NOTE: Information Resources on Newcastle
Disease in Birds may be viewed as one complete publication file below
or as individual chapters
newcastle2.htm.
|
Bibliography of Selected Citations
Current Research Information System Records
Web Sites
INTRODUCTION
About the disease:
There are vaccines
available for many strains of Newcastle disease,
although, it is not unusual for new (exotic) very contagious and virulent disease
strains to break out somewhere around the world on a regular basis. Among the various strains of the Newcastle virus,
there are various levels of lethality. The most virulent (velogenic) strains
can cause rapid onset of disease and kill almost 100% of the infected birds.
There are naturally milder forms that are not as deadly (lentogenic). The virus can infect all species of birds--both
domesticated and wild bird populations. The impact of the disease even in mild forms
is a drastic reduction in the commercial production of eggs and broilers. For more information about the disease and its
effects, the reader is referred to the relevant artices on the topic in the
online version of the Merck Veterinary Manual (See the World Wide Web links
1-4 below). Newcastle disease
is a biosecurity threat to the US poultry industry as stopping the spread of the virus requires
a rapid response to stem the spread and limit economic losses due to the disease.
The 2002-2003 epidemic of END in the US:
An outbreak
of a virulent form of the disease has broken out in the US in the state of California. A sick chicken from a
backyard flock appears to be the means of entry into California poultry flocks. When the
bird exhibited signs of illness, it was taken, on September 25, 2002, to a private
veterinary practioner in Torrence, CA. The
bird was found to have a very pathogenic strain (velogenic) of the exotic Newcastle disease (END). This bird or “index case” is considered to be the
carrier of the very infectous and pathogenic virus that spread quickly into
backyard poultry then moved from there into poultry production facilities in
Southern California. This is the first time since the 1971-73 outbreak
of END that the disease has been of epidemic proportions in California. The main methods of transmission
of the disease from one location to another seem to have been via bird to bird
contact, human activities, insects, rodents, cages, machinery equipment and
infected eggs. It then spread to other
areas of the state. Since this exotic
strain of Newcastle disease was first identified, millions of birds have been sacrificed
in California and as of May 2003, it has not been contained by depopulation
and quarantine. At the time of publication,
commercial flocks and back yard flocks in seven counties in California have been affected. Additional areas of the state are under quarantine.
The disease had spread to adjacent states of
Nevada, Arizona but
the outbreak there seems to be under control through the use of depopulation
and quarantine by government response teams.
An outbreak
of the virus had been detected in Texas, in
May of 2003. DNA sequencing analysis
confirmed that the Texas strain was caused by a separate introduction of the disease and
not due by movement from affected areas in California, Nevada or Arizona. Intense surveillance, and early detection in El Paso County, seems to have contained and eliminated the disease in Texas.
It was with
the current epidemic in the US and the possibility of such epidemics emerging in other places
in the world that this resource was developed.
It is not comprehensive as the focus of the document is mainly the US. The bibliographic information
highlights the recent research that has been published on the disease.
Topics include information about the disease process, susceptible species
of birds, genetics, prevention and control measures, vaccination, vaccines,
etc. There are also relevant USDA sponsored research
and informative and credible websites listed.
References:
1)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/203800.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease
2)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/170312.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease
3)
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/201901.htm&word=newcastle%2cdisease
4) http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/201902.htm
ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
The bibliographic
information currently in this document is from the AGRICOLA database.
The U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) sponsored research listed was
obtained from the USDA’s CRIS database http://cris.csrees.usda.gov which lists
current research funded by USDA both within the Department and universities.
The time span is from 2002 back to 1998. Note
that this is a dynamic document and there may be additions and other changes
to this resource.
Information
on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the
National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Collection Serivces website at
http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml. Please read carefully as there are certain
restrictions on media and
document types.
If the reader
is aware of important science-based information that needs to be added to this
document, please feel free to contact the author at http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php.
BIBLIOGRAPHY of SELECTED
CITATIONS
1997 - Present
2002 | 2001 | 2000
| 1999 | 1998 | 1997
2002
Artois, M.; Manvell, R.; Fromont,
E.; Schweyer, J.B. Serosurvey for Newcastle disease and avian imfluenza A virus antibodies in great cormorants
from France. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases. Jan 2002. v. 38 (1) p. 169-171. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax carbo, cormorants, serological
surveys, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus.
Capua, I.; Dalla Pozza, M.; Mutinelli,
F.; Marangon, S.; Terregino, C. Newcastle disease outbreaks in Italy during 2000. The Veterinary Record. May 4, 2002. v. 150 (18) p. 565-568.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: poultry, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, epidemics,
clinical aspects, histopathology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, disease susceptibility,
geographical distribution, Italy.
Chen,
J.P.; Wang, C.H. Clinical epidemiologic
and experimental evidence for the transmission of Newcastle disease virus through eggs. Avian
Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 461-465. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note:
Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Sporadic outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) occurred
in Taiwan during 1998-2000. In some
cases, the disease occurred in broilers less than 2 wk old that originated in
a broiler breeder farm, so spread of the ND virus (NDV) from the infected breeder
farm to broiler ranches was suspected. The purpose of the present study was
to examine the possibility of the transmission of NDV through eggs. Both clinical
and experimental evidence were used to prove that this is possible. From epidemiological
investigation, the possibility of transmission through eggs was suggested in
two separate ND cases from a breeder farm and its progeny because two identical
NDVs were isolated from both cases. In order to clarify the possibility of the
transmission through eggs, one mean egg lethal dose (ELD50) of NDV was inoculated
into the allantoic cavity of 155 9-to-11-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF)
chicken embryos. Seventy-one hatching chicks from the inoculated embryos were
raised for 14 days. The cloacal swabs from those chicks at the ages of 1, 4,
and 7 days and the tissues after necropsy at the ages of 14 days were taken
for virus isolation. The same NDV was reisolated from three hatching chicks.
This experiment confirms that a few chicken embryos infected in ovo with a low
titer of NDV can hatch and contain NDV after hatching, which results in NDV
spreading through eggs.
Descriptors: broilers, experimental
infections, Newcastle disease virus, ova, disease
transmission through eggs, vertical transmission, shedding of virus, cloaca
swabs.
Kommers,
G.D.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S.; Carmichael, K.P.; Brown, C.C. Pathogenesis of six pigeon origin isolates
of Newcastle disease virus for domestic chickens. Veterinary Pathology.
May 2002. v. 39 (3) p. 353-362. ISSN: 0300-9858
NAL
call no: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: pigeons, chickens, Newcastle disease virus,
pathogenesis, strains, strain differences, hosts, disease course, paramyxovirus,
histopathology, immunohistochemistry, DNA hybridization, messenger RNA, genes,
viral proteins, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, heart, brain.
Landman,
W.J.M.; Post, J.; Boonstra-Blom, A.G.; Buyse, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Koch, G. Effect
of an in-ovo infection with a Dutch avian leukosis virus subgroup J isolate
on the growth and immunological performance of SPF broiler chickens. Avian
Pathology. Feb 2002. v. 31 (1) p. 59-72.
ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The effect of an in ovo infection with a Dutch
isolate of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) on the growth of specific
pathogen free (SPF) broiler chickens was analysed. During this study, possible
immune suppressive effects of ALV-J were assessed by measuring delayed-type
hypersensitivity with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), natural killer (NK)
cell activity, the production of radicals of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages,
humoral immune response against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease vaccine
viruses, and automated total and differential leukocyte counts. In an attempt
to elucidate the underlying causal mechanisms of the induced growth retardation,
3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in serum were measured. Four experiments
were conducted. In experiment 1, ALV-J-injected birds were compared with ALV
subgroup A (ALV-A)-injected and negative control chickens. In experiment 2,
ALV-J-injected birds were only compared with negative controls. Finally, in
experiments 3a and 3b, ALV-J-injected chickens were compared with negative controls
and a group of chickens in which only 10% of birds had been injected with ALV-J.
Birds were injected in ovo at day 7 of incubation with 10(4) median tissue culture
infectious dose (TCID50) ALV-J or ALV-A, except in experiment 3a where 10(2)
TCID50 ALV-J was injected. Significant growth suppression was found in all 100%
of ALV-J-infected groups. The average growth retardation of ALV-J-infected birds
compared with negative controls at 6 weeks of age was approximately 8, 11, 2.5
and 6% for the four successive experiments performed. The delayed-type hypersensitivity
test against KLH of ALV-J-infected birds showed a tendency towards lower wattle
thickness; however, the difference with controls was not significant (P >
0.05). The same was true for NK cell activity and NO production by macrophages,
although the difference was not significant. The total and differential leukocyte
counts performed on blood samples from birds at 3, 4 and 6 weeks of age as well
as the humoral immune response against Newcastle and infectious bursal
disease vaccine viruses did not show significant differences between treatment
groups either. Only the number of basophils were significantly higher (P = 0.02)
in ALV-J-infected birds at 3 weeks of age. No significant lower T3 levels were
found in ALV-J-infected birds in weeks 2 and 3 (experiment 2) and weeks 3 and
5 (experiment 3b); however, at 4 weeks (experiment 2) and 6 weeks (experiment
3b) of age, T3 levels were significantly lower suggesting mild hypothyroidism
in these broilers. In conclusion, the present experiments show the occurrence
of significant growth retardation in SPF broilers after an ALV-J in ovo infection.
The various studies performed to assess the immune competence of ALV-J-infected
chickens did not show significant differences in immune responsiveness. The
assays on cellular immunity showed a tendency to a lower response in ALV-J-infected
birds, but these differences were not statistically significant.
Descriptors: broilers, avian leucosis, avian oncovirus, infections
effects on growth, performance, immune
system response, hypersensitivity, natural killer cells, nitric oxide, free
radicals, vaccines, macrophages,
humoral immunity Newcastle disease virus, infectious
bursal disease virus, blood chemistry, leukocyte count, triiodothyronine.
Lin,
H.; Wang, L.F.; Song, J.L.; Xie, Y.M.; Yang, Q.M. Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production
and immune responses of heat-stressed laying hens. Poultry Science. Apr 2002. v. 81 (4) p. 458-465. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted
to evaluate the effect of vitamin A supplementation of a commercial layer diet
on the laying performance and immune function of heat-stressed hens. In Experiment
1, two different levels of vitamin A supplementation (3,000 and 9,000 IU/kg)
were used to investigate the laying performance and antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of
heat-stressed hens. Results showed that the high level of vitamin A supplementation
(9,000 IU/kg) had a beneficial effect on the feed intake and laying rate of
heat-stressed hens (P < 0.05), compared with the control group (3,000 IU/kg).
The antibody titers were not influenced by the level of vitamin A (P > 0.05).
In Experiment 2, the effect of four levels of vitamin A (3,000, 6,000, 9,000,
and 12,000 IU/kg) on the antibody titer to NDV and T lymphocyte proportion was
studied. The experimental birds were exposed to a high temperature (31.5 C)
15 d after NDV vaccination (Treatment 1) or immediately (Treatment 2). The results
showed that the egg weight was increased (P < 0.01) by the high levels of
vitamin A supplementation (6,000 and 9,000 IU/kg), but feed intake, laying rate,
and body weight loss were not (P > 0.05). In Treatment 1, vitamin A had no
significant effect on antibody titers against NDV in normal or hot environments
but increased (P < 0.01) the proportion of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase
(ANAE)-positive cells. Vitamin A supplementation had a significant effect on
NDV antibody titer and ANAE-positive cell proportion in Treatment 2 (P <
0.01). The results of the present study suggested that vitamin A supplementation
in commercial layer diets to layer chickens under heat stress was beneficial
to laying performance and immune function.
Descriptors: hens, heat stress, antibody titers, vitamin
supplements, antibody formation, feed-intake, laying performance, egg weight
and mass, feed conversion, T lymphocytes.
Mase,
M.; Imai, K.; Sanada, Y.; Sanada, N.; Yuasa, N.; Imada, T.; Tsukamoto, K.; Yamaguchi,
S. Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle
disease virus genotypes isolated in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Oct 2002. v. 40 (10) p. 3826-3830. ISSN: 0095-1137
NAL
call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences,
genes, viral proteins, phylogenetics, fusion protein, molecular sequence data.
Peroulis-Kourtis,
I.; O'Riley, K.; Grix, D.; Condron, R.J.; Ainsworth, C. Molecular characterisation of Victorian Newcastle disease virus isolates
from 1976 to 1999. Australian Veterinary
Journal. July 2002. v. 80 (7) p. 422-424. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus,
nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, genes, genetic diversity, signal
peptide,Victoria, Australia isolate, F gene, HN gene.
Ramanujam,
P.; Tan, W.S.; Nathan, S.; Yusoff, K. Novel
peptides that inhibit the propagation of Newcastle disease virus. Archives
of Virology. 2002.
v. 147 (5) p. 981-993. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: bacteriophages, amino
acid sequences, binding proteins, envelope glycoproteins.
Saif,
Y.M.; Nestor, K.E. Increased mortality
in turkeys selected for increased body weight following vaccination with a live
Newcastle disease virus vaccine. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 505-508. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Candidate male and female breeders from nine
genetic lines of turkeys that were reared intermingled, with the sexes housed
in different buildings on the same farm, were vaccinated with a live Newcastle
disease virus vaccine (B1 type, LaSota) just prior to the commencement of egg
production. In 1999, an average mortality for all lines of 5.8% occurred during
the 10 days immediately following vaccination and the level of mortality varied
among lines. Mortality was, in general, greater in large-bodied lines than in
small-bodied lines. Affected birds exhibited gross multiple areas of focal necrosis
in the liver and spleen and congestion of the heart and lungs. The percentage
mortality occurring following similar vaccination in 2000 averaged 2.6 for the
10 days following vaccination and mortality was greater (P less than or equal
to 0.05) in one line (F line) than the other genetic groups and higher in females
than in males. Mortality in the F line, selected for increased body weight and
known to be susceptible to various diseases, averaged 15.1% for both years.
Attempts failed in both years to isolate Pasteurella multocida or other bacteria.
There was a positive correlation between increased body weight and increased
mortality following vaccination with the live LaSota vaccine.
Descriptors: turkeys, liveweight, vaccination, live vaccines,
Newcastle disease virus, mortality,
genotypes, oviposition, necrosis, spleen, symptoms, histopathology, clinical
aspects, heart, lungs.
Santin,
E.; Paulillo, A.C.; Maiorka, P.C.; Alessi, A.C.; Krabbe, E.L.; Maiorka, A. The effects
of ochratoxin/aluminosilicate interaction on the tissues and humoral immune
response of broilers. Avian Pathology. Feb 2002. v. 31 (1) p. 73-79. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary
ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, on the histology
of the bursa of Fabricius, liver and kidneys, and on the humoral immune response
of broilers vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus. The exposure
of birds to 2 p.p.m. ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate,
reduced their humoral immune response and the number of mitotic cells in the
bursa. The relative weight of the livers of the birds exposed to this toxin
was increased and, microscopically, there was hepatocyte vacuolation and megalocytosis
with accompanying hyperplasia of the biliary epithelium. The kidneys showed
hypertrophy of the renal proximal tubular epithelium, with thickening of the
glomerular basement membrane. Aluminosilicate did not ameliorate the deleterious
effects of the ochratoxin.
Descriptors: broilers, ochratoxins,
silicates, interactions, humoral immunity, immune response, histology, bursa Fabricii, liver, kidneys, Newcastle
disease virus, vaccination, mitosis, weight, vacuoles.
Shengqing,
Y.; Kishida, N.; Ito, H.; Kida, H.; Otsuki, K.; Kawaoka, Y.; Ito, T. Generation of velogenic Newcastle disease
viruses from a nonpathogenic waterfowl isolate by passaging in chickens.
Virology. Sept
30, 2002.
v. 301 (2) p. 206-211. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: velogenic Newcastle disease virus, virulence,
passaging virus through chickens.
Turpin,
E.A.; Perkins, L.E.L.; Swayne, D.E. Experimental infection of turkeys with avian
pneumovirus and either Newcastle disease virus or Escherichia coli. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2002. v. 46 (2) p. 412-422. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Summary in Spanish
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian pneumoviruses (APVs) are RNA viruses responsible
for upper respiratory disease in poultry. Experimental infections are typically
less severe than those observed in field cases. Previous studies with APV and
Escherichia coli suggest this discrepancy is due to secondary agents. Field
observations indicate APV infections are more severe with concurrent infection
by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In
the current study, we examined the role of lentogenic NDV in the APV disease
process. Two-week-old commercial turkey poults were infected with the Colorado strain of APV. Three days
later, these poults received an additional inoculation of either NDV or E. coli.
Dual infection of APV with either NDV or E. coli resulted in increased morbidity
rates, with poults receiving APV/NDV having the highest morbidity rates and
displaying lesions of swollen infraorbital sinuses. These lesions were not present
in the single APV, NDV, or E. coli groups. These results demonstrate that coinfection
with APV and NDV can result in clinical signs and lesions similar to those in
field outbreaks of APV.
Descriptors: turkeys, Escherichia coli, Paramyxoviridae,
Newcastle disease virus, mixed infections,
field experimentation, morbidity, outbreaks, symptoms.
Waihenya,
R.K.; Mtambo, M.M.A.; Nkwengulila, G. Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extract
of Aloe secundiflora in chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
Mar 2002. v. 79 (3) p. 299-304. ISSN: 0378-8741
NAL
call no: RS160.J6
Descriptors: medicinal plants, veterinary products, experimental
infections.
Wilks,
C.R. Molecular diagnosis of Newcastle disease. Australian Veterinary Journal. June 2002. v. 80 (6) p. 352. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, diagnosis,
outbreaks, clinical aspects, vaccination, Victoria.
Wunderwald,
C.; Hoop,R.K. Serological monitoring
of 40 Swiss fancy breed poultry flocks. Avian
Pathology. Apr 2002. v. 31 (2) p. 157-162. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Rapid serum agglutination, haemagglutination
inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen Swiss
fancy breed chicken flocks for antibodies against 12 avian infectious agents.
For this purpose, 1002 blood samples from 40 flocks were collected and tested.
Ten percent of the samples were positive for Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and 62.5% of the flocks were affected. More than 75% of the flocks had antibodies
against Mycoplasma gallisepticum/Mycoplasma synoviae, infectious bronchitis,
infectious bursal disease, avian encephalomyelitis, infectious chicken anaemia
and reoviral arthritis. Low prevalence of antibodies was recorded for Salmonella
enteritidis, avian influenza, avian leukosis and Newcastle disease (2.0 to 4.0%).
Descriptors: chickens, serological
surveys, disease monitoring, hemagglutination inhibition test, ELISA, poultry
disease prevalence, incidence.
Yu,
M.; Wang, E.; Liu, Y.; Cao, D.; Jin, N.; Zhang, C.W.H.; Bartlam, M.; Rao, Z.;
Tien, P.; Gao, G.F. Six-helix bundle assembly and characterization of heptad repeat regions
from the F protein of Newcastle disease virus. The Journal
of General Virology. Mar 2002. v. 83 (pt.3) p. 623-629. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Paramyxoviruses may adopt a similar fusion
mechanism to other enveloped viruses, in which an antiparallel six-helix bundle
structure is formed post-fusion in the heptad repeat (HR) regions of the envelope
fusion protein. In order to understand the fusion mechanism and identify fusion
inhibitors of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a
member of the Paramyxoviridae family, we have developed an E. coli system that
separately expresses the F protein HR1 and HR2 regions as GST fusion proteins.
The purified cleaved HR1 and HR2 have subsequently been assembled into a stable
six-helix bundle heterotrimer complex. Furthermore, both the GST fusion protein
and the cleaved HR2 show virus-cell fusion inhibition activity (IC50 of 1.07-2.93
micromolar). The solubility of the GST-HR2 fusion protein is much higher than
that of the corresponding peptide. Hence this provides a plausible method for
large-scale production of HR peptides as virus fusion inhibitors.
Descriptors: viral proteins, GST-HR2
fusion protein, F protein, NDV, virus fusion inhibitors.
Yunis,
R.; Ben-David, A.; Heller, E.D.; Cahaner, A. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between antibody responses to Escherichia
coli, infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV),
in broiler lines selected on antibody response to Escherichia coli.
Poultry Science. Mar 2002. v. 81 (3) p. 302-308. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: The genetic control of antibody (Ab) response
to Escherichia coli (EC), infectious bursa disease virus, and Newcastle disease virus and the
genetic and phenotypic correlation between these Ab responses, were evaluated
under farm conditions in which chicks were simultaneously exposed to these antigens.
The experimental population comprised five groups: two lines divergently selected
for high (HH) or low (LL) Ab response to EC vaccination; a commercial broiler
dam-line (CC), from which HH and LL had been derived; and the HH x CC and LL
x CC hybrid groups (HC and LC, respectively). Lines LL and HH expressed similar
symmetric divergence to all three antigens. The ranking of the LL, LC, CC, HC,
and HH genetic groups according to their mean Ab responses and their very high
linear correlation with the LL vs. HH genomic scale clearly indicate the additive
nature of the genetic divergence between these lines. Several estimates of correlation
were calculated between Ab responses of each pair of antigens and between BW
and Ab to each antigen. The high correlation between group means, the near-zero
within-group correlation, and the low phenotypic correlation indicate the strongly
positive genetic correlation between Ab responses and no correlation with BW.
The results of this study suggest that overall immunocompetence of commercial
broilers can be improved by selection for high Ab response of young chicks to
controlled immunization with a single antigen, without counteracting further
selection for high BW.
Descriptors: broilers, genetic variation,
genetic correlation, phenotypic correlation, antibody formation, Escherichia
coli, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, line differences,
crossbred progeny, selection criteria, genetic resistance, disease resistance.
Return to: Main Contents
| Bibliography
Contents
2001
Alders,
R.G. (Robyn G.); Spradbrow, P. B. Controlling
Newcastle disease in village chickens: A field manual. ACIAR monograph series; no. 82. Canberra: Australian Centre for
International Agricultural Research, 2001. 112 p.: ill. ISBN: 1863203079
NAL
call no: SF995.6.N4 A37 2001
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, control, developing
countries, handbooks, manuals, chickens, vaccine.
Aldous,
E.W.; Collins, M.S.; McGoldrick, A.; Alexander, D.J. Rapid
pathotyping of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using fluorogenic probes in a PCR assay.
Veterinary Microbiology. June 6, 2001. v. 80 (3) p. 201-212.
ISSN: 0378-1135
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Abstract: Hybridisation of PCR fragments with fluorogenic
probes specific for pathotype allowed an estimation of pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
using a modified TaqMan procedure. Six probes were used, designed to recognise
nucleotide sequences in the fusion protein gene sequence corresponding to the
precursor protein F0 cleavage site of both virulent and avirulent viruses. Forty-three
of the 45 isolates tested, including 18 examined in a blind study were pathotyped
successfully and rapidly, with close correlation between cleavage site nucleotide
sequences, TaqMan results and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values.
One isolate, which could not be pathotyped by nucleotide sequencing, was shown
using the TaqMan system to be a mixture of virulent and avirulent NDV. The results
of this study suggest that using this modified TaqMan protocol, the likely virulence
of most ND isolates can be determined rapidly and reproducibly.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, pathotypes,
polymerase chain reaction, pathogenicity, estimation, nucleotide sequences,
precursors, molecular sequence data.
Aldous,
E.W.; Alexander, D.J. Detection and differentiation
of Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus type 1). Avian Pathology. Apr 2001.
v. 30 (2) p. 117-128. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Substantial variation in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
means that the detection of NDV or evidence of infection is insufficient for
an adequate diagnosis, as control measures for avirulent viruses are very different
to those for virulent viruses. Diagnosis therefore requires further characterization,
at least as to whether an isolate is virulent or avirulent. Conventional detection
and differentiation of ND viruses is perceived as slow, laborious and requiring
an undesirable use of in vivo techniques. In addition, further characterization
is needed to give greater information on origin and spread. This review concentrates
on the application of monoclonal antibody and molecular biological approaches.
Panels of monoclonal antibodies were a major advance for the characterization
of NDV isolates, although confirmation of virulence for poultry still required
in vivo testing. As molecular-based techniques become easier and more reliable,
they are likely to supersede the use of monoclonal antibodies, especially for
characterizing viruses for epidemiological purposes. The attraction of molecular-based
techniques is that they may be able to cover all three aspects of Newcastle disease diagnosis (detection
of virus, characterization, including inference of virulence, and epidemiology)
quickly, accurately and definitively in a single test. A number of approaches
based on the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction have been developed,
with subsequent analysis of the product by restriction enzyme analysis, probe
hybridization and nucleotide sequencing. Although extensive variation among
NDVs still poses technical problems, the real and potential advantages of a
molecular biological approach to Newcastle disease diagnosis appear
to be overwhelming.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, etiology,
epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, pathogenicity, diagnostic techniques.
Alexander,
D.J. Newcastle disease. British Poultry Science. Mar 2001.
v. 42 (1) p. 5-22. ISSN: 0007-1668 Note: Paper presented at a meeting of the UK Branch
of the World's Poultry Science Association held March 2000, Scarborough.
NAL
call no: 47.8 B77
Abstract: 1. In this paper several historical and contemporary
aspects of Newcastle disease (ND) are reviewed,
with particular reference to the greater understanding which modern techniques
have allowed. 2. Virulent ND viruses were generally thought to have emerged
in 1926 as a result of transfer from a wild bird host reservoir but there is
evidence that the virulent virus may have existed in poultry before 1926. Recent
findings suggest that the virulent virus may emerge in poultry as a result of
mutations in viruses of low virulence. 3. The history of ND in Great Britain reflects the four known
panzootics that have occurred and serves as a model for the impact this disease
may have on poultry populations. 4. Attempts to control and eradicate ND are
not as straightforward as it may appear; in particular vaccination, while preventing
deaths and disease, on challenge may not prevent virus replication and could
therefore lead to the virulent virus becoming endemic. 5. Village chickens are
extremely important assets in most developing countries, representing a significant
source of protein in the form of eggs and meat but endemic ND can cause mortality
of up to 60% in village chickens.
Descriptors: poultry, Newcastle disease,
Newcastle disease virus, wild birds as reservoir hosts, disease transmission,
virulence, mutations, epidemics, disease control, vaccination, viral replication,
mortality, symptoms, literature reviews.
Bacon,
L.D.; Witter, R.L.; Silva, R.F. Characterization
and experimental reproduction of peripheral neuropathy in White Leghorn chickens. Avian Pathology. Oct 2001.
v. 30 (5) p. 487-489. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A clinical neurological syndrome termed peripheral
neuropathy (PN) that resembles Marek's disease (MD) occurred at low frequency
in a commercial layer strain for several years. Study of chickens from six field
cases showed that the PN syndrome could be distinguished pathologically from
MD on the basis of several factors, including onset as early as 6 weeks, presence
of B-type but not A-type lesions in peripheral nerves, and absence of visceral
lymphomas. Serotype 1 MD virus could not be isolated from blood from any chicken
or demonstrated in tissues by histochemistry or polymerase chain reaction assays.
Moreover, the syndrome was not prevented by MD vaccination, either in the field
or in laboratory trials. PN was induced in 3 to 54% of commercial line chickens
inoculated at 1 or 6 days of age with whole blood or buffy coat cells from clinically
affected donor chickens. Sonicated cells also induced PN, but plasma was ineffective.
Chickens did not develop PN if reared in isolators without cellular transfer
or when vaccinated solely against MD. However, PN was observed in 9% of 57 B*2/*19
commercial chickens reared in isolators following vaccination against MD, infectious
bursal disease, Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis, suggesting that
common vaccines may predispose chickens to PN. The data confirmed a strong influence
of the major histocompatibility complex (B-complex) on both naturally occurring
and experimentally induced PN with the B*19 haplotype conferring susceptibility
compared with other alleles. It is postulated that PN may represent an autoimmune
reaction to nerve tissue that may result from response to a combination of common
vaccines. These studies confirmed that PN is distinct from MD, provided criteria
for its differential diagnosis, identified strategies for its control, and established
a model for its experimental induction.
Descriptors: chickens nervous system diseases, pathogenesis,
etiology, peripheral nerves, experimental infection, major histocompatibility
complex, differential diagnosis, disease control.
Berinstein,
A.; Sellers, H.S.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S. Use
of a heteroduplex mobility assay to detect differences in the fusion protein
cleavage site coding sequence among Newcastle Disease Virus isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Sept 2001. v. 39 (9) p. 3171-3178. ISSN: 0095-1137
NAL
call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences,
viral genes, phylogenetics, amino acid sequences.
Cattoli,
G.; Manvell, R.J.; Tisato, E.; Banks, J.; Capua, I. Characterization
of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Italy in 2000. Avian Pathology. Oct 2001.
v. 30 (5) p. 465-469. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Thirty-two Newcastle disease virus isolates
from the 2000 Italian epidemic were characterized by monoclonal antibody binding
pattern and nucleotide sequencing of approximately 400 base pairs of the fusion
gene. In addition, the pathogenicity of six of these isolates was assessed by
means of the intracerebral pathogenicity test (ICPI). The strains tested exhibited
an ICPI ranging from 1.6 to 2.0. On the basis of the monoclonal antibody binding
pattern, all isolates could be classified as belonging to group C1. Both monoclonal
antibody and genomic analysis revealed a very high degree of homology, indicating
a common source of infection. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, it
appears that the Italian isolates are closely related to the recent isolates
from the UK, Scandinavia and South East Europe,
thus suggesting the circulation of this viral strain in Europe during the past 5 years.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, characterization,
monoclonal antibodies, nucleotide sequences, pathogenicity, phylogenetics.
Cavanagh,
D. Innovation
and discovery: the application of nucleic acid-based technology to avian virus
detection and characterization. Avian Pathology. Dec 2001.
v. 30 (6) p. 581-598. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches
to the detection, differentiation and characterization of avian pathogens continue
to be developed and refined. The PCRs, or reverse transcriptase-PCRs, may be
general, designed to detect all or most variants of a pathogen, or to be serotype,
genotype or pathotype specific. Progress is being made with respect to making
nucleic acid approaches more suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories. Robotic
workstations are now available for extraction of nucleic acid from many samples
in a short time, for routine diagnosis. Following general PCR, the DNA products
are commonly analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping (restriction fragment
length polymorphism), using a small number of restriction endonucleases, based
on a large body of sequence data. Increasingly, however, nucleotide sequencing
is being used to analyze the DNA product, in part due to the expanding use of
non-radioactive sequencing methods that are safe and enable high throughout.
In this review, I highlight some recent developments with many avian viruses:
Newcastle disease virus; circoviruses in canary and pigeon; infectious bursar
disease virus (Gumboro disease virus); avian adenoviruses, including Angara
disease/infectious hydropericardium virus, haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys,
and egg drop syndrome virus; avian herpesviruses, including infectious laryngotracheitis
virus, duck plague virus, psittacine herpesvirus (Pacheco's parrot disease virus),
Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys; avian leukosis virus (associated
with lymphoid leukosis or myeloid leukosis, and egg transmission); avian pneumoviruses
(turkey rhinotracheitis virus); avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis
virus, turkey coronavirus and pheasant coronavirus; astrovirus, in the context
of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome, and avian nephritis virus; and avian
encephalomyelitis virus, a picornavirus related to hepatitis A virus.
Descriptors: animal viruses, polymerase
chain reaction, nucleic acids, detection, characterization, poultry diseases,
restriction endonuclease analysis, literature reviews.
Chang,
P.C.; Hsieh, M.L.; Shien, J.H.; Graham, D.A.; Lee, M.S.; Shieh, H.K. Complete nucleotide sequence of avian paramyxovirus
type 6 isolated from ducks. The Journal
of General Virology. Sept 2001. v. 82 (pt.9) p. 2157-2168. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: There are nine serotypes of avian paramyxovirus
(APMV). Only the genome of APMV type 1 (APMV-1), also called Newcastle disease virus (NDV), has
been completely sequenced. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of
an APMV-6 serotype isolated from ducks is reported. The 16236 nt genome encodes
eight proteins, nucleocapsid protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), V protein, matrix
protein (M), fusion protein (F), small hydrophobic (SH) protein, haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
(HN) protein and large (L) protein, which are flanked by a 55 nt leader sequence
and a 54 nt trailer sequence. Sequence comparison reveals that the protein sequences
of APMV-6 are most closely related to those of APMV-1 (NDV) and -2, with sequence
identities ranging from 22 to 44%. However, APMV-6 contains a gene that might
encode the SH protein, which is absent in APMV-1, but present in the rubulaviruses
simian virus type 5 and mumps virus. The presence of an SH gene in APMV-6 might
provide a link between the evolution of APMV and rubulaviruses. Phylogenetic
analysis demonstrates that APMV-6, -1, -2 (only the F and HN sequences were
available for analysis) and -4 (only the HN sequences were available for analysis)
all cluster into a single lineage that is distinct from other paramyxoviruses.
This result suggests that APMV should constitute a new genus within the subfamily
Paramyxovirinae.
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, genomes, APMV-6 serotype
from ducks, viral proteins, nucleotide sequence data, viral evolution, new genus,
Paramyxovirinae.
Chen,
L.; Colman, P.M.; Cosgrove, L.J.; Lawrence, M.C.; Lawrence, L.J.; Tulloch, P.A.;
Gorman, J.J. Cloning, expression, and
crystallization of the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virology. Nov
25, 2001.
v. 290 (2) p. 290-299. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: chemical structure, fusion
protein, cloning, crystallization of fusion viral protein.
Clavijo,
A.; Robinson, Y.; Lopez, J. Isolation of Newcastle disease virus and Salmonella typhimurium from the brain of
double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Avian Diseases.
Jan/Mar 2001. v. 45 (1) p. 245-250. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) and Salmonella
typhimurium were isolated from the brain and lung tissues of double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from Lac Canard, Alberta, Canada. More than 100 birds died
during this outbreak in 1999. Affected birds presented signs of central nervous
system disease characterized by unilateral wing and leg paralysis. Other geographic
locations in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan have reported cases of
cormorants suffering from diseases with signs compatible with Newcastle disease. The virus isolated
in the 1999 outbreak was characterized as mesogenic. These findings suggest
that other pathogens, like S. typhimurium, may influence the clinical presentation
of disease caused by mesogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus in cormorants.
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax, Newcastle disease virus, Salmonella
typhimurium, cormorants, brain tissue, pathogen isolation, lungs, symptoms,
clinical aspects, lesions, outbreaks, case reports, Alberta, Canada.
Coletti,
M.; Del Rossi, E.; Franciosini, M.P.; Passamonti, F.; Tacconi, G.; Marini, C.
Efficacy and safety of an infectious
bursal disease virus intermediate vaccine in ovo. Avian
Diseases. Oct/Dec 2001. v. 45 (4) p. 1036-1043. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note:
Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The study was divided into two experiments.
In the first experiment, the efficacy of in ovo intermediate vaccine against
infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was determined by challenge at 21 days
of age with virulent IBDV in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial chickens.
This vaccine was able to induce active immunity and to protect SPF chickens
to challenge; protection was not complete in commercial chickens, as testified
by bursal lesions, bursal index after challenge, and vaccine immunoresponse.
In order to detect field and vaccinal viruses, immunoperoxidase staining, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay, capture, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) were tested; the RT-PCR was more effective at detecting both kind of
viruses. In the second experiment, the immunosuppressive effect of in ovo vaccination
was determined by evaluating the immunoresponse against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination
effected at 10 days in both SPF and commercial chickens vaccinated in ovo. The
in ovo vaccine causes a reduction of NDV immunoresponse, as testified by lowest
geometric mean titer in group I (SPF chickens vaccinated against IBDV in ovo
and against NDV at 11 days). In commercial chickens, immunoresponse to NDV vaccination
was not influenced by in ovo vaccination.
Descriptors: chick embryos, infectious
bursal disease virus, inactivated vaccines, safety and efficacy, disease prevention,
maternal antibodies, egg hatchability, survival, immunosuppression.
El
Tayeb, A.B.; Hanson, R.P. The interaction between Newcastle disease virus and Escherichia coli endotoxin in chickens. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2001. v. 45 (2) p. 313-320. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The interaction between Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and
Escherichia coli endotoxin was studied in cell cultures, embryonated chicken
eggs, and 8-wk-old chickens. These interactions were evaluated according to
the induction of specific or nonspecific resistance in the host system and the
virus titer produced in both chicken embryos and chickens. The endotoxin of
E. coli induced a decrease in the size of the bursa of Fabricius in live chickens.
Escherichia coli endotoxin given intravenously induced plasma antiviral activity
in chickens that was interpreted to be interferon, as detected in a vesicular
stomatitis virus plaque reduction assay. Endotoxin failed to produced toxic
effects in the chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) or to result in any antiviral
effect because no change was noted in the number of NDV plaques formed in CEF
cultures. When endotoxin was given 3 days before NDV exposure in chickens, the
virus titers were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from a peak of 10(2)
to 10(0.18), 10(2.5) to 10(0.18), and 10(2.5) to 0 in the spleens, lungs, and
kidneys, respectively, at 72 hr post-NDV inoculation. When endotoxin was given
24 hr after NDV inoculation, the NDV titer significantly (P < 0.05) increased
from 10(2.0) to 10(3.5), 10(2.5) to 10(6.5), 10(2.5) to 10(4.5), 0 to 10(2.5)
in the spleen, lungs, kidneys, and liver, respectively, at 72 hr after NDV inoculation.
In chicken sera, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer to NDV was significantly
(P < 0.05) enhanced from 1164 to 3127 when endotoxin was given prior to virus
inoculation. However, there was a decrease in HI to NDV from 1164 to 727 without
a significant difference in chicken sera when NDV was given prior to endotoxin
inoculation.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, endotoxins,
interactions, Escherichia coli, chick embryos, cell culture studies, bursa Fabricii,
spleen, lungs, kidneys, liver.
Farley,
J.M.; Romero, C.H.; Spalding, M.G.; Avery, M.L.; Forrester, D.J. Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorants in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases. Oct 2001. v. 37 (4) p. 808-812. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus, cormorants, serological
surveys, disease transmission, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, wild birds as a disease
reservoir.
Fukanoki,
S.; Iwakura, T.; Iwaki, S.; Matsumoto, K.; Takeda,
R.; Ikeda, K.; Shi, Z.; Mori, H. Safety and efficacy of
water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccines containing Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein. Avian Pathology.
Oct 2001. v. 30 (5) p. 509-516. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Subunit vaccines containing haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
(HN) glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), formulated
as water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions, were prepared. First, the suitable
constituents of a W/O/W emulsion adjuvant were investigated with polyvalent
vaccines using NDV, infectious bronchitis virus and Haemophilus paragallinarum.
