NOTE: Information Resources on Newcastle Disease in Birds may be viewed as one complete publication file below or as individual chapters newcastle2.htm.



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Information Resources on Newcastle Disease in Birds

AWIC Resource Series No. 23

May 2003



Compiled by:

Jean A. Larson

Animal Welfare Information Center

National Agricultural Library

U.S. Department of Agriculture


Published by:


U. S. Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service

National Agricultural Library

Animal Welfare Information Center

Beltsville, Maryland 20705

Contact us: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php

Web site: http://awic.nal.usda.gov


Web Policies and Links

CONTENTS

 

Bibliography of Selected Citations

 

Current Research Information System Records

 

Web Sites


INTRODUCTION

 

 

About the disease:

There are vaccines available for many strains of Newcastle disease, although, it is not unusual for new (exotic) very contagious and virulent disease strains to break out somewhere around the world on a regular basis.  Among the various strains of the Newcastle virus, there are various levels of lethality. The most virulent (velogenic) strains can cause rapid onset of disease and kill almost 100% of the infected birds. There are naturally milder forms that are not as deadly (lentogenic).  The virus can infect all species of birds--both domesticated and wild bird populations.  The impact of the disease even in mild forms is a drastic reduction in the commercial production of eggs and broilers.  For more information about the disease and its effects, the reader is referred to the relevant artices on the topic in the online version of the Merck Veterinary Manual (See the World Wide Web links 1-4 below).  Newcastle disease is a biosecurity threat to the US poultry industry as stopping the spread of the virus requires a rapid response to stem the spread and limit economic losses due to the disease.

 

The 2002-2003 epidemic of END in the US:

An outbreak of a virulent form of the disease has broken out in the US in the state of California.  A sick chicken from a backyard flock appears to be the means of entry into California poultry flocks.  When the bird exhibited signs of illness, it was taken, on September 25, 2002, to a private veterinary practioner in Torrence, CA.  The bird was found to have a very pathogenic strain (velogenic) of the exotic Newcastle disease (END). This bird or “index case” is considered to be the carrier of the very infectous and pathogenic virus that spread quickly into backyard poultry then moved from there into poultry production facilities in Southern California.  This is the first time since the 1971-73 outbreak of END that the disease has been of epidemic proportions in California.  The main methods of transmission of the disease from one location to another seem to have been via bird to bird contact, human activities, insects, rodents, cages, machinery equipment and infected eggs.  It then spread to other areas of the state.  Since this exotic strain of Newcastle disease was first identified, millions of birds have been sacrificed in California and as of May 2003, it has not been contained by depopulation and quarantine.  At the time of publication, commercial flocks and back yard flocks in seven counties in California have been affected. Additional areas of the state are under quarantine.    The disease had spread to adjacent states of Nevada, Arizona but the outbreak there seems to be under control through the use of depopulation and quarantine by government response teams. 

 

An outbreak of the virus had been detected in Texas, in May of 2003.  DNA sequencing analysis confirmed that the Texas strain was caused by a separate introduction of the disease and not due by movement from affected areas in California, Nevada or Arizona. Intense surveillance, and early detection in El Paso County, seems to have contained and eliminated the disease in Texas.

 

It was with the current epidemic in the US and the possibility of such epidemics emerging in other places in the world that this resource was developed.  It is not comprehensive as the focus of the document is mainly the US.  The bibliographic information highlights the recent research that has been published on the disease.  Topics include information about the disease process, susceptible species of birds, genetics, prevention and control measures, vaccination, vaccines, etc.  There are also relevant USDA sponsored research and informative and credible websites listed.

 

References:

 

1) http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/203800.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease

2) http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/170312.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease

3) http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/201901.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease

4) http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/201902.htm

 

 

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT

 

The bibliographic information currently in this document is from the AGRICOLA database.  The U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) sponsored research listed was obtained from the USDA’s CRIS database http://cris.csrees.usda.gov which lists current research funded by USDA both within the Department and universities.   The time span is from 2002 back to 1998. Note that this is a dynamic document and there may be additions and other changes to this resource.

             Information on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Collection Serivces website at http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml. Please read carefully as there are certain restrictions on media and document types.

 

If the reader is aware of important science-based information that needs to be added to this document, please feel free to contact the author at http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php.

 

 


 

BIBLIOGRAPHY of SELECTED CITATIONS

1997 - Present


2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997

 

 

 

 

2002

 

Artois, M.; Manvell, R.; Fromont, E.; Schweyer, J.B.  Serosurvey for Newcastle disease and avian imfluenza A virus antibodies in great cormorants from France.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Jan 2002. v. 38 (1) p. 169-171. ISSN: 0090-3558

NAL call no:  41.9 W64B

Descriptors:  Phalacrocorax carbo, cormorants, serological surveys, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus.

 

Capua, I.; Dalla Pozza, M.; Mutinelli, F.; Marangon, S.; Terregino, C.  Newcastle disease outbreaks in Italy during 2000.  The Veterinary Record. May 4, 2002. v. 150 (18) p. 565-568.  ISSN: 0042-4900

NAL call no:  41.8 V641

Descriptors: poultry, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, epidemics, clinical aspects, histopathology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, disease susceptibility, geographical distribution, Italy.

