumNR by direct plating from ceca (3.87
and 3.75 log 10 cfu/g, respectively). No difference (P > 0.05) in Salmonella colonization
occurred between the treated and the control groups; however, enrichment of ceca
(incubation in nutrient broth at 37 C for 24 h) yielded a higher incidence of S.
typhimuriumNR in the control groups (32% in the treated vs 51% in the control). Ceca
weights were greater in the treated group (P < 0.05). Simulated feed withdrawal and
confinement did not escalate Salmonella colonization in the chicken ceca.
Descriptors: *Diet--veterinary--VE; *Food Deprivation--physiology--PH; *Lactobacillus
--physiology--PH; *Oligosaccharides--pharmacology--PD; *Poultry Diseases --prevention
and control--PC; *Salmonella--growth and development--GD; *Salmonella Infections,
Animal--prevention and control--PC ; Cecum--microbiology--MI; Chickens;
Diet--standards--ST; Drinking --physiology--PH; Eating--physiology--PH; Enterococcus
faecium--isolation and purification--IP; Enterococcus faecium--physiology--PH;
Lactobacillus --isolation and purification--IP; Lactococcus lactis--isolation and
purification--IP; Lactococcus lactis--physiology--PH; Oligosaccharides --administration and
dosage--AD; Pediococcus--isolation and purification --IP; Pediococcus--physiology--PH;
Poultry Diseases--diet therapy--DH; Poultry Diseases--physiopathology--PP;
Propionibacterium--isolation and purification--IP; Propionibacterium--physiology--PH;
Salmonella--isolation and purification--IP; Salmonella Infections, Animal--diet therapy--DH;
Salmonella Infections, Animal--physiopathology--PP; Salmonella typhimurium --isolation
and purification--IP; Water Microbiology
Palmu L; Camelin I (1997). The use of competitive exclusion in broilers to reduce the lev
el
of
Salmonella contamination on the farm and at the processing plant. Poultry Science
76(11): 1501-1505.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
The effect of a competitive exclusion (CE) product, Broilact, on Salmonella contamination of
broiler chickens was studied on the farm and at the processing plant. In the first part of the
study, two flocks per week, a CE-treated and an untreated control flock, were placed in
similar broiler houses. The CE treatment was administered in the hatchery using a modified
spray vaccination cabinet. Salmonella was analyzed from the paper pads of the transport
boxes on arrival at the farm and from fecal samples taken 2 wk before slaughter. The results
of Salmonella sampling were received for 67 flocks. The other 141 flocks of the company
that were reared during the trial period were also sampled for Salmonella and the results were
compared to those of treatment and control groups. Broiler performance, including mortality,
weight, and feed conversion, was recorded for the trial flocks. In the second part of the study,
Salmonella contamination of neck skin samples taken at the processing plant from 18
CE-treated and 28 control flocks was compared. The Broilact®-treatment significantly
reduced Salmonella contamination both on the farm and at the processing plant. At the level
of the farm, the percentage of Salmonella-positive flocks was essentially the same in the
control flocks and in other flocks reared during the trial period. An improvement in broiler
performance was indicated, although the difference was not significant.
Descriptors: poultry, Salmonella, farm hygiene, slaughter hygiene, field trial
Pimentel JL; Cook ME; Greger JL (1991). Immune response of chicks fed various levels of zinc.
Poultry Science 70(4): 947-954.
University of Wisconsin, Department of
Poultry Science, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706,
USA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8
Am33P
In 5 experiments, the effects of zinc intake on immune response of chicks was studied. 144
Ancona chicks (experiment 1), 180 New Hampshire (experiment 2), 88 New Hampshire X
Leghorn (experiment 3), and 280 broiler chicks (experiments 4 and 5) were fed semipurified
(experiments, 1, 2, 3 and 4) or maize and soyabean meal diets (experiment 5) containing Zn
from 8 to 88 ╡g/g of diet. An extra group of chicks in experiments 1, 2 and 4 were fed on a
diet adequate in Zn, but pair fed to intakes of chicks fed the lowest Zn level in each
respective experiment. Low Zn intake (less than 28 ╡g/g of diet) suppressed body weight at
all times measured. The effect of Zn intake on the size of lymphoid tissues was variable, but
at 5 weeks old, chicks given Zn 8 ╡g/g of diet had smaller bursae of Fabricius and thymi than
those given additional Zn. Zn intake had no influence on primary and secondary immune
response to sheep red blood cells or delayed hypersensitivity to phytohaemagglutinin-P
(PHA) or human gamma globulin in Ancona and broiler chicks. However, Zn intake did have
a small effect in chicks with New Hampshire parents. In experiments 1, 2 and 4 (at least at
certain times), antibody titres were reduced in pair-fed chicks. Thus, although Zn
supplementation at the levels of practical diets did not affect immune function, feed
restriction did.