The W/O/W emulsion adjuvant, composed of the antigen in phosphate-buffered saline
(PBS), liquid paraffin, squalene, diglyceryl monooleate, polysorbate 80 and
PBS in a 30:25:10:5:2:28 ratio, induced a good
antibody response with less adverse local reactions. HN protein of NDV was expressed
by an improved baculovirus expression vector, a hybrid nucleopolyhedrovirus
(HyNPV) between Autographa californica NPV and Bombyx mori NPV, and was prepared
from silkworm pupae infected with the recombinant baculovirus, HyNPV-HN. Then,
the W/O/W emulsion vaccine containing HN protein was prepared using the aforementioned
constituents. Chickens showed 100, 100 and 80% protection against challenge
exposure to virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination with W/O/W emulsion vaccines
containing 30, 6 and 3% of HyHPV-HN-infected pupae, respectively. The vaccines
containing HN protein did not induce adverse local reactions at the site of
injection. The subunit vaccine for NDV containing HN protein expressed in the
recombinant baculovirus-infected pupae, formulated as a W/O/W emulsion vaccine
composed of the antigen in PBS, liquid paraffin, squalene, diglyceryl monooleate,
polysorbate 80 and PBS in a 30:25:10:5:2:28 ratio, was therefore found to be safe and
effective.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, vaccines,
vaccination, chickens, safety, efficacy, disease prevention, emulsions, glycoproteins,
adjuvants, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein.
Herczeg,
J.; Pascucci, S.; Massi, P.; Luini, M.; Selli, L.; Capua, I.; Lomniczi, B. A longitudinal study of velogenic Newcastle disease virus genotypes isolated in Italy between 1960 and 2000. Avian Pathology. Apr 2001.
v. 30 (2) p. 163-168. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Thirty-six representative velogenic strains
of Newcastle disease virus isolated
in Italy since 1960 were characterized
by restriction site and partial sequence analyses of the fusion protein gene.
Viruses belonging to the six known genotypes of Lomniczi et al. were found.
Genotype IV, which was most probably the main epizootic group in Europe before the war, was responsible
for outbreaks in the 1960s and persisted until the late 1980s in Italy. An epizootic peak in
1972 to 1974 coincided with the appearance of genotype V viruses that were present
for more than a decade. Outbreaks in 1992 were caused by genotype VIIa viruses
and were part of a contemporaneous epizootic of Far East origin that affected Western
European countries. The Newcastle disease epizootic that
commenced in Italy in May 2000 was due to
a genotype VIIb virus that is indistinguishable from those causing sporadic
outbreaks in Great Britain and Northern Europe in the late 1990s. Isolated
cases yielded a variant of genotype VI (reference epizootic: Middle East in the late 1960s) and
a group VIII virus (enzootic in South Africa).
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, genotypes,
nucleotide sequences, strain differences, longitudinal studies, outbreaks, Italy.
Herrera,
I.; Khan, M.S.R.; Kaleta, E.F.; Muller, H.; Dolz, G.; Neumann, U. Serological status for Chlamydophila psittaci, Newcastle disease virus, avian polyoma virus, and Pacheco disease virus in scarlet
macaws (Ara macao) kept in captivity in Costa Rica. Journal
of Veterinary Medicine. Series B.
Dec 2001. v. 48 (10) p. 721-726. ISSN: 0931-1793
NAL
call no: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, viral
diseases, Newcastle disease virus, bacterial
diseases, infections, serology, aviary birds, captive animals, ELISA, antibodies,
disease transmission, Costa Rica.
Huang,
Z.; Krishnamurthy, S.; Panda, A.; Samal, S.K. High-level
expression of a foreign gene from the most 3'-proximal locus of a recombinant
Newcastle disease virus. The Journal of General Virology. July 2001. v. 82 (pt. 7) p. 1729-1736. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
Call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: A previous report showed that insertion of a
foreign gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) between the HN
and L genes of the full-length cDNA of a virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) yielded
virus with growth retardation and attenuation. The NDV vector used in that study
was pathogenic to chickens; it is therefore not suitable for use as a vaccine
vector. In the present study, an avirulent NDV vector was generated and its
potential to express CAT protein was evaluated. The CAT gene was under the control
of NDV transcriptional start and stop signals and was inserted immediately before
the open reading frame of the viral 3'-proximal nucleocapsid protein gene. A
recombinant NDV expressing CAT activity at a high level was recovered. The replication
and pathogenesis of the CAT-expressing recombinant NDV were not modified significantly.
These results indicate the potential utility of an avirulent NDV as a vaccine
vector.
Descriptors: live vaccines, avirulant NDV vector, CAT expressing
recombinant NDV, CAT protein, gene expression, pathogenicity, chicks, replication,
pthogenesis.
Iwamura,
T.; Yoneyama, M.; Koizumi, N.; Okabe, Y.; Namiki, H.; Samuel, C.E.; Fujita,
T. PACT, a double-stranded RNA binding protein
acts as a positive regulator for Type I interferon gene induced by Newcastle
disease virus. Biochemical and Biophysical
Research Communications. Mar
30, 2001.
v. 282 (2) p. 515-523. ISSN: 0006-291X
NAL
call no: 442.8 B5236
Descriptors: virus induced immunity,
interferon gene regulation, viral RNA.
Kalorey,
D.R.; Kurkure, N.V.; Sakhare, P.S.; Warke, S.; Ali, M. Effect
of growell on performance, organ weight and serum trace element profile of broilers.
Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. May 2001. v. 14 (5) p. 677-679. ISSN: 1011-2367
NAL
call no: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: broilers performance, feed supplements, weight,
blood chemistry, trace elements, mineral nutrition, humoral immunity, organs,
growth promoters, iron, vaccination, Newcastle disease virus, liveweight, feed
conversion efficiency, kidneys, thymus gland, zinc, muscles, copper, manganese,
liveweight gain.
Kidd,
M.T.; Peebles, E.D.; Whitmarsh, S.K.; Yeatman, J.B.; Wideman, R.F. Jr. Growth
and immunity of broiler chicks as affected by dietary arginine. Poultry Science. Nov 2001. v. 80 (11) p. 1535-1542. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: A dietary deficiency of Arg may suppress chick
immune system functions; however, research evaluating immune function responsiveness
of commercial broilers fed dietary Arg levels near NRC (1994) recommendations
is sparse. Therefore, three experiments were conducted to evaluate growth and
immunity of broilers fed varying Arg levels near NRC (1994) specifications.
Because Arg and Lys are similar in structure and are known
to compete in intestinal absorption, dietary Lys treatments [near NRC (1994)
recommendations] were evaluated to determine if Arg and Lys interact to affect broiler
immunity. There were four dietary treatments in Experiment 1 representing a
2 x 2 factorial design of additional Arg (120% of NRC) of additional Lys (120%
of NRC) added to a control diet containing 100% of NRC Arg and Lys (six replications
per treatment). Experiment 2 contained the following four treatments: the control
diet; the control diet plus L-Arg (0.20% Arg of diet); the control diet plus
L-Lys HCl (0.20% Lys of diet); and the control
diet plus L-Arg-L-Glu (0.10% Arg of diet). Graduations of Arg were fed from
90 to 120% of NRC in 10% increments in Experiment 3. Also, half of the birds
were exposed to vaccinations of Newcastle disease virus and infectious
bronchitis virus in Experiment 3 to derive a 2 x 4 factorial design. Experiments
1 and 2 were conducted from Days 1 to 18 and Experiment 3 was conducted from
Days 1 to 15 in Petersime battery brooders. No interactions occurred between
dietary Lys and Arg in Experiment 1. Increasing dietary
Arg, but not Lys, from 100 to 120% of the
NRC recommendation increased (P < or = 0.05) Day 18 BW gain. Treatment differences
in the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity assay in Experiment 1 did not occur.
In Experiment 2, treatment differences in growth responses, lymphoid organ development,
and primary antibody titers to SRBC did not occur. Unvaccinated birds in Experiment
3 fed an Arg-deficient diet had lower (P < or = 0.05) feed conversion in
comparison with vaccinated birds fed an Arg-deficient diet. Vaccinated birds
had lower (P < or = 0.05) Day 15 BW than unvaccinated birds, but higher (P
< or = 0.05) titers to Newcastle disease virus. Increasing
dietary Arg in Experiment 3 increased plasma Arg (P < or = 0.05), but did
not affect plasma Lys. Although increased dietary Arg improved
BW gain in Experiment 1, minimal effects were noted in growth and immune system
parameters throughout this study. A dietary Arg level near the NRC (1994) recommendation
should support proper immune system functions in healthy chicks.
Descriptors: broiler chicks, arginine, lysine, nutrient nutrient
interactions, diets, liveweight gain, antibody formation, delayed type hypersensitivity,
feed intake and conversion, bursa Fabricii, thymus gland, spleen, weight, blood
picture, vaccination.
King,
D.J. Selection of thermostable Newcastle disease virus progeny from reference and vaccine strains. Avian Diseases.
Apr/June 2001. v. 45 (2) p. 512-516. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In a study of low-virulence Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
from poultry, 38% of the isolates had a more thermostable hemagglutinin than
the lentogenic reference strains B1 and La Sota or live vaccines derived from
those strains. Whether those strains with a more thermostable hemagglutinin
are truly indigenous or whether they could have originated from vaccines used
in the flocks was unknown. Seven monovalent NDV vaccines of B1 or La Sota type
and reference B1 and La Sota strains were heat treated at 56 C to select variants
more thermostable than the parent virus. Four thermal treatment cycles were
completed, and virus propagated from the second and fourth heat treatments was
assayed for changes in thermostability and antigenicity. The hemagglutinin thermostability
of all vaccine and reference strain variants increased from the initial less
than or equal to 10 min to greater than or equal to 120 min after four treatments.
Antigenic changes evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition against NDV monoclonal
antibodies identified changes in only the heat-treated La Sota strains. The
results demonstrate that the field isolates with a more thermostable hemagglutinin
could have been derived by selection from the heterogenous NDV populations in
vaccine strains and that minor antigenic changes may be a result of that selection.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus strains,
low-virulence strains, stability, heat treatment, vaccines, antigens, searching
for thermal stable variants, La Sota
type.
Kommers,
G.D.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S.; Brown, C.C. Virulence
of pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates for domestic chickens. Avian Diseases.
Oct/Dec 2001. v. 45 (4) p. 906-921. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Summary in Spanish
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The virulence of six pigeon-origin isolates
of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was
evaluated before and after passage in white leghorn chickens. Four isolates
were defined as pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) and two isolates were classified
as avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) with NDV monoclonal antibodies. The four PPMV-1
isolates were passaged four times in chickens, and the APMV-1 isolates were
passaged only once. Infected birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized.
Tissues were collected for histopathology, in situ hybridization with a NDV
matrix gene digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe, and immunohistochemistry with an
anti-peptide antibody to the nucleoprotein. Mean death time, intracerebral pathogenicity
index, and intravenous pathogenicity index tests performed before and after
passage in chickens demonstrated increased virulence of the passaged PPMV-1
isolates and high virulence of the original isolates of APMV-1. Sequence analysis
of the fusion protein cleavage site of all six isolates demonstrated a sequence
typical of the virulent pathotype. Although the pathotyping results indicated
a virulence increase of all passaged PPMV-1 isolates, clinical disease was limited
to depression and some nervous signs in only some of the 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free
white leghorns inoculated intraconjunctivally. However, an increased frequency
of clinical signs and some mortality occurred in 2 wk olds inoculated intraconjunctivally
with passaged virus. Histologically, prominent lesions in heart and brain were
observed in birds among all four groups inoculated with the PPMV-1 isolates.
The behavior of the two pigeon-origin APMV-1 isolates when inoculated into chickens
was characteristic of velogenic viscerotropic NDVs and included necro-hemorrhagic
lesions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, avian paramyxovirus,
pigeons, virulence, inoculum, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, histopathology,
nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, phylogenetics, lesions, pathotypes.
Landman,
W.J.M.; Veldman, K.T.; Mevius, D.J.; van Eck, J.H.H. Aerosol transmission of arthropathic and amyloidogenic Enterococcus faecalis. Avian
Diseases. Oct/Dec 2001. v. 45 (4) p. 1014-1023. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Summary in Spanish
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: One-day-old brown layer chicks were exposed
to an aerosol of an arthropathic and amyloidogenic Enterococcus faecalis strain
alone or after being subjected to treatment with formaldehyde gas (100-200 ppm).
Four-day-old chicks were also treated with the same aerosol but after treatment
with a Newcastle disease vaccine virus
(NDVV) aerosol or intramuscular injection with methylprednisolon at day 1. The
same E. faecalis strain was inoculated intramuscularly in day-old chicks as
positive control. Bacteremia with time showed that 24 hr after the aerosol the
day-old exposed chicks had the highest rate of positive blood cultures (70%-80%).
Lower numbers of bacteremic birds at this point in time were found in the chicks
treated with E. faecalis aerosol at day 4 (3/10 in the methylprednisolon-treated
group and 0/10 in the NDVV-treated group) and the E. faecalis intramuscular-injected
group at day 1 (2/10). Formaldehyde gas treatment did not favor the occurrence
of bacteremia. NDVV aerosol exposure or injection with corticosteroids did not
favor the occurrence of bacteremia 24 hr after E. faecalis aerosol exposure
at day 4 either, although 66 days after aerosol, one bird (1/14) treated with
NDVV showed bacteremia. A few bacteremic birds were found 10 days after aerosol
in the NDVV- and methylprednisolon-treated groups, whereas at 14 days after
aerosol, one bacteremic bird was seen in the group subjected to E. faecalis
aerosol at day 1, indicating the occurrence of chronic bacteremia. In contrast
to the E. faecalis intramuscular-inoculated birds, no joint pathology was seen
in the aerosol-exposed groups in spite of the occurrence of chronic bacteremia.
Descriptors: chicks, Streptococcus faecalis, aerosols, formaldehyde,
immunosuppression, prednisolone, Newcastle disease virus, chronic
bacteremia, disease transmission.
Landman,
W.J.M.; van Eck, J.H.H. Aerosolization
of Newcastle disease vaccine virus and Enterococcus faecalis. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 2001. v. 45 (3) p. 684-687. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish Summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In order to study the aerosol transmission of
arthropathic and amyloidogenic Enterococcus faecalis strains, preliminary aerosol
experiments were performed. The experiments were carried out in empty isolators
to assess the yield and viability of E. faecalis and Newcastle disease vaccine virus
(NDVV) aerosol particles with time. NDVV was aerosolized because this virus
would be used in combination with E. faecalis in a subsequent study. Concentrations
of about 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of E. faecalis/m3 of air were still
found 30 min after the aerosol application. At 45 min, however, E. faecalis
concentrations dropped below the detection level. The average E. faecalis concentration
during the aerosol experiment was estimated at 10(5) CFU/liter. The NDVV aerosol
generated an average of 10(4)-10(5) 50% embryo infective dose per liter of air.
In these experiments, E. faecalis and NDVV aerosols were successfully generated
despite considerable initial particle loss. The bacteria and virus uptakes per
chick are discussed in case day-old chicks would be exposed to these aerosols.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, Streptococcus
faecalis, aerosol transmission, aerosolized pathogen experiments, yields, viability,
chicks.
Li,
Z.; Nestor, K.E.; Saif, Y.M.; Anderson, J.W.; Patterson, R.A. Effect of selection for increased body weight
in turkeys on lymphoid organ weights, phagocytosis, and antibody responses to
fowl cholera and Newcastle disease-inactivatted vaccines. Poultry
Science. June 2001. v.80 (6) p. 689-694. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: The influence of selection was studied for increased
16-wk BW in turkeys on in vivo phagocytic activity, antibody responses to vaccines,
and weight of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. A line (F) of turkeys selected
long term for increased 16-wk BW and its corresponding randombred control (RBC2)
were compared. Phagocytic activity was evaluated by the carbon clearance assay.
Antibody responses to inactivated Newcastle disease virus and Pasteurella
multocida vaccines were examined by ELISA. Body weight and relative weights
of spleen and bursa of Fabricius of the two lines were also compared. The F
line had lower phagocytic activity than the RBC2 line (P < 0.05). In addition,
the F line had greater BW, relative weight of spleen, and ratio of spleen to
bursa of Fabricius weight (P < 0.01) but had a lower relative weight of bursa
of Fabricius at 9 wk of age. However, there were no line differences in the
antibody responses to Newcastle disease virus or P. multocida vaccines at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 12 wk after vaccination. Based on the present
results, it is suggested that long-term selection for increased 16-wk BW might
have resulted in changes in the immune system, as indicated by changes in the
relative weights of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius and phagocytic activity.
The decreased phagocytic activity in the F line may be partially responsible
for increased susceptibility to specific diseases in this line.
Descriptors: turkeys, spleen, bursa Fabricii, weight, artificial
selection, selection criteria, liveweight, phagocytosis, immune system response,
inactivated vaccines, Newcastle disease, Pasteurella multocida, disease resistance,
susceptibility.
Lublin, A.; Mechani, S.; Siman-Tov,
Y.; Weisman, Y.; Horowitz, H.I.; Hatzofe, O. Sudden
death of a breaded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) possibly caused by Newcastle disease virus. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 2001. v. 45 (3) p. 741-744. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An adult female bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)
in the Tel Aviv University Research Zoo was found dead without previous clinical
signs. The predominant pathologic changes were considerable bloody content in
the intestines and enlargement of the liver, which had a rubbery consistency
with color changes. Microscopic lesions consisted of multifocal histiocytic
infiltration in the liver. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was
isolated from a cloacal swab and from the lungs and liver. Intracerebral pathogenicity
index of the virus, as estimated in 1-day-old chicks, was repeated three times
and had an average value of 1.68, indicating a velogenic strain. Numerous Clostridium
septicum bacteria were found on the intestinal surface, but bioassays in which
they were orally administered into chickens and mice revealed that, even though
they were heavily multiplied in the intestines, they were nonpathogenic. It
seems that NDV, documented for the first time in a bearded vulture in Israel, was the likely cause
of sudden death.
Descriptors: predatory birds, Gypaetus barbatus, sudden death,
etiology, Newcastle disease virus, Clostridium septicum, pathogenicity, vultures,
zoo specimen, intestines, liver, lesions, case reports, diagnosis, Israel.
McGinnes,
L.W.; Sergel, T.; Chen, H.; Hamo, L.; Schwertz, S.; Li, D.; Morrison, T.G. Mutational analysis of the membrane proximal
heptad repeat of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein. Virology. Oct
25, 2001.
v. 289 (2) p. 343-352.: ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: fusion protein structure,
viral protein, membranes.
McGinnes,
L.; Sergel, T.; Reitter, J.; Morrison, T.
Carbohydrate modifications of the NDV fusion protein heptad repeat domains influence
maturation and fusion activity. Virology. May
10, 2001.
v. 283 (2) p. 332-342. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, fusion
protein, modifications to heptad repeats, effects on fusion.
Mishra,
S.; Kataria, J.M.; Sah, R.L.; Verma, K.C.; Mishra, J.P. Studies on the pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus isolates in Guinea
fowl. Tropical Animal Health and Production.
July 2001. v. 33 (4) p. 313-320. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, guineafowl, pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus, viral strains,
mortality, pathogenesis, disease course, hosts, symptoms, postmortem examinations.
Mo,
C W.; Cao, Y.C.; Lim, B.L. The in vivo
and in vitro effects of chicken interferon alpha on infectious bursal disease
virus and Newcastle disease virus infection. Avian
Diseases. Apr/June 2001. v. 45 (2) p. 389-399. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Summary in Spanish.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The in vitro and in vivo effects of chicken
interferon alpha on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection were investigated
in this study. A cDNA of interferon alpha was first cloned from a Chinese strain
chicken Shiqi by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The deduced
amino acid sequence has one amino acid substitution with chicken interferon
alpha 1 at residue 65 (N to S) and two amino acid substitutions with chicken
interferon alpha 2 at residues 50 (N to S) and 58 (P to L), respectively. A
prokaryotic expression system was employed to produce a large quantity of recombinant
protein. Recombinant interferon was purified in a one-step process, and an optimal
refolding process was devised. About 51% recombinant protein from inclusion
bodies was refolded, and the final yield of the recombinant interferon reached
24.66 mg/liter culture. The recombinant interferon suppressed IBDV plaque formation
in a dose-dependent manner and ameliorated IBDV and Newcastle disease virus infection
in both specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial chickens. The antiviral
effect of interferon alpha is more significant in commercial chickens than in
SPF chickens, and the route of administration affects the efficacy of interferon
therapy. This is the first reported study of the effects of interferon alpha
on IBDV infection.
Descriptors: chickens, interferon, recombinant proteins,
infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus, complementary DNA,
cloning, antiviral properties, amino acid sequences, chick embryos, fibroblasts.
Westbury,
H. Newcastle disease virus: An evolving
pathogen.
Avian
Pathology. Feb 2001. v. 30 (1) p. 5-11. ISSN:
0307-9457 Note: Summaries in French,
German and Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Australia experienced outbreaks
of virulent Newcastle disease (ND) in chickens
in the state of New South Wales in the years 1998, 1999
and 2000. The disease had occurred previously in Australia in 1930 and 1932 but the
country was free of it until the recent outbreaks. Avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were
detected in 1966 and, during the next two to three decades, strains (so-called
lentogenic strains) able to induce mild respiratory disease equivalent to that
induced by vaccine strains such as LaSota were also detected. Nucleotide sequence
analysis of the genes encoding the haemagglutinin and fusion proteins of Australian
isolates of the virus during this time demonstrated that Australian chicken
strains of NDV could be differentiated from NDV isolated elsewhere. Analysis
in this way demonstrated that NDV isolates causing the recent outbreaks of virulent
disease were Australian viruses that were so closely related to a recognized
Australian lentogenic strain, termed the Peat's Ridge strain, that it was considered
to be the precursor of the virulent virus. The outbreaks of virulent disease
in 1998 and 1999 were controlled by an official "stamping out" eradication
campaign. This was subsequently replaced by strategic use of ND vaccines when
virulent virus was again detected on some farms that had been restocked following
depopulation. The national situation with regard to ND is now being assessed
through a structured national survey of ND viruses, particularly to determine
the distribution of the precursor strain. No new outbreaks of virulent ND have
been recognized since February 2000, although immunization of flocks in areas
where the disease was recognized has occurred.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, chickens,
outbreaks, Newcastle disease, virulence, genes,
nucleotide sequences, disease control, vaccination, Australia.
Yu,
L.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Chang, L.; Kwang, J. Characterization
of newly emerging Newcastle disease virus isolates from the People's Republic of China and Taiwan.
Journal
of Clinical Microbiology. Oct 2001. v. 39 (10) p. 3512-3519. ISSN: 0095-1137
NAL
call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, phylogenetics, chickens,
pigeons, viral disease strains, molecular sequence data, China, Taiwan.
Yusoff,
K.; Tan, W.S. Newcastle disease virus:
macromolecules and opportunities. Avian
Pathology. Oct 2001. v. 30 (5) p. 439-455. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Over the past two decades, enormous advances
have occurred in the structural and biological characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). As
a result, not only the complete sequence of the viral genome has been fully
determined, but also a clearer understanding of the viral proteins and their
respective roles in the life cycle has been achieved. This article reviews the
progress in the molecular biology of NDV with emphasis on the new technologies.
It also identifies the fundamental problems that need to be addressed and attempts
to predict some research opportunities in NDV that can be realized in the near
future for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease(s).
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, molecular
biology, genomes, viral proteins, viral replication, diagnosis, disease control,
vaccination, literature reviews.
Zanetti,
F.; Mattiello, R.; Garbino, C.; Kaloghlian, A.; Terrera, M.V.; Boviez, J.; Palma, E.; Carrillo, E.; Berinstein,
A. Biological and molecular characterization
of a pigeon paramyxovirus type-1 isolate found in Argentina. Avian
Diseases. July/Sept 2001. v. 45 (3) p. 567-571. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In this report, we describe the biological and
molecular characterization of a paramyxovirus type-1 (PPMV-1) isolate found
in wild pigeons in an urban habitat in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Of the nine pigeons captured,
three were moribund, and the other six showed diarrhea, ataxia, tremor, torticolis,
and wing paralysis. The intracerebral pathogenicity index was 1.29, and the
amino acid (aa) sequence at the fusion protein cleavage site was 112GRQKRF117.
These characteristics correspond to a virulent Newcastle disease virus isolate.
Nevertheless, it was not possible to reproduce the disease in chickens experimentally
although the chickens exhibited seroconversion after inoculation. On the other
hand, pigeons inoculated with the isolate became sick. These results provide
further evidence about the unusual pathogenicity of PPMV-1 for chickens and
show once more the need for more biological determinations in these cases to
arrive at a final conclusion.
Descriptors: avian paramyxovirus, pigeons,
type 1 isolate, characterization, disease symptoms, pathogenicity, seroconversion,
experimental infection, amino acid sequences, molecular sequence data, Argentina.
Return to: Main Contents
| Bibliography
Contents
2000
Alexander,
D.J. Newcastle disease in ostriches (Struthio camelus)--a review. Avian Pathology. Apr 2000. v. 29 (2) p. 95-100. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: ostriches, Newcastle disease,
Newcastle disease virus, outbreaks, infections, mortality, symptoms, age differences,
disease transmission, morbidity, infection, experimental infections, chickens,
vaccines, ELISA, diagnostic techniques, virus neutralization, literature reviews.
Ali,
A.; Reynolds, D.L. A multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for
Newcastle disease virus and avian pneumovirus (Colorado strain). Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 2000. v. 44 (4) p. 938-943. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and
avian pneumovirus (APV) cause Newcastle disease and rhinotracheitis
respectively, in turkeys. Both of these viruses infect the respiratory system.
A one-tube, multiplex, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
assay for the detection of both NDV and Colorado strain of APV (APV-Col)
was developed and evaluated. The primers, specific for each virus, were designed
from the matrix protein gene of APV-Col and the fusion protein gene of NDV to
amplify products of 631 and 309 nucleotides, respectively. The multiplex RT-PCR
assay, for detecting both viruses simultaneously, was compared with the single-virus
RT-PCR assays for its sensitivity and specificity. The specific primers amplified
products of predicted size from each virus in the multiplex as well as the single-virus
RT-PCR assays. The multiplex RT-PCR assay was determined to be equivalent to
the single-virus RT-PCR assays for detecting both NDV and APV-Col. This multiplex
RT-PCR assay proved to be a sensitive method for the simultaneous and rapid
detection of NDV and APV-Col. This assay has the potential for clinical diagnostic
applications.
Descriptors: avian pneumovirus, Newcastle disease virus, reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, diagnostic techniques, detection,
rhinotracheitis, respiratory diseases, evaluation.
Ali,
A.; Reynolds, D.L. Characterization of
the stunting syndrome agent: Relatedness
to known viruses. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 2000. v. 44 (1) p. 45-50. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An enteric disease of young turkeys, referred
to as stunting syndrome (SS), causes reduced growth and impaired feed efficiency.
A recently isolated virus, stunting syndrome agent, (SSA) has been found to
be the etiologic agent of SS. The objective of the present study was to determine
relatedness of the SSA with other viral agents. Serologic (viral neutralization
and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) assays and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. The antisera against turkey enteric coronavirus
(bluecomb agent), bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine Breda-1 virus, bovine Breda-2
virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian influenza virus, Newcastle
disease virus (NDV), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine
were evaluated by dot-immunobinding avidin-biotin-enhanced ELISA and did not
react with SSA. The homologous (anti-SSA) antiserum was positive by ELISA. Similarly,
anti-SSA antiserum did not react when NDV, IBV, BCV, or TGEV was used as antigen
but did react with the homologous (SSA) virus. The virus neutralization assay
was performed by inoculating 24-to-25-day-old turkey embryos via the amniotic
route and by assessing the embryo infectivity on the basis of gross intestinal
lesions and intestinal maltase activity at 72 hr postinoculation. None of the
aforementioned antisera neutralized SSA infectivity in embryos except for the
homologous anti-SSA antiserum. A RT-PCR was performed with known primers specific
for NDV, IBV, BCV, and TGEV. The known primers failed to amplify SSA genome
but amplified their respective viral genomes. We concluded that the SSA was
distinct from the viral agents that were evaluated.
Descriptors: viral diseases, growth,
feed conversion, viruses, serology, polymerase chain reaction, identification,
immune serum, virus neutralization, evaluation, assays, embryos.
Blignaut,
A.; Burger, W.P.; Morley, A.J.; Bellstedt, D.U. Antibody responses to La Sota strain vaccines of Newcastle disease virus in ostriches (Struthio camelus) as detected
by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2000. v. 44 (2) p. 390-398. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Because of the fact that South Africa is a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-endemic
country, major concerns exist that the export of ostrich meat could transmit
velogenic strains of this disease. The ability to transmit the virus could be
reduced by effective vaccination of South African ostriches. In this study,
two vaccination trials were conducted to assess serum antibody production in
response to vaccination with La Sota strain NDV vaccines. To this end, a commercially
available chicken anti-NDV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was modified
for the detection of anti-NDV antibodies in ostrich serum. The results obtained
with this ELISA were verified by comparison with an indirect ELISA. In the first
trial, ostriches were immunized subcutaneously four times with different volumes
of an inactivated vaccine and their immune response was determined from 2.5
mo up to the ideal slaughter age of 14 mo. Results indicated that ostriches
responded in a dose-dependent manner and gave support for the vaccination schedule
currently recommended to South African farmers. In a second trial, immunization
by eyedrop with a live La Sota vaccine of 5-wk-old ostriches did not elicit
a humoral immune response. The results indicate that it is highly unlikely that
ostriches that have been vaccinated according to the recommended vaccination
schedule can transmit the virus.
Descriptors: ostriches, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, vaccination,
immune response, ELISA, inactivated vaccines, live vaccines, antibody testing,
age differences, L833L810.
Clavijo,
A.; Robinson, Y.; Booth, T.; Munroe, F. Velogenic Newcastle disease in imported
caged birds. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. May 2000. v. 41 (5) p. 404-406. ISSN: 0008-5286 Note: French summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, Psittacidae, Cacatuidae, Newcastle
disease, Newcastle disease virus, importation,
quarantine, virulence, clinical aspects, diagnosis and mortality, Quebec, Netherlands.
Gohm,
D.S.; Thur, B.; Hofmann, M.A. Detection of Newcastle disease virus in organs and faeces of experimentally infected
chickens using RT-PCR. Avian Pathology. Apr 2000.
v. 29 (2) p. 143-152. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease
virus, detection, organs, feces, experimental infections, polymerase chain reaction,
diagnostic techniques, evaluation, outbreaks, identification, time, serotypes,
pathotypes.
Gutierrez-Ruiz,
E.J.; Ramirez-Cruz, G.T.; Gamboa, E.I.C.; Alexander, D.J.; Gough, R.E. A serological survey for avian infectious
bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus antibodies in backyard (free-range) village
chickens in Mexico.
Tropical Animal Health and Production.
Dec 2000. v. 32 (6) p. 381-390. ISSN: 0049-4747 Note: Summaries in French and
Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, serological
surveys, infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
formation, free range husbandry, seroprevalence, respiratory diseases, Mexico.
Huang,
H.J.; Matsumoto, M. Nonspecific innate immunity against Escherichia
coli infection in chickens induced by vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 2000. v. 44 (4) p. 790-796.: ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The objective was to
test the hypothesis that vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) induce
nonspecific immunity against subsequent infection with Escherichia coli. White
leghorn chickens at 5 wk of age were vaccinated with a NDV vaccine at various
days before challenge exposure with O1:K1 strain of E. coli via an intra-air
sac route. Immunity was determined on the basis of the viable number of E. coli
in the spleen 24 hr after the infection. Roakin strain induced significant (P
< 0.05) immunity against E. coli at 4, 6, and 8 days, and La Sota strain
at 2, 4, and 8 days, postvaccination. Secondary NDV vaccination administered
14 days later failed to induce immunity against E. coli when chickens were infected
1 or 5 days after the vaccination. Significant (P < 0.05) suppression of
this nonspecific immunity was observed in birds treated with corticosterone,
40 mg/kg in feed, given for three consecutive days immediately prior to the
bacterial exposure but not in those treated prior to the period. The results
indicate that innate immunity induced by the primary NDV vaccination may significantly
suppress the multiplication of E. coli in chickens for a period of 2-8 days
postvaccination. The NDV-induced immunity was inhibited by corticosterone, which
is known to mediate physiological responses to stress.
Descriptors: chickens, Escherichia coli, immunity effects,
non-specific immunity, Newcastle disease virus, induced resistance, disease
resistance, defense mechanisms, vaccination, vaccines, experimental infections,
corticosterone, medicated feeds, duration, inhibition.
Ibrahim,
I.K.; Shareef, A.M.; Al Joubory, K.M.T. Ameliorative
effects of sodium bentonite on phagocytosis and Newcastle disease antibody formation in broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis.
Research
in Veterinary Science. Oct 2000. v. 69 (2) p. 119-122. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL
call no: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: broilers, aflatoxicosis, bentonite, dosage,
phagocytosis, Newcastle disease, vaccination,
antibody formation, immunosuppression.
Kirkland, P.D. Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus in Australia: in through the 'back door'. Australian Veterinary Journal. May 2000. v. 78 (5) p. 331-333. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, virulence,
poultry, outbreaks, Australia.
Krishnamurthy,
S.; Huang, Z.; Samal, S.K. Recovery of a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus from cloned cDNA: expression of a foreign gene
results in growth retardation and attenuation. Virology. Dec
5, 2000.
v. 278 (1) p. 168-182. ISSN: 0042-6822.
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: complementary DNA, virulence.
Leslie,
J. Newcastle disease: outbreak losses
and control policy costs. The Veterinary
Record. May 20, 2000. v. 146 (21) p. 603-606.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: poultry industry, Newcastle disease, disease control,
estimated costs, outbreaks, losses, vaccination, Northern Ireland.
Ley,
E.C.; Morishita, T.Y.; Harr, B.S.; Mohan, R.; Brisker, T. Serologic
survey of slaughter-age ostriches (Struthio camelus) for antibodies to selected
avian pathogens. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 2000. v. 44 (4) p. 989-992. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note:
Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Serum samples from 163 slaughter-age ostriches
(Struthio camelus) in Ohio and Indiana were tested for antibodies to avian influenza
virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), paramyxovirus (PMV) 2, PMV3, PMV7,
infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Bordetella avium, Mycoplasma synoviae,
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Salmonella pullorum,
Salmonella gallinarum, and Salmonella typhimurium. One ostrich had antibodies
to AIV H5N9, 57% of the ostriches had antibodies to NDV, four ostriches had
antibodies to both NDV and PMV2, and one ostrich had antibodies to NDV, PMV2,
PMV3, and PMV7. None of the ostriches had antibodies to IBDV, B. avium, M. synoviae,
M. gallisepticum, O. rhinotracheale, S. pullorum, S. gallinarum, and S. typhimurium.
This is the first report of antibodies to avian influenza and PMV7 in ostriches
in the United States.
Descriptors: ostriches, pathogens,
viruses, bacteria, serological surveys, antibodies, infections, new host records,
avian influenzavirus, paramyxovirus, incidence, Newcastle disease virus.
Li,
Y.C.; Ledoux, D.R.; Bermudez, A.J.; Fritsche, K.L.; Rottinghaus, G.E. The
individual and combined effects of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin on performance
and selected immune parameters in turkey poults. Poultry Science. June 2000. v. 79 (6) p. 871-878. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: poults, fumonisins, mycotoxins, synergism, antibody
formation Newcastle disease virus, lymphocyte transformation, Escherichia coli,
bacteremia, blood, bacterial count, feed intake, liveweight gain, feed conversion,
thymus gland, bursa Fabricii, spleen, weight, mortality.
Li,
Y.C.; Ledoux, D.R.; Bermudez, A.J.; Fritsche, K.L.; Rottinghaus, G.E. Effects
of moniliformin on performance and immune function of broiler chicks. Poultry
Science. Jan 2000. v. 79 (1) p. 26-32. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Three trials were conducted to evaluate the
effect of moniliformin (M) on performance and immune function in chicks. Day-old
chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (0, 50, 75, or 100
mg M/kg diet). In Trial 1, chicks were placed on treatments for 3 wk and were
injected intravenously with 4.6 x 10(6) Escherichia coli on Day 21. Blood samples
were collected at 60, 120, and 180 min after inoculation, and liver, spleen,
and lung were collected at 180 min postinjection. Compared with control chicks,
chicks fed 75 and 100 mg M/kg diet had higher (P < 0.05) numbers of E. coli
colonies in the circulation, liver, and spleen. In Trial 2, chicks were placed
on diets for 4 wk and were injected with 0.5 mL Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine
intramuscularly on Weeks 2 and 3 of the experiment. The primary and secondary
anti-NDV antibody titers were measured 7 d after each injection. Chicks fed
100 mg M/kg diet had lower (P < 0.05) secondary antibody titers than did
control chicks. In Trial 3, lymphocyte proliferation in chicks exposed to M
in vivo and in vitro was determined. Results of the in vivo study showed that
cell proliferation in response to mitogens from control- and M-fed chicks did
not differ (P > 0.05). For the in vitro study, lymphocyte proliferation decreased
linearly (P < 0.01) with increased concentrations of M. In all three trials,
chicks fed 100 mg M/kg diet had lower (P < 0.05) feed intake and weight gain
than did control chicks. Data from the current study suggested that M decreased
performance and immune response in chicks at the level of 75 mg/kg diet.
Descriptors: chicks, mycotoxins, fusarium,
Escherichia coli, experimental infections, bacteremia, antibody formation, lymphocyte
transformation, feed intake, body weight, feed conversion, dosage.
Mishra,
S.; Kataria, J.M.; Verma, K.C.; Sah, R.L. Response
of chickens to infection with Newcastle disease virus isolated from a guinea fowl. Tropical
Animal Health and Production.
Oct 2000. v. 32 (5) p. 277-284. ISSN: 0049-4747 Note: Summaries
in French and Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: guineafowls, Newcastle disease virus, chickens,
pathogenicity, mortality, morbidity, antibody formation, hemagglutination inhibition
test, neutralization tests, virus neutralization.
Morales,
A.; Valle, V.; Gonzalez, M. A serological evaluation of a polyvalent vaccine
containing NDV, IB, EDS and HPS virus in layer hens. Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 2000. (49th) p. 108-109.
Note: Meeting held on Mar
5-7, 2000,
Sacramento, CA.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: hens, polyvalent vaccines,
Newcastle disease virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, egg drop syndrome, poultry diseases, hydropericardium syndrome.
Morishita,
T.Y.; Aye, P.P.; Ley, E.C.; Harr, B.C. Survey of pathogens and blood parasites in free-living
passerines. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1999. v. 43 (3) p. 549-552. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: To determine the disease prevalence of free-living
passerines, 1709 passerines were sampled from 38 different field sites in Ohio. Choanal and cloacal swabs were collected
from each bird and cultured for the presence of Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by standard microbiologic techniques. In addition,
the serum from each bird was analyzed for the presence of antibodies to Mycoplasma
gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and avian
influenza virus. A blood smear was also made to examine for the presence of
blood parasites. Results indicated that the isolation of E. coli varied with
bird species, with the European starling having a higher (21.4%) isolation of
E. coli. Salmonella spp. were also isolated from these free-living passerines.
Pasteurella multocida was not isolated from any of the sampled passerines. These
birds did not have antibodies to M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, or avian
influenza virus. Blood parasites were not detected in any of the birds sampled.
