Ahlers,
C.; Huttner, K.; Pfeiffer, D. Comparison between a live and an inactivated
vaccine against
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens,
Alexander,
D.J.; Banks, J.; Collins, M.S.; Manvell, R.J.; Frost, K.M.; Speidel, E.C.; Aldous,
E.W.
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys,
Alexander,
D.J.; Manvell, R.J.; Banks, J.; Collins, M.S.; Parsons, G.; Cox, B.; Frost,
K.M.; Speidel, E.C.; Ashman, S.; Aldous, E.W. Experimental
assessment of the pathogenicity of the
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The Newcastle disease virus isolated from healthy
turkeys in outbreak GB 97/6 was used to challenge 4-week-old turkeys and chickens,
which were either not vaccinated or had received a single dose of Hitchner B1
live vaccine 14 days earlier, by one of the intramuscular, intranasal or contact
routes. Similar experiments were done in 38-day-old turkeys and chickens using
virus isolated from severely sick chickens in outbreak GB 97/1. All vaccinated
chickens showed low but measurable immune responses 14 days after vaccination,
but only three of the turkeys had de-tectable antibodies. No vaccinated turkey
or chicken showed any clinical sign after challenge with either virus. The virus
from healthy turkeys in outbreak GB 97/6 induced clinical signs in 12/30 unvaccinated
turkeys after challenge and 7/30 died. In unvaccinated chickens, challenge with
this virus produced clinical signs in 25/30 birds and 21/30 died. In challenge
experiments with the virus from outbreak GB 97/1 in chickens, 3/30 unvaccinated
turkeys showed clinical signs and all three subsequently died. In contrast,
30/30 unvaccinated chickens challenged with this virus showed clinical signs
and died. Vaccination did not prevent infection and excretion of either challenge
virus. However, when compared with unvaccinated birds, vaccination reduced significantly
the length of time virus was excreted and the overall proportion of swabs that
were positive.
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, Newcastle disease virus,
pathogenicity, outbreaks, vaccination, live vaccines, intramuscular injection,
application methods, immune response, antibodies, clinical aspects, symptoms,
species differences, Great Britain.
Bensink,
Z.; Spradbrow, P.
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Descriptors:
Berinstein,
A.; Seal, B.S.; Zanetti, F.; Kaloghlian, A.; Segade, G.; Carrillo, E.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract:
Descriptors: chickens,
Brown,
C.; King, D.J.; Seal, B. Detection of a macrophage-specific antigen
and the production of interferon gamma in chickens infected with
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded spleen and
intestinal tissues were harvested at 2 days postinfection from 4-wk-old white
rock chickens infected with five different strains of Newcastle disease virus
(NDV). These tissues were examined for the presence of macrophage antigen expression,
virus replication, and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production. The five strains
represented all three NDV pathotypes. Viral replication and IFNgamma, as determined
by riboprobe in situ hybridization, were detected only in those chickens infected
with velogenic viscerotropic NDV (VVNDV) strains. Macrophage antigen expression,
an indicator of macrophage activation, was determined by immunohistochemistry
with a macrophage-specific antibody, CVI-ChNL-68.1. Presence of macrophage antigen
was most prominent in VVNDV-infected chickens. The distribution of this antigen
within tissues was far more diffuse than the staining for viral mRNA. The presence
of IFNgamma mRNA was detected in the spleen and intestinal lymphoid tissue of
VVNDV-infected chickens. There was also increased macrophage antigen expression
in the mesogen-infected birds, but it was less dramatic than in tissues from
VVNDV-infected chickens. One of two lentogen-infected birds had evidence of
increased macrophage antigen expression only in the spleen.