Descriptors: immune response, restricted feeding, zinc intake
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Porter RE; Holt PS (1993). Effect of induced molting on the severity of intestinal lesion
s
caused
by Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Diseases 37(4): 1009-1016.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
A study was conducted to describe the intestinal lesions caused by Salmonella enteritidis
infection in 20-, 40-, and 74-week-old white leghorn chickens that were undergoing a feed
deprivation-induced molt. The chickens were infected on the fourth day after feed was
removed. At 4 days postinfection (8 days of feed deprivation), cecal and cecal tonsil
inflammation was significantly greater in molted infected chickens than in unmolted infected
chickens. The cecal lamina propria and epithelium of molted infected chickens contained
heterophilic infiltrates, and there were heterophils and sloughed epithelial cells in cecal
lumina. Colonic inflammation, consisting of heterophils infiltrating lamina propria and
epithelium, occurred more often in molted infected chickens than in unmolted infected
chickens. Immunoperoxidase staining of intestinal sections from 20- and 40-week-old
chickens revealed S. enteritidis antigen in the lamina propria of cecum, cecal tonsil, and
occasionally the colon of molted infected chickens. The character of the S. enteritidis-induced
intestinal lesions associated with molting was similar for different ages of birds.
Descriptors: chickens, salmonella enteritidis, disease course, intestines, histopathology,
molting, restricted feeding, age differences
Porter RE Jr; Holt PS (1992). Effect of induced molting on the intestinal lesions caused
by
Salmonella enteritidis in different aged hens. Poultry Science 71(Suppl.1): 169.
USDA/ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA. 30605
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: bacteria, microorganism, starvation, poultry industry, feed industry
Praharaj NK (1996). Nutrition and the immune response in chickens. Indian Journ
al
of Poultry
Science 31(1): 1-5.
Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, India.
NAL Call Number: SF481 I5
The effects of feed restriction and nutrients (energy, amino acids, vitamins and minerals) on
immune response in chickens are reviewed. Nutrient requirements of the immune system are
different from those of other body tissues. Therefore, immunosuppression may occur when
nutrient requirements are based on criteria, such as genetic stock, body weight gain, rate of
production and husbandry practices. In the formulation of diets, attention should be given to
requirements of those nutrients that are associated with the development of the immune
system and the degree of protection required against diseases.
Descriptors: immune response, nutrition, restricted feeding, immunity, nutrient requirements,
reviews
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ramirez GA; Sarlin LL; Caldwell DJ; Yezak CR Jr.; Hume ME; Corrier DE; DeLoach JR; Hargis
BM (1997). Effect of feed withdrawal on the incidence of Salmonella in the crops and
ceca of market age broiler chickens. Poultry Science 76(4): 654-656.
