BST - Bovine Growth Hormone Animal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library

Compiled By:
Jean Larson
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

Search Strategy

 1. S (bovine? or cattle or caw? or dairy) and (growth(f)hormone? 
 or somatotropin? or
 somatomedin? or bst or bgh)
 
 2. S PY1991:PY1994
 
 3. S S1 and S2 
 

 1                                              NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
 The 3'-flanking sequence of the bovine growth hormone gene contains novel
 elements required for efficient and accurate polyadenylation.
 Goodwin, E.C.; Rottman, F.M.
 Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1992
 Aug15.
 The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (23): p. 16330-16334; 1992 Aug15.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Structural genes; Exons; Nucleotide
 sequences; Genetic regulation
 
 Abstract:  In addition to the conserved AAUAAA hexanucleotide, GU- and U-rich
 sequences in the 3'-flanking region are thought to be critical for efficient
 polyadenylation. The 3'-flanking sequence requirements for efficient and
 accurate polyadenylation of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene were
 determined by quantitative S1 nuclease analysis of transcripts derived from
 various BGH 3' deletions and block mutations transiently transfected into
 COS-1 cells. Though the BGH 3'-flanking sequence contains a portion of the
 putative GU efficiency element, we find that mutation of this element leads to
 a marginal decrease in efficiency similar to that from mutation of other
 sequences that do not contain recognizable GU- or U-rich motifs. The data are
 consistent with a diffuse efficiency element in the BGH polyadenylation signal
 rather than a discrete element as is thought to exist in other mammalian
 signals. We have also determined that a region from 18 to 27 nucleotides
 downstream of the cleavage site contains sequences required for correctly
 positioning the cleavage site.
 
 
 2                                            NAL Call. No.: QP501.B642
 The ability of bovine mammary tissue to synthesize lipids for 96 h when
 cocultured with liver and adipose tissue.Ô
 
 lishÔ
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary tissue; Adipose tissue; Liver; Explants;
 Tissue culture; Acetates; Phospholipids; Triacylglycerols; Fatty acids;
 Biosynthesis; Somatotropin; Models
 
 Ô
 Abomasal infusion of casein enhances nitrogen retention in
 somatotropin-treated steers.
 Houseknecht, K.L.; Bauman, D.E.; Fox, D.G.; Smith, D.F.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Aug.
 The Journal of nutrition v. 122 (8): p. 1717-1725; 1992 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Steers; Somatotropin; Abomasum; Infusion; Casein; Nitrogen;
 Retention; Protein requirement; Immunoglobulins; Growth
 
 Abstract:  The effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) administration and
 abomasal protein infusion on nitrogen metabolism were investigated using four
 abomasally-cannulated Holstein steers in a 4 X 4 Latin square design.
 Treatments were factorially arranged to include daily abomasal infusion (water
 or casein, 0.9 g/kg body wt) and daily bST injection (0 or 200 mug/kg body
 wt). Each treatment period lasted for 23 d and consisted of an adjustment
 period (d 1 to 7), casein infusion (d 8 to 23) and bST treatment (d 10 to 23).
 Nitrogen metabolism and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) profiles
 were characterized on d 16-22. Animals were fed a total mixed diet balanced to
 achieve 0.75 kg gain/d and supplemented to provide 115% of requirements for
 crude protein and minerals. Nitrogen retention was increased by casein and bST
 individually (21 and 33%, respectively) or in combination (75%). Somatotropin
 treatment increased the biological value of absorbed N, which was consistent
 with reductions in plasma urea nitrogen. Circulating IGF-I was increased by
 bST and was highly correlated (r = 0.73) with N retention. Overall, bST
 altered requirements so that less absorbed N was required per unit of N
 retained. However, results also demonstrated that because of limitations in
 amino acids supplied from microbial and ruminal escape protein in young
 growing cattle, amino acid supply may limit the magnitude of N retention
 response to bST under many situations.
 
 
 4                                                NAL Call. No.: A00109
 Action alert! Urge FDA to label milk from BGH-injected cows.
 Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the National Wildlife
 Federation; 1991 Oct.
 The gene exchange v. 2 (3): p. 10; 1991 Oct.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Public opinion
 
 Ô
 Actions of bovine somtotropin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes
 in cattle.
 Elvinger, F.; Hansen, P.J.; Head, H.H.; Natzke, R.P.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2145-2152; 1991 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Granulocytes; Lymphocytes; Heifers;
 Phagocytosis; Heat resistance; Temperature; Plane of nutrition; Growth rate;
 Mitosis; Mitogens
 
 Abstract:  Objectives were to determine 1) in vitro effects of bST on function
 of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes and 2) in vivo effects of bST
 on leukocyte function of heifers fed to maintain medium or high growth rates.
 When administered in vitro, bST did not affect function of polymorphonuclear
 leukocytes. [Methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation by resting lymphocytes was
 stimulated by 1000 ng/ml bST. When given in vitro, bST did not further enhance
 [methyl-3h]thymidine uptake by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes cultured at 38.5
 degrees C but reduced the depression of mitogen-stimulated proliferation
 caused by incubating cells at 42 degrees C. When bST was administered in vivo,
 phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli by polymorphonuclear leukocytes
 from bST-treated heifers were not different from cells of control heifers. As
 measured by [methyl-3h]thymidine uptake after stimulation with
 phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes from bST-treated heifers responded similarly
 to those of control heifers when incubated at 38.5 degrees C, but the
 depression in [methyl-3H]thymidine uptake due to culture at 42 degrees C was
 less for lymphocytes obtained from bST-treated heifers. In conclusion, bST had
 little effect on function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes but could promote
 proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and protect cells from effects of
 elevated temperature.
 
 
 6                                             NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Analysis of somatic cell count data by a peak evaluation algorithm to
 determine inflammation events.
 Elvinger, F.; Littell, R.C.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3396-3406; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Cell counting; Somatotropin;Ô
 
 Abstract:  Increases in SCC are an expression of inflammation events in the
 udder. Inflammation events are sporadic, of variable amplitude and duration,
 and can be analyzed by computer programs designed to evaluate pulses of
 hormone secretion. Baseline values for SCC, which take into account long-term
 trends, were calculated using the PUL-SAR peak evaluation algorithm. An
 inflammation event was defined as an increase of log2(SCC) of at least 1 unit
 from the preceding data point if the observed value exceeded the baseline
 value by a threshold value. Incidence rate, duration, and amplitude of
 inflammation events were calculated. Weekly composite milk SCC from individual
 cows from two Florida dairy farms were recorded. Data were analyzed for
 effects of season (summer and fall) and bST in two separate data sets.
 Incidence rate of inflammation events was higher in summer than in fall (4.31
 and 2.91 events per cow X year). In one of two data sets only, duration of
 inflammation events was longer in cows treated with bST (2.4 +/- .2 vs. 1.6
 +/- .2 wk). In contrast, least squares analysis of variance of log2(SCC) did
 not detect differences due to season or bST. The use of the peak evaluation
 algorithm led to the detection of seasonal and bST effects on inflammation
 events in cows.
 
 
 7                                              NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Androgens modulate growth hormone-releasing factor-induced GH release from
 bovine anterior pituitary cells in static culture.
 Hassan, H.A.; Merkel, R.A.; Enright, W.J.; Tucker, H.A.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul.
 Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 209-218; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Steers; Heifers; Pituitary; Cell culture; Somatotropin;
 Somatoliberin; Androgens
 
 
 8                                             NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Application of type I and II errors in dairy farm management decision making.
 Galligan, D.T.; Chalupa, W.; Ramberg, C.F. Jr
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 902-910; 1991 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Decision making; Errors; Sodium bicarbonate;Ô
 
 Abstract:  The economic costs of type I and type II errors associated with
 decisions regarding the use of sodium bicarbonate and bST on dairy farms were
 calculated. Data from published experiments were used to estimate the mean and
 SD in production responses and associated changes in DM intake. The frequency
 distribution of the production response and the expected monetary value of
 type I error (using a product when it is unprofitable) and type II error (not
 using a product when it is profitable) were calculated. Supplemental sodium
 bicarbonate ($.05/cow per d) and bST ($.40/cow per d) were used as sample
 decision problems. Milk was valued at $.28/kg, and feed was priced at $.15/kg.
 Based on 12 reports, cows supplemented with .75% sodium bicarbonate in ration
 DM produced an additional 1.43 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 1.13) and consumed .36
 kg/d more feed type I error costs were $.02/d, whereas type II error costs
 were $.32/d. From 16 reports, cows supplemented daily with 10 to 15 mg/d of
 bST produced an additional 3.9 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 2.1) and consumed .6
 kg/d more feed. Type I error costs were $.03/d, whereas type II error costs
 were $.66/d. Because type II error costs were greater than type I error costs,
 the economic decision favored the use of sodium bicarbonate or bST or both.
 Type II error cost was greater than type I for both, products when DM cost was
 varied from $.064 to .239/kg and milk price was varied from $.145 to $.429/kg.
 
 
 9                                             NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
 Applications of size exculsion chromatography with low-angle laser light
 scattering detection to proteins, including somatotropins.
 Severdia, A.G.; Strohl, G.K.; Fox, O.F.; Iyer, K.S.
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p. 337-341; 1992 Feb.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Animal health; Drug formulations; Molecular weight; Proteins;
 Somatotropin; Chromatography; Lasers
 
 Abstract:  Size exclusion chromatography with low-angle laser light scattering
 detection (SEC/LALLS) has been applied to the separation and characterization
 of a number of proteins as a function of molecular weight using different SEC
 columns and elution buffers. The use of a LALLS detector in conjunction with a
 concentration detector eliminated the need for calibration of the SEC column.
 Data acquisition and analysis were under computer control. The technique has
 been demonstrated to determine molecular weights for a variety of proteins,
 including natural bovine and natural porcine somatotropins. The LALLS detector
 combined with an SEC column was effective in determining an accurate molecular
 weight even under conditions when the SEC columns' separation was not strictlyÔ
 dimers and higher order aggregates, i.e., samples which may arise in protein
 stability and formulation studies, will be discussed.
 
 
 10                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Applied dynamics of dairy replacement growth and management.
 Hoffman, P.C.; Funk, D.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2504-2516; 1992 Sep.  Literature
 review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cows; Growth rate; Replacement; Age at first
 calving; Milk yield; Dystocia; Mammary glands; Somatotropin; Literature
 reviews
 
 Abstract:  The applied objective of rearing dairy replacement heifers is to
 minimize investment inputs while maximizing profitable outputs. To reduce
 inputs one fundamental methodology is to reduce rearing time. Research efforts
 to reduce the age at first calving below 22 to 24 mo have generally resulted
 in reduced milk yield. Research suggests that reductions in milk yield may be
 the result of high energy planes of nutrition, employed to reduce calving age,
 on mammary parenchyma tissue development. This research is vital to an
 understanding of the effects of growth and development on the output potential
 of the replacement heifer, but it is not the only consideration in applied
 management. Other management factors, such as feed efficiency, dystocia,
 calving weight, and economics, also have a large influence on the
 decision-making process in management schemes for replacement heifers. When
 management schemes are developed, all of these factors must be taken into
 account, but at present, the interrelationships of management factors are
 poorly understood. As a consequence, only modest progress has been made in
 dairy replacement heifer management programs over the last three decades.
 Making positive changes for the future requires creative thought,
 investigations of new concepts, and application of those concepts by
 innovative producers in a management program that results in acceptable
 performance and profitability.
 
 
 11                                            NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
 Assessment of thermal status of somatotropin-injected lactating Holstein cows
 maintained under controlled-laboratory thermoneutral, hot and cold
 environments.
 Manalu, W.; Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.Z.; Becker, B.A.; Collier, R.J.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1991 Dec.Ô
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovidae; Injection; Somatotropin; Temperature; Heat
 production; Heat loss
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments, with a single-reversal design and 12 cows per
 experiment, were conducted to study the effects of somatotropin on thermal
 status of lactating cows under laboratory thermoneutral (18 to 22 degrees C,
 30-50% relative humidity), hot (24-35 degrees C, 30-50% relative humidity) and
 cold (-5 - +5 degrees C, 50-55% relative humidity) conditions. Throughout the
 experiment six cows were injected with somatotropin (25 mg/d) and six with
 sodium bicarbonate. All injections were started the first day of the 30-d
 natural environmental period (22-35 degrees C and 41-97% relative humidity for
 summer experiment, and -5 - +5 degrees C and 4-25% relative humidity for
 winter experiment) before the cows were exposed alternatively to laboratory
 thermoneutral and hot or cold environments. The somatotropin-treated cows had
 higher energy intake (13 and 17%), heat production (19 and 25%), heat loss (36
 and 24%) and milk energy (40 and 49%), than control cows under thermoneutral
 and hot conditions, respectively. The somatotropin-treated cows had higher
 heat production (18 and 10%), respiratory heat loss (27 and 17%) and milk
 energy (14 and 25%) than control cows under thermoneutral and cold conditions,
 respectively. The increased heat production associated with somatotropin was
 accompanied by increased heat losses. Part of the increased heat production
 was attributed to the increased milk energy and energy intake. These results
 suggest that increased heat production during somatotropin treatment was
 within the range that could be dissipated by the cows.
 
 
 12                                      NAL Call. No.: HD1955.S7 Nr.29
 Auswirkungen von Erzeuger- und Verbraucherreaktionen in der EG beim Einsatz
 von gentechnologisch hergestelltem Bovinem Somatotropin (BST) in der
 Milchproduktion / von Rudiger Meimberg, Heinrich Wurzbacher  [Effects of
 producer and consumer reactions in the EG by the use of genetically engineered
 manufactured bovine somatotropin (BST) in milk production].
 Meimberg, Rudiger
 Munchen : IFO-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung,; 1992.
 viii, 241 p. ; 21 cm. (Ifo Studien zur Agrarwirtschaft, 29).  Includes
 bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  German
 
 
 13                                           NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393Ô
 Stark, M.
 Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar.
 Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 13; 1991 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Developing countries; Cattle; Somatotropin; Biotechnology; Milk
 production; Milk products
 
 
 14                                           NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393
 Biotechnology & milk: Benefit or threat?.
 Hansen, M.K.
 Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar.
 Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 1-5; 1991 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Biotechnology; Milk production
 
 
 15                                         NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
 Biotechnology financing for 1991 already tops $1 billion.
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr08.
 Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr08.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety;
 European communities; Usda; Regulations
 
 
 16                                             NAL Call. No.: QH301.F3
 Body composition of animals treated with partitioning agents: implications for
 human health.
 Bergen, W.G.; Merkel, R.A.
 Bethesda, Md. : The Federation; 1991 Nov.
 The FASEB journal : offical publication of the Federation of American
 Societies for Experimental Biology v. 5 (14): p. 2951-2957; 1991 Nov.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Beta-adrenergic agonists; Somatotropin; Lipid metabolism;
 Protein metabolism; Animal products; Body composition; Dietary fat; Meat;Ô
 
 
 17                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Body composition of dairy cows according to lactation stage, somatotropin
 treatment, and concentrate supplementation.
 Chilliard, Y.; Cisse, M.; Lefaivre, R.; Remond, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3103-3116; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Body composition; Somatotropin; Lactation stage; Body
 fat; Body protein; Body condition; Concentrates; Energy intake; Milk yield;
 Body weight; Grazing
 
 Abstract:  Body weight, condition score, deuteriated water dilution space,
 estimated body lipids and proteins, and calculated energy and protein balances
 were determined in 24 multiparous Holstein cows at wk 1, 20, and 39 after
 parturition. Cows received two levels of energy concentrate (high and low
 groups) from wk 3. The objective was to estimate changes in body composition
 as affected by stage of lactation, concentrate level, and bST administration
 or placebo from wk 9 in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Cows from high and low
 energy groups lost 25 and 35 kg of body lipids and 3.3 and .5 kg of body
 proteins, respectively, during the first 7 wk of lactation. During the end of
 the winter period (wk 8 to 20), control and bST-injected cows lost 8.5 and
 21.1 kg of body lipids, respectively. During the grazing period (wk 20 to 39),
 bST-injected cows gained more BW (34 kg), water (36 kg), and estimated
 proteins (5.8 kg) and lost more condition score (-.2 units) and estimated
 lipids (-11.5 kg) than controls. Using data from control periods, it was
 calculated that 1 unit change in body condition score corresponded to changes
 of 35 to 44 kg in BW (corrected for estimated gut content variation), 21 to 29
 kg in body lipids, and 200 to 300 Mcal in body energy. One kilogram of
 corrected BW change corresponded to a change of 4.3 or 5.5 to 5.9 Mcal in body
 energy when calculated from cumulative energy balances or body components,
 respectively.
 
 
 18                                            NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
 Bovine growth hormone found safe for use.
 Hileman, B.
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May13.
 Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (19): p. 7-8; 1991 May13.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 impact; Dairy farming; Genetic engineering
 
 
 19                                           NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535
 Bovine somatotropin.
 Lean, I.J.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Baldwin, R.L.
 Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Mar.
 The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 8 (1): p.
 147-163; 1992 Mar.  In the series analytic: Applied pharmacology and
 therapeutics II / edited by Kenneth W. Hinchcliff and Antoinette D. Jernigan.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Physiological functions; Insulin-like
 growth factor; Effects; Milk production
 
 
 20                                   NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3B68 1992
 Bovine somatotropin and emerging issues an assessment.
 Hallberg, M. C.
 Boulder : Westview Press,; 1992.
 xvii, 324 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. (Westview special studies in agriculture science
 and policy).  Includes bibliographical references and index.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Dairy farming; Dairy products; Animal
 biotechnology
 
 
 21                                           NAL Call. No.: 389.8 N953
 Bovine somatotropin and the safety of cows' milk: National Institutes of
 Health Technology Assessment Conference statement.
 Grumbach, M.M.; Bier, D.M.; Blumenthal, H.; Clark, J. Jr; Dunkley, W.L.; Gray,
 G.M.; Hintz, R.L.; Hutton, N.E.; Knobil, E.; Lippe, B.
 New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag New York Inc; 1991 Aug.
 Nutrition reviews v. 49 (8): p. 227-232; 1991 Aug.  Paper presented at the
 "National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference," December
 5-7, 1990, Bethesda.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Conferences; Food safety; Toxicity; Adverse
 effects; Residues; Beef; Nutritive value; Human milk; ComparisonsÔ
 
 22                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technolgoy.
 Bauman, D.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3432-3451; 1992 Dec.  Literature
 review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage effects; Literature
 reviews; Milk composition; Production costs; Lactation; Economic impact
 
 Abstract:  One of the first potential biotechnology products for animal
 production is bST. Research in the technology of bST has involved scientists
 and support from federal agencies, universities, and private industry. As a
 consequence of this extensive cooperation, more than 1000 bST studies have
 been conducted, which involved over 20,000 dairy cows, and results have been
 confirmed by scientists throughout the world. This quantity of published
 research is unprecedented for a new technology and greater than most dairy
 technologies in use. In contrast to steroids, bST is a protein hormone. Milk
 yield and persistency responses to bST have been observed for all dairy breeds
 examined. Quality of management is the major factor affecting magnitude of
 milk response to bST. The mechanism of action of bST involves a series of
 orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients
 can be used for milk synthesis. it is these coordinated changes that allow the
 arrival to achieve an increased milk yield while remaining normal and healthy.
 Bioenergetic studies demonstrated that bST-supplemented animals are not
 stressed. Similarly, there are no adverse health effects from bST even under
 poor management conditions. Composition of milk (fat, protein, lactose,
 cholesterol, minerals, and vitamins) is not substantially altered when bST is
 used and does not differ in manufacturing characteristics. Public perception
 is of paramount importance bST or any new technology is to be effectively
 implemented. New technology must be understood and perceived as safe and
 beneficial both by farmers, who would utilize it, and consumers, who would
 purchase the dairy products. With bST use, a unit of milk is produced with
 less feed and protein supplement and with a reduction in animal excreta
 (manure, urine, and methane). Nationally, the use of bST simply reinforces,
 but does not fundamentally change, dairy industry trends of increased milk
 yield per cow, reduced number of cows, and decl
 
 
 23                                          NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7398
 Bovine somatotropin safety and effectiveness: an industry perspective.
 Hecht, D.W.
 Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists; 1991 Apr.Ô
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Food technology; Somatotropin; Food safety; Food quality;
 Regulations; Biotechnology; Food processing
 
 Abstract:  The end goal of technology, when applied to agriculture, is to
 improve the efficiency of food production or to enhance the quality of our
 food. That is the goal of bovine somatotropin (BST), one of the first major
 products of biotechnology being developed for the food industry. This article
 will discuss (1) how BST came into being and the impact it will have on the
 food industry; (2) whether it is safe; (3) reasons some people oppose it; (4)
 regulatory and consumer perception implications; and (5) public benefits.
 
 
 24                                               NAL Call. No.: A00067
 BST and CAP don't rhyme.
 Paris, France : Biofutur S.A.; 1992 Jan20.
 European biotechnology newsletter (127): p. 3-4; 1992 Jan20.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Belgium; Somatotropin; Milk production; Economic impact; Cap;
 Regulation
 
 
 25                                           NAL Call. No.: HD1751.C45
 bST & milk: benefit or bane?.
 McGuirk, A.M.; Kaiser, H.M.
 Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economic Association; 1991.
 Choices : the magazine of food, farm and resource issues v. 6 (1): p. 20-21,
 24-26; 1991.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: New York; Virginia; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Economic impact;
 Innovation adoption; Dairy industry; Supply balance; Food safety; Consumer
 surveys
 
 
 26                                             NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
 bST & the EEC: politics vs. science.
 Vandaele, W.
 New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb.Ô
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Recombinant  DNA; Genetic engineering;
 Milk production; Milk; Food safety; Food and nutrition controversies; European
 communities; Ec regulations
 
 
 27                                          NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
 BST, TMR, trade, consumers shape future dairy industry.
 Schiek, W.A.; Dillon, W.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Aug03.
 Feedstuffs v. 64 (32): p. 16-17; 1992 Aug03.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Demand; Dairy technology; Innovation
 adoption; Agricultural policy; Trade policy; Trends; Environmental protection;
 Population growth; Food safety; Consumer preferences
 
 
 28                                          NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4
 bST to play critical role in dairy industry.
 Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture
 Program, Education Center; 1991 Sep.
 Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 8;
 1991 Sep.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Food safety
 
 
 29                                            NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3
 BST-bovine growth hormone--January 1987-January 1992.
 Larson, J.A.
 Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 Mar.
 Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National
 Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-30): 89 p.; 1992 Mar.  Updates QB 91-75.
 Bibliography.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Bovidae; Bibliographies
 Ô
 BST-bovine somatotropin/growth hormone--January 1986-December 1990.
 Larson, J.A.
 Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Apr.
 Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National
 Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-75): 34 p.; 1991 Apr.  Updates QB 90-16.
 Bibliography.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bovidae; Somatotropin; Bibliographies
 
 
 31                                               NAL Call. No.: S1.S68
 Cell culture from lung tissue of transgenic rabbit-producer of bovine growth
 hormone.
 Musienko, M.I.; Makarevich, A.V.; Ernst, L.K.; Gol'dman, I.L.; D'yakonov,
 L.P.; Strel'chenko, N.S.; Semenova, V.A.; Smirnov, O.K.; Matveev, V.A.
 New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1991.
 Soviet agricultural sciences (1): p. 33-36; 1991.  Translated from:
 Vsesoiuznaia akademiia sel'skokhoziaistvennykh nauk. Doklady, (1), 1991, p.
 32-35. (20 AK1).  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English; Russian
 
 Descriptors: Rabbits; Transgenics; Lungs; Animal tissues; Cell culture;
 Bovidae; Somatotropin; Transfer; Biotechnology; Genetic engineering
 
 
 32                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
 Changes in concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin and growth
 hormone in bovine mammary gland secretion ante and post partum.
 Einspanier, R.; Schams, D.
 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1991 May.
 Journal of dairy research v. 58 (2): p. 171-178; 1991 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Insulin-like growth factor; Mammary glands;
 Secretions; Prepartum period; Postpartum period; Dry period; Insulin;
 Somatotropin; Ph; Binding; Proteins; Colostrum; Milk
 
 
 33                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Changes in hormones, metabolites, and milk after treatment with sometriboveÔ
 cows.
 Schams, D.; Graf, F.; Meyer, J.; Graule, B.; Mauthner, M.; Wollny, C.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1583-1592; 1991 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dual purpose cattle; Breed differences;
 Controlled release; Blood plasma; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin; Milk
 yield; Fatty acids; Milk composition; Body weight; Lactation stage
 
 Abstract:  Twelve second-lactation Deutsches Fleckvieh cows, (FV, a
 dual-purpose breed) and 12 German Black and White (BW, a dairy breed) were
 used to evaluate similarities and differences in the response to a
 prolonged-release formulation of sometribove (N-methionyl bovine somatotropin,
 bST). Cows were milked twice daily and fed a basic diet (70% corn silage, 30%
 alfalfa hay) ad libitum plus 1 kg of concentrate. Additionally, concentrates
 and supplements were offered at the rate of 1 kg for each 2.2 kg of milk
 produced above 12 kg/d. Six cows of each breed were treated s.c. with 500 mg
 of sometribove at 14-d intervals from wk 9 to 29 postpartum (pp). Blood was
 collected by jugular vein puncture once weekly from wk 7 to 33 pp and daily
 for 14 d after the first and last (llth) injection of bST. Somatotropin (ST),
 insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, thyroid hormones, nonesterified
 fatty acids (NEFA), liver enzymes, and blood metabolites were evaluated.
 During bST treatment, plasma ST increased significantly on d 7 in both breed
 and then decreased on d 14 after injection. Plasma IGF-I was positively
 correlated with ST. Plasma NEFA were high on d 7 and decreased on d 14. In
 response to bST, the average milk yield increased for FV and BW cows by 5.1
 kg/d (29.7%) and 5.0 kg/d (28%), respectively, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM)
 increased by 5.0 kg/d (28%) and 5.3 kg/d (19.9%), respectively. Milk content
 of fat, protein, lactose, number of somatic cells, and body weight were
 similar across treatments. No difference in health or reproductive problems
 were observed between control and bST-treated cows. Results of the study
 demonstrate that bST is equally effective in improving milk yield in
 dual-purpose and dairy breeds of cows.
 
 
 34                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Changes in metabolites, metabolic hormones, and luteinizing hormone before
 puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers.
 Jones, E.J.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Apr.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1607-1615; 1991 Apr.  Includes
 references.Ô
 
 Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Prepubertal females; Lh; Breed differences;
 Insulin; Metabolites; Puberty; Blood serum; Fatty acids; Insulin-like growth
 factor; Somatotropin; Age differences
 
 Abstract:  We determined changes in insulin, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA),
 growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and LH before
 puberty in Angus, Braford, Charolais, and Simmental heifers. Our primary
 objective was to identify metabolites and metabolic hormones that serve as
 metabolic cues for onset of puberty. Angus (n = 12), Braford (n = 7),
 Charolais (n = 9), and Simmental (n = 7) heifers were assigned at weaning (289
 +/- 25 d of age; 264 +/- 23 kg) to open-sided pens with slotted floors, and
 they were fed a corn silage-concentrate diet formulated to provide gains of
 .91 kg/d. Puberty was defined as the 1st d (d 0) that serum progesterone
 (determined in blood samples collected at weekly intervals) exceeded 1 ng/ml.
 Blood samples were collected before and after feeding at 15-min intervals for
 8 h at 21-d intervals before puberty in a subsample of heifers (at least five
 per breed). Angus and Simmental heifers weighed less and were younger (P <
 .05) at puberty than Charolais and Braford heifers. Serum FFA before feeding
 and frequency of LH release increased (P < .05) from d -40 +/- 3 to d -17 +/-
 3 in all breeds. Conversely, concentrations of insulin were greater (P < .05)
 at -40 than at -17 d from puberty in Angus, but not in Braford, Charolais, or
 Simmental heifers. Frequency of GH release was greater at d -40 than at d -17
 in Angus heifers; however, in Braford and Charolais heifers frequency of GH
 release was greater at d -17 than at d -40. Concentrations of IGF-I (measured
 every 2 wk) increased linearly (P < .07) from d -56 to 0 from puberty in Angus
 but not in other breeds. In conclusion, frequency of LH release and
 concentrations of FFA increased before puberty in all breeds; however,
 consistent changes in other metabolites and hormones were observed only in
 Angus heifers.
 
 
 35                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Characteristics of somatotropin and prolactin profiles in young dairy sires
 before and after a 72-hour fast during different seasons.
 Kazmer, G.W.; Canfield, R.W.; Bean, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 503-507; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Ai bulls; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Prolactin;
 Breeding value; Fasting; Seasonal fluctuations; Computer software; Prediction;
 SiresÔ
 AI sires at 20-min intervals for an 8-h period before and after a 72-h fast.
 Samples were collected from four different groups of young sires in January (n
 = 23), April (n = 31), July (n = 27), and October (n = 24). Samples were
 collected for only 6 h for the July group. Plasma somatotropin (ST) and
 prolactin (PRL) data were analyzed by PULSAR, a computerized peak detection
 program. The PULSAR parameters, except for number of peaks detected, were not
 different (P > .05) when calculated using data from the entire 8-h period or
 just the first 6 h. Because some endocrine characteristics as defined by
 PULSAR were influenced by season, deviated values were calculated for those
 characteristics within seasonal groups by subtracting the mean of that group
 from each individual observation for all PULSAR parameters. Number of ST peaks
 was correlated (P < .01, r = 26) with USDA pedigree index (PI) for fat yield
 (PIF), sire predicted transmitting ability for fat PTAF; (P < .01, r = .30),
 Northeast AI Sire Comparison (NEAISC) PIF (P < .05, r = 24), and sire PTAF (P
 < .01, r = .33). No ST pulsatile characteristics after fasting were correlated
 (P > .05) with PI. Prolactin peak length was negatively related to USDA PIF P
 < .05, r = -.23) before fasting and positively correlated (P < .05, r = .26)
 after fasting. Seasonal differences in pulsatile characteristics may reduce
 usefulness of endocrine parameters in assessing genetic merit for production
 traits.
 
 
 36                                             NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
 Codex commission foils U.S. effort to open markets to beef with hormones.
 Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Jul12.
 Nutrition week v. 21 (27): p. 1-2; 1991 Jul12.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Italy; Codex alimentarius; European communities; Beef; Drug
 residues; Food safety; Somatotropin; Usda; Regulations; Consumer protection;
 Food additives
 
 Abstract:  The United States lost a key battle with the European Community
 (EC) this week over the use of growth hormones in beef cattle. The Codex
 Alimentarius Commission (CAC) voted not to approve a committee report
 supporting the U.S. position that hormones are safe to use in food production.
 
 
 37                                              NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45
 Commercial-scale refolding of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin.
 Storrs, S.B.; Przybycien, T.M.
 Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991.
 ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (470): p. 197-205; 1991.  In
 the series analytic: Protein refolding / edited by G. Georgiou and E. DeÔ
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Recombinant  DNA;
 Isolation; Analytical methods
 
 Abstract:  A method to dissolve and oxidize recombinant methionyl bovine
 somatotropin (mBST) from bacterial inclusion bodies suitable for large scale
 manufacture has been developed. mBST-containing inclusion bodies are
 dissolved, refolded, and oxidized in a single step in 4.5 M urea and pH 11.25
 at protein concentrations in the 5 - 15 g/L range with yields in excess of
 80%. Yield is a strong function of the urea concentration used during the
 oxidation reaction; optimal yields are obtained at intermediate urea
 concentrations.
 
 
 38                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Comparison of alternative diphasic lactation curve models under bovine
 somatotropin administration.
 Weigel, K.A.; Craig, B.A.; Bidwell, T.R.; Bates, D.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 580-589; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation curve; Milk yield;
 Probabilistic models; Time series; Arima
 
 Abstract:  The multiphasic logistic function has recently been proposed as a
 model for lactation curves in dairy cattle. The applicability of several forms
 of this function was examined under three levels of recombinant bST
 administration beginning 100 d postpartum. Lactation curve models were fit to
 mean daily yields for each of the treatment groups and a control group. The
 traditional diphasic function was unable to model adequately the steep ascent
 and early peak in daily milk yield occurring immediately after calving in both
 treatment and control groups. The early portion of the lactation was more
 appropriately modeled using a diphasic function with a power transformation of
 time in the first phase, such that this phase became asymmetric. This modified
 diphasic function also resulted in smaller residuals and less autocorrelation
 than the triphasic function, which was used as a reference model, when both
 models were applied to the control group data. The increase in daily milk
 yield because of bST administration was modeled by the addition of a term
 consisting of a rising exponential function. Such a model may be useful for
 examining dosage effects in long-term bST studies in which injections begin inÔ
 residuals in both the control and treatment groups, and such models could be
 useful for removing autocorrelation in lactation curve applications that
 involve daily or weekly yield observations.
 
 
 39                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Comparison of performance, clinical chemistry, and carcass characteristics of
 finishing lambs treated with recombinant ovine or bovine somatotropins.
 McLaughlin, C.L.; Hedrick, H.B.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Finn, R.F.; Hintz, R.L.;
 Hartnell, G.F.; Kasser, T.R.; Baile, C.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun.
 Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1453-1463; 1993 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Species differences; Blood chemistry;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Blood sugar; Insulin; Blood serum; Nitrogen; Body
 weight; Organs; Weight; Carcass yield; Carcass quality; Carcass composition;
 Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion
 
 Abstract:  The variation in growth and carcass composition responses of lambs
 to somatotropin (ST) treatment may depend on the source of ST used as well as
 on other experimental conditions. In the present experiment, growth, carcass
 composition, and clinical chemistry responses to recombinantly produced ovine
 ST (oST) and two bovine ST (N-methionyl-bST[M-bST] and N-alanyl-bST[A-bST]
 were compared. Lambs weighing 42 kg were assigned to treatment groups of
 control (no injection) or 4 mg/d of M-bST, A-bST, or oST administered by s.c.
 injection for 6 wk. Growth rate was increased by an average of 30% and feed
 efficiency was improved by an average of 22% by ST treatment compared with
 control, and responses did not differ among ST. The IGF-I, insulin, and
 glucose concentrations were increased by 107, 700, and 53% compared with
 control, respectively, and did not differ among ST treatment groups. Urea
 nitrogen responses to A-bST and oST were transiently greater than those to
 M-bST. Although quality grade was not affected by treatment, an average 8-kg
 increase in weight of retail cuts was calculated from yield grade. Carcasses
 of ST-treated lambs were calculated to have 1.3 kg more muscle and 1.9 kg lessfat. Although fat and muscle were affected more by oST than by M-bST on a
 percentage basis, they did not differ among treatment groups on a total weight
 basis. Thus, both bST variants and oST improved growth performance and carcass
 leanness. Decreased responses of some carcass variables to M-bST treatment may
 have been related to the presence of antibodies that were indicated by an
 increased number of positive responders in a relative bST binding assay.
 
 Ô
 Comparison of somatotropin and growth hormone-releasing factor on milk yield,
 serum hormones, and energy status.
 Dahl, G.E.; Chapin, L.T.; Allen, M.S.; Moseley, W.M.; Tucker, H.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3421-3428; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Milk yield; Insulin-like
 growth factor; Energy consumption; Blood plasma; Adipose tissue
 
 Abstract:  Holstein cows received 12 mg/d of growth hormone-releasing factor
 (continuous i.v. infusion, n = 5), 14 mg/d of bST (single daily i.m.
 injection, n = 8), or no treatment (controls, n = 8) for 60 d. Compared with
 controls (31.6 kg/d), bST and growth hormone-releasing factor increased milk
 yield to 34.2 and 37.0 kg/d, respectively. The increase in milk yield induced
 by the growth hormone-releasing factor was greater than that for bST. Milk
 yield was not different among groups following cessation of treatment. Milk
 energy output was 24.2 Mcal/d in controls, and growth hormone-releasing factor
 increased milk energy output to 28.5 Mcal/d. Milk energy output of cows
 receiving BST was 26.1 Mcal/d. Growth hormone-releasing factor increased DMI
 (23.2 kg/d) over that of controls (21.1 kg/d), whereas bST (21.5 kg/d) did
 not. Relative to controls, bST increased averaged daily serum somatotropin
 from 1.3 to 7.6 ng/ml and insulin-like growth factor-I from 67.5 to 116.0
 ng/ml. Relative to bST, growth hormone-releasing factor increased serum
 somatotropin to 16.3 ng/ml and insulin-like growth factor-I to 202.6 ng/ml.
 Relative to control (115.8 meq/dl) and bST (158.1 meq/dl), growth
 hormone-releasing factor increased plasma NEFA (230.3 meq/dl). During
 treatment, calculated energy balance was negative for cows receiving growth
 hormone-releasing factor but positive for bST and control cows. Milk
 composition, body condition score, BW, and apparent digestibility of DM were
 not different among treatments. We conclude that i.v. infusion of 12 mg/d mg
 of growth hormone-releasing factor has greater galactopoietic activity than
 i.m. injections of 14 mg/d of bST. These data support the concept that the
 galactopoietic effects of growth hormone-releasing factor are mediated, via
 increased secretion of somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor-I.
 
