NOTE: Information Resources on Newcastle
Disease in Birds may be viewed as one complete publication file below
or as individual chapters
newcastle2.htm.
|
Bibliography of Selected Citations
Current Research Information System Records
Web Sites
INTRODUCTION
About the disease:
There are vaccines
available for many strains of Newcastle disease,
although, it is not unusual for new (exotic) very contagious and virulent disease
strains to break out somewhere around the world on a regular basis. Among the various strains of the Newcastle virus,
there are various levels of lethality. The most virulent (velogenic) strains
can cause rapid onset of disease and kill almost 100% of the infected birds.
There are naturally milder forms that are not as deadly (lentogenic). The virus can infect all species of birds--both
domesticated and wild bird populations. The impact of the disease even in mild forms
is a drastic reduction in the commercial production of eggs and broilers. For more information about the disease and its
effects, the reader is referred to the relevant artices on the topic in the
online version of the Merck Veterinary Manual (See the World Wide Web links
1-4 below). Newcastle disease
is a biosecurity threat to the US poultry industry as stopping the spread of the virus requires
a rapid response to stem the spread and limit economic losses due to the disease.
The 2002-2003 epidemic of END in the US:
An outbreak
of a virulent form of the disease has broken out in the US in the state of California. A sick chicken from a
backyard flock appears to be the means of entry into California poultry flocks. When the
bird exhibited signs of illness, it was taken, on September 25, 2002, to a private
veterinary practioner in Torrence, CA. The
bird was found to have a very pathogenic strain (velogenic) of the exotic Newcastle disease (END). This bird or “index case” is considered to be the
carrier of the very infectous and pathogenic virus that spread quickly into
backyard poultry then moved from there into poultry production facilities in
Southern California. This is the first time since the 1971-73 outbreak
of END that the disease has been of epidemic proportions in California. The main methods of transmission
of the disease from one location to another seem to have been via bird to bird
contact, human activities, insects, rodents, cages, machinery equipment and
infected eggs. It then spread to other
areas of the state. Since this exotic
strain of Newcastle disease was first identified, millions of birds have been sacrificed
in California and as of May 2003, it has not been contained by depopulation
and quarantine. At the time of publication,
commercial flocks and back yard flocks in seven counties in California have been affected. Additional areas of the state are under quarantine.
The disease had spread to adjacent states of
Nevada, Arizona but
the outbreak there seems to be under control through the use of depopulation
and quarantine by government response teams.
An outbreak
of the virus had been detected in Texas, in
May of 2003. DNA sequencing analysis
confirmed that the Texas strain was caused by a separate introduction of the disease and
not due by movement from affected areas in California, Nevada or Arizona. Intense surveillance, and early detection in El Paso County, seems to have contained and eliminated the disease in Texas.
It was with
the current epidemic in the US and the possibility of such epidemics emerging in other places
in the world that this resource was developed.
It is not comprehensive as the focus of the document is mainly the US. The bibliographic information
highlights the recent research that has been published on the disease.
Topics include information about the disease process, susceptible species
of birds, genetics, prevention and control measures, vaccination, vaccines,
etc. There are also relevant USDA sponsored research
and informative and credible websites listed.
References:
1)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/203800.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease
2)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/170312.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease
3)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/201901.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease
4) http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/201902.htm
ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
The bibliographic
information currently in this document is from the AGRICOLA database.
The U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) sponsored research listed was
obtained from the USDA’s CRIS database http://cris.csrees.usda.gov which lists
current research funded by USDA both within the Department and universities.
The time span is from 2002 back to 1998. Note
that this is a dynamic document and there may be additions and other changes
to this resource.
Information
on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the
National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Collection Serivces website at
http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml. Please read carefully as there are certain
restrictions on media and
document types.
If the reader
is aware of important science-based information that needs to be added to this
document, please feel free to contact the author at http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php.
BIBLIOGRAPHY of SELECTED
CITATIONS
1997 - Present
2002 | 2001 | 2000
| 1999 | 1998 | 1997
2002
Artois, M.; Manvell, R.; Fromont,
E.; Schweyer, J.B. Serosurvey for Newcastle disease and avian imfluenza A virus antibodies in great cormorants
from France. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases. Jan 2002. v. 38 (1) p. 169-171. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax carbo, cormorants, serological
surveys, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus.
Capua, I.; Dalla Pozza, M.; Mutinelli,
F.; Marangon, S.; Terregino, C. Newcastle disease outbreaks in Italy during 2000. The Veterinary Record. May 4, 2002. v. 150 (18) p. 565-568.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: poultry, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, epidemics,
clinical aspects, histopathology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, disease susceptibility,
geographical distribution, Italy.