Descriptors: chickens,
Brown,
C.C.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S. Comparison
of pathology-based techniques for detection of viscerotropic velogenic
NAL
call no: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: chickens,
Brown,
C.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S. Pathogenesis
of
NAL
call no: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: chickens,
Crespo,
R.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Woolcock, P.R.; Nordhousen, R.; Chin, R.P. Macroscopic
and microscopic pathology of an exotic
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens,
Crespo,
R.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Woolcock, P.R.; Chin, R.P.; Davidson-York, D.; Tarbell,
R.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A sudden increase in mortality, preceded by
a short history of respiratory signs and diarrhea, occurred in a backyard flock
of 48 game chickens in the Central Valley of California. Necropsy findings included
severe generalized linear hemorrhages and/or ulcers in the digestive tract,
larynx, and trachea. Histology revealed severe multifocal hemorrhages and necrosis
in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts, vasculitis, and necrosis
of lymphoid tissue. The birds were serologically negative to
Descriptors: chickens,
Deng,
R.; Wang, Z.;
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors:
Empel,
P. van; Vrijenhoek, M.; Goovaerts, D.; van den Bosch, H. Immunohistochemical and serological investigation of experimental Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale infection in chickens. Avian
Pathology. Oxfordshire: Carfax Publishing
Ltd. Apr 1999. v. 28 (2) p. 187-193.: ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Immunohistochemical techniques were used to
prove that Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was the causative agent of lesions
in the air sacs and lungs in chickens, but only after infection with Newcastle
Disease virus (NDV). At first, the bacteria attached to the epithelium of the
air sacs. Subsequently, they infiltrated the air sacs, and caused thickening
of the air sacs, the formation of oedematous and granulomatous tissue, and accumulation
of macrophages. The infection peaked at 5 to 9 days, after which recovery was
seen. In the lungs, some areas with bronchially-associated lymphoid tissue were
affected. The other organs investigated were shown not to be affected. In the
absence of NDV infection, aerosol exposure of chickens to O. rhinotracheale only resulted in minimal and temporary microscopic air sac lesions. No O. rhinotracheale cells or fragments could be detected at any time point later than 2 days post-exposure.
In spite of the absence of visible lesions, chickens exposed to O. rhinotracheale without prior NDV infection reacted serologically. The duration and the titre
of this immune response was indistinguishable from that obtained in chickens
exposed after NDV infection. Thus, infection with O. rhinotracheale appears
to be restricted to the respiratory tract, with lesions only evident in birds
previously infected with NDV, even though a strong serological response can
be established in the absence of prior viral infection.
Descriptors: chickens, Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale, experimental infections, disease course, immunohistochemistry,
serology, air sacs, lungs.
Foster,
H.A.; Chitukuro, H.R.; Tuppa, E.; Mwanjala, T.; Kusila, C. Thermostable
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Descriptors:
Gagic,
M.;
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: We used in ovo technology to protect chickens
against multiple diseases by inoculating vaccines containing mixtures of live
viral agents. A single in ovo injection of a vaccine containing serotypes 1,
2, and 3 of Marek's disease virus (MDV), a vaccine strain of serotype 1 infectious
bursal disease virus (IBDV), and recombinant fowl pox vaccine with HN and F
genes of Newcastle disease virus (rFP-NDV) induced protection against virulent
MDV, IBDV, Newcastle disease virus, and fowl poxvirus. The multiple-agent vaccine
induced specific antibodies against the viral agents present in the mixture
and did not adversely affect the survival of hatched chickens. Inoculation of
a vaccine containing serotypes 1, 2, and 3 of MDV and IBDV did not affect hatchability
of eggs, although the addition of rFP-NDV to the mixture reduced hatchability
by 23%-26%. In ovo vaccination with a vaccine containing MDV and IBDV vaccine
viruses did not exacerbate the inhibitory effect of individual viral agents
on humoral and cellular immune competence.
Descriptors: chickens, vaccination, eggs, live vaccines,
combined vaccines, antibody formation, disease prevention, egg hatchability,
immune competence, Marek's disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus,
Glaser,
L.C.; Barker, I.K.; Weseloh, D.V.C.; Ludwig, J.; Windingstad, R.M.; Key, D.W.;
Bollinger, T.K. The 1992 epizootic of
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus, cormorants, wild bird
disease, epidemiology,
Gohm,
D.S.; Thur, B.; Audige, L.; Hofmann, M.A. A
survey of
NAL
call no: SF601.P7
Descriptors: hens, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus,
surveys, simulation models, mathematical models, serological surveys, vaccination,
outbreaks, infections, detection, ELISA, disease prevalence, clinical aspects, symptoms,
asymptomatic infections, computer techniques, Switzerland.
Graham,
D.A.; German, A.; Abernethy, D.; McCullough, S.J.; Manvell, R.J.; Alexander,
D.J.
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: wild birds, waterfowl, Orthomyxoviridae, paramyxovirus,
isolation, outbreaks,
Granzow,
H.; Weiland, F.; Mundt, E.; Kollner, B.; Werner, O. Intranuclear inclusions in cells infected with Newcastle Disease Virus.