 

Chen, J.P.; Wang, C.H. Clinical epidemiologic and experimental evidence for the transmission of Newcastle disease virus through eggs.  Avian Diseases.   Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 461-465. ISSN: 0005-2086  Note:  Summary in Spanish. 

NAL call no:  41.8 Av5

Abstract:  Sporadic outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) occurred in Taiwan during 1998-2000. In some cases, the disease occurred in broilers less than 2 wk old that originated in a broiler breeder farm, so spread of the ND virus (NDV) from the infected breeder farm to broiler ranches was suspected. The purpose of the present study was to examine the possibility of the transmission of NDV through eggs. Both clinical and experimental evidence were used to prove that this is possible. From epidemiological investigation, the possibility of transmission through eggs was suggested in two separate ND cases from a breeder farm and its progeny because two identical NDVs were isolated from both cases. In order to clarify the possibility of the transmission through eggs, one mean egg lethal dose (ELD50) of NDV was inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 155 9-to-11-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Seventy-one hatching chicks from the inoculated embryos were raised for 14 days. The cloacal swabs from those chicks at the ages of 1, 4, and 7 days and the tissues after necropsy at the ages of 14 days were taken for virus isolation. The same NDV was reisolated from three hatching chicks. This experiment confirms that a few chicken embryos infected in ovo with a low titer of NDV can hatch and contain NDV after hatching, which results in NDV spreading through eggs.

Descriptors: broilers, experimental infections, Newcastle disease virus, ova, disease transmission through eggs, vertical transmission, shedding of virus, cloaca swabs.

 

Kommers, G.D.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S.; Carmichael, K.P.; Brown, C.C. Pathogenesis of six pigeon origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus for domestic chickens. Veterinary Pathology. May 2002. v. 39 (3) p. 353-362. ISSN: 0300-9858

NAL call no:  41.8 P27

Descriptors:  pigeons, chickens, Newcastle disease virus, pathogenesis, strains, strain differences, hosts, disease course, paramyxovirus, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, DNA hybridization, messenger RNA, genes, viral proteins, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, heart, brain.

 

Landman, W.J.M.; Post, J.; Boonstra-Blom, A.G.; Buyse, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Koch, G.  Effect of an in-ovo infection with a Dutch avian leukosis virus subgroup J isolate on the growth and immunological performance of SPF broiler chickens. Avian Pathology. Feb 2002. v. 31 (1) p. 59-72. ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no: SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  The effect of an in ovo infection with a Dutch isolate of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) on the growth of specific pathogen free (SPF) broiler chickens was analysed. During this study, possible immune suppressive effects of ALV-J were assessed by measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), natural killer (NK) cell activity, the production of radicals of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages, humoral immune response against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease vaccine viruses, and automated total and differential leukocyte counts. In an attempt to elucidate the underlying causal mechanisms of the induced growth retardation, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in serum were measured. Four experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, ALV-J-injected birds were compared with ALV subgroup A (ALV-A)-injected and negative control chickens. In experiment 2, ALV-J-injected birds were only compared with negative controls. Finally, in experiments 3a and 3b, ALV-J-injected chickens were compared with negative controls and a group of chickens in which only 10% of birds had been injected with ALV-J. Birds were injected in ovo at day 7 of incubation with 10(4) median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) ALV-J or ALV-A, except in experiment 3a where 10(2) TCID50 ALV-J was injected. Significant growth suppression was found in all 100% of ALV-J-infected groups. The average growth retardation of ALV-J-infected birds compared with negative controls at 6 weeks of age was approximately 8, 11, 2.5 and 6% for the four successive experiments performed. The delayed-type hypersensitivity test against KLH of ALV-J-infected birds showed a tendency towards lower wattle thickness; however, the difference with controls was not significant (P > 0.05). The same was true for NK cell activity and NO production by macrophages, although the difference was not significant. The total and differential leukocyte counts performed on blood samples from birds at 3, 4 and 6 weeks of age as well as the humoral immune response against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease vaccine viruses did not show significant differences between treatment groups either. Only the number of basophils were significantly higher (P = 0.02) in ALV-J-infected birds at 3 weeks of age. No significant lower T3 levels were found in ALV-J-infected birds in weeks 2 and 3 (experiment 2) and weeks 3 and 5 (experiment 3b); however, at 4 weeks (experiment 2) and 6 weeks (experiment 3b) of age, T3 levels were significantly lower suggesting mild hypothyroidism in these broilers. In conclusion, the present experiments show the occurrence of significant growth retardation in SPF broilers after an ALV-J in ovo infection. The various studies performed to assess the immune competence of ALV-J-infected chickens did not show significant differences in immune responsiveness. The assays on cellular immunity showed a tendency to a lower response in ALV-J-infected birds, but these differences were not statistically significant.

Descriptors:  broilers, avian leucosis, avian oncovirus, infections effects on growth, performance,  immune system response, hypersensitivity, natural killer cells, nitric oxide, free radicals, vaccines, macrophages, humoral immunity Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, blood chemistry, leukocyte count, triiodothyronine.