Chen,
J.P.; Wang, C.H. Clinical epidemiologic
and experimental evidence for the transmission of Newcastle disease virus through eggs. Avian
Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 461-465. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note:
Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Sporadic outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) occurred
in Taiwan during 1998-2000. In some
cases, the disease occurred in broilers less than 2 wk old that originated in
a broiler breeder farm, so spread of the ND virus (NDV) from the infected breeder
farm to broiler ranches was suspected. The purpose of the present study was
to examine the possibility of the transmission of NDV through eggs. Both clinical
and experimental evidence were used to prove that this is possible. From epidemiological
investigation, the possibility of transmission through eggs was suggested in
two separate ND cases from a breeder farm and its progeny because two identical
NDVs were isolated from both cases. In order to clarify the possibility of the
transmission through eggs, one mean egg lethal dose (ELD50) of NDV was inoculated
into the allantoic cavity of 155 9-to-11-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF)
chicken embryos. Seventy-one hatching chicks from the inoculated embryos were
raised for 14 days. The cloacal swabs from those chicks at the ages of 1, 4,
and 7 days and the tissues after necropsy at the ages of 14 days were taken
for virus isolation. The same NDV was reisolated from three hatching chicks.
This experiment confirms that a few chicken embryos infected in ovo with a low
titer of NDV can hatch and contain NDV after hatching, which results in NDV
spreading through eggs.
Descriptors: broilers, experimental
infections, Newcastle disease virus, ova, disease
transmission through eggs, vertical transmission, shedding of virus, cloaca
swabs.
Kommers,
G.D.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S.; Carmichael, K.P.; Brown, C.C. Pathogenesis of six pigeon origin isolates
of Newcastle disease virus for domestic chickens. Veterinary Pathology.
May 2002. v. 39 (3) p. 353-362. ISSN: 0300-9858
NAL
call no: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: pigeons, chickens, Newcastle disease virus,
pathogenesis, strains, strain differences, hosts, disease course, paramyxovirus,
histopathology, immunohistochemistry, DNA hybridization, messenger RNA, genes,
viral proteins, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, heart, brain.
Landman,
W.J.M.; Post, J.; Boonstra-Blom, A.G.; Buyse, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Koch, G. Effect
of an in-ovo infection with a Dutch avian leukosis virus subgroup J isolate
on the growth and immunological performance of SPF broiler chickens. Avian
Pathology. Feb 2002. v. 31 (1) p. 59-72.
ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The effect of an in ovo infection with a Dutch
isolate of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) on the growth of specific
pathogen free (SPF) broiler chickens was analysed. During this study, possible
immune suppressive effects of ALV-J were assessed by measuring delayed-type
hypersensitivity with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), natural killer (NK)
cell activity, the production of radicals of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages,
humoral immune response against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease vaccine
viruses, and automated total and differential leukocyte counts. In an attempt
to elucidate the underlying causal mechanisms of the induced growth retardation,
3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in serum were measured. Four experiments
were conducted. In experiment 1, ALV-J-injected birds were compared with ALV
subgroup A (ALV-A)-injected and negative control chickens. In experiment 2,
ALV-J-injected birds were only compared with negative controls. Finally, in
experiments 3a and 3b, ALV-J-injected chickens were compared with negative controls
and a group of chickens in which only 10% of birds had been injected with ALV-J.
Birds were injected in ovo at day 7 of incubation with 10(4) median tissue culture
infectious dose (TCID50) ALV-J or ALV-A, except in experiment 3a where 10(2)
TCID50 ALV-J was injected. Significant growth suppression was found in all 100%
of ALV-J-infected groups. The average growth retardation of ALV-J-infected birds
compared with negative controls at 6 weeks of age was approximately 8, 11, 2.5
and 6% for the four successive experiments performed. The delayed-type hypersensitivity
test against KLH of ALV-J-infected birds showed a tendency towards lower wattle
thickness; however, the difference with controls was not significant (P >
0.05). The same was true for NK cell activity and NO production by macrophages,
although the difference was not significant. The total and differential leukocyte
counts performed on blood samples from birds at 3, 4 and 6 weeks of age as well
as the humoral immune response against Newcastle and infectious bursal
disease vaccine viruses did not show significant differences between treatment
groups either. Only the number of basophils were significantly higher (P = 0.02)
in ALV-J-infected birds at 3 weeks of age. No significant lower T3 levels were
found in ALV-J-infected birds in weeks 2 and 3 (experiment 2) and weeks 3 and
5 (experiment 3b); however, at 4 weeks (experiment 2) and 6 weeks (experiment
3b) of age, T3 levels were significantly lower suggesting mild hypothyroidism
in these broilers. In conclusion, the present experiments show the occurrence
of significant growth retardation in SPF broilers after an ALV-J in ovo infection.
The various studies performed to assess the immune competence of ALV-J-infected
chickens did not show significant differences in immune responsiveness. The
assays on cellular immunity showed a tendency to a lower response in ALV-J-infected
birds, but these differences were not statistically significant.
Descriptors: broilers, avian leucosis, avian oncovirus, infections
effects on growth, performance, immune
system response, hypersensitivity, natural killer cells, nitric oxide, free
radicals, vaccines, macrophages,
humoral immunity Newcastle disease virus, infectious
bursal disease virus, blood chemistry, leukocyte count, triiodothyronine.
Lin,
H.; Wang, L.F.; Song, J.L.; Xie, Y.M.; Yang, Q.M. Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production
and immune responses of heat-stressed laying hens. Poultry Science. Apr 2002. v. 81 (4) p. 458-465. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted
to evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation of a commercial layer diet
on the laying performance and immune function of heat-stressed hens. In Experiment
1, two different levels of vitamin A supplementation (3,000 and 9,000 IU/kg)
were used to investigate the laying performance and antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of
heat-stressed hens. Results showed that the high level of vitamin A supplementation
(9,000 IU/kg) had a beneficial effect on the feed intake and laying rate of
heat-stressed hens (P < 0.05), compared with the control group (3,000 IU/kg).