 
 41                                          NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
 Comparison of the galactopoietic response to pituitary-derived and
 recombinant-derived variants of bovine growth hormone.
 Eppard, P.J.; Bentle, L.A.; Violand, B.N.; Ganguli, S.; Hintz, R.L.; Kung, L.
 Jr; Krivi, G.G.; Lanza, G.M.
 Bristol : The Journal; 1992 Jan.Ô
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Amino acid
 sequences; Recombination; Pituitary; Milk; Milk synthesis; Milk composition;
 Blood serum; Blood chemistry
 
 Abstract:  Two studies were designed to examine the differences in
 galactopoietic potency of molecular variants of pituitary- and
 recombinant-derived bovine GH (bGH). The recombinant bGH molecules included
 amino-terminal and position-127 amino acid substitutions which are
 representative of two of the four natural pituitary variants or of partially
 degraded bGH molecules. Amino-terminal variants of bGH included methionine
 (Met1), alanine (Ala1), serine (Ser1) or deletion of four amino acids (delta
 1-4). The delta 1-4 variants were representative of degradation products
 previously isolated in pituitary bGH preparations. In the first study, 54
 lactating Holstein cows received i.m. injections of a buffer solution
 (control), pituitary-derived bGH, or recombinant-derived [Met1, Leu127]-bGH,
 [Met1, Val127]-bGH, [Ala1, Leu127]-bGH, or [Ala1, Val127]-bGH. Cows received
 25 mg bGH/day for 21 days. Substitution of the amino-terminal alanyl residue
 with methionine did not affect milk response. GH variants with Val127 elicited
 a greater milk response (8.5 kg/day) than Leu127 bGH variants (6.5 kg/day).
 The average milk response to the four recombinant bGH variants was 7.5 kg/day
 greater than controls compared with 4.4 kg/day for pituitary-derived bGH. In
 contrast, blood bGH concentrations were equivalent for pituitary and
 recombinant bGH treatments, approximately 20 microgram/l more than control
 levels at 3 h after injection. Blood free fatty acid concentrations were
 increased, but insulin and glucose levels were unaffected by bGH treatment. In
 the second study, 54 lactating Holstein cows received i.m. injections of a
 buffer control solution or recombinant-derived [Met2, Leu127]-bGH, [Ser1,
 Leu127]-bGH, [Ser1, Val127]-bGH, [delta 1-4, Leu127]-bGH or [delta 1-4,
 Val127]-bGH. Cows received 25mg bGH/day for 28 days. The milk response to
 full-length bGH variants was 6.6 kg/day greater than the response to the
 amino-terminal deletion variants (P < 0.05). Substitution of valine for
 leucine did n
 
 
 42                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Comparison of the growth-promoting properties of daily versus continuous
 administration of somatotropin in female rats with intact pituitaries.
 Azain, M.J.; Kasser, T.R.; Sabacky, M.J.; Baile, C.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Feb.
 Journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 384-392; 1993 Feb.  Includes
 references.Ô
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Controlled release;
 Subcutaneous injection; Rats; Growth rate; Pigs
 
 Abstract:  The effect of dose and mode of delivery of recombinant bovine
 (rbST) or porcine somatotropin (rpST) on the growth rate of female rats with
 intact pituitaries was investigated in a series of experiments. The overall
 objective of these studies was to compare the relationship of dose and mode of
 delivery on the growth response to somatotropin. The equivalence of rbST and
 rpST in stimulation of growth was demonstrated. In an initial study, treatment
 of rats with 0, .67 (3 mg/kg), or 2.0 mg/d (9 mg/kg) of rbST for 28 d resulted
 in ADG of .8, 2.6, and 3.8 g/d (P < .0001, SEM .1 g). A log-linear dose
 response to rbST in the range of .07 to 32 mg/d (.3 to 145 mg/kg) for the
 stimulation of gain was observed. Continuous delivery of rpST in bicarbonate
 buffer was achieved using osmotic pumps. Sustained, log-linear growth for
 doses of 0, .5, 1, 2, and 4 mg of rpST/d for 28 d was demonstrated. In a
 direct comparison of bolus injection and continuous delivery at doses of 0,
 .22, .67, 2.0, and 6.0 mg of rpST/d, a significant difference in slope (P <
 .0001) of the modes of delivery was observed; continuous delivery had a
 greater slope. Depending on the dose administered, bolus injection was either
 more (< .67 mg/d) or less efficacious (> .67 mg/d) than continuous delivery in
 its ability to stimulate growth in female rats with intact pituitaries. It is
 hypothesized that the difference in the slope of the dose-response curves can
 be accounted for by the animal's ability to utilize the hormone effectively.
 
 
 43                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I and steroids in follicular
 fluid of preovulatory bovine ovarian follicles: effect of daily injections of
 a growth hormone-releasing factor analog and(or) thyrotropin-releasing
 hormone.
 Spicer, L.J.; Enright, W.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Mar.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (3): p. 1133-1139; 1991 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Ovaries; Graafian follicles; Follicular fluid;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing
 hormone; Progesterone; Corpus luteum; Estradiol
 
 Abstract:  To determine whether long-term administration of growth hormone
 (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) alters
 ovarian follicular fluid (FFL) concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-IÔ
 Hereford heifers (n = 47; 346 +/- 3 kg) were divided into the following four
 groups: control (vehicle; n = 11); 1 microgram GRF (human [Des NH2 Tyr1,
 D-Ala2, Ala15] GRF [1-29]-NH2).kg-1 BW.d-1 (n = 12); 1 microgram TRH.kg-1
 BW.d-1 (n = 12); or GRF + TRH (n = 12). Daily injections (s.c.) continued for
 86 d. On d 89, heifers that had been synchronized were slaughtered and ovaries
 were removed. Follicles were grouped by magnitude of diameter into the three
 following sizes: 1 to 3.9 mm (small, n = 55), 4.0 to 7.9 mm (medium, n = 63),
 and greater than or equal to 8 mm (large, n = 71). Growth hormone-releasing
 factor and(or) TRH did not affect (P > .10) IGF-I concentrations in FFL of any
 follicle size group. Growth hormone-releasing factor increased (P < .06) size
 (average +/- pooled SE) of large follicles (14.7 vs 13.0 +/- .6 mm). Growth
 hormone-releasing factor also increased (P < .05) progesterone concentrations
 4.4-fold above controls in FFL of medium-sized follicles but had no effect on
 progesterone in FFL of the small or large follicles. Thyrotropin-releasing
 hormone did not alter FFL progesterone or E2 concentrations in any follicle
 size group. We conclude that the GRF and(or) TRH treatments we employed did
 not affect intra-ovarian IGF-I concentrations, but GRF may alter
 steroidogenesis of medium-sized follicles and growth of large follicles.
 
 
 44                                             NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P
 Constitutive and trophoblast-specific expression of a class of bovine
 interferon genes.
 Cross, J.C.; Roberts, R.M.
 Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1991 May01.
 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
 America v. 88 (9): p. 3817-3821; 1991 May01.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Conceptus; Interferon; Gene expression; Proteins;
 Trophoblast; Viral interference; Murine paramyxovirus
 
 Abstract:  The early conceptus in sheep and cattle secretes a low molecular
 weight protein called ovine and bovine trophoblast protein 1 (TP-1) that is
 critical for establishment of pregnancy. TP-1 is a type I interferon (IFN) and
 is most related to IFN-omega. Here we have determined if TP-1 genes are
 regulated similarly to other type I IFNs. Single day 18 bovine conceptuses
 secrete approximately 10(5) units of IFN antiviral activity per hour in
 culture, amounts approximately 300 times higher than those produced by Sendai
 virus-induced leukocytes. Although conceptuses express mRNA for IFN-alpha,
 IFN-omega, and TP-1, TP-1 constitutes > 99% of the IFN produced. In contrast,
 leukocytes produce predominantly IFN-alpha, although TP-1 mRNA is inducible by
 Sendai virus to very low levels. TP-1 mRNA is detectable by Northern analysis
 in conceptuses from early pregnancy but is absent in late gestation placentaÔ
 human choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells in the absence of any specific stimulus,
 whereas these cells do not secrete antiviral activity constitutively or after
 transfection with a bovine IFN-omega gene. The transfected TP-1 gene is not
 expressed in nontrophoblast cells (mouse L929 and hamster Chinese hamster
 ovary), however. The 5' promoter region of the TP-1 gene is sufficient to
 direct trophoblast-specific expression onto a human growth hormone reporter
 gene in JAR cells. Deletion of the promoter from -450 to -126 results in a 4-
 to 5-fold decrease in expression. Together these data demonstrate that the
 genes for TP-1 are inducible by virus but are expressed preferentially in
 trophoblast cells and are functionally distinct from IFN-omega genes.
 
 
 45                                          NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4
 Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information.
 Kaiser, H.M.
 Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture
 Program, Education Center; 1991 Jun.
 Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 5;
 1991 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Hormones; Consumer attitudes
 
 
 46                                         NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7N45
 Consumer attitudes on bST reflect lack of information.
 Kaiser, H.M.
 Belmont, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension Association of Allegany County; 1991
 Jun.
 News and views v. 76 (6): p. 8-9; 1991 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Feed additives; Milk consumption;
 Consumer attitudes
 
 
 47                                         NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
 Consumer group calls unlabeled hormone-treated milk 'udder insanity'.
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 May04.
 Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (9): p. 14; 1992 May04.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 
 
 48                                          NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A2N6
 Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards bovine somatotropin.
 Kaiser, H.M.; Scherer, C.W.; Barbano, D.M.
 Ithaca, N.Y. : The Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics
 Association; 1992 Apr.
 Northeastern journal of agricultural and resource economics v. 21 (1): p.
 10-20; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: New York; Somatotropin; Antibiotics; Usage; Consumer attitudes;
 Perception; Adverse effects; Economic impact; Milk consumption; Household
 surveys; Demography; Socioeconomic status; Food safety
 
 
 49                                             NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
 Consumer's union, states look to limit BGH.
 Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1992 Apr24.
 Nutrition week v. 22 (16): p. 3; 1992 Apr24.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Interest groups; Food and nutrition controversies
 
 
 50                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Contact sensitivity and systemic antibody responses in dairy cows treated with
 recombinant bovine somatotropin.
 Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elsasser, T.H.;
 Woodward, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 747-755; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation; Hypersensitivity;
 Organochlorine compounds; Hemagglutination tests; Thickness; Skin
 
 Abstract:  Effects of exogenous bST on humoral and cell-mediated immune
 responses in lactating dairy cows were determined. The systemic antibody
 response to human erythrocytes and the cutaneous sensitivity response induced
 by dinitrochlorobenzene were the immune responses investigated. Cows wereÔ
 4 and 5 of lactation. Systemic immunizations and contact sensitivity were
 initiated during midlactation, 22 wk after bST treatments began.
 Hemagglutinating antibody titers and areas under the response profiles were
 not statistically different for bST-treated versus control cows. The cutaneous
 sensitivity response was similarly not affected by bST administration. Present
 antibody titer results agreed with our previous observations that bST did not
 affect serum IgM concentrations, but the cutaneous sensitivity results were in
 contrast with our finding of augmented proliferative responsiveness of
 mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in bST-treated versus control
 cows. It is possible that exogenous bST affects some immune processes and
 lymphocyte subsets and not others. Further research is required to determine
 the practical significance of the variable immunomodulation elicited by
 exogenous bST.
 
 
 51                                         NAL Call. No.: aHD9001.N275
 Controversy over livestock growth hormones continues.
 Blayney, D.P.; Fallert, R.F.; Shagam, S.D.
 Washington, D.C. : Commodity Economics Division, Economic Research Service,
 USDA; 1991 Oct.
 FoodReview v. 14 (4): p. 6-9; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Livestock; Somatotropin; Food and nutrition controversies; Food
 safety; Food biotechnology; Farm structure; Surpluses; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  At the forefront of biotechnology in animal agriculture is the
 experimental use of somatotropin, growth hormones that occur naturally in
 animals. The safety, positive and negative implication surrounding the
 controversy over the use of bovine somatotropin use for milk production are
 discussed.
 
 
 52                                           NAL Call. No.: HD1751.A36
 The correspondence of farm and retail milk price movements.
 Outlaw, J.L.; Capps, O. Jr; Knutson, R.D.; Schwart, R.B. Jr
 College Station, Tex. : Agricultural & Food Policy Center; 1991 Mar.
 AFPC policy working paper (91-7): 14 p.; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk prices; Retail prices; Producer prices; Somatotropin;
 Marketing margins
 Ô
 Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations during mating
 behavior in the bull and boar.
 Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Mating;
 Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Stress response
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted to evaluate peripheral
 concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and testosterone (T) in
 bulls and boars during mating and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine
 secretion in the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually
 inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after
 a 30-min exposure to a single, restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred
 every 5 min during exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were
 bled similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min during a
 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow. Behavioral events recorded
 during exposure to a female included the following: flehmen responses (bulls
 only), mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and time to
 first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls, four completed at least
 one service (intromission + ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous
 cow eight or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in
 significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but not T
 concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls mounting eight or more times
 also experienced significant elevations in C concentrations during exposure.
 Three of six boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting the
 sow fewer than five times were both associated with significant elevations in
 serum C concentrations. Serum concentrations of T were also elevated as a
 result of exposure to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the
 suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity can alter
 endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and T in boars.
 
 
 54                                           NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
 The costs and benefits of bGH may not be distributed fairly.
 Comstock, G.
 Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991.
 Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 121-130; 1991.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions
 
 
 55                                           NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
 The costs and benefits of bGH will distributed fairly.
 Tweeten, L.
 Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1991.
 Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 4 (2): p. 108-120; 1991.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cattle; Somatotropin; Cost benefit analysis;
 Distribution; Consumers; Farmers; Regions
 
 
 56                                         NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
 Deadline approaches for Wisconsin governor's decision on bST ban.
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Dec02.
 Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (23): p. 11; 1991 Dec02.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Wisconsin; Somatotropin; Milk production; Regulation
 
 
 57                                            NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
 Debate slows growth hormone commercialization.
 Thayer, A.
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May06.
 Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (18): p. 25; 1991 May06.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Genetic
 engineering; Economic impact
 
 
 58                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Detection of bovine somatotropin treatment in dairy cattle performance
 records.
 Swalve, H.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1690-1699; 1991 May.  Includes
 references.Ô
 
 Descriptors: France; Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Milk production; Cluster
 analysis; Lactation curve; Accuracy; Detection
 
 Abstract:  Effectiveness of cluster analysis in detecting application of bST
 was examined. Field data were manipulated by adding a specified percentage of
 the true performance to original test day records to simulate application of
 bST. The partly manipulated data then were analyzed using cluster analysis.
 Test day milk production data came from 42,779 cows of the Bretagne
 (Northwestern France) that had test days between 1986 and 1989. As criteria in
 the cluster analysis for differentiation between treated and untreated cows,
 parameters of the incomplete gamma function along with other variables
 calculated from test day records were used. The best differentiation was
 achieved when a persistency parameter, defined as the ratio of second divided
 by first trimester production, was used as a variable in the cluster analysis.
 For the assumed scenario of bST application, more than 80% of all cows were
 classified correctly under random use of bST. Systematic treatment led to
 improved results.
 
 
 59                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Development of a culture system for bovine granulosa cells: effects of growth
 hormone, estradiol, and gonadotropins on cell proliferation, steroidogenesis,
 and protein synthesis.
 Langhout, D.J.; Spicer, L.J.; Geisert, R.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3321-3334; 1991 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cows; Granulosa cells; Cell culture; Culture media; Graafian
 follicles; Hormone secretion; Progesterone; Estradiol; Insulin; Somatotropin;
 Lh; Protein synthesis; Serum; Epidermal growth factor
 
 Abstract:  The objectives of the present studies were 1) to develop a culture
 system that has the positive effect of serum on granulosa cell attachment and
 allows subsequent expression of hormonal effects in serum-free medium and 2)
 to determine the effect of insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), estradiol
 (E2), and growth hormone (GH) on growth, steroidogenesis, and(or) protein
 synthesis of bovine granulosa cells. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (>
 8 mm) follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 4 or 6 d.
 When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin (5 micrograms/ml)
 increased (P < .05) cell numbers (cells X 10(5)/well) severalfold compared
 with controls. Alone, EGF (10 ng/ml), FSH (200 ng/ml), LH (200 ng/ml), E2 (2Ô
 However, when included with insulin, 30, 100, and 300 ng/ml of GH increased (P
 < .05) granulosa cell numbers on d 4 of culture. Insulin alone increased (P <
 .05) progesterone production (ng.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1) by severalfold on d 4,
 but EGF, FSH, LH, or GH alone had no effect and E2 inhibited progesterone
 production. In the presence of insulin, FSH and GH (100 ng/ml) increased (P <
 .05) progesterone production on d 4 of culture, whereas EGF (10 ng/ml)
 elicited a decrease (P < .05) in production. In cells from both sizes of
 follicles, GH (300 ng/ml) increased synthesis of cellular proteins (> 10 kDa).
 In cells from only large follicles, LH (200 ng/ml) decreased synthesis and
 secretion of proteins (greater than or equal to 3.5 kDa). These results
 support the hypothesis that GH may have direct effects on bovine ovarian
 function.
 
 
 60                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Development of a recombinant bovine leukemia virus vector for delivery of a
 synthetic bovine growth hormone-releasing factor gene into bovine cells.
 Mehigh, C.S.; Elias, V.D.; Mehigh, R.J.; Helferich, W.G.; Tucker, H.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar.
 Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 687-693; 1993 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Gene transfer; Somatoliberin; Bovine oncovirus;
 Vectors; Messenger  RNA; Transfection; Cell cultures
 
 Abstract:  Continuous intravenous infusion of bovine growth hormone-releasing
 factor (bGRF) increases milk synthesis in dairy cattle by as much as 46%. We
 have begun to develop a system for delivery and expression of a synthetic bGRF
 gene in cultured bovine cells using the provirus of the bovine leukemia virus
 (BLV). The gene encoding synthetic bGRF, constructed from eight overlapping
 oligonucleotides, was fused to the whey acidic protein promoter (WAP) or the
 mouse mammary tumor virus promoter (MMTV). These plasmids, termed pWAP.GRF and
 pMMTV.GRF, were able to induce transcription of bGRF upon transfection into
 Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and induction with a lactogenic
 hormonal milieu (prolactin, hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, insulin) or
 dexamethasone. When these constructs were cloned into a BLV vector in place of
 its oncogenic region, and transfected into MDBK cells, bGRF was expressed.
 Virus particles were prepared from these cultures and used to deliver the bGRF
 gene by viral infection into fresh MDBK cells. Northern blot analysis of MDBK
 total RNA revealed a fivefold higher level of expression of bGRF mRNA in
 transfected cultures than in virally infected cells, and no expression was
 detected in control cultures. The bGRF peptide was detected in both cell
 extracts and media samples from transfected cultures but was not detected inÔ
 construct may prove useful as a delivery system for peptides into cattle.
 
 
 61                                            NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
 Developmental changes in the regulation of plasma growth hormone
 concentrations in Holstein calves.
 Sartin, J.L.; Kemppainen, R.J.; Cummins, K.A.; Marple, D.N.; Williams, J.C.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Sep.
 American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (9): p. 1397-1400; 1991 Sep.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Biological development;
 Digestive system; Hormone secretion; Regulation; Hypothalamus; Age
 differences; Alpha-adrenergic receptors
 
 Abstract:  A study was initiated to determine whether development of a
 functional ruminant digestive system was associated with alterations in plasma
 growth hormone (GH) concentration. Holstein bull calves were fed milk or milk
 with grain until studied at the age of 1 month (n = 12). Calves placed on
 pasture with some grain supplementation were studied at the age of 3 months (n
 = 6) to determine plasma GH concentration in an animal with fully developed
 ruminant metabolism. Blood samples were taken at 10-minute intervals for 5
 hours, followed by administration of bovine GH-releasing factor (0.075
 microgram/kg of body weight) and subsequent blood sample collection for 1
 hour. On the following day, a blood sample was collected via jugular cannula,
 clonidine (10 microgram/kg) was administered, and blood samples were
 subsequently obtained. Data indicated that milk-fed calves had higher mean
 plasma GH concentration than did either milk/grain-fed or older calves. The
 difference in mean plasma GH concentration was related to higher secretory
 pulse amplitude. Pituitary responses to bovine GH-releasing factor did not
 differ among the 3 groups, but response to clonidine were greater in milk-fed
 calves than in calves of the other groups. These data indicate that the change
 from a nonruminant to a ruminant-type gastrointestinal tract, perhaps
 attributable to subsequent changes in metabolism, may induce changes in
 hypothalmic function to decrease GH concentration.
 
 
 62                                          NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522
 Dietetic association prepares to answer questions about government BST
 decision.
 Conroy, D.
 Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Mar03.
 Biotech daily v. 2 (133): p. 1, 4; 1993 Mar03.Ô
 
 Descriptors: Food safety; Somatotropin; Milk production
 
 
 63                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Dose titration of sustained-release recombinant bovine somatotropin in
 lactating dairy cows.
 Downer, J.V.; Patterson, D.L.; Rock, D.W.; Chalupa, W.V.; Cleale, R.M.;
 Firkins, J.L.; Lynch, G.L.; Clark, J.H.; Brodie, B.O.; Jenny, B.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1125-1136; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Controlled release;
 Milk yield; Female fertility; Milk composition; Pregnancy; Feed intake;
 Nutritional adequacy; Body condition; Animal health; Bovine mastitis
 
 Abstract:  Lactating dairy cows (n = 264) were used in seven dose titration
 experiments at four geographic locations in the United States. A
 sustained-release formulation of recombinant bST was evaluated for a 30-wk
 treatment period that began 14 wk postpartum. The first series of four
 experiments evaluated doses of 0, 140, 350, or 700 mg of bST/14 d (series A);
 the second series evaluated doses of 0, 56, 140, or 350 mg of bST/14 d (series
 B). Milk yield, DMI, milk composition, body condition, health, and
 reproductive parameters were measured. Multiparous cows in series A that were
 administered 700 mg of bST/14 d yielded 3.0 kg/d more milk and 3.5% FCM than
 control cows. When all seven experiments were combined, multiparous cows that
 were administered 350 ml, of bST/14 d yielded 2.7 and 2.6 kg/d more milk and
 3.5% FCM than control cows. Dry matter intake was not significantly affected
 by bST administration. In series A, an increase in milk yield with no increase
 in DMI resulted in lower adequacy of dietary NE(L) and CP to meet maintenance
 and yield requirements among multiparous cows administered 700 mg of bST/14 d.
 Primiparous cows that were administered bST in series A and both parity groups
 in the combined seven experiments were not different from control cows in the
 adequacy of dietary NE(L) or CP to meet maintenance and yield requirements. No
 adverse effects of bST on health parameters were significant, and doses of 350
 mg of bST/14 d or less caused no changes in reproductive parameters.
 Conception rate was decreased by administration of 700 mg of bST/14 d. These
 data suggest that 350 mg of bST/14 d increased yields of milk and FCM with no
 adverse effects on DMI, health, or reproduction in dairy cows.
 
 
 64                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82Ô
 performance in steers.
 Dalke, B.S.; Roeder, R.A.; Kasser, T.R.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Hunt, C.W.; Hinman,
 D.D.; Schelling, G.T.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jul.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (7): p. 2130-2137; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Insulin-like
 growth factor; Growth; Performance; Carcass composition; Blood serum
 
 Abstract:  One hundred twenty crossbred beef steers averaging 377 kg were used
 in a 2 X 4 factorial experiment to determine the dose-response effects of
 recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) implants on growth performance and
 carcass characteristics. The implant dosages were 0 (sham), 40, 80, or 160
 mg/wk administered s.c. in the tailhead region on a weekly basis throughout
 the experiment. The steers were fed a high-concentrate diet, which contained
 either a degradable (DP; soybean meal) or an escape (EP; corn gluten and blood
 meal) protein source. No dietary protein effect or dietary protein X rbST
 level interactions were detected. Recombinant bST decreased both DMI (P < .10)
 and feed/gain (P < .05) in a linear dose-dependent manner. Dosage of rbST did
 not significantly affect (P > .10) ADG or final weight of the steers.
 Recombinant bST decreased backfat depth (P < .10), marbling score (P < .05),
 and quality grade (P < .10) and increased yield grade (P < .10) in a linear
 dose-dependent manner. Soft tissue composition of the 9-10-11th rib section
 was altered (P < .01) by rbST administration in a linear dose-dependent
 manner. The percentage of protein in the rib section was increased by 9.4% and
 fat was decreased by 11.8% at the 160 mg/wk rbST level compared with the
 sham-implanted steers. Recombinant bST did not affect (P > .10) dressing
 percentage, hot carcass weight, kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, or longissimus
 muscle area. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in the
 steers exhibited a linear response to dosage of rbST (P < .01). These data
 indicate that rbST is an efficacious method of improving feedlot performance
 and partitioning nutrient deposition in feedlot steers.
 
 
 65                                              NAL Call. No.: 472 N42
 Doubts over animal health delay milk hormone.
 MacKenzie, D.
 London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jan18.
 New scientist v. 133 (1804): p. 13; 1992 Jan18.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 
 
 66                                             NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
 Drug companies, activists prepare for explosive controversy over hormone.
 Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Oct18.
 Nutrition week v. 21 (41): p. 1, 4-5; 1991 Oct18.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Food safety
 
 Abstract:  Using lawsuits, grassroots activism, freedom of information
 requests, and skillful public relations, opponents of bovine growth hormone
 (BGH, known scientifically as bovine somatotropin or BST) have temporarily
 partly hobbled supporters' ability to mobilize their two greatest treasure
 troves: drug company money and millions of dollars from the National Dairy
 Promotion and Research Board.
 
 
 67                                           NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488
 Drug to increase milk from cows is judged safe.
 Andrews, E.L.
 New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1991 May08.
 The New York times. p. A1, A8; 1991 May08.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Genetic engineering; Food
 safety
 
 
 68                                         NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
 EC declares BST safe for humans, effective--but not ready for market.
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Apr.
 Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (7): p. 1, 3; 1991 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; European communities; Usda;
 Economic impact
 
 
 69                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Economic implications of bovine somatotropin for the United States dairy
 industry.Ô
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 12-19; 1991.  Paper presented at
 the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,
 Lexington, Kentucky.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Economic impact;
 International trade; Price support; Milk prices; Dairy cows; Dairy farms
 
 
 70                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Economic implications of bovine somatotropin use for the Arizona dairy
 industry.
 Shoeffling, J.R.; Angus, R.C.; Armstrong, D.V.; Huber, J.T.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2347-2352; 1991 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Arizona; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Milk prices; Economic impact;
 Dairy cooperatives; Dairies; Price support; Quotas; Dairy cows
 
 Abstract:  This study examined the impacts of bST on income of dairy producers
 in Arizona. The nature of milk production in Arizona, the institutional
 aspects of the Milk Order, and die supply management program of the United
 Dairymen of Arizona (the only milk cooperative in Arizona) were considered in
 the model. Prices declined with increased milk yields from bST. Three dairy
 enterprise budgets demonstrated that gross revenue minus variable costs
 initially increased for adopters of bST but declined for nonadopters. If
 government milk purchase increases cause support price reductions, gross
 revenues less variable costs would decrease for both adopters and nonadopters
 but more for nonadopters. Adjustments in size of dairy farms would be required
 if increased milk production due to bST is large enough to result in decreases
 in milk price support levels.
 
 
 71                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin
 (sometribove) on milk composition.
 Barbano, D.M.; Lynch, J.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L.; Nemeth,
 M.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1775-1793; 1992 Jul.  IncludesÔ
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk composition;
 Milk proteins; Milk yield; Lactation stage; Lactation; Cell counting
 
 Abstract:  Forty Holstein cows received biweekly injections of
 prolonged-release formulation of bST, and 39 received biweekly injections of
 excipient, in a study to evaluate the effects of long-term bST administration
 on milk composition and component production. Injections began at 60 +/- 3 d
 postpartum. Administration of bST increased production of milk and of all
 measured components. Concentrations of lactose (4.85 and 4.81%), fat (3.76 and
 3.67%), total solids (12.57 and 12.44%), SNF (8.83 and 8.75%), casein (2.56
 and 2.53%), and true protein (3.13 and 3.08%) were similar in milks from cows
 receiving bST and excipient, respectively. Percentages of NPN (times 6.38) and
 total protein were greater in milk from bST-treated cows (.179% NPN and 3.32%
 total protein) compared with milk from cows injected with excipient (.172% NPN
 and 3.24% total protein). Use of bST did not change the relative percentages
 of alpha(S)-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, beta-lactoglobulin,
 alpha-lactalbumin, or casein proteolysis products. A cyclical pattern of milk
 production, component production, and composition within each 14-d injection
 interval was observed. This suggests that a diminishing amount of bST was
 delivered during the latter third of each injection interval. There were no
 effects of bST on milk composition that would be of any practical significance
 to dairy product manufacturers or consumers.
 
 
 72                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of a prolonge-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin
 (sometribove) on milk fat.
 Lynch, J.M.; Barbano, D.M.; Bauman, D.E.; Hartnell, G.F.; Nemeth, M.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1794-1809; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Milk fat; Fatty
 acids; Lactation stage; Phospholipids; Cholesterol; Melting point; Milk
 composition; Milk fat yield; Glycerol
 
 Abstract:  Nine Holstein cows were injected biweekly with a prolonged-release
 formulation of N-methionyl bST, and 9 cows were injected with excipient.
 Intramuscular injections began at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued at 14-d
 intervals for the full lactation. Administration of bST increased productionÔ
 composition of milk fat was not influenced by bST treatment. Stage of
 lactation had a large influence on production and percentage of individual
 fatty acids in milk fat from both bST-treated and control cows. The stage of
 lactation impact on the fatty acid composition of milk fat reflected changes
 in the relative contributions of body fat mobilization and de novo synthesis
 of milk fat components in response to changes in energy balance. Initiation of
 bST treatment caused some transient changes in milk fatty acid composition
 that were related to energy balance. These changes were small compared with
 the normal changes because of stage of lactation in all cows. Phospholipid and
 cholesterol content of milk also changed with stage of lactation but were not
 influenced by bST treatment. Melting properties of milk fat were influenced
 greatly by stage of lactation. Bovine somatotropin did not cause any changes
 in composition or physical properties of milk fat that were outside the range
 of normal variation.
 
 
 73                                             NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Effect of active immunization against growth hormone releasing factor on
 concentrations of somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor I in lactating
 beef cows.
 Moore, K.L.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Campbell, R.M.; Heimer, E.P.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Apr.
 Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (2): p. 125-139; 1992 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
 factor; Immunization; Blood serum; Opioids; Naloxone; Pregnancy;
 Somatoliberin; Hormone secretion; Arginine
 
 
 74                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of active immunization against growth hormone-releasing factor on
 growth and onset of puberty in beef heifers.
 Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.; Miller, D.C.; Heimer, E.P.;
 Campbell, R.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Dec.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (12): p. 4914-4924; 1991 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Puberty; Immunization; Somatoliberin; Somatotropin;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Growth rate; Breed differences; Beef cows; Age;Ô
 
 Abstract:  Angus and Charolais heifers (195 +/- 7 kg) were actively immunized
 against growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) to evaluate the effect on
 concentrations of somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I),
 insulin (INS), growth, and onset of puberty. Primary immunizations were given
 at 184 +/- 7 d of age (d 0 of experiment) by injecting (s.c.) 1.5 mg of
 GRF-(1-29)-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 conjugated to 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (GRFi,
 n = 22) or 1.5 mg of human serum albumin (HSAi, n = 21). Booster immunizations
 of .5 mg of antigen were given on d 62, 92, 153, and 251. Antibody binding
 (percentage at 1:2,000 dilution) to [125I)GRF on d 69 was greater (P < .01) in
 GRFi (53.7 +/- 4.5) than in HSAi (10.1 +/- .6) heifers. Serum concentration
 (ng/ml) and frequency (peaks/5 h) of ST release, respectively, on d 78 were
 lower (P < .01) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers (3.3 +/- .1 vs 5.6 +/- .2 and .9
 +/- .3 vs 2.3 .2). Serum IGF-I (ng/ml) was lower (P < .01) in GRFi than in
 HSAi heifers on d 69 (41 +/- 5 vs 112 +/- 4). Serum INS (microunit/ml) on d 78
 was lower (P < .05) in GRFi (2.2 +/- .1) than in HSAi (3.8 +/- .2) heifers.
 Feed intake, ADG, and feed efficiency were lower (P < .05) in GRFi than in
 HSAi heifers. Hip height was lower (P < .01) and fat thickness was greater (P
 < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi heifers by d 132 and 167, respectively. Percentage
 of heifers attaining puberty (progesterone > 1 ng/ml for two consecutive
 weeks) by d 209 and 379 (12.9 and 18.5 mo of age), respectively, was lower (P
 < .05) in GRFi (40.9 and 45.5) than in HSAi (81.0 and 100). In conclusion,
 growing heifers were successively immunized against GRF. Active immunization
 against GRF resulted in decreased serum concentration of ST, IGF-I, and INS.
 In addition, GRF immunization led to lowered feed intake, ADG, and feed
 efficiency, increased fat depth, and delayed onset of puberty in heifers. We
 propose that ST and IGF-I are important metabolic mediators involved in the
 initiation of puberty in h
 
 
 75                                             NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Effect of age and intake on growth hormone kinetics in dairy heifers.
 Lapierre, H.; Farmer, C.; Girard, C.; Brazeau, P.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Jul.
 Domestic animal endocrinology v. 9 (3): p. 199-207; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Age; Nutrition
 
 
 76                                             NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Effect of bovine growth hormone gene expression, sex and age on plasma
 gonadotropins, estrone and testosterone in prepuberal pigs.Ô
 Brinster, R.L.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jul.
 Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (3): p. 423-429; 1991 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Gilts; Boars; Transgenics; Somatotropin; Blood plasma;
 Gonadotropins; Estrone; Testosterone; Gene expression; Hormone secretion;
 Sexual maturity; Lh
 
 
 77                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of bovine somatotropin on production and reproduction in prepubertal
 Friesian heifers.
 Murphy, M.G.; Rath, M.; O'Callaghan, D.; Austin, F.H.; Roche, J.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2165-2171; 1991 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Puberty;
 Reproductive efficiency; Milk composition; Lactation number; Growth rate;
 Liveweight; Age
 
 Abstract:  This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of bST on
 average daily gain, onset of puberty, first lactation milk yield, and
 reproductive efficiency in Friesian heifers. Heifers (n = 16 per treatment)
 were allocated to either: 1) control (1.5 ml of vehicle) or 2) bST (15 mg of
 bST in 1.5 ml of vehicle) using a randomized complete block design.
 Subcutaneous injections of bST were administered once daily from 7 mo of age
 for 120 d or until heifers reached puberty. Heifers were weighed every 2 wk,
 and blood samples were collected twice weekly after heifers reached 200 kg.
 Progesterone concentrations were used to determine onset of puberty. Heifers
 were bred between 16 and 18 mo of age and, following parturition, milk yield
 and composition were recorded twice weekly and once every 2 wk, respectively.
 Heifers assigned to bST treatment had an average daily gain (kg) of .8
 compared with .7 in control heifers. Number of days from birth to onset of
 puberty for bst-treated heifers was 401 compared with 381 for control heifers.
 Treatment with bST had no effect on milk yield, milk composition, or
 reproductive efficiency during the first lactation. These data demonstrate
 that daily administration of bST to Friesian heifers from 7 to 11 mo of age
 does not affect average daily gain, onset of puberty, reproductive efficiency,
 or first lactation milk yield of heifers.Ô
 78                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of bovine somototropin and protein on rumen fermentation and
 forestomach and whole tract digestion in dairy cows.
 Robinson, P.H.; De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3505-3517; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Rumen fermentation; Dietary protein;
 Crude protein; Fiber content; Ph; Transit time; Amino acids; Protein
 requirement
 
 Abstract:  Four lactating Holstein cows with permanent ruminal and duodenal
 cannulas were allocated to one of two TMR with either 17.1 or 23.6% CP at 5 to
 9 d postpartum. Cows also were assigned to either bST (20.6 mg/d) or excipient
 (control) treatment at that time for the 84-d experiment but were switched to
 different protein levels every 21 d in four periods. Intake of DM and
 forestomach and whole tract digestion of DM were unaffected by treatments.
 Forestomach and whole tract apparent digestion of N was higher for cows fed
 the high protein diet. Forestomach NDF and ADF digestion was higher for cows
 fed the high protein diet but was significant for control cows only. Rumen pH,
 ammonia N, and isovalerate were higher for cows fed the high protein diet.
 Rumen ammonia N and acetate were lower for bST-treated cows. Rumen pool sizes
 of total ingesta, DM, NDF, and bacterial OM were not affected by either
 treatment. However, the total pool size of rumen NAN and nonbacterial NAN was
 larger for cows fed the high protein diet. Duodenal flow of AA was higher for
 cows fed the high protein diet. However, duodenal protein AA profiles were
 similar among treatments except for lysine, which was higher, and methionine
 and alanine, which tended to be lower, for cows fed the high protein diet.
 There were few bST X protein or bST X duration of treatment interactions.
 Results support the concept that bST-treated cows have digestive metabolism
 similar to untreated cows of similar actual production.
 
 
 79                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of chronobiological alteration of the circadian rhythm of prolactin and
 somatotrphid release in the dairy cow.
 Evans, N.M.; Hacker, R.R.; Hoover, J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jun.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (6): p. 1821-1829; 1991 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 secretion; Blood serum; Circadian rhythm
 
 Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine if a skeletal
 photoperiod administered at the appropriate time of a 24-h day could stimulate
 prolactin and somatotropin release in dairy cattle. Cows in mo 8 of gestation
 were exposed to either 12 to 13 h of continuous light or to three skeletal
 photoperiods consisting of a total of 8 h of light. Cows in the skeletal
 photoperiod light regimens received 6 h of light from 0500 to 1100 h and a 2-h
 light pulse at either 1500 to 1700 h, 1800 to 2000 h, or 2100 to 2300 h. Cows
 exposed to the light regimen pulse at 1800 to 2000 h exhibited a circadian
 rhythm of prolactin and somatotropin release. The mean prolactin and
 somatotropin concentrations were also higher in this treatment. It is
 concluded that a circadian rhythm with a photosensitive phase is present for
 prolactin and somatotropin release in the lactating dairy cow. The
 photosensitive phase for both hormones occurs between 13 and 15 h after
 subjective dawn. The expression of the circadian rhythm of these hormones
 depends on the photoperiod to which cows are exposed.
 