Descriptors: Passeriformes bird diseases, wild birds, disease
prevalence, Pasteurella multocida. Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma
gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza
virus, parasites, Ohio.
Murakawa,
Y.; Takase, K.; Sakamoto, K.; Suesoshi, M.; Nagatomo, H. Characterization
of a lentogenic Newcastle disease virus isolated from broiler chickens in Japan. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 2000. v. 44 (3) p. 686-690. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV), named
MET95, was isolated from a nonvaccinated broiler flock in Japan in 1995. The MET95 strain
was determined to be a lentogenic NDV. The strain has the properties of eluting
rapidly at 4C and has low thermostability in hemagglutinating activity with
chicken erythrocytes. In these studies, no difference could be found between
the MET95 strain and the Hitcher B1 vaccine strain. However, the chickens inoculated
with the MET95 strain, as well as chickens that they were in contact with, had
a much higher hemagglutination-inhibition antibody response than those inoculated
with the B1 strain. Accordingly, the MET95 strain is thought to be a promising
candidate as a live ND vaccine strain. In Japan, this is the first report
on the isolation of lentogenic NDV from chickens since the paper on the Ishii
strain isolated in 1966.
Descriptors: broilers, Newcastle disease virus, characterization,
strain differences, pathogenicity, immune response, Japan.
Nanthakumar,
T.; Tiwari, A.K.; Kataria, R.S.; Butchaiah, G.; Kataria, J.M.; Goswami, P.P.
Sequence analysis of the cleavage site-encoding
region of the fusion protein gene of Newcastle diseae viruses from India and
Nepal. Avian Pathology. Dec 2000. v. 29 (6) p. 603-607. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Five field isolates of Newcastle disease virus, including
one from a pigeon from the Indian subcontinent, along with three vaccine strains
have been characterized by sequence analysis of the fusion protein (F) gene
in the region encoding the F2-F1 cleavage site. Based on the amino acid sequence
present at the cleavage site and on the percent divergence at nucleotide and
amino acid levels, three field isolates could be classified as velogenic and
two were of lentogenic pathotypes. The velogenic phenotypes had the sequence
RRQK/RRF at the cleavage site, while the lentogenic strains had GRQA/GRL at
the corresponding position.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, nucleotide
sequences, amino acid sequences, molecular sequence data, viral proteins, pathotypes,
characterization, India, Nepal.
Nanthakumar,
T.; Kataria, R.S.; Tiwari, A.K.; Butchaiah, G.; Kataria, J.M. Pathotyping
of Newcastle disease viruses by RT-PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. Veterinary Research Communications.
May 2000. v. 24 (4) p. 275-286. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL
call no: SF601.V38
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, pathotypes, polymerase
chain reaction, restriction endonuclease analysis, detection, identification,
nucleotide sequences, viral proteins, pathogenicity, vaccines.
Nasser, M.; Lohr, J.E.; Mebratu, G.Y.; Zessin, K.H.;
Baumann, M.P.O.; Ademe, Z. Oral Newcastle disease vaccination trials in Ethiopia.
Avian
Pathology. Feb 2000. v 29 (1) p. 27-34.
ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Vaccination experiments were carried out in
Ethiopia to study the efficacy
of the NDV-I2 vaccine against challenge with an Ethiopian velogenic strain of
NDV. In experiment A, which comprised 300 broiler chicks, the efficacy of the
ocular/drinking water application of the HB1/La Sota vaccine was compared with
the ocular/drinking water and the feed application of the NDV-I2 vaccine on
untreated barley and sorghum. The NDV-I2 vaccine applied by eye-drop or drinking-water
protected the chickens against challenge as efficiently as combined HB1/La Sota
vaccination but untreated barley and sorghum were unsuitable vaccine carriers.
The vaccine virus could not be recovered and chickens neither seroconverted
nor were they protected. In experiment B, 120 broiler chicks were divided into
6 treatment groups. One group each received NDV-I2 vaccine mixed with untreated
barley or sorghum which was applied immediately, or 14 h after mixing and standing
at ambient temperature. The fifth group was vaccinated intraocularly and via
the drinking water with the NDV-I2 vaccine. The sixth group remained untreated.
Experiment B confirmed the results of experiment A. In experiment C, 100 chicks
were divided into 5 groups of 20 chickens each. One group each received the
NDV-I2 vaccine on parboiled barley or sorghum as vaccine carriers 0 and 6 h
after mixing. The last group remained untreated. Parboiled barley given 0 or
6 h and parboiled sorghum given 0 h after mixing with the vaccine led to seroconversion
and protection of the chickens. Parboiled sorghum given 6 h after mixing with
the vaccine did not. It is concluded that the thermostable NDV-I2 vaccine may
be a suitable vaccine for oral application under Ethiopian conditions.
Descriptors: chicks, oral vaccination, vaccines, Newcastle
disease virus Newcastle disease, efficacy, disease prevention, drinking water,
vaccination, medicated feeds, barley, sorghum, survival, immune response, eye
drop vaccination, Ethiopia.
New Zealand. MAF Biosecurity Authority.
Import Risk Analysis: Chicken Meat and Chicken Meat Products: Bernard Matthews Foods Ltd Turkey Meat Preparations from the
United Kingdom: Revised Quantitative Risk Assessments on Chicken Meat from the United States: Reassessment of Heat Treatment for Inactivation of Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken Meat. Other title: Chicken Meat and Chicken Meat Products. Bernard Matthews Foods Ltd Turkey Meat Preparations from the
United Kingdom. Revised Quantitative Risk Assessments on Chicken Meat from the United States. Reassessment of Heat Treatment for Inactivation of Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken Meat. Chicken Meat Risk Analysis. Wellington, N.Z.: Biosecurity Authority,
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, [2000] 24 leaves: ill.
NAL
call no: HD9437.N452 2000
Descriptors: chicken and turkey industry,
poultry diseases, Newcastle disease virus, risk analysis,
treatment, New Zealand.
Oakeley,
R.D. The limitations of a feed/water
based heat-stable vaccine delivery system for Newcastle disease-control strategies for backyard poultry flocks in
sub-Saharan Africa. [Erratum: May 1, 2001, v. 49 (3/4), p. 279.]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Dec 8, 2000. v. 47 (4) p. 271-279. ISSN: 0167-5877
NAL
call no: SF601.P7
Descriptors: poultry flocks, feed and water based vaccine
delivery, Newcastle disease virus, vaccination,
medicated feeds, disease control, outbreaks, extensive production, heat stability,
rural communities, Africa south of Sahara.
Peeters,
B.P.H.; Gruijthuijsen, Y.K.; Leeuw, O.S. de.; Gielkens, A.L.J. Genome
replication of Newcastle disease virus: Involvement of the rule-of-six. Archives
of Virology. 2000.
v. 145 (9) p. 1829-1845. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: infection, genome analysis, transcription.
Pfitzer,
S.; Verwoerd, D.J.; Gerdes, G.H.; Labuschagne, A.E.; Erasmus, A.; Manvell, R.J.;
Grund, C. Newcastle disease and avian
influenza A virus in wild waterfowl in South Africa. Avian
Diseases. July/Sept 2000. v. 44 (3) p. 655-660. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish Summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: In an intensive ostrich farming area in South Africa with a history of ostrich
influenza outbreaks, we conducted a survey of avian influenza virus (AIV) and
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in
wild aquatic birds. During late autumn and winter 1998, the time of year when
outbreaks in ostriches typically start to occur, 262 aquatic birds comprising
14 species were sampled and tested for both virus infections. From eight samples,
AIV, serotype H10N9, could be isolated. All isolates were apathogenic as determined
by the intravenous pathogenicity index (0.00). Conversely, none of33 sera of
these wild birds showed antibodies against H10. However, one bird was found
serologically positive for H6 AIV. This AIV serotype was later isolated from
ostriches during an avian influenza outbreak in this area. No NDV was isolated
although 34 of 46 serum samples contained NDV-specific antibodies. This is the
first H10N9 isolate to be reported from Africa. In addition, our data
support the notion that wild aquatic birds may function as a reservoir for AIV
and NDV in South Africa.
Descriptors: waterfowl, wild birds, Newcastle disease virus, avian influenzavirus,
disease surveys, serotypes, pathogenicity, reservoir hosts, South Africa.
Pitt,
J.J.; Da Silva, E.; Gorman, J.J. Determination of the disulfide bond arrangement
of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin neuraminidase. Correlation with
a beta-sheet propeller structural fold predicted for Paramyxoviridae attachment
proteins. The Journal
of Biological Chemistry. Mar 3,
2000.
v. 275 (9) p. 6469-6478. ISSN: 0021-9258
NAL
call no: 381 J824
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, viral hemagglutinins,
sialidase, amino acid sequences, cysteine, cystine, molecular conformation,
molecular weight, pseudomolecular weight.
Poston,
R.M.; Johnson, B.D.; Hutchins, J.E.; Doelling, V.W.; Reynolds, D.L. In ovo
NDV vaccination in combination with interferon-type I is safe and efficacious.
Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 2000. (49th) p. 13-17.
Note: Meeting held on Mar
5-7, 2000,
Sacramento, CA.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chick, embryos, vaccination,
Newcastle disease virus vaccines,
interferon.
Reynolds,
D.; Akinc, S.; Ali, A. Passively administered antibodies alleviate
stunting syndrome in turkey poults. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 2000. v. 44 (2) p. 439-442. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Stunting syndrome is an enteric disease of young
turkeys that results in reduced growth (stunting) of poults and impaired feed
efficiency. A virus, which has been termed the stunting syndrome agent (SSA),
causes stunting syndrome. In this study passive immunity was evaluated as a
method of protecting poults from stunting syndrome. One-day-old poults were
injected with either tryptose phosphate broth, an anti-SSA antibody preparation,
or an anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody preparation before challenge by
placing them into SSA-contaminated isolators or control (nonchallenge) isolators.
Poults that received anti-SSA antibodies were significantly heavier (P <
0.05) and did not display as severe clinical disease compared to birds that
did not receive the anti-SSA antibodies. However, the birds that received anti-SSA
antibodies and were challenged were significantly lighter (P < 0.05) than
birds that were not challenged. The results of this trial demonstrate that the
injection of anti-SSA antibodies benefited poults undergoing stunting syndrome.
The role of passive immunity, either through breeder hen vaccination or through
supplying antibodies to poults artificially (i.e., at the hatchery), may have
future applications in alleviating stunting syndrome.
Descriptors: poults, viral diseases, growth disorders, passive
immunization, passive immunity, antibodies, immune serum, disease prevention,
body weight.
Reynolds,
D.L.; Maraqa, A.D. Protective immunity
against Newcastle disease: the role of cell-mediated immunity. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 2000. v. 44 (1) p. 145-154. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in
protection of birds from Newcastle disease was investigated
by two different strategies in which only Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-specific
CMI was conveyed without neutralizing antibodies. In the first strategy, selected
3-wk-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds were vaccinated with either live
NDV (LNDV), ultraviolet-inactivated NDV (UVNDV), sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated
NDV (SDSNDV), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (negative control) by the subcutaneous
route. Birds were booster vaccinated 2 wk later and challenged with the velogenic
Texas GB strain of NDV 1 wk after booster. All vaccinated birds had specific
CMI responses to NDV as measured by a blastogenesis microassay. NDV neutralizing
(VN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody responses were detected in
birds vaccinated with LNDV and UVNDV. However, birds vaccinated with SDSNDV
developed antibodies that were detected by western blot analysis but not by
the VN or HI test. Protection from challenge was observed only in those birds
that had VN or HI antibody response. That is, birds with demonstrable CMI and
VN or HI antibody response were protected, whereas birds with demonstrable CMI
but no VN or HI antibody response were not protected. In the second strategy,
birds from SPF embryos were treated in ovo with cyclophosphamide (CY) to deplete
immune cells. The birds were monitored and, at 2 wk of age, were selected for
the presence of T-cell activity and the absence of B-cell activity. Birds that
had a significant T-cell response, but not a B-cell response, were vaccinated
with either LNDV, UVNDV, or PBS at 3 wk of age along with the corresponding
CY-untreated control birds. The birds were booster vaccinated at 5 wk of age
and were challenged with Texas GB strain of NDV at 6 wk of age. All birds vaccinated
with LNDV or UVNDV had a specific CMI response to NDV, VN or HI NDV antibodies
were detected in all CY-nontreated vaccinated birds and some of the CY-treated
vaccinated birds that were found to have regenerated their B-cell function at
1 wk postbooster. The challenge results clearly revealed that CY-treated birds
that had NDV-specific CMI and VN or HI antibody responses to LNDV or UVNDV were
protected, as were the CY-nontreated vaccinated birds. However, birds that had
NDV-specific CMI response but did not have VN or HI antibodies were not protected
from challenge. The results from both strategies indicate that specific CMI
to NDV by itself is not protective against virulent NDV challenge. The presence
of VN or HI antibodies is necessary in providing protection from Newcastle disease.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, chickens, immunity, neutralizing
antibodies, vaccination, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, experimental infections,
bioassays, immune response, embryos, virulence, antibodies, hemagglutinins.
Reynolds,
D.L.; Maraqa, A.D. Protective immunity
against Newcastle disease: the role of antibodies specific to Newcastle disease virus polypeptides. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 2000. v. 44 (1) p. 138-144. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Studies were performed to determine if passive
immunization with hyperimmune sera generated to specific Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proteins
conferred protection against virus challenge. Six groups of 3-wk-old chickens
were passively immunized with antiserum against either hemagglutinin-neuraminidase/fusion,
(HN/F) protein, nucleoprotein/phosphoprotein (NP/P), Matrix (M) protein, a mixture
of all NDV proteins (ALL), intact ultraviolet-inactivated NDV (UVNDV), or negative
sera. Blood samples were collected 2 days postimmunization, and the birds were
challenged with Texas GB strain of NDV. Antibody titers were detected from those
recipient birds that had received the antisera against the HN7F, ALL, or UVNDV
by a hemagglutination inhibition test, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA), and a virus neutralization test. Antibodies were detected only by the
ELISA from the birds that had received antisera against NP/P and M protein.
Antibody titers in the recipient birds dropped by two dilutions (log2) after
2 days postinjection. Birds passively immunized with antisera against HN/F,
ALL, and UVNDV were protected from challenge, whereas chickens passively immunized
with antisera against NP/P and M protein and specific-pathogen-free sera developed
clinical signs of Newcastle disease. The challenge
virus was recovered from the tracheas of all passively immunized groups. The
presence of neutralizing antibodies to NDV provided protection from clinical
disease but was unable to prevent virus shedding from the trachea.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus,
polypeptides, antibodies, immunity, immune serum, viral proteins, blood chemistry,
experimental infections, passive immunization, virus shedding, symptoms, morbidity, mortality.
Reynolds,
D. Newcastle disease: protection and immunity. Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 2000. (49th) p. 1-5.
Note: Meeting held on Mar
5-7, 2000,
Sacramento, CA.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, vaccines,
vaccination, immune response.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T.; Koteeswaran, A. Antigenetically unusual Newcastle disease virus from racing pigeons in India. Tropical Animal Health
and Production.
June 2000. v. 32 (3) p. 183-188. ISSN:
0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: racing pigeons, Newcastle disease virus, outbreaks,
vaccination, live vaccines, hemagglutination inhibition test, hemagglutination
tests, pathogenicity, acute course, monoclonal antibodies, immunity, chickens,
India.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T.; Manvell, R. Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens and ducks in Tamilnadu, India.
Veterinary Research Communications.
Mar 2000. v. 24 (2) p. 135-142. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL
call no: SF601.V38
Descriptors: chickens, ducks, Newcastle disease, Newcastle
disease virus, outbreaks, strains, strain differences, identification, mortality,
pathogenicity, hemagglutinins, erythrocytes, monoclonal antibodies, binding,
serotypes, serology, vaccines, vaccination, epidemics, Tamilnadu.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Passive haemagglutination test in the serology
of Newcastle disease virus. Tropical Animal Health and Production.
Feb 2000. v. 32 (1) p. 19-22. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, live vaccines,
hemagglutination tests, vaccination, antibody formation, hemagglutination inhibition
test.
Slacum,
G.; Hein, R.; Lynch, P. Observations
with a novel Newcastle disease strain, C2. Proceedings of ... Western
Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 2000. (49th) p. 17-19.
Note: Meeting held on Mar
5-7, 2000,
Sacramento, CA.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, vaccine
development, live vaccines.
Swain,
B.K.; Johri, T.S.; Majumdar, S. Effect
of supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and their different combinations on
the performance and immune response of broilers. British Poultry Science. July 2000. v. 41 (3) p. 287-292. ISSN: 0007-1668
NAL
call no: 47.8 B77
Abstract: 1. The effect of dietary vitamin E, selenium
(Se) and their different combinations on body weight gain, food consumption,
food conversion efficiency, leukocyte migration inhibition and antibody production
was determined in broilers. 2. Chicks were fed on maize-soya bean based diets
with concentrations of supplemental vitamin E varying from 0 to 300 IU/kg and
selenium concentrations varying from 0 to 1 mg/kg either alone or in combination
from 1 to 42 d of age. 3. The chicks were immunised for Newcastle Disease Virus
(NDV) vaccine at 21 d. Per cent leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) was studied
on 42 d. Antibodies to NDV in serum were determined at 10 and 21 d post immunisation
(PI). 4. Chicks receiving Se, 1 mg/kg and vitamin E 300 IU/kg had significantly
higher cellular immune responses in terms of per cent LMI. 5. Maximum body weight
gain and best efficiency of food utilisation were obtained in chicks fed diets
containing 0.50 mg/kg Se and 300 IU/kg vitamin E. 6. Significantly higher antibody
titres (HI and ELISA) at 10 d PI were attributed to 0.06 mg/kg and 150 IU/kg
Se and vitamin E, respectively. 7. These data suggest that optimum growth and
immune response may be achieved at supplemental level of Se of 0.06 mg/kg and
vitamin E at 150 IU/kg. The vitamin E level is higher than that recommended
by NRC (1984, 1994).
Descriptors: broilers, vitamin supplements, vitamin E acetate,
mineral supplements, selenium, feed intake, liveweight gain, feed conversion,
broiler performance, maize, soybean oilmeal, antibody formation, vaccination,
humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity, nutrient-nutrient interactions, leukocyte
migration inhibition test.
Takimoto,
T.; Taylor, G.L.; Crennell,-S.J.;
Scroggs, R.A.; Portner, A. Crystallization of Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein. Virology.
Apr
25, 2000.
v. 270 (1) p. 208-214. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: viral glycoprotein crystallization,
Newcastle disease virus.
Turner,
S.P.; Ewen, M.; Rooke, J.A.; Edwards, S.A. The effect of space allowance on performance, aggression and immune competence
of growing pigs housed on straw deep-litter at different group sizes.
Livestock Production Science. Sept
2000. v. 66 (1) p. 47-55. ISSN: 0301-6226
NAL
call no: SF1.L5
Descriptors: pigs, performance, aggressive
behavior, immune competence, space requirements, pig housing, deep litter housing,
livestock numbers, liveweight gain, efficiency, lesions, immune response, Newcastle
disease virus, growth rate.
Wambura,
P.N.; Kapaga, A.M.; Hyera, J.M.K. Experimental trials with a thermostable Newcastle disease virus (strain I2) in commercial and village chickens
in Tanzania. Preventive Veterinary
Medicine.
Jan 20, 2000. v. 43 (3) p. 75-83. ISSN:
0167-5877
NAL
call no: SF601.P7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease
virus, vaccination, live vaccines, virulence, immune response, oral administration,
application methods, survival, medicated feeds, drinking water, heat stability,
Tanzania.
Ward,
M.D.W.; Fuller, F.J.; Mehrotra, Y.; De Buysscher, E.V. Nucleotide sequence and vaccinia
expression of the nucleoprotein of a highly virulent, neurotropic strain of
Newcastle Disease virus. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 2000. v. 44 (1) p. 34-44. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The nucleoprotein (NP) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was
selected to study the relative importance of an internal structural protein
in the avian immune response. The NP gene of the virulent, neurotropic NDV Texas
GB (TGB) strain was cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence data for the NP
gene allowed comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences for the NP genes
of NDV-TGB and the avirulent duck isolate NDV-D26. These comparisons demonstrated
an 89% nucleotide sequence homology and a 97% homology between the deduced amino
acid sequences. The NDV-TGB NP expressed in recombinant vaccinia virus (rVAC)
was electrophoretically and immunologically identical to the wild-type NDV-TGB.
Although inoculation of chickens with the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing
the NDV NP gene elicited anti-NDV antibodies in higher titers than in birds
inoculated with live LaSota NDV, this strong anti-NDV response did not protect
against lethal challenge with NDV-TGB.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, nucleotide sequences,
virulence, gene expression, nucleoproteins, strains, immune response, amino
acid sequences, electrophoresis, recombinant proteins, experimental infection,
vaccination, mortality.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/af144730.
Yunis,
R.; Ben-David, A.; Heller, E.D.; Cahaner, A. Immunocompetence
and viability under commercial conditions of broiler groups differing in growth
rate and in antibody response to Escherichia coli vaccine. Poultry
Science. Savoy, IL: Poultry Science Association,
Inc. June 2000. v. 79 (6) p. 810-816. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: broilers, line differences, selection criteria,
antibody formation, selection responses, broiler lines, crossbreds, liveweight
gain, Newcastle disease virus, Escherichia
coli, mortality, disease resistance, infectious diseases, poultry farming.
Zdzisinska,
B.; Filar, J.; Paduch, R.; Kaczor, J.; Lokaj, I.; Kandefer-Szerszen, M.
The influence of ketone bodies and glucose
on interferon, tumor necrosis factor production and NO release in bovine aorta
endothelial cells. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.
May
23, 2000.
v. 74 (3/4) p. 237-247. ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL
call no: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: cattle aorta, endothelium, ketone bodies, glucose,
interferon, tumor necrosis factor, biosynthesis, nitrous oxide, cell cultures,
acetoacetic acid, acetone, lipopolysaccharides, Newcastle disease virus, nitrite.
Zulkifli,
I.; Che-Norma, M.T.; Israf,
D.A.; Omar, A.R. The effect of early
age feed restriction on subsequent response to high environmental temperatures
in female broiler chickens. Poultry
Science. Oct 2000. v.79 (10) p. 1401-1407. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine whether
early age feed restriction improves heat
tolerance in female broiler chickens.
Chicks were brooded for 3 wk and then maintained
at 24 +/- 1 C. On Day 0, chicks were assigned to
one of four feeding regimens; each regimen was applied to four cages of chicks. The feeding
regimens were 1) ad libitum feeding (ALF);
2) 40% feed restriction at 4, 5, and
6 d of age (F40); 3) 60% feed restriction
at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F60); and (4) 80% feed restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F80). From 35 to 41 d of
age, all birds were exposed to 38 +/-
1 C for 2 h/d. Serum concentrations of
glucose were elevated by the heat challenge,
but were not affected by the feeding regimen. The
heat treatment resulted in hypocholesteremia
among ALF and F80 chicks, whereas the
concentrations increased and remained constant in the F60 and F40 birds, respectively. Subjecting chicks to F60 improved growth and
survivability and reduced heterophil to lymphocyte
ratios (H/L) in response to the heat treatment as compared with
the ALF and F80 regimens. The survivability
rate and H/L of F40 chicks were similar
to those attained by chicks on other
regimens. Newcastle disease antibody titer
of ALF birds declined with duration of
heat treatment. It is concluded that the F60 regimen is beneficial for alleviating,
at least in part, the detrimental effects
of heat stress in female broiler chickens.
Descriptors: broilers, restricted feeding, heat tolerance,
environmental temperature, timing, age differences, unrestricted feeding, blood
picture, lymphocytes, feed intake, feed conversion, mortality, blood serum,
cholesterol, antibody formation, stress response, body weight, heterophil:lymphocyte
ratio.
Return to: Main Contents
| Bibliography
Contents
1999
Ahlers,
C.; Huttner, K.; Pfeiffer, D. Comparison between a live and an inactivated
vaccine against Newcastle disease in village chickens. A field study in northern Malawi. Tropical Animal Health
and Production.
June 1999. v. 31 (3) p. 167-174. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, vaccination,
inactivated vaccines, live vaccines, intramuscular injection, antibody formation,
application methods, Malawi, eye drop application.
Alexander,
D.J.; Banks, J.; Collins, M.S.; Manvell, R.J.; Frost, K.M.; Speidel, E.C.; Aldous,
E.W. Antigenic and genetic characterisation
of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from outbreaks in domestic fowl and
turkeys in Great Britain during 1997.
The Veterinary Record. Oct 9, 1999. v. 145 (15) p. 417-421.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, Newcastle disease virus, Newcastle disease, outbreaks, characterization,
antigens, phylogenetics, Great Britain, Scandinavia, Northern Ireland.
Alexander,
D.J.; Manvell, R.J.; Banks, J.; Collins, M.S.; Parsons, G.; Cox, B.; Frost,
K.M.; Speidel, E.C.; Ashman, S.; Aldous, E.W. Experimental
assessment of the pathogenicity of the Newcastle disease viruses from outbreaks in Great Britain in 1997 for chickens and turkeys, and the protection afforded
by vaccination. Avian Pathology. Oct 1999.
v. 28 (5) p. 501-511. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The Newcastle disease virus isolated from healthy
turkeys in outbreak GB 97/6 was used to challenge 4-week-old turkeys and chickens,
which were either not vaccinated or had received a single dose of Hitchner B1
live vaccine 14 days earlier, by one of the intramuscular, intranasal or contact
routes. Similar experiments were done in 38-day-old turkeys and chickens using
virus isolated from severely sick chickens in outbreak GB 97/1. All vaccinated
chickens showed low but measurable immune responses 14 days after vaccination,
but only three of the turkeys had de-tectable antibodies. No vaccinated turkey
or chicken showed any clinical sign after challenge with either virus. The virus
from healthy turkeys in outbreak GB 97/6 induced clinical signs in 12/30 unvaccinated
turkeys after challenge and 7/30 died. In unvaccinated chickens, challenge with
this virus produced clinical signs in 25/30 birds and 21/30 died. In challenge
experiments with the virus from outbreak GB 97/1 in chickens, 3/30 unvaccinated
turkeys showed clinical signs and all three subsequently died. In contrast,
30/30 unvaccinated chickens challenged with this virus showed clinical signs
and died. Vaccination did not prevent infection and excretion of either challenge
virus. However, when compared with unvaccinated birds, vaccination reduced significantly
the length of time virus was excreted and the overall proportion of swabs that
were positive.
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, Newcastle disease virus,
pathogenicity, outbreaks, vaccination, live vaccines, intramuscular injection,
application methods, immune response, antibodies, clinical aspects, symptoms,
species differences, Great Britain.
Bensink,
Z.; Spradbrow, P. Newcastle disease virus strain I2--a prospective thermostable vaccine
for use in developing countries. Veterinary
Microbiology. Aug 16, 1999. v. 68 (1/2) p. 131-139.
ISSN: 0378-1135 Note: In the special issue: Veterinary Virology
in Australia / edited by G.E. Wilcox.
Paper presented at a conference held September
24-26, 1998,
Melbourne.
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus strains,
vaccines, heat stability, evaluation, virulence, application methods, oral administration,
antibodies, vaccination.
Berinstein,
A.; Seal, B.S.; Zanetti, F.; Kaloghlian, A.; Segade, G.; Carrillo, E. Newcastle disease virus surveillance in Argentina: use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and
sequencing for molecular typification. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 1999. v. 43 (4) p. 792-797. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains
a major pathogen of poultry where highly virulent strains require reporting
to the Office of International Epizootes. NDV is a paramyxovirus existing as
different strains classified on the basis of severity of the disease they cause.
The present study was conducted in Argentina to determine the prevalence
of highly virulent velogenic NDV strains in commercial poultry farms. Tracheal
and cloacal swabs from 693 flocks, representing 14% of the broiler production,
were collected and pooled. A pool amplified twice in embryonated eggs presented
a limited hemagglutination titer. We performed reverse transcription coupled
to polymerase chain reaction to amplify fusion and matrix protein gene sequences
of the isolate and the strain Trenque Lauquen, isolated in Argentina during an outbreak in
1970-71 and previously characterized as velogenic viscerotropic by biological
methods. The amino acid sequences were deduced from nucleotide sequences of
the amplification products and the pathotype predicted according to the sequences
obtained. From the samples analysed, we found only one type of NDV, being the
isolate identified as lentogenic NDV. This strain is probably the one used in
vaccination of flocks where that sample was obtained. These data have allowed
us to consider a velogenic NDV-free status in Argentina's commercial poultry.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, disease
surveys, reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction, molecular sequence
data, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, pathotypes phylogenetics,
Argentina.
Brown,
C.; King, D.J.; Seal, B. Detection of a macrophage-specific antigen
and the production of interferon gamma in chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 1999. v. 43 (4) p. 696-703. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded spleen and
intestinal tissues were harvested at 2 days postinfection from 4-wk-old white
rock chickens infected with five different strains of Newcastle disease virus
(NDV). These tissues were examined for the presence of macrophage antigen expression,
virus replication, and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production. The five strains
represented all three NDV pathotypes. Viral replication and IFNgamma, as determined
by riboprobe in situ hybridization, were detected only in those chickens infected
with velogenic viscerotropic NDV (VVNDV) strains. Macrophage antigen expression,
an indicator of macrophage activation, was determined by immunohistochemistry
with a macrophage-specific antibody, CVI-ChNL-68.1. Presence of macrophage antigen
was most prominent in VVNDV-infected chickens. The distribution of this antigen
within tissues was far more diffuse than the staining for viral mRNA. The presence
of IFNgamma mRNA was detected in the spleen and intestinal lymphoid tissue of
VVNDV-infected chickens. There was also increased macrophage antigen expression
in the mesogen-infected birds, but it was less dramatic than in tissues from
VVNDV-infected chickens. One of two lentogen-infected birds had evidence of
increased macrophage antigen expression only in the spleen.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, interferon,
macrophage activation, antigens, macrophages, pathotypes, viral replication,
messenger RNA.
Brown,
C.C.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S. Comparison
of pathology-based techniques for detection of viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus in chickens. Journal of Comparative
Pathology. May 1999. v. 120 (4) p. 383-389. ISSN: 0021-9975
NAL
call no: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, detection,
viral proteins, immunohistochemistry, diagnostic techniques, spleen, cecum,
eyelids, bursa Fabricii, small intestine, riboprobe in situ hybridization.
Brown,
C.; King, D.J.; Seal, B.S. Pathogenesis
of Newcastle disease in chickens experimentally infected with viruses of
different virulence.
Veterinary
Pathology.
Mar 1999. v. 36 (2) p. 125-132. ISSN: 0300-9858
NAL
call no: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, virulence,
pathotypes, pathogenesis, experimental infections, histopathology, nucleic acids,
viral replication.
Crespo,
R.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Woolcock, P.R.; Nordhousen, R.; Chin, R.P. Macroscopic
and microscopic pathology of an exotic Newcastle disease outbreak. Proceedings of ... Western Poultry Disease
Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 108-109.
Note:
Meeting held on April 24-27, 1999, Vancouver, Canada.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, California.
Crespo,
R.; Shivaprasad, H.L.; Woolcock, P.R.; Chin, R.P.; Davidson -York, D.; Tarbell,
R. Exotic Newcastle disease in a game chicken flock. Avian Diseases.
Apr/June 1999. v. 43 (2) p. 349-355. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A sudden increase in mortality, preceded by
a short history of respiratory signs and diarrhea, occurred in a backyard flock
of 48 game chickens in the Central Valley of California. Necropsy findings included
severe generalized linear hemorrhages and/or ulcers in the digestive tract,
larynx, and trachea. Histology revealed severe multifocal hemorrhages and necrosis
in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts, vasculitis, and necrosis
of lymphoid tissue. The birds were serologically negative to Newcastle disease virus; this was
consistent with an acute infection. The avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolated
was characterized as velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. A thorough
epidemiologic investigation was carried out, and no other premises were found
to have birds with clinical signs or evidence of exposure. The entire outbreak
was limited to the original backyard flock and resolved within 14 days of the
onset of clinical signs.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, flocks,
clinical aspects, spread, outbreaks, case reports, California.
Deng,
R.; Wang, Z.; Mahon, P.J.; Marinello, M.;
Mirza, A.; Iorio, R.M. Mutations in the
Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein that interfere with
its ability to interact with the homologous F protein in the promotion of fusion.
Virology. Jan
5, 1999.
v. 253 (1) p. 43-54. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, fusion
protein, fusion process, genetic mutation.
Empel,
P. van; Vrijenhoek, M.; Goovaerts, D.; van den Bosch, H. Immunohistochemical and serological investigation of experimental Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale infection in chickens. Avian
Pathology. Apr 1999. v. 28 (2) p. 187-193.: ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Immunohistochemical techniques were used to
prove that Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was the causative agent of lesions
in the air sacs and lungs in chickens, but only after infection with Newcastle
Disease virus (NDV). At first, the bacteria attached to the epithelium of the
air sacs. Subsequently, they infiltrated the air sacs, and caused thickening
of the air sacs, the formation of oedematous and granulomatous tissue, and accumulation
of macrophages. The infection peaked at 5 to 9 days, after which recovery was
seen. In the lungs, some areas with bronchially-associated lymphoid tissue were
affected. The other organs investigated were shown not to be affected. In the
absence of NDV infection, aerosol exposure of chickens to O. rhinotracheale
only resulted in minimal and temporary microscopic air sac lesions. No O. rhinotracheale
cells or fragments could be detected at any time point later than 2 days post-exposure.
In spite of the absence of visible lesions, chickens exposed to O. rhinotracheale
without prior NDV infection reacted serologically. The duration and the titre
of this immune response was indistinguishable from that obtained in chickens
exposed after NDV infection. Thus, infection with O. rhinotracheale appears
to be restricted to the respiratory tract, with lesions only evident in birds
previously infected with NDV, even though a strong serological response can
be established in the absence of prior viral infection.
Descriptors: chickens, Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale, experimental infections, disease course, immunohistochemistry,
serology, air sacs, lungs.
Foster,
H.A.; Chitukuro, H.R.; Tuppa, E.; Mwanjala, T.; Kusila, C. Thermostable newcastle disease vaccines in Tanzania.
Veterinary Microbiology. Aug 16, 1999. v. 68 (1/2) p. 127-130.
ISSN: 0378-1135 Note: In the special issue: Veterinary Virology
in Australia / edited by G.E. Wilcox.
Paper presented at a conference held September
24-26, 1998,
Melbourne.
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, vaccines,
heat stability, evaluation, villages, eyes, application methods, medicated feeds,
disease prevention, Tanzania.
Gagic,
M.; St.
Hill,
C.A.; Sharma, J.M. In ovo vaccination of specific-pathogen-free
chickens with vaccines containing multiple agents. Avian Diseases.
Apr/June 1999. v. 43 (2) p. 293-301. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: We used in ovo technology to protect chickens
against multiple diseases by inoculating vaccines containing mixtures of live
viral agents. A single in ovo injection of a vaccine containing serotypes 1,
2, and 3 of Marek's disease virus (MDV), a vaccine strain of serotype 1 infectious
bursal disease virus (IBDV), and recombinant fowl pox vaccine with HN and F
genes of Newcastle disease virus (rFP-NDV) induced protection against virulent
MDV, IBDV, Newcastle disease virus, and fowl poxvirus. The multiple-agent vaccine
induced specific antibodies against the viral agents present in the mixture
and did not adversely affect the survival of hatched chickens. Inoculation of
a vaccine containing serotypes 1, 2, and 3 of MDV and IBDV did not affect hatchability
of eggs, although the addition of rFP-NDV to the mixture reduced hatchability
by 23%-26%. In ovo vaccination with a vaccine containing MDV and IBDV vaccine
viruses did not exacerbate the inhibitory effect of individual viral agents
on humoral and cellular immune competence.
Descriptors: chickens, vaccination, eggs, live vaccines,
combined vaccines, antibody formation, disease prevention, egg hatchability,
immune competence, Marek's disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus.
Glaser,
L.C.; Barker, I.K.; Weseloh, D.V.C.; Ludwig, J.; Windingstad, R.M.; Key, D.W.;
Bollinger, T.K. The 1992 epizootic of
Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants in North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Apr 1999. v. 35 (2) p. 319-330. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus, cormorants, wild bird
disease, epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus, North America.
Gohm,
D.S.; Thur, B.; Audige, L.; Hofmann, M.A. A
survey of Newcastle disease in Swiss laying-hen flocks using serological testing
and simulation modelling. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Feb 15, 1999. v. 38 (4) p. 277-288.
ISSN: 0167-5877
NAL
call no: SF601.P7
Descriptors: hens, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus,
surveys, simulation models, mathematical models, serological surveys, vaccination,
outbreaks, infections, detection, ELISA, disease prevalence, clinical aspects, symptoms,
asymptomatic infections, computer techniques, Switzerland.
Graham,
D.A.; German, A.; Abernethy, D.; McCullough, S.J.; Manvell, R.J.; Alexander,
D.J. Isolation of ortho- and
paramyxoviruses from wild birds in Northern Ireland during the 1997 Newcastle disease epizootic. The Veterinary
Record. July 3, 1999. v. 145 (1) p. 20-21.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: wild birds, waterfowl, Orthomyxoviridae, paramyxovirus,
isolation, outbreaks, Newcastle disease, Northern Ireland.
Granzow,
H.; Weiland, F.; Mundt, E.; Kollner, B.; Werner, O. Intranuclear inclusions in cells infected with Newcastle Disease Virus.
Journal
of Veterinary Medicine. Series B.
Aug 1999. v. 46 (6) p. 411-421. ISSN: 0931-1793
NAL
call no: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: cell cultures, Newcastle disease virus, infections,
symptoms, nuclei, clinical aspects, cytoplasm, cell ultrastructure, coat proteins,
immunocytochemistry, viral proteins.
Haddad,
E.E.; Whitfill, C.E.; Avakian, A.P.; Clark, F.D.; Van Zant, P.D.; Link, D.B.;
Wakenell, P.S. In ovo vaccination with a novel Newcastle disease vaccine in SPF and broiler embryos; evaluation of
safety and efficacy.
Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 117. Note:
Meeting held on April 24-27, 1999, Vancouver, Canada
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chick embryos, ovo vaccination, Newcastle disease virus.
Hansson,
E.; Young, J.G.; Hooper, P.T.; Della-Porta, A.J. Virulence and transmissibility of some Australian and exotic strains of
Newcastle disease virus used in some vaccines. Australian
Veterinary Journal. Jan 1999. v. 77 (1) p. 51-53. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, vaccines,
virulence, strain differences, spread by aerosols, disease transmission, tracheitis,
seroconversion, Australia.