The antibody titers were not influenced by the level of vitamin A (P > 0.05).
In Experiment 2, the effect of four levels of vitamin A (3,000, 6,000, 9,000,
and 12,000 IU/kg) on the antibody titer to NDV and T lymphocyte proportion was
studied. The experimental birds were exposed to a high temperature (31.5 C)
15 d after NDV vaccination (Treatment 1) or immediately (Treatment 2). The results
showed that the egg weight was increased (P < 0.01) by the high levels of
vitamin A supplementation (6,000 and 9,000 IU/kg), but feed intake, laying rate,
and body weight loss were not (P > 0.05). In Treatment 1, vitamin A had no
significant effect on antibody titers against NDV in normal or hot environments
but increased (P < 0.01) the proportion of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase
(ANAE)-positive cells. Vitamin A supplementation had a significant effect on
NDV antibody titer and ANAE-positive cell proportion in Treatment 2 (P <
0.01). The results of the present study suggested that vitamin A supplementation
in commercial layer diets to layer chickens under heat stress was beneficial
to laying performance and immune function.
Descriptors: hens, heat stress, antibody titers, vitamin
supplements, antibody formation, feed-intake, laying performance, egg weight
and mass, feed conversion, T lymphocytes.
Mase,
M.; Imai, K.; Sanada, Y.; Sanada, N.; Yuasa, N.; Imada, T.; Tsukamoto, K.; Yamaguchi,
S. Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle
disease virus genotypes isolated in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Oct 2002. v. 40 (10) p. 3826-3830. ISSN: 0095-1137
NAL
call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences,
genes, viral proteins, phylogenetics, fusion protein, molecular sequence data.
Peroulis-Kourtis,
I.; O'Riley, K.; Grix, D.; Condron, R.J.; Ainsworth, C. Molecular characterisation of Victorian Newcastle disease virus isolates
from 1976 to 1999. Australian Veterinary
Journal. July 2002. v. 80 (7) p. 422-424. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus,
nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, genes, genetic diversity, signal
peptide,Victoria, Australia isolate, F gene, HN gene.
Ramanujam,
P.; Tan, W.S.; Nathan, S.; Yusoff, K. Novel
peptides that inhibit the propagation of Newcastle disease virus. Archives
of Virology. 2002.
v. 147 (5) p. 981-993. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: bacteriophages, amino
acid sequences, binding proteins, envelope glycoproteins.
Saif,
Y.M.; Nestor, K.E. Increased mortality
in turkeys selected for increased body weight following vaccination with a live
Newcastle disease virus vaccine. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 505-508. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Candidate male and female breeders from nine
genetic lines of turkeys that were reared intermingled, with the sexes housed
in different buildings on the same farm, were vaccinated with a live Newcastle
disease virus vaccine (B1 type, LaSota) just prior to the commencement of egg
production. In 1999, an average mortality for all lines of 5.8% occurred during
the 10 days immediately following vaccination and the level of mortality varied
among lines. Mortality was, in general, greater in large-bodied lines than in
small-bodied lines. Affected birds exhibited gross multiple areas of focal necrosis
in the liver and spleen and congestion of the heart and lungs. The percentage
mortality occurring following similar vaccination in 2000 averaged 2.6 for the
10 days following vaccination and mortality was greater (P less than or equal
to 0.05) in one line (F line) than the other genetic groups and higher in females
than in males. Mortality in the F line, selected for increased body weight and
known to be susceptible to various diseases, averaged 15.1% for both years.
Attempts failed in both years to isolate Pasteurella multocida or other bacteria.
There was a positive correlation between increased body weight and increased
mortality following vaccination with the live LaSota vaccine.
Descriptors: turkeys, liveweight, vaccination, live vaccines,
Newcastle disease virus, mortality,
genotypes, oviposition, necrosis, spleen, symptoms, histopathology, clinical
aspects, heart, lungs.
Santin,
E.; Paulillo, A.C.; Maiorka, P.C.; Alessi, A.C.; Krabbe, E.L.; Maiorka, A. The effects
of ochratoxin/aluminosilicate interaction on the tissues and humoral immune
response of broilers. Avian Pathology. Feb 2002. v. 31 (1) p. 73-79. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary
ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, on the histology
of the bursa of Fabricius, liver and kidneys, and on the humoral immune response
of broilers vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus. The exposure
of birds to 2 p.p.m. ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate,
reduced their humoral immune response and the number of mitotic cells in the
bursa. The relative weight of the livers of the birds exposed to this toxin
was increased and, microscopically, there was hepatocyte vacuolation and megalocytosis
with accompanying hyperplasia of the biliary epithelium. The kidneys showed
hypertrophy of the renal proximal tubular epithelium, with thickening of the
glomerular basement membrane. Aluminosilicate did not ameliorate the deleterious
effects of the ochratoxin.
Descriptors: broilers, ochratoxins,
silicates, interactions, humoral immunity, immune response, histology, bursa Fabricii, liver, kidneys, Newcastle
disease virus, vaccination, mitosis, weight, vacuoles.