 
 80                                           NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 The effect of CO-treatment with recombinant bovine somatotrophin on plasma
 progesterone concentration and number of embryos collected from superovulated
 Holstein heifers.
 Rieger, D.; Walton, J.S.; Goodwin, M.L.; Johnson, W.H.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 May.
 Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 863-868; 1991 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Holstein-friesian; Somatotropin; Fsh;
 Superovulation; Superovulated females; Progesterone; Blood plasma; Synthetic
 pituitary hormones; Embryos; Embryo transfer; Ovulation
 
 Abstract:  Mature Holstein heifers were induced to superovulate with
 twice-daily injections of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and were
 given either 20 mg i.m. of recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST) or saline
 with each FSH injection. The animals were artificially inseminated and the
 embryos were collected nonsurgically at Day 7. There was no significant
 difference in the mean (+/- S.D) total number of embryos collected from
 rBST-treated animals (8.3 +/- 5.3) when compared with that of the controls
 (7.2 +/- 6.6), or in the mean number of transferable embryos (5.3 +/- 4.0 vs
 5.2 +/- 4.5). However, co-treatment with rBST tended to increase the ovulatory
 response, and it significantly increased plasma progesterone concentrations at
 Day 6 (P = 0.04). Based on these latter observations, we conclude that
 treatment with rBST enhanced the superovulatory response in heifers.Ô
 81                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of dietary energy and previous bovine somatotropin on milk yield,
 mastitis, and reproduction in dairy cows.
 Hemken, R.W.; Harmon, R.J.; Silvia, W.J.; Tucker, W.B.; Heersche, G.; Eggert,
 R.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4265-4272; 1991 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry matter; Feed intake; Body weight;
 Milk yield; Milk composition; Diet; Caloric value; Lactation number; Bovine
 mastitis; Ovulation; Conception rate; Female fertility
 
 Abstract:  Thirty multiparous lactating Holstein cows were blocked according
 to time of calving and assigned to a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments
 in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of two dietary
 energy concentrations either without or with bST (20.6 mg/d per cow)
 administered to cows that had not or had received bST during the preceding
 lactation. Subcutaneous injection of bST began 28 to 35 d postpartum and
 continued for 39 wk. The dietary energy concentration X bST interaction was
 not significant for any response variable. Compared with DMI of control cows,
 DMI was higher for cows receiving bST, being 1.6 and 2.4 kg/d higher for cows
 receiving bST for one and two lactations, respectively. Milk, fat, and protein
 yields were higher for cows receiving bST than for controls. Those receiving
 bST for a second lactation also produced more milk than controls until wk 20;
 thereafter, milk yields were similar to those of controls. Somatotropin
 administration had no adverse effect on udder health. Cows receiving bST
 tended to ovulate less regularly than controls, which may be attributed to
 their higher milk yield. However, BW gains during lactation were similar for
 all treatments, indicating that bST-treated cows built energy reserves for the
 subsequent lactation. Although energy concentrations of the diets had no
 significant impact on yield, the higher energy diet tended to depress milk fat
 concentration. Administration of bST to dairy cows for a second, consecutive
 lactation yielded responses similar for the first 20 wk of the study to those
 receiving bST for the first time. However, after wk 20, milk yield was less
 than that by cows receiving bST for the first lactation but similar to that of
 control cows.
 
 
 82                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of fish meal and expeller-processed soybean meal fed to dairy cows
 receiving bovine somatotropin (sometribove).
 Calsamiglia, S.; Hongerholt, D.D.; Crooker, B.A.; Stern, M.D.; Hartnell, G.F.;Ô
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Sep.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (9): p. 2454-2462; 1992 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Crude protein; Soybean oilmeal; Fish
 meal; Protected protein; Chemical composition; Milk yield; Lactation curve;
 Milk composition; Body condition; Feed conversion; Blood chemistry
 
 Abstract:  Forty-eight multiparous cows were blocked by calving date and milk
 production and assigned randomly to a TMR formulated to contain 68 or 55% of
 dietary CP as ruminally degradable CP. Diets contained corn silage, alfalfa
 haylage, and ground corn. Supplemental CP was soybean meal for the control
 diet or a combination of soybean meal, expeller-processed soybean meal, and
 fish meal for the low degradable protein diet. Two 10-wk phases began on d 31
 +/- 3 (phase 1) and 110 +/- 7 postpartum [phase 2, all cows received
 subcutaneous implantations of pelleted (400 mg) bST (sometribove) every 14 d].
 Dietary energy, CP, ruminally degradable CP, NDF, and ADF were similar between
 dietary treatments. Production of FCM increased in response to bST but was not
 affected by dietary treatment. Cows fed the expeller-processed soybean meal
 and fish meal TMR produced milk that contained less milk fat in phase I and
 less milk protein content in both phases. The DMI, BW, and body condition
 scores were not affected by diet. Hematocrit, plasma urea N, albumin, total
 protein, creatinine, glucose, and serum insulin were similar between dietary
 treatments. Replacing soybean meal with expeller processed soybean meal and
 fish meal did not affect ruminal degradation of protein or milk production but
 decreased milk fat and protein contents.
 
 
 83                                          NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
 The effect of genetic selection for milk yield on the response to growth
 hormone secretagogues in immature cattle.
 Lovendahl, P.; Angus, K.D.; Woolliams, J.A.
 Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Mar.
 The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (3): p. 419-424; 1991 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion;
 Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Arginine; Milk yield; Selection
 
 Abstract:  Eighty 4-month-old calves of both sexes and of two selected lines
 differing by 70 kg in their predicted total yield of milk fat and protein wereÔ
 liveweight; (i) 0.2 microgram human GH-releasing factor(1-29) (GRF), (ii) 0.2
 microgram TRH, (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii), and (iv) 0.1 g arginine
 hydrochloride. The response of GH was measured for 2 h following
 administration. Geometric mean concentration of the 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-min
 samples following GRF, TRH and their combination were 29.3, 19.5 and 156
 microgram/l compared with baseline means of 6.5, 10.0 and 12.6 microgram/l
 respectively, and for arginine (in which the mean response included the 30-min
 instead of the 5-min sample) 14.6 microgram/l compared with a baseline of 8.31
 microgram/l. The line selected for greater yield responded more to each
 secretagogue by 1.53-fold following GRF (P<0.01), 1.34-fold following TRH (P <
 0.05), 1.11-fold following the combination (P>0.01) and 1.26-fold following
 arginine (P<0.01). Females responded 2.3-fold more than males following GRF
 administration (P<0.001), only 1.2-fold more following TRH (P>0.1), but less
 (0.63-fold) than males when GRF was combined with TRH (P<0.05). For all
 secretagogues the concentration of GH before administration was important in
 determining the size of response (P<0.001). It was concluded that the
 increased release of GH following the administration of GRF and TRH was a
 direct result of selection for dairy merit and that increased yields during
 lactation may, in part, be mediated directly through pituitary responsiveness.
 
 
 84                                           NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 The effect of grazing location and oronasal treatment with bull urine on
 reproduction performance and serum prolactin concentrations of beef heifers.
 Taylor, S.A.; Winder, J.A.; Hallford, D.M.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Dec.
 Theriogenology v. 38 (6): p. 1145-1161; 1992 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cows; Heifers; Grazing; Rangelands; Semiarid zones;
 Irrigated pastures; Bulls; Urine; Body weight; Anestrus; Liveweight gain; Body
 condition; Calving rate; Blood serum; Prolactin; Somatotropin
 
 Abstract:  Grazing location and biostimulatory treatments were imposed on 55
 Brangus and crossbred heifers in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement. Grazing
 locations (postweaning) were semi-desert rangeland with supplementation or
 irrigated small grains pasture. Biostimulatory treatment involved either
 weekly oronasal application of bull urine or no treatment (control). The
 duration of bull urine treatments was 8 weeks. Grazing location affected
 heifer weights from February through August (P < 0.01). Rate of weight gain on
 irrigated pasture exceeded native range (P < 0.01). Cyclicity was similar
 between the location groups before the treatment period. Post-treatment
 cyclicity rates of heifers were 25 and 78% for native range and irrigated
 pasture, respectively (P < .01). Twenty-five percent of cyclic heifers grazingÔ
 cyclicity was observed in the heifers on irrigated pasture (P < 0.10). Heifers
 maintained on irrigated pasture exhibited more standing estrus following
 synchronization (P < 0.10), higher pregnancy rates following breeding (P <
 0.05), heavier fall weights (P < 0.01), higher body condition scores (P <
 0.01), and greater pelvic widths (P < 0.05) than those on native range. Cyclic
 heifers grazing native range had prolactin levels twice those of irrigated
 pasture heifers. Serum growth hormone levels were not consistently affected by
 treatments. Heifers which became pregnant while grazing irrigated pasture had
 much lower prolactin concentrations in serum collected in January than the
 noncyclic heifers.
 
 
 85                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin on antibody
 formation in dairy cows.
 Eppard, P.J.; Rogan, G.J.; Boysen, B.G.; Miller, M.A.; Hintz, R.L.; Hammond,
 B.G.; Torkelson, A.R.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza, G.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): . 2959-2967; 1992 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Antibody formation; Dosage effects;
 Milk yield; Igg; Igm; Blood serum; Calves; Liveweight gain
 
 Abstract:  Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows received either one, three, or
 five concurrent, intramuscular injections of unit dose (.6 g) of zinc
 methionyl bST (sometribove) or five doses of the vehicle. Injections were
 administered at 14-d intervals from 60 d postpartum until the end of lactation
 or necropsy. Thirty-eight cows continued on the same treatment for a 2nd yr.
 Blood BST antibodies developed within the first 7 wk of treatment, and the
 number of cows with anti-bST binding generally declined with time. Thirteen
 out of 59 cows receiving bST developed binding activity > 25% (positives)
 during the 1st yr. At the .6-g dose level, no binding was detected after wk
 15. Seven of the 13 positive cows were among the group randomly selected to
 continue on study during yr 2. In the 2nd yr, only 2 out of 24 bST-treated
 cows were positive. Binding activity was associated with the IgG fraction in
 serum. Binding capacities of antibodies ranged from .625 to 3.04 mg of bST/L,
 and affinities ranged from 1.14 X 10(8) to 3.14 X 10(8) L/mol. Cows considered
 to be clinically clinically, positive had performance similar to those of
 their herdmates having binding < 25%. No evidence of a pathologic effect of
 antibodies existed in treated cows, their calves, or fetuses. The presence of
 anti-bST antibodies did not affect milk production of the cow or growth of the
 calves conceived during bST treatment.Ô
 86                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of human growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) thyrotropin-releasing
 factor on growth, carcass composition, diet digestibility, nutrient balance,
 and plasma constituents in dairy calves.
 Lapierre, H.; Pelletier, G.; Petitclerc, D.; Dubreuil, P.; Morisset, J.;
 Gaudreau, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 587-598; 1991 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing
 hormone; Feed intake; Digestibility; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency;
 Fat percentage; Insulin
 
 Abstract:  Sixty male dairy grain-fed calves, raised from 70 to 223 kg BW in
 individual crates, were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement to determine the
 effect of administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2
 (GRF) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF). Calves received twice-daily
 s.c. injections of .9% NaCl (control), GRF (5 microgram/kg BW), TRF (1
 microgram/kg BW) or GRF (5 microgram/kg BW) plus TRF (1 microgram/kg BW,
 GTRF). Average daily gain and days on feed were not affected by treatments,
 but TRF treatment increased (P < .05) total intake of dry matter (DM) and feed
 conversion ratio: 3.00, 3.02, 3.08, and 3.22 kg DM/kg weight gain for control,
 GRF, TRF, and GTRF, respectively. During two 7-d periods, after 66 and 75 d of
 treatment, feces and urine were collected from 40 calves (5 per treatment per
 period). Treatment with GRF increased (P < .05) digestibility of DM, nitrogen
 (N), and energy and tended (P < .20) to increase N retention. At slaughter,
 withers height was increased (P = .05) by GRF and carcass length was increased
 (P < .05) by TRF. Pituitary and liver weights were increased (P < .05) by TRF.
 The combination of GRF and TRF slightly increased (P < .10) protein content
 and decreased (P < .05) fat content of the 9-10-11th rib section. After d 1,
 GRF treatment chronically increased (P < .05) insulin concentrations and also
 increased (P < .10) IGF-I concentrations on d 29 and 57. In summary, chronic
 treatment with GRF and(or) TRF did not improve growth or efficiency, although
 GRF increased digestibility of DM, N, and energy and the GRF plus TRF
 combination resulted in slightly leaner carcasses.
 
 
 87                                             NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor
 and (or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on hormone concentrations in lactating
 dairy cows.
 Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Delorme, L.; Morisset, J.;Ô
 Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
 Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 99-108; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Hypothalamic releasing hormones;
 Thyrotropin releasing hormone
 
 
 88                                            NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Effect of long-term administration of human growth hormone-releasing factor
 and(or) thyrotropin-releasing factor on milk production, insulin-like growth
 factor-I and plasma constituents in dairy cows.
 Lacasse, P.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Couture, Y.; Morisset, J.;
 Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Sep.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 707-715; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin releasing hormone; Milk
 production; Insulin-like growth factor; Feed intake; Feed conversion
 efficiency; Milk composition; Liveweight gain; Blood composition; Long term
 experiments
 
 
 89                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of long-term bovine somatotropin (sometribove) treatment on nitrogen
 (protein) distribution in Jersey milk.
 Kindstedt, P.S.; Pell, A.N.; Rippe, J.K.; Tsang, D.S.; Hartnell, G.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jan.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 72-80; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Protein content;
 Casein; Whey protein; Nonprotein nitrogen; Milk yield; Cheesemaking
 
 Abstract:  Twenty-six Jersey cows were assigned randomly to one of two
 treatments. Twelve cows received biweekly subcutaneous injection of 500 mg of
 sometribove, USAN (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin), beginning 60
 plus or minus 3 d postpartum and continuing throughout one lactation. Fourteen
 control animals received injections of placebo carrier. Milk samples were
 taken biweekly on weeks alternate to injection when differences in milkÔ
 samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, noncasein nitrogen, and non-protein
 nitrogen. The average SCC for control and treatment groups was 44,000 plus or
 minus 47,000 and 56,000 plus or minus 65,000. Milk from sometribove-treated
 cows was significantly lower in total protein (3.92, 4.12%), true protein
 (3.74, 3.95%), and casein (3.11, 3.34%) than that from control cows on d 8 of
 the 14 d injection cycle. Casein as a percentage of true protein was lower
 (83.38, 84.52%), and non-protein nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen
 was higher (4.61, 4.26%) in milk from treated cows. The theoretical yield of
 Cheddar cheese was ca. .07% less for milk from treated cows that from control
 cows due to ca. 1% less casein as a percentage of true protein in the former.
 The differences in nitrogen distribution represent the response during the
 middle of the injection cycle when milk output was the highest and milk
 protein the lowest rather than the average response for the injection cycle.
 The results of the study indicate minimal impact on the cheese manufacturer
 because in practice milk is commingled from many dairies. The observed changes
 in the milk nitrogen distribution can not be attributed to the effects of
 negative energy or protein balance of the cows.
 
 
 90                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 The effect of manipulation in energy allowance during the rearing period of
 heifers on hormone concentrations and milk production in first lactation cows.
 Peri, I.; Gertler, A.; Bruckental, I.; Barash, H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 742-751; 1993 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation number; Plane of nutrition; Restricted
 feeding; Unrestricted feeding; Milk yield; Puberty; Age; Growth factors; Blood
 serum; Prolactin; Hormone secretion; Liveweight gain; Energy intake; Growth;
 Body weight
 
 Abstract:  Fifteen Holstein heifers that were 175 +/- 4.0 d old and at BW of
 175 +/- 4.9 kg were used to determine the effect of three feeding regimens
 from 6 to 12 mo of age on growth, blood concentration of several hormones, and
 milk production during first lactation. The feeding regimens consisted of two
 periods, the first lasting for 4 mo and the other for the subsequent 2 mo. For
 group A (restricted) heifers, the diet during period I was restricted to 85%
 of NRC (1988) recommendations (a daily BW gain of .7 kg); during period 2, a
 high energy, high protein diet was provided for ad libitum intake. Group B
 (control) heifers received a diet that corresponded to 100 and 90% of the NRC
 (1988) recommendations in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Group C (ad libitum)
 intake heifers received a high energy, high protein diet throughout bothÔ
 .625, .768, and 1.100 kg for period 1 and 1.162, .705, and .797 kg for period
 2. The different feeding regimens influenced the age at which the heifers
 achieved puberty but did not affect BW at puberty. Milk production during 250
 d of lactation was 7056, 6070, and 5975 kg for groups A, B, and C,
 respectively. A statistical model that included serum-derived mitogenic
 activity and serum prolactin of period 2 accounted for 63% of the difference
 in milk production at first lactation.
 
 
 91                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
 Effect of methionyl bovine somatotropin in a prolonged-release vehicle on milk
 production, hormone profiles and health in dairy cows.
 Skarda, J.; Markalous, E.; Slaba, J.; Krejci, P.; Skardova, O.; Zednik, J.
 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 Nov.
 Journal of dairy research v. 59 (4): p. 499-506; 1992 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release;
 Milk yield; Bovine mastitis; Animal health
 
 
 92                                            NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Effect of plane of nutrition between 6 and 16 months of age on body
 composition, plasma hormone concentrations and first-lactation milk production
 in Holstein heifers.
 Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jun.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 337-346; 1992 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cattle; Plane of nutrition; Body composition;
 Somatotropin; Insulin; Blood plasma; Milk production; Milk composition
 
 
 93                                               NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of prepartum administration of growth hormone-releasing factor on
 somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor I, milk production, and postpartum
 return to ovarian activity in primiparous beef heifers.
 Simpson, R.B.; Armstrong, J.D.; Harvey, R.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1478-1487; 1992 May.  IncludesÔ
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cows; Bred heifers; Somatoliberin; Synthetic hormones; Blood
 serum; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Milk yield; Body weight;
 Postpartum interval; Estrous cycle; Hormone secretion
 
 Abstract:  Forty-one primiparous beef heifers were used over 2 yr to evaluate
 the effect of prepartum administration of a growth hormone-releasing factor
 analog (GRF-A) or growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF(1-29)-NH2) on
 somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), milk production,
 heifer BW, and postpartum (PP) return to ovarian activity. Beginning on d -11
 +/- 1 from parturition, heifers were administered (s.c.) GRF-S
 ([desNH2-Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15]GRF(1-29)-NH2, 2.5 mg/kg; Yr 1) or GRF(1-29)-NH2
 (12.5 mg/kg; Yr 2) (GRF; n = 17) or vehicle (CON; n = 24) for seven
 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals from -60 to
 300 min from the first and fourth injections. Samples were also collected at
 20-min intervals for 6 h on d 25 and 69 +/- 1 PP. Area under the curve of ST
 (nonograms minute-1 milliliter-1) was greater (P < .01) in GRF than in CON
 heifers (9, 671 +/- 677 vs 2,611 +/- 237). Increases in ST after GRF-A or
 GRF(1-29)-NH2 were similar. On d 25 +/- 1 PP, frequency of ST release (pulses
 per 6 h) was greater (P < .01) in CON (3.3 +/- .2) than in GRF (2.1 +/- .2)
 heifers. Milk production was similar (P < .1) for the two treatments. Heifer
 BW loss from d -16 to 81 after parturition was greater (P < .01) in GRF (88
 +/- 5) than in CON (68 +/- 5) heifers. Postpartum return to ovarian activity
 (progesterone > 1 ng/mL for two consecutive weeks) was delayed (P < .05) in
 GRF (97 +/- 14) vs CON (71 +/- 8) heifers. After accounting for variation due
 to treatment and year, a negative (P < .02) correlation (r = -.39) was
 detected between concentrations of IGF-I during the first 30 d PP and PP
 interval to ovarian activity. These results indicate that prepartum
 administration of GRF altered the release pattern of ST after parturition and
 was associated with greater PP BW loss and delayed PP return to ovarian
 activity in heifers.
 
 
 94                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of prepartum bovine somatotropin in primigravid ewes on mammogenesis,
 milk production, and hormone concentrations.
 Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.; Walton, J.S.; Ball, J.L.; McBride, B.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 992-1001; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 Cells; Gestation period; Tissue proliferation; Insulin-like growth factor; Dna
 replication; Blood plasma; Ewe lactation
 
 Abstract:  Twenty-five primigravid ewes were used to investigate the effect of
 bST, between 97 and 124 d of gestation, on mammogenesis and subsequent milk
 production. Five ewes (reference group) were slaughtered at 96 d of gestation,
 and the remaining ewes were injected daily with saline (control group: n = 10)
 or .1 mg/kg of BW of bST (bST group: n = 10). Following bST treatment, 5
 control and 5 bST group ewes were slaughtered (slaughter group). The remaining
 ewes were slaughtered after lambing and being milked for 8 wk (production
 group). Weekly blood samples were obtained from both slaughter and production
 group ewes. Slaughter group ewes were also subjected to 8-h serial blood
 sampling at 98 d (period 1) and 123 d (period 2) of gestation. Milk production
 was 42% higher in ewes treated prepartum with bST than in those treated with
 saline. Results suggest that the increase in milk was due to an increase in
 mammary parenchymal cell number rather than to an increase in cellular
 activity. The high rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into parenchymal tissue
 in reference group ewes suggests that the increase in parenchyma during the
 second trimester of gestation is due to cellular hyperplasia but that cellular
 hypertrophy may be more important during the last trimester. Plasma IGF-I
 concentrations were significantly higher during bST treatment and remained
 elevated between daily injections; the increase was greatest in period 2.
 
 
 95                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 The effect of protein degradability on milk composition and production of
 early lactation, somatotropin-injected cows.
 Winsryg, M.D.; Arambel, M.J.; Walters, J.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1648-1653; 1991 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Protein degradation; Rumen digestion; Milk yield;
 Protein digestibility; Milk composition; Milk protein; Animal protein
 concentrates
 
 Abstract:  Twenty multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation that received
 500 mg bST injected every 2 wk were assigned to one of two treatments to
 examine the influence of diets that varied in degradability of protein.
 Effects of degradability were determined on milk production and components and
 on nutrient digestibility. Treatments consisted of a basal ration (control)
 containing soybean meal as its primary degradable protein source and a ration
 (treatment) containing corn gluten and meat and bone meals as the primaryÔ
 undegradability of protein sources did not influence DNI and BW. Milk yield,
 3.5% FCM, and production efficiency of bST-treated cows were not affected by
 increased undegradable protein in the diet. Milk fat and SNF were not
 significantly increased by treatment. Lactose was significantly higher for the
 control diet (5.0 vs. 4.9%) but was not biologically significant. Increasing
 undegradability of protein significantly increased total protein in milk and
 casein percentage in milk protein (3.14 vs. 2.86% and 62.11 vs. 58.24%,
 respectively. Total tract digestibility of nutrients was unaffected by
 treatment; however, CP digestibility tended to be higher as undegradability
 increased (67.85 vs. 62.83%).
 
 
 96                                          NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222
 The effect of recombinant bovine somatotrophin on ovarian follicular growth
 and development in heifers.
 Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.A.; Webb, R.
 Colchester : The Journal; 1993 Jan.
 Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 97 (1): p. 247-254; 1993 Jan.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin;
 Follicles; Ovaries; Growth; Biological development; Estrous cycle; Ultrasound
 
 
 97                                            NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on estradiol-induced estrous
 behavior in ovariectomized heifers.
 Lefebvre, D.M.; Block, E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jun.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (6): p. 1461-1464; 1992 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Ovariectomized females; Somatotropin; Sexual
 behavior; Blood plasma; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Fatty acids;
 Estrogens; Estrus
 
 Abstract:  To evaluate whether bST administration could affect the intensity
 of estrous behavior in the absence of the ovary, 17 ovariectomized heifers
 were assigned to receive a placebo or 500 mg/14 d of recombinant bST and were
 induced to display behavioral estrus by administration of 2 mg of estradiol
 cypionate. Estrous behavior was monitored for the following 60 h with aÔ
 quantified. Blood samples were collected before and after bST administration.
 Administration of bST numerically elevated plasma insulin and NEFA and caused
 a significant increase in concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I in
 plasma. Heifers that received BST started to display estrous behavior later
 (24.5 +/- 1.1 and 21.9 +/- 1.1 h after estradiol administration for bST and
 placebo treatments, respectively), displayed estrous behavior of shorter
 duration (bST, 13.2 +/- 1.2 vs. placebo, 15.8 +/- 1.1 h), and instigated fewer
 mounting events (bST, 45.5 +/- 5.9 vs. placebo, 62.6 +/- 5.7 mounts) than
 control heifers, although only the number of mounting events was significantly
 different between the two groups.
 
 
 98                                             NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
 The effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on ovarian function in heifers:
 follicular populations and peripheral hormones.
 Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.; Webb, R.
 Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Dec.
 Biology of reproduction v. 45 (6): p. 941-949; 1991 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Graafian follicles; Somatotropin; Ovulation rate;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Fsh; Lh; Estradiol; Progesterone; Blood sampling
 
 Abstract:  The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effect
 of recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) on ovarian folliculogenesis and
 ovulation rate. Twelve Hereford X Friesian heifers received daily injections
 of either 25 mg BST (6 heifers) or vehicle (6 heifers) for a period of two
 estrous cycles until slaughter. Blood samples were collected three times a
 week for measurements of peripheral growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth
 factor I (IGF-I), FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone. Serial blood samples
 were also taken every 10 min for 8 h on Days 12 and 19 of the second estrous
 cycle to monitor GH, IGF-I, FSH, and LH profiles. At the end of treatment (Day
 7 of the third estrous cycle), the heifers were killed and their ovaries were
 collected. Ovulation rate was determined by counting the number of fresh
 corpora lutea (CL). All antral follicles greater than or equal to 2 mm in
 diameter were dissected to assess antral follicle populations. Granulosa and
 thecal cells from the three largest follicles and CL from each heifer were
 collected for FSH and LH binding measurements. All heifers had a single
 ovulation. The treated heifers had significantly more antral follicles (60.2
 +/- 6.7) than did the animals in the control group (33.2 +/- 3.2) (p < 0.001).
 When follicles were grouped according to diameter, the mean numbers of
 follicles >10 mm, 5-10 mm, and 2-5 mm in diameter were 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.8 +/-
 1.4, and 52.5 +/- 6.5 for the treated group, and 0.8 +/- 0.2, 6.5 +/- 1.0, and
 25.8 +/- 2.7 for controls. The treated group had significantly higherÔ
 0.01), but there were no significant differences in peripheral estradiol and
 progesterone concentrations (p > 0.05). FSH and LH concentrations throughout
 the treatment period and LH pulse frequency and pulse amplitude during the
 mid-luteal and follicular phases of the estrous cycle also showed no
 significant differences between the two gro
 
 
 99                                             NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
 Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the superovulatory response to
 pregnant mare serum gonadotropin in heifers.
 Gong, J.G.; Bramley, T.A.; Wilmut, I.; Webb, R.
 Madison : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1993 May.
 Biology of reproduction v. 48 (5): p. 1141-1149; 1993 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Somatotropin; Superovulation; Pmsg
 
 Abstract:  Treatment of mature heifers with recombinant bovine somatotropin
 (BST) increases the number of ovarian follicles of 2-5 mm in diameter. This
 study was carried out to investigate whether the increase in the number of
 small follicles induced by BST treatment can enhance the superovulatory
 response. In the first experiment, 24 heifers were assigned, in a randomized
 block design, to four treatment groups: 1) control; 2) BST; 3) pregnant mare
 serum gonadotropin (PMSG); 4) BST + PMSG. On Day 7 of the estrous cycle,
 animals in groups 2 and 4 received injections of 320 mg BST (in a sustained
 release formulation), while heifers in groups 1 and 3 received 10 ml saline.
 Five days later heifers in groups 3 and 4 were treated with a single dose of
 2000 IU PMSG to induce superovulation. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically on
 Days 6-8 of the following cycle, and all heifers underwent laparoscopy on Day
 9 to assess ovulation rate. In a second experiment, 24 heifers were assigned
 randomly to four treatment groups: 1) PMSG (1000 IU); 2) BST (320 mg) + PMSG
 (1000 IU); 3) PMSG (2000 IU); 4) BST (320 mg) + PMSG (2000 IU), and then
 treated as for experiment I. In both experiments, all heifers were scanned
 daily using real-time ultrasound from the day before BST injection until the
 day of ovulation to monitor dynamics of ovarian follicular growth and
 development, and blood samples were collected daily throughout the
 experimental period for measurement of peripheral progesterone, estradiol-17
 beta, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). In the
 first experiment, ovulation rate was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in group
 4 (23.2 +/- 3.4) than in group 3 (12.5 +/- 4.1), while it was not different
 between group 1 (1.0 +/- 0.0) and group 2 (1.0 +/- 0.0). Three heifers from
 group 3 and 1 from group 4 had a poor response (defined as less than or equal
 to 3 ovulations and/or development of either follicular cysts or cysticÔ
 0.01) in group 4 (7.4 +/- 1.6) when compared to group 3 (3.8 +/- 1.2), while
 the number of transferable eggs did not differ. In the second experiment,
 ovulation rates for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 2.5 +/- 0.6, 4.5 +/- 0.7, 10.6
 +/- 2.7, and 17.2 +/- 2.8, respectively (p < 0.01). All BST-treated heifers
 showed a good response to PMSG, while 4 heifers from groups 1 and 3 had a poor
 response. Numbers of eggs collected for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.3 +/-
 0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.4, 4.1 +/- 1.3, and 7.1 +/- 1.4, respectively; and numbers of
 transferable eggs were 1.3 +/- 0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.4, 2.9 +/- 1.0, and 3.6 +/- 1.1,
 respectively. In both experiments, after BST treatment heifers had
 significantly higher peripheral GH and IGF-I concentrations and numbers of
 small follicles. Peripheral concentrations of estradiol-17 beta after PMSG
 injection, progesterone concentrations from Day 2 of the estrous cycle after
 superovulation until the end of the experiment, and pop
 
 
 100                                          NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 Effect of recombinantly-derived bovine somatotropin on reproductive
 performance of dairy cattle.
 Cole, W.J.; Madsen, K.S.; Hintz, R.L.; Collier, R.J.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
 Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 573-595; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Reproductive performance; Milk
 production; Pregnancy rate; Conception rate; Fetal death
 
 Abstract:  Data from 814 cows involved in five separate full lactation studies
 were used to assess the effect of recombinantly-derived methionyl bovine
 somatotropin (sometribove) on reproductive performance. Data were separated by
 parity (first and second or greater), route of administration (intramuscular:
 i.m. or subcutaneous: s.c.), length of breeding period (number of days in
 milk), and level of production (high vs low) Through 305 days in milk,
 pregnancy rates were reduced 18% in primiparous, sometribove-treated (i.m.)
 cows but were not significantly affected in multiparous cows. No differences
 were noted in either parity group when sometribove was administered
 subcutaneously. The level of production was more often found to be a
 significant factor affecting reproductive parameters than was sometribove
 administration. In general, length of the breeding period and level of milk
 production had a greater influence on reproductive performance than treatment
 with sometribove.
 
 
 101                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of season, genetic line, and sire on growth concentrations ofÔ
 Beerepoot, G.M.M.; Freeman, A.E.; Detilleux, J.C.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3202-3208; 1991 Sep.  Includesreferences.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Selection responses; Milk yield;
 Somatotropin; Predicted difference; Sires; Blood serum; Heritability; Line
 differences; Linear models
 
 Abstract:  To determine the effect of selection for milk yield on somatotropin
 concentrations, blood samples were collected from 128 Holstein cows whose
 sires had either high or average predicted differences for milk The phenotypic
 difference in milk yield between the high and average yielding groups was 1726
 kg on a 305-d mature equivalent basis. At 37 +/- 7 d postpartum, four blood
 samples were taken from each cow at 1-h intervals beginning 0800 h. The
 statistical model contained genetic line, sires within line, and season as
 whole-plot effects and time of sampling as a subplot effect. The concentration
 of growth hormone was significantly higher in the high yielding group (1.89)
 than in the average yielding group (1.49). Cows sampled in summer had die
 highest concentrations of growth hormone, whereas cows sampled in spring had
 the lowest concentrations. Sires did not significantly influence the
 somatotropin concentration of their progeny. In a second analysis with seven
 extreme outliers (peak values) deleted, the variation of somatotropin
 concentrations in the cows was significantly accounted for by their sires.
 Repeatability of somatotropin concentration was .49 within cows.
 
 
 102                                          NAL Call. No.: 389.8 B773
 Effect of somatotropin administration and duodenal infusion of methionine and
 lysine on lactational performance and nutrient flow to the small intestine.
 Aldrich, J.M.; Muller, L.D.; Varga, G.A.
 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Jan.
 The British journal of nutrition v. 69 (1): p. 49-58; 1993 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk production; Methionine; Lysine; Somatotropin; Infusion;
 Duodenum; Milk yield; Milk composition; Milk fat; Milk protein; Blood plasma;
 Essential amino acids; Urea nitrates; Nutrient transport; Cows
 
 Abstract:  Lack of sufficient methionine and lysine delivered post-ruminally
 may limit milk production response to bovine somatotropin (bST). To test thisÔ
 used in a 4 X 4 Latin square design with 14 d periods. Treatments were: (1)
 control, (2) continuous duodenal infusion of 8 g methionine and 24 g lysine/d.
 (3) injection of 25 mg bST/d and (4) infusion of methionine and lysine plus
 injection of bST. Infusion of amino acids led to trends for small increases in
 milk (3%), fat (5.5%), and protein (3.7%) yield. Larger and significant
 increases (8.7, 14 and 6.9% for milk, fat and protein yield respectively) were
 achieved with bST administration which also increased milk fat content. Plasma
 levels of urea-N and essential amino acids were reduced with bST. Duodenal
 nutrient flow was generally unaffected by treatment. The production response
 to bST was not enhanced in cows producing an average of 34 kg milk when
 provided additional methionine and lysine post-ruminally in this short-term
 study.
 
 
 103                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Effect of somatotropin and protein supplement on thyroid function of dairy
 cattle.
 McClean, C.; Laarveld, B.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Dec.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1053-1061; 1991 Dec.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Protein supplements; Thyroid
 function; Rapeseed oilmeal; Thyroid antagonists; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine;
 Triiodothyronine; Milk production; Milk composition; Iodide; Thiocyanates
 
 
 104                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of sometribove on rumen fermentation, rate of passage, digestibility,
 and milk production responses in dairy cows.
 Winsryg, M.D.; Arambel, M.J.; Kent, B.A.; Walters, J.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3518-3523; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Rumen fermentation; Digesta; Transit
 time; Milk yield; Ph; Duodenum; Rumen microorganisms; Digestibility
 
 Abstract:  Six ruminally and duodenally fistulated Holstein cows 60 d
 postpartum were assigned randomly to each of two treatments in a single
 reversal design. Treatments consisted of placebo or 25 mg of sometribove (bST)Ô
 maintained for 6 wk with a 3-wk adjustment between treatment periods. All cows
 received a TMR consisting of 16% CP and 1.67 Mcal of NEL/kg of DM. Influence
 of bST on rumen fermentation characteristics, digesta rate of passage,
 apparent nutrient digestibility, and milk production was evaluated. Milk yield
 of treated animals was 4.0 kg/d higher than controls. The 3.5% FCM and milk
 production efficiency (3.5% FCM/DMI) were significantly higher in treated
 animals than in controls (29.0 vs. 25.4 kg/d and 1.38 vs. 1.21 kg/kg,
 respectively). Percentage of rumen cellulolytic bacteria (of total viable
 bacteria) was not significantly different for bST-treated animals (6.4 vs.
 3.4%). Total number of rumen protozoa tended to be higher (7.25 vs. 6.55 X
 10(3)/ml) in bST-treated animals. Ruminal percentages of CP, NH3 N,
 alpha-amino N, VFA, and pH were unaffected by treatment. Sometribove treatment
 did not significantly affect liquid dilution or solids turnover rates.
 Percentages of CP, alpha-amino N, and NH3 N content in duodenal samples were
 unaffected by treatment. Total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients and
 mean daily DMI were unaffected treatment.
 
 
 105                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of somidobove sustained release administration on the lactation
 performance of dairy cows.
 McGuffey, R.K.; Basson, R.P.; Snyder, D.L.; Block, E.; Harrison, J.H.; Rakes,
 A.H.; Emery, R.S.; Muller, L.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1263-1276; 1991 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation stage; Dosage
 effects; Milk composition; Body condition; Calving interval; Feed conversion;
 Controlled release
 
 Abstract:  Lactation performance was determined on 190 multiparous Holsteins
 from five herds supplemented with 0, 320, 640, or 960 mg of somidobove every
 28 d. The experiment consisted of 21 d of pretreatment and treatment periods
 of various lengths, depending upon stage of lactation of animals at first
 administration. Somidobove beginning in early (28 to 45 d in milk), mid (111
 to 166 d in milk), or late (166 to 334 d in milk) stages of lactation
 consisted of 9, 6, or 3 administrations. Milk and 3.5% FCM yields were
 increased by each dose of somidobove in all stages. Milk composition and dry
 matter and energy intakes were similar among treatments within stage. Milk to
 DMI ratio and milk energy to net energy intake ratio were improved by
 somidobove. Gain was positive for all treatments, but less in cows. Lower body
 weight and condition score at the completion of somidobove treatment resulted.Ô
 however, total number of inseminations for cows receiving somidobove was
 twofold greater than control, resulting in a longer calving interval. Results
 demonstrated efficacy of somidobove administered every 28 d to lactating dairy
 cattle for increased milk yield.
 
 
 106                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect on production traits of bovine somatotropin for up to three consecutive
 lactations.
 Gibson, J.P.; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Politis, I.; Zhao, X.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 837-846; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed
 intake; Dry matter; Energy intake; Feed conversion; Body weight; Lactation
 stage
 
 Abstract:  Thirteen (control) cows were injected daily with saline and 22 with
 bST (12 at 10.3 mg/d and 10 at 20.6 mg/d) through wk 5 to 42 of lactation.
 Nine of the treated cows had received bST in the previous lactation, and 7
 cows received bST in the previous two lactations. All control cows and 6
 treated cows had not previously received bST. Treatment with bST caused
 substantial increases in milk production, feed intake, and efficiency of feed
 conversion in the current lactation, which is consistent with previous trials.
 Increases in feed intake were established fully within 9 wk of starting bST
 administration, somewhat earlier than usually reported. Treatment with bST in
 one or two previous lactations caused a statistically significant 14%
 reduction in production and 8% reduction in efficiency of feed conversion
 during the first 9 wk of bST treatment in the current lactation; reductions
 observed later in lactation were not statistically significant. Differences
 for other traits were not statistically significant. In combination with
 earlier trials, these results suggest that, although bST has beneficial
 effects on production and efficiency traits, these benefits may be
 considerably lower in the second and subsequent lactations of bST use.
 However, carry-over effects on cows not receiving bST in the current lactation
 were not explored in this trial.
 