Harrison,
A.; Girshick, T. The use of western blotting in epidemiologic
studies of common virus diseases. Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 117-118.
Note: Meeting held on April
24-27, 1999,
Vancouver, Canada.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenzavirus,
Newcastle disease virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, western blotting technique.
Heckert,
R.A.; Nagy, E. Evaluation of the hemagglutination-inhibition assay using a baculovirus-expressed
hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein for detection of Newcastle disease virus antibodies. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. Jan 1999. v.
11 (1) p. 99-102. ISSN: 1040-6387
NAL
call no: SF774.J68
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, antibody
testing, hemagglutination inhibition test, recombinant antigens.
Herczeg,
J.; Wehmann, E.; Bragg, R.R.; Travassos-Dias, P.M.; Hadjiev, G.; Werner, O.;
Lomniczi, B. Two novel genetic groups (VIIb and VIII) responsible for recent Newcastle disease outbreaks in southern Africa, one (VIIb)
of which reached southern Europe.
Archives
of Virology. 1999.
v. 144 (11) p. 2087-2099. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, genetic
distance, strain differences, amino acid sequences, animal testing alternatives,
restriction fragment length polymorphism, phylogenetics, South Africa. Mozambique, Bulgaria, Turkey.
Genetic sequence data: genbank/af136762. genbank/af136763.
genbank/af136764. genbank/af136765. genbank/af136766. genbank/af136767. genbank/af136768.
genbank/af136769. genbank/af136770. genbank/af136771. genbank/af136772. genbank/af136773.
genbank/af136774. genbank/af136775. genbank/af136776. genbank/af136777. genbank/af136778.
genbank/af136779. genbank/af136780. genbank/af136781. genbank/af136782. genbank/af136783.
genbank/af136784. genbank/af136785. genbank/af136786.
Hooper,
P.T.; Russell, G.M.; Morrow, C.J.; Segal, Y. Lentogenic
newcastle disease virus and respiratory disease in Australian broiler
chickens.
Australian
Veterinary Journal. Jan 1999. v. 77 (1) p. 53-54. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: broilers, Newcastle disease virus, tracheitis,
histopathology, Australia.
Hooper,
P.T.; Hansson, E.; Young, J.G.; Russell, G.M.; Della Porta, A.J. Lesions in the upper respiratory tract in
chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease viruses isolated in
Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal. Jan 1999. v. 77 (1) p. 50-51. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL
call no: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, lesions,
respiratory system, experimental infections, pathogenicity, viral antigens,
avirulence, Australia.
Jorgensen,
P.H.; Handberg, K.J.; Ahrens, P.; Hansen, H.C.; Manvell, R.J.; Alexander, D.J.
An outbreak
of Newcastle disease in free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Journal
of Veterinary Medicine. Series B.
Aug 1999. v. 46 (6) p. 381-387. ISSN:
0931-1793
NAL
call no: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: pheasants, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease
virus, outbreaks, epidemiology, mortality, epidemics, pathogenicity, disease
transmission, strain differences, virulence, amino acid sequences, polymerase
chain reaction, identification, Denmark.
Juang,
Y.T.; Au, W.C.; Lowther, W.; Hiscott, J.; Pitha, P.M. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits virus-mediated induction of interferon genes
by disruption of nuclear transport of interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7. The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
June 18,
1999.
v. 274 (25) p. 18060-18066. ISSN: 0021-9258
NAL
call no: 381 J824
Descriptors: mice, macrophages, cell lines, Newcastle disease
virus, stimulation, interferon, interleukin-6, gene expression, messenger RNA,
transcription, transcription factors, phosphorylation, protein transport, nuclei,
inhibition, lipopolysaccharides.
Kim,
I.J.; Gagic, M.; Sharma, J.M. Recovery
of antibody-producing ability and lymphocyte repopulation of bursal follicles
in chickens exposed to infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Diseases.
July/Sept 1999. v. 43 (3) p. 401-413. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: We studied the long-term effect of infectious
bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chickens. Specifically, the restoration of virus-induced
bursal lesions and the duration of humoral immunodeficiency were examined. One-week-old
specific-pathogen-free chickens were intraocularly inoculated with an intermediate
vaccine strain (IBDV-Vac) or a virulent strain (IM-IBDV). At intervals postinoculation
(PI), chickens were examined for histopathologic lesions. At 1, 3, 5, 10, or
15 wk PI, the chickens were injected with a mixture of antigens, and primary
antibody responses were examined at 10 days postimmunization. Initially, the
virus caused extensive necrosis of bursal B lymphocytes. This lesion was accompanied
by an infiltration of T lymphocytes. With time, the necrotic lesion in the bursa
was resolved. The follicles became partly repopulated with B lymphocytes. The
repopulation occurred faster in the chickens exposed to IBDV-Vac than in the
chickens exposed to IM-IBDV. By 7 wk PI, 40% and 80% of bursal follicles in
IM-IBDV- and IBDV-Vac-inoculated chickens, respectively, were repopulated with
immunoglobulin M+ B lymphocytes. Both IBDV-Vac and IM-caused suppression of
the primary antibody response to antigens. However, the antibody responses of
the chickens exposed to either of the two IBDV strains used were compromised
only during the first 6 wk of virus exposure. Subsequently, the antibody response
returned to near normal levels.
Descriptors: chickens, infectious bursal disease virus, antibody
formation, humoral immunity, lymphocytes, bursa Fabricii, lesions, viral immunosuppression,
duration, tetanus toxoid, Newcastle disease virus, Brucella abortus, vaccination.
King,
D.J. A comparison of the onset of protection induced by Newcastle disease virus strain B1 and a fowl poxvirus recombinant Newcastle disease vaccine to a viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus challenge. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 1999. v. 43 (4) p. 745-755. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free white rock
chickens were immunized with either a commercial recombinant fowl poxvirus-vectored
Newcastle disease vaccine (FP-N)
expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain
B1 or live NDV B1. Vaccinates and controls were challenged by eyedrop and intranasal
(E/I) route with a viscerotropic velogenic NDV at 14 days postvaccination to
determine the time of clearance of challenge virus. In a subsequent experiment,
chickens were challenged at 3, 6, or 10 days postvaccination to determine the
onset of immunity. Chickens that received a recommended field dose (1x) or a
0.01 x dose of FP-N subcutaneously (SC) and were seropositive by hemagglutination-inhibition
test at 14 days postvaccination cleared the challenge virus by 14 days postchallenge.
Clinical Newcastle disease and high challenge
virus titers in tissues were seen only in seronegative FP-N 0.01 x dose vaccinates
and controls. In a comparison of vaccination with FP-N (1x, 10(4.9) median tissue
culture infective dose) SC, B1 (10(6) median egg infective dose [EID(50)]) SC,
or B1 (10(6) EID(50)) E/I, chickens vaccinated at 6 or 10 days before challenge
with all vaccines were protected against clinical disease, but only those vaccinated
with B1 E/I 10 days before challenge were protected against infection with the
challenge virus. Vaccination at 3 days before challenge with B1 E/I provided
early protection, but severe nervous signs developed later and reduced overall
protection to 60%, whereas disease in chickens vaccinated with B1 SC and FP-N
SC 3 days before challenge was similar to the challenge controls.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, fowl pox
virus, recombinant vaccines, live vaccines, vaccination, subcutaneous injection,
disease prevention, immunity, seroconversion.
Kuiken,
T.; Wobeser, G.; Leighton, F.A.; Haines, D.M.; Chelack, B.; Bogdan, J.; Hassard,
L.; Heckert, R.A.; Riva, J. Pathology
of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants from Saskatchewan, with comparison
of diagnostic methods. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Jan 1999. v. 35 (1) p. 8-23. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus, cormorants, histopathology,
central nervous system, diagnostic tests, comparison study.
Lee,
J. Newcastle disease: protecting poultry farmers on two fronts. Agricultural
Research. Oct 1999. v. 47 (10) p. 16-17.: ISSN:
0002-161X
NAL
call no: 1.98 Ag84
Descriptors: poultry protection, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, protective
measures.
Leeuw,
O. de,; Peeters, B. Complete nucleotide sequence of Newcastle disease virus: evidence for the existence of a new genus within
the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. The Journal of General Virology. Jan 1999. v. 80 (pt.1) p. 131-136. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: We have completely sequenced the genome of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine
strain LaSota. The sequences of the 3'- and 5'-terminal ends of the RNA genome
were determined by sequencing cDNA fragments generated by rapid amplification
of cDNA ends. The entire genomic sequence, which was established by sequencing
cDNA fragments generated by high-fidelity RT-PCR, consists of 15 186 nt. Comparison
of the 5'-terminal sequence of NDV LaSota with the 5'-terminal sequences of
ten members of the Paramyxovirinae showed that NDV LaSota has an unusually long
5' untranscribed region. Comparison of the entire genomic sequences showed that
NDV is only distantly related to the other members of the genus Rubulavirus,
to which NDV has been assigned. In this paper we present data which suggest
that NDV should not be classified in the genus Rubulavirus, but instead should
be considered as a member of a new genus within the subfamily Paromyxovirinae.
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, chemotaxonomy, new genus,
taxonomic status, taxonomic revisions, Paromyxovirinae.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/af077761.
Li,
Y.C.; Ledoux, D.R.; Bermudez, A.J.; Fritsche, K.L.; Rottinghaus, G.E. Effects
of fumonisin B1 on selected immune responses in broiler chicks. Poultry
Science. Sept 1999. v. 78 (9) p. 1275-1282. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate
immune responses in chicks fed fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)). Day-old male chicks were
randomly allotted to dietary treatments: 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg FB(1)/kg diet.
In Experiment 1, chicks were fed diets for 3 wk and were injected intravenously
with 4.6 x 10(6) Escherichia coli on Day 21. Blood samples were collected at
60, 120, and 180 min postinjection, and liver, spleen, and lung were collected
after 180 min. Chicks fed 200 mg FB(1)/ kg diet had significantly higher numbers
of bacterial colonies in blood, spleen, and liver (P < 0.05) than control
chicks. In Experiment 2, chicks were placed on the diets for 4 wk and were injected
with 0.5 mL inactivated Newcastle Disease virus vaccine on Weeks 2 and 3 of
the experiment, and primary and secondary antibody titers were measured 7 d
after each injection. The secondary antibody response in chicks fed 200 mg FB(1)/kg
diet was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of control chicks. In Experiment
3, lymphocyte proliferation in chicks exposed to FB(1) in vivo or in vitro was
determined. Results of the in vivo study showed that cell proliferation in response
to mitogens was lower (P < 0.05) in chicks fed 200 mg FB(1)/kg diet than
in control chicks. For the in vitro study, cell proliferation was lower (P <
0.05) when cells were exposed to greater than or equal to 2.5 micrograms FB(1)/mL.
Data of the current study suggested that FB(1) is immunosuppressive in chicks
when present in the ration at 200 mg FB(1)/kg diet.
Descriptors: broiler chicks, fumonisins, dosage, Escherichia coli, experimental infections, immune
response, vaccination, inactivated vaccines, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
formation, lymphocyte transformation, infection, immunosuppressive agents, liver, spleen, lungs,
mitogens, responses.
Maas, R.A.; Oei, H.L.; Venema-Kemper, S.; Koch, G.;
Bongers, J. Dose-response effects of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines: influence of serologic assay, time after
vaccination, and type of chickens. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 1999. v. 43 (4) p. 670-677. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Knowledge of the dose-response relation of inactivated
vaccines and of the factors that influence this relation is essential for the
evaluation of existing vaccine potency assays and the development of new potency
assays that are based on the antigen content of the inactivated vaccines. We
quantified the relation between vaccine dose, serologic response, and clinical
protection after vaccination for three different inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines.
Qualitatively, similar dose-response curves were obtained for the three vaccines
when either the serologic response or the clinical protection of specific-pathogen-free
(SPF) chickens was plotted against the different vaccine doses applied. However,
the vaccines differed quantitatively: doses of vaccines that induced similar
antibody titers or clinical protection differed 2-8-fold. In contrast with the
narrow range of antibody titers induced by a full vaccine dose, a very broad
range of titers was obtained after dilution of the vaccines. At least 95% of
the SPF chickens with detectable antibody in the serum were protected against
a challenge with virulent Herts ND virus. The relation between
the dosage of two different ND vaccines and the serum antibody titers remained
markedly constant between 3 and 18 wk after vaccination. Vaccination of broilers
instead of layers with a dilution series of inactivated ND vaccine resulted
in significantly lower antibody levels and less clinical protection against
virulent challenge. In conclusion, despite quantitative differences, we found
comparable dose-response relations for the three inactivated ND vaccines studied.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, inactivated
vaccines, strains, vaccination, dosage, potency, immune response, disease prevention.
Makkay,
A.M.; Krell, P.J.; Nagy, E. Antibody detection-based differential ELISA
for NDV-infected or vaccinated chickens versus NDV HN-subunit vaccinated chickens.
Veterinary Microbiology. Apr 19, 1999. v. 66 (3) p. 209-222. ISSN: 0378-1135
NAL
call no: SF601.V44
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, ELISA,
antibodies, detection, infections, vaccination, vaccines, diagnosis, coat proteins,
amino acid sequences.
Mtambo,
M.M.A.; Mushi, E.J.; Kinabo, L.D.B.; Maeda-Machang'u, A.; Mwamengele, G.L.M.; Yongolo, M.G.S.; Temu, R.P.C. Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extracts
of Capsicum frutescens, Citrus limon and Opuntia vulgaris against Newcastle
disease in domestic fowl in Tanzania. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology.
Dec 15, 1999. v. 68 (1/3) p. 55-61.
ISSN: 0378-8741
NAL
call no: RS160.J6
Descriptors: herbal treatment for Newcastle disease, domestic fowl,
pepper, lemon, Opuntia cactus, Tanzania.
Muller,
T.; Hlinak, A.; Muhle, R.U.; Kramer, M.; Liebherr, H.; Ziedler, K.; Pfeiffer,
D.U. A
descriptive analysis of the potential association between migration patterns
of bean and white-fronted geese and the occurrence of Newcastle disease outbreaks in domestic birds. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 1999. v. 43 (2) p. 315-319. ISSN: 0005-2086
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The sightings and migration patterns of 65 bean
(Anser fabalis) and 65 white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) are reported. In
the past, these geese were serologically screened for the occurrence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and
other avian viral diseases by Hlinak et al. Of the 130 birds originally tagged
and serologically screened in 1991, 53 birds were resighted between 1991 and
1996. Most of the sightings were reported from main wintering and resting sites
in Germany and The Netherlands. It
is noteworthy that 19 of the 53 birds sighted had serologic evidence that they
had been exposed to NDV before the time of marking in 1991. Although the origin
of these infections in bean geese and white-fronted geese is still unknown,
the sightings reported in this study indicate that, once infected, wild geese
may be involved in the dissemination and spread of avian viral diseases, specifically
Newcastle disease. The migration
patterns of the wild geese provided further evidence that the main resting and
wintering areas of migratory waterfowl are likely to be important for the inter-
and intraspecies transmission of avian diseases, thereby representing risk areas
for the poultry industry.
Descriptors: geese, Newcastle disease virus, migration,
outbreaks, spread, disease transmission, Germany, Netherlands, Anser fabalis, Anser
albifrons.
Nara, P.L. The status and role of vaccines in the U.S. food animal industry: implications for biological terrorism. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences v. 894. Food
and Agricultural Security Guarding Against
Natural Threats and Terrorist Attacks Affecting Health, National Food Supplies,
and Agricultural Economics. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. 1999. p.
206-217. ISBN: 1573312304. Note: Paper
presented at the "International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security,"
September 28-30, 1998, in Washington, D.C.
NAL
call no: 500 N484 v. 894
Descriptors: meat and livestock industry, vaccines, biological
warfare, terrorism, disease prevention, disease control, avian influenzavirus,
Newcastle disease virus, foot and mouth disease, aphthovirus, rinderpest virus,
African swine fever virus, swine fever virus, USA.
Peeters,
B.P.H.; de Leeuw, O.S.; Koch, G.; Gielkens,
A.L.J. Rescue of Newcastle disease virus from cloned cDNA: evidence that cleavability
of the fusion protein is a major determinant for virulence. Journal
of Virology. June 1999. v. 73 (6) p. 5001-5009. ISSN: 0022-538X
NAL
call no: QR360.J6
Descriptors: complementary DNA, cloning,
pathogenicity, chickens.
Rautenschlein,
S.; Sharma, J.M. Response of turkeys
to simultaneous vaccination with hemorrhagic enteritis and Newcastle disease virus. Avian Diseases. Apr/June 1999. v. 43 (2) p. 286-292. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The effects of single and combined vaccination
of turkeys against hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were
investigated. Dual vaccination of turkeys with NDV-B1 and HEVp30 or marble spleen
disease virus (MSDV) enhanced white mottling of the spleens and the apoptosis
rate in spleen cells (P < 0.05). In addition, simultaneously vaccinated turkeys
had fewer HEV-infected spleen cells at 4 days postvaccination than turkeys given
HEVp30 or MSDV alone. The anti-HEV antibody response was significantly reduced
at 14 days postvaccination (P < 0.05), whereas the anti-NDV antibody response
was enhanced (P < 0.05) in turkeys vaccinated with HEVp30 + NDV-Bl. Further,
the effect of dual vaccination on macrophage function was studied. Spleen cells
from NDV-B1-vaccinated turkeys were primed to produce nitric oxide (NO) after
stimulation in vitro with lipopolysaccharide. Spleen cells from HEVp30- or MSDV-vaccinated
turkeys did not produce NO after in vitro stimulation. In dual-vaccinated turkeys,
the priming effect of NDV-B1 was reduced in comparison with single-inoculated
birds. Descriptors: turkeys, vaccination, combined vaccines, vaccines,
hemorrhagic enteritis virus, Newcastle disease virus, lesions,
viral replication, antibody formation, macrophage activation.
Reynolds,
D.L.; Maraqa, A.D. A rapid virus neutralization assay for Newcastle disease virus with the swine testicular continuous cell line.
Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1999. v. 43 (3) p. 564-571.: ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Five continuous cell lines, swine testicular
(ST), human rectal tumor (HRT 18), fetal rhesus monkey kidney (MA104), bovine
turbinate (BT), and quail tracheal (QT35), were evaluated and compared with
chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) for their ability to propagate B1 or Texas
GB strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The NDV Texas GB strain replicated
in all the continuous cell lines used in this study. Only the ST and QT35 cells
produced a cytopathic effect (CPE) similar to that produced in CEFs. However,
the ST cell line remained attached while displaying CPE, whereas infected QT35
cells detached, as did the CEFs. The B1 strain of NDV replicated in ST cells,
MA104 cells, and CEFs but with less CPE as compared with the Texas GB strain.
Pretreatment with trypsin did not enhance CPE with either NDV strain at the
level tested. Sera evaluated for neutralizing antibody titers to NDV were significantly
higher in titer when the ST cell line was used and compared with CEFs. A high
correlation was found between the microscopic examination and the tetrazolium
dye (MTT) microassay methods for determining the viral neutralization endpoint,
thus suggesting the ST cell line and MTT microassay could be used as an alternative
to CEFs and microscopic examination for evaluating neutralizing antibodies titers
to NDV.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, virus neutralization,
rapid methods, cell lines, testes, viral replication.
Reynolds,
D.L.; Maraqa, A.D. A technique for inducing B-cell ablation in chickens by in ovo injection
of cyclophosphamide. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1999. v. 43 (3) p. 367-375. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment
in ovo on avian B and T cells was studied. CY was injected in ovo on the 16th,
17th, and 18th days of incubation. Blood samples were collected periodically
from CY-treated and nontreated birds after hatch and were used to measure blood
lymphocyte responses to the T-cell and B-cell mitogens, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), respectively. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis was used to determine
the presence of B and T cells in peripheral blood, and birds were vaccinated
with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antigen at 3 wk of age and booster vaccinated
at 5 wk of age CY treatment reduced hatchability by 35%-40%, increased mortality
by 3%-5% within the first 2 wk of life, and induced a significant retardation
in body weight gains. At 2 wk of age, approximately 50% of CY-treated birds
were devoid of B-cell mitogenic responsiveness while demonstrating significant
T-cell mitogenic responsiveness. However, B-cell responses were observed at
4 and 6 wk from a small percentage of birds that were originally T-cell responsive
and B-cell nonresponsive at 2 wk of age. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral
blood lymphocytes revealed that CY-treated birds had significantly less B cells
(or were devoid of B cells) than the corresponding nontreated control birds.
However, no significant difference in the T-cell percentage was observed between
CY-treated and nontreated birds. CY-treated birds did not produce detectable
antibodies specific for NDV during the first and second weeks postvaccination,
as demonstrated by hemagglutination inhibition assay. However, antibodies were
detected in some CY-treated birds 10 days postbooster. Those antibody-positive
birds were found to be the same birds that had subsequently responded to the
LPS mitogen on the blastogenesis microassay. This study indicates the importance
of monitoring the B- and T-cell responses in CY-treated birds to identify those
birds in which B-cell regeneration may have occurred.
Descriptors: chick embryos, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
ablation, cyclophosphamide injection, concanavalin
A, lipopolysaccharides, hatching, blood,
flow cytometry, Newcastle disease virus, lymphocyte transformation, vaccination,
antibody formation, liveweight gain, mortality.
Romer-Oberdorfer,
A.; Mundt, E.; Mebatsion, T.; Buchholz, U.J.; Mettenleiter, T.C. Generation
of recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus from cDNA. The Journal of General Virology. Nov 1999. v. 80 (pt.11) p. 2987-2995. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: Recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of
the vaccine strain Clone-30 was reproducibly generated after simultaneous expression
of antigenome-sense NDV RNA and NDV nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase from plasmids transfected into cells stably expressing T7 RNA
polymerase. For this purpose, the genome of Clone-30, comprising 15186 nt, was
cloned and sequenced prior to assembly into a full-length cDNA clone under control
of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Recombinant virus was amplified by inoculation
of transfection supernatant into the allantoic cavity of embryonated specific-pathogen-free
(SPF) chicken eggs. Two marker restriction sites comprising a total of five
nucleotide changes artificially introduced into noncoding regions were present
in the progeny virus. The recombinant NDV was indistinguishable from the parental
wild-type virus with respect to its growth characteristics in cell culture and
in embryonated eggs. Moreover, an intracerebral pathogenicity index of 0.29
was obtained for both viruses as determined by intracerebral inoculation of
day-old SPF chickens, proving that the recombinant NDV is a faithful copy of
the parental vaccine strain of NDV.
Descriptors: complementary DNA, nucleotide
sequences, recombination.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/y18898.
Salle,
C.T.P.; Soares, R.B.; Ce, M.C.; Silva, A.B.; Moraes, H.L.S.; Nascimento, V.P.;
Guahyba, A.S. Immune response assessment in turkey breeders
vaccinated against Newcastle disease using mathematical models. Proceedings of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference.
Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 129. Note: Meeting held on April
24-27, 1999.
Vancouver, Canada.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: turkeys, vaccination, Newcastle disease virus, immune
response.
Samina,
I.; Khinich, Y.; Gutter,
B.; Michael, A.; Peleg, B.A. Day-old vaccination with live-in-oil vaccines:
Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) in chicks
and ND in turkey poults. Avian Pathology. Feb 1999.
v. 28 (1) p. 73-78. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: One-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated with
live Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine incorporated
in oil alone or in killed-in-oil ND vaccine. Incorporation of live vaccine in
oil emulsions was carried out just prior to vaccination. Live-in-oil ND vaccine
containing 10(6.0) median embryo lethal doses (ELD50/dose induced the same protection
following challenge and the same level of antibody at 42 days post-vaccination
as did commercial killed-in-oil ND vaccine containing about 250 times as much
antigen (10(8.4) ELD50/dose). Incorporation of live ND vaccine in killed-in-oil
vaccine contributed markedly to protection rates and antibody levels, as compared
to those obtained following vaccination with killed-in-oil vaccine only. One-day-old
turkey poults also showed the advantage of incorporation of live ND vaccine
in killed-in-oil vaccine when challenged 3 months post-vaccination. One-day-old
broiler chicks, vaccinated with live ND and infectious bursar disease vaccine
(IBD) incorporated in killed-in-oil combined ND + IBD vaccine, showed better
protection against challenge with IBDV and higher antibody levels to NDV as
compared to vaccination with killed-in-oil vaccine alone.
Descriptors: poults, chicks, live vaccines,
inactivated vaccines, combined vaccines, vaccination, Newcastle disease virus, infectious
bursal disease virus, disease prevention.
San
Roman, K.; Villar, E.; Munoz-Barroso, I. Acidic
pH enhancement of the fusion of Newcastle disease virus with cultured cells. Virology.
Aug
1, 1999.
v. 260 (2) p. 329-341. ISSN: 0042-6822
NAL
call no: 448.8 V81
Descriptors: in vitro methods, acidity,
fusion of cells and virus.
Scanlon,
D.B.; Corino, G.L.; Shiell, B.J.; Della-Porta, A.J.; Manvell, R.J.; Alexander,
D.J.; Hodder, A.N.; Gorman, J.J. Pathotyping
isolates of Newcastle disease virus using antipeptide antibodies to pathotype-specific
regions of their fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins. Archives of Virology. 1999.
v. 144 (1) p. 55-72. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: virulence, pathotypes, amino acid sequences,
immune serum.
Schelling,
E.; Thur, B.; Griot, C.; Audige, L. Epidemiological study of Newcastle disease in backyard poultry and wild bird populations in Switzerland.
Avian
Pathology. June 1999. v. 28 (3) p.
263-272. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Blood samples and cloacal swabs from poultry
were collected in 107 small chicken flocks and 62 pure-bred poultry flocks to
determine their status regarding Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection.
A questionnaire emphasizing potential contacts of poultry with wild birds and
management practices associated with NDV infection was completed for each flock.
Additionally, 1576 wild bird carcasses of 115 different bird species were collected
from hunters and taxidermists. Poultry sera and tissue fluids of wild birds
were tested for NDV antibodies using a blocking ELISA. Cloacal swabs were subjected
to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for NDV genome detection.
In-herd NDV seroprevalences between 5 and 29% were found in one small chicken
flock, as well as in four pure-bred poultry flocks. NDV antibody positive wild
birds were found in 10.2% of all wild birds examined. Highest proportions (i.e.
> 15%) of positive birds per species were found among sparrowhawks, kites,
tawny owls, eagle owls, barn owls, cuckoos, swifts, cormorants and grebes. No
NDV genome was detected in cloacal swabs. This study suggests that buying eggs
or poultry abroad and exchanging poultry within the country were factors, more
important than wild birds, to explain the higher NDV seropositivity in pure-bred
poultry flocks.
Descriptors: chickens, ducks, geese,
wild birds, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, epidemiology, flocks,
inbred lines, seroprevalence, risk factors, animal husbandry, Switzerland.
Scott,
P.C.; Westbury, H.; Reece, R.; Arzey, G. Review of Newcastle disease virus in Australia. Proceedings of ... Western
Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 94-95.
Note: Meeting held on April 24-27, 1999, Vancouver, Canada.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, Australia.
Shivaprasad,
H.L.; Rupiper, D.; Woolcock, P.R.; Woods, L. An outbreak
of Newcastle disease in exotic pheasants and doves. Proceedings of ... Western Poultry
Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 43. Note:
Meeting held on April 24-27, 1999, Vancouver, Canada.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: pheasants, doves, Columbidae,
Newcastle disease virus.
Stone-Hulslander,
J.; Morrison, T.G. Mutational analysis of heptad repeats in the membrane-proximal region
of newcastle disease virus HN protein.
Journal
of Virology.
May 1999. v. 73 (5) p. 3630-3637. ISSN: 0022-538X
NAL
call no: QR360.J6
Descriptors: viral hemagglutinins, sialidase, mutants, targeted
mutagenesis.
Thiagarajan,
D.; Ram, G.C.; Bansal, M.P. Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken IL-2
production and its in vivo role in Newcastle disease vaccinated chickens. Veterinary Immunology and
Immunopathology.
Jan
4, 1999.
v. 67 (1) p. 79-91. ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL
call no: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken interleukin-2
(IL-2) production were studied. IL-2 containing culture supernatants were generated
by mitogen stimulation of splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) and the samples were
tested on 72 h Concanavalin A (ConA) blasts for their proliferative ability.
3H-thymidine incorporation was used as a measurement of proliferation. Higher
stimulation indices and thus maximal IL-2 production were obtained with the
following culture conditions: 5 x 10(6) cells ml-1 cultured for 24 h in the
presence of 10 micrograms ml-1 ConA in serum free Iscove's modified Dulbecco
medium. The molecule responsible for IL-2 activity was found to have a molecular
weight of 14000 as estimated by size exclusion chromatography. SMC obtained
from chickens inoculated with Newcastle disease virus were used
to study the immunomodulatory role of IL-2. The lymphocyte transformation test
was used as an in vitro correlate of cell mediated immunity in these chickens.
The mitogen responses of cells obtained from virus inoculated and control chickens
were similar on the basis of stimulation indices. Antigen specific lymphocyte
proliferation was demonstrated using SMC obtained from virus inoculated chickens.
Uptake of exogenous IL-2 by 72 h ConA blasts was of similar magnitude in both
virus inoculated and control chickens indicating that uptake of IL-2 by T lymphocytes
was normal in Newcastle disease virus inoculated chickens.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease
virus, vaccination, interleukin-2, cell cultures, monocytes, spleen cells, mitogens,
concanavalin A, cell division, protein synthesis, molecular weight, immunostimulation,
lymphocyte transformation.
Verwoerd,
D.J.; Olivier, A.; Gummow, B.; Gerdes, G.H.; Williams, R. Experimental
infection of vaccinated slaughter ostriches in a natural, open-air feedlot facility
with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1999. v. 43 (3) p. 442-452. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The presence of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) since
the 1993-94 epidemic in southern Africa holds major implications
for the export of ostrich products from this region. A challenge experiment
with this field strain was conducted in open-air feedlot facilities under strict
biosecurity measures. The experiment was designed to follow vaccination and
preslaughter quarantine regulations currently enforced in South African export
ostrich facilities in order to determine the viremia period and immune response
under these specific circumstances. One hundred forty-three slaughter ostriches
were allocated into three test groups, according to the time period between
pretrial vaccination and challenge (1-2 mo, 2-4 mo, 4-6 mo), and an unchallenged
control group. All birds in the test groups were challenged by oral, tracheal,
and ocular routes with a field isolate of NDV. They were slaughtered over the
next 4 wk on nine separate occasions and bled on 12 occasions. Virus isolation
was attempted from seven sets of pooled samples from each bird to determine
the viremia period and the serum antibody concentrations were measured by hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to establish
an immune response curve. NDV could be back-isolated only up to day 9 postinfection
and from only six ostriches with poor immune response titers and corresponding
to a rise in antibody levels above an indirect ELISA optical density reading
of 0.33. Virus could be recovered only from brain and respiratory tract tissue.
The HI test was less sensitive than the ELISA. Immune response curves did not
differ significantly between the groups and peaked on day 14 postinfection.
From these data, ELISA titers would appear to be a good indicator of the probability
that an ostrich will be clinically infected after velogenic NDV challenge. These
results also suggest that the current vaccination schedule enforced by the South
African Veterinary Authorities results in protective immunity in up to 95% of
slaughter ostriches from export approved facilities. The standard 30-day preslaughter
quarantine period introduced as part of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
control measures also appears sufficient to encompass the determined NDV viremia
period of 9-11 days in slaughter ostriches.
Descriptors: ostriches, Newcastle disease virus, experimental
infections, feedlots, vaccination, quarantine, viremia, immune response, South Africa.
Wang,
Z.Y.; Iorio, R.M. Amino acid substitutions
in a conserved region in the stalk of the Newcastle disease virus HN glycoprotein
spike impair its neuraminidase activity in the globular domain. The
Journal of General Virology. Mar 1999. v. 80 (pt. 3) p. 749-753. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: The ectodomain of the paramyxovirus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
(HN) glycoprotein spike can be divided into two regions: a membrane-proximal,
stalk-like structure and a terminal globular domain. The latter contains all
the antibody recognition sites of the protein, as well as its receptor recognition
and neuraminidase (NA) active sites. These two activities of the protein can
be separated by monoclonal antibody functional inhibition studies and mutations
in the globular domain. Herein, we show that mutation of several conserved residues
in the stalk of the Newcastle disease virus HN protein markedly decrease its
NA activity without a significant effect on receptor recognition. Thus, mutations
in the stalk, distant from the NA active site in the globular domain, can also
separate attachment and NA. These results add to an increasing body of evidence
that the NA activity of this protein is dependent on an intact stalk structure.
Descriptors: viral hemagglutinins,
sialidase, ectodomain, viral protein, mutations, NA activity.
Ward,
M.D.; Fuller, F.J.; Mehrotra, J.; De-Buysscher, E.V. The nucleoprotein
of Newcastle disease virus: the avian immune response to rNP of NDV is
not different from the response to rNP of avian influenza virus. Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 141. Note:
Meeting held on April 24-27, 1999. Vancouver, Canada.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, nucleoproteins,
chickens, immune responses.
Ward,
M.D.; Suyemoto, M.; Qureshi, M.A.; Weinstock, D.; De-Buysscher, E.V. Experimental DNA-vaccination against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV): transient expression vectors expressing
the nucleoprotein (NP)-, or haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN)-gene. Proceedings
of ... Western Poultry Disease Conference. Davis, Calif.: University of California. 1999. (48) p. 54-55.
Note: Meeting held on April
24-27, 1999,
Vancouver, Canada.
NAL
call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, vaccination,
Newcastle disease, plasmid vectors,
genes.
Watson, S.A. The changing
biological warfare threat: anti-crop and anti-animal agents. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 894. Food
and Agricultural Security Guarding Against
Natural Threats and Terrorist Attacks Affecting Health, National Food Supplies,
and Agricultural Economics. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1999. 1999.
p. 159-163. ISBN: 1573312304. Note: Paper presented at the "International Conference
on Food and Agricultural Security," September 28-30, 1998, in Washington, D.C.
NAL
call no: 500 N484 v. 894
Descriptors: biological warfare, terrorism, plant diseases,
animal diseases, plant viruses, animal viruses, bacterial diseases, mycoses,
fungal diseases, meat and livestock industry, poultry industry, Newcastle disease
virus, USA.
Wehmann,
E.; Herczeg, J.; Tanyi, J.; Nagy, E.; Lomniczi, B. Lentogenic
field isolates of Newcastle disease virus isolated in Canada and Hungary are identical with the vaccine type used in the region. Avian Pathology. Feb 1999. v. 28 (1) p. 6-12. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Lentogenic field isolates of Newcastle disease virus were examined
by restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR products generated from the matrix
protein gene that discriminates between strains LaSota and B-1, the two most
widely used lentogenic vaccine viruses. Isolates were derived from regions where,
exclusively or predominantly, only one type of vaccine was employed. Viruses
collected in Hungary for two decades were exclusively
of LaSota-type while the Canadian collection predominantly included B-1, which
corresponded to the vaccine types used in the regions. Isolation of vaccine
type lentogenic viruses from unvaccinated flocks supports the occurrence of
area spread of these lentogenic viruses.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus strains, vaccines, spread,
restriction endonuclease analysis, polymerase chain reaction, Canada, Hungary,
apathogenic strains.
Wu,
H.Y.; Chiou, S.H.; Shien, J.H.; Chang, P.C.; Shieh, H.K. Detection of proteins and nucleic acids of Newcastle disease virus in
Eimeria acervulina. Avian Pathology. Oct
1999. v. 28 (5) p. 441-445. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Ten-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens
were inoculated simultaneously with Eimeria acervulina and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). By
employing immunofluorescent staining and in situ hybridization techniques, we
detected NDV proteins and nucleic acids in different life stages of E. acervulina.
However, no NDV particle was found within E. acervulina by electron microscopy.
Oocysts from E. acervulina that contained NDV proteins and nucleic acids could
elicit antibodies against NDV after repeated inoculation into SPF chickens.
Moreover, the proportion of oocysts from chickens infected with E. acervulina and NDV which could be induced to sporulate in vitro was lower than those from
chickens infected with E. acervulina alone. These results indicate that nucleic
acids and proteins of NDV can exist within E. acervulina, and stimulate an immune
response against NDV in chickens, and that NDV may also interfere with the sporulation
of oocysts.
Descriptors: chickens, Eimeria acervulina,
Newcastle disease virus, viral proteins,
nucleic acids, detection, interactions, oocysts, sporulation, experimental infections.
Yang,
C.Y.; Shieh, H.K.; Lin, Y.L.; Chang, P.C. Newcastle disease virus isolated from recent outbreaks in Taiwan phylogenetically related to viruses (genotype VII) from recent
outbreaks in western Europe. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 1999. v. 43 (1) p. 125-130. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Three major outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) occurred
in Taiwan in the last three decades
(in 1969, 1984, and 1995). Newcastle disease vines (NDVs) isolated
in the three outbreaks, together with those isolated in 1998, were sequenced
between nucleotides 47 and 435 of the fission gene. A phylogenetic tree based
on sequences obtained showed that the NDV isolated in 1969 was similar to the
genotype III viruses. In contrast, all isolates in 1984 and seven of the eight
isolates in 1995, together with all isolates in 1998, fell into the genotype
VII. These results suggest that the 1969 outbreak of ND in Taiwan was caused by the genotype
III virus, whereas the 1984 and 1995 outbreaks were caused by the genotype VII
viruses. To date, the genotype VII viruses have caused many outbreaks in east
Asia and western Europe. We suspect that these outbreaks have constituted the
fourth panzootic of ND, which is distinct from the third panzootic caused by
the "pigeon PMV-1 viruses. NDV isolated in Taiwan in 1984 was the earliest
isolation of the genotype VII virus.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, outbreaks,
phylogenetics, genotypes, nucleotide sequences, strain differences, epidemiology,
identification, genes, amino acid sequences, Europe, Taiwan.
Molecular sequence data:
genbank/af083959.
genbank/af083960. genbank/af083961. genbank/af083962. genbank/af083963. genbank/af083964.
genbank/af083965. genbank/af083966. genbank/af083967. genbank/af083968. genbank/af083969.
genbank/af083970. genbank/af083971. genbank/af083972. genbank/af083973. genbank/af083974.