Shengqing,
Y.; Kishida, N.; Ito, H.; Kida, H.; Otsuki, K.; Kawaoka, Y.; Ito, T. Generation of velogenic Newcastle disease
viruses from a nonpathogenic waterfowl isolate by passaging in chickens.
Virology. Sept
30, 2002.
v. 301 (2) p. 206-211. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: velogenic Newcastle disease virus, virulence,
passaging virus through chickens.
Turpin,
E.A.; Perkins, L.E.L.; Swayne, D.E. Experimental infection of turkeys with avian
pneumovirus and either Newcastle disease virus or Escherichia coli. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 412-422. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Summary in Spanish
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian pneumoviruses (APVs) are RNA viruses responsible
for upper respiratory disease in poultry. Experimental infections are typically
less severe than those observed in field cases. Previous studies with APV and
Escherichia coli suggest this discrepancy is due to secondary agents. Field
observations indicate APV infections are more severe with concurrent infection
by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In
the current study, we examined the role of lentogenic NDV in the APV disease
process. Two-week-old commercial turkey poults were infected with the Colorado strain of APV. Three days
later, these poults received an additional inoculation of either NDV or E. coli.
Dual infection of APV with either NDV or E. coli resulted in increased morbidity
rates, with poults receiving APV/NDV having the highest morbidity rates and
displaying lesions of swollen infraorbital sinuses. These lesions were not present
in the single APV, NDV, or E. coli groups. These results demonstrate that coinfection
with APV and NDV can result in clinical signs and lesions similar to those in
field outbreaks of APV.
Descriptors: turkeys, Escherichia coli, Paramyxoviridae,
Newcastle disease virus, mixed infections,
field experimentation, morbidity, outbreaks, symptoms.
Waihenya,
R.K.; Mtambo, M.M.A.; Nkwengulila, G. Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extract
of Aloe secundiflora in chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
Mar 2002. v. 79 (3) p. 299-304. ISSN: 0378-8741
NAL
call no: RS160.J6
Descriptors: medicinal plants, veterinary products, experimental
infections.
Wilks,
C.R. Molecular diagnosis of Newcastle disease. Australian Veterinary Journal. June 2002. v. 80 (6) p. 352. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, diagnosis,
outbreaks, clinical aspects, vaccination, Victoria.
Wunderwald,
C.; Hoop,R.K. Serological monitoring
of 40 Swiss fancy breed poultry flocks. Avian
Pathology. Apr 2002. v. 31 (2) p. 157-162. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Rapid serum agglutination, haemagglutination
inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen Swiss
fancy breed chicken flocks for antibodies against 12 avian infectious agents.
For this purpose, 1002 blood samples from 40 flocks were collected and tested.
Ten percent of the samples were positive for Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and 62.5% of the flocks were affected. More than 75% of the flocks had antibodies
against Mycoplasma gallisepticum/Mycoplasma synoviae, infectious bronchitis,
infectious bursal disease, avian encephalomyelitis, infectious chicken anaemia
and reoviral arthritis. Low prevalence of antibodies was recorded for Salmonella
enteritidis, avian influenza, avian leukosis and Newcastle disease (2.0 to 4.0%).
Descriptors: chickens, serological
surveys, disease monitoring, hemagglutination inhibition test, ELISA, poultry
disease prevalence, incidence.
Yu,
M.; Wang, E.; Liu, Y.; Cao, D.; Jin, N.; Zhang, C.W.H.; Bartlam, M.; Rao, Z.;
Tien, P.; Gao, G.F. Six-helix bundle assembly and characterization of heptad repeat regions
from the F protein of Newcastle disease virus. The Journal
of General Virology. Mar 2002. v. 83 (pt.3) p. 623-629. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Paramyxoviruses may adopt a similar fusion
mechanism to other enveloped viruses, in which an antiparallel six-helix bundle
structure is formed post-fusion in the heptad repeat (HR) regions of the envelope
fusion protein. In order to understand the fusion mechanism and identify fusion
inhibitors of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a
member of the Paramyxoviridae family, we have developed an E. coli system that
separately expresses the F protein HR1 and HR2 regions as GST fusion proteins.
The purified cleaved HR1 and HR2 have subsequently been assembled into a stable
six-helix bundle heterotrimer complex. Furthermore, both the GST fusion protein
and the cleaved HR2 show virus-cell fusion inhibition activity (IC50 of 1.07-2.93
micromolar). The solubility of the GST-HR2 fusion protein is much higher than
that of the corresponding peptide. Hence this provides a plausible method for
large-scale production of HR peptides as virus fusion inhibitors.
Descriptors: viral proteins, GST-HR2
fusion protein, F protein, NDV, virus fusion inhibitors.
Yunis,
R.; Ben-David, A.; Heller, E.D.; Cahaner, A. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between antibody responses to Escherichia
coli, infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV),
in broiler lines selected on antibody response to Escherichia coli.
Poultry Science. Mar 2002. v. 81 (3) p. 302-308. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: The genetic control of antibody (Ab) response
to Escherichia coli (EC), infectious bursa disease virus, and Newcastle disease virus and the
genetic and phenotypic correlation between these Ab responses, were evaluated
under farm conditions in which chicks were simultaneously exposed to these antigens.