 
 107                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue and an
 estradiol-trenbolone acetate implant on somatotropin, insulin-like growth
 factor I, and metabolite profiles in growing Hereford steers.Ô
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1439-1448; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor;
 Blood plasma; Somatoliberin; Estradiol; Trenbolone; Body weight; Urea; Blood
 sugar; Liveweight gain
 
 Abstract:  Hereford steers (290 +/- 6 kg of BW were implanted (n = 4) with 140
 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 23 mg of estradiol-17beta (E2beta) or
 nonimplanted (controls, n = 4). In Trial 1, effects of a single i.v. injection
 of 0, 20, 40, or 80 mg of a growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29 NH2)
 analogue (GRFa) on release of endogenous somatotropin (ST) were evaluated in a
 double 4 x 4 Latin square design. Plasma samples (n = 21) were obtained from
 -20 to 240 min after GRFa injection. Area under the ST response curve (AUC)
 increased (P = .009) in a dose-dependent manner ).2, 2.6, 3.6, 4.3 mg min-1
 mL-1, respectively). Mean ST concentration was not affected (P = .238) by
 implant but AUC was greater (P = .009) in implanted than in control steers.
 There was no interaction (P = .460) between dose of GRFa and presence of
 implant. In Trial 2, 80 mg of GRFa was administered at 12-h intervals to the
 same eight steers. Response of ST (AUC) to the first and last (13th) i.v.
 injection of GRFa was similar and not affected by implant. Before GRFa
 administration, plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations
 were greater (P = .039) in implanted than in control steers (272 vs 164
 ng/mL). Administration of GRFa increased plasma IGF-I (P = .0001), decreased
 plasma urea N (PUN) (P = .447) in both control and implanted steers. Data
 indicate that effects of GRFa and TBA/E2beta on plasma IGF-I and PUN
 concentrations were additive in this study.
 
 
 108                                            NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
 Effects of a leucine analog on growth hormone processing and secretion by
 cultured cells.
 McAndrew, S.J.; Chen, N.Y.; Kelder, B.; Cioffi, J.A.; Kopchick, J.J.
 Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1991
 Aug15.
 The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (23): p. 15016-15020; 1991 Aug15.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Leucine; Amino acid derivatives; Hydrophobicity;
 Amino acid sequences; Translation; In vitro; CattleÔ
 signal peptides that direct the hormone to the secretory pathway and are
 proteolytically cleaved prior to secretion. Previous in vitro translation
 studies indicated that incorporation of the polar leucine analog
 beta-hydroxyleucine into de novo synthesized polypeptides inhibits signal
 peptide function. To test the effects of this analog on GH secretion by
 cultured animal cells, transfections of mouse L-cells with a bGH expression
 plasmid or metabolic labeling of endogenous rGH in anterior pituitary cells
 was performed in the absence or presence of beta-hydroxyleucine. Transient
 expression of bGH in mouse L-cells or endogenous expression of rGH in anterior
 pituitary cells resulted in an accumulation of GH in the culture medium.
 Treatment with beta-hydroxyleucine resulted in a block in secretion as
 evidenced by an accumulation of GHs within these cells. Amino-terminal
 sequencing of the intracellular form of the analog-substituted GHs
 demonstrated accurate signal peptide cleavage. In contrast, in vitro
 translations of bGH RNA performed in the presence of beta-hydroxyleucine and
 microsomal membranes resulted in the inhibition of signal peptide cleavage.
 The results suggest that beta-hydroxyleucine can uncouple signal peptide
 processing and protein secretion in cultured cells.
 
 
 109                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of a prolonged-release formulation of sometribove (n-methionyl bovine
 somatotropin) on Jersey cows.
 Pell, A.N.; Tsang, D.S.; Howlett, B.A.; Huyler, M.T.; Meserole, V.K.; Samuels,
 W.A.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hintz, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3416-3431; 1992 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Injection;
 Frequency; Milk yield; Milk composition; Lactation curve; Bovine mastitis;
 Milk quality; Animal health; Body condition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Energy
 balance; Body weight; Feed conversion; Lesions; Female fertility
 
 Abstract:  Milk production, feed efficiency, health, and reproduction were
 evaluated in 46 Jersey cows that received either 500 mg of sometribove
 (n-methionyl bST) in a prolonged-release formulation or an equivalent volume
 of excipient biweekly beginning at 60 +/- 3 DIM. Cows were fed a TMR for ad
 libitum intake and were milked twice daily. Treatment with sometribove
 increased 3.5% FCM production 5.3 kg/d (31.4%) over controls. Milk composition
 was not changed, except that milk P content averaged 51 ppm higher in
 bST-treated cows. Net energy intake was 4.8 Mcal/d (22.9%) higher in the
 bST-treated cows than in the controls. General health of all cows was goodÔ
 than did the control cows. The bST treatment produced localized reactions at
 the site of injection in some cows, but these reactions did not affect milk
 production. Sometribove treatment had no effect on reproductive performance;
 85% of the treated and 100% of the control cows calved successfully. Treatment
 with bST for a full lactation did not affect Performance during the initial 60
 d of the subsequent lactation.
 
 
 110                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Effects of a somatotropin challenge on serum IGF-I concentrations and
 short-term milk production response in dairy cows.
 Kerr, D.E.; Laarveld, B.; Chaplin, R.K.; Manns, J.G.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Sep.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 683-693; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood
 serum; Milk production; Fatty acids; Diurnal variation
 
 
 111                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of acute thermal stress and amount of feed intake on concentrations of
 somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and thyroid
 hormones in plasma of lactating Holstein cows.
 McGuire, M.A.; Beede, D.K.; Collier, R.J.; Buonomo, F.C.; DeLorenzo, M.A.;
 Wilcox, C.J.; Huntington, G.B.; Reynolds, C.K.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2050-2056; 1991 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Feed intake; Insulin-like growth factor;
 Body temperature; Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Thyroid hormones; Restricted
 feeding; Environmental temperature
 
 Abstract:  Our objective was to evaluate effects of acute thermal stress,
 independent of reduced feed intake caused by elevated temperatures, and of
 reduced feed intake in thermal comfort on plasma concentrations of
 somatotropin, insulin-like growth factors I and II, thyroxine, and
 triiodothyronine. Six Holstein cows (averaging 475 +/- 18 kg BW, 2.3 +/-.3
 parities, and 96 +/- 12 d in lactation) surgically fitted with catheters in
 the hepatic portal vein, mesenteric vein, and intercostalis posterior arteryÔ
 restricted (75% of ad libitum) DM intake and a thermal stress environment with
 ad libitum intake in two balanced 3 X 3 Latin squares. Thermal stress
 increased rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Dry matter intake of the
 thermal-stressed cows offered feed ad libitum (11.1 +/- .7 kg/d) was similar
 to the experimentally imposed reduction in DM intake of the thermal comfort
 restricted group (11.5 +/- .7 kg/d). Dry matter intake of cows in thermal
 comfort was 15.1 +/- .7 kg/d. Plasma somatotropin concentrations tended (P <
 .08) to decrease daring thermal stress but were unchanged by amount of feed
 intake in thermal comfort environments. Concentrations of IGF-I were not
 affected by treatments. Concentrations of IGF-II tended (P < .14) to increase
 with thermal stress compared with thermal comfort treatments. Thyroxine
 concentrations tended (P < .15) to increase in the thermal stress treatment
 compared with the thermal comfort restricted intake treatment.
 Triiodothyronine tended (P < .11) to decrease with restriction in feed intake
 in the thermal comfort environment. Overall, effects of nutrition and thermal
 stress did not markedly alter concentrations of metabolic hormones in
 lactating dairy cows.
 
 
 112                                            NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
 Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the response
 of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat stress.
 Cole, J.A.; Hansen, P.J.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01.
 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (1): p. 113-117;
 1993 Jul01.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Solar radiation; Lactating
 females; Dry period; Milk yield
 
 
 113                                         NAL Call. No.: 100 OK4 (3)
 Effects of bovine somatotropin on ovarian function in cattle.
 Spicer, L.J.; Langhout, D.J.
 Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 Jun.
 Miscellaneous publication - Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State
 University (134): p. 31-34; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Ovaries; Functional responses; Somatotropin
 
 Ô
 Effects of bovine somatotropin on physiologic responses of lactating Holstein
 and Jersey cows during hot, humid weather.
 West, J.W.; Mullinix, B.G.; Sandifer, T.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 840-851; 1991 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Weather; Humidity; Heat production;
 Heat stress; Milk; Temperature; Blood chemistry; Fatty acids
 
 Abstract:  Thirty-one lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were used to
 determine the effects of daily injections of 0 or 20 mg of recombinant bST on
 physiologic responses during hot, humid weather. Body temperature was
 determined by measuring milk temperature at each milking. Jugular blood was
 sampled for serum analysis of selected hormones, blood metabolites, and fatty
 acids, and arterial blood was sampled for blood pH and blood gas analysis.
 Milk was characterized for fatty acid composition. Blood pH was unchanged, but
 partial pressure of blood CO2, blood bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2
 declined with administration of bST. Serum triglycerides increased 89% in cows
 receiving bST. Blood urea nitrogen tended to decline in cows receiving bST.
 Serum cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine did not change, but
 insulin-like growth factor-1 increased 128% with bST use. Reduced milk
 short-chain fatty acids, increased milk long-chain fatty acids, and increased
 blood serum C18:1 fatty acid content occurred in cows administered bST and
 probably reflected tissue mobilization. Cows administered bST in hot weather
 had higher milk temperatures. Alterations in physiologic and metabolic
 measures in association with higher milk temperature, suggest an interaction
 of bST use with hot, humid weather and reflect the need to minimize the
 effects of heat stress.
 
 
 115                                         NAL Call. No.: QP141.A1A63
 Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation.
 Bauman, D.E.; Vernon, R.G.
 Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews Inc., c1981-; 1993.
 Annual review of nutrition v. 13: p. 437-461; 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Mode of action
 
 
 116                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822Ô
 recombinant bovine somatotropin.
 Gibson, J.P.; Meulen, M. van der; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 875-884; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Breeding value; Somatotropin; Phenotypic
 correlation; Dosage effects; Genetic differences; Regression analysis
 
 Abstract:  Evidence was sought for an interaction between both phenotypic and
 genetic production potential and response of milk production to administration
 of bST in three trials of 38, 43, and 35 cows. In each trial, bST was
 administered in doses of 0, 10.3, 20.6, and, in trial 1 only, 41.2 mg/d for 38
 wk from wk 4 of lactation. Data were analyzed for each experiment separately
 and combined across experiments. Analyses included separate regressions for
 treated and untreated animals for milk production during the production period
 on pretreatment production and estimated breeding value for milk production.
 Breeding value was estimated as the sire's estimated transmitting ability plus
 one-half of the maternal grandsire's estimated transmitting ability. With the
 exception of regression on estimated breeding value in trial 1 and in combined
 data, differences between treated and untreated animals in the regression of
 milk production on pretreatment milk production or on estimates of breeding
 value were not statistically significant. However, regressions on pretreatment
 production were substantially lower for treated than for untreated animals in
 each of the three trials. Regressions on breeding value estimated from sire
 and maternal grandsire estimated transmitting abilities were substantially,
 but not significantly, lower for untreated than for treated animals in all
 three trials. The results suggest that cows with high production potential for
 nongenetic reasons may show diminished response to bST, whereas cows with
 genetically high production potential show enhanced response. However,
 borderline statistical significance argues for considerable further
 examination before drawing firm conclusions.
 
 
 117                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on energy
 metabolism in growing beef steers: net hormone metabolism by portal-drained
 viscera and liver.
 Lapierre, H.; Reynolds, C.K.; Elsasser, T.H.; Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.;
 Tyrrell, H.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 742-751; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.Ô
 
 Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatoliberin; Insulin-like growth factor;
 Feed intake; Somatotropin; Insulin; Glucagon; Intestines; Blood plasma;
 Hormone secretion; Energy metabolism
 
 Abstract:  Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and intake on
 arterial concentrations and net visceral metabolism of hormones were measured
 in six growing Hereford X Angus steers using a split-plot design with 4-wk
 injection periods within 8-wk intake periods. Steers were fed a 75%
 concentrate diet at two intakes and were injected s.c. twice daily with saline
 or GRF (10 microgram/kg of BW). Arterial concentrations of growth hormone (GH)
 were measured on d 1 and d 8 to 10 of injections. Eleven measurements,
 obtained at 30-min intervals, of arterial concentration and net flux of
 hormones across portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver were obtained on d 8 to
 10 of injections (six hourly measurements were used for insulin-like growth
 factor-I [IGF-I] and somatostatin The area under the GH curve and average and
 peak GH concentrations were increased (P < .01) by GRF and were greater (P <
 .10) at low than at high intake. Liver removal of GH was not affected by GRF
 or intake. Arterial IGF-I concentration was increased (P < .05) by GRF and not
 affected by intake. Treatments did not affect IGF-I flux across the liver.
 Arterial insulin concentration was greater (P < .05) at high than at low
 intake, in part because of greater (P < .01) PDV release. Increased (P < .10)
 arterial insulin concentration in GRF-treated steers was not attributable to
 significant changes in PDV or liver net flux. Arterial glucagon concentration
 was greater (P < .01) at high than at low intake, in part because of greater
 (P < .05) PDV glucagon release and decreased (P < .10) liver extraction ratio.
 Effects of intake on arterial concentration of insulin and glucagon were in
 part due to changes in visceral metabolism, but GRF did not affect PDV or
 liver hormone metabolism.
 
 
 118                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on energy
 metabolism in growing beef steers: whole-body energy and nitrogen metabolism.
 Lapierre, H.; Tyrell, H.F.; Reynolds, C.K.; Elsasser, T.H.; Gaudreau, P.;
 Brazeau, P.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 764-772; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Energy metabolism; Nitrogen retention;
 Somatoliberin; Feed intake; Energy cost of maintenance; Physiology
 Ô
 metabolism in six growing Hereford X Angus steers were measured using a
 split-plot design with 4-wk injection periods within 8-wk intake periods.
 Steers were fed a 75% concentrate pelleted diet at two intakes (low: 50
 g/BW.75 and high: 90 g/BW.75 as fed) and injected s.c. with saline or 10
 microgram/kg of BW of human GRF(1-29)NH2 twice daily for 3 wk. Measurements of
 energy and N balance were obtained during wk 3 of treatments. Diet DM
 digestibility (%) was decreased by greater intake (P < .05) and increased by
 GRF (P < .06). Treatment with GRF increased (P < .01) N retention by
 decreasing (P < .05) fecal and urinary excretion: N retention averaged 10.0
 and 20.8 g/d at low intake and 25.9 and 46.7 g/d at high intake for control
 and GRF-treated steers, respectively. Increased ME (P < .05) in GRF-treated
 steers also resulted from decreased fecal (P < .05) and urinary (P < .07)
 energy excretion but was countered by increased P < .06) heat energy (HE).
 Tissue energy (TE), partial efficiency of ME use for TE retention, and
 estimated maintenance energy were not affected (P > .10) by GRF treatment. In
 summary, GRF treatment altered the partition of TE by increasing protein
 retention (108 and 80% for low and high intake, respectively) at the expense
 of fat retention.
 
 
 119                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on energy
 metabolism in growing portal-drained viscera and liver.
 Reynolds, C.K.; Lapierre, H.; Tyrrell, H.F.; Elsasser, T.H.; Staples, R.C.;
 Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 752-763; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Intestines; Blood flow; Somatoliberin;
 Liver; Feed intake; Nitrogen retention; Energy metabolism; Blood plasma;
 Nutrients
 
 Abstract:  Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and intake on net
 nutrient metabolism by portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver were measured in
 six growing Hereford X Angus steers fed a 75% concentrate diet at two intakes
 in a split-plot design with 4-wk saline or GRF injection periods within 8-wk
 intake periods. Daily rations were fed as 12 equal meals delivered every 2 h.
 Steers were injected s.c. for 21 d with either saline or 10 microgram/kg of
 (1-29)NH2 human GRF at 12-h intervals. Six hourly measurements of net nutrient
 flux (venous-arterial concentration different [VA] X blood flow) across PDV
 and liver were obtained 8 to 10 d after injections began. Energy and N
 balances were measured using respiration calorimetry during the last week ofÔ
 release or removal of most nutrients (P < .10). Exceptions included a decrease
 (P < .10) in net PDV glucose release with greater intake in saline-treated
 steers and a decrease (P < .01) in net liver removal of lactate with greater
 intake. Treatment of steers with GRF decreased net liver removal of
 alpha-ammonia N (AAN; P < .05) and ammonia N (NH3N; P < .10) and release of
 urea N (UN; P < .05), increased liver release of glutamate (P < .05), and
 decreased net PDV release of NH3 N (P < .10). Decreased liver extraction ratio
 for AAN in GRF-treated steers (P < .01) implies a direct effect of GRF
 treatment on liver metabolism separate from changes in liver AAN supply.
 Proportions of body N retention not accounted for by net total splanchnic AAN
 release increased with GRF treatment. This suggests a change in peripheral
 utilization of dietary AAN supply or an increase in total splanchnic N
 retention.
 
 
 120                                             NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
 The effects of hormones, other pharmacological agents and nutrition on plasma
 triglycerides and carcass composition in lambs and steers.
 Payne, E.; Cope, B.C.
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Aug.
 Animal production v. 53 (pt.1): p. 51-60; 1991 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Lambs; Wethers; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Triacylglycerols; Fat
 metabolism; Fasting; Food intake; Clofibrate; Enzymes; Estradiol; Beef cattle;
 Trenbolone; Carcass composition
 
 
 121                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and gonadotropins on bovine
 granulosa cell proliferation, progesterone production, estradiol production,
 and(or) insulin-like growth factor I production in vitro.
 Spicer, L.J.; Alpizar, E.; Echternkamp, S.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May.
 Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1232-1241; 1993 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cows; Granulosa cells; Ovaries; Follicles; Tissue culture;
 Estradiol; Progesterone; Hormone secretion; Insulin-like growth factor;
 Messenger  RNA; Cell division; Dosage effects; Fsh; Insulin; Liver cells;
 Steroidogenesis
 Ô
 of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), testosterone, and FSH on
 proliferation, progesterone production, and (or) estradiol production of
 bovine granulosa cells. In addition, existence of IGF-I mRNA in granulosa
 cells and in vitro IGF-I production by granulosa cells were assessed. Cells
 from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (> 8 mm) follicles were collected from cattle
 and cultured for either 3 or 4 d. When cells from small follicles were
 cultured, insulin (.1 to 10 micrograms/mL) and IGF-I (100 to 400 ng/mL)
 increased (P < .05) cell numbers compared with controls. Insulin alone or
 IGF-I alone increased (P < .05) progesterone production per cell by
 severalfold on d 4. In cells from both sizes of follicles, insulin (1
 micrograms/mL), in the presence of FSH, increased estradiol production per
 cell. In contrast, IGF-I (100 ng/mL) inhibited estradiol production by cells
 from small follicles and stimulated estradiol production by cells from large
 follicles. Insulin-like growth factor II (100 ng/mL) and insulin at higher
 doses (> 5 micrograms/mL) had no effect on estradiol production by cells from
 small and large follicles. Granulosa cells contained four IGF-I mRNA
 transcripts and produced IGF-I in vitro. These results support the hypothesis
 that insulin and IGF-I may have direct local effects on bovine ovarian
 function, and that these effects are influenced by dose and size of follicle.
 
 
 122                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of metoclopramide on steers fed Kochia scoparia hay.
 Rankins, D.L. Jr; Smith, G.S.; Hallford, D.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3699-3705; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Steers; Kochia scoparia; Hay; Poisoning; Antagonists;
 Digestibility; Nitrogen balance; Feed intake; Blood serum; Prolactin
 
 Abstract:  Kochia hay that had elicited mild toxicosis in sheep and cattle
 when fed for 21 d was fed to young, growing steers to evaluate the efficacy of
 metoclopramide for preventing kochia toxicosis. Twelve steers (271 +/- 39 kg)
 were given ad libitum access to Kochia hay for 38 d. Six steers were dosed
 orally with 15 mg of metoclopramide/kg of BW three times each week in gelatin
 capsules, and six steers received empty gelatin capsules. Steers were housed
 in individual outside pens for the first 28 d, then inside in metabolism
 stalls for the last 10 d. Kochia intake averaged 1.2 +/- .04 and 1.1 +/- .05%
 of BW throughout 38 d for kochia-fed control and kochia plus
 metoclopramide-dosed steers, respectively. During the last 10 d,
 metoclopramide had no effect (P > .15) on digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF,
 or CP. However, metoclopramide reduced N retention (P < .01; 20 vs 8 g/d).Ô
 12.4 to 1.5 ng/ml and from .53 to .23 ng/ml, respectively. Metoclopramide had
 no effect (P > .50) on prolactin or insulin in steers fed kochia hay. Serum
 growth hormone was not affected by kochia but was suppressed by metoclopramide
 in steers fed kochia hay (P < .07). Serum bilirubin (total and unconjugated)
 was elevated (P < .05), indicating early, mild hepatotoxicosis characteristic
 of kochia toxicosis. Kochia also increased serum concentrations of iron, total
 protein, albumin, globulin, and creatinine and decreased urea N (P < .05).
 Metoclopramide had no effects on serum constituents except to elevate albumin
 and decrease globulin. Early kochia toxicosis involved hyperbilirubinemia and
 hypoprolactinemia, but metoclopramide, a dopaminergic antagonist, showed no
 benefit for alleviating kochia toxicosis.
 
 
 123                                          NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 Effects of pretreatment with adrenocorticotropin on endocrine and behavioral
 responses of bulls to sexual activity.
 Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
 Theriogenology v. 36 (4): p. 607-618; 1991 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bulls; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Testosterone; Corticotropin;
 Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion
 
 Abstract:  Peripheral concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone and
 testosterone were determined in two experiments which examined the endocrine
 and behavioral responses of sexually mature Angus bulls to an estrous female
 (Experiment 1) and to female exposure 5 hours following an adrenocorticotropin
 (ACTH) injection (Experiment 2). Sexual activity of bulls in Experiment 1
 significantly increased levels of cortisol when compared with concentrations
 before exposure to a female. Administration of ACTH in Experiment 2
 consistently elevated levels of cortisol by 30-fold (P<0.01) when compared
 with pre-ACTH concentrations. This heightened level of cortisol persisted
 throughout the period of exposure to an estrous cow, although a gradual
 decline in cortisol concentrations occurred over time (P < 0.05). In
 Experiment 1, growth hormone profiles tended to increase in response to sexual
 activity (P < 0.10), whereas in Experiment 2, growth hormone increased in
 response to ACTH administration (P < 0.01) and to female exposure (P < 0.01).
 Concentrations of testosterone were unaffected (P > 0.10) by mating activity
 in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, acute suppression (P < 0.01) in testosterone
 concentrations 5 hours after ACTH administration coincided with the exposure
 period to the estrous female. Frequencies of mounting behaviors (penis
 extension, mounting, intromission and ejaculation) exhibited by ACTH-treated
 bulls were significantly lower compared with the frequencies two days earlier.Ô
 altered secretion of cortisol, growth hormone and testosterone. Furthermore,
 these data provide evidence that specific mating behaviors of the bull can be
 influenced by circulating steroids.
 
 
 124                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on hypophyseal and ovarian
 functions of lactating dairy cows.
 Gallo, G.F.; Block, E.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 343-353; 1991 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin; Gnrh; Lh;
 Progesterone; Estrous cycle; Pregnancy; Postpartum interval
 
 
 125                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on ovarian function
 in lactating and nonlactating dairy cows.
 De La Sota, R.L.; Lucy, M.C.; Staples, C.R.; Thatcher, W.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1002-1013; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation; Dry period; Blood plasma;
 Progesterone; Metabolites; Estradiol; Follicles; Size; Graafian follicles
 
 Abstract:  Metabolic and ovarian responses of lactating and nonlactating cows
 to recombinant bST (sometribove) were measured. Eighteen lactating cows (60 to
 100 d postpartum) and 6 nonlactating cows (> 400 d postpartum) were injected
 daily with bST or saline during one of two periods. Concentrations of hormones
 and metabolites were measured in plasma, and ultrasonography was used to
 quantify ovarian follicular growth. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, IGF-I,
 progesterone, and estradiol in plasma were greater in nonlactating cows than
 in lactating cows. Lactating cows had fewer class 2 (6- to 9-mm) and class 3
 (10- to 15-mm) follicles and more class 4 (> 15-mm) follicles than
 nonlactating cows. Bovine somatotropin increased the numbers of follicles in
 lactating cows so that the numbers of class 2 and of class 3 follicles were
 equivalent to those for nonlactating cows. Sizes of the largest follicles were
 similar for bST- and saline-treated cows. The second largest ovarianÔ
 dynamics were altered by bST and lactation. Bovine somatotropin increased the
 numbers of follicles (6 to 15 mm) in lactating cows and size of second largest
 ovarian follicles in both lactating and nonlactating cows. Lactating cows
 developed dominant follicles that were larger and less estrogenic than those
 of nonlactating cows.
 
 
 126                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin under conditions of high production
 and heat stress.
 Lotan, E.; Sturman, H.; Weller, J.I.; Ezra, E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 May.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (5): p. 1394-1402; 1993 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Israel; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Injection; Heat stress; Milk
 yield; Milk fat percentage; Feed intake; Dry matter; Liveweight gain; Body
 composition; Female fertility; Lactation stage; Milk protein percentage; Milk
 fat yield; Milk protein yield
 
 Abstract:  The effect of bST injection on milk production of Israeli Holsteins
 was tested under conditions of mean production > 9000 kg/yr and climatic
 stress; mean maximum and minimum summer temperatures are 38 and 25 degrees C,
 respectively, in the Jordan Valley, located 200 m below sea level. In 1989,
 111 cows were injected, and 115 cows were recorded as controls. In 1990, 108
 cows were injected, and 93 cows were included as controls. Fifty-nine of the
 cows injected in 1990 were also injected in 1989. Production records were
 corrected for parity, calving month, days to first injection, and days in
 milk. Injection with bST increased total lactation milk production by 12%, fat
 production by 15%, and protein production by 13%. Injection also resulted in
 slight increases in fat and protein percentages. Daily milk production during
 the injection period was increased by 4.4 kg. Injection during the previous
 lactation slightly decreased production of cows injected during the following
 lactation. Advancing the commencement of injection from the 4th to the 2nd mo
 in milk did not affect total lactation production. Weight gains and dry matter
 intake were higher for injected cows, but body condition score was higher for
 the control group. Injection had no discernible effect on fertility variables.
 
 
 127                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) in high
 producing cows milked three times daily.
 Jordan, D.C.; Aguilar, A.A.; Olson, J.D.; Bailey, C.; Hartnell, G.F.; Madsen,Ô
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jan.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 220-226; 1991 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk production; Milk
 composition; Body condition; Body weight; Animal health; Mastitis
 
 Abstract:  Effects of daily sometribove administration on milk yield and
 composition, body condition score, BW, and SCC were evaluated in Holstein cows
 milked three times daily. Lactating cows (n = 104) were assigned randomly to
 control or sometribove-treated (25 mg/d) groups. The experimental period was
 16 wk, consisting of 2-wk pretreatment, 12-wk treatment, and 2-wk
 posttreatment periods. All cows were injected once daily starting at 53 to 180
 d postpartum, housed in free stalls, and fed one of five total mixed rations
 according to milk production. Body weights were measured weekly, and body
 condition was scored biweekly. Milk yield was recorded daily, and weekly milk
 samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and SCC. Milk
 yield and milk protein were increased 18.8% (38.6 vs. 32.5 kg/d) and 3.3% (3.1
 vs. 3.0%), respectively, whereas percentage of milk fat, lactose, SNF, SCC,
 and BW were unaffected by treatment. Overall average body condition scores
 were lower for the sometribove-treated group versus control (2.2 vs. 2.4). No
 apparent differences in the number of cows treated for mastitis, foot rot,
 displaced abomasum, or lameness were observed between treatment groups.
 Sometribove treatment significantly enhanced milk yield (6.1 kg/d) with no
 apparent negative effects on health in high producing cows milked three time
 per day.
 
 
 128                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of somatotropin and duodenal infusion of amino acids on nutrient
 passage to duodenum and performance of dairy cows.
 Lynch, G.L.; Klusmeyer, T.H.; Cameron, M.R.; Clark, J.H.; Nelson, D.R.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3117-3127; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lysine; Methionine; Milk yield; Milk
 composition; Rumen fermentation; Rumen bacteria; Protein synthesis; Duodenum;
 Digestibility
 
 Abstract:  Four multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square toÔ
 methionine on ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients to the small intestine,
 and animal performance. The treatments were 1) control; 2) control plus 24 g
 of lysine and 8 g of methionine/d; 3) control plus 25 mg of bST/d; and 4)
 control plus 25 mg of bST/d plus 24 g of lysine and 8 g of methionine/d.
 Intakes of DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF, and ADF were similar among treatments.
 Ruminal characteristics, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and total
 tract apparent digestibilities of nutrients were not affected by injection of
 bST or postruminal infusion of lysine and methionine in this short-term
 experiment. Milk production, 4% FCM, milk fat percentage and yield, and
 production of milk CP were increased by administering bST. Postruminal
 infusion of lysine and methionine did not affect milk production or
 composition.
 
 
 129                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of somatotropin and substrates on patterns of liver metabolism in
 lactating dairy cattle.
 Knapp, J.R.; Freetly, H.C.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; Baldwin, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (4): p. 1025-1035; 1992 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Lactation; Somatotropin; Liver; Metabolites; Blood;
 Glucose; Gluconeogenesis; Oxidation
 
 Abstract:  Objectives of this study were to quantitate metabolite fluxes in
 ruminant liver and to delineate effects of recombinant bST on patterns of
 nutrient metabolism by liver. Nineteen multiparous cows ranging in previous
 lactational performance from 6400 to 13,500 kg per 305-d lactation were
 treated with either placebo or bST (40 mg/d) from wk 11 to 18 of lactation.
 Liver tissue was collected at slaughter. Tissue slices were incubated with
 various 14C-labeled substrates, and rates of conversion of label to CO2 and
 metabolites were measured. In vivo recombinant bST treatment increased in
 vitro conversion of [1-14C]propionate and [2-14]acetate to glucose more than
 twofold. At 2.5 mM propionate, bST-treated cows converted propionate to
 glucose at 90% efficiency. Recombinant bST increased [14C]bicarbonate
 incorporation into glucose fivefold. Overall, bST treatment resulted in
 greater C flow from propionate and acetate through the TCA cycle. Acetate had
 only small effects on propionate metabolism and no effects on lactate plus
 pyruvate metabolism. Unexpectedly, propionate decrease acetate conversion to
 ketone bodies. Suggested mechanisms for this observation include depletion of
 coenzyme A and allosteric regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I by
 methylmalonyl-coenzyme A formed from propionate. In summary, bST treatmentÔ
 support of lactation.
 
 
 130                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of somatotropin on milk yield and physiological responses during
 summer farm and hot laboratory conditions.
 Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.; Manalu, W.; Spencer-Johnson, K.J.; Becker, B.A.;
 Collier, R.J.; Baile, C.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1250-1262; 1991 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Environmental temperature; Feed
 conversion; Heat stress; Milk yield; Summer; Body temperature; Blood
 composition; Feed intake; Milk fat percentage; Milk protein percentage; Heat
 production
 
 Abstract:  The effects of bST on performance and physiological responses of
 lactating cows was studied under farm summer and laboratory heat conditions.
 Twelve cows, 90 to 50 d postpartum, were injected with either bST or vehicle
 solution for 30 d under farm summer and 10 d under either laboratory
 thermoneutral or heat conditions. Somatotropin increased milk yield by 6.1
 (21%), 8.1 (32%), and 7.3 kg (35%) under the farm summer, laboratory
 thermoneutral, and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin also increased
 milk fat by 15 and 19% and dry matter intake by 16 and 18% under laboratory
 thermoneutral and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin increased the
 efficiency of feed conversion into milk without any significant changes in
 body weight and temperatures. Somatotropin reduced plasma concentrations of
 triiodothyronine and cortisol and had no effect on plasma prolactin and
 insulin concentrations. Somatotropin did not increase water intake; however,
 hematocrit was decreased. The results suggest that stimulatory effects of bST
 on milk production are still observed on heat-stressed cows without any
 significant indications of additional heat stress.
 
 
 131                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of sometribove on performance, carcass composition, and chemical blood
 characteristics of dairy calves.
 Neathery, M.W.; Crowe, C.T.; Hartnell, G.F.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Reagan, J.O.;
 Blackmon, D.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3933-3939; 1991 Nov.  Includes
 references.Ô
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Somatotropin; Growth rate; Nitrogen
 metabolism; Blood chemistry; Carcass composition; Nitrogen balance; Organs;
 Weight; Insulin-like growth factor
 
 Abstract:  Ten intact male Holstein calves averaging 75 kg of BW and 59 d of
 age were used to study the effects of daily injections of 0 (control) or 10 mg
 of sometribove (recombinant methionyl bST) for 6 wk on performance, health,
 carcass composition, N metabolism, chemical blood characteristics, and hormone
 profiles, Average daily gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio, and height at
 withers, hip, and hock were not influenced by bST. Carcasses from bST-treated
 calves contained 5% more protein and 36% less lipid than controls. Circulating
 concentrations of Ca, P, glucose, urea N, alkaline phosphatase, creatine
 phosphokinase, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin were not affected by
 bST. Packed cell volume was decreased about 7% (29.9 vs. 32.4%) in the bST
 calves. Hormone injection did not adversely affect health of the calves as
 measured by body temperature and by pulse and respiration rates. The most
 profound effects of sometribove were a reduction in carcass lipid and an
 increase in body proteins. These effects may be of some practical importance
 when leanness of carcass is desirable.
 
 
 132                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of sometribove on zinc metabolism and tissue mineral concentration in
 dairy calves.
 Neathery, M.W.; Crowe, C.T.; Hartnell, G.F.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Blackmon, D.M.;
 Azain, M.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4314-4319; 1991 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Zinc; Somatotropin; Mineral metabolism; Manganese;
 Tissues
 
 Abstract:  The metabolism of Zn and tissue mineral concentrations were studied
 after a single oral 65Zn dose in 10 6-wk-old Holstein calves injected
 subcutaneously daily with 0 (control) or 10 mg of some-tribove (recombinant
 methionyl bST) for 6 wk Zinc-65 absorption was not significantly affected by
 bST; its concentration in the semitendinosus muscle was reduced by 32% in the
 bST calves, but concentrations in liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, heart,
 small intestine, testicle, and rib were not different from controls. Manganese
 content was reduced by 27% in liver, 60% in kidney, 99% in spleen, 92% in
 testicles, and 33% in rib. Iron content of pancreas, spleen, and testicle andÔ
 metabolism was not affected adversely by bST. Manganese content of several
 tissues was significantly reduced in the bST calves; however, no clinical
 signs of an Mn deficiency were evident.
 
 
 133                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine somatotropin over
 three or four lactations.
 Oldenbroek, J.K.; Garssen, G.J.; Jonker, L.J.; Wilkinson, J.I.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Feb.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 453-467; 1993 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number; Duration; Feed
 intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Blood plasma; L-thyroxine; Insulin;
 Metabolites; Milk composition; Somatic cell count; Female fertility; Animal
 health; Blood picture; Blood chemistry; Culling
 
 Abstract:  Jersey, Dutch Red and White, and Friesian cows were subcutaneously
 injected with 640 mg of recombinant bST at 28-d intervals from 87 to 115 d
 after calving through four successive lactations. A TMR (6.72 MJ of NE(L) and
 168 g of CP/kg of DM) was fed for ad libitum consumption. The bST effects per
 day were 3.3 kg for milk yield, 189 g for fat yield, 109 g for protein yield,
 157 g for lactose yield, 4 MJ of NE(L) for feed intake, and -4 kg for body
 weight. Responses in blood parameters measured 7 d after injection were -.007
 mmol/L for glucose, -1.3 mg of N/100 ml for urea, 221 micromoles/L for
 3-hydroxybutyrate, 59 micromoles/L for NEFA, 65 ng/L for insulin, 2.8
 micrograms/L for thyroxine, and 26.7 micrograms/L for somatotropin. Somatic
 cell count in milk was 75,000 cells/ml higher in treated cows. Concentrations
 of NEFA, Ca, Mg, and phosphorus were unaffected. Repeatability of the maximum
 response in milk yield after bST treatment was low: .2 within and .5 between
 lactations. Cows treated in the previous lactation had slightly more retained
 placentas, and birth weight of their calves was 2 kg less. No differences were
 between treated and control cows in disease incidence. Six treated cows were
 culled in third and fourth lactations. No indications for tissue damage,
 inflammation, or stress after bST injections were detected.
 