 

Lin, H.; Wang, L.F.; Song, J.L.; Xie, Y.M.; Yang, Q.M. Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production and immune responses of heat-stressed laying hens.  Poultry Science. Apr 2002. v. 81 (4) p. 458-465. ISSN: 0032-5791

NAL call no:  47.8 Am33P

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation of a commercial layer diet on the laying performance and immune function of heat-stressed hens. In Experiment 1, two different levels of vitamin A supplementation (3,000 and 9,000 IU/kg) were used to investigate the laying performance and antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of heat-stressed hens. Results showed that the high level of vitamin A supplementation (9,000 IU/kg) had a beneficial effect on the feed intake and laying rate of heat-stressed hens (P < 0.05), compared with the control group (3,000 IU/kg). The antibody titers were not influenced by the level of vitamin A (P > 0.05). In Experiment 2, the effect of four levels of vitamin A (3,000, 6,000, 9,000, and 12,000 IU/kg) on the antibody titer to NDV and T lymphocyte proportion was studied. The experimental birds were exposed to a high temperature (31.5 C) 15 d after NDV vaccination (Treatment 1) or immediately (Treatment 2). The results showed that the egg weight was increased (P < 0.01) by the high levels of vitamin A supplementation (6,000 and 9,000 IU/kg), but feed intake, laying rate, and body weight loss were not (P > 0.05). In Treatment 1, vitamin A had no significant effect on antibody titers against NDV in normal or hot environments but increased (P < 0.01) the proportion of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)-positive cells. Vitamin A supplementation had a significant effect on NDV antibody titer and ANAE-positive cell proportion in Treatment 2 (P < 0.01). The results of the present study suggested that vitamin A supplementation in commercial layer diets to layer chickens under heat stress was beneficial to laying performance and immune function.

Descriptors:  hens, heat stress, antibody titers, vitamin supplements, antibody formation, feed-intake, laying performance, egg weight and mass, feed conversion, T lymphocytes.

 

Mase, M.; Imai, K.; Sanada, Y.; Sanada, N.; Yuasa, N.; Imada, T.; Tsukamoto, K.; Yamaguchi, S. Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus genotypes isolated in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Oct 2002. v. 40 (10) p. 3826-3830. ISSN: 0095-1137

NAL call no:  QR46.J6

Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, genes, viral proteins, phylogenetics, fusion protein, molecular sequence data.

 

Peroulis-Kourtis, I.; O'Riley, K.; Grix, D.; Condron, R.J.; Ainsworth, C. Molecular characterisation of Victorian Newcastle disease virus isolates from 1976 to 1999. Australian Veterinary Journal. July 2002. v. 80 (7) p. 422-424. ISSN: 0005-0423

NAL call no: 41.8 Au72

Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, genes, genetic diversity, signal peptide,Victoria, Australia isolate, F gene, HN gene.

 

Ramanujam, P.; Tan, W.S.; Nathan, S.; Yusoff, K. Novel peptides that inhibit the propagation of Newcastle disease virus. Archives of Virology. 2002. v. 147 (5) p. 981-993. ISSN: 0304-8608 

NAL call no: 448.3 Ar23

Descriptors: bacteriophages, amino acid sequences, binding proteins, envelope glycoproteins.

 

Saif, Y.M.; Nestor, K.E. Increased mortality in turkeys selected for increased body weight following vaccination with a live Newcastle disease virus vaccine.  Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 505-508.  ISSN: 0005-2086  Note: Summary in Spanish.

NAL call no:  41.8 Av5

Abstract:  Candidate male and female breeders from nine genetic lines of turkeys that were reared intermingled, with the sexes housed in different buildings on the same farm, were vaccinated with a live Newcastle disease virus vaccine (B1 type, LaSota) just prior to the commencement of egg production. In 1999, an average mortality for all lines of 5.8% occurred during the 10 days immediately following vaccination and the level of mortality varied among lines. Mortality was, in general, greater in large-bodied lines than in small-bodied lines. Affected birds exhibited gross multiple areas of focal necrosis in the liver and spleen and congestion of the heart and lungs. The percentage mortality occurring following similar vaccination in 2000 averaged 2.6 for the 10 days following vaccination and mortality was greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) in one line (F line) than the other genetic groups and higher in females than in males. Mortality in the F line, selected for increased body weight and known to be susceptible to various diseases, averaged 15.1% for both years. Attempts failed in both years to isolate Pasteurella multocida or other bacteria. There was a positive correlation between increased body weight and increased mortality following vaccination with the live LaSota vaccine.

Descriptors:  turkeys, liveweight, vaccination, live vaccines, Newcastle disease virus, mortality, genotypes, oviposition, necrosis, spleen, symptoms, histopathology, clinical aspects, heart, lungs.

 

Santin, E.; Paulillo, A.C.; Maiorka, P.C.; Alessi, A.C.; Krabbe, E.L.; Maiorka, A.  The effects of ochratoxin/aluminosilicate interaction on the tissues and humoral immune response of broilers.  Avian Pathology. Feb 2002. v. 31 (1) p. 73-79. ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no:  SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, on the histology of the bursa of Fabricius, liver and kidneys, and on the humoral immune response of broilers vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus. The exposure of birds to 2 p.p.m. ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, reduced their humoral immune response and the number of mitotic cells in the bursa. The relative weight of the livers of the birds exposed to this toxin was increased and, microscopically, there was hepatocyte vacuolation and megalocytosis with accompanying hyperplasia of the biliary epithelium. The kidneys showed hypertrophy of the renal proximal tubular epithelium, with thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Aluminosilicate did not ameliorate the deleterious effects of the ochratoxin.