The experimental population comprised five groups: two lines divergently selected
for high (HH) or low (LL) Ab response to EC vaccination; a commercial broiler
dam-line (CC), from which HH and LL had been derived; and the HH x CC and LL
x CC hybrid groups (HC and LC, respectively). Lines LL and HH expressed similar
symmetric divergence to all three antigens. The ranking of the LL, LC, CC, HC,
and HH genetic groups according to their mean Ab responses and their very high
linear correlation with the LL vs. HH genomic scale clearly indicate the additive
nature of the genetic divergence between these lines. Several estimates of correlation
were calculated between Ab responses of each pair of antigens and between BW
and Ab to each antigen. The high correlation between group means, the near-zero
within-group correlation, and the low phenotypic correlation indicate the strongly
positive genetic correlation between Ab responses and no correlation with BW.
The results of this study suggest that overall immunocompetence of commercial
broilers can be improved by selection for high Ab response of young chicks to
controlled immunization with a single antigen, without counteracting further
selection for high BW.
Descriptors: broilers, genetic variation,
genetic correlation, phenotypic correlation, antibody formation, Escherichia
coli, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, line differences,
crossbred progeny, selection criteria, genetic resistance, disease resistance.
Return to: Main Contents
| Bibliography
Contents
2001
Alders,
R.G. (Robyn G.); Spradbrow, P. B. Controlling
Newcastle disease in village chickens: A field manual. ACIAR monograph series; no. 82. Canberra: Australian Centre for
International Agricultural Research, 2001. 112 p.: ill. ISBN: 1863203079
NAL
call no: SF995.6.N4 A37 2001
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, control, developing
countries, handbooks, manuals, chickens, vaccine.
Aldous,
E.W.; Collins, M.S.; McGoldrick, A.; Alexander, D.J. Rapid
pathotyping of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using fluorogenic probes in a PCR assay.
Veterinary Microbiology. June 6, 2001. v. 80 (3) p. 201-212.
ISSN: 0378-1135
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Abstract: Hybridisation of PCR fragments with fluorogenic
probes specific for pathotype allowed an estimation of pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
using a modified TaqMan procedure. Six probes were used, designed to recognise
nucleotide sequences in the fusion protein gene sequence corresponding to the
precursor protein F0 cleavage site of both virulent and avirulent viruses. Forty-three
of the 45 isolates tested, including 18 examined in a blind study were pathotyped
successfully and rapidly, with close correlation between cleavage site nucleotide
sequences, TaqMan results and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values.
One isolate, which could not be pathotyped by nucleotide sequencing, was shown
using the TaqMan system to be a mixture of virulent and avirulent NDV. The results
of this study suggest that using this modified TaqMan protocol, the likely virulence
of most ND isolates can be determined rapidly and reproducibly.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, pathotypes,
polymerase chain reaction, pathogenicity, estimation, nucleotide sequences,
precursors, molecular sequence data.
Aldous,
E.W.; Alexander, D.J. Detection and differentiation
of Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus type 1). Avian Pathology. Apr 2001.
v. 30 (2) p. 117-128. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Substantial variation in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
means that the detection of NDV or evidence of infection is insufficient for
an adequate diagnosis, as control measures for avirulent viruses are very different
to those for virulent viruses. Diagnosis therefore requires further characterization,
at least as to whether an isolate is virulent or avirulent. Conventional detection
and differentiation of ND viruses is perceived as slow, laborious and requiring
an undesirable use of in vivo techniques. In addition, further characterization
is needed to give greater information on origin and spread. This review concentrates
on the application of monoclonal antibody and molecular biological approaches.
Panels of monoclonal antibodies were a major advance for the characterization
of NDV isolates, although confirmation of virulence for poultry still required
in vivo testing. As molecular-based techniques become easier and more reliable,
they are likely to supersede the use of monoclonal antibodies, especially for
characterizing viruses for epidemiological purposes. The attraction of molecular-based
techniques is that they may be able to cover all three aspects of Newcastle disease diagnosis (detection
of virus, characterization, including inference of virulence, and epidemiology)
quickly, accurately and definitively in a single test. A number of approaches
based on the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction have been developed,
with subsequent analysis of the product by restriction enzyme analysis, probe
hybridization and nucleotide sequencing. Although extensive variation among
NDVs still poses technical problems, the real and potential advantages of a
molecular biological approach to Newcastle disease diagnosis appear
to be overwhelming.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, etiology,
epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, pathogenicity, diagnostic techniques.
Alexander,
D.J. Newcastle disease. British Poultry Science. Mar 2001.
v. 42 (1) p. 5-22. ISSN: 0007-1668 Note: Paper presented at a meeting of the UK Branch
of the World's Poultry Science Association held March 2000, Scarborough.
NAL
call no: 47.8 B77
Abstract: 1. In this paper several historical and contemporary
aspects of Newcastle disease (ND) are reviewed,
with particular reference to the greater understanding which modern techniques
have allowed. 2. Virulent ND viruses were generally thought to have emerged
in 1926 as a result of transfer from a wild bird host reservoir but there is
evidence that the virulent virus may have existed in poultry before 1926. Recent
findings suggest that the virulent virus may emerge in poultry as a result of
mutations in viruses of low virulence. 3. The history of ND in Great Britain reflects the four known
panzootics that have occurred and serves as a model for the impact this disease
may have on poultry populations. 4. Attempts to control and eradicate ND are
not as straightforward as it may appear; in particular vaccination, while preventing
deaths and disease, on challenge may not prevent virus replication and could
therefore lead to the virulent virus becoming endemic. 5. Village chickens are
extremely important assets in most developing countries, representing a significant
source of protein in the form of eggs and meat but endemic ND can cause mortality
of up to 60% in village chickens.