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Previous research regarding Salmonella contamination in poultry has focused predominantly
on cecal and intestinal contamination. Recently, the crop has been implicated as an important
source of carcass contamination within the processing plant. In the present study, broiler
chickens were orally challenged with 1 X 10(8) cfu S. enteritidis at 6 wk of age. At 7 wk of
age, birds were randomly divided into two groups consisting of full access to feed, or total
feed withdrawal, 18 h prior to sample collection. At the time of sample collection, crops and
ceca were aseptically removed and cultured for the presence or absence of S. enteritidis by
enrichment. The incidence of S. enteritidis-positive crops was consistently higher (range: 2.8-
to 7.3-fold increases) following feed withdrawal than the incidence in samples collected from
full-fed broilers in four experiments. Similarly, the incidence of S. enteritidis isolation was
consistently higher (range: 1.4- to 2.1-fold increases) in ceca following feed withdrawal than
in samples collected from full-fed broilers in these experiments. In a subsequent experiment,
ceca and crops were aseptically collected and cultured for the presence of Salmonella
immediately prior to or following 8 h feed withdrawal at a commercial broiler house. Similar
to the laboratory experiments, the incidence of Salmonella isolation was significantly (P <
0.01) greater from crops following feed withdrawal (36/100) than from samples obtained
immediately prior to withdrawal (19/100). However, the incidence of Salmonella in the ceca
was not significantly higher following feed withdrawal (31/100) than in samples obtained
immediately prior to withdrawal (25/100) in this field experiment. These studies indicate that
feed withdrawal increases the incidence of Salmonella in broiler crops prior to slaughter and
provide further evidence that the crop may be an important critical control point for reducing
Salmonella contamination of broiler carcasses.
Descriptors: broilers, salmonella enteritidis, oral administration, experimental infection, crop,
food deprivation, starvation, cecum, slaughter
Rigby CE; Pettit JR (1981). Effects of feed withdrawal on the weight, fecal excretion and
Salmonella status of market age broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Comparative
Medicine 45(4): 363-365.
Anim. Path. Lab., 116 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2R3, Canada.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 C162
In 7-week-old fowls, previously infected with S. typhimurium, withdrawal of feed for 8 hours
before being crated for 18 hours (to simulate transportation), had little effect on live weight,
but reduced intestine weight in 84 of 120 birds, and caecal weight in 60 of 132; it greatly
reduced faecal excretion, but there was no consistent effect on salmonella excretion. Feed
withdrawal may be an effective means of reducing the spread of salmonella through faecal
contamination during transport.
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, feces, poultry, epidemiology, food deprivation, transport of
animals, poultry diseases, salmonellosis, fecal transmission
Rigby CE; Pettit JR (1979). Some factors affecting Salmonella typhimurium infectio
n
and
shedding in chickens raised on litter. Avian Diseases 23(2): 442-455.
Anim. Dis. Res. Inst., PO Box 11300, Station H, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Inapparent Salmonella typhimurium (S.t.) infection of chickens
placed at different ages on contaminated pinewood-shaving litter was
studied in three sequential trials. Infection spread rapidly through
chicks on new litter contaminated by infected seeders. As the flock
matured, fewer birds were infected, and the number of organisms in their
caeca and faeces decreased. After 87 days, 36/59 were infected, 7 were
shedding, and the litter contained 104 S.t. per g. 30 three-day-old
chickens placed on this litter readily became infected; 28 days later,
although the number of S.t. in the litter had fallen to 102/g, 28/80 birds
were infected, and 8 were shedding. Two days later, 63-day-old chickens
were placed on this 131-day-old litter, and 32 days later, 41/50 birds
were infected and 23 were shedding, although the litter contained only 102
organisms/g. Removing infected 24-day-old chicks to a wire cage hastened
the age-related decline in faecal excretion of S.t. Subjecting chickens to
"transport stress" (crowding, motion, chilling, and food and water
deprivation) did not increase shedding or detectable infection, although
the average weights of both caecal and cloacal contents
increased.
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, transport of animals,
epidemiology, age, floor husbandry, poultry, litter, salmonellosis,
excretion of salmonella, salmonella contamination, infection in
fowl
Rozak; Ungerer T; Nasution SH (1992). Effect of stress from feed and drinkwater restriction
on
hormone level and body resistance reaction of chickens. [Pengaruh stress pengurangan
makanan dan minuman terhadap kadar hormon dan kadar reaksi alat pertahanan
tubuh]. Gema Penelitian 5(1): 17.