Descriptors: broilers, ochratoxins, silicates, interactions, humoral immunity, immune response,  histology, bursa Fabricii, liver, kidneys, Newcastle disease virus, vaccination, mitosis, weight, vacuoles.

 

Shengqing, Y.; Kishida, N.; Ito, H.; Kida, H.; Otsuki, K.; Kawaoka, Y.; Ito, T. Generation of velogenic Newcastle disease viruses from a nonpathogenic waterfowl isolate by passaging in chickens. Virology. Sept 30, 2002. v. 301 (2) p. 206-211. ISSN: 0042-6822

NAL call no: 448.8 V81

Descriptors:  velogenic Newcastle disease virus, virulence, passaging virus through chickens.

 

Turpin, E.A.; Perkins, L.E.L.; Swayne, D.E.  Experimental infection of turkeys with avian pneumovirus and either Newcastle disease virus or Escherichia coli.  Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 412-422. ISSN: 0005-2086  Note: Summary in Spanish

NAL call no: 41.8 Av5

Abstract:  Avian pneumoviruses (APVs) are RNA viruses responsible for upper respiratory disease in poultry. Experimental infections are typically less severe than those observed in field cases. Previous studies with APV and Escherichia coli suggest this discrepancy is due to secondary agents. Field observations indicate APV infections are more severe with concurrent infection by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In the current study, we examined the role of lentogenic NDV in the APV disease process. Two-week-old commercial turkey poults were infected with the Colorado strain of APV. Three days later, these poults received an additional inoculation of either NDV or E. coli. Dual infection of APV with either NDV or E. coli resulted in increased morbidity rates, with poults receiving APV/NDV having the highest morbidity rates and displaying lesions of swollen infraorbital sinuses. These lesions were not present in the single APV, NDV, or E. coli groups. These results demonstrate that coinfection with APV and NDV can result in clinical signs and lesions similar to those in field outbreaks of APV.

Descriptors:  turkeys, Escherichia coli, Paramyxoviridae, Newcastle disease virus, mixed infections, field experimentation, morbidity, outbreaks, symptoms.

 

Waihenya, R.K.; Mtambo, M.M.A.; Nkwengulila, G.  Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extract of Aloe secundiflora in chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus.  Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Mar 2002. v. 79 (3) p. 299-304. ISSN: 0378-8741

NAL call no: RS160.J6

Descriptors:  medicinal plants, veterinary products, experimental infections.

 

Wilks, C.R. Molecular diagnosis of Newcastle disease.  Australian Veterinary Journal.   June 2002. v. 80 (6) p. 352. ISSN: 0005-0423

NAL call no: 41.8 Au72

Descriptors:  Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, diagnosis, outbreaks, clinical aspects, vaccination, Victoria.

 

Wunderwald, C.; Hoop,R.K. Serological monitoring of 40 Swiss fancy breed poultry flocks. Avian Pathology.   Apr 2002. v. 31 (2) p. 157-162. ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no: SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  Rapid serum agglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen Swiss fancy breed chicken flocks for antibodies against 12 avian infectious agents. For this purpose, 1002 blood samples from 40 flocks were collected and tested. Ten percent of the samples were positive for Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and 62.5% of the flocks were affected. More than 75% of the flocks had antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum/Mycoplasma synoviae, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, avian encephalomyelitis, infectious chicken anaemia and reoviral arthritis. Low prevalence of antibodies was recorded for Salmonella enteritidis, avian influenza, avian leukosis and Newcastle disease (2.0 to 4.0%).

Descriptors: chickens, serological surveys, disease monitoring, hemagglutination inhibition test, ELISA, poultry disease prevalence, incidence.

 

Yu, M.; Wang, E.; Liu, Y.; Cao, D.; Jin, N.; Zhang, C.W.H.; Bartlam, M.; Rao, Z.; Tien, P.; Gao, G.F.  Six-helix bundle assembly and characterization of heptad repeat regions from the F protein of Newcastle disease virus.   The Journal of General Virology.  Mar 2002. v. 83 (pt.3) p. 623-629.  ISSN: 0022-1317

NAL call no:  QR360.A1J6

Abstract:   Paramyxoviruses may adopt a similar fusion mechanism to other enveloped viruses, in which an antiparallel six-helix bundle structure is formed post-fusion in the heptad repeat (HR) regions of the envelope fusion protein. In order to understand the fusion mechanism and identify fusion inhibitors of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, we have developed an E. coli system that separately expresses the F protein HR1 and HR2 regions as GST fusion proteins. The purified cleaved HR1 and HR2 have subsequently been assembled into a stable six-helix bundle heterotrimer complex. Furthermore, both the GST fusion protein and the cleaved HR2 show virus-cell fusion inhibition activity (IC50 of 1.07-2.93 micromolar). The solubility of the GST-HR2 fusion protein is much higher than that of the corresponding peptide. Hence this provides a plausible method for large-scale production of HR peptides as virus fusion inhibitors.

Descriptors: viral proteins, GST-HR2 fusion protein, F protein, NDV, virus fusion inhibitors.