 
 134                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Efficacy of recombinant bovine somatotrophin in the treatment of fat cow
 syndrome.
 Maisey, I.; Andrews, A.H.; Laven, R.A.
 London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Sep18.Ô
 (12): p. 293-296; 1993 Sep18.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cows; Somatotropin; Fatty liver
 
 
 135                                           NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
 Endocrine characteristics of a miniature condition in Brahman cattle:
 circulating concentrations of some growth-related hormones.
 Hammond, A.C.; Elsasser, T.H.; Olson, T.A.
 Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Sep.
 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 197 (4):
 p. 450-457; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Brahman; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin;
 Insulin; Glucose; Triiodothyronine; Thyroxine; Blood chemistry; Plane of
 nutrition
 
 Abstract:  Four miniature Brahman calves born in 1988 and 1989, along with
 four contemporary sex-matched Brahman control calves, were used in experiments
 to determine circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I
 (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), insulin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine, and
 plasma glucose response to insulin challenge. The effect of plane of nutrition
 on plasma concentrations of IGF-I and insulin was also determined and a
 clinical screen of blood chemistries was conducted to determine effects of
 calf type. Plasma IGF-I was six times higher in control calves compared with
 miniature calves (209.0 vs 35.0 ng/ml; P = 0.001). However, miniature calves
 had mean plasma GH about six times higher (37.8 vs 6.2 ng/ml; P = 0.004) and
 had twice as many secretory episodes (9 vs 4.5; P = 0.005) over an 8-hr
 sampling period. Plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (2.54 vs 1.80
 ng/ml) and thyroxine (88.8 vs 56.2 ng/ml) were higher in control compared with
 miniature calves (P = 0.001), but concentrations of triiodothyronine and
 thyroxine in both calf types were within normal ranges. Although miniature
 calves displayed similar plasma glucose concentrations to controls,
 hypoglycemic response to insulin challenge tended to be greater in miniature
 calves. Nutritional regulation of circulating IGF-I appeared to be intact in
 miniature as well as control calves, as evidenced by a reduction in plasma
 IGF-I concentration following a decrease in plane of nutrition, and a
 subsequent increase in plasma IGF-I concentration following realimentation.
 Serum urea nitrogen was lower (P = 0.02) in control compared with miniature
 calves. These data describe a miniature condition in Brahman cattle that is
 manifested by apparently normal proportioned growth but small stature, andÔ
 of IGF-I in the presence of paradoxically high circulating concentrations of
 GH. This condition appears to be similar to Laron dw
 
 
 136                                            NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81
 Endocrine-immune interactions: potential role for somatotropic axis in
 modulating responses to endotoxemia in cattle.
 Elsasser, T.H.
 Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Apr.
 Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (2): p. 111-114; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Hypothalamus; Immune response; Endotoxins; Somatotropin;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Immunological factors
 
 
 137                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows treated with prolonged-release
 bovine somatotropin or energy deficiency.
 Kirchgessner, M.; Windisch, W.; Schwab, W.; Muller, H.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 35-43; 1991.  Paper presented at
 the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,
 Lexington, Kentucky.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Energy metabolism; Somatotropin; Milk
 yield; Body fat; Mobilization; Feed intake; Energy balance; Metabolizable
 energy; Nitrogen balance; Milk composition; Energy requirements
 
 
 138                                            NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6
 The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin use in dairy cattle.
 Johnson, D.E.; Ward, G.M.; Torrent, J.
 Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Apr.
 Journal of environmental quality v. 21 (2): p. 157-162; 1992 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Hormone supplements; Genetic
 engineering; Environmental impact; Milk production; Cattle manure; Methane
 production; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Feed requirements; Energy requirements;Ô
 
 Abstract:  The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin (bST) use in dairy
 cattle (Bos taurus) was analyzed with the following assumptions: base herd
 (1989) of 10.1 X 10(6) cows, milk production 6475 kg of 3.5% fat per 305 d;
 bST herd of 8.96 X 10(6) cows, 3.5 kg/d increase during 215 d treatment
 period; 100% adoption rate, 60 d dry period, 40% replacement rate; all
 formulated diet from: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay, corn (Zea mays L.)
 silage, cracked corn, soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] meal, and supplement to
 satisfy level of production. Using these assumptions, the analysis indicates
 that the current U.S. milk supply could be produced by 11% fewer cows fed 9%
 less feed produced on 6% less land, and soil loss would be 5% less. Fossil
 fuel requirements would be 6% less and irrigation water use would be reduced
 by 9%. Output of the greenhouse gas methane would be decreased 9%; manure
 production and outputs of N and P declined by 10, 8, and 10%, respectively.
 
 
 139                                             NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
 Evaluation of a slow-release form of recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin
 in dairy cattle.
 Kim, J.; Campling, R.C.; Wilkinson, J.I.D.
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb.
 Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 49-56; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Body weight; Milk yield; Feed intake;
 Concentrates; Zero grazing; Grazing; Body condition
 
 
 140                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Evaluation of sometribove in a prolonged-release system in lactating dairy
 cows--production responses.
 Hartnell, G.F.; Franson, S.E.; Bauman, D.E.; Head, H.H.; Huber, J.T.; Lamb,
 R.C.; Madsen, K.S.; Cole, W.J.; Hintz, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2645-2663; 1991 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation number; Milk composition; Feed intake;
 Somatotropin; Controlled release; Dosage effects; Milk yield; Lactation curve;
 Feed conversion
 
 Abstract:  Primiparous (n = 105) and multiparous (n = 136) Holstein cows wereÔ
 bST) in a dose titration study. Cows were fed TMR for ad libitum intake, were
 milked twice daily, and were allocated randomly within parity (1 vs. 2+) to
 treatments of 0, 250, 500, or 750 mg bST/14 d in a prolonged-release
 formulation. Subcutaneous injections commenced 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and
 continued throughout lactation. During a standardized treatment period of 252
 d, treatment with increasing dosages of bST increased 3.5% FCM yield in a
 dose-dependent manner for both primiparous (2.5 kg/d, 10.2%; 3.5 kg/d, 14.3%;
 and 5.9 kg/d, 24.1%) and multiparous cows (3.1 kg/d, 12.1%; 3.9 kg/d, 15.2%;
 and 6.8 kg/d, 26.5%). Milk content of fat, protein, lactose, ash, Ca and P,
 and SCC were not affected by treatment. Over the 252-d treatment period,
 voluntary intake of energy was increased in bST-treated cows such that BW
 gain, body condition score, and net energy balance did not differ among
 treatment groups. Productive efficiency (milk per unit NEL intake corrected
 for BW change) over the treatment period was significantly increased in a
 dose-dependent manner for multiparous cows (4.1, 6.8, and 11%). Results
 demonstrated that bST administered in a prolonged-release formulation was
 efficacious in enhancing milk production and feed efficiency.
 
 
 141                                           NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
 Evaluation of the biological potency of new agmatine analogs of growth
 hormone-releasing hormone in the bovine.
 Roberge, S.; Johnson, H.E.; Zarandi, M.; Schally, A.V.; Reeves, J.J.
 Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 May.
 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 200 (1):
 p. 109-114; 1992 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatoliberin; Agmatine; Analogs; Somatotropin;
 Hormone secretion; Dosage effects; Blood serum
 
 
 142                                            NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
 Expression of truncated forms of the bovine growth hormone gene in cultured
 mouse cells.
 McAndrew, S.J.; Chen, N.Y.; Wiehl, P.; DiCaprio, L.; Yun, J.; Wagner, T.E.;
 Okada, S.; Kopchick, J.J.
 Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1991
 Nov05.
 The Journal of biological chemistry v. 266 (31): p. 20965-20969; 1991 Nov05.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 culture; Mice
 
 Abstract:  A synthetic oligonucleotide, 5'-d(CTAGT-CTAGACTAG)-3' which encodes
 translational termination codons in three reading frames, was inserted into
 either exon IV (pbGH-4A) or V (pbGH-5A) of the bovine growth hormone gene. The
 resultant plasmids, under the transcriptional regulation of the mouse
 metallothionein 1 promoter, were introduced into cultured mouse L-cells or rat
 GH3 cells. Compared to wild type bGH RNA, bGH-specific RNA transiently
 expressed from pBGH-5A or pBGH-4A DNA in mouse L-cells was similar or slightly
 smaller in size, respectively. Unexpectedly, bGH-4A RNA lacked exon IV
 sequences. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that
 wild type bGH was localized to the Golgi apparatus, while truncated hormones
 were confined to the cytoplasmic compartment of transfected cells. In
 addition, truncated hormones were shown to be secretion-defective albeit the
 bGH signal peptide was efficiently and precisely processed. Thus, structural
 alterations in the bGH gene can dramatically affect bGH precursor mRNA
 processing and hormone localization within cultured mouse fibroblast or rat
 pituitary cells.
 
 
 143                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Factors affecting response of cows to biweekly injections of sometribove.
 Sullivan, J.L.; Huber, J.T.; DeNise, S.K.; Hoffman, R.G.; Kung, L. Jr;
 Franson, S.E.; Madsen, K.S.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (3): p. 756-763; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation number; Lactation
 stage; Body temperature; Diet; Environmental factors; Genetic differences
 
 Abstract:  Seventy-eight lactating Holstein cows (18 primiparous and 60
 multiparous) were used to study certain factors affecting response in milk
 yields to biweekly injections of bST. Cows were intramuscularly injected with
 placebo or with 500 mg of bST every 14 d for 36 wk beginning 60 d postpartum.
 Primiparous cows responded less to bST than did multiparous cows. Cows were
 separated into three yield groups within each treatment based on pretreatment
 yield: low (27.0 kg/d), medium (32.0 kg/d), and high (39.0 kg/d). Response of
 low yielding cows to bST was numerically greater than that of medium or high
 yielding cows, but there was no significant interaction between treatment and
 pretreatment milk yield. Individual cow index for milk yield was used as a
 measure of genetic potential of cows, which were divided into two index
 groups: high cow index (greater than -23 kg) and low cow index (less than -23Ô
 the low index group during treatment, but treatment by cow index interaction
 was not significant, suggesting that cows of widely ranging genetic potential
 respond similarly to bST. Response of cows to bST in mid to late lactation was
 slightly greater than in early lactation (15.9 and 10.6% vs. 17.8%,
 respectively), but no significant interaction of treatment by days postpartum
 was noted. Finally, even though cows treated with bST exhibited slightly
 higher rectal temperatures during the hot summer months, no significant
 difference in milk yield response to bST was noted during periods of moderate
 versus high ambient temperatures.
 
 
 144                                        NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
 FDA advisory committee calls BGH risk to humans 'insignificant, manageable'.
 Rhein, R.
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1993 Apr05.
 Biotechnology newswatch. p. 3; 1993 Apr05.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety
 
 
 145                                          NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456
 FDA committee hears testimony on labeling dairy products containing BST.
 New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1993 Jun01.
 Genetic engineering news v. 13 (11): p. 3, 32; 1993 Jun01.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Milk products; Labeling; Labeling controls; Somatotropin;
 Hormone supplements; Public agencies; Food and nutrition controversies; Dairy
 cows
 
 
 146                                              NAL Call. No.: A00035
 FDA insists bST is safe, despite critical press.
 Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 May22.
 Biotechnology news v. 12 (13): p. 1; 1992 May22.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Food safety; Milk production; Regulations
 
 
 147                                        NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54Ô
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Feb18.
 Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (4): p. 13; 1991 Feb18.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Genetic
 engineering
 
 
 148                                           NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
 FDA panel okays bovine growth hormone.
 Hileman, B.
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1993 Apr05.
 Chemical and engineering news v. 71 (14): p. 5; 1993 Apr05.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Regulations
 
 
 149                                            NAL Call. No.: 381 C426
 FDA user fees proposal in finding wide support.
 Begley, R.
 New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 Aug19.
 Chemical week v. 151 (7): p. 12; 1992 Aug19.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk production; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Mastitis;
 Antibiotic residues; Regulations
 
 
 150                                              NAL Call. No.: A00035
 FDA warns Monsanto to stop promoting bovine growth hormone.
 Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1991 Feb28.
 Biotechnology news v. 11 (5): p. 2-3; 1991 Feb28.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Usda; Marketing;
 Guidelines
 
 
 151                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Finishing lamb performance responses to bovine and porcine somatotropinsÔ
 McLaughlin, C.L.; Rogan, G.J.; Buonomoo, F.C.; Cole, W.J.; Hartnell, G.F.;
 Hudson, S.; Kasser, T.R.; Miller, M.A.; Baile, C.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 4039-4048; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Drug delivery systems; Pumps; Blood
 chemistry; Urea; Insulin-like growth factor; Growth rate; Feed conversion
 
 Abstract:  Daily injection of ovine and bovine somatotropin (oST and bST,
 respectively) has been shown to improve performance and carcass quality of
 finishing lambs. To evaluate responses to continuously released bST and
 porcine ST (pST), which have 99 and 91% sequence homology with oST,
 respectively, finishing lambs were implanted with 2-wk Alzet pumps containing
 bST or pST, which was released at rates of 2 or 4 mg/d. Six-week growth rate
 and feed efficiency responses to bST were greater than those to pST (P < .05).
 Overall feed efficiency was improved 15% and growth rate was increased 16% in
 lambs treated with 4 mg/d of bST compared with control lambs and neither trait
 was affected in pST-treated lambs. Performance responses were reflected by
 changes in circulating glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and insulin-like growth
 factor I (IGF-I) concentrations. Scatchard analysis of sera with relative
 binding of greater than 30% revealed that average binding capacities and
 affinities of pST-treated lambs were 7.0 mg/liter and 6.0 X 10(9) liters/mol,
 respectively, and of bST-treated lambs were .8 mg/liter and 1.3 X 10(9)
 liters/mol, respectively. In addition, lambs with high-capacity pST antibodies
 had lower 6-wk IGF-I concentrations than those of controls, suggesting that
 these antibodies may have been attenuating responsiveness to pST. It is
 concluded that continuously released bST, but not pST, improves performance of
 finishing lambs.
 
 
 152                                              NAL Call. No.: A00034
 The fourth hurdle.
 London, England : IBC Technical Services :.; 1991 Mar.
 Biotechnology bulletin v. 10 (2): p. 1; 1991 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Economic impact;
 European communities; Milk supply; Small farms
 
 
 153                                         NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293Ô
 increased concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in milk and mammary
 tissue.
 Prosser, C.G.; Royle, C.; Fleet, I.R.; Mepham, T.B.
 Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Mar.
 The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (3): p. 457-463; 1991 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Goats; Lactating females; Goat milk; Mammary tissue; Insulin-like
 growth factor; Somatotropin; Cows; Milk secretion; Milk yield; Yield
 correlations; Responses
 
 Abstract:  Lactating goats exhibiting widely divergent responses to short-term
 (4 days) treatment with bovine GH (bGH) were retrospectively divided into two
 groups based on the magnitude of this response. There was no difference
 between groups in terms of the pretreatment milk yield, but by day 4 of
 treatment milk secretion had increased by 4.99 +/- 2.5 (S.E.M.) ml/h (P>0.05
 compared with pretreatment) for group 1 and 22.9 +/- 2.4 ml/h (P<0.001) for
 group 2. Plasma GH increased in both groups, but concentrations were
 significantly higher both before and during treatment in group 1 compared with
 group 2. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)
 increased significantly during bGH treatment for both groups and there was no
 significant difference between the two until day 4 of treatment when levels of
 IGF-I in group 1 began to decline, whereas those from group 2 were maintained.
 Concentrations of IGF-I in milk from goats in group 1 were not significantly
 altered by GH administration, whereas those in goats in group 2 were increased
 by 40% (P<0.01 compared with pretreatment). Levels of IGF-I in mammary
 secretory tissue from four animals from group 1 were not altered by bGH (2.8
 +/- 0.2 and 2.77 +/- 0.08 nmol/kg tissue before and after treatment
 respectively), but were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in four animals
 from group 2 (2.80 +/- 0.2 and 9.9 +/- 1.1 nmol/kg tissue). Thus, it appears
 that the galactopoietic response in goats was associated with significantly
 lower levels of GH in plasma after 3 days of treatment and, more strikingly,
 greater amounts of IGF-I in milk and mammary tissue. This latter observation
 is consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of bGH on the mammary gland
 itself are mediated by IGF-I and that the availability of IGF-I to mammary
 tissue is an important component of the overall galactopoietic response to
 bGH.
 
 
 154                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Galactopoietic effects of recombinant somatotropin and growth
 hormone-releasing factor in dairy cows.
 Dahl, G.E.; Chapin, L.T.; Moseley, W.M.; Tucker, H.A.Ô
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1550-1557; 1993 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Milk yield; Infusion;
 Milk composition; Feed intake; Dry matter; Blood serum; Body condition; Fatty
 acids
 
 Abstract:  Eight Holsteins per group received 12 mg/d of recombinant growth
 hormone-releasing factor or 29 mg/d of recombinant bST or served as untreated
 controls for 60 d. Milk yield and composition were measured for 10 d before
 infusion, during infusion (d 0 to 59), and for 20 d after infusion ended.
 Compared with controls, bST and growth hormone-releasing factor increased SCM
 during infusion. The SCM yield of cows treated with growth hormone-releasing
 factor was greater than that of bST-treated cows during the final 20 d of
 infusion. Relative to controls, bST and growth hormone-releasing factor
 increased serum concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I during infusion.
 Concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I in serum of bST- and growth
 hormone-releasing factor-treated cows did not differ during infusion. In
 summary, growth hormone-releasing factor increased SCM yield more than bST,
 despite similar serum concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I. Thus, the
 galactopoietic action of growth hormone-releasing factor was not explained
 solely by elevation of total radioimmunoassayable somatotropin and IGF-I in
 serum.
 
 
 155                                            NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
 GAO: stop BGH sales, improve milk monitoring.
 Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1992 Aug14.
 Nutrition week v. 22 (31): p. 2-3; 1992 Aug14.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk marketing; Monitoring; Government
 organizations; Federal government
 
 
 156                                            NAL Call. No.: RA773.F3
 The great white hope?.
 Hamilton, K.
 New York : Family Media, Inc. :.; 1991 May.
 Health v. 23 (4): p. 50-52. ill., charts; 1991 May.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 prevention; Nutrient requirements; Food composition tables; Neoplasms;
 Osteoporosis; Lactose intolerance; Nutrient content
 
 Abstract:  Despite concerns about bovine somatotropin contamination, milk has
 several health benefits. Milk contains calcium for bone development and
 maintenance and the prevention of osteoporosis. Calcium may also play a role
 in the prevention of colon cancer, reducing blood cholesterol and treatment of
 hypertension. Milk also contains B vitamins and vitamins A and D. A table
 provides the calcium content of a variety of foods. Lactose intolerance and
 lower fat milk products are also discussed.
 
 
 157                                            NAL Call. No.: SF601.B6
 Growth and health characteristics of calves born to cows treated with bovine
 somatotropin during lactation.
 Larson, R.A.; Otterby, D.E.; Linn, J.G.; Paulson, J.C.; Annexstad, R.J.;
 Hansen, W.P.; Eggert, R.G.
 Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1992 May.
 Agri-Practice v. 13 (5): p. 7-8, 11-13; 1992 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Minnesota; Calves; Somatotropin; Growth; Cows; Lactation; Body
 measurements; Placenta
 
 
 158                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Growth and subsequent lactation in primigravid Holstein heifers after
 prepartum bovine somatotropin treatment.
 Stelwagen, K.; Grieve, D.G.; McBride, B.W.; Rehman, J.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 463-471; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bred heifers; Somatotropin; Prepartum period; Dosage
 effects; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Dry matter; Feed
 conversion; Insulin-like growth factor; Lactation; Milk yield; Gestation
 period; Calves; Birth weight; Blood plasma
 
 Abstract:  Thirty-seven primigravid Holstein heifers (600.7 +/- 9.4 kg) were
 used to determine the effect of recombinant bST, administered during the last
 trimester of gestation, on growth and subsequent 270-d milk yield. Treatments
 consisted of daily subcutaneous injections of saline or of 20 or 40 mg ofÔ
 receiving saline, 3 receiving 20 mg of bST, and 2 receiving 40 mg of bST) were
 fitted with jugular catheters, and blood plasma bST and insulin-like growth
 factor-I concentrations were determined in samples collected during a 9-h
 period. Feed efficiency (DMI/gain) was improved in heifers treated with 20 mg
 of bST, but DMI was not affected by treatment. Average daily gain was
 increased in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST, but not in those treated with
 40 mg of bST. Fat-uncorrected milk yield following prepartum bST treatment was
 19% higher in heifers treated with 20 mg of bST, but the 40-mg dose of bST did
 not increase milk yield. Percentage of milk fat was lower in heifers treated
 with 20 mg of bST prepartum, but daily milk fat yields did not differ among
 groups. Solids-not-fat yield was highest in the group treated previously with
 20 mg of bST. The higher milk yield of these heifers became significant (P <
 .05) only after 90 d of lactation. Plasma bST and insulin-like growth factor-I
 concentrations were both elevated in bST-treated animals. There was indirect
 evidence that the increased milk in heifers previously treated with 20 mg of
 bST was due to enhanced mammogenesis. However, further research studying
 changes at the mammary tissue level is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
 
 
 159                                           NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
 Growth hormone alters metabolic effects and proteolysis of insulin the adipose
 tissue during lactation.
 Marinchenko, G.V.; McNamara, J.P.; Becker-Khaleel, B.; Parmley, K.
 Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1992 May.
 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 200 (1):
 p. 57-66; 1992 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Pregnancy; Adipose tissue;
 Lipogenesis; Insulin; Metabolism; Proteolysis; Proteinases; Enzyme inhibitors;
 Enzyme activity; In vitro
 
 
 160                                            NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
 Growth hormone (GH) induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of
 mitogen-activated protein kinases in cells transfected with rat GH receptor
 cDNA.
 Moller, C.; Hansson, A.; Enberg, B.; Lobie, P.E.; Norstedt, G.
 Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 1992
 Nov15.
 The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (32): p. 23403-23408; 1992 Nov15.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 Phosphorylation; Cells; Hamsters; Rats
 
 Abstract:  The mechanism of growth hormone (GH) action was studied in Chinese
 hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with GH receptor cDNA. Cytosolic
 extracts from GH- or phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol
 13-acetate)-treated cells, transfected with full-length GH receptor cDNA, had
 an enhanced ability to phosphorylate myelin basic protein. Myelin basic
 protein, a substrate for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, was maximally
 phosphorylated using extracts from cells treated with 50 nm bovine GH for 10
 min. In addition, GH treatment resulted in an increased cell proliferation by
 30-60%. GH and 12-O-tetradecanoyl 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate cause tyrosine
 phosphorylation of two proteins with Mr of 40,000 and 42,000 that are also
 recognized by MAP kinase antibodies. These proteins were identified as MAP
 kinases by analyzing phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates on Western blots using
 MAP kinase antibodies. In addition, GH induces mitogenicity, as well as MAP
 kinase activation, in CHO cells expressing a receptor in which 184 amino acids
 had been deleted in the carboxyl-terminal part of the intracellular domain. No
 GH effects were seen in untransfected cells, in CHO cells expressing a
 truncated GH receptor containing only 5 of 349 amino acids in the
 intracellular domain, or in cells expressing the soluble GH-binding protein.
 In conclusion, our data show that GH treatment of CHO cells, reconstituted
 with GH receptors, initiates a phosphorylation cascade which includes MAP
 kinase.
 
 
 161                                            NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Growth hormone parameters at four ages in intact and castrated male female
 cattle.
 Plouzek, C.A.; Trenkle, A.
 Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
 Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 63-72; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bulls; Heifers; Castration; Ovariectomized females; Somatotropin;
 Blood plasma; Hormone secretion; Age; Somatostatin; Hypothalamic releasing
 hormones
 
 
 162                                         NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7A4
 Growth hormone will reduce small dairy farms, Cornell researcher says.
 Holder, W.L.
 Middletown, N.Y. : Cornell Cooperative Ext.--Orange County Agriculture
 Program, Education Center; 1993 Aug.
 Agfocus : publication of Cornell Cooperative Extension--Orange County. p. 14;Ô
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy industry; Milk production; Dairy cows; Growth
 promoters; Dairy farms; Small farms; Farm amalgamations
 
 
 163                                              NAL Call. No.: A00035
 Growth hormone--a treatment for septic shock?.
 Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Aug27.
 Biotechnology news v. 12 (21): p. 8; 1992 Aug27.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Growth factors; Research support; Usda; Somatotropin
 
 
 164                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Hematological profiles in dairy cows treated with recombinant bovine
 somatotropin.
 Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elasser, T.H.;
 Woodward, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1488-1495; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood
 picture; Lymphocytes; Hematocrit; Hematology; Neutrophils
 
 Abstract:  Recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) was administered at 0, 10.3,
 or 20.6 mg per cow per day to 32 Holsteins for 38 wk. Fifteen currently
 treated cows had been treated in the previous lactation. Eighteen
 hematological variables and blood concentration of insulin-like growth factor
 I (IGF-I) were measured at five sample periods. The objectives of the study
 were to test the effects of bST treatments on hematological profiles and to
 relate blood IGF-I concentration to these variables. Results indicated little
 influence (P > .10) of previous bST treatments on hematological profiles
 measured in the current lactation. Current bST treatments, however, altered
 hematocrits (P = .10), mean corpuscular volume (P = .03), mean corpuscular
 hemoglobin (P = .009), and fraction of blood lymphocytes (P = .09). A week x
 bST treatment interaction also contributed to variation in hematocrit (P =
 .09), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P = .05), fraction of neutrophils (P =
 .02), and fraction of lymphocytes (P = .04). Blood IGF-I concentrationÔ
 = .04, .02), and monocytes (P = .08, .05). Further in vivo and in vitro
 studies are warranted because this preliminary evidence suggests that bST
 and(or) IGF-I contribute to regulation of hematopoiesis in mature dairy cows.
 
 
 165                                            NAL Call. No.: 381 B523
 A heuristic approach to predicting the tertiary structure of bovine
 somatotropin.
 Carlacci, L.; Chou, K.C.; Maggiora, G.M.
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 May07.
 Biochemistry v. 30 (18): p. 4389-4398; 1991 May07.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Amino acid sequences; Thermodynamics
 
 Abstract:  A combination of a heuristic approach and energy minimization was
 used to predict the three-dimensional structure of bovine somatotropin (bSt),
 also known as bovine growth hormone, a protein of 191 amino acids. The
 starting points for energy minimizations were generated from the following two
 types of inputs: (a) the amino acid sequence and (b) the heuristic inputs,
 which were derived according to physical, chemical, and biological principles
 by piecing together all useful information available. The predicted 3-D
 structure of the bSt molecule has all the features observed in four-helix
 bundle proteins. The four alpha-helices in bSt are intimately packed to form
 an assembly with an approximately square cross section. All the adjacent
 alpha-helices are antiparallel, with a somewhat tilted angle between each of
 the adjacent pairs so that the assembly of the four helices looks like a
 left-handed twisted bundle. There are two disulfide bonds in the bSt
 structure: one "hooking" the middle of a long loop with helix 4 so as to pull
 the long loop onto the surface of the helix bundle and the other "hooking" the
 C-terminal segment with the same helix so as to force the C-terminal segment
 to bend toward the helix bundle. As a consequence, a considerable part of the
 surface of the four-helix bundle is closely packed or intimately embraced by
 the loop segments. The predicted bSt structure has a hydrophobic core and a
 hydrophilic exterior surface. The energetic analysis of the predicted bSt
 structure indicates that the interaction between helices and loops plays a
 dominant role in stabilizing the four-helix bundle structure from the
 viewpoint of both electrostatic and nonbonded interactions. A technique called
 FOLD was meanwhile developed, by which one can fold a polypeptide chain into
 any shape as desired. This tool proved to be very useful during the heuristic
 model-building process.
 
 
 166                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822Ô
 lactation dairy cows.
 De Boer, G.; Robinson, P.H.; Kennelly, J.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2623-2632; 1991 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dietary protein; Milk yield;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Forage; Chemical composition; Milk composition;
 Blood plasma; Hormones
 
 Abstract:  The effects of bST injection and dietary protein level on blood
 hormone and metabolite concentrations were examined in four mature Holstein
 cows in a double crossover design. Cows were assigned at d 5 to 9 postpartum
 to receive daily injections of either a control (saline) solution or 20.6 mg
 of bST. Four 3-wk periods were used during which one cow from each group was
 fed a medium protein diet (17.1% CP), and the other received a high protein
 diet (23.6% cp). Injections of bST or control solutions began on d 0 of the
 second period. Intakes of DM were not influenced by dietary protein or bST
 injection. Milk yield tended to increase with increased CP level but was not
 affected by bST injection. Based on the rate and extent of decline in milk
 production after cessation of bST injection, the cows assigned to bST had
 lower milk production potential than control cows. Thus, the effect of bST
 injection apparently was to enhance milk yield to levels similar to those of
 controls. There were no significant CP level or bST injection effects on
 glucose, FFA, somatostatin, or somatotropin concentrations. Glucagon
 concentrations were higher in bST-treated cows. Concentrations of insulin-like
 growth factor-I were increased with increased CP level and also with bST
 injection. Significant effects of days on bST were observed for insulin,
 insulin-like growth factor-I, glucose, and FFA. Cows given bST injections and
 producing equal amounts of milk as control cows did not show major
 physiological differences in hormones and metabolites with the exception of
 insulin-like growth factor-I.
 
 
 167                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Identification and partial purification of serum growth hormone binding
 protein in domestic animal species.
 Davis, S.L.; Graf, M.; Morrison, C.A.; Hall, T.R.; Swift, P.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (3): p. 773-780; 1992 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 Assays; Activity; Species differences
 
 Abstract:  The chemical nature and variations in serum concentrations of
 growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) from humans, rabbits, and rodents have
 been reported. To date little is known about the GHBP of domestic animals.
 Therefore, we initiated these studies to determine whether a serum GHBP was
 present in domestic animals and to purify the binding protein (BP) from serum
 of selected species. Using a dextran-coated charcoal separation assay,
 specific growth hormone (GH) binding was demonstrated in ovine, bovine,
 chicken, human, goose, porcine, and equine serum (listed in sequence from
 lowest to highest binding). Variation in BP activity was relatively high, both
 within and between species. Yearling ewes had higher serum GHBP than either
 prepubertal (4 mo) or older (5 yr) ewes. The GHBP was partially purified from
 chicken, ovine, and porcine serum using GH affinity chromatography. These BP
 had high affinity (Ka = 2 X 10(8) to 2 X 10(9) L/mol, depending on species)
 and low capacity (2 X 10(-10) to 5 X 10(-11) mol/unit of protein) for human GH
 but showed lower binding affinity for homologous GH (Ka = 2 X 10(7) L/mol. The
 porcine GHBP had the highest and ovine GHBP the lowest affinity for human GH.
 Other heterologous somatotropic hormones, ovine placental lactogen, and ovine
 GH displayed higher binding affinity to chicken and pig BP than the respective
 homologous hormones. Further chromatographic purification of the porcine GHBP
 resulted in an additional 1,000-fold purification. The estimated molecular
 weight of porcine GHBP is 50,000 to 60,000 Da. These results demonstrate that
 the serum from all domestic species tested contains a specific GH-binding
 moiety and that under the conditions described here human GH is a more
 efficient ligand than the homologous hormone.
 
 
 168                                            NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
 Immunocytochemical evidence for production of luteinizing hormone and
 follicle-stimulating hormone in separate cells in the bovine.
 Bastings, E.; Beckers, A.; Reznik, M.; Beckers, J.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Nov.
 Biology of reproduction v. 45 (5): p. 788-796; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cows; Bulls; Pituitary; Cells; Lh; Fsh; Hormone secretion;
 Cytology; Morphology; Microscopy
 
 Abstract:  In all mammalian females, follicular growth and maturation are
 essentially dependent on the pituitary gonadotropins, FSH and LH. These
 glycoprotein hormones have many similarities, but their actions, based on high
 affinity binding to specific membrane receptors, are quite different. The
 purpose of this study was to perform a sensitive localization of FSH and LH inÔ
 morphological study included light microscopy (PAP) and electron microscopy
 (immunogold single and double labeling) procedures. Histologically,
 approximately 11.5% of cells were positive for LH, whereas only 5.4% of cells
 were positive for FSH. With the electron microscope, single labeling allowed
 identification of morphologically distinct LH-containing cells and
 FSH-containing cells. Double immunostaining confirmed that no cells contained
 both hormones. The finding that FSH and LH are produced in separate pituitary
 cells is in agreement with recent studies that have suggested a specific role
 and regulatory process for gonadotropins in the bovine species.
 
 
 169                                            NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5
 Immunohistochemical and nucleic acid analysis of somatotropin receptor
 populations in the bovine ovary.
 Lucy, M.C.; Collier, R.J.; Kitchell, M.L.; Dibner, J.J.; Hauser, S.D.; Krivi,
 G.G.
 Madison : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1993 Jun.
 Biology of reproduction v. 48 (6): p. 1219-1227; 1993 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cows; Dairy cows; Ovaries; Somatotropin; Receptors;
 Messenger  RNA; Corpus luteum
 
 Abstract:  Ovaries were analyzed for somatotropin receptor protein and mRNA
 through use of immunohistochemistry, solution hybridization/nuclease
 protection, Northern blotting, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
 reaction (RT-PCR). As indicated by immunoperoxidase staining, CL expressed
 immunoreactive somatotropin receptor (positive stain). Ovarian stroma,
 connective tissue, endothelium, and erythrocytes did not express somatotropin
 receptor (negative stain). Within the CL, somatotropin receptor protein was
 expressed primarily in large luteal cells whereas small luteal cells were
 negative. Most follicles (1-5 mm, after fixation) were negative for
 somatotropin receptor. On the basis of solution hybridization/nuclease
 protection. the mRNA for somatotropin receptor was found in greatest abundance
 in CL and large luteal cells and was nearly undetectable in small luteal cells
 or follicles (class 1, 3- 5 mm; class 2, 6-9 mm; and class 3, greater than or
 equal to 10 mm). Northern blotting of mRNA for somatotropin receptor showed
 expression of somatotropin receptor mRNA transcripts in whole ovary (4.7 and
 4.4 kb), CL (4.7 and 4.4 kb), and liver (4.4 kb); and RT-PCR amplified a
 single amino acid coding region for somatotropin receptor in CL and liver. In
 summary, somatotropin receptor (both immunoreactive protein and mRNA) is found
 primarily in the large luteal cell, and lesser amounts of the expressed
 receptor or its message are found in the follicle. Alternative sizes of mRNAÔ
 
 
 170                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Impact of bovine somatotropin on dairying in eastern Europe.
 Skarda, J.; Mader, H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 72-82; 1991.  Paper presented at
 the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,
 Lexington, Kentucky.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk
 composition; Feed intake; Body weight; Controlled release; Blood composition;
 Female fertility; Mastitis; Individual quarters; Infections; Adipose tissue;
 Lipogenesis
 
 
 171                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
 Impact on bovine somatotropin administration beginning at day 70 of lactation
 on serum metabolites, milk constituents, and production in cows previously
 exposed to exogenous somatotropin.
 Lean, I.J.; Baldwin, R.L.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Galland, J.C.; Farver,
 T.B.; Rostami, J.; Weaver, L.D.; Holmeberg, C.A.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 May.
 American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (5): p. 731-741; 1992 May.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood serum; Metabolites; Milk
 composition; Milk production; Energy balance; Milk fat percentage; Ketosis;
 Ketonemia; Body condition
 
 Abstract:  Metabolic and production responses are reported for 72 cows treated
 with bovine somatotropin (BST) for 30 days starting at day 70 of lactation. Of
 these 72 cows, 48 had been exposed in the preceding lactation to long-term
 treatment with BST at 3 dosages and 24 (controls) had not been given BST.
 Approximately half of the cows in each group were parity-2 cows, the rest were
 older. Comparisons between groups were made separately for parity-2, and older
 cows. Analyses, using pretreatment values of each variable as a covariate,
 indicated that older cows, but not parity-2 cows, significantly (P < 0.05)
 increased milk production during treatment. Parity-2 cows, however, had a
 significantly higher milk fat percentage than controls following treatment.
 Cows treated with 51.6 or 86 mg BST/d in both parity groups has significantlyÔ
 were significantly lower for older treated cows, but did not significantly
 differ from controls from for parity-2 treated cows. Older cows in the 86 mg
 of BST/d group tended to have higher concentrations of blood glucose than did
 older control-group cows. Treatment with BST did not significantly increase
 serum ketone concentrations in any group of animals, and none of the cows
 developed clinical ketosis during this period. Estimated net energy balance
 (ENEB) during treatment was a significant (P < 0.05) covariate for free fatty
 acid concentrations in older cows and for milk fat percentage in parity-2
 cows. Covariate adjusted analyses, using ENEB during treatment as a covariate,
 indicated that lipolytic stimuli already acting may be enhanced by treatment
 with BST, but a negative energy balance was not a necessary precondition for
 free fatty acid concentrations to increase following somatotropin treatment.
 Similarly, milk fat percentages for parity-2 treated cows were significantly
 (P < 0.05) higher during treatment than controls when ENEB during treatment
 was used as a covari
 
 
 172                                        NAL Call. No.: HD1775.O5C87
 Impacts of bST adoption under alternative national dairy policies.
 Peel, D.S.
 Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 Dec.
 Current farm economics - Agricultural Experiment Station, Division of
 Agriculture, Oklahoma State University v. 64 (4): p. 30-43; 1991 Dec.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Oklahoma; Somatotropin; Dairy industry; Innovation
 adoption; Economic impact; Marketing policy; Federal programs; Econometric
 models; Simulation models; Milk production; Milk supply; Milk prices
 
 
 173                                    NAL Call. No.: HD9001.N46 no.29
 Impacts of growth stimulants in the domestic livestock sector.
 Peterson, E. B.
 University of Connecticut, Food Marketing Policy Center
 Storrs, Conn. : Food Marketing Policy Center, Dept. of Agricultural Economics
 and Rural Sociology, University of Connecticut,; 1992.
 29 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (NE-165 private strategies, public policies and food
 system performance. Working paper series ; WP-29).  June 1992.  Includes
 bibliographical references (p. 22-24).
 