NAL Call Number: S471 I5G45
Descriptors: chickens, feed consumption, starvation, water deprivation, forced moulting,
stress, antibodies, leukocytes, erythrocytes , biological development, birds, blood, blood cells,
cells, consumption, domestic animals, domesticated birds, feeding, galliformes,
immunological factors, immunology, livestock, moulting, poultry
Ruszler PL (1998). Health and
husbandry considerations of induced molting. Poultry Science
77(12): 1789-1793.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
NAL Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
There have been many methods proposed to induce molting. Some worked very well in
practice, but others were detrimental to the health and welfare of the hens. The most effective
methods use some level of feed restriction and daylength manipulation to reduce body weight
(Hansen, 1966; Ruszler, 1974, 1984, 1996; Swanson and Bell, 1974; Brake and Carey, 1983).
Weight reduction is necessary for rest and rejuvenation of body tissues. Other methods
evaluated incorporated dietary imbalances using either zinc, iodine, or sodium.
Pharmaceuticals have been used but have not been cost effective. In recent years there have
been those who question whether molting techniques are humane. Therefore, interest has
been heightened in alternate methods to induce molting. Research reported to date has been
inadequate to accurately determine which methods of induced molting are the least stressful,
if they in fact, cause any more stress than that experienced by the hen during a natural molt.
The three or four most highly refined methods being used commercially are not generally
detrimental to the health and welfare of today's laying hen, provided that they are managed in
accordance with proper husbandry practices.
Descriptors: hens, molting, starvation, duration, animal welfare, restricted feeding, protein
intake, weight losses, light regime, oyster shells, calcium, laying performance
Saeed AM; Gast RK; Potter ME; Wall PG (eds.) (1999). Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in
humans and animals: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control, Iowa State University
Press: Ames, Iowa, 443 p. ISBN: 0-8138-2707-8
NAL Call Number: RA644 S15 S23 1999
This book was prepared with the help of 84 international scholars and scientists. A wide
coverage of the epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is given in 4 parts.
Part 1, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis epidemiological and public health
considerations: a global prospective, has 12 chapters on the epidemiology in the UK, United
States, France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy. The second
part, Molecular epidemiology, has 4 chapters on methods of differentiation, molecular
markers, phenotypic and genotypic characterization and molecular biological markers. Part 3,
Virulence and pathogenesis, has 7 chapters on virulence, contamination of eggs and poultry,
vertical transmission, phage type and outer membrane protein characteristics, experimental
infection models, and the role of fimbriae in pathogenesis. Part 4, Prevention and control, has
an introduction and 15 chapters. These cover economic consequences of infection in man and
on the US egg industry, disease control in Sweden, the US National Poultry Improvement
Plan, epidemiology in UK flocks, infection in poultry and rodents in the US, prevalence in
unpasteurized eggs and aged laying hens, the Pilot Project in Pennsylvania, USA, the effect
of induced moulting on immunity in hens, transmission caused by stress in hens, competitive
exclusion, immunization and immunoprophylaxis, and culture methods for isolation of S.
enterica serovar Enteritidis. Papers are well illustrated with diagrams and maps. There is an
index.
Descriptors: zoonoses, public health, eggs, poultry, disease control, epidemiology
Seo KH; Holt PS; Gast RK; Hofacre CL (2000). Combined effect of antibiotic and competitiv
e
exclusion treatment on Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding in molted laying hens.
Journal of Food Protection 63(4): 545-548.
NAL Call Number: 44.8 J824
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research
Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
Salmonella enteritidis is an important pathogen for the layer industry, primarily because of its
ability to infect hens and ultimately contaminate egg contents. Studies have shown that stress
situations, such as flock recycling (induced molting), can increase Salmonella Enteritidis
problems in the flock. The present study examined the effect of antibiotic treatment and
competitive exclusion (CE) on Salmonella Enteritidis shedding in the period following molt
and 14-day feed withdrawal. In two separate trials, 48 birds after molt and feed withdrawal
were divided into one group that was treated for 10 days with enrofloxacin in water followed
by administration of CE culture and a group that was left untreated. Salmonella Enteritidis
shedding was significantly reduced in the antibiotic-CE group. The Salmonella Enteritidis
shedding rate was 33 and 25% in untreated birds versus 4 and 0% in the enrofloxacin-CE
group on the two test days. These results indicate that treatment of Salmonella
Enteritidis-positive laying hens after molting with enrofloxacin and CE culture can
substantially reduce Salmonella Enteritidis problems due to molting and would be a possible
alternative to diverting eggs for pasteurization or slaughtering the infected flock. Possible
development of bacterial resistance in conjunction with antibiotic use is also discussed.