Descriptors: poultry, Newcastle disease,
Newcastle disease virus, wild birds as reservoir hosts, disease transmission,
virulence, mutations, epidemics, disease control, vaccination, viral replication,
mortality, symptoms, literature reviews.
Bacon,
L.D.; Witter, R.L.; Silva, R.F. Characterization
and experimental reproduction of peripheral neuropathy in White Leghorn chickens. Avian Pathology. Oct 2001.
v. 30 (5) p. 487-489. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A clinical neurological syndrome termed peripheral
neuropathy (PN) that resembles Marek's disease (MD) occurred at low frequency
in a commercial layer strain for several years. Study of chickens from six field
cases showed that the PN syndrome could be distinguished pathologically from
MD on the basis of several factors, including onset as early as 6 weeks, presence
of B-type but not A-type lesions in peripheral nerves, and absence of visceral
lymphomas. Serotype 1 MD virus could not be isolated from blood from any chicken
or demonstrated in tissues by histochemistry or polymerase chain reaction assays.
Moreover, the syndrome was not prevented by MD vaccination, either in the field
or in laboratory trials. PN was induced in 3 to 54% of commercial line chickens
inoculated at 1 or 6 days of age with whole blood or buffy coat cells from clinically
affected donor chickens. Sonicated cells also induced PN, but plasma was ineffective.
Chickens did not develop PN if reared in isolators without cellular transfer
or when vaccinated solely against MD. However, PN was observed in 9% of 57 B*2/*19
commercial chickens reared in isolators following vaccination against MD, infectious
bursal disease, Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis, suggesting that
common vaccines may predispose chickens to PN. The data confirmed a strong influence
of the major histocompatibility complex (B-complex) on both naturally occurring
and experimentally induced PN with the B*19 haplotype conferring susceptibility
compared with other alleles. It is postulated that PN may represent an autoimmune
reaction to nerve tissue that may result from response to a combination of common
vaccines. These studies confirmed that PN is distinct from MD, provided criteria
for its differential diagnosis, identified strategies for its control, and established
a model for its experimental induction.
Descriptors: chickens nervous system diseases, pathogenesis,
etiology, peripheral nerves, experimental infection, major histocompatibility
complex, differential diagnosis, disease control.
Berinstein,
A.; Sellers, H.S.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S. Use
of a heteroduplex mobility assay to detect differences in the fusion protein
cleavage site coding sequence among Newcastle Disease Virus isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Sept 2001. v. 39 (9) p. 3171-3178. ISSN: 0095-1137
NAL
call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences,
viral genes, phylogenetics, amino acid sequences.
Cattoli,
G.; Manvell, R.J.; Tisato, E.; Banks, J.; Capua, I. Characterization
of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Italy in 2000. Avian Pathology. Oct 2001.
v. 30 (5) p. 465-469. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Thirty-two Newcastle disease virus isolates
from the 2000 Italian epidemic were characterized by monoclonal antibody binding
pattern and nucleotide sequencing of approximately 400 base pairs of the fusion
gene. In addition, the pathogenicity of six of these isolates was assessed by
means of the intracerebral pathogenicity test (ICPI). The strains tested exhibited
an ICPI ranging from 1.6 to 2.0. On the basis of the monoclonal antibody binding
pattern, all isolates could be classified as belonging to group C1. Both monoclonal
antibody and genomic analysis revealed a very high degree of homology, indicating
a common source of infection. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, it
appears that the Italian isolates are closely related to the recent isolates
from the UK, Scandinavia and South East Europe,
thus suggesting the circulation of this viral strain in Europe during the past 5 years.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, characterization,
monoclonal antibodies, nucleotide sequences, pathogenicity, phylogenetics.
Cavanagh,
D. Innovation
and discovery: the application of nucleic acid-based technology to avian virus
detection and characterization. Avian Pathology. Dec 2001.
v. 30 (6) p. 581-598. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches
to the detection, differentiation and characterization of avian pathogens continue
to be developed and refined. The PCRs, or reverse transcriptase-PCRs, may be
general, designed to detect all or most variants of a pathogen, or to be serotype,
genotype or pathotype specific. Progress is being made with respect to making
nucleic acid approaches more suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories. Robotic
workstations are now available for extraction of nucleic acid from many samples
in a short time, for routine diagnosis. Following general PCR, the DNA products
are commonly analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping (restriction fragment
length polymorphism), using a small number of restriction endonucleases, based
on a large body of sequence data. Increasingly, however, nucleotide sequencing
is being used to analyze the DNA product, in part due to the expanding use of
non-radioactive sequencing methods that are safe and enable high throughout.