 

Yunis, R.; Ben-David, A.; Heller, E.D.; Cahaner, A. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between antibody responses to Escherichia coli, infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), in broiler lines selected on antibody response to Escherichia coli.  Poultry Science. Mar 2002. v. 81 (3) p. 302-308. ISSN: 0032-5791

NAL call no: 47.8 Am33P

Abstract:  The genetic control of antibody (Ab) response to Escherichia coli (EC), infectious bursa disease virus, and Newcastle disease virus and the genetic and phenotypic correlation between these Ab responses, were evaluated under farm conditions in which chicks were simultaneously exposed to these antigens. The experimental population comprised five groups: two lines divergently selected for high (HH) or low (LL) Ab response to EC vaccination; a commercial broiler dam-line (CC), from which HH and LL had been derived; and the HH x CC and LL x CC hybrid groups (HC and LC, respectively). Lines LL and HH expressed similar symmetric divergence to all three antigens. The ranking of the LL, LC, CC, HC, and HH genetic groups according to their mean Ab responses and their very high linear correlation with the LL vs. HH genomic scale clearly indicate the additive nature of the genetic divergence between these lines. Several estimates of correlation were calculated between Ab responses of each pair of antigens and between BW and Ab to each antigen. The high correlation between group means, the near-zero within-group correlation, and the low phenotypic correlation indicate the strongly positive genetic correlation between Ab responses and no correlation with BW. The results of this study suggest that overall immunocompetence of commercial broilers can be improved by selection for high Ab response of young chicks to controlled immunization with a single antigen, without counteracting further selection for high BW.

Descriptors: broilers, genetic variation, genetic correlation, phenotypic correlation, antibody formation, Escherichia coli, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, line differences, crossbred progeny, selection criteria, genetic resistance, disease resistance.

 


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2001

 

Alders, R.G. (Robyn G.); Spradbrow, P. B. Controlling Newcastle disease in village chickens: A field manual.  ACIAR monograph series; no. 82. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 2001. 112 p.: ill.  ISBN: 1863203079

NAL call no: SF995.6.N4 A37 2001

Descriptors: Newcastle disease, control, developing countries, handbooks, manuals, chickens, vaccine.

 

Aldous, E.W.; Collins, M.S.; McGoldrick, A.; Alexander, D.J.  Rapid pathotyping of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using fluorogenic probes in a PCR assay. Veterinary Microbiology.  June 6, 2001. v. 80 (3) p. 201-212.  ISSN: 0378-1135

NAL call no:  SF601.V44

Abstract:  Hybridisation of PCR fragments with fluorogenic probes specific for pathotype allowed an estimation of pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates using a modified TaqMan procedure. Six probes were used, designed to recognise nucleotide sequences in the fusion protein gene sequence corresponding to the precursor protein F0 cleavage site of both virulent and avirulent viruses. Forty-three of the 45 isolates tested, including 18 examined in a blind study were pathotyped successfully and rapidly, with close correlation between cleavage site nucleotide sequences, TaqMan results and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values. One isolate, which could not be pathotyped by nucleotide sequencing, was shown using the TaqMan system to be a mixture of virulent and avirulent NDV. The results of this study suggest that using this modified TaqMan protocol, the likely virulence of most ND isolates can be determined rapidly and reproducibly.

Descriptors:  Newcastle disease virus, pathotypes, polymerase chain reaction, pathogenicity, estimation, nucleotide sequences, precursors, molecular sequence data.

 

Aldous, E.W.; Alexander, D.J. Detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus type 1).  Avian Pathology.   Apr 2001. v. 30 (2) p. 117-128. ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no:  SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  Substantial variation in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates means that the detection of NDV or evidence of infection is insufficient for an adequate diagnosis, as control measures for avirulent viruses are very different to those for virulent viruses. Diagnosis therefore requires further characterization, at least as to whether an isolate is virulent or avirulent. Conventional detection and differentiation of ND viruses is perceived as slow, laborious and requiring an undesirable use of in vivo techniques. In addition, further characterization is needed to give greater information on origin and spread. This review concentrates on the application of monoclonal antibody and molecular biological approaches. Panels of monoclonal antibodies were a major advance for the characterization of NDV isolates, although confirmation of virulence for poultry still required in vivo testing. As molecular-based techniques become easier and more reliable, they are likely to supersede the use of monoclonal antibodies, especially for characterizing viruses for epidemiological purposes. The attraction of molecular-based techniques is that they may be able to cover all three aspects of Newcastle disease diagnosis (detection of virus, characterization, including inference of virulence, and epidemiology) quickly, accurately and definitively in a single test. A number of approaches based on the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction have been developed, with subsequent analysis of the product by restriction enzyme analysis, probe hybridization and nucleotide sequencing. Although extensive variation among NDVs still poses technical problems, the real and potential advantages of a molecular biological approach to Newcastle disease diagnosis appear to be overwhelming.

Descriptors:  Newcastle disease virus, etiology, epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, pathogenicity, diagnostic techniques.

 

Alexander, D.J. Newcastle disease.  British Poultry Science.   Mar 2001. v. 42 (1) p. 5-22.  ISSN: 0007-1668  Note:  Paper presented at a meeting of the UK Branch of the World's Poultry Science Association held March 2000, Scarborough.