Descriptors: hens, salmonella enteritidis, shedding, poultry droppings, enrofloxacin, drug
therapy, cell cultures, time, molting, restricted feeding, salmonellosis, competitive exclusion
cultures, feed withdrawal, induced molting, intestinal shedding
Seo KH; Holt PS; Gast RK (2001). Comparison of Salmonella enteritidis infection in hens molted
via long-term feed withdrawal versus full-fed wheat middling. Journal of Food
Protection 64(12): 1917-1921.
USDA/ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605 USA.
NAL Call Number: 44.8 J824
Molting is an important economic management tool for the layer industry as a means of
maximizing the effective laying life of a flock. Previous work has shown that molting birds
through feed removal (FM) increased the severity of a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection.
The current study was conducted to follow the progression of an SE infection in unmolted
hens versus hens molted via 14-day FM or ad libitum feeding of wheat middlings (WM), in
the presence or absence of 2.5% lactose administered in the drinking water. In two trials of
the experiment, all hens were infected with approximately 1 x 10(7) SE at day 4 of molt and
sampled for SE shedding on days 4, 10, 17, and 24 postinfection (PI). Organ levels of SE
were determined on day 7 PI. All molt procedures caused cessation of egg lay within 3 to 7
days. In trials 1 and 2, birds subjected to total FM shed 3 to 5 logs more SE than either the
control birds (unmolted) or the birds fed WM on days 4 and 10 PI. Liver and spleen, ovary,
and cecum counts were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fasted birds in one trial and
liver and spleen and cecum counts in the second. No differences in any of the SE counts were
observed in unmolted versus WM-fed birds. Lactose supplementation in drinking water did
not provide any advantage in reducing SE infection in either trial. These results indicate that
there are alternative methods to long-term FM that can be used to molt birds and not increase
the risk for SE problems. How these alternative methods compare with FM with regard to
second-cycle egg production and the mechanisms involved in the reduced SE shedding
remain to be investigated.
Descriptors: *Chickens--physiology--PH; *Poultry Diseases--microbiology--MI; *Salmonella
Infections, Animal--transmission--TM; *Salmonella enteritidis--isolation and purification--IP;
Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry--methods--MT; Colony Count, Microbial; Eggs;
Feces--microbiology--MI; Food Deprivation; Poultry Diseases--epidemiology --EP; Poultry
Diseases--transmission--TM; Recurrence; Salmonella Infections, Animal--epidemiology--EP;
Salmonella Infections, Animal --microbiology--MI; Time Factors
Shcherbina PF (1986). Natural stressor resistance of hens of different genotypes with com
bs
of
different shapes. Soviet Agricultural Sciences 4: 68-72. [Translated from: Vsesoiuznaia
akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk, Doklady, (4), 1986, p. 38-40.]
NAL Call Number: S1.S68
Descriptors: hens, genotypes, stress, resistance, molting, forced molting
Souza ERN de (2000). Study of the
presence of Salmonella sp in layers submitted to forced
moulting [Estudo da presenca de Salmonella sp em poedeiras submetidas a muda
forcada]. Thesis Degree: Tese (Mestre em Microbiologia dos Alimentos), Universidade
Federal de Lavras, MG (Brazil), 37 p.
Availability: CENAGRI, CP 02432, 70043-900 Brasilia, DF - Brazil.
Descriptors in English: layer chickens, forced moulting, salmonella, rations, eggs,
microbiological analysis, infection , animal husbandry methods, animal products, bacteria,
biological analysis, birds, chickens, disease transmission, domestic animals,
enterobacteriaceae, galliformes, livestock, pathogenesis, poultry
Tellez GI; Jaeger L; Dean CE; Corrier DE; DeLoach JR; Williams JD; Hargis BM (1993). Effe
ct
of
prolonged administration of dietary capsaicin on Salmonella enteritidis infection in
leghorn chicks. Avian Diseases 37(1): 143-148.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Av5
The effect of 14 or 19 days of dietary capsaicin (18 ppm) on Salmo