Yonash,
N.; Kaiser, M.G.; Heller, E.D.; Cahaner, A.; Lamont, S.J. Major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) related cDNA probes associated with antibody
response in meat-type chickens. Animal
Genetics. Apr 1999. v. 30 (2) p. 92-101. ISSN: 0268-9146
NAL
call no: QP98.A1A5
Abstract: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region
was examined as a set of candidate genes for association between DNA markers
and antibody response. Intercross F2 families of chickens were generated from
a cross between high (HC) and low (LC) Escherichia coli; antibody lines. Restriction
fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was conducted by using three MHC-related
cDNA probes: chicken MHC class IV (B-G), chicken MHC class I (B-F), and human
MHC-linked Tap2. Association between RFLP bands and three antibody response
traits (E. coli, sheep red blood cells and Newcastle disease virus) were determined
by two methods: by statistically analyzing each band separately and also by
analyzing all bands obtained from the three probes by using multiple regression
analysis to account for the multiple comparisons. The MHC class IV probe was
the highest in polymorphisms but had the lowest number of bands associated with
antibody response. The MHC class I probe yielded 15 polymorphic bands of which
four exhibited association with antibody response traits. The Tap2 probe yielded
20 different RFLP bands of which five were associated with antibody production.
Some Tap2 bands were associated with multiple antibody response traits. The
multiband analysis of the three probes' bands revealed more significant effects
than the analysis of each band separately. This study illustrates the efficacy
of using multiple MHC region probes as candidate markers for quantitative trait
loci (QTLs) controlling antibody response in chickens.
Descriptors: broilers, major histocompatibility
complex, complementary DNA, immune response, genes, genetic markers Escherichia
coli, antibodies, restriction fragment length polymorphism, sheep, erythrocytes,
Newcastle disease virus, quantitative traits, loci, crosses
Young,
J.K.; Li, D.; Abramowitz, M.C.; Morrison, T.G. Interaction
of peptides with sequences from the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein heptad repeat regions. Journal of Virology. July 1999. v. 73 (7) p. 5945-5956. ISSN: 0022-538X
NAL
call no: QR360.J6
Descriptors: amino acid sequences,
binding sites, heptad repeat regions.
Return to: Main Contents
| Bibliography
Contents
1998
The Association. Welfare aspects of broiler breeder production. The Veterinary Record.
Aug 22, 1998. v. 143 (8) p. 209-212.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: broilers, chicks, turkeys, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, outbreaks,
pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical aspects, spread, Great Britain.
Azzam,
A.H.; Gabal, M.A. Aflatoxin and immunity in layer hens. Avian
Pathology. Dec 1998. v. 27 (6)
p. 570-577. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A study was conducted on the impact of aflatoxin
in the feed on the prophylactic immunization of layer hens against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis,
infectious bursal disease and fowl cholera. Four-hundred-and-eighty 18-week-old
white leghorn chickens were used. Different groups of hens were vaccinated,
as per commercial recommendations, with a commercial inactivated triple vaccine
against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis,
and infectious bursal disease. A killed polyvalent bacterin was used for fowl
cholera. Aflatoxin was fed for 22 weeks at a daily dose of 200 parts/10(9)/hen.
Aflatoxin significantly reduced antibody titres, resulted in a decrease of egg
weight, a decrease in egg production and an increase of mortality rate in challenged
hens. Aflatoxin was detected in eggs at levels far above the permissible concentration.
Descriptors: hens, aflatoxins, feeds, antibody formation,
inactivated vaccines, vaccination, prophylaxis, Newcastle disease virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, fowl diseases, egg weight,
egg production, mortality, fowl cholera.
Bailey,
T.A.; Wernery, U.; Zachariah, R.; Samour, J.H.; Naldo, J.L.; Howlett, J.C. Maternal
transfer of paramyxovirus type 1 antibodies and antibody response to a live
Newcastle disease vaccine in kori bustards. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. July 1998. v. 34 (3) p. 472-478. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Guiformes, maternal immunity, Ardeotis kori,
bustard birds.
Collins,
M.S.; Franklin, S.; Strong, I.; Meulemans, G.; Alexander, D.J. Antigenic
and phylogenetic studies on a variant Newcastle disease virus using anti-fusion protein monoclonal antibodies
and partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene. Avian Pathology.
Feb 1998. v. 27 (1) p. 90-96. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate,
34/90, reported to show considerable antigenic diversity from more classical
strains of NDV, including vaccine strains, was evaluated phylogenetically and
for the presence of neutralizing epitopes on the fusion protein. Comparison
of a 309 nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene of 34/90 with other
viruses confirmed the diversity of this virus, placing it in a discrete fifth
genetic lineage with an avirulent virus isolated from waterfowl and genetically
quite distant from other strains and isolates. The virus-neutralizing mAbs used
in the present study were directed against at least seven distinct epitopes
on the fusion protein. Of these seven, five are shared by 34/90 and the live
vaccine virus Hitchner B1 and these plus an additional epitope are shared by
34/90 and strain Ulster 2C, which is used in inactivated
vaccines. Two potential distinct epitopes were also shared by these three viruses.
The results suggest that despite the detected antigenic and genetic variation
of 34/90, it is unlikely that mutants which fail to be neutralized by antibodies
induced by conventional vaccines would arise readily.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, epitopes,
phylogenetics, antigenic variation, genetic variation, envelope glycoproteins,
nucleotide sequences.
Coskun,
B.; Inal, F.; Celik, I.; Erganis, O.; Tiftik, A.M.; Kurtoglu, F.;
Kuyucuoglu, Y.; Ok,U. Effects of dietary levels
of vitamin A on the egg yield and immune responses of laying hens. Poultry Science. Apr 1998. v. 77 (4) p. 542-546. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: This research, which was designed and carried
out as two consecutive experiments, investigated the effects of four different
levels (0, 4,000, 12,000, and 24,000 IU/kg) of vitamin A supplementation on
egg yield, plasma vitamin A levels, and immune responses of laying hens. Transmission
of maternal immunity to their descendants was also studied. In the first experiment,
egg yield, blood vitamin A levels, and various parameters of the immune system
such as T lymphocyte levels in the peripheral blood, plasma cell counts in the
spleen, and antibody titers against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in the sera
were investigated for a 1-yr period. A total of 864 Hisex-brown laying hens
were used in this experiment. The chicks were reared as commercial flocks until
the 18th wk of age. No significant differences occurred among the parameters
of the different diet groups. In the second experiment, maternal immunity was
assessed in the chickens, supplied by hatching the eggs from hens in the first
experiment. Maternal immunity was assayed by using the parameters as in Experiment
1. For this purpose, both blood and tissue samples were taken on the 2nd, 7th,
and 10th d posthatch. Vitamin A supplementation had no significant effects on
maternally, derived antibody titers or histologic structure of the lymphoid
organs.
Descriptors: hens, retinol, dosage, vitamin supplements,
T lymphocytes, blood serum, age differences, feed intake, egg production, egg
weight, feed conversion, antibody formation, mortality.
Czifra,
G.; Meszaros, J.; Horvath, E.; Moving, V.; Engstrom, B.E. Detection
of NDV-specific antibodies and the level of protection provided by a single
vaccination in young chickens. Avian Pathology. Dec 1998. v. 27 (6) p. 562-565. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Fourteen groups of young commercial chickens
were immunized once with a live NDV vaccine using different vaccine doses and
routes of vaccination in five experiments. Three to six weeks later, small groups
were selected from each flock. Sera were tested by the haemagglutination-inhibition
test and a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA, and the birds were challenged
with a virulent NDV strain. Degree of protection was dose-dependent in those
groups where the vaccine was administered orally at 3 weeks of age. Aerosol
and eye drop vaccinations performed in day-old chicks provided full protection
at 5 or 6 weeks of age. There was a good agreement between the two serological
methods and positive results in any of the tests were reliable forecasts of
protection.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
testing, vaccination, live vaccines, disease prevention, ELISA, hemagglutination,
hemagglutination inhibition test, antibody formation.
Ewing, M.L.; Cookson, K.C.; Phillips, R.A.; Turner,
K.R.; Kleven, S.H. Experimental infection and transmissibility of Mycoplasma synoviae with
delayed serologic response in chickens. Avian Diseases.
Apr/June 1998. v. 42 (2) p. 230-238. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Fifteen mycoplasma-free chickens were contact
exposed to five chickens that had been experimentally infected with one of three
different strains (two field strains and one laboratory strain) of Mycoplasma
synoviae (MS). Culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were positive by
3 days postinoculation (PI) in the experimentally infected birds. Lateral transmission
was found by 7-14 days postexposure. Positive serum plate agglutination (SPA)
results were detected 3-4 wk after positive culture and/or PCR in individual
birds. By 42 days PI, all the birds in the groups exposed to field strain K1858
or K3344 had become infected as determined by culture and PCR, whereas only
half of the birds in the group exposed to laboratory strain WUV1853 had become
infected. Because of the unanticipated lack of seroconversion to hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in infected chickens,
the study was extended. Each group was split into two groups of 10 birds each,
one of which was vaccinated with a live B1/LaSota Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine
virus to determine if a viral respiratory challenge might incite a stronger
antibody response to the mycoplasma injection. All the birds were tested for
seroconversion 14 and 21 days later. Of the birds vaccinated for ND, a slightly
greater number were MS positive by SPA than the nonvaccinated birds. This effect
was not present 21 days after vaccination, and there was no significant difference
in the MS HI results from these groups, suggesting that the viral respiratory
infection had little direct impact on seroconversion. The virulent field strain
(K3344) elicited a stronger MS antibody response than the other strains. All
results from the MS ELISA were negative in all groups through 9 wk. Positive
results from PCR analysis correlated well with culture results, whereas serologic
tests did not detect MS infection for several weeks. Monitoring programs solely
dependent on seroconversion may be inadequate for diagnosis and control of mycoplasma
infections.
Descriptors: chickens, ycoplasma synoviae,
disease transmission, experimental infection, experimental infections, serology,
strain differences, diagnosis, detection, seroconversion, vaccination,
immune response, monitoring, polymerase chain reaction.
Falcone,
E.; Vignolo, E.; Di Trani, L.; Puzelli, S.; Tollis, M. Comparative
evaluation of in vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of avian infectious
bronchitis virus as a contaminant of live poultry vaccines. Alternatives
to Laboratory Animals: ATLA. Sept/Oct 1998. v. 26 (5) p. 629-634.
ISSN: 0261-1929
NAL
call no: Z7994.L3A5
Abstract: A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) assay specific for identifying avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
in poultry vaccines, and the serological response to IBV induced by the inoculation
of chicks with a Newcastle disease vaccine spiked with the Massachusetts strain
of IBV, were compared for their ability to detect IBV as a contaminant of avian
vaccines. The sensitivity of the IBV-RT-PCR assay provided results which were
at least equivalent to the biological effect produced by the inoculation of
chicks, allowing this assay to be considered a valid alternative to animal testing
in the quality control of avian immunologicals. This procedure can easily be
adapted to detect a number of contaminants for which the in vivo test still
represents the only available method of detection.
Descriptors: infectious bronchitis
virus, live vaccines, polymerase chain reaction, chicks, animal testing alternatives.
Folitse,
R.; Halvorson, D.A.; Sivanandan, V. Efficacy of combined killed-in-oil emulsion
and live Newcastle disease vaccines in chickens. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 1998. v. 42 (1) p. 173-178. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Following the introduction of routine vaccination
regimes with different types of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines,
the incidence of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) in commercial
poultry worldwide has declined dramatically. Unfortunately, these vaccination
regimes are not feasible in free-range and backyard systems of poultry production
practiced in many developing countries. In this study, we sought to develop
a single vaccination regime in chickens with ND vaccines to elicit a long-lasting
high level of ND virus (NDV) antibodies adequate to protect chickens against
ND. The level of antibody response, as measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition
(HI) test, and the degree of protection against the virulent strain of NDV were
studied in chickens immunized with different vaccines. The vaccines used were:
killed-in-oil emulsion (subcutaneous; s.c.) plus live virus (oculanasal;
o.n.), given concurrently; experimental vaccine (s.c.) plus live virus (o.n.),
given concurrently; killed-in-oil (s.c.); experimental vaccine
prepared by homogenizing commercial live vaccine and oil emulsion (s.c.); and live virus (o.n.).
The results obtained in this study indicate that concurrent administration of
oil emulsion and live NDV vaccines induced the best antibody response, but there
was no significant difference in protection among the vaccinated groups.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, live vaccines,
inactivated vaccines, efficacy, protection, vaccination, incidence, antibodies,
serology.
Folitse,
R.; Halvorson, D.A.; Sivanandan, V. A dot immunoblotting assay (dot blot ELISA)
for early detection of Newcastle disease antibodies in chickens. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 1998. v. 42 (1) p. 14-19. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using nitrocellulose
blotting membrane (dot blot ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies
against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in
chickens. In this method, a nitrocellulose blotting membrane was used as the
solid phase carrier. NDV antigens were directly bound onto the nitrocellulose
membrane that was set into a dot blot microfiltration apparatus. Efficiency
of the assay was evaluated using known positive and negative NDV sera obtained
from chickens. The ability of the assay to detect antibodies 2 days earlier
than the standard hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was demonstrated on
sera collected from chickens experimentally infected with NDV, La Sota strain.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, antibodies,
ELISA, detection, antigens, efficiency, serology, experimental infections, early
diagnosis, antibody testing.
Friedman,
A.; Bartov, I.; Sklan, D. Humoral
immune response impairment following excess vitamin E nutrition in the chick
and turkey. Poultry Science. July 1998. v. 77 (7) p. 956-962. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: The effect of high dietary intakes of vitamin
E on antibody production was investigated in chicks and turkeys. Chicks were
fed four diets with 0, 10, 30, and 150 mg/kg added vitamin E and turkeys were
fed three diets with 0, 50, and 150 mg/kg added vitamin E. Antibodies produced
in response to naturally occurring Escherichia coli and to Newcastle disease
virus and turkey pox vaccines were determined. In chicks, antibody production
in response to E. coli and Newcastle disease was affected by
vitamin E nutrition: significantly higher responses were measured in chicks
that received 0 and 10 mg/kg added vitamin E, whereas in chicks receiving 30
and 150 mg/kg, antibody production was significantly lower. In turkeys, concentrations
of circulating antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and to turkey pox were
also influenced by dietary vitamin E: antibody titers to Newcastle disease and
turkey pox vaccines were highest in groups receiving 0 mg/kg added vitamin E,
whereas titer in groups receiving 150 mg/kg were significantly lower. Responses
of groups receiving 50 mg/kg added vitamin E were slightly lower than groups
receiving 0 mg/kg, though not significantly so in most cases. These results
indicate that humoral immune responses are directly affected by vitamin E, and
that excessive vitamin E intake has a detrimental effect on antibody production
in chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chicks, poults, alpha
tocopherol, dosage, vaccination, Newcastle disease virus, turkey
pox virus, liveweight gain, feed conversion, antibody formation, immune competence,
nutrient excesses.
Gabal,
M.A.; Azzam, A.H. Interaction of aflatoxin in the feed and immunization
against selected infectious diseases in poultry. II. Effect on one-day-old layer
chicks simultaneously vaccinated against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
Avian Pathology. June 1998. v. 27 (3) p. 290-295. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the effects
of aflatoxin contaminated feed on the immunoresponse of one-day old layer chicks
to attenuated live virus vaccines for Newcastle disease (ND), infectious
bronchitis (IB) and infectious bursal disease (IBD). Concurrent exposure of
chickens to 200 parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin in feed and vaccination against
ND, IB and IBD resulted in lack of adequate protection against subsequent experimental
challenge, as assessed by antibody responses compared to chickens fed aflatoxin-free
ration. The mortalities were higher in chickens fed 200 ppb of aflatoxin than
in chickens fed on aflatoxin-free ration.
Descriptors: chicks, aflatoxins, feeds, vaccination, live
vaccines, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis
virus, avian infectious bursitis, antibody formation, mortality.
Hilgers,
L.A.T.; Nicolas, I.; Lejeune, G.; Dewil, E.; Boon, B. Effect
of various adjuvants on secondary imune response in chickens. Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology. Nov
24, 1998.
v. 66 (2) p. 159-171.: ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL
call no: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: Stimulatory effects of several types of adjuvants on secondary antibody response to inactivated
Newcastle disease virus (iNDV) were
examined in chickens. For this purpose,
animals were primed with iNDV, without adjuvant resulting in a low but significant
antibody response, boosted with iNDV plus adjuvant 3 weeks later, and analysed
for specific antibody titres in serum 3 weeks after the booster. Water-in-mineral
oil emulsion (W/O) caused significant increase in antibody titres measured in an indirect enzyme-linked
immunosorbent (ELISA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralisation (VN)
assay. The adjuvants tested included three oil-in-water emulsions (i.e.
mineral oil-in-water, sulpholipo(SL)-Ficoll400/squalane-in-water and sulpholipo-cyclodextrin/squalane-in-water),
three negatively-charged polymers with high molecular weight
(i.e.polyacrylate, polystyrenesulphonate and sulpho(S)-Ficoll400) and
two surface-active agents (i.e. dimethyldioctadecylammonium
bromide (DDA) and Quil A). These adjuvants
enhanced significantly the secondary immune response but none reached the titre
obtained with W/O. Combinations of adjuvants with distinct physicochemical properties,
i.e. polyacrylate and DDA revealed only
slight, beneficial effects. We concluded the various types of adjuvants tested
can stimulate secondary immune responses
in primed animals but that W/O is superior.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, adjuvants,
inactivated vaccines, immune response, stimulation, evaluation, ELISA, hemagglutination
inhibition test, virus neutralization.
Jorgensen,
P.H.; Herczeg, J.; Lomniczi, B.; Manvell, R.J.; Holm,-E.; Alexander, D.J. Isolation
and characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease) viruses from a flock of ostriches (Struthio camelus)
and emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Europe with inconsistent
serology. Avian Pathology. Aug
1998. v. 27 (4) p. 352-358. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: During a 95-day study period in 1995 in Denmark, 18 ostriches in a flock
of 77 ostriches and four emus held in quarantine died. Clinical and pathological
observations did not indicate the presence of transmissible infectious disease
in the flock. Management failures and indoor housing were believed to have contributed
significantly to the number of deaths. Samples from 17 of the dead ostriches
were examined virologically. Three isolates of avian paramyxovirus serotype
1 (APMV-1) were obtained from intestines and intestinal contents of dead ostriches
submitted for laboratory investigations. In ICPI tests in day-old chicks values
for the three APMV-1 isolates were in the range 1.63-1.69. Characterization
by means of mouse monoclonal antibodies and by restriction site analysis revealed
that the three isolates were indistinguishable and similar to APMV-1 viruses
present in a simultaneous epizootic of Newcastle disease in back yard poultry
in Denmark. Blood samples were taken from all live birds in the flock after
25 and 95 days of quarantine and all were negative for antibodies to APMV-1
in haemagglutination inhibition tests. All samples taken after 95 days of quarantine
were also negative for antibodies to APMV-1 in serum neutralization tests performed
in chicken embryo cells. Blood samples taken after 95 days of quarantine were
tested in a commercial ELISA for antibodies to APMV-1. In this test 35% of the
samples were positive, 35% were border line and 30% were negative.
Descriptors: ostriches, emus, Newcastle
disease virus, isolation, characterization, pathogenicity, structural genes,
restriction endonuclease analysis, serotypes, serology, immunodiagnosis, monoclonal
antibodies, blood serum, hemagglutination inhibition test, virus neutralization
tests, ELISA, F-gene, Denmark.
Kencana,
Gst. Ayu Yuniati. Kajian sifat imunosupresif berbagai vaksin gumboro pada respon primer
vaksin penyakit Newcastle pada ayam pedaging. Laporan Penelitian. Denpasar: Universitas
Udayana, 1998. x, 13 leaves: ill. Note: In Indonesian with an English summary.
NAL
call no: QR189.5.N48-K35 1998
Descriptors: Newcastle disease vaccine, Newcastle disease virus, broilers,
Indonesia.
King,
D.J.; Seal, B.S. Biological and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) field isolates with comparisons to reference
NDV strains. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1998. v. 42 (3) p. 507-516. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Fifty-seven Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
from chickens, turkeys, a rhea, a parrot, and an anhinga were pathotyped and
characterized by monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibition profile, elution rate,
and hemagglutinin thermostability. Nucleotide sequence analysis of portions
of the fusion protein and matrix protein genes of the parrot isolate was done
for comparison with prior sequence analysis of the anhinga isolate and NDV reference
strains. Seven of the 43 chicken isolates were recovered from flocks in Canada. The remaining isolates,
including 11 from turkeys, were isolated in the United States. All isolates except that
of the anhinga were of low virulence by mean death time in embryos, intracerebral
pathogenicity index, and/or intravenous pathogenicity index procedures and were
classified as lentogens. The anhinga isolate was more virulent than the other
strains and was pathotyped as a mesogen. However, nucleotide sequence analysis
of the anhinga isolate had revealed a homology with the virulent cormorant isolates
of 1992 rather than the classical U.S. mesogens characterized
by the Roakin strain. Variability was evident among the lentogenic isolates.
Two isolates from turkeys had mAb profiles that differed from B1 and La Sota
reference and vaccine strains, and 38% (21/56) of the isolates had more thermostable
hemagglutinins than those reference strains. There was no evidence that any
of the isolates from poultry were more virulent than the lentogenic pathotype.
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, rheas, parrots, wild birds,
Newcastle disease virus, strain differences, host range, monoclonal antibodies,
pathotypes, hemagglutinins, nucleotide sequences, viral proteins, virulence,
embryos, pathogenicity.
Koch,
G.; Czifra, G.; Engstrom, B.E. Detection
of Newcastle disease virus-specific antibodies in ostrich sera by three
serological methods. The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British Veterinary Association.
July 4, 1998. v. 143 (1) p. 10-12.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: ostriches, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
testing, blood serum, virus neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition test,
ELISA, accuracy.
Krishnamurthy,
S.; Samal, S.K. Nucleotide sequences of the trailer, nucleocapsid
protein gene and intergenic regions of Newcastle disease virus strain Beaudette C and completion of the entire
genome sequence. The Journal
of General Virology. Oct 1998. v. 79 (pt. 10) p. 2419-2424. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: The nucleotide sequences of the nucleocapsid
protein (NP) gene, the intergenic regions in the nucleocapsid protein (NP)-phosphoprotein
(P), P-matrix protein (M) and M-fusion glycoprotein gene junctions and the trailer
region of a virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Beaudette C were determined.
The NP gene is 1747 nt long and encodes a protein of 489 amino acids. Each of
the intergenic sequences determined is 1 nt long and, including the previously
published intergenic sequences, the gene junction sequences varied in length
from 1-47 nt and lacked any sequence identity. The 5' trailer region is 113
nt in length. Comparison of the sequences of the terminal leader and trailer
regions of Beaudette C strain with those of nonvirulent strain B1 showed a high
level of conservation, indicating the likelihood of these elements not being
a factor in virulence. Together with previously published data, this report
completes the sequence of the 15186 nt genomic RNA of NDV strain Beaudette C.
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, intergenic DNA, Newcastle disease virus genes, proteins,
Molecular sequence data: genbank/af064091.
Kuiken,
T.; Heckert, R.A.; Riva, J.; Leighton, F.A.; Wobeser, G. Excretion
of pathogenic Newcastle disease virus by double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) in absence of mortality of clinical signs of disease. Avian Pathology. Dec
1998. v. 27 (6) p. 541-546. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Pathogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) caused
several epidemics of Newcastle disease in double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in recent years. Eleven 16-week-old cormorants
were infected with, or exposed to, pathogenic NDV from one of these epidemics
and monitored for 70 days. No birds died, four birds had transient ataxia between
12 and 27 days post-infection (d.p.i.), and one bird had neuronal necrosis and
non-suppurative encephalitis characteristic for Newcastle disease. The mean haemagglutination
inhibiting antibody titre to NDV peaked at 1:630, 21 d.p.i., and decreased to
1:56 70 d.p.i. Duration of
NDV excretion from the cloaca was 15 +/- 6.2 d.p.i., with a maximum of 28 d.p.i.
The absence of mortality in these birds may have been due to age-related resistance.
The excretion of NDV by cormorants in the absence of mortality or clinical signs
of disease suggests that the cormorant population could maintain pathogenic
NDV through serial infection of susceptible birds. The greatest risk of NDV
transmission from cormorants to poultry probably is during autumn migration,
through contact with infected birds, excreta or contaminated water.
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax, cormorants, Newcastle disease virus, excretion,
experimental infections, morbidity, mortality, immune response, asymptomatic
infections, disease resistance.
Kuiken,
T.; Leighton, F.A.; Wobeser, G.; Danesik, K.L.; Riva, J.; Heckert, R.A. An epidemic
of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants from Saskatchewan.
Journal
of Wildlife Diseases. July 1998. v. 34 (3) p. 457-471. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus,
cormorants, epidemiology, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Li,
Z.; Sergel, T.; Razvi, E.; Morrison, T. Effect of cleavage mutants on syncytium formation
directed by the wild-type fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Virology. May 1998. v. 72 (5) p. 3789-3795. ISSN: 0022-538X
NAL
call no: QR360.J6
Descriptors: wild type viral fusion
protein, Newcastle disease virus, syncytium
formation.
Lomniczi,
B.; Wehmann, E.; Herczeg, J.; Ballagi-Pordany, A.; Kaleta, E.F.; Werner, O.;
Meulemans, G.; Jorgensen, P.H.; Mante, A.P.; Gielkens, A.L.J. Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years
in Western Europe were caused by an Old (VI) and a novel genotype (VII). Archives of Virology. 1998.
v. 143 (1) p. 49-64. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: restriction fragment length polymorphism, strain
differences.
Losio,
M.N.; Lodetti, E.; Alborali, L.; Tosi, G.; Buonavoglia, C. A study on the long-term immunity
induced by La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus grown in a BS/BEK cell line of bovine embryo
kidney origin.
Avian
Pathology. Feb 1998. v. 27 (1)
p. 28-32. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Twenty-day-old susceptible chickens were divided
into three groups; two were vaccinated with inactivated, water in oil emulsified
La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained
from a bovine embryo kidney (BS/BEK) cell line and from chicken embryos, respectively.
The third unvaccinated group represented the control. At 30-day intervals subgroups
were exposed to the Herts 33 virulent NDV strain. Serological and clinical findings
showed no appreciable difference in the immunogenicity of the antigen from either
culture systems and no significant differences could be observed in its ability
to protect against ND challenge.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, inactivated
vaccines vaccination, antibody formation, viral antigens, cell lines, kidneys,
chick embryos, disease prevention Newcastle disease,
bovine
embryo kidney cell line.
Maas, R.A.; Oei, H.L.; Kemper, S.; Koch, G.; Visser,
L. The
use of homologous virus in the haemagglutination-inhibition assay after vaccination
with Newcastle disease virus strain La Sota or Clone30 leads to an over estimation
of protective serum antibody titres. Avian Pathology.
Dec 1998. v. 27 (6) p. 625-631. ISSN:
0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: We evaluated the influence of the use of the
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-strains
Ulster and La Sota in the haemagglutination
inhibition (HI) assay for the measurement of antibody titres after NDV vaccination.
The use of the homologous La Sota antigen in the HI assay after Clone30 and
La Sota vaccination of SPF-chickens, resulted in significantly higher titres
than the use of the heterologous Ulster virus. The mean difference
was 1.4 on a log2 scale (2.6-fold). A significant difference was also found
in virus neutralization (VN) assays. The virus strain in the HI or VN test did
not influence the resulting titres after Ulster vaccination. When HI antibody
titres after vaccination were related to VN titres measured with virulent Herts
NDV or to survival after virulent challenge, it was found that the use of La
Sota antigen in the HI assay after vaccination with Clone30 or La Sota resulted
in an overestimation of protective serum antibody titres. Also in commercially
derived White Leghorns vaccinated with Clone30, significantly higher HI titres
were obtained when La Sota antigen was used in the HI test. Our data have direct
implications for potency testing of inactivated vaccines as the European Pharmacopeia
does not prescribe the antigen to be used in the HI test.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, vaccination,
inactivated vaccines, strain differences, hemagglutination inhibition test,
potency, antibody formation, survival.
Meulemans,
G.; Roels, S.; van den Berg, T.P.; Godfroid, J.; Decaesstecker, M. Acute pancreatitis in chickens due to non-virulent
Newcastle disease virus. The Veterinary Record. Sept 12, 1998. v. 143 (11) p. 300-303.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: broilers, pancreatitis, Newcastle disease virus, histopathology,
lesions, pathogenicity experimental infections.
Nanda,
I.; Sick, C.; Munster, U.; Kaspers, B.; Schartl,
M.; Staeheli, P.; Schmid, M. Sex chromosome linkage of chicken and duck
type I interferon genes: further evidence of evolutionary conservation of the
Z chromosome in birds. Chromosoma. 1998.
v. 107 (3) p. 204-210. ISSN: 0009-5915
NAL
call no: 442.8 C46
Abstract: Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of proteins
that are predominantly expressed in response to viral infection. Two serologically
distinct forms of type I IFN, designated ChIFN1 and ChIFN2, have recently been
recognized in the chicken. ChIFN1 is encoded by a cluster of ten or more intronless
genes, whereas ChIFN2, whose primary sequence is 57% identical, is encoded by
a single intronless gene. By fluorescence in situ hybridization we now demonstrate
that the genes for ChIFN1 and ChIFN2 are all located on the short arm of the
chicken Z chromosome. This assignment was confirmed by results that showed that
DNA from male (ZZ) chickens yielded approximately twofold stronger Southern
blot signals with ChIFN1 and ChIFN2 hybridization probes than DNA from females
(ZW). Attempts to determine differences in IFN production between male and female
chickens failed owing to a high degree of variation in virus-induced IFN expression
between individuals of both sexes. Sex linkage of IFN genes was also observed
in domestic ducks: fluorescence in situ hybridization of duck metaphase chromosomes
with a duck type I IFN probe was confined to the terminal region of the long
arm of the Z chromosome. Thus, in contrast to mammals, which have their IFN
genes on autosomes, birds have the type I IFN genes on the sex chromosome.
Descriptors: DNA hybridization, molecular mapping, Newcastle disease virus.
Oberdorder,
A.; Werner, O. Newcastle disease virus: detection and characterization by PCR of recent
German isolates differing in pathogenicity. Avian Pathology.
June 1998. v. 27 (3) p. 237-243. ISSN:
0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The fusion (F) protein plays an important role
in determining the virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains.
A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is described which
amplifies a 362 bp fragment encompassing the region of the F protein most important
for pathogenicity. A specific PCR product was obtained independent of strain,
pathogenicity and host of origin. Sequencing of the region specifying the F
protein cleavage site confirmed the correlation between deduced amino acid sequence
and pathogenicity. Oligonucleotides corresponding to the sequence of the pathospecific
region were designed for recent German NDV isolates and labelled with digoxigenin.
Hybridization of PCR fragments of different isolates with pathotype-specific
oligonucleotides allowed an estimation of the pathogenicity of most isolates.
Results were in good agreement with experimentally determined ICPI values.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, polymerase chain reaction,
detection, characterization, pathogenicity, viral proteins, pathotypes, nucleotide
sequences, amino acid sequences, DNA, hybridization, fusion protein.
Phillips,
R.J.; Samson, A.C.R.; Emmerson, P.T. Nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminus of
Newcastle disease virus and assembly of the complete genomic sequence:
agreement with the "rule of six". Archives of Virology. 1998.
v. 143 (10) p. 1993-2002.: ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, strain differences, regulatory
sequences
Molecular sequence data: genbank/aj225127. genbank/aj225128. genbank/aj225129.
Raghavan,
V.S.; Kumanan, K.; Thirumurugan, G.; Nachimuthu, K. Comparison
of various diagnostic methods in characterizing Newcastle disease virus isolates from Desi chickens. Tropical Animal Health
and Production.
Oct 1998. v. 30 (5) p. 287-293. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: Desi chickens, Newcastle disease virus, strain
differences, virulence, cytopathogenicity, native livestock, DNA probes, hemagglutination,
rapid methods, laboratory methods, Tamilnadu.
Ragland,
W.L.; Mazija, H.; Cvelic-Cabrilo, V.; Savic, V.; Novak, R.; Pogacnik, M. Immune
suppression of commercial broilers in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1981 to 1991. Avian Pathology. Apr 1998. v. 27 (2) p. 200-204. ISSN: 0307-9457 Note: Summaries in French, German and Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A continuous decline in immune responses to
Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine was
observed in commercial broiler flocks in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina beginning in 1982. Floating
mean haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres declined from log2 4 in 1983 to
a low of log2 2.4 in 1986, then were log2 2.9 in 1990. Several causes of the
decline were discounted, leaving mycotoxins in feed and infection with chicken
anaemia virus (CAV) as the two most likely causes. Mycotoxins in feed could
not be evaluated retrospectively, but archival tissues were available from Croatia and Slovenia. Tissue sections were
examined by in situ hybridization for CAV. Whereas only one chicken from early
in the decade was infected, all but one of the chickens from late in the decade
were. The increase in CAV detection correlated inversely with ND HI titres.
Whereas this correlation does not establish cause and effect, CAV cannot be
eliminated as a contributory cause of immune suppression.
Descriptors: broilers, viral immunosuppression, chicken anemia
virus, avian infectious bursitis, mycotoxins, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia Hercegovina.
Ross,
L.J.N. Recombinant vaccines against Marek's disease. Avian
Pathology. Apr 1998. v. 27 (suppl.1)
p. S65-S73. ISSN: 0307-9457 Note: In the supplement: Trends in Avian Tumour
Virology / edited by B.M. Freeman. Proceedings of a symposium held Oct.
22-23, 1997.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Novel approaches to vaccination against very
virulent (vv) strains of Marek's disease virus (MDV) are discussed. Fowlpox
virus (FPV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) recombinants expressing MDV antigens
have been constructed. It has been shown that glycoprotein B of MDV serotype
1 (gB1) is an effective immunogen which is particularly important for conferring
protective immunity in genetically susceptible chickens. However, maternal antibodies
against MDV diminished the efficacy of vaccination with recombinant FPV-gB1.
HVT recombinants expressing antigens of MDV and Newcastle disease virus have been
constructed and have been shown to be effective in preventing Marek's disease
as well as systemic Newcastle disease. Maternal antibodies
against MDV and Newcastle disease virus did not
affect significantly the efficacy of vaccination with cell-associated HVT recombinants.
The potential of retroviral insertion mutagenesis and other means of delivering
MDV antigens for immunization are discussed.
Descriptors: Marek's disease, Marek's disease virus, recombinant
vaccines development, vaccination, efficacy of disease prevention, maternal
antibodies, turkey herpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease
virus, literature reviews.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T.; Selvarangam, R.; Ramaswamy, V. Velogenic Newcastle disease virus in captive wild birds. Tropical Animal Health and Production.
Oct 1998. v. 30 (5) p. 299-303. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: captive wild birds, Newcastle disease virus,
asymptomatic infections, chick embryos, mortality, virulence, strain differences,
Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, monoclonal antibodies, Passeriformes, Phasianidae,
India.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T.; Manvell, R. Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an Indian house crow. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. June 1998. v. 30
(3) p. 177-178. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: Corvus splendens, Newcastle disease, serotypes, disease
transmission, case reports, Tamilnadu.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Virulence of Newcastle disease vaccine virus(es) in the field. Tropical Animal Health
and Production.
Feb 1998. v. 30
(1) p. 41-44. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, live vaccines,
cross reaction, monoclonal antibodies, virulence, outbreaks, Tamil Nadu.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Potentiation of immune response of live lentogenic
Newcastle disease vaccine using adjuvant. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Feb 1998. v. 30
(1) p. 37-39. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chicks vaccination, live vaccines, Newcastle disease virus, age differences,
maternal antibodies, adjuvants, antibody formation.
Roy,
P.; Koteeswaran, A.; Sridevi, P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Comparison
of Newcastle disease vaccines by serology using serum, tears and feather
pulp samples. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Feb 1998. v. 30
(1) p. 31-35. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, live vaccines,
blood serum, tears, feathers, hemagglutination inhibition test, strain differences,
vaccination, application methods, blood sampling, virus neutralization, oculonasal
administration.
Sagrera,
A.; Cobaleda, C.; Berger, S.; Marcos, M.J.; Shnyrov, V.; Villar, E. Study
of the influence of salt concentration on Newcastle disease virus matrix protein aggregation. Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology International. Oct
1998. v. 46 (3) p. 429-435. ISSN: 1039-9712
NAL
call no: QD415.A1B52
Descriptors: ion strength effects, Newcastle disease, protein aggregation,
salt effects.
Sander,
J.E.; Willinghan, E.M.; Wilson, J.L.; Thayer, S.G. The effect of inoculating Enterococcus
faecalis into the yolk sac on chick quality and maternal antibody absorption.
Avian Diseases. Apr/June 1998. v. 42 (2) p. 359-363. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Four hundred thirty-two 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free
chicks were randomly divided into 36 groups of 12. All chicks were given 0.2
ml of Newcastle disease antiserum (hemagglutination-inhibition
[HI] titer 1:5120) by injection into the yolk sac at hatch. Half of the groups
received 0.2 ml of Enterococcus faecalis (4.0 x 10(8) colony-forming units/ml)
by injection into the yolk sac at hatch (treatment). The remaining 18 groups
received no bacteria (control). Two treatment groups and two control groups
were weighed, bled, killed, and yolk sac weighed daily for the first 9 days
of life. Feed was weighed at placement and at the end of the trial. Blood was
tested for packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein, and Newcastle disease HI titer. No significant
difference was observed between treatment and control groups for chick body
weight, PCV, and feed consumption. Total plasma protein and retained yolk weight
were significantly higher for treatment groups over control (P < 0.01 and
P < 0.0001, respectively). Also, the geometric mean serum HI titer (log2)
for Newcastle disease antibody was significantly
higher in the control chicks vs. the treatment chicks (P < 0.01).
Descriptors: chickens, chicks, Streptococcus faecalis, yolk
sac, experimental infections, quality, Newcastle disease virus, immune serum,
serology, weight, blood chemistry, blood plasma, protein content, feed intake,
liveweight, maternal immunity, maternal antibodies.
Seal,
B.S.; King, D.J.; Locke, D.P.; Senne, D.A.; Jackwood, M.W. Phylogenetic
relationships among highly virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from exotic birds and poultry
from 1989-1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Apr 1998. v. 36 (4) p. 1141-1145. ISSN: 0095-1137
NAL
call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: virulence, phylogenetics, amino acid sequences,
nucleotide sequences.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/af015507. genbank/af015508. genbank/af015509.
genbank/af015510. genbank/af015511. genbank/af015512. genbank/af015513. genbank/af015514.
genbank/af015515. genbank/af015516. genbank/af015517. genbank/af015518. genbank/af015520.
genbank/af015519.
Sick,
C.; Schultz, U.; Munster, U.; Meier, J.; Kaspers,
B.; Staeheli, P. Promoter structures
and differential responses to viral and nonviral inducers of chicken type I
interferon genes. The
Journal of Biological Chemistry. Apr 17,
1998.
v. 273 (16) p. 9749-9754. ISSN: 0021-9258
NAL
call no: 381 J824
Descriptors: chickens, promoters, interferon, genes, nucleotide
sequences, recombinant DNA, reporter genes, luciferase, messenger RNA, gene
expression, genetic regulation, Newcastle disease virus, experimental infections,
immunostimulants, chifn1 gene, chifn2-gene.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/y14968. genbank/y14969.
imidazoquinoline-s-28463.