NAL call no:  47.8 B77

Abstract:  1. In this paper several historical and contemporary aspects of Newcastle disease (ND) are reviewed, with particular reference to the greater understanding which modern techniques have allowed. 2. Virulent ND viruses were generally thought to have emerged in 1926 as a result of transfer from a wild bird host reservoir but there is evidence that the virulent virus may have existed in poultry before 1926. Recent findings suggest that the virulent virus may emerge in poultry as a result of mutations in viruses of low virulence. 3. The history of ND in Great Britain reflects the four known panzootics that have occurred and serves as a model for the impact this disease may have on poultry populations. 4. Attempts to control and eradicate ND are not as straightforward as it may appear; in particular vaccination, while preventing deaths and disease, on challenge may not prevent virus replication and could therefore lead to the virulent virus becoming endemic. 5. Village chickens are extremely important assets in most developing countries, representing a significant source of protein in the form of eggs and meat but endemic ND can cause mortality of up to 60% in village chickens.

Descriptors: poultry, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, wild birds as reservoir hosts, disease transmission, virulence, mutations, epidemics, disease control, vaccination, viral replication, mortality, symptoms, literature reviews.

 

Bacon, L.D.; Witter, R.L.; Silva, R.F. Characterization and experimental reproduction of peripheral neuropathy in White Leghorn chickens.  Avian Pathology.   Oct 2001. v. 30 (5) p. 487-489. ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no:  SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  A clinical neurological syndrome termed peripheral neuropathy (PN) that resembles Marek's disease (MD) occurred at low frequency in a commercial layer strain for several years. Study of chickens from six field cases showed that the PN syndrome could be distinguished pathologically from MD on the basis of several factors, including onset as early as 6 weeks, presence of B-type but not A-type lesions in peripheral nerves, and absence of visceral lymphomas. Serotype 1 MD virus could not be isolated from blood from any chicken or demonstrated in tissues by histochemistry or polymerase chain reaction assays. Moreover, the syndrome was not prevented by MD vaccination, either in the field or in laboratory trials. PN was induced in 3 to 54% of commercial line chickens inoculated at 1 or 6 days of age with whole blood or buffy coat cells from clinically affected donor chickens. Sonicated cells also induced PN, but plasma was ineffective. Chickens did not develop PN if reared in isolators without cellular transfer or when vaccinated solely against MD. However, PN was observed in 9% of 57 B*2/*19 commercial chickens reared in isolators following vaccination against MD, infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis, suggesting that common vaccines may predispose chickens to PN. The data confirmed a strong influence of the major histocompatibility complex (B-complex) on both naturally occurring and experimentally induced PN with the B*19 haplotype conferring susceptibility compared with other alleles. It is postulated that PN may represent an autoimmune reaction to nerve tissue that may result from response to a combination of common vaccines. These studies confirmed that PN is distinct from MD, provided criteria for its differential diagnosis, identified strategies for its control, and established a model for its experimental induction.

Descriptors:  chickens nervous system diseases, pathogenesis, etiology, peripheral nerves, experimental infection, major histocompatibility complex, differential diagnosis, disease control.

 

Berinstein, A.; Sellers, H.S.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S. Use of a heteroduplex mobility assay to detect differences in the fusion protein cleavage site coding sequence among Newcastle Disease Virus isolates.  Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Sept 2001. v. 39 (9) p. 3171-3178.  ISSN: 0095-1137

NAL call no:  QR46.J6 

Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, viral genes, phylogenetics, amino acid sequences.

 

Cattoli, G.; Manvell, R.J.; Tisato, E.; Banks, J.; Capua, I.  Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Italy in 2000.  Avian Pathology.   Oct 2001. v. 30 (5) p. 465-469.  ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no:  SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  Thirty-two Newcastle disease virus isolates from the 2000 Italian epidemic were characterized by monoclonal antibody binding pattern and nucleotide sequencing of approximately 400 base pairs of the fusion gene. In addition, the pathogenicity of six of these isolates was assessed by means of the intracerebral pathogenicity test (ICPI). The strains tested exhibited an ICPI ranging from 1.6 to 2.0. On the basis of the monoclonal antibody binding pattern, all isolates could be classified as belonging to group C1. Both monoclonal antibody and genomic analysis revealed a very high degree of homology, indicating a common source of infection. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, it appears that the Italian isolates are closely related to the recent isolates from the UK, Scandinavia and South East Europe, thus suggesting the circulation of this viral strain in Europe during the past 5 years.

Descriptors:  Newcastle disease virus, characterization, monoclonal antibodies, nucleotide sequences, pathogenicity, phylogenetics.

 

Cavanagh, D.  Innovation and discovery: the application of nucleic acid-based technology to avian virus detection and characterization.  Avian Pathology.   Dec 2001. v. 30 (6) p. 581-598. ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no:  SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches to the detection, differentiation and characterization of avian pathogens continue to be developed and refined. The PCRs, or reverse transcriptase-PCRs, may be general, designed to detect all or most variants of a pathogen, or to be serotype, genotype or pathotype specific. Progress is being made with respect to making nucleic acid approaches more suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories. Robotic workstations are now available for extraction of nucleic acid from many samples in a short time, for routine diagnosis. Following general PCR, the DNA products are commonly analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping (restriction fragment length polymorphism), using a small number of restriction endonucleases, based on a large body of sequence data. Increasingly, however, nucleotide sequencing is being used to analyze the DNA product, in part due to the expanding use of non-radioactive sequencing methods that are safe and enable high throughout. In this review, I highlight some recent developments with many avian viruses: Newcastle disease virus; circoviruses in canary and pigeon; infectious bursar disease virus (Gumboro disease virus); avian adenoviruses, including Angara disease/infectious hydropericardium virus, haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, and egg drop syndrome virus; avian herpesviruses, including infectious laryngotracheitis virus, duck plague virus, psittacine herpesvirus (Pacheco's parrot disease virus), Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys; avian leukosis virus (associated with lymphoid leukosis or myeloid leukosis, and egg transmission); avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus); avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus, turkey coronavirus and pheasant coronavirus; astrovirus, in the context of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome, and avian nephritis virus; and avian encephalomyelitis virus, a picornavirus related to hepatitis A virus.