In this review, I highlight some recent developments with many avian viruses:
Newcastle disease virus; circoviruses in canary and pigeon; infectious bursar
disease virus (Gumboro disease virus); avian adenoviruses, including Angara
disease/infectious hydropericardium virus, haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys,
and egg drop syndrome virus; avian herpesviruses, including infectious laryngotracheitis
virus, duck plague virus, psittacine herpesvirus (Pacheco's parrot disease virus),
Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys; avian leukosis virus (associated
with lymphoid leukosis or myeloid leukosis, and egg transmission); avian pneumoviruses
(turkey rhinotracheitis virus); avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis
virus, turkey coronavirus and pheasant coronavirus; astrovirus, in the context
of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome, and avian nephritis virus; and avian
encephalomyelitis virus, a picornavirus related to hepatitis A virus.
Descriptors: animal viruses, polymerase
chain reaction, nucleic acids, detection, characterization, poultry diseases,
restriction endonuclease analysis, literature reviews.
Chang,
P.C.; Hsieh, M.L.; Shien, J.H.; Graham, D.A.; Lee, M.S.; Shieh, H.K. Complete nucleotide sequence of avian paramyxovirus
type 6 isolated from ducks. The Journal
of General Virology. Sept 2001. v. 82 (pt.9) p. 2157-2168. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: There are nine serotypes of avian paramyxovirus
(APMV). Only the genome of APMV type 1 (APMV-1), also called Newcastle disease virus (NDV), has
been completely sequenced. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of
an APMV-6 serotype isolated from ducks is reported. The 16236 nt genome encodes
eight proteins, nucleocapsid protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), V protein, matrix
protein (M), fusion protein (F), small hydrophobic (SH) protein, haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
(HN) protein and large (L) protein, which are flanked by a 55 nt leader sequence
and a 54 nt trailer sequence. Sequence comparison reveals that the protein sequences
of APMV-6 are most closely related to those of APMV-1 (NDV) and -2, with sequence
identities ranging from 22 to 44%. However, APMV-6 contains a gene that might
encode the SH protein, which is absent in APMV-1, but present in the rubulaviruses
simian virus type 5 and mumps virus. The presence of an SH gene in APMV-6 might
provide a link between the evolution of APMV and rubulaviruses. Phylogenetic
analysis demonstrates that APMV-6, -1, -2 (only the F and HN sequences were
available for analysis) and -4 (only the HN sequences were available for analysis)
all cluster into a single lineage that is distinct from other paramyxoviruses.
This result suggests that APMV should constitute a new genus within the subfamily
Paramyxovirinae.
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, genomes, APMV-6 serotype
from ducks, viral proteins, nucleotide sequence data, viral evolution, new genus,
Paramyxovirinae.
Chen,
L.; Colman, P.M.; Cosgrove, L.J.; Lawrence, M.C.; Lawrence, L.J.; Tulloch, P.A.;
Gorman, J.J. Cloning, expression, and
crystallization of the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virology. Nov
25, 2001.
v. 290 (2) p. 290-299. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: chemical structure, fusion
protein, cloning, crystallization of fusion viral protein.
Clavijo,
A.; Robinson, Y.; Lopez, J. Isolation of Newcastle disease virus and Salmonella typhimurium from the brain of
double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Avian Diseases.
Jan/Mar 2001. v. 45 (1) p. 245-250. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) and Salmonella
typhimurium were isolated from the brain and lung tissues of double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from Lac Canard, Alberta, Canada. More than 100 birds died
during this outbreak in 1999. Affected birds presented signs of central nervous
system disease characterized by unilateral wing and leg paralysis. Other geographic
locations in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan have reported cases of
cormorants suffering from diseases with signs compatible with Newcastle disease. The virus isolated
in the 1999 outbreak was characterized as mesogenic. These findings suggest
that other pathogens, like S. typhimurium, may influence the clinical presentation
of disease caused by mesogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus in cormorants.
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax, Newcastle disease virus, Salmonella
typhimurium, cormorants, brain tissue, pathogen isolation, lungs, symptoms,
clinical aspects, lesions, outbreaks, case reports, Alberta, Canada.
Coletti,
M.; Del Rossi, E.; Franciosini, M.P.; Passamonti, F.; Tacconi, G.; Marini, C.
Efficacy and safety of an infectious
bursal disease virus intermediate vaccine in ovo. Avian
Diseases. Oct/Dec 2001. v. 45 (4) p. 1036-1043. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note:
Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The study was divided into two experiments.
In the first experiment, the efficacy of in ovo intermediate vaccine against
infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was determined by challenge at 21 days
of age with virulent IBDV in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial chickens.
This vaccine was able to induce active immunity and to protect SPF chickens
to challenge; protection was not complete in commercial chickens, as testified
by bursal lesions, bursal index after challenge, and vaccine immunoresponse.
In order to detect field and vaccinal viruses, immunoperoxidase staining, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay, capture, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) were tested; the RT-PCR was more effective at detecting both kind of
viruses. In the second experiment, the immunosuppressive effect of in ovo vaccination
was determined by evaluating the immunoresponse against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination
effected at 10 days in both SPF and commercial chickens vaccinated in ovo. The
in ovo vaccine causes a reduction of NDV immunoresponse, as testified by lowest
geometric mean titer in group I (SPF chickens vaccinated against IBDV in ovo
and against NDV at 11 days). In commercial chickens, immunoresponse to NDV vaccination
was not influenced by in ovo vaccination.