Stram,
Y.; Shchori, D.; Chinitch, Y.; David, D.; Molad, T.; Samina, I. Molecular
characterization of an unassigned Israeli Newcastle disease virus isolate. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 1998. v. 42 (4) p. 746-751. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and
avian pathotyping of NDV isolates are extremely important because the appearance
of virulent virus has significant economic consequences in terms of vaccination,
eradication, and the ability to export poultry products. By using nucleotide
and amino acid (aa) homology analysis, we could demonstrate that a NDV broiler
isolate is a velogenic virus. This analysis was done after mean death time and
intracerebral pathogenicity index tests gave inconsistent results. By establishing
a nucleotide sequence dendrogram, we found that the disputed Ber-Tuvia was clearly
in the same group as the known Herev-Laet, a velogenic isolate. The difference
between Ber-Tuvia 92 arid the Herev-Laet velogenic isolate was 6% as opposed
to >16% of the meso- arid lentogenic isolates. The Ber-Tuvia isolate contains
the Arg/Arg arid Lys/Arg aa at positions 112, 113 arid 115, 116, respectively,
in the fusion protein cleavage aa sequence, which is typical for virulent NDV
isolates.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, strain differences,
pathotypes, detection, identification, diagnosis, virulence, vaccination, disease
control, export controls, exports, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences,
mortality, pathogenicity, phylogenetics, Israel, molecular sequence data.
Swain,
P.; Verma, K.C.; Kataria, J.M.; Mohanty, S.K.; Dhama, K. Antigenic
characterization of Indian isolates and vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus. Tropical Animal Health and Production.
Oct 1998. v. 30 (5) p. 295-298. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, monoclonal
antibodies, strain differences, ELISA, neutralization
tests, epitopes, virulence, viral-antigens, viral proteins, immunoprecipitation
tests.
Takakuwa,
H.; Ito, T.; Takada, A.; Okazaki, K.; Kida, H. An attenuation
mechanism of Newcastle disease vaccine strain TCND. Archives
of Virology. 1998.
v. 143 (6) p. 1129-1143. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: virulence, strain differences,
virual strain TCND, attenuation.
Villegas,
P. Viral diseases of the respiratory
system. Poultry Science. Aug 1998. v. 77 (8) p. 1143-1145. ISSN: 0032-5791 Note: Paper
presented at the symposium "Infectious Poultry Diseases" held August 2-3, 1997, in Athens, Georgia, sponsored by the Poultry
Science Association and the American Association of Avian Pathologists.
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, infectious laryngotracheitis,
avian influenza, and pneumovirus are the viruses that more frequently affect
the respiratory tract of chickens. Because of the tendency to change its antigenic
properties, infectious bronchitis is currently the viral disease present in
most poultry producing areas of the world. New serotypes and variant strains
are reported in several countries. Current commercially available vaccines do
not always provide protection against new field isolates. Vaccination programs
are constantly adjusted in an attempt to improve protection against this disease.
Infectious laryngotracheitis has appeared in the broiler industry as a serious
disease. Improved vaccines are needed to control the disease in broilers. In
the U.S., the control of the highly
pathogenic forms of avian influenza and the velogenic forms of Newcastle disease have been achieved
by eradication. In other countries, effective vaccines have been used to control
Newcastle and avian influenza. Avian
pneumovirus infection is also an emerging disease of chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chickens, respiratory diseases, infectious bronchitis
virus, serotypes, Newcastle disease virus, viral diseases,
pneumovirus, avian influenzavirus, infectious laryngotracheitis.
Watanabe,
K.; Tsuge, Y.; Shimoyamada, M. Binding activities of pronase-treated fragments
from egg white ovomucin with anti-ovomucin antibodies and Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry.
Nov 1998. v. 46 (11) p. 4501-4506. ISSN: 0021-8561
NAL
call no: 381 J8223
Abstract: The prepared gel-like ovomucin and its beta-subunit
were treated with Pronase at various ratios (1/25600-1/6.25) to the sample weight
at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The concentration, chemical composition, and SDS-polyacrylamide
gel electrophoretic patterns of the obtained soluble fractions and their abilities
to bind to anti-ovomucin antibodies and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were
measured. At a ratio of 1/6400 the highest soluble fraction (solubility: nearly
100%) was obtained. At a ratio of 1/800 the fragment with the highest binding
activity to the antibodies was obtained, and at a ratio of 1/50 the fragments
with the disulfide bonds intact (apparent molecular masses, AMMs: 55, 45, and
40 kDa) which showed binding to the antibodies were prepared and partially characterized.
Fragments (AMMs: 220, 120, and 100 kDa) at ratios of 1/3200-1/800 and the final
Pronase-resistant fragment (AMM: 120 kDa) at ratios of 1/12.5-1/6.25 with a
binding activity to NDV could then be prepared. From the analysis of the fragments
of Pronase-treated beta-subunit, the AMM 120-kDa fragment was demonstrated to
be a part of the AMM 220-kDa fragment.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, egg proteins, glycoproteins,
egg albumen, antibodies, binding, amino-acids, chemical composition, structure
activity relationships, enzyme treatment, protein subunits.
Zoeller,
B.; Popp, M.; Walter, A.; Redmann-Muller, I.; Lodemann, E.; Jungwirth,
C. Overexpression of chicken interferon
regulatory factor-1 (Ch-IRF-1) induces constitutive expression of MHC class
I antigens but does not confer virus resistance to a permanent chicken fibroblast
cell line. Gene.Nov
19, 1998.
v. 222 (2) p. 269-278. ISSN: 0378-1119
NAL
call no: QH442.A1G4
Descriptors: chickens, transcription-factors, gene expression,
messenger RNA, major histocompatibility complex, histocompatibility antigens,
interferon, binding proteins, fibroblasts, disease resistance, Newcastle disease
virus, vaccinia virus, Sindbis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus,
transcriptional
activators, gene overexpression, beta microglubulin, gyanylate binding protein,
B F antigen.
Return to: Main Contents
| Bibliography
Contents
1997
Alexander,
D.J.; Manvell, R.J.; Lowings, J.P.; Frost, K.M.; Collins, M.S.; Russell, P.H.;
Smith, J.E. Antigenic diversity and
similarities detected in avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) isolates using monoclonal antibodies. Avian Pathology. June 1997. v. 26 (2) p. 399-418. ISSN: 0307-9457 Note: Summaries in French, German and Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Newcastle disease (ND) virus (APMV-1)
isolates submitted to the International Reference Laboratory for ND were characterised
antigenically by their ability to cause binding of mouse monoclonal antibodies
(mAbs) to cell cultures infected with the isolate. Since the availability of
the mAbs 1526 viruses have been examined using a panel of nine mAbs and 818
with an extended panel of 26 mAbs. Using the nine mAb panel a total of 14 different
patterns was seen and viruses grouped by the same pattern showed relationships
with each other which were either biological, temporal or geographical or more
than one of these. There was a marked tendency of viruses placed in the same
group to show similar virulence for chickens. Extension of the panel to 26 mAbs
produced 39 distinct patterns, although some of these were seen with only a
single virus. Again, viruses inducing similar binding patterns shared similar
properties and some binding patterns were specific for viruses causing discrete
epizootics. Cluster analysis of the mAb binding patterns did not produce concise,
discrete groupings, but did emphasise some relationships between virus properties
and antigenicity. Examples of the usefulness of this approach were the ability
to link two important outbreaks to the contamination of stored food by infected
feral pigeons, and the demonstration of two separate viruses responsible for
outbreaks in countries of the European Union during 1991 to 1994 thus preventing
erroneous epizootiological tracing.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, antigenic
variation, monoclonal antibodies, virulence, chickens, antigens, binding, cluster
analysis.
Cadman,
H.F.; Kelly, P.J.; De Angelis, N.D.; Rohde, C.; Collins, N.;
Zulu, T. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination
inhibition test for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Avian Pathology. June
1997. v. 26 (2) p. 357-363. ISSN: 0307-9457
Note: Summaries in French, German and
Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Reactivity of ostrich sera to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI)
test were compared. Ten-month old ostriches seronegative by both tests were
vaccinated with an oil-based NDV vaccine on days 0 and 11. Significant levels
of reactive antibodies were first detected on day 11 by ELISA (sample/positive
ratio > 0.2 in 11/20 birds; 55%) and HI (titre > 1/8 in 10/20 birds; 50%).
At the end of the experiment (day 37) all birds had significant antibody levels
by ELISA, but only 16/20 (80%) by HI test. There was a sigmoidal relationship
(r= 0.62, 3rd degree polynomial) between antibody levels detected by ELISA and
by HI test. Antibodies reactive with NDV in naturally exposed ostriches from
Zimbabwe and Botswana were also detected by
ELISA (112/165; 68%) and HI (85/165; 52%).
Descriptors: ostriches, Newcastle disease virus, ELISA,
hemagglutination inhibition test, antibodies, detection, vaccination, Newcastle disease, diagnostic value.
Deng,
R.; Mirza, A.M.; Mahon, P.J.; Iorio, R.M. Functional
chimeric HN glycoproteins derived from Newcastle disease virus and human parainfluenza virus-3. Archives
of Virology, Supplementum. 1997. (suppl.13) p. 115-130. ISSN: 0939-1983. Note: Paper presented at the 9th Munich Symposium
on Microbiology entitled "Viral Zoonoses and Food of Animal Origin: a Re-Evaluation
of Possible Hazards for Human Health," Munich. Edited by O.R. Kaaden,
C.P. Czerny, and W. Eichhorn.
NAL
call no: QR355.A72
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, parainfluenza-3-virus,
chimeras, envelope proteins, viral hemagglutinins, sialidase, enzyme activity,
molecular conformation, amino acid sequences.
Errington,
W.; Emmerson, P.T. Assembly of recombinant Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein into nucleocapsid-like
structures is inhibited by the phosphoprotein. The Journal
of General Virology. Sept 1997. v. 78 (pt. 9) p. 2335-2339. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: A recombinant baculovirus expressing the nucleocapsid
gene (NP) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a
member of the genus Rubulavirus, has been generated and shown to express the
native protein to high levels in insect cells. In contrast to the NP protein
of the rubulavirus human parainfluenza virus 2, the NDV protein has been demonstrated
by electron microscopy and caesium chloride gradient analysis to be capable
of self-assembly in vivo to form nucleocapsid-like structures in the absence
of other NDV proteins. These structures, which contained RNA that was resistant
to micrococcal nuclease digestion, were also observed when the protein was expressed
in E. coli, a phenomenon which was not inhibited by the presence of a 40 amino
acid fusion region at the amino terminus of the protein. Further, the formation
of these structures was inhibited by the co-expression of the phosphoprotein
(P). Therefore, we conclude that the P protein acts as a chaperone, preventing
uncontrolled encapsulation of non-viral RNA by NP protein.
Descriptors: nucleocapsid protein gene, phosphoprotein inhibition,
recombinant baculovirus.
Folitse,
Raphael Deladem. Early Diagnosis and Control of Newcastle Disease in Chickens. 1997.
vii, 86 leaves: ill. Note: Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1997.
Descriptors:
chickens, diagnosis, prevention and control.
Friedman,
A.; Sklan, D. Effect of dietary fatty acids on humoral immune response of turkeys.
British Poultry Science. Sept 1997. v. 38 (4) p. 342-348. ISSN: 0007-1668
NAL
call no: 47.8 B77
Abstract: 1. This study examined the effect of increasing
amounts of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition
in serum and antibody production following a standard vaccination programme
in growing turkeys. Turkey poults were fed on 5 diets containing 75g/kg added
fat made up of different proportions of palm and soyabean oils, and were vaccinated
against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and necrotic enteritis according
to a standard vaccination programme. Blood samples were taken before and one
week after each vaccination. 2. Fatty acid composition in serum reflected the
composition of the diets although arachidonic acid concentration was not changed
by dietary fatty acid content. Growth, erythrocyte and leukocyte parameters
were not affected by the respective diets. 3. Specific antibody production was
related quadratically to serum linoleic and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty
acid concentrations. No correlation was found with linolenic or arachidonic
acids. 4. It is concluded that dietary fatty acid composition can augment the
specific anti-vaccine immune response in turkey poults.
Descriptors: turkeys, dietary fat, polyenoic fatty acids,
vaccination, palm oils, soybean oil, antibody formation, blood serum, linoleic
acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid.
Heckert,
R.A.; Best, M.; Jordan, L.T.; Dulac, G.C.; Eddington,
D.L.; Sterritt, W.G. Efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide against
exotic animal viruses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
Oct 1997. v. 63 (10) p. 3916-3918. ISSN: 0099-2240
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ap5
Abstract: The efficacy of vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide
in a pass-through box for the decontamination of equipment and inanimate materials
potentially contaminated with exotic animal viruses was evaluated. Tests were
conducted with a variety of viral agents, which included representatives of
several virus families (orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Paramyxoviridae,
Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae. Caliciviridae, and Rhabdoviridae) from both avian
and mammalian species, with particular emphasis on animal viruses exotic to
Canada. The effects of the gas
on a variety of laboratory equipment were also studied. Virus suspensions in
cell culture media, egg fluid, or blood were dried onto glass and stainless
steel. Virus viability was assessed after exposure to vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide
for 30 min. For all viruses tested and under all conditions (except one), the
decontamination process reduced the virus titer to 0 embryo-lethal doses for
the avian viruses (avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses) or less than
10 tissue culture infective doses for the mammalian viruses (African swine fever,
bluetongue, hog cholera, pseudorabies, swine vesicular disease, vesicular exanthema,
and vesicular stomatitis viruses. The laboratory equipment exposed to the gas
appeared to suffer no adverse effects. Vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide decontamination
can be recommended as a safe and efficacious way of removing potentially virus-contaminated
objects from biocontainment level III laboratories in which exotic animal disease
virus agents are handled.
Descriptors: decontamination, biocontainment,
exotic animal viruses, virus contaminated objects, orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae,
Flaviviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae. Caliciviridae,
Rhabdoviridae.
Heller,
E.D.; Levy, A.M.; Vaiman, R.; Schwartsburd, B. Chicken-embryo
fibroblasts produce two types of interferon upon stimulation with Newcastle disease virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.
July 1997.
v. 57 (3/4) p. 289-303. ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL
call no: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: Controversy has long surrounded the question
of whether chickens, like mammals, can produce two types of interferon (IFN).
Recently, type-I and type-II chicken IFNs have been cloned. Our study focuses
on the further characterization of native fibroblast and spleen IFNs and shows
that chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) produce a mixture of type-I and type-II
IFNs. IFN was purified by three different methods, controlled pore-glass chromatography,
ion-exchange chromatography and preparative SDS-PAGE. Three protein bands showing
IFN-like anti-viral activity, from CEFs which had been virus-stimulated for
IFN production, were detected at 25, 27 and 29 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies produced
against these bands showed partial cross-reaction with purified media from mitogen-stimulated
spleen cells in ELISA, western blot analysis and anti-viral activity neutralization
assay. Differences between purified conditioned media from CEF and spleen were
found with respect to the stimulation of macrophages for nitric oxide production,
pH stability and signal transduction pathways; only CEF IFN activated the IFN-stimulated
gene factor-3 complex, whereas both CEF and spleen IFNs activated the IFN regulatory
factor-1 gene. These findings concur with the differences that are known to
exist between mammalian type-I and type-II IFNs. Attempts at sequencing the
25 and 27 kDa proteins by Edman degradation yielded evidence of N-terminal blockage.
Descriptors: interferon development, chicken fibroblasts.
Kant,
A.; Koch, G.; van Roozelaar, D.J.; Balk, F.;
Huurne, A. ter. Differentiation
of virulent and non-virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus within 24 hours
by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology. Dec
1997. v. 26 (4) p. 837-849. ISSN: 0307-9457
Note: Summaries in French, German, and Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Fast diagnosis of Newcastle disease is a prerequisite
for confining outbreaks. Diagnosis implies the differentiation of virulent and
non-virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDV).
However, conventional methods, i.e. isolation of the virus and determination
of the intracerebral pathogenicity index, take at least 5 days. Therefore, we
investigated whether diagnosis can be performed by using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR) on RNA isolated directly from tissue homogenate. Two
oligonucleotide primers, representing the sequence at the cleavage site of the
F protein of either virulent or non-virulent NDV strains, respectively, were
used to differentiate NDV. Using the RT-PCR we were able to differentiate 15
NDV reference strains, 11 of which were virulent and 14 non-virulent. The RT-PCR
was further validated by using homogenate of brain, trachea, lung and spleen
from 12 chicken flocks and one turkey flock suspected of Newcastle disease. The RT-PCR detected
virulent NDV in samples of seven flocks and non-virulent NDV in two out of three
flocks in agreement with conventional methods. However the RT-PCR failed to
detect virus in 1/3 flocks from which non-virulent virus was isolated. The results
are discussed. We conclude that the RT-PCR described can be used to confirm
diagnosis of Newcastle disease within 24 h using
RNA isolated directly from tissue homogenate.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, virulence,
strain differences, differential diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction, reverse
transcriptase, RNA, rapid methods.
King,
D.J.; Seal, B.S. Biological and molecular
characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from surveillance of live bird markets
in the northeastern United States. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1997. v. 41 (3) p. 683-689. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is
frequently recovered from surveillance samples collected by U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service personnel in live
bird markets. Six NDV isolates, five from chickens and one from a pheasant,
were characterized for comparison with reference NDV
isolates from poultry and other birds. All isolates tested were of low
virulence for chickens. Four of the six isolates were similar to reference lentogens
B1 and La Sota, but two isolates, one from a chicken and one from a pheasant,
were different. The aberrant chicken isolate had a monoclonal antibody-binding
profile like an unusual Canadian pigeon isolate. Sequence analysis of the matrix
gene of this isolate demonstrated that it differed from all isolates included
in the comparison and therefore may represent a third phylogenetic NDV group.
The pheasant isolate had a monoclonal antibody-binding profile typical of other
U.S. NDV lentogens but had a matrix gene sequence and hemagglutinin thermostability
similar to strains Ulster and Queensland V4 (QV4),
viruses originally isolated in Northern Ireland and Australia, respectively. The pheasant
virus is the first lentogen isolated in the United States known to be closely related
phylogenetically to Ulster and QV4. The unusual chicken
and pheasant isolates were readily shed from the intestinal tract during chicken
passage, whereas the other isolates were shed from the respiratory tract with
little or no intestinal shedding. The frequency in live bird markets of viruses
similar to those previously thought to be exotic to the United States is unknown.
Descriptors: chickens, pheasants, Newcastle disease virus, virulence,
characterization, nucleotide sequences, genetic diversity, phylogenetics, infectivity,
thermal properties, Northeastern States, USA.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/u79551. genbank/u79552. genbank/u79553.
Lessard,
M.; Hutchings, D.; Cave, N.A. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses
in broiler chickens maintained on diets containing different levels of vitamin
A. Poultry Science. Oct 1997. v. 76 (10) p. 1368-1378. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Broiler chickens were examined for the effects
of low (400 IU/kg), standard (1,500 IU/kg), or high (15,000 IU/kg) dietary vitamin
A (VitA) levels on immune responsiveness postimmunization to Newcastle disease virus (NDV). A
control pair-fed group (1,500 IU/kg) was included to compensate for the reduced
feed intake associated with diet containing the low level of VitA. Interdigital
skin reactions to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and CD4:CD8 T lymphocyte ratios were
significantly reduced in chickens fed the low VitA diet, whereas their antibody
responses to NDV were significantly increased as compared to birds that consumed
the 1,500 to 15,000 VitA diet ad libitum. On the other hand, birds on the high
VitA diet had reduced lymphocyte responses to concanavalin A and pokeweed, but
not to PHA. No effect of dietary VitA was observed for natural killer activity,
nor on levels of percentage of cells expressing Class II MHC antigens among
groups that consumed feed ad libitum. The results indicated that both humoral
and cellular immune responses were modulated by levels of VitA in the diet,
and suggest that VitA-deficient chickens developed a T helper (Th)2 immune response,
whereas the chickens fed highly enriched VitA diet showed a Th1 immune response.
Descriptors: broilers, retinol, dosage, humoral immunity,
cell mediated immunity, lymphocyte transformation, natural killer cells, cytotoxic
T lymphocytes, T4 lymphocytes, T8 lymphocytes, spleen, weight, liver, body weight,
skin, allergic reactions, antibody formation.
Roy,
P.; Anandan, S.; Ravikumar, G.; Koteeswaran, A.; Venugopalan, A.T. Use of
egg yolk in seromonitoring against Newcastle disease. Tropical Animal Health and Production.
Nov 1997. v. 29
(4) p. 245-246. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: hens, serological surveys, Newcastle disease virus, egg yolk,
seroconversion, hemagglutination tests, solvents, chloroform.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Agar-gel-immunodiffusion
and counterimmunoelectrophoresis for diagnosis of Newcastle disease. Tropical Animal Health and Production.
Nov 1997. v. 29
(4) p. 231-234. ISSN: 0049-4747 Note: Summaries
in French and Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, experimental infections, Newcastle disease virus, immunodiffusion
tests, tissues, hemagglutination tests, rapid methods, counterimmunoelectrophoresis,
accuracy.
Russell,
P.H.; Dwivedi, P.N.; Davison, T.F. The effects of cyclosporin A and cyclophosphamide
on the populations of B and T cells and virus in the Harderian gland of chickens
vaccinated with the Hitchner B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus. Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology. Dec
12, 1997.
v. 60 (1/2) p. 171-185. ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL
call no: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease
virus, vaccination, strains, ciclosporin, cyclophosphamide, B lymphocytes, T
lymphocytes, glands animal, immune response, immunohistochemistry, antigens,
cytoplasm IGM, viral replication, concanavalin A.
Stone,
H.; Mitchell, B.; Brugh, M. In ovo vaccination of chicken embryos with experimental
Newcastle disease and avian influenze oil-emulsion vaccines. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 1997. v. 41 (4) p. 856-863. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Inactivated oil-emulsion (OE) Newcastle disease (ND) and avian
influenza (AI) vaccines were injected into 18-day-old white rock (WR) and white
leghorn (WL) chicken embryos to evaluate their immunologic efficacy and their
effects on hatchability. Embryonating eggs were inoculated at 1.5 inches depth
with various vaccine volumes and antigen concentrations. Serum hemagglutination-inhibition
(HI) titers were first detected in chickens at 2 wk posthatch. Protection against
morbidity and mortality was demonstrated in all of 10 chickens vaccinated as
embryos and challenged with viscerotropic velogenic ND virus at 53 days of age
and also in all of eight in ovo- vaccinated chickens challenged with highly
pathogenic AI virus at 34 days of age. All of five unvaccinated control chickens
for each respective ND- and AI-vaccinated group died. In pooled groups from
successive hatches, the hatchability of WR or WL embryos injected with 100 microliters
of vaccine was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from unvaccinated hatchmate
controls when needle gauges of 22, 20, and 18 were used. Seroconversion rates
of chickens vaccinated as embryos ranged from 27% to 100% with ND vaccination
and 85% to 100% for AI vaccination. For ND, geometric mean HI titers of chickens
per vaccine group ranged from 11 to 733, and in pooled groups, the range was
49 to 531. Titers for AI vaccine groups ranged from 156 to 1178. This study
demonstrated that acceptable hatchability, seroconversion rates, and protective
immunity can be attained with in ovo inoculation of ND or AI OE vaccines if
the vaccines are prepared with sufficient antigen and administered properly.
Descriptors: chick embryos, vaccination,
Newcastle disease virus, avian influenzavirus, viral diseases, vaccines efficacy,
evaluation, egg hatchability, dosage, antigens, morbidity, mortality, pathogenicity,
application equipment, seroconversion, immunity, formulations, needle gauges.
Stone,
H.D. Newcastle disease oil emulsion vaccines
prepared with animal, vegetable, and synthetic oils. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1997. v. 41 (3) p. 591-597. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Animal, vegetable, and
synthetic oils were tested as potential replacements for mineral oil in Newcastle disease oil emulsion vaccines.
Emulsifying surfactants of seed oil origin comprised 10% of the oil phase that
was used to prepare water-in-oil emulsion vaccines that contained a final concentration
of 20% aqueous antigen. The hemagglutination inhibition responses of chickens
inoculated with 46 of the newly formulated oil vaccines were, in most cases,
not significantly different from chose of control chickens inoculated with mineral
oil vaccine. Tissue reactions associated with animal, vegetable, and synthetic
oil vaccines were less severe than chose associated with mineral oil vaccines.
Viscosity of the mineral oil formulations ranged from 1/2 to 3 1/2 times that
of the mineral oil control vaccines. These findings indicate that any of several
oils may be more suitable than mineral oil for preparation of immune adjuvants
for poultry vaccines.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, vaccines,
vaccine development, animal and plant oils, emulsions, surfactants, chickens,
adverse effects, viscosity.
Stone-Hulslander,
J.; Morrison, T.G. Detection of an interaction between the HN and F proteins in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells. Journal
of Virology. Sept 1997. v. 71 (9) p. 6287-6295. ISSN: 0022-538X
NAL
call no: QR360.J6
Abstract: For many paramyxoviruses, including Newcastle disease virus (NDV), syncytium
formation requires the expression of both surface glycoproteins (HN and F) in
the same cell, and evidence suggests that fusion involves a specific interaction
between the HN and F proteins. Because a potential interaction in paramyxovirus-infected
cells has never been demonstrated, such as interaction was explored by using
coimmunoprecipitation and cross-linking. Both HN and F proteins could be precipitated
with heterologous antisera after a 5-min radioactive pulse as well as after
a 2-h chase in nonradioactive medium, but at low levels. Chemical cross-linking
increased detection of complexes containing HN and F proteins at the cell surface.
After cross-linking, intermediate- as well as high-molecular-weight species
containing both proteins were precipitated with monospecific antisera. Precipitation
of proteins with anti-HN after cross-linking resulted in the detection of complexes
which electrophoresed in the stacker region of the gel, from 160 to 300 kDa,
at 150 kDa, and at 74 kDa. Precipitates obtained with anti-F after cross-linking
contained species which migrated in the stacker region of the gel, between 160
and 300 kDa, at 120 kDa, and at 66 kDa. The three to four discrete complexes
ranging in size from 160 to 300 kDa contained both HN and F proteins when precipitated
with either HN or F antisera. That cross-linking of complexes containing both
HN and F proteins was not simply a function of overexpression of viral glycoproteins
at the cell surface was addressed by demonstrating cross-linking at early time
points postinfection, when levels of viral surface glycoproteins are low. Use
of cells infected with an avirulent strain of NDV showed that chemically cross-linked
HN and F proteins were precipitated independent of cleavage of F0. Furthermore,
under conditions that maximized HN protein binding to its receptor, there was
no change in the percentages of HN and F0 proteins precipitated with heterologous
antisera, but a decrease in F1 protein precipitated was observed upon attachment.
These data argue that the HN and F proteins interact in the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. Upon attachment of the HN protein to its receptor, the HN protein
undergoes a conformational change which causes a conformational change in the
associated F protein, releasing the hydrophobic fusion peptide into the target
membrane and initiating fusion.
Descriptors: viral hemagglutinins,
sialidase, viral proteins, fusion protein.
Thirumurugan,
G.; Jayakumar, R.; Kumanan, K.; Venugopalan, A.T.; Nachimuthu, K. Latex
immunoassay for rapid detection of Newcastle disease virus. Tropical Animal Health and Production.
Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Nov 1997. v. 29
(4) p. 227-230. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, latex agglutination
test, accuracy, rapid methods, tissues, hemagglutination inhibition test.
Tsuge,
Y.; Shimoyamada, M.; Watanabe, K. Bindings of ovomucin to Newcastle disease virus and anti-ovomucin antibodies and its heat stability
based on binding abilities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Dec 1997. v. 45 (12) p. 4629-4634. ISSN:
0021-8561
NAL
call no: 381 J8223
Abstract: The bindings of ovomucin, its chemically modified
compounds, including its disulfide-reduced and alkylated alpha- and beta-subunits,
and desialylated ovomucin to NDV and anti-ovomucin antibodies were determined
by ELISA. We found that the NeuAc residue in the beta-subunit greatly contributed
to the binding of ovomucin to NDV, and disulfide bonds in ovomucin contributed
to the binding of ovomucin to antibodies. The conformational, biological, and
chemical alterations of ovomucin heated at 60-100 degrees C for 10 min under
the various pH conditions (pH 6-12) were examined on the changes in the ability
to NDV and anti-ovomucin antibodies which were also determined by ELISA, along
with determinations of SDS-PAGE patterns and CD spectra. Ovomucin degraded together
with the increases in temperature and pH, depending on destruction of NeuAc
in beta-subunit, and cleavages of disulfide bonds in inter- and intrasubunits
and peptide bonds in alpha- and beta-subunits.
Descriptors: ovomycin binding, Newcastle
Disease virus, anti-ovomycin, ELISA, SDS-PAGE patterns, CD spectra, temperatue,
pH.
Tsuge,
Y.; Shimoyamada, M.; Watanabe, K. Structural features of Newcastle Disease Virus-and anti-ovomucin antibody-binding glycopeptides
from pronase-treated ovomucin. Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry.
July 1997. v. 45 (7) p. 2393-2398. ISSN: 0021-8561
NAL
call no: 381 J8223
Abstract: Pronase-treated ovomucin was applied on a Sephacryl
S-400 column chromatography and separated into five fractions. The SDS-polyacrylamide
gel electrophoretic pattern, and amino acid and carbohydrate compositions, of
each of the obtained fractions were compared to those of ovomucin and its alpha-
and beta-subunits. Subsequently, bindings of each fraction to hen newcastle disease virus (NDV) and
anti-ovomucin antibodies were estimated. It was found that the P1, P2, and P3
fractions from the beta-subunit which were composed of O-glycoproteins, containing
more or less cluttered sialic acid moieties, had higher binding activity to
NDV, while the peptide-rich P4 and P5 fractions mainly derived from the alpha-subunit
had higher binding activity to the anti-ovomucin antibodies.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, egg proteins,
proteolysis, protein subunits.
Williams,
R.; Boshoff, C.H.; Verwoerd, D.; Schoeman, M.; Van Wyk, A.; Gerdes, T.H.; Roos,
K. Detection of antibodies
to Newcastle disease virus in ostriches (Struthio camelus) by an indirect
ELISA.
Avian
Diseases. Oct/Dec 1997. v. 41 (4) p. 864-869. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A two-graph receiver operating characteristic
analysis, performed on the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test results of a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-positive
and NDV-negative control group of ostrich sera, proved that the ELISA was superior
to the HI in both sensitivity and specificity. Comparison of results of the
two assays performed on a panel of simulated positive sera ranging from very
weak to very strong showed that the ELISA was at least 10 times more sensitive
than the HI in detecting low levels of ostrich antibodies to NDV. The ELISA
also has the advantage of using untreated serum in a single dilution as opposed
to the HI test, which uses pretreated serum in titration.
Descriptors: ostriches, antibodies, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
testing, ELISA, hemagglutination inhibition test, diagnosis, evaluation, comparisons,
serology.
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Contents
USDA Funded Research Records from the Current Research Information System
(CRIS)
(1)
ACCESSION NO: 0168532 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: ARK01611 AGENCY: CSREES ARK
PROJ
TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: EXTENDED MULTISTATE PROJ
NO: NE-60
START:
01 OCT 1998 TERM: 30 SEP 2003 FY: 2002
INVESTIGATOR: Erf, G.
F.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
POULTRY SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS 72703
GENETIC BASES FOR RESISTANCE
AND IMMUNITY TO AVIAN DISEASES
OBJECTIVES
Identify and characterize environmental, dietary
and physiologic factors that modulate immune system development, optimal immune
function and disease resistance in poultry genetic stocks.
APPROACH: Contributing research will include the Smyth line
chickens which develop spontaneous post-hatch, autoimmune vitiligo. Three MHC-matched
lines of chickens, all homozygous for the MHC B101 haplotype will be used in
this project. Included are the autoimmune vitiliginous Smyth line (SL), the
parental Brown line (BL), and the normally pigmented Light Brown Leghorn. Special
emphasis will be placed on identifying environmental factors required for the
expression of vitiligo in genetically susceptible SL chickens and on the immune
mechanisms involved in autoimmune destruction of pigment cells in SL vitiligo.
Additionally, immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplements on the avian immune
system will be examined in broilers and in turkeys. Scientific methods used
will include in vitro culture systems and flow cytometry.
PROGRESS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
Mutant Smyth line chickens spontaneously develop post-hatch loss of eye and
feather pigment. This loss of pigment is due to the destruction of pigment cells
by the immune system. The similarities between the autoimmune loss of pigment
cells in Smyth line chickens and the pigment loss observed in human vitiligo
have lead to the acceptance of the SL chicken as the best animal model to study
autoimmune vitiligo. During the last calendar year, we completed a study (funded
by the National Vitiligo Foundation), on the role of environmental factors such
as turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine and other live virus vaccines (Newcastle disease virus), in the development of Smyth line vitiligo. We have shown
that only live HVT vaccine can be associated with a higher incidence of vitiligo
compared to control treatments. The fact that gluteraldehyde-fixed (dead HVT)
did not increase the incidence of vitiligo above controls, points towards the
importance of the HVT infection in triggering vitiligo expression. As HVT translocates
to the feather tissue, where melanocytes are located, we hypothesize that the
local immune response to HVT infection may lead to the destruction of already
inherently defective melanocytes and the development of autoimmune vitiligo.
In another vitiligo incidence study (funded by the National Vitiligo Foundation),
we examined the effect of recombinant chicken interferon gamma (IFN-g) administered
to SL chicks during the first 6 weeks of life compared to vehicle-injected chicks.
The incidence of vitiligo by 20 weeks of age in IFN-g-injected chicks was 0
% for males and 87.5 % for females, whereas in vehicle-injected chickens the
incidence of vitiligo at 20 weeks of age was 0 % for males and 25 % for females
(none of the chickens were vaccinated at hatch - hence the low spontaneous incidence
of vitiligo). The ability of IFN-g to induce expression of vitiligo in vitiligo
susceptible SL chickens together with the observed gender difference in the
effects of IFN-g on the expression of SL vitiligo adds to the value of this
animal model for human autoimmune vitiligo and autoimmune disease in general.
Currently, graduate students Amber Austin, Becky Lockhart, and Dilshika Wijesekera
are all working on the melanocyte defect in Smyth line chickens that may lead
to the recognition of the melanocytes by the immune system. Aspects examined
include antioxidant state, extent of lipid-peroxidation, and oxidation of proteins
in the target tissue, as well as the response of melanocytes to inflammatory
agents and oxidative intermediates. These studies are conducted using ex vivo
feather tissue and melanocyte cultures and are funded by the NIH-AREA grant
(R15). Research on Smyth line chickens was presented at the International Meeting
of the Pigment Cell Research Society at Egmond an Zee, the Netherlands and the Workshop on Molecular Pathogenesis of Marek's
Disease and Avian Immunology, Limassol, Cyprus.
IMPACT: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
The use of an animal
model that is genetically susceptible to development of autoimmune vitiligo
provides an excellent opportunity to study the cause and effect relationship
between genetic susceptibility and the factors leading to the onset and expression
of autoimmune disease. Knowledge gained from these studies will find direct
application in the management and prevention of autoimmune disease. Additionally,
these studies on immune system dysfunction and mechanisms of pathogenesis will
yield important new knowledge regarding immune system development and function
in avian species.
PUBLICATIONS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
1. Erf, G. F. 2002. Smyth line autoimmune vitiligo - similar to human autoimmune
vitiligo. Pages 316-332 in Modern Concepts of Immunology in Veterinary Medicine-Poultry
Immunology. Mathew, T., editor. Advances in Medical and Veterinary Virology,
Immunology and Epidemiology, Thajema Publishers, Vineland, NJ.
2. Wang, W., R. F. Wideman, Jr., T. K. Bersi, and G. F. Erf. 2003. Pulmonary
and hematological immune responses to intravenous cellulose micro-particles
in broilers. Poult. Sci. in press.
3. Erf, G. F., T. K. Bersi, and H. S. Lillehoj. 2002. A role of interferon gamma
in autoimmune vitiligo of Smyth line chickens. FEMS in press.
4. Wang, W., G. F. Erf, and R. F. Wideman. 2002. Effect of cage vs floor litter
environments on the pulmonary hypertensive response to intravenous endotoxin
and on blood-gas values in broilers. Poult. Sci. 81:1728-1737.
5. Wang, W., R. F. Wideman, and G. F. Erf. 2002. Pulmonary hypertensive response
to endotoxin in cellulose-primed and unprimed broiler chickens. Poult. Sci.
81:1224-1230.
6. Wideman R. F., G. F. Erf, M. E. Chapman, W. Wang, N. B. Anthony, and L. Xiaofang.
2002. Intravenous micro-particle injections and pulmonary hypertension in broiler
chickens: acute post-injection mortality and ascites susceptibility. Poult.
Sci. 81:1203-1217.
7. Iqbal, M., J. D. Freiburger, G. F. Erf, and W. G. Bottje. 2002. Immunohistochemical
evidence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II involvement in pulmonary hypertension
syndrome (PHS) in broilers. Poult. Sci. 81:1231-1235.
8. Wideman, R. F., and G. F. Erf. 2002. Intravenous microparticle injection
and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens: Cardio-pulmonary hemodynamic
responses. Poult. Sci. 81:877-886.
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: Erf, G. F.
Phone: 501-575-8664
Fax: 501-575-3026
Email: gferf@comp.uark.edu
(2)
ACCESSION NO: 0098242 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: CA-V*-PHR-4652-AH96 AGENCY: CSREES CALB
PROJ
TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START:
01 OCT 1996 TERM: 30 SEP 2001 FY: 2000
INVESTIGATOR: Lam, K.
M.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
POPULATION HEALTH & REPRODUCTION
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA (VET-MED)
DAVIS, CALIFORNIA 95616
NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS STRAINS
OBJECTIVES: A. To determine that Newcastle disease virus (ND V) can cause apoptosls in heterophils
and macrophage of chickens. B. To determine that chicken heterophils and macrophage
are capable of inducing oxidative burst, and the suppression of oxidative burst
by Newcastle disease virus.
APPROACH: A. Heterophils and macrophages will be infected with
ND V in vitro. Gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and
in situ hybridization will be used to confirm the presence of apoptosis in the
infected cells. B. The ability of heterophils and macrophages to produce hydrogen
peroxide will be determined by the stimulation of cells with dichclorofluorescein
(DCF) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and followed by flow cytometric examination.
The effect of ND V on hydrogen peroxide production will also be determined.
C. Heterophils and macrophages will be pre-treated with various recombinant
human cytokines and then determine for their oxidative burst by DCF and PMA.