Journal
of Veterinary Medicine. Series B.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: cell cultures,
Haddad,
E.E.; Whitfill, C.E.; Avakian, A.P.; Clark, F.D.; Van Zant, P.D.; Link, D.B.;
Wakenell, P.S. In ovo vaccination with a novel
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chick embryos, ovo vaccination,
Hansson,
E.; Young, J.G.; Hooper, P.T.; Della-Porta, A.J. Virulence and transmissibility of some Australian and exotic strains of
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors:
Harrison,
A.; Girshick, T. The use of western blotting in epidemiologic
studies of common virus diseases. Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenzavirus,
Heckert,
R.A.; Nagy, E. Evaluation of the hemagglutination-inhibition assay using a baculovirus-expressed
hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein for detection of
NAL
call no: SF774.J68
Descriptors:
Herczeg,
J.; Wehmann, E.; Bragg, R.R.; Travassos-Dias, P.M.; Hadjiev, G.; Werner, O.;
Lomniczi, B. Two novel genetic groups (VIIb and VIII) responsible for recent
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors:
Genetic sequence data: genbank/af136762. genbank/af136763.
genbank/af136764. genbank/af136765. genbank/af136766. genbank/af136767. genbank/af136768.
genbank/af136769. genbank/af136770. genbank/af136771. genbank/af136772. genbank/af136773.
genbank/af136774. genbank/af136775. genbank/af136776. genbank/af136777. genbank/af136778.
genbank/af136779. genbank/af136780. genbank/af136781. genbank/af136782. genbank/af136783.
genbank/af136784. genbank/af136785. genbank/af136786.
Hooper,
P.T.; Russell, G.M.; Morrow, C.J.; Segal, Y. Lentogenic
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: broilers,
Hooper,
P.T.; Hansson, E.; Young, J.G.; Russell, G.M.; Della Porta, A.J. Lesions in the upper respiratory tract in
chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease viruses isolated in
Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: chickens,
Jorgensen,
P.H.; Handberg, K.J.; Ahrens, P.; Hansen, H.C.; Manvell, R.J.; Alexander, D.J.
An outbreak
of
NAL
call no: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: pheasants, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease
virus, outbreaks, epidemiology, mortality, epidemics, pathogenicity, disease
transmission, strain differences, virulence, amino acid sequences, polymerase
chain reaction, identification, Denmark.
Juang,
Y.T.; Au, W.C.; Lowther, W.; Hiscott, J.; Pitha, P.M. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits virus-mediated induction of interferon genes
by disruption of nuclear transport of interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7. The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
NAL
call no: 381 J824
Descriptors: mice, macrophages, cell lines, Newcastle disease
virus, stimulation, interferon, interleukin-6, gene expression, messenger RNA,
transcription, transcription factors, phosphorylation, protein transport, nuclei,
inhibition, lipopolysaccharides.
Kim,
I.J.; Gagic, M.; Sharma, J.M. Recovery
of antibody-producing ability and lymphocyte repopulation of bursal follicles
in chickens exposed to infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Diseases.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: We studied the long-term effect of infectious
bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chickens. Specifically, the restoration of virus-induced
bursal lesions and the duration of humoral immunodeficiency were examined. One-week-old
specific-pathogen-free chickens were intraocularly inoculated with an intermediate
vaccine strain (IBDV-Vac) or a virulent strain (IM-IBDV). At intervals postinoculation
(PI), chickens were examined for histopathologic lesions. At 1, 3, 5, 10, or
15 wk PI, the chickens were injected with a mixture of antigens, and primary
antibody responses were examined at 10 days postimmunization. Initially, the
virus caused extensive necrosis of bursal B lymphocytes. This lesion was accompanied
by an infiltration of T lymphocytes. With time, the necrotic lesion in the bursa
was resolved. The follicles became partly repopulated with B lymphocytes. The
repopulation occurred faster in the chickens exposed to IBDV-Vac than in the
chickens exposed to IM-IBDV. By 7 wk PI, 40% and 80% of bursal follicles in
IM-IBDV- and IBDV-Vac-inoculated chickens, respectively, were repopulated with
immunoglobulin M+ B lymphocytes. Both IBDV-Vac and IM-caused suppression of
the primary antibody response to antigens. However, the antibody responses of
the chickens exposed to either of the two IBDV strains used were compromised
only during the first 6 wk of virus exposure. Subsequently, the antibody response
returned to near normal levels.
Descriptors: chickens, infectious bursal disease virus, antibody
formation, humoral immunity, lymphocytes, bursa Fabricii, lesions, viral immunosuppression,
duration, tetanus toxoid, Newcastle disease virus, Brucella abortus, vaccination.