 Language:  English; English
 
 Descriptors: Dairying; Pork industry and trade; Bovine somatotropin; PorcineÔ
 
 
 174                                          NAL Call. No.: HD1401.A56
 Impacts of growth stimulants in the domestic livestock sectors.
 Peterson, E.B.; Preckel, P.V.; Hertel, T.W.; McGuirk, A.M.
 New York, N.Y. : John Wiley; 1992 Jul.
 Agribusiness v. 8 (4): p. 287-307; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigmeat; Meat and livestock industry; Dairy industry;
 Somatotropin; Growth promoters; Economic impact; Sectoral analysis; Domestic
 markets; Demand; Feeds; Food processing; Retail marketing; International
 trade; Food production; Agricultural prices; Marketing channels
 
 
 175                                     NAL Call. No.: 1 Ag84Ab no.626
 Implications of new technology for the livestock sector animal growth
 hormones.
 McClelland, John; Kuchler, Fred; Reilly, John
 Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service,; 1991.
 18 p. ; 28 cm. (Agriculture information bulletin ; no. 626).  Caption title.
 September 1991.  Includes bibliographical references (p. 18).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Bovine somatotropin; Porcine somatotropin
 
 
 176                                          NAL Call. No.: SF221.D342
 Industry perspective on the BST issue.
 Hecht, D.W.
 Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental
 Sanitarians, Inc; 1991 Sep.
 Dairy, food and environmental sanitation v. 11 (9): p. 499-500, 502; 1991 Sep.
  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy industry; Milk products; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dairy
 farming
 
 
 177                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Influence of bovine somatotropin and nutrition on production and compositionÔ
 Austin, C.L.; Schingoethe, D.J.; Casper, D.P.; Cleale, R.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3920-3932; 1991 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Nutrient density; Crude protein;
 Dietary protein; Dietary fat; Milk yield; Milk composition; Dry matter; Feed
 intake; Fatty acids; Body weight; Amino acids; Blood serum
 
 Abstract:  Forty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in an experiment
 with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study interactions of bST
 and nutrient density during wk 5 through 20 postpartum. Main effects were bST
 (0 or 10.3 mg/d) and diet (control or high protein and energy). The control
 diet was formulated to contain 16.3% CP and 1.65 Mcal of NE(L)/kg of DM; the
 high protein and energy diet was formulated to contain 18% CP and 1.74 Mcal of
 NE(L)/kg of DM with additional energy as fat from extruded soybeans and
 calcium salts of fatty acids. Diet ratios were 50:25:25 for
 concentrate:alfalfa hay:corn silage (DM basis). Bovine somatotropin increased
 milk production (40.9 vs. 37.9 kg/d) and production of 4% FCM (35.7 vs. 32.3
 kg/d). The high protein and energy diet increased milk production (40.3 vs.
 38.5 kg/d); 4% FCM production was higher for high protein and energy plus bST
 (36.0 kg) than without bST (33.6 kg). Percentage of milk fat was not affected
 by treatment. Percentage of milk protein was reduced with the high protein and
 energy diet, presumably because of the added fat, but this reduction was less
 with high protein and energy plus bST. Dry matter intake was not significantly
 elevated by bST (23.1 vs. 22.8 kg/d) but was lower for high protein and energy
 (22.0 vs. 23.8 kg/d). Increased dietary protein and energy with bST augmented
 the total milk production response.
 
 
 178                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Influence of bovine somatotropin on the composition and manufacturing
 properties of milk.
 Laurent, F.; Vignon, B.; Coomans, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Bonnel, A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Aug.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (8): p. 2226-2234; 1992 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Cheese milk; Milk
 yield; Feed intake; Concentrates; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Fatty acids;
 Milk proteins; Micelles; CheesemakingÔ
 effect of injecting dairy cows with various doses (0, 320, 640, or 960 mg/28
 d; 0 or 640 mg/28 d; 0, 320 mg/14 d, or 320 or 640 mg/28 d) of bST on milk
 production, composition, and manufacturing properties. Mean bST response among
 studies on milk production varied from 0 (trial 1) to 7.3% (trial 2) and from
 8.5 to 14.2% (trial 3) in relation to feeding conditions. Neither milk fat nor
 protein percentages in milk at time of maximum response were affected by the
 use of bST. Distribution of casein and protein in the whey was not affected by
 the treatments at any time. The nature of fatty acids varied more with time
 after injection than with bST doses. Neither coagulation time, standard curd
 firmness, nor soft or pressed cheese yields were affected by the treatments.
 
 
 179                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Influence of exogenous bovine somatotropin on the responsiveness of peripheral
 blood lymphocytes to mitogen.
 Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elsasser, T.H.;
 Woodward, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 916-928; 1991 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Nontarget effects; Immune response;
 Lymphocytes; Mitosis; Insulin-like growth factor; Lymphocyte transformation;
 Concanavalin a
 
 Abstract:  Our objectives were to determine the effects of exogenous bovine
 somatotropin on peripheral blood lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen and on
 concentrations of serum insulin-like growth factor-I and to determine whether
 a statistical relationship exists between these two variables. The cows on
 trial were treated with 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg/d somatotropin, starting between
 wk 4 and 5 of lactation and continuing for 266 consecutive d. Lymphocyte
 proliferation (counts per minute) and concentration of insulin-like growth
 factor-I (nanograms per milliliter) were recorded from blood sampled at wk 3,
 10, 26, 35, and 46 of lactation. The results showed that lymphocytes from the
 blood of treated cows responded to mitogen with higher proliferative
 responsiveness than cells from control cows, but that this effect required
 long-term treatment and adequate mitogen concentrations to be detected. The
 blood of treated cows also had elevated concentrations of insulin-like growth
 factor-I relative to that of control cows, but these were not statistically
 associated with the proliferative responsiveness of the peripheral blood
 lymphocytes to mitogen. Our results suggest that somatotropin has a role in
 the immune system of cows, but its mode of action and target tissues must be
 determine. Bovine somatotropin, injected at doses that increase milk yield,Ô
 peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture.
 
 
 180                                 NAL Call. No.: MnSUThesis stp parc
 Influence of genetics and sex on plasma growth hormone in Holstein cattle to
 one year of age.
 Parchuri, Nandakishore
 1991; 1991.
 xii, 167 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.  Includes bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 
 181                                         NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
 Influence of nutrition and bovine growth hormone (GH) on hepatic GH binding,
 insulin-like growth factor-I and growth of lambs.
 Bass, J.J.; Oldham, J.M.; Hodgkinson, S.C.; Fowke, P.J.; Sauerwein, H.; Molan,
 P.; Breier, B.H.; Gluckman, P.D.
 Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Feb.
 The Journal of endocrinology v. 128 (2): p. 181-186; 1991 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Lambs; Somatotropin; Animal nutrition; Insulin-like growth
 factor; Liver; Binding; Growth; Carcass composition; Liveweight gain; Blood
 chemistry; Blood sugar
 
 Abstract:  The effect on young lambs of 0.25 mg recombinant bovine GH (bGH)/kg
 per day on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I),
 glucose, specific hepatic GH binding and body composition changes was examined
 at two levels of nutrition (lucerne pellets; 3 and 1.7% of body weight/day).
 Lambs on low levels of nutrition had low plasma IGF-I (P<0.001). Plasma
 concentrations of IGF-I were increased by bGH treatment at both levels of
 nutrition, with the high nutrition group showing the greatest IGF-I response
 after 3 and 40 days of bGH treatment. Plasma glucose, after 40 days, was
 higher overall (P<0.05) in lambs on high nutrition. bGH treatment increased
 plasma glucose, with the response being greater in the well-fed lambs.
 Specific binding of GH to liver membranes was highest in lambs on high
 nutrition and on bGH treatment; no significant interaction between nutrition
 and bGH treatment was detected, indicating that specific binding of GH was
 increased proportionally by bGH at both nutritional levels. The major change
 in body composition was the reduced level of fatness in lambs treated with
 bGH. There was no significant effect of bGH on body weight although bGH
 treatment tended to increase weight gain of well-fed lambs and decreasedÔ
 was a significant P<0.05) bGH/nutrition interaction for IGF-I there was no
 such interaction for body weight/components or specific GH binding to the
 liver. The results indicate that an increase in plasma IGF-I does not
 necessarily result in increases in growth or changes in carcass composition.
 
 
 182                                         NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
 Influence of protein nutrition on the response of growing lambs to exogenous
 bovine growth hormone.
 MacRae, J.C.; Bruce, L.A.; Hovell, F.D.D.; Hart, I.C.; Inkster, J.; Walker,
 A.; Atkinson, T.
 Bristol : The Journal; 1991 Jul.
 The Journal of endocrinology v. 130 (1): p. 53-61; 1991 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Lambs; Cattle; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin;
 Glucose; Protein; Infusion; Nutrient availability; Nitrogen balance; Nitrogen
 retention; Protein metabolism; Anabolism
 
 Abstract:  Interactions between protein supply and the anabolic response to
 exogenous bovine (b) GH have been examined in two experiments using 28-35 kg
 lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (700
 kJ/kg W(0.75) per day) into the rumen and the casein (600 mg (low protein; LP)
 or 1200 mg (high protein; HP)/kg W(0.75) per day) into the abomasum. Sheep
 received continuous i.v. infusions of bGH for 6 days in experiment 1 and for
 18 days in experiment 2. Nitrogen balances were determined daily throughout
 both experiments and blood samples, from indwelling catheters, were assayed
 for GH, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin and glucose. Infusion of
 bGH increased plasma GH concentration by five- to sixfold in all animals.
 There was an increase in N retention in both HP and LP animals over the first
 2-3 days of GH administration. HP animals sustained higher N retentions (31%;
 P<0.05) throughout the GH administration but LP animals did not. In contrast,
 plasma IGF-I concentrations increased progressively over the first 72 to 96 h
 of GH administration in all sheep and thereafter remained significantly
 (P<0.05) elevated until termination of the GH infusion. In lambs which
 received both HP and LP infusions in experiment 1 the increase in IGF-I
 concentration by day 6 of GH administration was significantly (P<0.05) greater
 when they received the higher protein intake. Plasma insulin concentrations
 increased rapidly (P<0.05) with the onset of GH administration to levels which
 were 2.5 (LP)- and 4.8 (HP)-fold greater than those observed in the pre- and
 post-GH periods. Glucose concentration also increased during GH administration
 (P<0.05), by 35% in LP animals and by 58% in HP animals. High protein
 availability appeared necessary to sustain a protein anabolic response whereÔ
 were elevated on both high and low protein treatments.
 
 
 183                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Influence of recombinant bovine somatotropin (Sometribove) on mononuclear
 cells during the nonlactating period.
 Torre, P.M.; Lewis, M.J.; Ingle, T.L.; Oliver, S.P.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 983-991; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry period; Mammary glands;
 Lymphocytes; Immunostimulation; Interleukin 2; Mitogens; Lymphocyte
 transformation
 
 Abstract:  Recombinant bST was evaluated as a potential immunoenhancer of
 bovine peripheral blood and mammary gland mononuclear cells during the
 nonlactating period. Cows (n = 4 per group) were assigned to one of four
 treatments: 1) untreated, 2) treated with recombinant bST during lactation
 only, 3) treated with recombinant bST during the nonlactating period only, and
 4) treated with recombinant bST during lactation and the nonlactating period.
 Recombinant bST treatment during the nonlactating period had no effect on
 proliferation of bovine blood or mammary gland mononuclear cells in response
 to stimulation by mitogens or allogeneic cells. Recombinant bST treatment
 during the nonlactating period enhanced interleukin-2 secretion by mononuclear
 cells isolated from cows treated also with recombinant bST during lactation.
 However, recombinant bST treatment during the nonlactating period had little
 effect on interleukin-2 secretion by mononuclear cells from cows not treated
 with recombinant bST during lactation. Results of this study suggest that
 recombinant bST alters effector functions rather than proliferation of bovine
 mononuclear cells.
 
 
 184                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Influence of somatotropin treatment of lactating cows on maintenance energy
 expenditures.
 McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; MacLeod, G.K.; Early, R.J.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jun.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 413-416; 1992 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 Skeletal muscle; Ion transport; Protein synthesis; Ions; Sodium; Potassium
 
 
 185                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Influence of source of rumen-degraded nitrogen on ruminal and whole tract
 digestion, plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations as well as milk yield
 and composition in dairy cows.
 Robinson, P.H.; De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 417-428; 1991 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Nonprotein nitrogen; Digestion; Rumen digestion;
 Barley; Urea; Milk yield; Milk composition; Insulin; Glucagon; Somatotropin;
 Somatostatin; Glucose
 
 
 186                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in ruminants and their
 nutritional regulation.
 McGuire, M.A.; Vicini, J.L.; Bauman, D.E.; Veenhuizen, J.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Sep.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2901-2910; 1992 Sep.  Literature
 review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cows; Insulin-like growth factor; Lactation; Dry period; Milk
 yield; Binding proteins; Somatomedin; Nutrition; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are important mediators of
 growth, lactation, reproduction, and health. Considerable information on their
 role in ruminant animals has been learned in the past several years, but the
 precise mechanisms of their action are not known. The exact biological
 response of target cells is undoubtedly determined by the developmental state
 of the cell and synergism with other growth factors. Overall, somatomedins and
 their binding proteins seem to be major links between cellular developmental
 processes and nutrient supply. The mechanism by which nutrients control
 biological actions of somatomedins is not known but clearly involves the
 synthesis of IGF, as well as their binding proteins and receptors. In
 ruminants, severe feed restriction decreases circulating concentrations of
 IGF-I, whereas subtle alterations typical of those that occur in production
 systems have minimal effect. However, the responses of IGF to somatotropin areÔ
 nutritional status that are typically encountered in animal production
 systems.
 
 
 187                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Interactions of heat stress and bovine somatotropin affecting physiology and
 immunology of lactating cows.
 Elvinger, F.; Natzke, R.P.; Hansen, P.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 449-462; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Milk yield; Body
 temperature; Mammary glands; Lymphocytes; Immune response; Environmental
 temperature; Hydrocortisone; Cell counting
 
 Abstract:  During summer, 34 cows received daily injections of placebo or 25
 mg of bST and were placed in a thermoregulated or a heat stress environment.
 Heat stress increased rectal temperatures, respiration rates, and plasma
 cortisol concentrations and decreased milk yield. Four of 9 bST-treated cows
 and none of 8 control cows became atactic on the 1st d of heat stress. When
 exposed to beat stress, cows treated with bST experienced higher rectal
 temperatures throughout the trials than cows treated with placebo.
 Nonetheless, bST increased milk yields in both environments. The major effect
 of heat stress on immune function was decreased migration of leukocytes to the
 mammary gland after chemotactic challenge. This effect of heat stress was not
 altered by bST. In summary, hyperthermia induced by beat stress and associated
 changes were greater for cows treated with bST. Detected effects of heat
 stress on the immune system were few and were not alleviated by bST. Use of
 bST during summer in subtropical climate zones requires careful management to
 avoid overexposure of bST-treated cows to heat stress.
 
 
 188                                            NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6
 Introducing foods produced using biotechnology: the case of bovine
 somatotropin.
 McGuirk, A.M.; Preston, W.P.; Jones, G.M.
 Experiment, Ga. : The Association; 1992 Jul.
 Southern journal of agricultural economics - Southern Agricultural Economics
 Association v. 24 (1): p. 209-223; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 attitudes; Household surveys; Biotechnology; Demography; Case studies
 
 Abstract:  A mailed questionnaire was used to assess consumer concerns and
 potential consumption response attributable to the introduction of bovine
 somatotropin (bST). Responses from 605 households in Virginia are described
 and analyzed. Logit models were estimated to identify which issues shape
 consumers' decisions to alter milk purchases contingent on the introduction of
 bST and to determine whether socioeconomic characteristics explain consumers'
 attitudes toward these issues. Estimates based on survey responses point
 toward sizable reductions in fluid milk purchases if bST is introduced. Large
 retail price reductions are predicted to be insufficient to offset these
 estimated decreases. Consumer education and marketing strategies are
 discussed.
 
 
 189                                           NAL Call. No.: 280.8 SY8
 Is Monsanto burning money in its biotech barn?.
 Siler, J.F.; Crey, J.
 New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Sep02.
 Business week (3229): p. 74-75; 1991 Sep02.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Milk production; Pigmeat;
 Research support; Product development
 
 
 190                                          NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393
 Just say no to milk hormones.
 Stauber, J.C.
 Boston, Mass. : Council for Responsible Genetics; 1991 Mar.
 Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 9-11, 13; 1991 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk products; Biotechnology
 
 
 191                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Kinetics of amino acid extraction by lactating mammary glands in control and
 sometribove-treated Holstein cows.
 Hanigan, M.D.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Reis, B.L.; Baldwin, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 161-173; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.Ô
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Mammary glands; Amino acids; Arteries;
 Veins; Regression analysis; Equations
 
 Abstract:  Studies of mammary arteriovenous difference were conducted on
 multiparous lactating Holstein cows (n = 21) on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of
 lactation to examine kinetic relationships between arterial concentration and
 mammary gland extraction of AA. Additionally, these cows were paired by
 previous lactational performance and assigned to bST-treated or control groups
 to examine the effect of bST treatment on AA concentration and extraction by
 lactating mammary glands. Treated cows were injected daily with 40 mg of
 recombinant bST from d 71 through 126 of lactation. Arterial concentrations of
 Asp, Ser, Asn, Gly, beta-aminoisobutyrate, and Met were increased.
 Concentrations of Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Orn, and Lys were decreased in
 bST-treated cows compared with controls. Increased extractions of Asp and Met
 by mammary glands in treated versus control cows were correlated positively
 with treatment-induced changes in arterial concentrations of these AA.
 However, increased mammary extractions of Arg, cystathionine, Leu, and Lys by
 bST-treated compared with control cows were not correlated with bST-induced
 changes in arterial concentrations of these AA. Extractions of Asn, His, Thr,
 Arg, Tyr, Met, cystathionine, cystine, Ile, Phe, Orn, Glu, Gly, Tau, Cit, Leu,
 and Val were correlated linearly with arterial concentrations (r2 > .15) of
 each AA. Extractions of Asp, Glu, Ser, Asn, Gly, Gln, Tau, His, Cit, Thr, Pro,
 Tyr, Val, cystine, Ile, Leu, Trp, Orn, and Lys also were correlated with
 arteriovenous differences of Met.
 
 
 192                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Lactation, health, and reproduction of dairy cows receiving daily injection of
 sustained-release somatotropin.
 Zhao, X.; Burton, J.H.; McBride, B.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (11): p. 3122-3130; 1992 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Subcutaneous injection; Controlled
 release; Milk composition; Milk yield; Lactation number; Feed intake; Dry
 matter; Energy intake; Body weight; Animal health; Animal welfare;
 Reproductive performance; Drug formulations
 
 Abstract:  Seventy-four Holstein cows (26 primiparous) were utilized to
 compare the efficacy and safety of sustained-release versus daily injectable
 formulations of recombinant bST. Twenty-four control cows were injectedÔ
 bST microsphere; and 25 cows were injected daily with 10.3 mg of bST.
 Injections were initiated between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and continued for
 280 d. Administration of bST caused a moderate increase in milk and FCM
 production and improved the efficiency of feed and energy conversions. Most
 health-related and reproduction-related variables did not differ among
 treatment groups. However, incidence of teat and udder disorders and feet and
 leg problems tended to be higher during the 40-wk injection period for the
 bST-treated cows than for the control cows. Incidence of GnRH therapy and
 number of days to first service were higher for daily bST-treated cows than
 for controls. No differences existed between sustained-release and daily
 bST-treated cows for any parameters monitored.
 
 
 193                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Lactation response and body composition of cows receiving somatotropin and
 three ratios of forage to concentrate.
 McGuffey, R.K.; Basson, R.P.; Spike, T.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Sep.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (9): p. 3095-3102; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Body composition; Lactation stage;
 Energy content; Energy intake; Forage; Protein concentrates; Body fat; Milk
 yield; Body protein
 
 Abstract:  Ninety multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effect
 of ration energy density and bST on lactation performance and whole body
 chemical composition. Seventy-eight cows, averaging 43.6 d postpartum, were
 assigned for 168 d to TMR with forage: concentrate ratios of 40:60, 50:50, and
 60:40 (DM basis). Half of the cows on each ration received subcutaneously
 either 0 or 640 mg bST/28 d. Whole body chemical composition was determined by
 comparative slaughter in 12 cows (average = 35.9 d postpartum) prior to
 initiation of treatment and in 35 cows after either 84 or 168 d of treatment.
 Net energy intake was greater for 40:60 ad 50:50 than for 60:40. Milk fat
 percentage was reduced in cows fed 40:60. Ration did not affect milk, 3.5%
 FCM, and DMI. There were no differences among rations for total body fat,
 protein, water, and calories. The bST increased milk and 3.5% FCM but had no
 effect on DM and net energy intakes. Yield of 3.5% FCM by cows receiving bST
 and fed 40:60 was 1.9 kg/d more and for 50:50 it was 2.7 kg/d more than for
 those fed 60:40. Administration of bST reduced total body fat and calories but
 did not affect protein and water. Partitioning of calories to milk at the
 expense of fat deposition is the primary mechanism for the galactopoietic
 action of bST.Ô
 194                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Lactational response of Jersey cows to bovine somatotropin administered daily
 or in a sustained-release formulation.
 Jenny, B.F.; Grimes, L.W.; Pardue, F.E.; Rock, D.W.; Patterson, D.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Dec.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3402-3407; 1992 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed
 intake; Dry matter; Feed conversion; Controlled release; Injection; Body
 weight; Body condition; Bovine mastitis
 
 Abstract:  Twenty-four Jersey cows were administered either 0 or 15.5 mg of
 bST/d or 310 mg of bST/14 d to determine the effect on milk yield, milk
 composition, feed intake, and body weight. Administration of bST was from wk
 14 through 42 postpartum. Cows were housed in a tie-stall barn and fed for ad
 libitum intake a TMR adjusted to one of two energy protein densities according
 to milk yield. Milk yield of cows administered bST daily or by
 sustained-release vehicle increased 27.6 and 24.7%, respectively, over that of
 control cows; FCM increased by 30.3 and 26.7%. Percentages of fat and protein
 in milk were unaffected by bST treatment. Dry matter intake of cows
 administered bST was greater than that of control cows, whether expressed as
 kilograms per day or as a percentage of body weight. Apparent efficiency of
 yield increased in cows administered bST. No significant change in body weight
 occurred; however, cows administered bST had lower body condition scores at 42
 wk postpartum. This trial demonstrated comparable effects of bST on
 lactational performance when administered daily or in a 14-d sustained-release
 vehicle.
 
 
 195                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated dietary fat and receiving
 bovine somatotropin.
 Stegeman, G.A.; Casper, D.P.; Schingoethe, D.J.; Baer, R.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1936-1945; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dietary fat; Somatotropin; Sunflower seeds; Safflower
 seed; Unsaturated fatty acids; Milk fat; Milk composition; Diet; Fatty acids;
 Milk proteins; Milk yield; Rumen fermentationÔ
 bST may effectively alter the fatty acid composition of milk fat This was
 tested using 16 Holstein cows assigned to one of four treatments during
 midlactation. Treatments were control, control diet with 15.5 mg of bST/d per
 cow, dietary fat from sunflower seeds and bST, or dietary fat from safflower
 seeds and bST. Diets were formulated to contain 19% CP and contained 25% corn
 silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix on a DM basis. Milk yield was
 not significantly higher when bST was administered and increased with added
 fat diets (29.5, 32.7, 40.0, and 34.1 kg/d for the control, control with bST,
 sunflower seed with bST, and safflower seed with bST treatments,
 respectively). Percentage of milk fat was similar for aH treatments.
 Concentrations of long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids in milk were
 increased slightly by bST and substantially with added fat. Milk protein
 percentages were not influenced by bST but were reduced by approximately .2
 unit with added fat. Added unsaturated dietary fat coupled with bST increased
 milk yield and produced a greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in
 milk.
 
 
 196                                        NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
 Leaving bST decisions to farmers, Wisconsin governor ends moratorium.
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Dec16.
 Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (24): p. 4; 1991 Dec16.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Wisconsin; Somatotropin; Milk production; Regulations
 
 
 197                                         NAL Call. No.: QH585.A1I58
 Lipid synthesis by co-cultures of mammary, liver, and adipose tissue explants
 from sometribove (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin)-treated dairy
 cows.
 Keys, J.E.; Capuco, A.V.; Wood, D.L.
 Columbia, Md. : The Association; 1991 Mar.
 In vitro cellular & development biology : journal of the Tissue Culture
 Association v. 27A (3,pt.1): p. 249-252; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth
 factor; Lipogenesis; Explants; Tissue culture; Mammary glands; Liver; Adipose
 tissue; Milk production
 
 
 198                                          NAL Call. No.: HD1751.C45Ô
 Etherton, T.D.
 Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association; 1992.
 Choices : the magazine of food, farm and resource issues v. 7 (1): p. 11-13;
 1992.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Dairy cows; Meat animals; Pigs; Residues; Food
 safety
 
 
 199                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Long-term effects of sometribove in lactating cows during a fourth consecutive
 lactation of treatment: insulin and somatotropin responses to glucose
 infusion.
 Adriaens, F.A.; Miller, M.A.; Hard, D.L.; Weller, R.F.; Hale, M.D.; Collier,
 R.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (2): p. 472-480; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number; Blood sugar; Glucose
 tolerance test; Infusion; Milk yield; Milk composition; Dry matter; Feed
 intake; Insulin; Blood; Body temperature; Heart rate; Respiration rate
 
 Abstract:  The effect of sometribove (USAN, methionyl bST) on the endocrine
 pancreas and blood bST concentrations was investigated in 6 control and 6
 treated Friesian cows, averaging 111 and 118 d postpartum in their fourth
 lactation of treatment. Each lactation the treated cows received sometribove
 injections (500 mg) every 2 wk (injection cycle) starting 60 +/- 3 d
 postpartum, increasing milk yield 3.3, 5.9. 1.9, and 4.2 kg/d in lactations 1,
 2, 3, and 4, respectively. On d 8 of a fourth lactation injection cycle, blood
 was sampled for 390 min, starting 30 min before an intravenous glucose
 infusion (100 mg/kg) over a 20-min period. Preinfusion concentrations of
 glucose, insulin, md bST were elevated in sometribove-treated cows versus
 controls: 82.1 versus 74.4 mg/dl 28.1 versus 19.7 microIU/ml and 4.6 versus .9
 ng/ml respectively. Glucose infusion resulted in a rapid increase in blood
 glucose and insulin concentrations, followed by a sharp decline to preinfusion
 values across both treatments, resulting in similar net area under the curves
 for glucose and insulin. Blood bST concentrations remained unchanged. This
 study supports the concept that sometribove increases milk yield in dairy cows
 by chronically influencing homeorhetic mechanisms.
 Ô
 Management of the dairy herd treated with bovine somatotropin.
 Crooker, B.A.; Otterby, D.E.
 Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1991 Jul.
 The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 7 (2): p.
 417-437; 1991 Jul.  In the series analytic: Dairy nutrition management /
 edited by C. J. Sniffen and T. H. Herdt.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Cattle husbandry; Mode of
 action; Animal nutrition; Body weight; Body condition; Animal health;
 Reproduction
 
 
 201                                            NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6
 Market impacts of bovine somatropin: a supply and demand analysis.
 Kaiser, H.M.
 Experiment, Ga. : The Association; 1992 Jul.
 Southern journal of agricultural economics - Southern Agricultural Economics
 Association v. 24 (1): p. 271-282; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk supply; Economic impact; Demand; Milk
 marketing; Econometric models; Milk prices; Validity
 
 Abstract:  The potential economic impacts of the introduction of bovine
 somatotropin (bST) on U.S. milk supply and demand are analyzed using a
 national model of Class I and Class II milk markets. The results indicate that
 the introduction of bST will lead to lower milk prices, higher milk
 production, and larger government purchases of dairy products. Unlike previous
 economic analyses of bST, this analysis considers both supply and demand
 effects of bST. The implication is that studies that ignore potential
 demand-side effects may produce misleading results.
 
 
 202                                            NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Metabolic responses to exogenous bovine somatotropin in Friesian cows of low
 or high genetic merit.
 Michel, A.; McCutcheon, S.N.; Mackenzie, D.D.S.; Tait, R.M.; Wickham, B.W.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Apr.
 Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (2): p. 293-306; 1991 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 Insulin-like growth factor; Metabolism
 
 
 203                                         NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P
 Milk safety and the use of BST in dairy industry.
 Cady, R.A.; Hillers, V.
 Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1991 May.
 Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative Extension
 Service v.): 4 p.; 1991 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Gene splicing; Milk yield; Food safety
 
 
 204                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Milk yield, health, and reproduction of dairy cows given somatotropin
 (Somavubove) beginning early postpartum.
 Stanisiewski, E.P.; Krabill, L.F.; Lauderdale, J.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Aug.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (8): p. 2149-2164; 1992 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage effects; Conception
 rate; Body condition; Lactation stage; Diet; Estrus
 
 Abstract:  Cows (n = 210) were assigned to the following treatments:
 uninjected controls through 130 d postpartum; zero to high, uninjected through
 60 d then injected with 14 mg of bST/d from 61 through 130 d postpartum; low,
 5 mg of bST/d from 14 through 130 d postpartum; low to high, 5 mg of bST/d
 from 14 through 60 d then 14 mg of bST/d from 61 through 130 d postpartum; and
 high, 14 mg of bST/d from 14 through 130 d postpartum, Cows given 5 mg of
 bST/d (low and low to high treatments) yielded 1.2 kg of FCM/d more and high
 group cows yielded 1.3 kg of FCM/d more than control cows between 14 and 60 d
 postpartum. Cows given bST yielded 2.7 to 4.1 kg of FCM/d more than control
 cows during 61 to 130 d postpartum. Overall, control cows yielded 35.1 kg of
 FCM/d, and bST-dosed cows yielded 2.2 to 3.2 kg/d more FCM. Low group cows had
 improved pregnancy rate (80.0%) and conception rate (82.2%) compared with high
 group cows (57.2 and 60.3%). Neither pregnancy (70.0%) nor conception rates
 (71.5%) of controls differed from other groups. However, low group cows had
 first service conception rate of 57.8% compared with 34.3% for high and 38.2%
 for low to high group cows. First postpartum estrus was observed in high group
 cows about 13 to 16 d later than in low and low to high group cows, whereasÔ
 group had lower body condition than controls (2.5 vs. 2.9), but other groups
 did not differ (2.7 to 2.9) from controls. Health was not adversely affected.
 Early postpartum bST administration at 5 mg/d increases FCM and, perhaps,
 reproductive performance of dairy cattle compared with herdmates.
 
 
 205                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Milk yield of dairy cows receiving somatotropin (somavubove) daily with
 periodic 14-day interruption.
 Stanisiewski, E.P.; Meeuwse, D.M.; Krabill, L.F.; Lauderdale, J.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Dec.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (12): p. 4195-4201; 1991 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Intramuscular injection;
 Timing
 
 Abstract:  Thirty multiparous (cows) and 15 primiparous (heifers) lactating
 Holstein cattle were used in a 112-d study to examine the effects of pattern
 of administration of recombinantly derived bST on 3.5% FCM yield. Ten cows and
 5 heifers each received either no injection (controls), 14 mg of bST daily, or
 four repetitions of 14 mg of bST/d for 14 d followed by 14 d of no injection
 (intermittent bST). Because there was an interaction between treatment groups
 and parity, analyses were performed separately for cows and heifers. All cows
 and heifers produced more FCM when given bST than controls. Comparing FCM only
 during the last 7 d of each period of injection for the intermittent bST group
 with contemporary daily injected cattle indicated that cows produced
 equivalent amounts of milk at those times, whereas heifers given daily bST
 produced 3.4 kg/d more than intermittently injected animals. Furthermore, over
 each of the four repetitive periods, cows and heifers given daily or
 intermittent bST responded similarly, although heifers given continuous bST
 produced more FCM than the intermittent group during each of periods 2 through
 4. We conclude that daily administration of bST lends itself to dosing
 termination during established lactation with concomitant decline of FCM;
 resumption of bST allows milk yields of cows to achieve levels comparable with
 those prior to short-term interruption.
 
 
 206                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
 Milk yield responses to sequential treatments with recombinant bovine
 somatotrophin and frequent milking in lactating goats.
 Knight, C.H.
 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1992 May.Ô
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Goats; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milking interval; Mode of
 action; Mammary glands; Insulin-like growth factor
 
 
 207                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Milk yields and hormone concentrations of Holstein cows in repsonse to
 sometribove (somatotropin) treatment during the dry period.
 Bachman, K.C.; Wilfond, D.H.; Head, H.H.; Wilcox, C.J.; Singh, M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1883-1890; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dry period; Milk yield; Lactation
 curve; Blood serum; Insulin; L-thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Prolactin;
 Insulin-like growth factor
 
 Abstract:  Holstein cows (n = 135) under commercial management were used to
 determine whether sometribove (recombinant methionyl bST, 25 mg/d)
 administered during the dry period affected milk yield during the ensuing
 lactation. Cows scheduled to begin lactations (greater than or equal to 2)
 during January to March were assigned randomly to treatments of sodium
 bicarbonate excipient (n = 67) or bST (25 mg/d, n = 68). Subcutaneous
 injections were given for 14 d, corresponding to d -21 to -7 relative to
 expected calving date. Days dry prior to first injection (64.0, 60.2) and
 number of injections received (13.9, 13.8) were similar for control and
 treatment groups, but days from last injection to calving (8.8, 7.1) differed.
 No differences in incidence of dystocia or udder edema were detected. Previous
 lactation yields were 8251 and 7952 kg, and yields for lactations following
 treatment were 8328 and 7852 kg, based on complete lactation data. Mean test
 date 3.5% FCM yields for control and treated groups during experimental
 lactation differed before (30.3 vs. 28.1 kg) but not after (29.5 vs. 28.4 kg)
 covariance adjustment for previous total lactation milk yield. Test of
 heterogeneity of regression provided no evidence that respective curves for
 FCM yield during lactation were not parallel or of different magnitude.
 Elevation of serum bST during 2 wk of the dry period resulted in no apparent
 increase in extent of mammogenesis or lactogenesis that was translated into an
 increase in milk yield.
 
 Ô
 Modification of animal growth with growth hormone and insulin-like growth
 factors.
 Ballard, F.J.; Francis, G.L.; Walton, P.E.; Knowles, S.E.; Owens, P.C.; Read,
 L.C.; Tomas, F.M.
 Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization;
 1993.
 Australian journal of agricultural research v. 44 (3): p. 567-577; 1993.  In
 special issue: Quantitative animal nutrition and metabolism.  Literature
 review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Pigs; Poultry; Feed conversion efficiency; Growth;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Nitrogen balance; Somatotropin; Man; Rats;
 Literature reviews
 
 
 209                                          NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488
 Monsanto told to halt promotion of its gene-engineered milk drug.
 New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1991 Feb13.
 The New York times. p. A14; 1991 Feb13.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Genetic engineering
 
 
 210                                           NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N
 Monsanto told to stop promoting bovine hormone.
 Hileman, B.
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 Feb18.
 Chemical and engineering news v. 69 (7): p. 5; 1991 Feb18.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety
 
 
 211                                              NAL Call. No.: A00034
 NIH panel gives BST a clean bill of health.
 London, England : IBC Technical Services :.; 1991 Jan.
 Biotechnology bulletin v. 9 (12): p. 2-3; 1991 Jan.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 safety
 
 
 212                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Northern and in situ hybridization analyses of the effects of somatotropin on
 bovine mammary gene expression.
 Glimm, D.R.; Baracos, V.E.; Kennelly, J.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Oct.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2687-2705; 1992 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor; Rna; Gene
 expression; Receptors; Mammary tissue; Northern blotting; Autoradiography;
 Biochemical techniques
 
 Abstract:  We investigated the potential roles of insulin-like growth factor-I
 and epidermal growth factor, both multifunctional regulators of mammary
 physiology, in somatotropin-stimulated lactation of dairy cattle. One
 insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA (7.4 kb) was detected in lactating mammary
 tissue; however, it became undetectable after somatotropin administration.
 Four type I insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA (11.3, 6.2, 4.9, and 3.3
 kb) were detected in mammary tissue and primarily expressed in alveolar
 epithelial cells. All of these receptor mRNA markedly decreased in mammary
 tissue from somatotropin-treated animals, although the cellular distribution
 pattern of receptor gene expression did not change. One epidermal growth
 factor receptor mRNA (10.5 kb) was present in mammary tissue and predominantly
 expressed in alveolar epithelial cells. Epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA
 decreased after somatotropin administration. The results from this study are
 consistent with the idea that the stimulatory effect of somatotropin during
 lactation is in part due to its ability to regulate the expression of specific
 genes or the stability of their mRNA in mammary tissue. The data also suggest
 roles for insulin-like growth factor-I and epidermal growth factor, as well as
 their homologous receptors, in controlling cellular changes in the mammary
 gland during somatotropin-stimulated lactation.
 
 
 213                                              NAL Call. No.: A00062
 Now, drink your milk.
 Greensboro, N.C. : [Greensboro News & Record, Inc.].; 1991 May09.
 Greensboro news & record. p. A14; 1991 May09.
 
 Language:  English
 Ô
 Genetic engineering; Economic impact; Dairy farming
 
 
 214                                           NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
 Nutrient balance and stage of lactation affect responses of insulin,
 insulin-like growth factors I and II, and insulin-like growth factor-binding
 protein 2 to somatotropin administration in dairy cows.
 Vicini, J.L.; Buonomo, F.C.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Miller, M.A.; Clemmons, D.R.;
 Collier, R.J.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1991 Oct.
 The Journal of nutrition v. 121 (10): p. 1656-1664; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dietary protein; Energy content; Somatotropin;
 Lactation stage; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Binding proteins
 
 Abstract:  Six Holstein cows were used in a complete block design to examine
 effects of period of lactation and somatotropin (bST) administration on
 concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II),
 IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). During late lactation, the dry period and the
 subsequent early lactation, cows received injections of NaHCO3 buffer for 5 d
 and bST for 7 d. Cows were in positive energy and protein balances during late
 lactation and the dry period and in slight negative balances during early
 lactation. Basal insulin concentrations were highest in late lactation (170
 pmol/L), whereas bST concentrations were higher in early lactation (0.6
 microgram/L). Insulin was increased by BST in the dry period (255 pmol/L) and
 late lactation (149 pmol/L) but not in early lactation (14 pmol/L), probably
 because of greater availability of glucose during positive nutrient balance.
 Basal IGF-I was lowest in early lactation (63.6 MA) but was increased by bST
 during all periods. The IGF-I response to bST administration was lower during
 early lactation (74.1 microgram/L) compared with late lactation (123.6
 microgram/L) arid dry period (146.0 microgram/L). The IGF-I concentrations
 were not affected by period of lactation of bST administration but IGF-II
 tended to be higher during bST administration when cows were dry.
 Concentration of IGFBP-2 was higher during early lactation when cows were in
 negative nutrient balance (479.5 microgram/L) than during the dry period
 (289.2 microgram/L) arid was decreased with bST. These data support a role of
 insulin and IGF in regulation of milk production. Availability of nutrients
 may be involved in regulating these hormones, particularly during bST
 treatment.
 