PROGRESS: 1996/10 TO 2001/09
The efforts in this year have been concentrated on chicken heterophils and thrombocytes
and the effect of Newcastle disease virus on their functions. 1. It is widely
believed that chicken heterophils and adherent cells do not have myeloperoxidase
activity. However, this laboratory provides ample evidence showing that these
cells do have myeloperoxidase activity. 2. Chicken thrombocytes are capable
of chemotaxis and phagocytosis. These functions, however, are greatly reduced
after a short-term incubation in vitro with Newcastle disease virus.
IMPACT: 1996/10 TO 2001/09
The goal of this project was to A. determine that Newcastle disease virus (ND V) can cause apoptosls in heterophils
and macrophage of chickens. B. To determine that chicken heterophils and macrophage
are capable of inducing oxidative burst, and the suppression of oxidative burst
by Newcastle disease virus.
PUBLICATIONS: 1996/10 TO 2001/09
1. Lam KM. 1997. Myeloperoxidase activity in chicken heterophils and adherent
cells. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 57:327-335.
2. Lam KM. 1997. Activation, adhesion, migration and death of chicken thrombocytes.
Comp. Haematol. Intl. 1:81-87.
(3)
ACCESSION NO: 0182013 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: CALV-AH-176 AGENCY: CSREES CALV
PROJ
TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ STATUS: NEW
START:
01 OCT 1998 TERM: 30 SEP 2003 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: Gardner,
I. A.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
MEDICINE & EPIDEMOLOGY
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA (VET-MED)
DAVIS, CALIFORNIA 95616
QUANTITATIVE METHODS TO CERTIFY
FREEDOM OF ANIMALS FROM PATHOGENS
OBJECTIVES: 1. Develop a Bayesian approach to certify disease
freedom of a country/region that incorporates uncertainty in probability estimates.
2. Compare frequentist and Bayesian approaches to certify disease freedom using
common data sets and to compare sample size requirements for surveys with both
approaches.
APPROACH: 1. The Bayesian approach will be implemented with
the Gibbs sampler, an interactive Markov-chain Monte Carlo method. The mathematical
calculations will incorporate the prior probability that a country is free of
disease, the uncertainty in sensitivity and specificity estimates and the possible
clustering of positive test results at a herd level. The output will be a probabilistic
estimate of disease freedom. 2. Frequentist and Bayesian estimates will be compared
with common published data sets on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
and Newcastle Disease. The effect of selected prior distributions for the Bayesian
approach will be evaluated. Sample sites used in frequentist calculations for
surveys will be compared with estimates that we will derive using Bayesian approaches.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: If countries and regions are able to "certify"
freedom from important animal pathogens, trade opportunities may increase and
product export costs may decrease. To develop a Bayesian statistical approach
(using Gibbs sampling) to quantification of disease freedom. The output from
the model will be probability distributions that can be used to make inferences
about the proportion of diseased herds, within-herd prevalence, and the probability
that a country is free of disease. The research will be involve collaboration
with others in the US, Australia and Switzerland.
PROGRESS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
Quantitative approaches are needed to allow scientifically-valid inferences
about freedom of animals from important pathogens that affect animal trade.
Freedom in the context of these inferences includes a pathogen prevalence less
than a threshold (e.g. <0.2% of infected herds). We developed a hierarchical
Bayesian statistical model that uses herd-level test results from multiple herds
in a region or country or zone, and adjusts for uncertainty in the sensitivity
and specificity of tests and the prior probability of infectious agent. The
model allows inferences about the post-test probability of freedom from infection,
the proportion of infected herds, and the within-herd prevalence. Using published
survey data for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and Newcastle
Disease in poultry, we have shown that inferences from our Bayesian approach
are similar to those from an alternate simulation modeling approach. The Bayesian
model is superior to previous methods because it allows inferences about the
proportion of infected herds and within-herd prevalence which are important
inputs into risk assessment models. The model has been modified to include the
possibility of different sample sizes in each of the herds, and the use of additional
tests in animals that are positive on the first screening test.
IMPACT: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
The new method has potential to be used internationally as a tool in substantiating
a country's claim of freedom from animal pathogens.
PUBLICATIONS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
No publications reported this period
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: Gardner, I. A.
Phone: 530-752-6992
Fax: 530-752-0414
Email: iagardner@ucdavis.edu
(4)
ACCESSION NO: 0177509 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: CALV-CAHFS95CDFA6601 AGENCY: CSVM CALV
PROJ
TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS: EXTENDED
START:
01 JUL 1994 TERM: 30 JUN 2004 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: Ardans,
A. A.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
ADMINISTRATION
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA (VET-MED)
DAVIS, CALIFORNIA 95616
CALIFORNIA ANIMAL HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES: To provide laboratory diagnostic support of the highest
quality for the surveillance and control of diseases and the enhancement of
health of livestock and poultry in California, including programs designed to protect people from
animal diseases transmissible to humans.
APPROACH: The CVDLS is composed of a full service, central
reference laboratory at UC Davis and four laboratories located at Turlock (poultry),
Fresno (poultry and regulatory services), Tulare (mammalian services) and San
Bernardino (general services for poultry, mammalian and regulatory). These laboratories
are linked by a computer based Management Information and Surveillance System
to function as a single entity.
PROGRESS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
Avian influenza, H6N2, reoccurred in Southern California with many flocks experiencing significant mortality and egg production
drops of considerable duration. In contrast to previous years, numerous flocks
in central California also became infected. Chickens in active egg production were most severely
affected with little disease in younger pullets. Severe reproductive tract disease
presenting with necrotic salpingitis and yolk peritonitis were consistent observations.
Laboratory support included postmortem examination, virus isolation, and serology
for commercial flocks. USDA and CDFA approved the use of vaccine in commercial
flocks for which laboratory monitoring was provided. A trial is underway to
compare commercially available influenza antigen rapid detection kits with virus
isolation. The CAHFS was federally approved to participate in bovine tuberculosis
slaughter plant surveillance, which has resulted in an increased sample submission
and improved surveillance. Through this program three bovine tuberculosis infected
dairy herds were discovered resulting in extensive testing and postmortem examination
of over 200 cattle. One dairy, 6,400 cows, has been depopulated and another
two herds are being scheduled. An entire herd test (2,496 cows) using the gamma
interferon test, was conducted and results are being compared with caudal fold
and comparative cervical testing along with postmortem findings. In late September
exotic Newcastle disease was diagnosed in Southern California game birds by the San Bernardino branch, CAHFS. The disease was found to be rapidly
spreading. Widespread infection was found among game birds, which unfortunately
spread to commercial egg producing facilities. Late on December 24 the disease
was diagnosed on a commercial premise with over one million birds and to date
over three million birds have been euthanized along with over 110,000 game birds.
The massive laboratory support required in support of the eradication has suspended
many of the ongoing creative investigative efforts. Significant effort has been
dedicated to the development and validation of rapid molecular based assays
and is being coordinated with efforts at Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory
and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL). Considerable personnel
support has been provided by laboratories throughout the country, including
NVSL who have provided pathologists, virology technicians, and clerical assistance.
Milk is routinely screened for beta-lactam antibiotics using highly sensitive,
rapid screening tests, which are known to have considerable false positive results,
which result in the dumping of an entire tank truckload of milk. CAHFS developed
a quantitative method using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
for beta-lactam antibiotics, which has been used to screen potentially contaminated
large amounts of cheese. The assay was also used in a highly visible antibiotic
contamination that occurred in a large bay area milk processing plant, which
resulted in the recall of over 800,000 gallons of milk and milk products.
IMPACT: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
The resources of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System
(CAHFS) in concert with School of Veterinary Medicine researchers continue to demonstrate and investigate
naturally occurring conditions of economic significance to California's production animal agriculture. During 2002 much
of the system's resources has been dedicated to major animal health issues affecting
California livestock and poultry.
PUBLICATIONS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
1. Adaska JM, Munoz-Zanzi CA, Hietala SK. 2002. Evaluation of result variability
using a commercial Johne's disease ELISA kit and repeat testing of samples.
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 14:423-426.
2. Chin RP. 2002. Isolation of an unidentified, nonfermentative, gram-negative
bacterium from turkeys and chickens: 38 cases (1995-2001). Avian Diseases, 46:447-452.
3. Colagross-Schouten AM, Mazet JA, Gulland FM, Miller MA, Hietala SK. 2002.
Diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions from coastal California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38:7-17
4. Cramer G, Kelton D, Duffield TF, Hobson JC, Lissemore K, Hietala SK, Peregrine
AS. 2002. Neospora caninum serostatus and culling of Holstein cattle. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 221:1165-1168.
5. Crespo R, Ghazikhanian GY, Hall CI. 2002. Avulsion of the common retinaculum
in meat turkeys. Avian Diseases, 46:245-248.
6. Crespo R, Stover SM, Shivaprasad HL, Chin RP. 2002. Microstructure and mineral
content of femora in male turkeys with and without fractures. Poultry Science,
81:1184-1190.
7. Crespo R, Woolcock PR, Fadly AM, Hall C, Shivaprasad HL. 2002. Characterization
of T-cell lymphomas associated with an outbreak of reticuloendotheliosis in
turkeys. Avian Pathology, 31:355 -361.
8. Daft BM, Barr BC, Gardner IA, Read D, Bell W, Peyser KG, Ardans A, Kinde
H, Morrow JK. 2002. Sensitivity and specificity of western blot testing of cerebrospinal
fluid and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses
with and without neurologic abnormalities. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, 221:1007-1013.
9. Driessen B, Zarucco L, Steffey EP, McCullough C, Del Piero F, Melton L, Puschner
B, Stover SM. 2002. Biochemical and histopathological changes associated with
prolonged sevoflurane anaesthesia in horses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine,
A 49:1-11.
10. Fosgate GT, Adesiyun AA, Hird DW, Hietala SK, Ryan J. 2002. Isolation of Brucella abortus biovar
1 from cattle and water buffalo on Trinidad. Veterinary Record, 151:272-273.
11. Fosgate GT, Adesiyun AA, Hird DW, Johnson WO, Hietala SK, Schurig GG, Ryan
J. 2002. Comparison of serologic tests for detection of Brucella infections
in cattle and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). American Journal of Veterinary
Research, 63:1598-1605.
12. Fosgate GT, Hird DW, Read DH, Walker RL. 2002. Risk factors for foals developing
Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer's Disease) on a California Thoroughbred
breeding farm. Journal of the Veterinary Medical Association, 220:785-790.
13. Gordus AG, Shivaprasad HL, Swift P. 2002. Salt toxicosis in ruddy ducks
that winter on an agricultural evaporation basin in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38:124-131.
14. Haqshenas G, Huang FF, Fenaux M, Guenette DK, Pierson FW, Larsen CT, Shivaprasad
HL, Toth TE and Meng XJ. 2002. The putative capsid protein of the newly identified
avian hepatitis E virus shares antigenic epitopes with that of swine and human
hepatitis E viruses and the chicken big liver and spleen disease virus. Journal
of General Virology, 83:2201-2209.
15. Hobson JC, Duffield TF, Kelton D, Lissemore K, Hietala SK, Leslie KE, McEwan
B, Cramer G, Peregrine AS. 2002. Neospora caninum serostatus and milk production
of Holstein cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, 221:1160-1164.
16. Holstege DM, Puschner B, Whitehead G, and Galey FD. 2002. Screening and
mass spectral confirmation of beta-lactam antibiotic residues in milk using
LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemicals, 50:406-411.
17. Huang FF, Haqshenas G, Shivaprasad HL, Guenette DK, Woolcock PR, Larsen
CT, Pierson FW, Elvinger F, Toth TE and Meng XJ. 2002. Heterogeneity and Seroprevalence
of the Newly Identified Avian Hepatitis E Virus from Chickens in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40:4197-4202.
18. Munoz-Zanzi CA, Thurmond MC, Johnson WO, Hietala SK. 2002. Predicted age of dairy calves
when colostrum-derived BVDV antibodies would no longer offer protection against
disease or interfere with vaccination. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, 221:678-685.
19. Nieto JE, Spier S, Pipers FS, Stanley SD, Smith D, and Snyder JR. 2002. Comparison of paste
suspension formulated omeprazole in the healing of gastric ulcers in racehorses
in active training. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
221:1139-1143
20. Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, Robinson NE. 2002. Prednisone per
os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal,
34:283-287.
21. Puschner B, Booth MC, Tor ER, Odermatt A. 2002. Diterpenoid alkaloid toxicosis
in cattle in Switzerland. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:8-10.
22. Ridpath JF, Hietala SK, Sorden S, Neil JD. 2002. Evaluation of the reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction/probe test of serum samples and immunohistochemistry
of skin sections for detection of acute bovine viral diarrhea infections. Journal
of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14:303-307.
23. Riggs SM, Puschner B, Tell LA. 2002. Management of an ingested lead foreign
body in an Amazon Parrot. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:345-348.
24. Shilton CM, Smith DA, Woods LW, Crawshaw GJ, Lehmkuhl HD. 2002. Adenoviral
infection in captive moose (Alces alces) in Canada. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 33:73-79.
25. Shivaprasad HL, Crespo, R, Puschner B, Lynch S, Wright L. 2002. Myopathy
in brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis) associated with rancid feed. Veterinary
Record, 150: 307-311.
26. Shivaprasad HL, Kim TJ, Woolcock PR, Tripathy DN. 2002. Genetic and antigenic
characterizations of a poxvirus isolate from ostriches. Avian Diseases, 46:429-436.
27. Shivaprasad HL, Woolcock PR, McFarland MD, Curtis M, Karabatsos N. 2002.
Turlock-like bunyavirus associated with encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in
an ostrich chick. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 14:363-370.
28. Shivaprasad HL and Droual R. 2002. Pathology of an atypical strain of P.
gallinarum in chickens. Avian Pathology, 31:399-406.
29. Stamm LV, Bergen HL, Walker RL. 2002. Molecular typing of papillomatous digital dermatitis
associated Treponema isolates based on analysis of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic
spacer regions. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40:3463-3469. Stott JL, Blanchard MT, Anderson M, Mass J, Walker RL, Kennedy PC, Norman BB, BonDurant RH, Oliver MN, Hanks D, Hall MR. 2002.
Experimental transmission of epizootic bovine abortion (foothill abortion).
Veterinary Microbiology, 88:161-173.
30. Suarez DL, Woolcock PR, Bermudez AJ, Senne D. 2002. Isolation from turkey
breeder hens of a reassortant H1N2 influenza with swine, human and avian lineage
genes. Avian Diseases, 46:111-121.
31. Taduesz FM, and Stanley SD. 2002. Improved sythesis of 13C,2H3- and 2H3-salmeterol
by Cs2CO3-mediated monoalkylation of a primary amine. Journal of Labeled Compounds
and Radiopharmaceuticals, 45:755-762.
32. Tegzes J, Puschner B. 2002. Amanita mushroom poisoning - efficacy of aggressive
treatment in 2 dogs. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:96-99.
33. Tegzes JH, Smarick SD, Puschner B. 2002. Coma and apnea in a dog with hydroxyzine
toxicosis. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 44:24-26.
34. Thurmond MC, Wesley OJ, Munoz-Zanzi CA, Chun-Lung S, Hietala SK. 2002. A
method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies Bayes theorum for use
in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in
cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63:318-325.
35. Turay HO, Caldwell A, Barr BC, Branson KR, Cockrell MKR, Marsh AE. 2002.
Sarcocystis neurona reacting antibodies in Missouri feral domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and their
role as an intermediate host. Parasitology Research, 88:38-43.
36. Van Hoogmoed LM, Harmon FA, Stanley SD, White J, Snyder J. 2002. In vitro investigation
of the interaction between nitric oxide and cyclo-oxygenase activity in the
equine ventral colon smooth muscle. Equine Veterinary Journal, 34:510-515.
37. Walker RL, Read DH, Hayes DC, Nordhausen RW. 2002. Equine abortion associated
with the Borrelia parkeri-B. turicatae tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete
group. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40:1558-1562.
38. Webby RJ, Woolcock PR, Krauss SL, Webster RG. 2002. Reassortment and influenza
transmission of North American H6N2 influenza viruses. Virology, 295:44-53.
39. Woolcock PR, McFarland MD, Lai S and Chin RP. 2002. Enhanced Recovery of
Avian Influenza Virus Isolates using a Combination of Chicken Embryo Inoculation
Methods. Avian Diseases, 45:1030-1035.
40. Zakhartchouk A, Bout A, Woods LW, Lehmkuhl HD, Havenga MJE. 2002. Odocoileus
hemionus deer adenovirus is related to the members of Atadenovirus genus. Archives
of Virology, 147:841-847.
(5)
ACCESSION NO: 0181168 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: CONS-9802281 AGENCY: CSREES CONS
PROJ
TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT PROJ STATUS: EXTENDED
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT
NO: 98-35204-6954
START:
01 DEC 1998 TERM: 31 OCT 2001 GRANT YR: 1998
GRANT
AMT: $180,000
INVESTIGATOR: Sekellick,
M. J.; Marcus, P. I.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY
UNIV OF CONNECTICUT
STORRS, CONNECTICUT 06268
RECOMBINANT CHICKEN INTERFERONS
AS ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
OBJECTIVES: 9802281. Our goal is to develop chicken interferons
singly, or in synergistic mixtures, as novel biological response modifiers for
the prevention or cure of viral diseases. Specific objectives include: (1) Determine
the spectrum and degree of sensitivity of avian viruses of economic and public
health importance to the action of Types I and II recombinant chicken interferons
in vitro, in ovo, and in the chicken, acting singly, and in mixtures that display
synergy; (2) Determine the nature of the heterogeneity in avian influenza virus
sensitivity to recombinant chicken interferon; (3) Determine the antiviral effects
of recombinant chicken interferon administered orally thorugh novel means and/or
intranasally, as an effector of the humoral and mucosal system; and (4) develop
a line of chickens with genetically enhanced sensitivity to the action of interferon.
APPROACH: The recently cloned and expressed genes of Types
I and II chicken interferons will be produced as glycosylated recombinant molecules
in stably transfected COS cells or in E. coli., purified, and tested for their
in vitro, in ovo and in vivo activity against avian viruses of economic importance.
PROGRESS: 2000/01 TO 2000/12
Interferons (IFN) are components of the innate immune system and constitute
the first and immediate line of defense against virus infection. They are produced
rapidly by virus-infected cells, are released into the surrounding milieu within
hours, and act within minutes following binding to specific cellular receptors
on uninfected cells. Subsequent signal transduction and activation of transcription
factors result in the activation of over 100 IFN-stimulated genes. The multiple
intracellular modes of action that result from expression of these IFN-stimulated
genes, and their efficacy against a broad spectrum of virus families, including
those subject to antigenic changes that mute the effectiveness of vaccines,
make IFNs novel biological modifiers worthy of tests to determine the range
of their protective and curative properties. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is
a second biological response modifier of equally formidable activity. This class
of molecules has emerged as singularly important in both the induction and action
phases of the IFN system, and as an activator of many genes capable of producing
multiple effects on cells and the immune system. Interestingly, many viruses
have evolved mechanisms to prevent activation of cellular proteins designed
to sense, and counteract, the presence of dsRNA. These include production of
viral gene products which sequester dsRNA, and small helical RNAs. These molecules
potentially prevent activation of dsRNA-dependent pathways of interferon action,
or block expression of cellular genes activated exclusively by dsRNA that may
contribute to the antiviral state. Not surprisingly, these means have provided
viruses with highly effective mechanisms against IFN action. One of the most
successful of the anti-IFN mechanisms is exemplified by the almost absolute
resistance to the action of IFN displayed by avian reovirus (ARV). This resistance
is attributed to the dsRNA-binding capacity of the sigma alpha core protein.
Thus, dsRNA could be rate limiting in an ARV infected cell providing a means
of preventing the development of an IFN- or dsRNA-mediated antiviral state.
In support of this hypothesis, we have shown that dsRNA added exogenously to
IFN-treated cells in the form of poly(rI):poly(rC) is effective in establishing
in a dose-dependent manner an antiviral state against ARV as well as Newcastle disease virus, another virus that is otherwise highly
resistant to interferon action. In order to abrogate IFN resistance, dsRNA must
be added after, but not before, an IFN-mediated latent antiviral state is established.
The combined sequential treatment with IFN and dsRNA may be useful in overcoming
the anti-IFN activity of viruses of clinical interest, or in other clinical
conditions.
IMPACT: 2000/01 TO 2000/12
The combined sequential application of interferon and double-stranded RNA may
be useful in overcoming the anti-interferon activity of viruses of clinical
interest, and even find relevance in other clinical conditions where interferon
by itself is marginally, if at all, effective.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/01 TO 2000/12
1. Sekellick, M.J., Carra, S.A., Bowman, A., Hopkins, D.A. and Marcus, P.I.
2000. Transient resistance of influenza virus to interferon action attributed
to random multiple packaging and activity of NS genes. Journal of Interferon
and Cytokine Research 20:963-970.
2. Marcus, P.I. and Sekellick, M.J. 2000. Combined action of interferon and
dsRNA enhances antiviral effects. European Cytokine Network 11:186.
(6)
ACCESSION NO: 0007173 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: CONS00122 AGENCY: SAES CONS
PROJ
TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS: EXTENDED
START:
01 AUG 1964 TERM: 30 JUN 2004 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: Van Kruiningen,
H.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
PATHOBIOLOGY
UNIV OF CONNECTICUT
STORRS, CONNECTICUT 06268
PULLORUM DISEASE CONTROL
OBJECTIVES: Pullorum-Typhoid Eradication.
APPROACH: This program involves the serologic testing of 500,000
to 700,000 avian blood samples per year for the presence of Salmonella pullorum
and S. gallinarum. Reacting birds are called to the laboratory for bacteriological
examination. IfS. pullorum or S. gallinarum is isolated, the reacting flock
is retested at 21 day intervals until two successive negative flock tests are
obtained. Control and regulatory action are administered by the Commissioner
of Agriculture through the State Veterinarian.
PROGRESS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
This is a collaborative project with the Connecticut Department of Agriculture.
The purpose is to monitor and diagnose infectious diseases of poultry including
Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella enteritidis, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and synoviae,
Newcastle disease and Avian Influenza. A total of 35,340 agglutination,
plate agglutination and hemagglutination tests were done. These included: 15,174
microtiter tests for S. pullorum (1 positive), 8,177 agglutination tests for
M. gallisepticum (71 positive), 8,366 plate agglutination tests for M. synoviae
(112 positive), 3 for Newcastle disease (O positive) and 3,620 for Avian Influenza
(0 positive).
IMPACT: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
This monitoring program for infectious disease of Connecticut poultry identified several important disease agents,
including Mycoplasma gallisepticum and synoviae.
PUBLICATIONS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
No publications reported this period
(7)
ACCESSION NO: 0086778 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: CONS00541 AGENCY: CSREES CONS
PROJ
TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED MULTISTATE PROJ NO: NE-138
START:
01 OCT 1996 TERM: 30 SEP 2002 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: Khan,
M. I.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
PATHOBIOLOGY
UNIV OF CONNECTICUT
STORRS, CONNECTICUT 06268
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL
OF EMERGING STRAINS OF POULTRY DISEASE RESPIRATORY AGENTS
OBJECTIVES: Develop and evaluate rapid diagnostic capabilities
for the identification of emerging IBV, ILTV, mycoplasmas, and IBDV.
APPROACH: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) specific RT-PCR.
IBV strains Massachusetts (Mass 41), Connecticut (Conn 46), Arkansas (Ark 99), and Delaware variant (072) will be initially grown in chicken embryo kidney cells (CEK),
plaque-purified and characterized by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. The viruses
will then be grown in 10-to-11-day-old chicken embryos, genomic viral RNA isolated
by standard procedures, copied into cDNA by reverse transcription and cloned
into the plasmid pUC18. The screening and identification of IBV specific segments
of the cDNA will be done by cross-hybridization (DNA:RNA) against a panel of
IBV field, and variant strains, and other avian pathogenic viruses of Newcastle disease, avian influenza, infectious laryngotracheitis, reovirus, fowlpox
and infectious bursal disease. Clones containing unique sequences will be selected
as strain-specific probes. Sequence analysis of the cDNA fragments will be performed
in order to identify DNA primers specific for strains of IBV. Efficacy of the
cDNA probes as well as RT-PCR's will be tested for their sensitivities and specificities
in experimental infections. Eight-week-old SPF chickens will be inoculated intratracheally
in IBV strains, Mass, Conn, Ark, and Delaware variant.
PROGRESS: 1996/10 TO 2002/09
Development of recombinant DNA vaccine that expresses S1 of IBV and Immunogenicity
studies A recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) containing a cDNA copy of S1 gene
of IBV (rFPV-S1) was constructed and its immunogenicity and vaccine potential
were evaluated. Initially, rFPV-S1 was shown to express the S1 protein in vitro
by using indirect immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Later,
in vivo expression was demonstrated by the detection of IBV-specific serum IgG
and neutralization antibodies in the sera of chickens immunized with rFPV-S1.
That the recombinant virus elicited anti-IBV protective immunity was indicated
by the manifested, relatively mild clinical signs of disease, decreased titers
of recovered challenge virus, and less severe histological changes of the tracheas
in virulent IBV-challenged chickens previously receiving rFPV-S1 as compared
to parental FPV vaccinated control birds. In contrast, chickens immunized with
either recombinant or parental FPV were resistant to a subsequent, virulent
FPV challenge. As to a preferred method of immunization, wing web inoculation
appeared to be superior to the subcutaneous route since a greater percentage
of birds vaccinated by the former protocol exhibited an anti-IBV humoral immune
response. Thus, rFPV-S1 has potential as a poultry vaccine against both fowlpox
and infectious bronchitis.
IMPACT: 1996/10 TO 2002/09
Impact: 1. Recombinant Fowlpox virus containing S1 gene has potential for a
poultry vaccine against both fowlpox and infectious bronchitis. 2. DNA vaccine
containing whole S gene instead of S1 of IBV in pCMV plasmid vector could provide
better protection against IBV infection.
PUBLICATIONS: 1996/10 TO 2002/09
1. Wang, X., W. M. Schnitzlein, D. N. Tripathy and M. I. Khan.
2002. Construction and immunogenicity studies of recombinant fowlpox containing
the S1 gene of Infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis.46: 831-834.
2. Khan, M. I. 2002. Avian Pathogenic Mycoplasmas. PCR detection of Microbial
Pathogens. Methods in Molecular Biology. eds. J. Frey and K. Sachse. Humana
Press Inc. Totowa, NJ. November, 2002.
(8)
ACCESSION NO: 0406071 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: AP-511 AGENCY: ERS MTED
PROJ
TYPE: USDA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROJ STATUS: NEW
START:
15 OCT 2001 TERM: 31 DEC
2003
INVESTIGATOR: Hahn,
W.; Salin, D.; Harvey, D.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
Economic Research Service
USDA/ERS
1800 M STREET NW
WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 20036
AP SPECIAL TOPICS: THE ECONOMIC
EFFECT OF CHANGES IN SANITARY REGULATIONS ON BROILER TRADE IN THE AMERICAS
OBJECTIVES: Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are impediments
to trade and affect both the flow and the magnitude of trade. Newcastle Disease
(ND) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), included in List A of the
International Organization for Epizootics (OIE) classification of transmissible
animal diseases, are two highly infections diseases that restrict poultry trade.
The END-free status gives the United States an advantage in poultry trade. However, changes in
END status of potential large poultry suppliers could have a major impact in
U.S poultry exports, especially in the high-value white meat. For Instance,
since 1999 Mexico (the sixth world largest broiler importer) has intensify efforts
to gain more END free states and eligibility to export fresh, chilled, and frozen
poultry to the United States. Effective August 1, 2002 Canada recognized Brazils
poultry inspection system. Eight Brazilian states were recognized free of END
by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). Brazil is the second largest
world exporter. The three objectives are (1) Analyze the impact on broiler markets
and trade due to changes in sanitary regulations affecting trade in the Americas;
(2) Measure how broiler prices, production, and trade will change (over the
intermediate/long run) as a result of allowing Mexicos and Brazils END-free
regions to ship poultry to the United States and Canada; and (3) Measure the
sensitivity of these results to alternative estimates of supply and demand elasticities.
APPROACH: Objective 1: Analyze price differentials of poultry
products between the countries in the Americas to determine the potential trade flows between countries.
We will be collecting primary data on the structure of the Mexican broiler marketing
system. Secondary price and quantity data will be collected for all four countries.
Objectives 2 and 3: Production, export, price, and population estimates will
be obtained from the other three countries and added to import data from the
ERS. These will be combined to describe the broiler supply and demand conditions
in the Americas. The U.S.-Mexico broiler trade model will be expanded
to include Canada and Brazil. This model takes a static baseline and replicates
it if there are no policy changes. The policy changes evaluated are changes
in END-free-status for regions in Mexico and Brazil, and the subsequent allowance by APHIS/FSIS for these
END-free regions to ship product to the United States.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: This project evaluates the potential economic impact
of changes in sanitary restrictions on broiler trade in the Americas.
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: Hahn, W.
Phone: 202-694-5175
Email: WHAHN@ers.usda.gov
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ACCESSION NO: 0181427 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: FLA-VME-03777 AGENCY: CSREES FLA
PROJ
TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ STATUS: NEW
START:
04 MAR 1999 TERM: 30 SEP 2003 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: Spalding,
M. G.; Forester, D. J.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA 32610
SURVEILLANCE FOR DISEASES
OF WILDLIFE WHICH ARE TRANSMISSIBLE TO LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY IN FLORIDA
OBJECTIVES: The objectives are to determine the distribution
and prevalance of wildlife diseses that are transmissible to livestock and pountry
in Florida. These diseases include parasitic and infectious diseases such as Newcastle
Disease in double-crested cormrants, eastern equine encephalitis in sandhill
cranes and whooping cranees, mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in songbirds, and fascioloidosis,
haemonchosis, dictyocaulosis, tuberculosis, and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed
deer, and others.
APPROACH: Serologic studies and virus isolations will be conducted
on eggs, nestlings, and adult double-crested cormorants from several colonies
in Florida to identify Newcastle disease virus. Sandhill crane adults and chicks of various ages will be
captured and tested serologially for antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis
(EEE) virus. Sentinel studies will be conducted using pen-reared bobwhites to
determine seasonal transmission of EEE virus. Mosquitoes will be collected,
identified, pooled, and tested for EEE virus. Other species of wildlife including
songbirds and white-tailed deer will be examined to detect mycoplasmal conjunctivitis,
chronic wasting disease and other diseases.
PROGRESS: 2001/10 TO 2002/10
We continue to receive specimens, especially from the Florida Fish and Wildlife
Conservation Commission and monitor them for exposure to eastern equine encephalitis
and West Nile virus. Additional specimens, especially of native
doves had been tested for exposure to pigeon paramyxovirus 1, and virus that
is very similar to Newcastle Disease virus and of concern to the poultry farmers
in Florida.
IMPACT: 2001/10 TO 2002/10
Pigeon paramyxovirus 1, though very similar to Newcastle Disease virus, does
not appear to be virulent in domestic poultry.
PUBLICATIONS: 2001/10 TO 2002/10
1. Forrester, D. J. and M. G. Spalding. 2001. Salmonellosis in a wild turkey
from Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 29(2): 51-53.
2. Spalding, M.G., S.A. Nesbitt, S.T. Schwidert, and R.J. Dusek. 2001. The use
of radio transmitters to monitor survival of sandhill crane chicks. Proc. North
Ammerican Crane Workshop 8: 213-215.
3. Nesbitt, S.A., M.J. Folk, K.A. Sullivan, S.T. Schwikert, and M.G.
Spalding. 2001. An update of the whooping crane release project through June
2001. Proc. N. Am. Crane Worksh. 8: 62-73.
4. Frederick, P. C., M. G. Spalding, and R. Dusek. 2002. Wading birds as bioindicators
of mercury contamination in Florida, USA: Annual and geographic variation. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 21(1): 163-167.
5. Spalding, M. G., C. A. Yowell, D. S. Lindsay, E. C. Greiner, and J. B. Dame.
2002. Sarcocystis meningoencephalitis in a northern gannet (Morus bassanus).
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(2): 432-437.
6. Varela, A., J.M. Kinsella, and M.G. Spalding. 2002. Presence of encysted
immature nematodes in a released whooping crane (Grus americana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32: 523-525.
7. Buergelt, C.D., B.L. Homer, and M.G. Spalding. 2002. Causes of mortality
in the Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi). Annals of the New Your Academy of Sciences 969: 350-353.
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ACCESSION NO: 0178041 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: FLAV-CO-00204
AGENCY: CSREES FLAV
PROJ
TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START:
16 APR 1998 TERM: 30 MAR 2001 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: Romero,
C. H.; Butcher, G. D.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
PATHOBIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA 32610
DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMBINANT
POULTRY VACCINES
OBJECTIVES: To validate existing stocks of recombinant herpes
virus of turkeys (HVT) as to gene content and expression in chicken embryo fibroblasts
(CEFs). To prepare stocks of recombinant HVT and maintain the stocks in liquid
nitrogen for future validation and preparation of vaccine. To develop assays
for identifying and testing gene expression in the recombinant vaccines. To
identify new insertion sites in the HVT genome for cloning of immunogenic genes
obtained from avian viruses of economic impact. To identify genes of avian pathogens
that code for immunogenic proteins that confer disease resistance in vaccinated
chickens. To develop new recombinant vaccines based on HVT as a vector and to
perform potency and protection tests in chickens.
APPROACH: Cultures are prepared from chicken embryos on the
11th day of incubation . Large stocks of primary cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts
(CEFs) are aliquoted and maintained frozen in liquid nitrogen tanks. Only these
cell stocks guaranteed of extraneous viral or bacterial contamination are used
in the validation or development of new assays on recombinant viruses and DNA
molecules. Recombinant and wild-type viral RNA and DNA is extracted from infected
CEFs and purified in order to locate and identify the inserted foreign genes
in the viral genome utilizing reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) amplification. The functionality of these genes is determined utilizing
techniques such as Western blots, immunoprecipitation and enzymatic assays.
New genomic insertion sites are found by cloning viral fragments in bacterial
plasmids and by looking for unique restriction sites in these fragments. Then,
by a process of homologous recombination in CEFs utilizing infectious HVT DNA
and recombinant plasmid DNA recombinant viruses are screened for as proof of
the non-essentiality of the insertion site. Genes of avian pathogens known to
code for immunogenic proteins are then generated by PCR or RT-PCR and tested
for protein expression before being cloned into the HVT vector or eukaryotic
expression vectors.
PROGRESS: 1998/04 TO 2001/03
Specific-pathogen-free chickens injected with 200ug of naked DNA molecules expressing
the glycoprotein B of serotypes 1 and 3 of Marek's disease virus and the MEQ
protein were not protected from challenge with the virulent RB-1B strain. The
chicken interferon gamma and interleukin-2 genes have been amplified and cloned
in order to test them as immunological adjuvants when administered with DNA
molecules that express Marek's disease virus genes. The capsid protein VP2 of
infectious bursal disease virus has been re-created and injected into chickens
in order to evaluate its expression in vivo and its fate and distribution in
lymphod tissues. Final transfer vectors for generating recombinant vaccines
based on the herpes virus of turkeys and the Rispens strain of Marek's disease
virus are now constructed and being tested in transfection experiments. Assays
based on the RT-PCR have been developed in order to test the transcription of
foreign genes expressed from recombinant vaccines based on the herpes virus
of turkeys. These assays test for the transcription of the full gB,gC and gD
genes of serotypes 1, 2 and 3 of Marek's disease virus. Similarly, primers have
been developed for the differential amplification of the complete gB, gC and
gD genes of serotypes 1, 2 and 3 of Marek's disease virus. Restriction fragment
polymorphism of the DNA products with selected enzymes add to the specificity
of the assay. Several non-essential regions in the genome of the herpes virus
of turkeys and the Rispens strain have been cloned and characterized. The nucleotide
and deduced amino acid sequence of turkey interleukin-2 has been determined.
Restriction analysis of genomic DNA extracted from fowl poxvirus vaccines and
from two fowl poxvirus recombinants used by the poultry industry in the United States allows for the differentiation of mild from hotter
strains. Similarly, restriction analysis of DNA and probing of recombinant fowl
poxvirus vaccines against Newcastle disease from different commercial sources allows for the distinction between
these vaccines.
IMPACT: 1998/04 TO 2001/03
The ability to generate functionally active genes of avian pathogens has been
established. The RT-PCR technique can be used for the validation and testing
of recombinant vaccines.
PUBLICATIONS: 1998/04 TO 2001/03
1. ROMERO,C.H. and CHUNG,H.Y. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of classical
and recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines used by the poultry industry in the USA. XII International Poxvirus Symposium, June 6-10, 1998. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, USA.
2. ROMERO,C.H. and CHUNG,H.Y. Amplification and restriction analysis of a highly
conserved gene of Marek's disease virus to differentiate starins of serotypes
1,2 and 3. American Association of Avian Pathologists Meeting, July 25-29,
1998. Baltimore, Maryland,
USA.
3. ROMERO, C.H., Cai, X., Elyar, J.S. and Evans, K. Cloning, sequence, and expression
of turkey interleukin-2. Avian Diseases, 2000 (submitted).
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ACCESSION NO: 0400221 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: 6612-32000-019-00D
AGENCY: ARS 6612
PROJ
TYPE: USDA INHOUSE
PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START:
09 APR 1996 TERM: 08 APR 2001 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: TUMPEY
T; MITCHELL B W; HOLT P S; SWAYNE D E
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
STIMULATION OF MUCOSAL IMMUNITY
IN CHICKENS TO PROTECT AGAINST ENTERIC AND RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the development of local humoral immune response
at mucosal surfaces in chickens and compare this response with systemic immunity.
Develop vaccines for mucosal immunity against intestinal and respiratory pathogens
in poultry and diagnostic tests that will predict effectiveness. Determine the
mechanisms for generation of airborne pathogens. Develop controls to improve
poultry health and enhance mucosal vaccine effectiveness by reducing airborne
pathgens and dust.
APPROACH: Birds will be orally infected with salmonella enteritidis
(SE) and serum and intestinal anti-SE antibody levels will be ascertained over
time. The birds will be re-infected to determine the development of serum and
intestinal immunological memory. Immune recognition of different components
of SE in serum and the intestinal tract will be compared. The protective role
of serum and mucosal antibodies will be ascertained by passive administration
of antibodies to naive birds and following the progression of the infection.
The development of immunity in the intestinal tract will be dilineated by immunoassay
of intestinal contents and elispot analysis of purified lamina propria lymphocytes.