King,
D.J. A comparison of the onset of protection induced by
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free white rock
chickens were immunized with either a commercial recombinant fowl poxvirus-vectored
Descriptors: chickens,
Kuiken,
T.; Wobeser, G.; Leighton, F.A.; Haines, D.M.; Chelack, B.; Bogdan, J.; Hassard,
L.; Heckert, R.A.; Riva, J. Pathology
of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants from Saskatchewan, with comparison
of diagnostic methods. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus, cormorants, histopathology,
central nervous system, diagnostic tests, comparison study.
Lee,
J.
NAL
call no: 1.98 Ag84
Descriptors: poultry protection,
Leeuw,
O. de,; Peeters, B. Complete nucleotide sequence of
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: We have completely sequenced the genome of
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, chemotaxonomy, new genus,
taxonomic status, taxonomic revisions, Paromyxovirinae.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/af077761.
Li,
Y.C.; Ledoux, D.R.; Bermudez, A.J.; Fritsche, K.L.; Rottinghaus, G.E. Effects
of fumonisin B1 on selected immune responses in broiler chicks. Poultry
Science. Sept 1999. v. 78 (9) p. 1275-1282. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate
immune responses in chicks fed fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)). Day-old male chicks were
randomly allotted to dietary treatments: 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg FB(1)/kg diet.
In Experiment 1, chicks were fed diets for 3 wk and were injected intravenously
with 4.6 x 10(6) Escherichia coli on Day 21. Blood samples were collected at
60, 120, and 180 min postinjection, and liver, spleen, and lung were collected
after 180 min. Chicks fed 200 mg FB(1)/ kg diet had significantly higher numbers
of bacterial colonies in blood, spleen, and liver (P < 0.05) than control
chicks. In Experiment 2, chicks were placed on the diets for 4 wk and were injected
with 0.5 mL inactivated Newcastle Disease virus vaccine on Weeks 2 and 3 of
the experiment, and primary and secondary antibody titers were measured 7 d
after each injection. The secondary antibody response in chicks fed 200 mg FB(1)/kg
diet was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of control chicks. In Experiment
3, lymphocyte proliferation in chicks exposed to FB(1) in vivo or in vitro was
determined. Results of the in vivo study showed that cell proliferation in response
to mitogens was lower (P < 0.05) in chicks fed 200 mg FB(1)/kg diet than
in control chicks. For the in vitro study, cell proliferation was lower (P <
0.05) when cells were exposed to greater than or equal to 2.5 micrograms FB(1)/mL.
Data of the current study suggested that FB(1) is immunosuppressive in chicks
when present in the ration at 200 mg FB(1)/kg diet.
Descriptors: broiler chicks, fumonisins, dosage, Escherichia coli, experimental infections, immune
response, vaccination, inactivated vaccines, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
formation, lymphocyte transformation, infection, immunosuppressive agents, liver, spleen, lungs,
mitogens, responses.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Knowledge of the dose-response relation of inactivated
vaccines and of the factors that influence this relation is essential for the
evaluation of existing vaccine potency assays and the development of new potency
assays that are based on the antigen content of the inactivated vaccines. We
quantified the relation between vaccine dose, serologic response, and clinical
protection after vaccination for three different inactivated
Descriptors: chickens,
Makkay,
A.M.; Krell, P.J.; Nagy, E. Antibody detection-based differential ELISA
for NDV-infected or vaccinated chickens versus NDV HN-subunit vaccinated chickens.
Veterinary Microbiology.
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Descriptors: chickens,
Mtambo,
M.M.A.; Mushi, E.J.; Kinabo, L.D.B.; Maeda-Machang'u, A.; Mwamengele, G.L.M.; Yongolo, M.G.S.; Temu, R.P.C. Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extracts
of Capsicum frutescens, Citrus limon and Opuntia vulgaris against Newcastle
disease in domestic fowl in Tanzania. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology.
NAL
call no: RS160.J6
Descriptors: herbal treatment for
Muller,
T.; Hlinak, A.; Muhle, R.U.; Kramer, M.; Liebherr, H.; Ziedler, K.; Pfeiffer,
D.U. A
descriptive analysis of the potential association between migration patterns
of bean and white-fronted geese and the occurrence of
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The sightings and migration patterns of 65 bean
(Anser fabalis) and 65 white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) are reported. In
the past, these geese were serologically screened for the occurrence of
Descriptors: geese,
NAL
call no: 500 N484 v. 894
Descriptors: meat and livestock industry, vaccines, biological
warfare, terrorism, disease prevention, disease control, avian influenzavirus,
Newcastle disease virus, foot and mouth disease, aphthovirus, rinderpest virus,
African swine fever virus, swine fever virus, USA.