Descriptors: animal viruses, polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acids, detection, characterization, poultry diseases, restriction endonuclease analysis, literature reviews.

 

Chang, P.C.; Hsieh, M.L.; Shien, J.H.; Graham, D.A.; Lee, M.S.; Shieh, H.K. Complete nucleotide sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 6 isolated from ducks.  The Journal of General Virology.    Sept 2001. v. 82 (pt.9) p. 2157-2168. ISSN: 0022-1317

NAL call no:  QR360.A1J6

Abstract:  There are nine serotypes of avian paramyxovirus (APMV). Only the genome of APMV type 1 (APMV-1), also called Newcastle disease virus (NDV), has been completely sequenced. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of an APMV-6 serotype isolated from ducks is reported. The 16236 nt genome encodes eight proteins, nucleocapsid protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), V protein, matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), small hydrophobic (SH) protein, haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein and large (L) protein, which are flanked by a 55 nt leader sequence and a 54 nt trailer sequence. Sequence comparison reveals that the protein sequences of APMV-6 are most closely related to those of APMV-1 (NDV) and -2, with sequence identities ranging from 22 to 44%. However, APMV-6 contains a gene that might encode the SH protein, which is absent in APMV-1, but present in the rubulaviruses simian virus type 5 and mumps virus. The presence of an SH gene in APMV-6 might provide a link between the evolution of APMV and rubulaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that APMV-6, -1, -2 (only the F and HN sequences were available for analysis) and -4 (only the HN sequences were available for analysis) all cluster into a single lineage that is distinct from other paramyxoviruses. This result suggests that APMV should constitute a new genus within the subfamily Paramyxovirinae.

Descriptors:  nucleotide sequences, genomes, APMV-6 serotype from ducks, viral proteins, nucleotide sequence data, viral evolution, new genus, Paramyxovirinae.

 

Chen, L.; Colman, P.M.; Cosgrove, L.J.; Lawrence, M.C.; Lawrence, L.J.; Tulloch, P.A.; Gorman, J.J. Cloning, expression, and crystallization of the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virology. Nov 25, 2001. v. 290 (2) p. 290-299. ISSN: 0042-6822

NAL call no:  448.8 V81

Descriptors: chemical structure, fusion protein, cloning, crystallization of fusion viral protein.

 

Clavijo, A.; Robinson, Y.; Lopez, J.  Isolation of Newcastle disease virus and Salmonella typhimurium from the brain of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus).  Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 2001. v. 45 (1) p. 245-250. ISSN: 0005-2086  Note: Summary in Spanish.

NAL call no:  41.8 Av5

Abstract:  Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) and Salmonella typhimurium were isolated from the brain and lung tissues of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from Lac Canard, Alberta, Canada. More than 100 birds died during this outbreak in 1999. Affected birds presented signs of central nervous system disease characterized by unilateral wing and leg paralysis. Other geographic locations in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan have reported cases of cormorants suffering from diseases with signs compatible with Newcastle disease. The virus isolated in the 1999 outbreak was characterized as mesogenic. These findings suggest that other pathogens, like S. typhimurium, may influence the clinical presentation of disease caused by mesogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus in cormorants.

Descriptors:  Phalacrocorax, Newcastle disease virus, Salmonella typhimurium, cormorants, brain tissue, pathogen isolation, lungs, symptoms, clinical aspects, lesions, outbreaks, case reports, Alberta, Canada.

 

Coletti, M.; Del Rossi, E.; Franciosini, M.P.; Passamonti, F.; Tacconi, G.; Marini, C.  Efficacy and safety of an infectious bursal disease virus intermediate vaccine in ovo.  Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 2001. v. 45 (4) p. 1036-1043.  ISSN: 0005-2086   Note: Summary in Spanish. 

NAL call no:  41.8 Av5

Abstract:  The study was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment, the efficacy of in ovo intermediate vaccine against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was determined by challenge at 21 days of age with virulent IBDV in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial chickens. This vaccine was able to induce active immunity and to protect SPF chickens to challenge; protection was not complete in commercial chickens, as testified by bursal lesions, bursal index after challenge, and vaccine immunoresponse. In order to detect field and vaccinal viruses, immunoperoxidase staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, capture, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were tested; the RT-PCR was more effective at detecting both kind of viruses. In the second experiment, the immunosuppressive effect of in ovo vaccination was determined by evaluating the immunoresponse against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination effected at 10 days in both SPF and commercial chickens vaccinated in ovo. The in ovo vaccine causes a reduction of NDV immunoresponse, as testified by lowest geometric mean titer in group I (SPF chickens vaccinated against IBDV in ovo and against NDV at 11 days). In commercial chickens, immunoresponse to NDV vaccination was not influenced by in ovo vaccination.