Dust and bacterial counts will be measured in hatching cabinets and other poultry
production areas. Dust reduction techniques studied will include lowering air
velocity and using an electrostatic space charge with a grounded collection
system. Experiments will be conducted to characterize airborne transmission
of SE and to explore treatments for reducing it.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
PROTECT AGAINST ENTERIC AND RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS 1. What major problem or issue
is being resolved and how are you resolving it? The poultry industry is still
threatened by avian influenza virus (AIV) and can result in substantial economic
losses. Although the incidence of highly virulent AI strains are relatively
rare, less pathogenic strains often circulate through chicken and turkey flocks
and are responsible for significant morbidity, mortality and production losses
throughout the world. Current parenteral vaccines and vaccine technologies provide
protection against clinical signs and death from highly pathogenic AI virus
challenge. However, prevention of highly and mildly pathogenic AI virus replication
at mucosal sites is inconsistent and thus limits vaccines in preventing transmission.
This is thought to be due in part to the observation that systemic vaccination
is a poor inducer of mucosal immunity and therefore organisms can invade the
host before the systemic immunity can impede the infection. Because AIV invade
the mucosal surfaces, emphasis should be placed on vaccines that induce strong
mucosal immunity. Thus, the main objective of this CRIS will be to develop mucosal
vaccines for controlling AI in poultry and to characterize the immune effectors
mediating vaccine protection. The development of new vaccine approaches for
controlling such emerging or reemerging pathogens can be of great importance
to the profitability of the poultry industry. In addition, effective mucosal
vaccine strategies developed for AI will enable scientists to develop vaccine
approaches for controlling other respiratory or gastrointestinal pathogens that
affect poultry. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? It has been
estimated that the next outbreak of a highly pathogenic AIV such as the 1983
outbreak in Pennsylvania will have an economic impact of up to $120 million to the poultry industries.
Furthermore, the H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 has shown us that avian
influenza subtypes, which were not thought to infect humans, are able to cross
species barrier and cause disease to humans. During this outbreak, domestic
chickens served as an intermediate host for the transmission of H5N1 virus from
wild aquatic birds to humans. This realization has further strengthened the
search for new and improved vaccines to protect against highly pathogenic AIV.
Successful completion of experiments outlined in this CRIS could provide the
next generation of vaccines capable of neutralizing these pathogens at the mucosal
surfaces. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)?
National Program 103, Animal Health (100%) Vaccine Strategies, which prevent
the initiation and dissemination of the organism within flocks, fit well with
the animal health research component on Disease Control Strategies. 4. What
were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant
Accomplishment during FY 2000 year. The overall objective is the development
of new vaccine approaches for controlling AI in poultry and to characterize
the immune effectors mediating vaccine protection. This work at Southeast Poultry
Research Laboratory identified a mucosal route of vaccination that results in
protection against lethal AI virus challenge. This was done for purposes of
improving the mucosal immune response(s) to AI in chickens. The specific accomplishment
was the determination of significant antiviral antibody response that was detected
after intratracheal vaccine administration via ELISA. This information will
be used to develop efficacious vaccines for stimulating protective immunity
against AI and possibly other respiratory pathogens that affect poultry. B.
Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any. Research was also conducted to
characterize the immune responses to mucosal vaccination and develop improved
methods for identifying cells and antibody harvested from mucosal sites. This
work at Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory led to the development of a ELISPOT
assay to detect specific antibody secreting cells in the spleen and other tissues.
Relatively high levels of IgG, and lower IgA secreting cells were detected from
chickens vaccinated by the intratracheal or subcutaneous route. This work is
crucial for the identification of immune effectors mediating protection and
might suggest ways of maximizing such responses for poultry. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted
or actual impact. This project was redirected to avian influenza vaccine development
during FY2000. The Salmonella vaccine development that preceded this work has
laid a foundation for commencing mucosal vaccine studies with AIV. These accomplishments
include; (1) improved biological reagents needed to measure IgG and IgA antibody
responses in chickens and turkeys, (2) identification of mucosal adjuvants that
improve protection of killed vaccines in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry.
(3) identification of alternative routes of vaccine administration for the induction
of optimal immune responses. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year,
over the next 3 years? The development of mucosal vaccines in poultry will continue
through FY2004. This process will include development and testing of novel mucosal
vaccines and directly comparing them to traditional parenteral AI virus vaccines.
Our research will continue to determine the optimal route of mucosal vaccination
and test the inclusion of mucosal adjuvants and immunomodulators to a vaccine
formula in an attempt to improve the quality of the immune response. The vaccines
that have been prepared for this study include inactivated whole virus vaccines
and subunit vaccines. New vaccine technologies will also be included to test
protective immunity against AIV in chickens and turkeys. We will also examine
whether these vaccines can be adapted for in ovo vaccination protocols. For
FY2003 we will then characterize the antibody and cellular immune responses
in various locations of the respiratory and intestinal tract of vaccinated animals.
7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When
is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user
(industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to
the adoption & durability of the technology product? No activities were
reported. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press (no
abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written
about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications
which are listed below) No news articles or trade publications were reported.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. Chaubal,L.H., Holt,P.S. Characterization of motility and identification of
flagella proteins in the avian pathogen Salmonella pullorum. American Journal
of Veterinary Research. 2000. v.60.p.1322-1327.
2. Katz,J.M., Lu,X., Frace,M. Morken,T., Zaki,S.R., Tumpey,T.M. Pathogenesis
of and Immunity to Avian Influenza A H5 viruses. Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy.
2000. v.54.p.178-187.
3. Tumpey,T.M., Lu,X., Morken,T., Zaki,S.R., Katz,J.M. Depletion of lymphocytes
and diminished cytokine production in mice infected with a highly virulent influenza
A virus isolated from humans. Journal of Virology. 2000. v.73.p.6105-6116.
4. Tumpey,T.M., Renshaw,M., Clements,J., Katz,J.M. Mucosal delivery of inactivated
influenza vaccine induces B cell dependent heterosubtypic protection against
a lethal influenza A H5N1 virus. Journal of Virology. 2001. v.75.p.5141-5150.
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ACCESSION NO: 0402463 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: 6612-32000-021-00D AGENCY: ARS 6612
PROJ
TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START: 12 OCT 1998 TERM: 11 OCT 2003 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: KING D
J; SEAL B S; VACANT; KAPCZYNSKI D R; SWAYNE D E; MITCHELL B W
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
VIRULENCE DETERMINANTS IMPORTANT
TO PATHOGENESIS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AND AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS
OBJECTIVES: Molecular and biological characterization of new
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian pneumovirus (APV) isolates
for molecular epidemiology critical in tracking outbreaks and resolution of
issues that impact international trade. Identification and further characterization
of determinants important to avian paramyxovirus pathogenesis. Development of
improved control strategies, including vaccination and diagnostics based on
data from prior objectives. Determine the reservoirs & sources of APV.
APPROACH: Acquisition of new NDV and APV isolates from poultry
oubtreaks in the U.S. and other countries and surveys of North American
wild bird populations. Biological and molecular properties of isolates will
be compared with those acquired in prior years for virulence and epidemiologic
determinations. Antigenic characterization will be accomplished using monoclonal
and polyclonal antibodies. Gene sequences of isolates will be identified by
automated sequencing of DNA prepared from RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase
chain reaction or from cloned DNA prepared from purified RNA. Isolates with
sequences typical of virulent strains, but with low virulence for chickens will
be passaged in chickens to select or adapt strains for virulence. NDV persistence
after clinical recovery will be assessed. APV vaccines will be developed and
evaluated for the ability to protect turkeys. Athens, GA, SEPRL; Main Lab & Bldg. 1 BL-2; Bldg 34 BL-3;
1/07/99.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it?
Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease of poultry and a
worldwide problem first recognized in the U.S. in the 1930s. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also identified as avian paramyxovirus
type 1 (APMV-1), infects all known wild and domestic bird species. Different
NDV strains vary in virulence and produce differing clinical forms of the disease
that range from high mortality to mild or inapparent respiratory infections.
The mild form is the predominant one seen in the U.S. Avian pneumovirus (APV)
infections of turkeys in the U.S., in contrast to ND, are of recent concern. APV was
isolated from commercial turkeys in Colorado in 1996. The disease was reported in the United Kingdom in 1985 and prior to 1996 the disease was exotic
to North America. The virus causes a mild, but rapidly spreading,
upper respiratory disease and adverse effect on weight gain and feed conversion.
Secondary bacterial infections increase the severity of the disease. The initial
diagnosis of the disease in the U.S. was delayed because the U.S. isolate was of a different subtype than had been
isolated elsewhere and serological assays to detect the new subtype were not
available. Research to resolve the problem includes characterization of new
isolates, determining their virulence, and developing control strategies, including
vaccination and diagnostics. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?
The U.S. is free of virulent or exotic ND by successfully eradicating infections
when they have occurred, most recently in 1998. Exotic ND is a reportable disease
and its presence in commercial poultry will result in embargoes of poultry export
from the effected country, a critical event for a major poultry exporter like
the U.S. The threat of exposure of commercial poultry to virulent virus is constant
and from several sources. It can be tracked from countries such as Mexico where the disease is indigenous, from the site of
periodic ND outbreaks in migrating cormorants as occurred in 1992, 1997, and
1998 in the U.S., and from virus detected in smuggled birds or birds held in quarantine
which has occurred in most years since the mid-1970s . Infections of commercial
poultry with APMV-1 strains of low virulence also have economic impact due to
reduced productivity from respiratory disease and reduced rate of weight gain.
APV infections continue to cause productivity losses in turkeys in the Upper Midwest particularly in the state of Minnesota. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s)
and National Component(s)? The project contributes to National Program 103,
Animal Health (100 percent). The research characterizes emergent domestic and
exotic NDV and APV. The molecular and biological characterization of new virus
isolates, the development of improved identification methods, and studies of
the pathogenesis of those isolates are relevant to the Pathogen Detection and
Diagnostics, the Microbial Genomics, and Mechanism of Disease components of
the plan. The characterization of the immune response and development of improved
vaccines are relevant to the Animal Immunology and the Strategies to Control
Infectious and Non-Infectious Disease components of the plan. 4. What were the
most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Most significant accomplishment.
Existing diagnostic tests for APV were ineffective. Scientists on the project
cloned the gene for the matrix protein of APV and collaborated with investigators
at the University of Minnesota in development of a diagnostic test for APV antibodies. The test employs
protein produced in a bacterial system from the cloned matrix gene as a target
to capture antibodies in serum of infected turkeys. Preliminary tests of turkey
serum from experimentally infected birds and field cases demonstrated high specificity
of the new test. The problem of false positive reactions in the standard test
were eliminated with the new test. B. Other significant accomplishments. The
passage of domestic NDV isolates from birds species other than commercial poultry
was evaluated as a method of identifying the risk of those isolates for poultry.
One virus of moderate virulence initially became highly virulent after passage
and demonstrated the potential risk of NDV infections of other birds for poultry.
Existing APV diagnostic tests do not work in bird species other than chickens
and turkeys. An additional APV serological method (competitive ELISA) was developed
for testing serum of multiple bird species in ongoing surveillance studies.
This test overcomes the limitations of previous tests that were designed for
use in a single species, a severe limitation for surveillance studies. Effective
vaccines against APV have limited protective ability. An inactivated APV vaccine
was produced and limited protective immunity in turkeys was evaluated. This
suggests that current technologies for producing killed APV vaccines will not
be effective in producing an effective vaccine for control. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted
or actual impact. The APV Colorado isolate (APV/CO) was the first U.S. isolate of APV and was previously found by sequence
analysis of the virus genome to be a unique virus relative to the European APV
types A and B strains. A mild disease was produced in turkeys inoculated with
APV/CO and virus was recovered from the nasal cavity up to 5 days post-infection.
Antiserum from the infected turkeys neutralized APV/CO and the Types A and B
viruses from Europe but antisera against Types A and B did not neutralize APV/CO.
Low and moderate virulence NDV strains are not known to cause overt disease
but probes to identify virus genome in tissues of infected birds detected virus
in heart muscle and air sac membranes of birds infected with those viruses.
The lesions may predispose individuals to secondary infections and decreased
meat and egg production even in the absence of obvious disease. Nucleotide sequence
analysis of a low virulence NDV isolate from a live bird market in the Northeastern U.S. identified the virus as similar to isolates from other countries thought
to be exotic to the U.S. Project scientists have continued to refine diagnostic
tests utilizing nucleic acid amplification and sequencing for prediction of
virulence of NDV isolates and for NDV epidemiology. Project scientists demonstrated
that SPF white leghorns should be used for NDV pathogenicity evaluations because
they are more susceptible to clinical disease and mortality than white rocks.
6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? Characterization
of new domestic and exotic NDV and APV isolates to identify the diversity and
risk of those isolates to poultry will continue through FY2006. Surveillance
of wild bird populations in the Midwestern and Southeastern regions of the United States to obtain virus isolates of NDV and APV will continue
through FY2003 and characterization of those isolates will continue through
FY2005. A serological survey to detect birds positive to APV will also continue
through FY2003. Identification of reservoirs of virus infections of wild birds
that pose a risk to commercial poultry is the purpose of the surveillance studies.
Antibodies specific to different proteins of NDV and APV will be prepared in
FY2002 and will be evaluated as diagnostic reagents in virus characterization
studies and as an adjunct to pathogenesis studies through FY2004. Pathogenesis
studies, to identify tissue targets and virulence, of APV and NDV isolates will
continue in chickens and turkeys through FY2006 for the purpose of identifying
virulence markers that will lead to improved diagnostic test methods. Experimental
models to test protective immunity against NDV and APV with newly formulated
vaccines will be assessed by FY2003. The role of antibody and cell mediated
immune response to NDV and APV in vaccinated and naive birds will be evaluated
during the protective immunity studies and studies focusing on specific components
of those responses will extend through FY2006. 7. What science and/or technologies
have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely
to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What
are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology
product? Incumbent scientists on the project collaborated with investigators
at the University of Minnesota in development of recombinant antigen in a diagnostic for serological
identification of antibodies to avian pneumovirus. The test has been evaluated
with serum from experimental infected turkeys and from field cases and was shown
to have high specificity and eliminated the problems of false positives in the
standard test. Transfer of current findings to other scientists and diagnosticians
will continue by publication of research results and via direct communication
through correspondence and short term laboratory visits. 8. List your most important
publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific
organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace
your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below) King,D.J.,Seal,B.S.
Current understanding of molecular correlates of virulence in Newcastle Disease
Virus. International Hatchery Practice. 2000. v.14(7)(Suppl.):Vaccination at
work in commercial broilers, p. 10-11. Gulati,B.R., Cameron,K.T., Seal,B.S.,
Goyal,S.M., Halvorson,D.A., Njenga, M.K. Development of a more sensitive and
specific ELISA for detecting avian pneumovirus antibodies. Gobbles. 2000.v.57.p.16-18.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. Cameron,K., Zhang,X., Seal,B., Rodriguez,M., Njenga,M.K. Antigens to viral
capsid and non-capsid proteins are present in brain tissues and antibodies in
sera of Theiler's virus-infected mice. Journal of Virological Methods. 2001.v.91.p.11-19.
2. Gulati,B.R., Cameron,K.T., Seal,B.S., Goyal,S.M., Halvorson,D.A., Njenga,M.K.
Development of highly sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
based on recombinant matrix protein for detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000.v.38. p.4010-4014.
3. Kapczynski,D.R., Koci,M., Kelley,L., Schultz-Cherry,S. Use of in vitro expressed
capsid protein from turkey astrovirus to protect poults from PEMS-associated
disease. Program of the Fifth International Congress of Veterinary Virology,
Brescia, Italy. August, 2000.(Abstract)
4. Kapczynski, D.R.,Smith, C. Immune response of turkeys following intranasal
vaccination with BPL-inactivated avian pneumovirus and live-virus challenge.
Program of the American Association of Avian Pathologists at the American Veterinary
Medical Association annual meeting. Boston, MA. July 14-18, 2001.(Abstract)
5. King,D.J. Efficacy of vaccine in protection against velogenic Newcastle Disease
(ND). Proceedings of the United Animal Health Association.2000. p.591-593.
6. King,D.J.,Swayne,D.E. Newcastle disease update: International ND problems.
Proceedings of the United Animal Health Association. 2000. p. 593-596.
7. King,D.J. Selection of Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus from Reference and Vaccine Strains.
Avian Diseases. 2001.v.45.p.512-516.
8. King,D.J., Kommers,G.D., Brown,C.C., Seal,B.S. Virulence of pigeon Newcastle disease virus isolates for chickens. Proceedings
of the Fiftieth Western Poultry Disease Conference. 2001.p.15-16.
9. Kommers,G.D., King,D.J., Seal,B.S., Brown,C.C. Pathogenesis of five different
pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus for domestic chickens. Veterinary Pathology.
2000.v.37(5).p.546(Abstract No.94).
10. Locke,D.P., Sellers,H.S., Crawford,J.M., Schultz-Cherry,S., King,D.J., Meinersmann,R.J.,Seal,B.S.
Newcastle disease virus phosphoprotein gene analysis and transcriptional editing
in avian cells. Virus Research.2000. v.69.p.55-68.
11. Seal,B.S., Sellers,H.S. Avian paramyxoviruses evolve independently of their
mammalian counterparts and deserve a genus designation among the subfamily Paramyxovirinae
in the family Paramyxoviridae. Program of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society
for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Athens, GA. July,7-10, 2001.(Abstract)
12. Seal,B.S. Molecular evolution of Newcastle disease virus and the application of molecular diagnostics.
Program of the Respiratory Diseases of Poultry Symposium, American Association
of Avian Pathologists at the American Veterianry Medical Association Annual
Meeting in Boston, MA. July 14-18, 2001.(Abstract)
13. Seal,B.S. Avian Pneumoviruses and Emergence of a New Type in the United States. Animal Health Research Reviews.2000.v.1.p.67-72.
14. Seal,B.S., King,D.J. Newcastle Disease Virus. Available from: http://www.els.net Encyclopedia of Life
Sciences[2000].
15. Sellers,H.S., Schultz-Cherry,S., Brown,C.C., Seal,B.S., King,D.J. Induction
of apoptosis by Newcastle disease virus. Program of the Fifth International Congress of Veterinary
Virology, Brescia, Italy. August,2000.(Abstract).
16. Suarez,D.L., Swayne,D.E., King,D.J. The ongoing threat of avian influenza
and Newcastle disease to the U.S. poultry industry. Proceedings of the Fiftieth Western
Poultry Disease Conference.2001.p.1-7.
17. Swayne,D.E., Suarez,D.L., King,D.J. Avian influenza (AI) and velogenic Newcastle disease (VND) update. Proceedings of 35th National
Meeting of Poultry Health and Processing.2000.p.37-45.
(13)
ACCESSION NO: 0401966 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: 6612-32000-021-01T AGENCY: ARS 6612
TYPE: PROJ USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START:
01 SEP 1998 TERM: 11 FEB 2001 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: SEAL B
S
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
CONSTRUCTION OF A NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS MINI-GENOME
OBJECTIVES: Newcastle disease continues to pose a threat to U.S. poultry production with continued outbreaks worldwide
reported by the Office of International Epizootes. Evidence from our laboratory
demonstrates these agents are evolving so they are becoming more distantly related
from current live-virus vaccines. The overall goal is to use reverse genetics
of NDV to develop rescue systems for the creation of genetically engineered
infectious viral clones.
APPROACH: Since NDV genomic RNA is minus-sense and therefore
noninfectious, several cloned proteins must be expressed along with a positive
sense anti-genomic RNA. The nucleoprotein (NP), phosphoprotein (P) and the polymerase
(L) are currently being cloned into expression vectors. A NDV mini-genome that
contains the NP, P and L genes with the appropriate leader and trailer sequences
will be constructed. A reporter gene will be inserted between the P and L genes.
The NDV mini-genome will be coexpressed with viral NP, P and L genes and monitored
for expression of the reporter gene to validate a functional NDV rescue system.
Athens, Georgia - Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Building
4, B/L-3; 01/07/99. Scientists & technicians associated with project: Bruce Seal and
Joyce Bennett.
PROGRESS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it?
2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? 3. How does it relate to
the National Program(s) and National Component(s)? 4. What were the most significant
accomplishments this past year? D. Progress report. This report serves to document
research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and the
U.S. Poultry and Egg Association. Additional details of research can be found
in the report for the parent project 6612-32000-021-00D Paramyxovirus Infections
of Poultry. Complete nucleotide sequencing of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
vaccine strain B1 is necessary to understand pathogenesis and develop NDV as
a vaccine vector. Using nucleotide sequencing and mapping techniques, the full-length
genomic sequence of the NDV vaccine strain B1 was determine. The sequence has
been published in Genbank for use by all scientists. 5. Describe the major accomplishments
over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact. 6.
What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 7. What
science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science
and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer,
other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption &
durability of the technology product? 8. List your most important publications
in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations
and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed
publications which are listed below) Sellers, H.S. and Seal, B.S. The full-length
genomic sequence of NDV strain B1. GenBank accession number NC002617.
PUBLICATIONS: 2000/10 TO 2001/09
None.
(14)
ACCESSION NO: 0404751 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: 6612-32000-028-00D AGENCY: ARS 6612
PROJ
TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START:
07 APR 2001 TERM: 31 JAN 2003 FY: 2001
INVESTIGATOR: TUMPEY
T; SWAYNE D E; VACANT; SUAREZ D L; MITCHELL B W
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
STIMULATION OF MUCOSAL IMMUNITY
IN CHICKENS TO PROTECT AGAINST ENTERIC AND RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS
OBJECTIVES: Examine the development of local humoral immune response
at mucosal surfaces in chickens and compare this response with systemic immunity.
Develop vaccines for mucosal immunity against intestinal and respiratory pathogens
in poultry and diagnostic tests that will predict effectiveness. Determine the
mechanisms for generation of airborne pathogens.
APPROACH: The protective role of serum and mucosal antibodies
will be ascertained by passive administration of antibodies to naive birds and
following the progression of the infection. The development of immunity in the
intestinal tract will be dilineated by immunoassay of intestinal contents and
elispot analysis of purified lamina propria lymphocytes.
(15)
ACCESSION NO: 0405248 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: 6612-32000-038-00D AGENCY: ARS 6612
PROJ
TYPE: USDA INHOUSE PROJ STATUS: NEW
START:
15 NOV 2001 TERM: 14 NOV 2006
INVESTIGATOR: KING D
J; KAPCZYNSKI D R; SEAL B S; VACANT; SWAYNE D E; MITCHELL B W
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30613
IDENTIFICATION OF VIRULENCE
DETERMINANTS, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS, ...AVIAN PARAMYXOVIRUSES
OBJECTIVES: 1. Characterization of emergent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian pneumovirus (APV) isolates
to extend the capabilities for molecular epidemiology of the most important
avian paramyxovirus (APMV) infections. 2. Further characterization of determinants
important to APMV pathogenesis. 3. Development of improved control strategies,
including vaccination, diagnostics and identification of NDV and APV reservoirs.
APPROACH: NDV and APV isolates will be acquired from outbreaks
and from surveys of North American wild bird populations. Wild waterfowl will
be surveyed for APV specific antibodies. Antigenic differentiation with monoclonal
and polyclonal antibodies and nucleotide sequence analysis of NDV and APV genes
will provide molecular characterization and epidemiologic determinations. Virulence,
persistence, and pathogenesis will be evaluated by inoculation of chickens or
turkeys. Sequence analysis in combination with results from pathogenesis studies
of isolates or infectious clones rescued from cloned NDV will provide the basis
for identification of virulence markers useful for diagnostic development. Immunity
to APV and NDV infections and newly developed live, inactivated and subunit
vaccines will be assayed for both antibody mediated and cellular immune responses.
Serum and mucosal antibody will be quantitated and isotype determined. Cytokine
regulators of the immune response will be assayed. BSL-2 and BSL-3Ag, 8/10/01.
(16)
ACCESSION NO: 0189393 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: GEOV-0456 AGENCY: CSREES GEOV
PROJ
TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH
PROJ
STATUS: NEW
START:
01 OCT 2001 TERM: 30 SEP 2004 FY: 2002
INVESTIGATOR: Sellers,
H. S.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
COLLEGE OF VET MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
110 RIVERBEND ROAD
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30602
DETECTION, ISOLATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN VIRUSES
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this proposal are to provide diagnostic
virology services for the U.S. poultry industry, conduct applied research on current
avian disease isolates from the field, and improve detection and isolation methods
for monitoring avian viruses. In addition to classical virus isolation techniques
currently used in the diagnostic virology laboratory, we will incorporate molecular-based
assays, which will have major benefits to the diagnostic laboratory. First,
it will reduce the total number of SPF embryos required for diagnostic services,
as they can sometimes be difficult to obtain and second, it will result decrease
expenses incurred for the embryos, which have increased in price by approximately
44% since last year. Existing methods of viral detection and isolation will
be improved with the addition of a repository of fluorescent-labeled antibodies
for direct/indirect detection of viral antigens. Continued research on diagnostic
applications will improve turn-around time, accuracy and client satisfaction.
Specific research projects will involve all major avian viruses in collaboration
with the clinicians, faculty, and students at PDRC, as dictated by field situations.
APPROACH: Objectives. The following objectives are broad as
this project is long-term and continuing flexibility is needed to adjust for
new situations in the field. To provide diagnostic virology services in an accurate
and reliable manner for the U.S. poultry industry Improve methods of detection
and monitoring of avian viruses Apply new monoclonal antibodies (Mab) as they
become available to diagnostic cases (i.e. monoclonal antibodies to IBDV, J.
Rosenberger) Utilize fluorescent (FITC)-labeled antibodies for direct detection
of viral antigen, as in recent subclinical Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
cases Apply PCR and nucleic acid probe technology for diagnostic applications
(i.e. real-time PCR utilizing the light cycler) Maintain contacts and working
relationships with other research and diagnostic facilities for the exchange
of data and reagents Conduct applied research on current avian virus diseases
isolated from the field in collaboration with clinicians, faculty, students
at PDRC and other poultry professionals in the field
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Despite rigorous vaccination in commercial poultry,
avian viruses continue to cause problems resulting in production losses for
the poultry industry. This project provides methods for detection, isolation
and characterization of avian viruses.
PROGRESS: 2001/10 TO 2002/09
The mission of the diagnostic virology laboratory is to provide accurate and
timely diagnostic virology services for the U.S. poultry industry, conduct applied research on current
avian disease isolates from the field, and improve detection and isolation methods
for monitoring avian viruses. During 2001-2002, the diagnostic virology lab
processed 578 cases and isolated 687 viruses. This past year virus isolation
for avian leukosis was added as a full-time service. Six hundred and forty six
whole blood samples were submitted for leukosis isolation and subsequent antigen
capture ELISA. Several new molecular-based assays have been incorporated. PCR
is now available in a multiplex format for enteric coronaviruses and astroviruses.
We are currently evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of this assay directly
from field samples. In addition, an RT-PCR is available for Reoviruses. Our
goal is to enhance our diagnostic offerings for enteric viruses of poultry.
A live avian adenovirus vaccine (serotype 8) is currently being evaluated both
pathologically and serologically in its ability to protect against inclusion
body hepatitis caused by different serotypes of adenoviruses that were isolated
over the past two years. Recent outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis have been
classified as serotype 11 adenovirus. During the past year (fall 2000-present)
we have gathered evidence that a mild infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV)
is circulating in broiler flocks in the southeast. The condition is characterized
by mild tracheitis, swollen sinuses and conjunctivitis with no mortality and
minimal serological response. We are investigating the spread of the disease
in broilers, evaluation of laboratory isolation and diagnostic procedures, and
farm clean-out.
IMPACT: 2001/10 TO 2002/09
Improved methods of virus detection and isolation will expedite control measures
used in the field to control and in some cases eradicate viral diseases. An
emphasis has been placed on molecular diagnostics in the past year and as a
result the time required for positive identification has been minimized thus
providing much needed information in less time.
PUBLICATIONS: 2001/10 TO 2002/09
Kapczynski, D.R., H.S. Sellers, V. Simmons, S. Schultz-Cherry. Sequence analysis
of the S3 gene from a turkey reovirus. Accepted to Virus Genes 2/2002.
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: Sellers, H. S.
Phone: 706-542-5647
Fax: 706-542-5630
Email: hsellers@arches.uga.edu
URL: http://www.avian.uga.edu
(17)
ACCESSION NO: 0194953 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: GEOV-0466 AGENCY: CSREES GEOV
PROJ
TYPE: SPECIAL GRANT PROJ STATUS: NEW
CONTRACT/GRANT/AGREEMENT
NO: 2002-30001-12128 PROPOSAL NO: 2002-04435
START:
15 JUN 2002 TERM: 14 JUN 2004 GRANT YR: 2002
GRANT
AMT: $2,000,000
INVESTIGATOR: Prasse,
K. W.; Dickerson, H. W.; Miller, D. M.; Glisson, J. R.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
COLLEGE OF VET MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
110 RIVERBEND ROAD
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30602
CORE ANIMAL DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY
OBJECTIVES: Principle objective is to develop a regional capability
to accurately and rapidly diagnose eight specific foreign animal diseases. Secondly,
to establish a secure communications network with the other designated laboratories
so that data may be shared throughout the network and with federal authorities.
APPROACH: Personnel will be trained in diagnostic procedures
in eight foreign animal diseases. New equipment will be purchased to perform
the diagnostic tests to detect the eight diseases. Developing a computerized
reporting system in collaboration with 11 other states for reporting foreign
animal diseases.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: There is a critical need for a national animal health
reporting system to detect and report foreign animal diseases. This project
will contribute to the development of a network of detecting and reporting foreign
animal diseases nationwide.
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: Miller, D. M.
Phone: 706-542-5568
Fax: 706-542-5977
Email: miller@vet.uga.edu
(18)
ACCESSION NO: 0152351 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: IND073055V AGENCY: CSREES IND
PROJ
TYPE: ANIMAL HEALTH PROJ STATUS: TERMINATED
START:
15 DEC 1995 TERM: 30 DEC 1998 FY: 1999
INVESTIGATOR: Guo, P.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
MICROBIOL PATHOLOGY & PUB HLTH
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 47907
CONSTRUCTION OF ATTENUATED
RECOMBINANT AVIAN INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS VACCINES
OBJECTIVES: Our long term objective is to develop a polyvalent
vaccine which is both effective in stimulating a high level of mucosal immunity
against several avian respiratory tract infections, and is easy to administer,
such as via aerosal spray to facilitate vaccination on large-flock chicken farms.
Our short term goal of this proposal is to construct recombinant avian infectious
laryngotracheitis viruses (ILTV) expressing the Fusion (F) glycoprotein of Newcastle
disease virus (NDV) and the hemagglutinin (HA) of avian influenza virus (AIV),
individually or in combination. Expression of the non-ILTV proteins will be
monitored, and pathogenicity, immunogenicity and stability of the recombinant
viruses will be tested by in vivo experiments.
APPROACH: Genes coding for the F protein of NDV and HA protein
of AIV will be cloned by PCR after reverse transcription. The genes will be
introduced into the ILTV genome via homologous recombination using marker genes
for selection. Expression of the foreign genes will be monitored by immunofluorescence
and western blot. Vaccination experiments will be performed to determine the
minimum dose for 100% protection against NDV, AIV, and ILTV; stability of the
recombinant viruses will be tested through in vivo passaging. Pathogenicity
of the recombinant ILT viruses will be assessed symptomatically as well as by
screening for tracheal lesions. The best route of vaccination to stimulate mucosal
immunity will be determined by administration of the recombinant ILT-HA virus
via different inoculation routes.
PROGRESS: 1995/12 TO 2000/09
Our research has recently identified an hepatoma cell line for the cultivation
of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), elucidated the assembly pathway
of this pathogen, constructed three dual viral promoters simultaneously recognized
by both mammalian and E. coli cells, documented the transactivation of the early
SV40 promoter by ILTV co-infection, developed a simple procedure for ILT diagnosis
and constructed recombinant ILTV with pathogenic gene deletion and foreign gene
insertion. The recombinant ILTV will be used as a vector to develop a polyvalent
vaccine for mucosal immunity against multiple avian respiratory tract infections.
PUBLICATIONS: 1995/12 TO 2000/09
1. Guo, P., E.Scholz, B.Maloney, and E.Welniak. 1994. Construction of recombinant
avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus expressing bata-gal gene and DNA sequencing
of insertion region. Virology 202:771-781.
2. Scholz, E., R. E. Porter, and P. Guo. 1994. Differential diagnosis of infectious
laryngotracheitis from other avian respiratory disease by a simplified PCR procedure.
J Virol Meth. 50:313-322.
3. Guo,P., E.Scholz, J.Turek, R.Nordgren, and B.Maloney. 1993. Assembly pathway
of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Am J Vet Res 54:2031-2039.
4. Scholz, E., C. L. Zhang, and P. Guo. 1993. Transactivation of the early SV40
promoter by avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus in avian hepatoma cells.
J Virol Meth 45:291-301.
5. Scholz,E., E.Welniak, T.Nyholm, and P.Guo. 1993. An avian hepatoma cell line
for cultivation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus and for expression of
foreign genes with mammalian promotor. J Virol Meth 43:273-286.
6. Scholz, E. and P. Guo. 1995. Construction of Recombinant Avian Infectious
Laryngotracheitis Virus with TK Gene disrupted by Bata-gal Coding Sequence.
In Imm Viral Inf. Proc. 3rd Intl Cong Vet. Virol, 379-384..
7. Huang, Q., Y. Mat-Arip and P. Guo. 1997. Sequencing of a 5.5-kb DNA fragment
and identification of a gene for a subunit of helicase/primase complex of avian
laryngotracheitis virus. Virus Gene 15:(2): 119-121.
(19)
ACCESSION NO: 0184128 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ
NO: IOW03599 AGENCY: CSREES IOW
PROJ
TYPE: HATCH PROJ STATUS: NEW MULTISTATE PROJ NO: NC-228
START:
01 OCT 1999 TERM: 30 SEP 2004 FY: 2002
INVESTIGATOR: Reynolds,
D. L.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY MEDICINE
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
AMES, IOWA 50011
AVIAN RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
PATHOGENESIS, SURVEILLANCE, DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL
OBJECTIVES: Objective #1. Determine the pathogenesis and interactions
of specific agents. Objective #2. Surveillance, occurrence and consequences
of agents and hosts on disease susceptibility. Objective #3. Develop new and
improved methods for the diagnosis, prevention and control of avian respiratory
diseases.
APPROACH: Iowa will contribute to those studies concerning avian
pneumovirus. Iowa will develop rapid diagnostics, explore new vaccination methods and study
the pathogenesis of avian pneumoviruses. This will be done by employing molecular
techniques and nonconventional vaccination methods and by exploring the role
of passive immunity.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Respiratory diseases afflicting poultry in modern
commercial production operations are complex entities. Numerous factors including
infectious agents, non-infectious agents and environmental factors may contribute
to the disease complex. The purpose of this project is to have a significant
impact on the diagnosis, control and prevention of poultry respiratory diseases.
PROGRESS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
A study was initiated to evaluate biosecurity related to composting of large
amounts of animal carcasses. In order to achieve a large amount of animal tissue,
cattle carcasses were used. Twelve cattle carcasses averaging approximately
1,000 lbs. each, were delivered to the research site. The carcasses were placed
into three 20-ft long windrow segments (constructed end-to-end to produce a
single 60-ft long windrow). Each segment utilized one of three different cover
materials (silage, ground cornstalks, finished yard waste compost). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) were used
to evaluate the degree of bio-containment provided by composting. Twenty dozen
10-day-old embryonating chicken eggs were inoculated with NDV vaccine strain.
Similarly, 20 dozen 6-day-old embryonating chicken eggs were inoculated with
AE vaccine strain. The carcasses placed into the composting windrows were contaminated
with these eggs prior to covering so as to simulate composting of diseased animals
and contaminated bedding and feed. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chickens were
used as sentinels to evaluate the bio-containment provided by composting. These
birds were housed under SPF conditions prior to the beginning of the study.
Twenty-four of the 12-week-old chickens were wing banded, sampled (blood) and
transferred to the project site one day after the construction of the windrows.
Four chickens were placed in each of six cages surrounding the composting windrow.
Blood samples were collected from each bird following transport to the field
research site, at the end of weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8. All serum samples have
been tested for specific NDV and AE antibodies. The hemagglutination-Inhibition
(HI) test is done for NDV. All samples from the sentinel poultry have tested
negative for NDV. The same NDV and AE vaccines were used to test the ability
of the composting system to inactivate pathogenic viruses found within diseased
animal carcasses. Twenty-four vials and 12 cassettes were prepared from each
virus. Eight cryogenic vials and 4 dialysis cassettes were inserted in each
test section of the windrow. The vials are retrieved at day 1, the end of weeks
1,2,3,4, and 6 (remaining two vials to be retrieved at the end of weeks 8 and
10). The dialysis cassettes were collected at the end of weeks 1, 2, 3, and
4 from corn stalk and silage piles test segments. Cassettes that had been buried
in the yard waste could not be recovered due to unanticipated plugging of the
access port. These will be removed at the end of the biosecurity evaluation
for the initial trial. Embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with material
from the recovered samples (10 eggs used for each sample). Test results are
pending at this time.
IMPACT: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
The findings indicate that composting may be a safe and environmental feasible
way to dispose of massive amounts of animal carcasses that may occur in such
catastrophic disease events as avian influenza, foot and mouth disease, etc.
PUBLICATIONS: 2002/01 TO 2002/12
No publications reported this period
PROJECT CONTACT:
Name: Good, C.
Phone: 515-294-4544
Fax: 515-294-2909
Email: cgood@iastate.edu
(20)
ACCESSION NO: 0181438 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJ NO: IOWV-400-63-17
AGENCY: CSVM IOWV
PROJ TYPE: STATE PROJ STATUS:
TERMINATED
START:
01 MAY 1998 TERM: 31 DEC
1998 FY: 1999
INVESTIGATOR: Reynolds,
D. L.
PERFORMING INSTITUTION:
VETERINARY MEDICINE
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
S. AND 16TH ELWOOD
AMES, IOWA 50011
STUDIES ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINATION IN TURKEYS
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this project is to assess a new
recombinant vaccine for use in turkeys for the treatment of Newcastle disease. This vaccine is a fowlpox virus that expresses
some Newcastle disease virus proteins. It has been proven efficacious for both
fowlpox and Newcastle disease control in chickens. We are exploring the potential of using this
vaccine to control Newcastle disease in turkeys. This product offers some potential advantages over
conventional vaccines by decreasing the vaccine reaction in vaccinated birds
and thus lessening the potential of precipitating respiratory disease complications
post-vaccination
APPROACH: Some poults will be vaccinated with rFP/NDV at the
hatchery. Vaccination of these poults will be by subcutaneous injection. Some
poults will be vaccinated orally at 3 weeks of age. Blood samples will be collected
by the medial wing vein method. Birds will be challenged with Texas GB strain
of velogenic Newcastle disease virus by the intramuscular route. Following challenge, 5 birds
per group (20 in all) will be tracheal swabbed using cotton-tipped applicators.
Protection and efficacy will be assessed by challenge results, tracheal viral
shedding of the challenge virus and seroconversion using HI titers.
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Newcastle disease in turkeys. This project will assess a new
recombinant vaccine for use in turkeys for the treatment of