Descriptors: chick embryos, infectious
bursal disease virus, inactivated vaccines, safety and efficacy, disease prevention,
maternal antibodies, egg hatchability, survival, immunosuppression.
El
Tayeb, A.B.; Hanson, R.P. The interaction between Newcastle disease virus and Escherichia coli endotoxin in chickens. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2001. v. 45 (2) p. 313-320. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The interaction between Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and
Escherichia coli endotoxin was studied in cell cultures, embryonated chicken
eggs, and 8-wk-old chickens. These interactions were evaluated according to
the induction of specific or nonspecific resistance in the host system and the
virus titer produced in both chicken embryos and chickens. The endotoxin of
E. coli induced a decrease in the size of the bursa of Fabricius in live chickens.
Escherichia coli endotoxin given intravenously induced plasma antiviral activity
in chickens that was interpreted to be interferon, as detected in a vesicular
stomatitis virus plaque reduction assay. Endotoxin failed to produced toxic
effects in the chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) or to result in any antiviral
effect because no change was noted in the number of NDV plaques formed in CEF
cultures. When endotoxin was given 3 days before NDV exposure in chickens, the
virus titers were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from a peak of 10(2)
to 10(0.18), 10(2.5) to 10(0.18), and 10(2.5) to 0 in the spleens, lungs, and
kidneys, respectively, at 72 hr post-NDV inoculation. When endotoxin was given
24 hr after NDV inoculation, the NDV titer significantly (P < 0.05) increased
from 10(2.0) to 10(3.5), 10(2.5) to 10(6.5), 10(2.5) to 10(4.5), 0 to 10(2.5)
in the spleen, lungs, kidneys, and liver, respectively, at 72 hr after NDV inoculation.
In chicken sera, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer to NDV was significantly
(P < 0.05) enhanced from 1164 to 3127 when endotoxin was given prior to virus
inoculation. However, there was a decrease in HI to NDV from 1164 to 727 without
a significant difference in chicken sera when NDV was given prior to endotoxin
inoculation.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, endotoxins,
interactions, Escherichia coli, chick embryos, cell culture studies, bursa Fabricii,
spleen, lungs, kidneys, liver.
Farley,
J.M.; Romero, C.H.; Spalding, M.G.; Avery, M.L.; Forrester, D.J. Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorants in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases. Oct 2001. v. 37 (4) p. 808-812. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus, cormorants, serological
surveys, disease transmission, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, wild birds as a disease
reservoir.
Fukanoki,
S.; Iwakura, T.; Iwaki, S.; Matsumoto, K.; Takeda,
R.; Ikeda, K.; Shi, Z.; Mori, H. Safety and efficacy of
water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccines containing Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein. Avian Pathology.
Oct 2001. v. 30 (5) p. 509-516. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Subunit vaccines containing haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
(HN) glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), formulated
as water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions, were prepared. First, the suitable
constituents of a W/O/W emulsion adjuvant were investigated with polyvalent
vaccines using NDV, infectious bronchitis virus and Haemophilus paragallinarum.
The W/O/W emulsion adjuvant, composed of the antigen in phosphate-buffered saline
(PBS), liquid paraffin, squalene, diglyceryl monooleate, polysorbate 80 and
PBS in a 30:25:10:5:2:28 ratio, induced a good
antibody response with less adverse local reactions. HN protein of NDV was expressed
by an improved baculovirus expression vector, a hybrid nucleopolyhedrovirus
(HyNPV) between Autographa californica NPV and Bombyx mori NPV, and was prepared
from silkworm pupae infected with the recombinant baculovirus, HyNPV-HN. Then,
the W/O/W emulsion vaccine containing HN protein was prepared using the aforementioned
constituents. Chickens showed 100, 100 and 80% protection against challenge
exposure to virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination with W/O/W emulsion vaccines
containing 30, 6 and 3% of HyHPV-HN-infected pupae, respectively. The vaccines
containing HN protein did not induce adverse local reactions at the site of
injection. The subunit vaccine for NDV containing HN protein expressed in the
recombinant baculovirus-infected pupae, formulated as a W/O/W emulsion vaccine
composed of the antigen in PBS, liquid paraffin, squalene, diglyceryl monooleate,
polysorbate 80 and PBS in a 30:25:10:5:2:28 ratio, was therefore found to be safe and
effective.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, vaccines,
vaccination, chickens, safety, efficacy, disease prevention, emulsions, glycoproteins,
adjuvants, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein.
Herczeg,
J.; Pascucci, S.; Massi, P.; Luini, M.; Selli, L.; Capua, I.; Lomniczi, B. A longitudinal study of velogenic Newcastle disease virus genotypes isolated in Italy between 1960 and 2000. Avian Pathology. Apr 2001.
v. 30 (2) p. 163-168. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Thirty-six representative velogenic strains
of Newcastle disease virus isolated
in Italy since 1960 were characterized
by restriction site and partial sequence analyses of the fusion protein gene.
Viruses belonging to the six known genotypes of Lomniczi et al. were found.
Genotype IV, which was most probably the main epizootic group in Europe before the war, was responsible
for outbreaks in the 1960s and persisted until the late 1980s in Italy. An epizootic peak in
1972