 
 215                                            NAL Call. No.: QL876.B5Ô
 on serum luteinizing hormone and insulin-like growth factor I.
 Richards, M.W.; Wettemann, R.P.; Spicer, L.J.; Morgan, G.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : Society for the Study of Reproduction; 1991 Jun.
 Biology of reproduction v. 44 (6): p. 961-966; 1991 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cows; Animal nutrition; Anestrus; Ovariectomy; Lh;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Blood serum
 
 Abstract:  The objectives of this experiment were to determine if a
 postcastration increase in concentrations of LH occurs in nutritionally
 anestrous beef cows and to examine the relationships between body energy
 reserves and secretion of LH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I).
 Nonpregnant, nonlactating, Hereford cows were fed to maintain (M) body weight
 (BW), body condition score (BCS), and normal estrous cycles (n = 5) or were
 fed a restricted (R) diet for 26 wk to lose BW and BCS and to become anestrus
 (n = 10). At 5-7 wk after the initiation of anestrus, R cows were randomly
 allotted to be ovariectomized (OVX) via flank incision (n = 5) or to remain
 intact (INT, n = 5). OVX was performed when R cows became anestrous. All M
 cows were OVX. Serum was collected frequently the day before and during the
 first 10 days after OVX, and concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, LH and
 IGF-I were quantified. On Day 10 after OVX, 1 mg of estradiol was injected
 into 3 cows from each group and serum was collected for 30 h. After OVX, there
 was a treatment-by-day effect for mean serum LH and IGF-I concentrations.
 Concentrations of LH increased (p < 0.01) and concentrations of IGF-I
 decreased (p < 0.05) in M-OVX cows when compared with R-OVX and R-INT cows.
 Concentrations of LH and IGF-I were similar for R-OVX and R-INT cows. The
 number of LH pulses was similar for M and R cows. Estradiol treatment
 increased LH secretion in all M cows but not in all R cows. Concentrations of
 IGF-I in serum increased (p < 0.05) in M-OVX cows after treatment with
 estradiol, but IGF-I was not altered by estradiol treatment of R cows. We
 conclude that secretion of LH and IGF-I is greater, before and during the
 first 10 days after OVX, in cows fed to maintain BW than in nutritionally
 restricted cows that become anestrous. One mechanism by which reduced body
 energy reserves decrease secretion of LH may be independent of ovarian control
 and may involve decreased IGF-I secretions. Estradiol can acutely enh
 
 
 216                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Nutritional implications of bovine somatotropin for the lactating dairy cow.
 McGuffey, R.K.; Wilkinson, J.I.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 63-71; 1991.  Paper presented at
 the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,Ô
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Nutrient
 requirements; Energy intake; Feed conversion; Energy metabolism; Literature
 reviews
 
 
 217                                           NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
 Observations on intramammary infection and somatic cell counts in cows treated
 with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
 Lissemore, K.D.; Leslie, K.E.; McBride, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Willan, A.R.;
 Bateman, K.G.
 Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr.
 Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
 veterinaire v. 55 (2): p. 196-198; 1991 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Bovine mastitis; Udders; Dosage
 effects; Bacterial count; Lactation stage; Cell counting
 
 
 218                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Ontogeny of hepatic bovine growth hormone receptors in cattle.
 Badinga, L.; Collier, R.J.; Thatcher, W.W.; Wilcox, C.J.; Head, H.H.; Bazer,
 F.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 1925-1934; 1991 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Calves; Growth factors; Hormone receptors; Binding
 site; Blood serum; Liver; Microsomes; Membranes; Insulin; Thyroxine;
 Triiodothyronine; Age differences
 
 Abstract:  A series of studies examined the binding characteristics and
 ontogeny of hepatic growth hormone binding sites in dairy bulls on d 2, 30,
 180, and 365 of age. Binding of iodinated recombinant bovine growth hormone
 ([125I]rbGH) to liver membrane receptors was membrane protein-dependent.
 Receptors were considered growth hormone-specific, because physiological
 concentrations of bovine prolactin (bPRL) failed to displace [125I]rbGH from
 bovine hepatocyte membranes. Only 50% of [125I]rbGH was bound reversibly to
 hepatic microsomes. Addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) to the receptor-assayÔ
 time-dependent manner. Moderate concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ in the
 receptor-assay buffer had no detectable effects on binding of [125I]rbGH to
 hepatic microsomes. In growing dairy bulls, specific binding of [125I]rbGH per
 milligram of membrane protein increased from 1.9 +/- 1.8% at d 2 to 14.1 +/-
 1.8% at d 180 and then declined to 5.2 +/- 1.6% at d 365. Likewise,
 concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in serum was low duringthe lst mo of age (d 2, 13.3 +/- 8.8 ng/ml; d 30, 9.7 +/- 8.8 ng/ml), but it
 became maximal at d 180 (151.0 +/- 8.8 ng/ml). Circulating concentrations of
 IGF-II increased linearly during the lst yr of growth. Serum concentrations of
 GH, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine declined from 39.9 +/- 6.5, 2.7 +/-.2, and
 75.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml at d 2 to 16.5 +/- 6.5, 1.3 +/- .2, and 53.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml
 at d 30, respectively, and remained low through 1 yr of age. Insulin
 concentration in serum did not change significantly with development. Results
 indicated that increasing concentrations of specific bGH receptors in the
 bovine liver may play a key role in regulating postnatal growth in cattle.
 
 
 219                                         NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A3N6
 Optimal dairy policy with bovine somatotropin.
 Tauer, L.W.; Kaiser, H.M.
 East Lansing, Mich. : Michigan State University; 1991 Jan.
 Review of agricultural economics v. 13 (1): p. 1-17; 1991 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dairy industry; Agricultural
 policy; Production controls; Milk production; Milk prices; Price support;
 Government; Removal; Surpluses; Economic impact; Profitability; Innovation
 adoption; Social welfare; Optimization; Dynamic models
 
 Abstract:  A control model of the U.S. dairy sector was constructed to
 determine optimal policy when bovine somatotropin is released. Social welfare,
 defined as consumer plus producer surplus minus adjustment and net government
 costs, was maximized. Control variables were the milk support price and
 government purchases of cows. Compared to previous simulation research where
 government policy and adoption are modeled exogenously, the results show that
 decreases in milk prices and farm profits are not as severe.
 
 
 220                                           NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
 Optimizing heifer growth rates in high-producing dairy herds.
 Day, J.D.
 Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Apr.
 The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13Ô
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Growth rate; Body measurements; Somatotropin; Age at
 first calving; Economic impact; Body weight; Case studies; Dairy herds; Milk
 production
 
 
 221                                          NAL Call. No.: QH442.G452
 OTA adds its assurance: bovine somatotropin harmless.
 Washington, D.C. : Gershon W. Fishbein; 1991 Apr24.
 Genetic engineering letter v. 11 (9): p. 2; 1991 Apr24.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety; Biotechnology
 
 
 222                                            NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
 OTA report clearing bST heats up controversy.
 Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 May24.
 Nutrition week v. 21 (21): p. 6; 1991 May24.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Residues; Health hazards; Food safety;
 Adverse effects; Animal disorders; Milk production; Farmers' associations;
 Consumer protection
 
 
 223                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Ovarian follicular populations in lactating dairy cows treated with
 recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove) or saline and fed diets
 differing in fat content and energy.
 Lucy, M.C.; De La Sota, R.L.; Staples, C.R.; Thatcher, W.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1014-1027; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Dietary fat; Diet; Long chain fatty
 acids; Metabolizable energy; Protected fat; Milk yield; Feed intake; Blood
 plasma; Metabolites; Estradiol; Follicles; Size; Ovulation rate
 Ô
 (sometribove) injections were tested for their effects on ovarian function.
 Lactating dairy cows were fed one of three diets differing in energy
 concentration (NE(L)) and percentage of DM of calcium salts of long-chain
 fatty acids: diet 1, 1.68 Mcal/kg and 0%; diet 2, 1.68 Mcal/kg and 2.2%; and
 diet 3, 1.78 Mcal/kg and 2.2%. Cows were injected daily with bST or saline
 during one of two 19-d interestrous periods (crossover design) in which
 ovarian follicles were measured by ultrasonography. The bST-treated cows
 produced more FCM and were in lower energy balance than saline-treated cows.
 Before d 12 (first follicular wave, estrus = d 0), bST-treated cows had more
 ovarian follicles in classes 1 (3 to 5 mm; cows on diet 3) or 2 (6 to 9 mm;
 cows on diets 1 and 2) than saline-treated cows. After d 12 (preovulatory
 follicular wave), numbers of follicles in different size classes were similar
 for bST-treated and saline-treated cows, but cows fed diet 2 had larger
 preovulatory follicles. Lower dietary energy and bST treatment were both
 associated with larger subordinate follicles. Ovarian follicles less than 10
 mm were stimulated by bST, and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids
 increased diameters of preovulatory follicles.
 
 
 224                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Partial purification of somatotropin receptors from pig liver: they arise from
 a single somatotropin receptor messenger RNA transcript.
 Louveau, I.; Etherton, T.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Nov.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (11): p. 3421-3428; 1992 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Liver; Hormone receptors; Microsomes;
 Membranes; Messenger  RNA; Northern blotting; Purification
 
 Abstract:  Specific binding sites for porcine somatotropin (pST) have been
 identified in pig liver microsomal membranes. Little information, however, is
 available about the size and number of ST receptor (ST-R) forms present.
 Therefore, the present study was conducted to characterize ST-R in pig liver
 using two approaches. In the first set of experiments, cross-linking of
 [125I]bST (bovine ST) to microsomal membranes, followed by gel electrophoresis
 under reducing conditions, revealed the presence of a predominant protein of
 107 kDa and four other proteins of 71, 52, 40, and 26 kDa. In a second set of
 experiments, ST-R were partially purified using affinity chromatography.
 Binding studies indicated that there was an approximately 1,800-fold
 purification compared to liver homogenate. Two specific proteins of 107 and 40
 kDa were detected after crosslinking of [125I]bST to partially purified ST-R.
 Northern blot analysis revealed that these proteins arise by posttranslationalÔ
 transcript. Although the present study indicates that several forms of ST-R
 are present in pig liver, it is not clear what physiological role these
 different ST-R play in mediating the hepatic effects of PST. It is evident,
 however, that the smaller proteins are generated from the 107-kDa protein,
 which is the predominant isoform present in liver microsomal membranes.
 
 
 225                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows.
 Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3791-3799; 1991 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Nutrient uptake; Blood plasma;
 Somatotropin; Fatty acids; Equations; Prediction; Blood sugar; Lactic acid;
 Acetates; Cholesterol; 3-hydroxybutyric acid; Triacylglycerols
 
 Abstract:  Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-d
 milk production records varying from 5900 to 13,600 kg were used to examine
 patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands. On d 71 and continuing
 until d 126 of lactation, animals were injected daily with 40 mg of
 sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (control group). Arterial and
 venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h period on d 35, 70,
 105, and 126 of lactation. Regression equations developed to evaluate linear
 effects of plasma arterial concentrations on net arterial-venous difference
 across the mammary glands demonstrated that, for acetate, NEFA, and
 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, plasma arterial concentration accounted for over 50%
 of variation in uptake by the mammary glands. Additionally, a sigmoidal
 equation fitted the relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma
 arterial concentration and mammary gland uptake (r2 = .70). Triacylglyceride
 concentration was less effective in predicting uptake (r2 = .25).
 Administration of bST did not alter patterns of nutrient uptake, but a
 fourfold increase in NEFA uptake was predicted for bST-treated cows from this
 study, using NEFA concentrations from the literature. These observations
 indicate that plasma concentration of acetate, NEFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
 and triacylglyceride are major determinants of uptake by the mammary glands.
 Factors other than plasma concentration, such as mammary gland biosynthetic
 capacity, availability of other nutrients, and blood flow, determine uptakes
 of glucose, lactate, and total and free cholesterol (r2 less than or equal to
 .03).
 
 Ô
 Patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows.
 Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3791-3799; 1991 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Nutrient uptake; Blood plasma;
 Somatotropin; Fatty acids; Equations; Prediction; Blood sugar; Lactic acid;
 Acetates; Cholesterol; 3-hydroxybutyric acid; Triacylglycerols
 
 Abstract:  Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-d
 milk production records varying from 5900 to 13,600 kg were used to examine
 patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands. On d 71 and continuing
 until d 126 of lactation, animals were injected daily with 40 mg of
 sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (control group). Arterial and
 venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h period on d 35, 70,
 105, and 126 of lactation. Regression equations developed to evaluate linear
 effects of plasma arterial concentrations on net arterial-venous difference
 across the mammary glands demonstrated that, for acetate, NEFA, and
 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, plasma arterial concentration accounted for over 50%
 of variation in uptake by the mammary glands. Additionally, a sigmoidal
 equation fitted the relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma
 arterial concentration and mammary gland uptake (r2 = .70). Triacylglyceride
 concentration was less effective in predicting uptake (r2 = .25).
 Administration of bST did not alter patterns of nutrient uptake, but a
 fourfold increase in NEFA uptake was predicted for bST-treated cows from this
 study, using NEFA concentrations from the literature. These observations
 indicate that plasma concentration of acetate, NEFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
 and triacylglyceride are major determinants of uptake by the mammary glands.
 Factors other than plasma concentration, such as mammary gland biosynthetic
 capacity, availability of other nutrients, and blood flow, determine uptakes
 of glucose, lactate, and total and free cholesterol (r2 less than or equal to
 .03).
 
 
 227                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Pharmacokinetics of a recombinant bovine growth hormone and pituitary bovine
 growth hormone in lactating dairy cows.
 Toutain, P.L.; Schams, D.; Laurentie, M.P.; Thomson, T.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May.
 Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1219-1225; 1993 May.  Includes
 references.
 Ô
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Pharmacokinetics; Intravenous
 injection; Synthetic pituitary hormones; Bioavailability
 
 Abstract:  The disposition of pituitary-derived bovine growth hormone (pbST)
 and of a recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbST) produced by Lilly
 (somidobove, USAN) were compared after an intravenous bolus administration
 (36.69 micrograms/kg for pbST and 35 micrograms/kg for rbST) to eight
 lactating cows in a crossover study. It was shown that dose-dependent
 parameters (volume of distribution, clearance) were significantly different
 between the two test articles. The steady mean state volume of distribution
 (.10 +/- .018 vs .12 +/- .015 L/kg) and clearance (.119 +/- .012 vs .143 +/-
 .011 L . kg-1 . h-1) were lower for the pbST than for the somidobove. In
 contrast, the mean (+/- SD) residence times were not different for the two
 test articles (50.0 +/- 8.6 vs 46.9 +/- 5.9 min for pbST and somidobove,
 respectively). The origin of the difference is unclear, but it cannot be
 explained by the slight difference between the administered dose of the two
 test articles (< 5%) because the actual dose rate was used to calculate all
 dose-dependent parameters.
 
 
 228                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Physiological responses to somatotropin in the ruminant.
 Breier, B.H.; Gluckman, P.D.; McCutcheon, S.N.; Davis, S.R.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 20-34; 1991.  Paper presented at
 the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,
 Lexington, Kentucky.  Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Goats; Sheep; Somatotropin; Mammary glands;
 Lactation; Insulin-like growth factor; Lipid metabolism; Carbohydrate
 metabolism; Receptors; Literature reviews
 
 
 229                                            NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Plasma growth hormone and insulin concentrations in, and free fatty acid
 release from adipose tissue cultured in vitro from Holstein cows to differing
 cow index during early and late lactation.
 Kazmer, G.W.; Oyler, R.H.
 Auburn, Ala. : Domendo, Inc; 1991 Jan.
 Domestic animal endocrinology. p. 81-86; 1991 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  EnglishÔ
 Blood plasma; Somatotropin; Insulin; Fatty acids
 
 
 230                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Postparturient metabolic and production responses in cows previously exposed
 to long-term treatment with somatotropin.
 Lean, I.J.; Troutt, H.F.; Bruss, M.L.; Farver, T.B.; Baldwin, R.L.; Galland,
 J.C.; Kratzer, D.; Holmberg, C.A.; Weaver, L.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Oct.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (10): p. 3429-3445; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Ketosis; Metabolism; Body condition;
 Milk composition; Blood serum; Metabolites; Body weight; Milk yield
 
 Abstract:  Postparturient metabolic and production responses were studied for
 85 multiparous cows consisting of controls and animals that had been
 previously exposed to long-term treatment with bST. Older cows previously
 exposed to bST at high doses (51.6 mg/d) had lower milk yields than controls.
 However, there were no significant differences compared with controls in milk
 yield for lower dose (17.2 mg/d) older cows or parity 2 cow groups. The
 bST-treated groups had higher postpartum DMI, lower serum FFA, lower serum
 beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, and higher serum glucose than controls. Some
 bST-exposed groups had lower milk fat but higher milk protein levels. All
 bST-treated groups had significantly lower ratios of C8 to C4 to 10 milk fatty
 acids. Control cows of both parity groups were in higher body condition and
 weighed more than bST-treated cows prior to calving. The differences in
 postpartum metabolism may be attributed to differences in body composition
 resulting from BST treatment in the prior lactation, because use of body
 condition score prior to calving as a covariate did not substantially alter
 responses. The control cows probably had greater reserves of mobilizable
 lipid, These contentions are supported by changes in milk composition for
 bST-treated cows, which were consistent with animals of greater appetite,
 mobilizing less lipid. The bST-treated cows were probably more energetically
 efficient milk producers because, they produced milk from feed rather than
 from mobilization of tissue stores. These data suggest that bST use in a prior
 lactation may have potential benefit in reducing risk of metabolic disorders
 associated with lipid mobilization in the postparturient period.
 
 
 231                                           NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
 Prediction and characterization of the water sorption isotherm for bovine
 somatotropin.Ô
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p. 342-347; 1992 Feb.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Stability; Cattle; Drug formulations; Mathematical
 models; Water uptake
 
 Abstract:  The sorption of water by recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbSt)
 solids was described by a sigmoidal-shaped isotherm. Isotherm predictions
 based on rbSt's primary sequence and the H2O binding capacity of various
 functional groups provided reasonable estimates of the isotherm, depending on
 the rbSt salt used. The isotherms were described mathematically by the BET and
 GAB equations, resulting in "monolayer" values of 5-8 g of H2O/100 g of
 protein (60-100 mol of H2O/mol of protein), depending on the salt of rbSt. The
 isotherms were independent of particle surface area, and H2O/N2 surface area
 ratios were greater than 1, both consistent with the penetration of water into
 the solid. The hysteresis in the sorpion-desorption isotherms was consistent
 with kinetically metastable states typically observed in amorphous polymeric
 systems. The importance of moisture on rbSt stability was demonstrated and
 discussed with respect to potential plasticization of the solid by water.
 
 
 232                                           NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223
 Preformulation studies oriented toward sustained delivery of recombinant
 somatotropins.
 Hageman, M.J.; Bauer, J.M.; Possert, P.L.; Darrington, R.T.
 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 40 (2): p. 348-355; 1992 Feb.
 Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Animal health; Drug formulations; Recombinant  DNA;
 Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  Preformulation studies supporting development of sustained-release
 formulations for bovine (rbSt) and porcine (rpSt) somatotropins emphasized the
 importance of protein stability within the delivery systems following
 implantation. Intermolecular dimerization reactions via covalent non-disulfide
 crosslinks were more predominant in the solid state than in solution. Fates of
 dimerization in the solid increased upon exposure to increasing relative vapor
 pressure (rvp) and lyophilization from solutions of increasing pH. However,
 the fractional amount of rbSt lost via dimerization vs other pathways wasÔ
 to dry heat or 60Co irradiation makes the use of terminal sterilization
 unlikely. The dissolution of rpSt was faster than that of rbSt, consistent
 with rpSt's greater solubility. However, the relationship between solubility
 and dissolution rate for somatotropins was unclear, and application of
 conventional dissolution models/techniques was limited.
 
 
 233                                         NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522
 Pure food campaign opens hotline on BGH.
 Goonen, A.B.
 Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1993 Mar08.
 Biotech daily v. 2 (136): p. 1, 2; 1993 Mar08.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Food safety; Genetic engineering; Somatotropin; Milk production
 
 
 234                                            NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
 Putting the bST human-health controversy to rest.
 Miller, H.I.
 New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb.
 Bio/technology v. 10 (2): p. 147; 1992 Feb.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Recombinant  DNA; Genetic engineering;
 Milk production; Milk; Food safety; Food and nutrition controversies
 
 
 235                                          NAL Call. No.: 389.8 AM34
 Recombinant bovine and porcine somatotropin: Safety and benefits of these
 biotechnologies.
 Etherton, T.D.; Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Mills, E.W.
 Chicago, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Feb.
 Journal of the American Dietetic Association v. 93 (2): p. 177-180; 1993 Feb.
 Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Safety; Literature reviews; Biotechnology; Milk
 production; Carcass composition; Animal fat; Meat quality; Cows; Pigs
 
 Abstract:  This article reviews the literature about the safety and benefits
 of two recombinantly derived proteins, bovine somatotropin (bST) and porcineÔ
 future. When administered to dairy cows, bST increases milk production per cow
 approximately 15% to 20% and improves productive efficiency approximately 10%.
 Administration of pST to growing pigs reduces carcass fat content by as much
 as 70% to 80% and improves productive efficiency 15% to 35%. Because meat is a
 major source of total fat and saturated fatty acids in the diets of human
 beings, pST will allow consumers to include leaner, more nutrient-dense pork
 in their diets and still meet current dietary guidelines. Although these
 biotechnologies have not yet received regulatory approval from the Food and
 Drug Administration (FDA) for commercial use, information published by the
 FDA, the National Institutes of Health, the US Congress Office of Technology
 Assessment, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, as well as an extensive
 body of scientific evidence, indicate that these products are safe for the
 consumer. Nonetheless, it is important that consumers understand the benefits
 and safety of these biotechnologies. Dietitians can play an important role in
 providing information to consumers about the safety and benefits of bST and
 pST.
 
 
 236                                  NAL Call. No.: SF768.2.C3D68 1991
 Recombinant bovine growth hormone a consumer's perspective.
 Douthitt, Robin A.
 Madison, Wis. : Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs, University
 of Wisconsin--Madison,; 1991.
 24 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. (La Follette issues).  Includes bibliographical
 references (p. 21-23).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Consumers' preferences
 
 
 237                                      NAL Call. No.: SF243.U54 1992
 Recombinant bovine growth hormone FDA approval should be withheld until the
 mastitis issue is resolved : report to Congressional requesters..  FDA
 approval should be withheld until the mastitis issue is resolved
 United States. General Accounting Office
 Washington, D.C. : The Office ; Gaithersburg, MD (P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg
 20877) : The Office [distributor,; 1992; GA 1.13:PEMD-92-26.
 64 p. ; 28 cm.  Cover title.  August 1992.  GAO/PEMD-92-26.  "B-248450"--P. 1.
  Includes bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bovine somatotropin; Mastitis; Milk contamination; Milk
 productionÔ
 238                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Recombinant bovine somatotropin improves growth performance in finishing beef
 steers.
 Moseley, W.M.; Paulissen, J.B.; Goodwin, M.C.; Alaniz, G.R.; Claflin, W.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 412-425; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Somatotropin; Dosage effects; Liveweight
 gain; Feed conversion; Carcass composition; Carcass yield; Blood serum;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Abomasum; Lesions
 
 Abstract:  The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of
 various doses of rbST on ADG and feed efficiency (FE) and to describe carcass
 composition changes in finishing beef steers. In Exp. 1, 96 crossbred beef
 steers (393 kg) received daily i.m. injections of buffer or 33, 100, or 300
 microgram/kg of BW of rbst (0ST, 33ST, 1OOST, 300ST). In Exp. 2, 200 crossbred
 beef steers (417 kg) received daily i.m. injections of buffer or 8.25, 16.5,
 33, or 66 microgram/kg of BW of rbST (0ST, 8.25ST, 16.5ST, 33ST, 66ST).
 Treatments were administered until steer BW per pen averaged 540 kg in Exp. 1
 and 560 kg in Exp. 2. An 86% concentrate:14% roughage diet was fed once daily
 (CP: 16.5% in Exp. 1, 20.2% in Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, growth performance of
 steers receiving rbst was dose-dependent; ADG changed linearly (P = .01), DMI
 decreased linearly (P = .03), and FE changed quadratically (P < .03). The 33ST
 steers responded with improved ADG and FE, 100ST with improved FE, and 300ST
 with lower ADG and poorer FE, compared with 0ST. In Exp. 2, the ADG response
 was quadratic (P = .01), DMI decreased linearly (P = .003), and FE improved
 quadratically (P = .004) with increasing dose of rbst. Steers receiving 16.5ST
 and 33ST responded with improved ADG and FE, whereas steers receiving 8.25ST
 and 66ST responded with improved FE but not ADG relative to 0ST steers. In
 Exp. 1 and 2, rbST administration altered carcass composition by increasing
 carcass protein and decreasing carcass fat. Our results indicate that a daily
 dose between 16.5 and 33 microgram/kg of BW was required to optimize both ADG
 and FE in finishing beef steers; however, the dose response for changes in
 carcass chemical composition had not attained a plateau even at 300
 microgram/kg of BW.
 
 
 239                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Recombinant bovine somatotropin with lactating cows fed diets differing in
 energy density.
 Tessmann, N.J.; Dhiman, T.R.; Kleinmans, J.; Radloff, H.D.; Satter, L.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug.Ô
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Forage; Feed grains; Body weight; Body
 condition; Milk composition; Plane of nutrition; Alfalfa silage; Lactation
 number; Energy content; Mastitis; Milk yield
 
 Abstract:  Sixty-four Holstein cows (32 primiparous) were assigned randomly at
 parturition to one of two diets differing in forage:grain ratio and were
 further assigned to either control or treatment with recombinant bST. A full
 lactation study was conducted. Total mixed rations consisted of alfalfa
 silage, high moisture ear corn, soybean meal, and vitamin and mineral
 supplements. Percentages of forage in die diet (dry basis) for the high and
 medium energy diets were wk 1 to 12, 38.2 and 58.2; wk 13 to 26, 48.2 and
 68.2; and wk 27 to 44, 68.2 and 88.2. Injection of a saline placebo or 20.6
 mg/d per cow of bST started at wk 13 and stopped at wk 43 of lactation.
 Administration of bST increased 305-d milk yield by 19.9 and 18.3% for
 multiparous cows fed high and medium grain diets and by 13.0 and 5.9% for
 primiparous cows fed the same diets. Body weight gain during lactation tended
 to be lower for cows treated with bST, and body condition scores were
 significantly lower for those treated with bST and fed the medium energy
 diets. Daily injection of bST did not change concentrations of glucose or urea
 in blood or beta hydroxybutyrate in plasma. Multiparous cows had a transitory
 increase in plasma FFA concentration immediately after bST treatment started.
 Milk composition, health, and reproductive parameters observed were not
 adversely affected by bST administration. Cows fed low energy diets during bST
 administration in the first lactation did not produce as much milk as controls
 when compared during the first 10 wk of their second lactation.
 
 
 240                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Relationship of early lactation and bovine somatotropin on nutrient uptake by
 cow mammary glands.
 Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3800-3806; 1991 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Mammary glands; Lactation
 stage; Nutrient uptake; Fatty acids; Arteries; Veins; Metabolites
 
 Abstract:  Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-dÔ
 investigate effects of bST administration and stage of lactation on nutrient
 plasma arterial concentrations and arterial-venous differences across the
 mammary glands (uptake). On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of lactation, cows
 were injected with 40 mg of sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer
 (placebo group). Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over
 a 12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Plasma concentration of
 glucose was 7% higher in midlactation compared with early lactation cows.
 Plasma concentration of acetate decreased from 2.11 to 1.87 mM in placebo
 versus bST-treated cows. Plasma arterial concentration and uptake of
 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were .52 and .18 mM higher, respectively, in early
 versus midlactation cows. Concentration and uptake of NEFA were elevated in
 both early lactation and bST-treated cows. Triacylglyceride concentrations
 were 24 and 19% lower in early lactation and bST-treated cows compared with
 midlactation cows receiving placebo. Likewise, uptake of triacylglyceride was
 reduced in early lactation and with bST treatment compared with midlactation.
 The mediation of nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland appears to
 be markedly similar between early lactation and bst-treated cows, suggesting a
 similarity between these physiological states and the homeostatic and
 homeorhetic mechanisms regulating nutrient partitioning in the lactating dairy
 cow. In early compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo, uptakes of
 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA were reduced, and triacylglyceride uptake
 increased.
 
 
 241                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Relationship of early lactation and bovine somatotropin on nutrient uptake by
 cow mammary glands.
 Miller, P.S.; Reis, B.L.; Calvert, C.C.; DePeters, E.J.; Baldwin, R.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3800-3806; 1991 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood plasma; Mammary glands; Lactation
 stage; Nutrient uptake; Fatty acids; Arteries; Veins; Metabolites
 
 Abstract:  Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-d
 milk production records varying from 5900 to 13,600 kg were used to
 investigate effects of bST administration and stage of lactation on nutrient
 plasma arterial concentrations and arterial-venous differences across the
 mammary glands (uptake). On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of lactation, cows
 were injected with 40 mg of sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer
 (placebo group). Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over
 a 12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Plasma concentration ofÔ
 Plasma concentration of acetate decreased from 2.11 to 1.87 mM in placebo
 versus bST-treated cows. Plasma arterial concentration and uptake of
 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were .52 and .18 mM higher, respectively, in early
 versus midlactation cows. Concentration and uptake of NEFA were elevated in
 both early lactation and bST-treated cows. Triacylglyceride concentrations
 were 24 and 19% lower in early lactation and bST-treated cows compared with
 midlactation cows receiving placebo. Likewise, uptake of triacylglyceride was
 reduced in early lactation and with bST treatment compared with midlactation.
 The mediation of nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland appears to
 be markedly similar between early lactation and bst-treated cows, suggesting a
 similarity between these physiological states and the homeostatic and
 homeorhetic mechanisms regulating nutrient partitioning in the lactating dairy
 cow. In early compared with midlactation cows receiving placebo, uptakes of
 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA were reduced, and triacylglyceride uptake
 increased.
 
 
 242                                           NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
 Relationship of liver and skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA to plasma GH profile,
 production of IGF-1 by liver, plasma IGF-1 concentrations, and growth rates of
 cattle.
 Hannon, K.; Gronowski, A.; Trenkle, A.
 Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Feb.
 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 196 (2):
 p. 155-163; 1991 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bulls; Steers; Heifers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor;
 Thyroid hormones; Messenger  RNA; Liver; Skeletal muscle; Blood plasma; Growth
 rate; Hormone secretion; Correlation analysis
 
 Abstract:  Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),and
 thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) concentrations in blood plasma of 18 crossbred
 cattle (six bulls, six steers, and six heifers) were measured over an 8-hr
 period. One week later at slaughter, IGF-1 production by liver slices and
 IGF-1 mRNA concentrations in skeletal muscle and liver were measured. Bulls
 had higher (P < 0.05) mean plasma GH and GH peak amplitudes (P < 0.01) than
 heifers, and values for steers were intermediate between bulls and heifers.
 Baseline GH concentrations and number of GH peaks were not significantly
 different for the three groups. Bulls had 1.6-fold (P < 0.01) and 3.0-fold (P
 < 0.01) greater liver IGF-1 mRNA concentrations than steers or heifers,
 respectively, whereas the steers had 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) greater IGF-1 mRNA in
 liver than heifers. Production of IGF-1 by liver slices was greater (P < 0.05)
 in bulls than steers or heifers. Bulls had 1.3-fold greater plasma IGF-1 thanÔ
 heifers (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in concentrations of
 skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA between the three groups of animals. Liver IGF-1
 mRNA, liver IGF-1 production, and plasma IGF-1 were all significantly
 correlated with gain and mean GH peak amplitude, but not with GH baseline, GH
 peak frequency, or concentrations of T3 and T4. Concentrations of IGF-1 mRNA
 in skeletal muscle were not correlated to gain or any parameter of the GH
 profile. Plasma concentrations of T3 were significantly (P < 0.05) negatively
 correlated to plasma GH baseline concentrations. Muscle IGF-1 mRNA
 concentration was negatively related to plasma T4 and T3. The results of this
 study suggest that the cascade of events starting with secretion of GH from
 the pituitary, expression of liver IGF-1 mRNA, and secretion of IGF-1 by the
 liver are important phenomena for growth of cattle.
 
 
 243                                            NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Relationship of thyroid status to growth hormone and insulin-lke growth
 factor-I (IGF-I) in plasma and IGF-I mRNA in liver and skeletal muscle of
 cattle.
 Hannon, K.; Trenkle, A.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
 Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 595-600; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Liver; Skeletal muscle; Thyroid gland; Somatotropin;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Messenger  RNA; Blood plasma
 
 
 244                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Relationships among milk yield, metabolism, and reproductive performance of
 primiparous Holstein cows treated with somatotropin.
 Morbeck, D.E.; Britt, J.H.; McDaniel, B.T.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Jul.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2153-2164; 1991 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Somatotropin; Blood; Metabolites;
 Insulin-like growth factor; Dosage effects; Insulin; Glucose; Estrus;
 Hormones; Breeding efficiency; Lactation curve; Body weight; Body condition
 
 Abstract:  Thirty-two primiparous Holsteins were assigned to receive 0, 5.15,
 10.3, or 16.5 mg/d recombinant bST. Treatment began between 28 and 35 dÔ
 postpartum. Metabolic hormones and metabolites were measured in blood weekly
 during the first 10 wk of treatment, and progesterone was measured in milk
 twice weekly to assess ovarian activity until conception. Milk production (305
 d, actual) was 8350 +/- 562, 8348 +/- 515, 9571 +/- 515, and 9070 +/- 515 for
 cows given 0, 5.15, 10.3, or 16.5 mg/d and did not differ statistically.
 Insulin, glucose, NEFA and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by dose of
 bST. However, insulin-like growth factor-I increased linearly with dose of
 bST. Days from parturition to first detected estrus, days open, and services
 per conception did not differ among groups; however, days from parturition to
 first service increased with dose of bST. Rate of detection of estrus
 decreased with dose of bST, resulting in a longer interval to first
 insemination. The lower rate of detection of estrus in bst-treated cows may
 have been associated with reduced expression of estrus. Additional statistical
 analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between metabolism, milk
 production, and reproduction over all doses of bST. There was a negative
 correlation between 305-d milk yield and glucose (r = -.44) and insulin (r =
 -.46) concentrations during 30 to 100 d postpartum. In stepwise regression
 analyses, insulin accounted for 21% of the variance in 305-d milk yield.
 Glucose and NEFA accounted for 18% of the variance in days open, and there was
 a negative correlation (r = -.32) between glucose and days open. Days open and
 milk production were not correlated.
 
 
 245                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release bovine
 somatotropin administered during two lactations. 1. Production response.
 Eppard, P.J.; Hudson, S.; Cole, W.J.; Hintz, R.L.; Hartnell, G.F.; Hunter,
 T.W.; Metzger, L.E.; Torkelson, A.R.; Hammond, B.G.; Collier, R.J.; Lanza,
 G.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Nov.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p. 3807-3821; 1991 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Bovine
 mastitis; Dosage effects; Body weight; Feed intake; Controlled release;
 Injection; Calcium; Phosphorus; Mineral nutrition
 
 Abstract:  This study evaluated the effect of sometribove (zinc methionyl bST)
 in a sustained-release formulation administered to lactating cows at
 concentrations up to 3.0 g every 14 d over two lactations, Eighty-two
 lactating Holstein cows in their first, second, or third lactation were
 assigned to the study. Cows received .6, 1.8, or 3.0 g of bST in one, three,
 or five intramuscular injections of a unit dose (.6 g) every 2 wk. ControlsÔ
 treatment) every 2 wk. Injections were administered from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum
 until dry-off or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on treatment
 for a second consecutive lactation. During the 1st yr of treatment, bST
 increased mean 3.5% FCM by 7.2, 9.4, and 8.4 kg/d over control production
 (21.1 kg/d). During the 2nd yr, milk response to .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of bST
 averaged 10.6, 3.6, and 4.9 kg/d over controls (24.8 kg/d). The incidence of
 clinical mastitis increased in the 3.0-g group relative to controls during the
 2nd yr. Thus, salable FCM averaged 8.1, 9.1, and 6.2 kg/d above controls (yr
 1) and 12.1, 4.7, and -2.8 kg/d (yr 2) for the .6-, 1.8-, and 3.0-g groups.
 Salable FCM was unaffected by mastitis at a proposed commercial dose (.6 g).
 Milk fat, protein, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, and ash
 concentrations were unaffected by bST treatment. Calculated energy, calcium,
 phosphorus, and protein balances also were unaffected except for early
 decreases of up to 5 Mcal/d, and 40, 20, and 600 g/d, respectively, until feed
 intake increased. Milk serum bST concentrations greater than the assay limit
 of sensitivity (1 ng/ml) were routinely measurable only at doses of 1.8 and
 3.0 g. Results confirmed that bST concentrations in milk serum are exceedingly
 small. Overall, supraphysiological doses of sometribove increased milk
 production with little effect on composition. No toxic effects of bST were
 observed.
 
 
 246                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release bovine
 somatotropin administered during two lactations. 2. Health and reproduction.
 Cole, W.J.; Eppard, P.J.; Boysen, B.G.; Madsen, K.S.; Sorbet, R.H.; Miller,
 M.A.; Hintz, R.L.; White, T.C.; Ribelin, W.E.; Hammond, B.G.; Collier, R.J.;
 Lanza, G.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (1): p. 111-123; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Lactation number;
 Animal health; Female fertility; Culling; Lameness; Metabolic disorders;
 Digestive system diseases; Dosage effects; Bovine mastitis; Estrus; Induction;
 Calves
 
 Abstract:  Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows in their first, second, or third
 lactation received either one, three, or five concurrent i.m. injections of a
 unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (sometribove) or five doses of the
 vehicle. Injections were given at 14-d intervals from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum
 until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on
 treatment for a 2nd yr. Sometribove did not affect the incidence of ketosis,Ô
 off feed, were increased by bST during yr 1 only. The incidence of lameness
 was increased by bST in some time frames because of an increase in the 3.0-g
 bST group. Lameness was not associated with treatment-specific histopathologic
 changes or with abnormalities in cartilage or bone. Reproductive health
 generally was unaffected by treatment, but delayed conception and increased
 incidence of abortion were noted. Incidence of cystic ovaries was unaffected
 by bST. Pregnancy rates were decreased during the 100-d breeding interval of
 yr 1 but not during the 215-d interval of yr 2. The incidence of clinical
 mastitis was increased by bST, primarily at the 3.0-g dose. During the 2-yr
 study, 0, 3, 3, and 2 cows died or became moribund on 0, .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of
 bST, respectively. Health issues identified for further evaluation included
 lameness and clinical mastitis for the 3.0-g group and early removal from the
 herd and decreased reproductive performance for all bST groups. Bovine
 somatotropin caused no treatment-specific toxic effects in dairy cows even at
 3.0 g every 14 d.
 