Peeters,
B.P.H.; de Leeuw, O.S.; Koch, G.; Gielkens,
A.L.J. Rescue of
NAL
call no: QR360.J6
Descriptors: complementary DNA, cloning,
pathogenicity, chickens.
Rautenschlein,
S.; Sharma, J.M. Response of turkeys
to simultaneous vaccination with hemorrhagic enteritis and
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The effects of single and combined vaccination
of turkeys against hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) and
Descriptors: turkeys, vaccination, combined vaccines, vaccines,
hemorrhagic enteritis virus,
Reynolds,
D.L.; Maraqa, A.D. A rapid virus neutralization assay for
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Five continuous cell lines, swine testicular
(ST), human rectal tumor (HRT 18), fetal rhesus monkey kidney (MA104), bovine
turbinate (BT), and quail tracheal (QT35), were evaluated and compared with
chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) for their ability to propagate B1 or Texas
GB strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The NDV Texas GB strain replicated
in all the continuous cell lines used in this study. Only the ST and QT35 cells
produced a cytopathic effect (CPE) similar to that produced in CEFs. However,
the ST cell line remained attached while displaying CPE, whereas infected QT35
cells detached, as did the CEFs. The B1 strain of NDV replicated in ST cells,
MA104 cells, and CEFs but with less CPE as compared with the Texas GB strain.
Pretreatment with trypsin did not enhance CPE with either NDV strain at the
level tested. Sera evaluated for neutralizing antibody titers to NDV were significantly
higher in titer when the ST cell line was used and compared with CEFs. A high
correlation was found between the microscopic examination and the tetrazolium
dye (MTT) microassay methods for determining the viral neutralization endpoint,
thus suggesting the ST cell line and MTT microassay could be used as an alternative
to CEFs and microscopic examination for evaluating neutralizing antibodies titers
to NDV.
Descriptors:
Reynolds,
D.L.; Maraqa, A.D. A technique for inducing B-cell ablation in chickens by in ovo injection
of cyclophosphamide. Avian Diseases.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment
in ovo on avian B and T cells was studied. CY was injected in ovo on the 16th,
17th, and 18th days of incubation. Blood samples were collected periodically
from CY-treated and nontreated birds after hatch and were used to measure blood
lymphocyte responses to the T-cell and B-cell mitogens, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), respectively. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis was used to determine
the presence of B and T cells in peripheral blood, and birds were vaccinated
with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigen at 3 wk of age and booster vaccinated
at 5 wk of age CY treatment reduced hatchability by 35%-40%, increased mortality
by 3%-5% within the first 2 wk of life, and induced a significant retardation
in body weight gains. At 2 wk of age, approximately 50% of CY-treated birds
were devoid of B-cell mitogenic responsiveness while demonstrating significant
T-cell mitogenic responsiveness. However, B-cell responses were observed at
4 and 6 wk from a small percentage of birds that were originally T-cell responsive
and B-cell nonresponsive at 2 wk of age. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral
blood lymphocytes revealed that CY-treated birds had significantly less B cells
(or were devoid of B cells) than the corresponding nontreated control birds.
However, no significant difference in the T-cell percentage was observed between
CY-treated and nontreated birds. CY-treated birds did not produce detectable
antibodies specific for NDV during the first and second weeks postvaccination,
as demonstrated by hemagglutination inhibition assay. However, antibodies were
detected in some CY-treated birds 10 days postbooster. Those antibody-positive
birds were found to be the same birds that had subsequently responded to the
LPS mitogen on the blastogenesis microassay. This study indicates the importance
of monitoring the B- and T-cell responses in CY-treated birds to identify those
birds in which B-cell regeneration may have occurred.
Descriptors: chick embryos, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
ablation, cyclophosphamide injection, concanavalin
A, lipopolysaccharides, hatching, blood,
flow cytometry, Newcastle disease virus, lymphocyte transformation, vaccination,
antibody formation, liveweight gain, mortality.
Romer-Oberdorfer,
A.; Mundt, E.; Mebatsion, T.; Buchholz, U.J.; Mettenleiter, T.C. Generation
of recombinant lentogenic
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Recombinant lentogenic
Descriptors: complementary DNA, nucleotide
sequences, recombination.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/y18898.
Salle,
C.T.P.; Soares, R.B.; Ce, M.C.; Silva, A.B.; Moraes, H.L.S.; Nascimento, V.P.;
Guahyba, A.S. Immune response assessment in turkey breeders
vaccinated against