Descriptors: chick embryos, infectious bursal disease virus, inactivated vaccines, safety and efficacy, disease prevention, maternal antibodies, egg hatchability, survival, immunosuppression.

 

El Tayeb, A.B.; Hanson, R.P.  The interaction between Newcastle disease virus and Escherichia coli endotoxin in chickens.  Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2001. v. 45 (2) p. 313-320. ISSN: 0005-2086   Note: Spanish summary.

NAL call no:  41.8 Av5

Abstract:  The interaction between Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Escherichia coli endotoxin was studied in cell cultures, embryonated chicken eggs, and 8-wk-old chickens. These interactions were evaluated according to the induction of specific or nonspecific resistance in the host system and the virus titer produced in both chicken embryos and chickens. The endotoxin of E. coli induced a decrease in the size of the bursa of Fabricius in live chickens. Escherichia coli endotoxin given intravenously induced plasma antiviral activity in chickens that was interpreted to be interferon, as detected in a vesicular stomatitis virus plaque reduction assay. Endotoxin failed to produced toxic effects in the chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) or to result in any antiviral effect because no change was noted in the number of NDV plaques formed in CEF cultures. When endotoxin was given 3 days before NDV exposure in chickens, the virus titers were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from a peak of 10(2) to 10(0.18), 10(2.5) to 10(0.18), and 10(2.5) to 0 in the spleens, lungs, and kidneys, respectively, at 72 hr post-NDV inoculation. When endotoxin was given 24 hr after NDV inoculation, the NDV titer significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 10(2.0) to 10(3.5), 10(2.5) to 10(6.5), 10(2.5) to 10(4.5), 0 to 10(2.5) in the spleen, lungs, kidneys, and liver, respectively, at 72 hr after NDV inoculation. In chicken sera, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer to NDV was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced from 1164 to 3127 when endotoxin was given prior to virus inoculation. However, there was a decrease in HI to NDV from 1164 to 727 without a significant difference in chicken sera when NDV was given prior to endotoxin inoculation. 

Descriptors:  chickens, Newcastle disease virus, endotoxins, interactions, Escherichia coli, chick embryos, cell culture studies, bursa Fabricii, spleen, lungs, kidneys, liver.

 

Farley, J.M.; Romero, C.H.; Spalding, M.G.; Avery, M.L.; Forrester, D.J.  Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorants in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Oct 2001. v. 37 (4) p. 808-812. ISSN: 0090-3558

NAL call no:  41.9 W64B

Descriptors:  Phalacrocorax auritus, cormorants, serological surveys, disease transmission, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, wild birds as a disease reservoir.

Fukanoki, S.; Iwakura, T.; Iwaki, S.; Matsumoto, K.; Takeda, R.; Ikeda, K.; Shi, Z.; Mori, H. Safety and efficacy of water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccines containing Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein.  Avian Pathology. Oct 2001. v. 30 (5) p. 509-516. ISSN: 0307-9457 

NAL call no:  SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  Subunit vaccines containing haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), formulated as water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions, were prepared. First, the suitable constituents of a W/O/W emulsion adjuvant were investigated with polyvalent vaccines using NDV, infectious bronchitis virus and Haemophilus paragallinarum. The W/O/W emulsion adjuvant, composed of the antigen in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), liquid paraffin, squalene, diglyceryl monooleate, polysorbate 80 and PBS in a 30:25:10:5:2:28 ratio, induced a good antibody response with less adverse local reactions. HN protein of NDV was expressed by an improved baculovirus expression vector, a hybrid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HyNPV) between Autographa californica NPV and Bombyx mori NPV, and was prepared from silkworm pupae infected with the recombinant baculovirus, HyNPV-HN. Then, the W/O/W emulsion vaccine containing HN protein was prepared using the aforementioned constituents. Chickens showed 100, 100 and 80% protection against challenge exposure to virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination with W/O/W emulsion vaccines containing 30, 6 and 3% of HyHPV-HN-infected pupae, respectively. The vaccines containing HN protein did not induce adverse local reactions at the site of injection. The subunit vaccine for NDV containing HN protein expressed in the recombinant baculovirus-infected pupae, formulated as a W/O/W emulsion vaccine composed of the antigen in PBS, liquid paraffin, squalene, diglyceryl monooleate, polysorbate 80 and PBS in a 30:25:10:5:2:28 ratio, was therefore found to be safe and effective.

Descriptors:  Newcastle disease virus, vaccines, vaccination, chickens, safety, efficacy, disease prevention, emulsions, glycoproteins, adjuvants, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein.

 

Herczeg, J.; Pascucci, S.; Massi, P.; Luini, M.; Selli, L.; Capua, I.; Lomniczi, B. A longitudinal study of velogenic Newcastle disease virus genotypes isolated in Italy between 1960 and 2000. Avian Pathology.   Apr 2001. v. 30 (2) p. 163-168.  ISSN: 0307-9457

NAL call no:  SF995.A1A9

Abstract:  Thirty-six representative velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated in Italy since 1960 were characterized by restriction site and partial sequence analyses of the fusion protein gene. Viruses belonging to the six known genotypes of Lomniczi et al. were found. Genotype IV, which was most probably the main epizootic group in Europe before the war, was responsible for outbreaks in the 1960s and persisted until the late 1980s in Italy. An epizootic peak in 1972