 
 247                                           NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Response of growth hormone to various doses of growth hormone releasing factor
 and thyrotropin releasing hormone administered separately and in combination
 to dairy calves.
 Lovendahl, P.; Woolliams, J.A.; Sinnett-Smith, P.A.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Dec.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1045-1052; 1991 Dec.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Somatotropin; Somatoliberin; Thyrotropin
 releasing hormone; Dosage; Synergism; Hormone secretion
 
 
 248                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Responses by lactating cows in commercial dairy herds to recombinant bovine
 somatotropin.
 Thomas, J.W.; Erdman, R.A.; Galton, D.M.; Lamb, R.C.; Arambel, M.J.; Olson,
 J.D.; Madsen, K.S.; Samuels, W.A.; Peel, C.J.; Green, G.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Mar.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 945-964; 1991 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Lactation
 stage; Body condition; Cells; Commercial farming; Dairy herds; MastitisÔ
 to control or BST injections (500 mg in a prolonged-release form every 14 d
 for 12 wk) within three stages of lactation (57 to 100, 101 to 140, and 141 to
 189 d postpartum) and two parity groups (primiparous and multiparous). Yield
 and milk composition were monitored 1 d/wk for 16 wk including 2 wk
 pretreatment and 2 wk posttreatment. Increases in milk and FCM due to BST
 injections were less at 57 to 100 d than at 101 to 189 d postpartum (milk 3.6
 vs. 5.5; FCM 3.9 vs. 6.1 kg/d per cow), and increases in milk and FCM were
 more for multiparous than for primiparous cows (milk 5.5 vs. 4.2; FCM 6.0 vs.
 4.7 kg/d cow). Temporarily, concentration of milk fat increased and protein
 decreased; later, concentrations for control and injected cows were similar.
 Postinjection milk fat concentration decreased, but milk protein concentration
 increased temporarily. The net increase in milk (and FCM) varied significantly
 among herds from 2.9 to 7.6 kg/d per cow (mean, 4.9 kg). Responses in FCM were
 similar over a wide range of pretreatment yields. A great variety of feed
 ingredients were fed as total mixed rations, and nutrient concentrations
 varied greatly. The SCC were similar before, during, and after treatment, but
 increase in FCM of injected cows exhibited a negative correlation with
 pretreatment SCC. Changes in body condition score of sometribove-injected cows
 varied among herds (.25 to -.45) and averaged -.02 compared with .07 for
 controls. There was no pattern in incidence of mastitis during sometribove
 injections.
 
 
 249                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 A review of quality and processing suitability of milk from cows treated with
 bovine somatotropin.
 Berg, G. van den
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 2-11; 1991.  Paper presented at
 the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,
 Lexington, Kentucky.  Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk composition; Milk processing;
 Fatty acids; Milk fat; Milk proteins; Cells; Energy balance; Cheese milk; Milk
 quality; Literature reviews
 
 
 250                                        NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54
 Rifkin gets 'no BGH' pledges from two IBA member firms.
 Rhein, R.
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1993 Apr05.
 Biotechnology newswatch. p. 1, 3; 1993 Apr05.
 Ô
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Food safety; Public opinion
 
 
 251                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Role of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factors in mammary
 development and lactation.
 Plaut, K.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Jun.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1526-1538; 1993 Jun.  Literature
 review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Mammary glands; Epidermal growth factor; Transforming growth
 factor; Organ culture; Literature reviews; Histology; Prolactin; Mammary
 development; Lactation
 
 Abstract:  Epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and
 transforming growth factor-beta 1 are potent effectors of mammary growth that
 work in concert with endocrine hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone,
 corticosteroids, and prolactin. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate production
 of epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor-alpha to stimulate
 mammary growth. Epidermal growth factor and prolactin synergize in whole organ
 culture to cause lobulo-alveolar development and to alter the profile of
 synthesized milk proteins. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits mammary
 development of prepubertal mice. However, once the gland is committed to
 differentiation, transforming growth factor-beta 1 no longer affects mammary
 morphogenesis. The role of transforming growth factor-beta 1, in milk protein
 synthesis is unknown. Transforming growth factor-alpha and -beta 1 MRNA have
 both been identified in the mammary gland of cows. The gland has epidermal
 growth factor receptors, and epidermal growth factor or transforming growth
 factor-alpha can stimulate proliferation of mammary epithelial cells in vitro.
 The role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in bovine mammary tissue has not
 been studied. An understanding of the role of epidermal growth factor, the
 transforming growth factors, and their interactions with endocrine hormones
 will lead to a more complete understanding of how mammary development and
 lactation are regulated.
 
 
 252                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Role of tissue remodeling in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and
 morphogenesis.
 Turner, J.D.; Huynh, H.T.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Aug.Ô
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Mammary glands; Epithelium; Plasmin; Plasminogen; Plasminogen
 activator; Hormonal control; Somatotropin; Mode of action; Lactation
 
 Abstract:  Lactation is a physiological process characterized by the secretion
 of large quantities of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid. To achieve the
 production, the mammary gland must grow and then differentiate; both processes
 require extensive tissue remodeling. Remodeling begins with a carefully
 controlled proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion
 proteins. Plasmin is a serine protease that has been implicated in the tissue
 remodeling associated with the declining phase of lactation and mammary
 involution. As lactation progresses, the quantity of plasmin activity
 increases within the mammary tissue and milk. This has led to the hypothesis
 that gradual involution results from progressive tissue remodeling. Hormonal
 attenuation of gradual involution by bST would slow tissue remodeling and
 would be permissive for lactation. In vitro results indicate that insulin-like
 growth factor-I impairs the secretion of plasminogen activator by bovine
 mammary epithelial cells. As such, a mechanism of action for bST exists.
 
 
 253                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Ruminant placental lactogens: structure and biology.
 Byatt, J.C.; Warren, W.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Staten, N.R.; Krivi, G.G.; Collier,
 R.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Sep.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (9): p. 2911-2923; 1992 Sep.  Literature
 review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cows; Ewes; Goats; Placenta; Prolactin; Choriomammotropin; Amino
 acids; Species differences; Liveweight gain; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  Ruminant placental lactogens (PL) are members of the somatotropin,
 prolactin gene family that are synthesized by trophectodermal binucleate
 cells. The structure and biology of PL has been studied in the cow, sheep, and
 goat. Ruminant PL have greater structural identity to prolactin than
 somatotropin, although they bind to both lactogenic and somatogenic receptors.
 The molecular weights of ovine and caprine PL are approximately 23,000,
 whereas bovine PL is larger (31,000 to 34,000) due to glycosylation. Placental
 lactogen is secreted into both the fetal and maternal circulations. The
 concentration of PL in the fetus decreases with advancing gestation, whereasÔ
 pregnancy then reaches a plateau. Furthermore, the maternal concentration of
 PL is 100- to 1,000-fold higher in sheep and goats than in cows. The precise
 factors that modulate secretion of PL are unknown, although placental mass and
 nutrition seem to play a role. Ruminant PL have both lactogenic and
 somatogenic biological activities and may also have unique activities mediated
 through a specific receptor. There is circumstantial evidence to suggest that
 PL plays a role in stimulating mammogenesis. Placental lactogen secreted into
 the fetal compartment may also help regulate fetal growth. Direct experimental
 data indicate that PL can regulate maternal intermediary metabolism. Thus, it
 may act as a partitioning agent to regulate nutrient supply for fetal growth.
 The precise biological function of PL in ruminants, therefore, still needs to
 be defined.
 
 
 254                                            NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5
 Secretion of active bovine somatotropin in Escherichia coli.
 Klein, B.K.; Hill, S.R.; Devine, C.S.; Rowold, E.; Smith, C.E.; Galosy, S.;
 Olins, P.O.
 New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1991 Sep.
 Bio/technology v. 9 (9): p. 869-872; 1991 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Hormone secretion; Escherichia coli
 
 
 255                                            NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
 Secretory patterns of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I during
 peripubertal period in intact and castrate male cattle.
 Lee, C.Y.; Hunt, D.W.; Gray, S.L.; Henricks, D.M.
 Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
 Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 481-489; 1991 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bulls; Steers; Somatotropin; Insulin-like growth factor;
 Castration; Hormone secretion; Blood serum
 
 
 256                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J823
 Separate and additive stimulation of bovine milk yield by the local and
 systemic galactopoietic stimuli of frequent milking and growth hormone.
 Knight, C.H.; Hillerton, J.E.; Kerr, M.A.; Teverson, R.M.; Turvey, A.; Wilde,
 C.J.Ô
 Journal of dairy research v. 59 (3): p. 243-252; 1992 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk yield; Mammary
 glands; Mammary development; Enzyme activity; Milk synthesis; Epithelium;
 Cells; Size
 
 
 257                                         NAL Call. No.: 448.8 J8293
 Serum half-life and in-vivo actions of recombinant bovine placental lactogen
 in the dairy cow.
 Byatt, J.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Veenhuizen, J.J.; Sorbet, R.H.; Buonomo, F.C.;
 Curran, D.F.; Collier, R.J.
 Bristol : The Journal; 1992 Feb.
 The Journal of endocrinology v. 132 (2): p. 185-193; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Prolactin; Somatotropin;
 Metabolism; Half life; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Binding proteins;
 Triiodothyronine; Metabolites; Blood serum; Blood analysis
 
 Abstract:  The clearance rate of recombinant bovine placental lactogen (rbPL)
 from the blood serum of four lactating dairy cows was measured using a
 specific radio-immunoassay. Two animals were non-pregnant, while the other two
 were at approximately 120 days of gestation. The rbPL was administered as an
 i.v. bolus injection (4 mg total) via an indwelling, jugular catheter. Blood
 samples were taken periodically for 180 min and assayed for rbPL. Analysis of
 the clearance curves for the bolus injection suggested a single-compartment
 model and a serum half-life of 7.25 min. in a second experiment with the same
 animals, following cessation of lactation, rbPL or bovine GH (bGH) were
 administered by s.c. injection (50 mg day) for 5 consecutive days. Blood
 samples were taken twice per day during the treatment period and a 3-day
 pretreatment period. Samples were analysed for glucose. blood urea nitrogen
 (BUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), creatinine, insulin, insulin-like
 growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II, tri-iodothyronine (T3), progesterone and
 IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) to determine whether rbPL mediates similar
 metabolic effects to those of bGH. Administration of bGH stimulated an
 increase in NEFA, glucose, T3 and insulin, whereas none of these variables was
 affected by rbPL. The plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II were both
 increased by treatment with rbPL but, to a lesser extent than occurred with
 bGH. Interestingly, BUN and IGFBP-2 concentrations were reduced equally by bGHÔ
 agonist but, rather, may have distinct effects on intermediary' metabolism
 that could be mediated through another specific receptor.
 
 
 258                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Serum immunoglobulin profiles of dairy cows chronically treated with
 recombinant bovine somatotropin.
 Burton, J.L.; McBride, B.W.; Kennedy, B.W.; Burton, J.H.; Elsasser, T.H.;
 Woodward, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 May.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (5): p. 1589-1598; 1991 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Blood serum; Igg; Antibody formation;
 Duration; Treatment; Dosage effects; Lactation stage
 
 Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine the effects of
 exogenous somatotropin on blood profiles of the major bovine Ig isotypes.
 Holsteins were treated with either 0, 10.3, or 20.6 mg recombinant bST/d.
 Subcutaneous injections were started between wk 4 and 5 of lactation and
 continued for 266 d. Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture
 throughout lactation for serum IgG, G1, G2, A, and M concentration
 determination . Cows treated with 10.3 mg of bST/d exhibited modest increases
 in mean blood concentrations of IgG (12.4%) and IgG2 (18.4%) relative to the
 other groups of cows. In addition, treated cows had 10.1% higher average
 concentration of IgA than controls. Somatotropin did not influence average
 lactational concentrations of IgG, or IgM, although the group receiving 10.3
 mg/d had higher late lactation concentrations of IgG1 than did the other two
 groups. However, treatment mean isotype concentrations were always within
 normal ranges, except for IgG2 from the 10.3 mg/d group, which were higher.
 The practical significance of elevated serum Ig concentrations observed in the
 present study is not known. However, the present data do show that bST
 administered at doses that increased milk yield had no apparent detrimental
 effect on humoral immunity as measured by blood concentrations of Ig.
 
 
 259                                           NAL Call. No.: HD1750.W4
 Simulating BST introduction in California for dairy policy analysis.
 Zepeda, L.; Butler, L.J.; Carter, H.O.
 Lincoln, Neb. : Western Agricultural Economics Association; 1991 Dec.
 Western journal of agricultural economics v. 16 (2): p. 228-237; 1991 Dec.
 Includes references.
 Ô
 
 Descriptors: California; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk prices; Marketing
 orders; Economic impact; Agricultural policy; Economic analysis; Simulation
 models; Econometric models; Dairy industry
 
 
 260                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Skeletal muscle protein metabolism and serum growth hormone, insulin, and
 cortisol concentrations in growing steers implanted with estradiol-17 beta,
 trenbolone acetate, or estradiol-17 beta plus trenbolone acetate.
 Hayden, J.M.; Bergen, W.G.; Merkel, R.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jul.
 Journal of animal science v. 70 (7): p. 2109-2119; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Beef cattle; Steers; Crossbreds; Methylhistidine; Trenbolone;
 Estradiol; Blood serum; Somatotropin; Insulin; Hydrocortisone; Skeletal
 muscle; Protein turnover
 
 Abstract:  Skeletal muscle protein degradation, measured by urinary
 N(tau)-methylhistidine excretion, and circulating concentrations of growth
 hormone (GH), insulin (INS), and cortisol (CT) were monitored in steers before
 and after implantation with estradiol-17 beta (E2; 24 mg) and trenbolone
 acetate (TBA; 300 mg). Yearling crossbred steers (n = 43) were randomly
 assigned to four treatment groups in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement:
 nonimplanted controls (C); TBA; E2; and TBA plus E2 (TBA + E2). A subgroup
 (Block 1) of 16 steers was bled on d -12, 31, and 72 after implanting.
 Deposition of skeletal muscle protein was markedly increased (P < .001) by E2
 and TBA + E2 treatment. This response occurred mainly within the first 40 d
 after implantation and declined (P < .001) in concert with decreasing (P <
 .01) concentration of serum E2. Anabolic steroid treatment did not affect the
 rate of skeletal muscle protein breakdown. There was no apparent relationship
 between reduced serum CT concentration (linear effect; P < .01) in TBA-treated
 steers and skeletal muscle protein degradation rate. Blood concentration and
 pulse activity of INS were not affected by anabolic steroid administration.
 Both TBA- and TBA + E2-implanted steers displayed a linear decrease (P < .05)
 in serum GH concentration over time, which was similar to C. Lowered mean GH
 concentration resulted from a reduction (TBA main effect; P < .05) in pulse
 amplitude of GH. Unlike TBA, TBA + E2, and C, only E2 maintained serum GH
 concentrations over time. Although increased muscle protein deposition was
 evident in TBA + E2-treated steers, an obvious causal relationship between
 this response and circulating GH, INS, and CT was not revealed. These results
 do not support the concept that combined androgenic agent and estrogenÔ
 modulation of circulating endogenous anabolic and antianabolic hormones.
 
 
 261                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Slow release somatotropin in dairy heifers and cows fed two levels of energy
 concentrate. 1. Performance and body condition.
 Remond, B.; Cisse, M.; Ollier, A.; Chilliard, Y.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1370-1381; 1991 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Concentrates; Milk
 yield; Milk fat percentage; Milk protein percentage; Body condition; Maize
 silage; Grazing; Feed intake; Digestibility
 
 Abstract:  Fifty-two Holstein dairy cows (27 primiparous) were used in a 2 X 2
 factorial design during wk 9 to 39 of lactation to assess the effects of slow
 release recombinant bST (500 mg injected at 14-d intervals) and the effects of
 the level of energy concentrate in the diet on dairy performance. After a
 winter period, cows were turned out to pasture at wk 24 of lactation. During
 winter, cows given low concentrate (2.5 vs. 5.4 kg DM/d) ate significantly
 more corn silage (13.9 vs. 11.9 kg DM/d), so that treatment had no significant
 effect on any measured parameter. The milk yield of bST-supplemented cows
 increased by 2.1 kg/d (11.0%) throughout the total experimental period. The
 response did not differ according to parity. Milk fat content and SCC were not
 altered, but milk protein was lower (.8 g/kg) from cows receiving bST during
 winter, and lactose increased (.5 g/kg). Lactation curves of bST-supplemented
 cows showed a cyclic response in milk production. Gross efficiency of milk
 yield was improved (.18 units) by bST administration without change in diet
 digestibility. No difference due to bST was found in the health or
 reproduction of cows. Live weight change did not differ among the groups.
 Multiparous cows gained body condition (bST-supplemented animals gained less
 than controls: .1 vs. .7 point on a five-point scale; NS). Control primiparous
 cows gained body condition (.1 point) but bST-supplemented cows significantly
 lost body condition (1.4 point).
 
 
 262                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Slow release somatotropin in dairy heifers and cows fed two levels of energy
 concentrate. 2. Plasma hormones and metabolites.
 Cisse, M.; Chilliard, Y.; Coxam, V.; Davicco, M.J.; Remond, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991 Apr.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1382-1394; 1991 Apr.  IncludesÔ
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Controlled release;
 Concentrates; Blood plasma; Insulin; Insulin-like growth factor; Fatty acids;
 Triiodothyronine; Injection; Metabolites; Milk yield; Homeostasis
 
 Abstract:  Fifty Holstein dairy cows (26 primiparous) were used to evaluate
 effects of level of concentrate and of slow release recombinant bST on plasma
 hormones and metabolites. Blood was sampled at wk 14 and 20 of lactation,
 which was 5 and 11 wk after the first bST injection. In addition, at d 3 and
 10 after the third bST injection, diurnal profiles of somatotropin and
 metabolites were studied in 7 bST cows and 5 control cows by blood sampling
 every 20 min over 6 h. Supplementation by bST enhanced plasma somatotropin and
 insulin-like growth factor-I but did not significantly affect plasma
 concentrations of triiodothyronin and insulin. The bST supplementation
 increased plasma NEFA at wk 14 and reduced uremia at wk 20. Primiparous cows
 showed higher plasma NEFA and triiodothyronin than multiparous cows at both
 sampling periods, higher insulin-like growth factor I, and lower
 beta-hydroxybutyrate at wk 14, and higher glucose and lower insulin at wk 20.
 In the diurnal kinetic study, bST supplementation did not alter bST spike
 frequency and duration but increased spike magnitude, the area under the curve
 above the baseline, and the baseline mean. Sixty-one to 56% of the increase
 over controls m plasma bST total area was due to increase in the area under
 the curve above baseline. Preprandial NEFA were increased by bST at d 10.
 
 
 263                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Somatotropin and endocrine regulation of metabolism during lactation.
 McDowell, G.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991.
 Journal of dairy science v. 74 (suppl.2): p. 44-62; 1991.  Paper presented at
 the "bST Worldwide Symposium: bST-from Promise to Practice," August 4-5, 1989,
 Lexington, Kentucky.  Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactation; Somatotropin; Insulin; Somatomedin; Blood
 plasma; Blood sugar; Mammary glands; Blood flow; Feed intake; Energy
 metabolism; Metabolites; Amino acids; Literature reviews
 
 
 264                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Somatotropin and prolactin profile characterisitics in proven AI dairy sires.
 Kazmer, G.W.; Canfield, R.W.; Bean, B.Ô
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (4): p. 1601-1606; 1991 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Ai bulls; Somatotropin; Prolactin; Blood plasma;
 Predicted difference; Selection criteria; Genetic improvement; Milk
 production; Progeny testing; Genetic correlation
 
 Abstract:  Blood samples were collected at 20-min intervals for 8 h from 16
 Holstein sires, each of which had U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and
 Northeast AI Sire Comparison (NEAISC) progeny test evaluation data available.
 Plasma somatotropin (ST) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured, and
 resulting endocrine profiles were analyzed by PULSAR, a microcomputer-based
 hormone peak-detection program. The number of ST peaks during the sampling
 period was negatively related to USDA Predicted Transmitting Ability (PTA) for
 fat yield, milk and fat product value (PTA$), and for milk fat, and protein
 product value (PRO$), and ST peak length was negatively related to PTA for
 protein percentage (PTA %P). Interpeak interval for ST was positively related
 to NEAISC percentage of Protein Deviation (%P). Prolactin peak length was
 correlated positively with both USDA PTA %P and NEAISC %P, and peak frequency
 was correlated positively with NEAISC %P. Interpeak interval for PRL was
 related positively to NEAISC Milk and Fat Deviations. Area under PRL profile
 was negatively related (P < .05) to USDA PTA$ and PRO$, and NEAISC Fat
 Deviation and Dollars. The results indicated that endocrine traits in mature
 dairy sires are correlated with genetic merit for economically important
 production traits and suggested that such profile characteristics may be
 useful in selecting young sires for progeny testing programs.
 
 
 265                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Somatotropin concentrations in plasma and scrotal circumference in bull calves
 with different dairy merit.
 Parchuri, N.; Chester-Jones, H.; Loseth, K.J.; Wheaton, J.E.; Hansen L.B.;
 Ziegler, D.M.; Crabo, B.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993 Feb.
 Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 445-452; 1993 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Calves; Breeding value; Somatotropin; Blood plasma;
 Scrotum; Body measurements; Selection criteria; Line differences;
 Somatoliberin; Hormone secretion; Sires; Age differences
 Ô
 groups with a 2940-kg difference in milk production in estimated breeding
 value. These bulls were used to determine the blood plasma concentration of
 bST under normal feeding management, after a 24-h feed and water deprivation,
 after stimulation with a bST secretagogue, and to evaluate whether selection
 for dairy merit affected pubertal testicular development and sperm production.
 Calves selected for higher estimated breeding value had greater average, but
 similar stimulated, plasma bST concentrations. Age of calves, but not
 short-term feed and water deprivation, influenced average plasma bST
 concentrations both before and after stimulation with growth hormone-releasing
 factor. Body weight tended to be higher at 350 to 400 d of age in bulls
 selected for higher estimated breeding value. Scrotal circumference was
 similar in the two groups at all times, as were seminal characteristics at 1
 yr of age. The study implied that plasma bST measurements may be used as an
 aid in selection of young dairy sires for AI.
 
 
 266                                            NAL Call. No.: 101 AL1A
 Somatotropin treatment for three consecutive lactations of dairy cows.
 De Boer, G.; Kennelly, J.J.; Shelford, J.A.
 Edmonton : Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Alberta; 1991.
 Agriculture and forestry bulletin (70th, special issue): p. 31-32; 1991.
 Feeders' Day Report, May 30, 1991.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Treatment
 
 
 267                                              NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
 Speculating on long-term changes in UK dairy farming and the implications for
 research: a quantitative approach.
 Doyle, C.J.; Mainland, D.D.; Thomas, C.
 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
 Agricultural systems v. 37 (3): p. 243-258; 1991.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Uk; Dairy farming; Milk production; Mathematical models;
 Prediction; Technical progress; Resource utilization; Agricultural structure;
 Farm income; Innovation adoption; Somatotropin; Grass sward
 
 
 268                                          NAL Call. No.: QH442.G393
 State action on bGH.
 Krimsky, S.; Stark, M.Ô
 Genewatch v. 7 (1/2): p. 12; 1991 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk products; State
 government; Legislation
 
 
 269                                           NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Stimulation of milk yield and feed intake by bovine placental lactogen in the
 dairy cow.
 Byatt, J.C.; Eppard, P.J.; Munyakazi, L.; Sorbet, R.H.; Veenhuizen, J.J.;
 Curran, D.F.; Collier, R.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992 May.
 Journal of dairy science v. 75 (5): p. 1216-1223; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Feed
 intake; Lactation stage; Prolactin; Dry matter; Energy balance; Blood sugar;
 Fatty acids; Urea; Insulin-like growth factor; Insulin; Lactation
 
 Abstract:  A 6 X 6 Latin square design was used to test the effects of
 recombinant bovine placental lactogen on milk yield, milk composition, feed
 intake, and blood hormone and metabolite levels in nonpregnant lactating cows.
 The six treatments (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/d of placental lactogen, water as
 negative control, and 20 mg/d of bST as positive control) were administered by
 subcutaneous injection twice daily for 9 d. Blood samples were taken during
 the last 5 d of the treatment period. The three highest doses of placental
 lactogen increased milk yield, and there was a linear dose effect, although
 placental lactogen was less potent than bST. Milk concentrations of lactose,
 protein, and fat were not altered by any of the treatments. Dry matter intake
 was increased by two of the doses of placental lactogen, but not by bST. Blood
 urea N concentration was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by placental
 lactogen and was also decreased by bST. Similarly, serum insulin-like growth
 factor-I was increased in a dose-dependent manner by placental lactogen and
 was also increased by bST. Plasma concentrations of NEFA and glucose were
 increased by bST, but placental lactogen had little or no effect on either of
 these parameters. Thus, placental lactogen appears to act, in part, as a weak
 somatotropin agonist; however, it also appears to have specific activities,
 e.g., stimulating feed intake.
 
 
 270                                        NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54Ô
 New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1991 Jul15.
 Biotechnology newswatch v. 11 (14): p. 10; 1991 Jul15.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: California; Milk production; Rotational grazing; Somatotropin;
 Genetic engineering; Farm inputs
 
 
 271                                            NAL Call. No.: TX341.C6
 Study predicts more profit with alternative to BGH.
 Washington, D.C. : Community Nutrition Institute; 1991 Jul19.
 Nutrition week v. 21 (28): p. 6; 1991 Jul19.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Drug residues; Food safety; Feeds; Milk yield;
 Profits; Rotational grazing; Milk production; Cows
 
 Abstract:  An experimental method for feeding dairy cattle may be safer,
 cheaper and may produce higher milk yields than injections of synthetic bovine
 growth hormone (BGH), according to an analysis of several recent studies
 comparing the two approaches.
 
 
 272                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 A synthetic opioid peptide increases plasma growth hormone and prolactin in
 Holstein calves.
 Johnson, D.W.; Barnes, M.A.; Akers, R.M.; Pearson, R.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Apr.
 Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p. 1004-1009; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cows; Opioid peptides; Somatotropin; Prolactin;
 Blood brain barrier; Blood plasma; Haloxon; Antagonists
 
 Abstract:  The effect of the synthetic opioid agonist
 D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Met(O)5-ol enkephalin (DAMME) on plasma growth hormone (GH)
 and prolactin (PRL) concentrations in Holstein heifer calves was investigated
 in this study. The possible site of action of DAMME was determined by
 pretreating calves with an opioid antagonist that crosses the blood-brain
 barrier poorly if at all (N-methyl levallorphan-methane sulphonate [MLM]) or
 one that crosses readily (naloxone [NAL]). All calves were assigned to one ofÔ
 or 3) pretreatment with MLM. All groups were injected with DAMME 30 min after
 pretreatments. Plasma PRL increased after injection of DAMME in calves
 pretreated with saline. Prolactin concentrations were not different before and
 after injection of DAMME in calves pretreated with either NAL or MLM. Plasma
 GH increased after injection of DAMME in saline- and MLM-pretreated calves but
 was unchanged in NAL-pretreated calves. These data show that peripherally
 administered DAMME increases plasma GH and PRL in Holstein heifer calves and
 suggest that DAMME mediates GH release through receptors located somewhere
 inside the blood-brain barrier, but it can induce PRL secretion at a site
 located outside the barrier.
 
 
 273                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Testicular development in bulls treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.
 MacDonald, R.D.; Deaver, D.R.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun.
 Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1540-1545; 1993 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Somatotropin; Testes; Blood plasma; Insulin-like
 growth factor; Lh; Body weight; Testosterone
 
 Abstract:  This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that administering
 recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) would affect testicular development in
 Holstein bulls. From 4 until 32 wk of age, bulls received a daily injection of
 either placebo (C) or rbST (.2 mg/kg BW.75, i.m.; n = 10/group). At 14-d
 intervals, blood was obtained and assayed for testosterone (T); BW, shoulder
 height (SH), and testis length (TL) were recorded. At 7, 12, and 24 wk of age,
 bulls were bled at 10-min intervals for 6 h to determine the secretory
 patterns of LH, growth hormone (GH), and IGF-I. All bulls were killed at 40 wk
 of age. One testis was used for determination of daily sperm production (DSP),
 and the number of spermatids per gram of parenchyma (SP/G); the remaining
 testis was perfused and fixed for histological analysis of numbers of Sertoli
 cell nuclei (SCN/ ST) and spermatids per seminiferous tubule cross-section
 (SP/ST). Epididymal spermatozoa were collected to test effects of rbST on the
 integrity of spermatozoal chromatin structure. Administration of rbST
 increased (P < .0001) concentrations of GH (nanograms/milliliter) in plasma at
 all ages (C vs rbST; wk 7, 8.9 +/- 1.0 vs 51.9 +/- 6.8; wk 12, 12.8 +/- 1.4 vs
 59.2 +/- 6.4; and wk 24, 5.2 +/- 1.5 vs 42.6 +/- 12.2). There was an age X
 treatment interaction (P < .0183) for concentrations of IGF-I
 (nanograms/milliliter) in plasma (C vs rbST; wk 7, 149.7 +/- 6.1 vs 148.6 +/-
 8.6; wk 12, 184.1 +/- 12.8 vs 216.6 +/- 15.9; and wk 24, 392.8 +/- 24.8 vs
 484.7 +/- 19.9). No differences due to rbST treatment were observed for T, BW,Ô
 with rbST did not affect DSP, SP/G, SCN/ ST, or SP/ST or integrity of
 spermatozoal chromatin. We conclude that administering .2 mg/kg BW.75 of rbST
 throughout the period of Sertoli cell differentiation and replication results
 in no detectable differences in selected variables of sexual development.
 
 
 274                                          NAL Call. No.: 321.8 C762
 Udder insanity.
 Yonkers, N.Y. : The Union; 1992 May.
 Consumer reports - Consumers Union of United States v. 57 (5): p. 330-332;
 1992 May.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Milk yield; Milk supply; Synthetic hormones; Dairy
 industry; Milk prices; Insulin-like growth factor; Somatotropin; Antibiotics;
 Drug residues; Food safety
 
 Abstract:  This article examines the use of synthetic bovine growth hormone to
 stimulate the production of milk in a highly regulated US milk market that
 produces more than enough milk. The safety of foods produced with this hormone
 and antibiotics is also addressed.
 
 
 275                                         NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.A77
 Update on bovine growth hormone.
 Stamford, Conn. : Business Communications Co., Inc; 1991 Jun.
 Applied genetics news v. 11 (11): p. 1-2; 1991 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Somatotropin; Milk production; Regulations; Food safety
 
 
 276                                              NAL Call. No.: A00109
 Updates on products/field tests.
 Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of the National Wildlife
 Federation; 1992 Apr.
 The gene exchange v. 3 (1): p. 10; 1992 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Field tests; European communities; Usda; Somatotropin;
 Transgenics; Recombinant vaccines
 Ô
 Use of bovine somatotropin in the tropics: the effect of sometribove on milk
 production of Bos indicus, dairy crossbed and Bos taurus cows in Zimbabwe.
 Phipps, R.H.; Madakadze, C.; Mutsvangwa, T.; Hard, D.L.; Kerchove, G de
 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1991 Oct.
 The Journal of agricultural science v. 117 (pt.2): p. 257-263; 1991 Oct.
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Zimbabwe; Cattle; Holstein-friesian; Zebu; Crossbreds; Dairy
 cows; Drug effects; Somatotropin; Milk production; Milk yield; Milk
 composition
 
 
 278                                              NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Utilization of sulfur and other mineral elements by growing dairy heifers
 treated with bovine somatotropin.
 House, W.A.; Crooker, B.A.; Bauman, D.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Sep.
 Journal of animal science v. 69 (9): p. 3817-3825; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heifers; Somatotropin; Sulfur; Mineral metabolism;
 Dosage effects; Retention; Feed intake; Blood plasma
 
 Abstract:  Apparent absorption and retention of Ca, P, Mg, K, Cu, Mn, Zn, and
 S were determined in Holstein heifers treated with recombinant bovine
 somatotropin (bST). Six heifers (initial BW averaged 104 kg) were assigned to
 various doses of bST in a 6 X 6 Latin square design with six consecutive 21-d
 periods. Treatments were daily i.m. injections of 0, 6.7, 33.3, 66.7, 100, or
 200 microgram of bST/kg of BW on d 8 to 21 of each period. All heifers were
 fed a hay-concentrate diet, and nutrient digestibilities and balances were
 determined on d 14 to 20 of each period. Mineral concentrations in feed,
 water, excreta, and blood plasma were determined with an inductively coupled
 argon plasma-emission spectrometer. Exogenous bST did not affect apparent
 absorption or retention of Ca, P, Mg, K, Cu, Mn, or Zn. Plasma CU
 concentration was greater (P < .05) in heifers receiving bST (82 microgram of
 Cu/dl) than in those receiving excipient (73 microgram of Cu/dl); plasma
 concentrations of other elements were not affected by bST. Injection of bST
 did not affect S absorption, but urinary S excretion decreased (P < .05) and S
 retention increased (P < .05) as dose of bST increased. The amount of S
 retained (1.5 g/d) when the heifers received the largest dose of bST was
 approximately 50% greater than the amount retained when heifers receivedÔ
 metabolism of S. Generally, bST did not affect nutrient digestibilities.
 Effects of bST on dietary mineral requirements were not determined because of
 the relatively short (14 d) treatment periods.
 
 
 279                                  NAL Call. No.: HD1751.W67 no.92-9
 The value of segmenting the milk market into bST-produced and non-bST-produced
 milk.
 Tauer, Loren W.,
 New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of Agricultural
 Economics
 Ithaca, N.Y. : Dept. of Agricultural Economics, New York State College of
 Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University,; 1992;
 AGR,544-4,VALSM,92-41128.
 19 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Working papers in agricultural economics ; working
 paper 92-9).  Cover title.  July 1992.  Includes bibliographical references
 (p. 14-15).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk trade; Market segmentation; Bovine somatotropin; Milk
 
 
 280                                              NAL Call. No.: T1.T44
 Who decides about biotech?.
 Roush, W.
 Cambridge, Mass. : Alumni Association, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 :.; 1991 Jul.
 Technology review v. 94 (5): p. 28-34, 36; 1991 Jul.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Food safety; Public opinion;
 Economic impact; Factory farming
 
 
 281                                             NAL Call. No.: RJ1.P42
 Why not have more milk?.
 Kretchmer, N.
 Elk Grove Village, Ill. : American Academy of Pediatrics; 1991 Nov.
 Pediatrics v. 88 (5): p. 1056-1057; 1991 Nov.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Somatotropin; Genetic engineering; Residues; Food safetyÔ
 products from cows treated with bovine growth hormone to increase milk
 production. The author concludes that this genetically engineered hormone is
 safe for both humans and cows.
 

Author Index

 
 Adriaens, F.A.  199 
 Aguilar, A.A.  127 
 Akers, R.M.  272 
 Alaniz, G.R.  238 
 Aldrich, J.M.  102 
 Allen, M.S.  40 
 Alpizar, E.  121 
 Andrews, A.H.  134 
 Andrews, E.L.  67 
 Angus, K.D.  83 
 Angus, R.C.  70 
 Annexstad, R.J.  157 
 Arambel, M.J.  95, 104, 248 
 Armstrong, D.V.  70 
 Armstrong, J.D.  34, 73, 74, 93 
 Atkinson, T.  182 
 Austin, C.L.  177 
 Austin, F.H.  77 
 Azain, M.J.  42, 132 
 Bachman, K.C.  207 
 Badinga, L.  218 
 Baer, R.J.  195 
 Baile, C.A.  39, 42, 130, 151 
 Bailey, C.  127 
 Baldwin, R.L.  19, 129, 171, 191, 225, 226, 230, 240, 241 
 Ball, J.L.  94 
 Ballard, F.J.  208 
 Baracos, V.E.  212 
 Barash, H.  90 
 Barbano, D.M.  48, 71, 72 
 Barnes, M.A.  272 
 Bass, J.J.  181 
 Basson, R.P.  105, 193 
 Bastings, E.  168 
 Bateman, K.G.  217 
 Bates, D.M.  38 
 Bauer, J.M.  231, 232 
 Bauman, D.E.  3, 22, 71, 72, 115, 140, 186, 278 
 Bazer, F.W.  218 Ô
 Becker, B.A.  11, 130 
 Becker-Khaleel, B.  159 
 Beckers, A.  168 
 Beckers, J.F.  168 
 Beede, D.K.  111 
 Beerepoot, G.M.M.  101 
 Begley, R. 149 
 Bentle, L.A.  41 
 Berg, G. van den  249 
 Bergen, W.G.  16, 260 
 Bidwell, T.R.  38 
 Bier, D.M.  21 
 Blackmon, D.M.  131, 132 
 Blayney, D.P.  51 
 Block, E.  97, 105, 124 
 Blumenthal, H.  21 
 Bolt, D.J.  76 
 Bonnel, A.  178 
 Borg, K.E.  53, 123 
 Boysen, B.G.  85, 246 
 Bramley, T.  98 
 Bramley, T.A.  96, 99 
 Brazeau, P.  75, 86, 87, 88, 117, 118, 119 
 Breier, B.H.  181, 228 
 Brinster, R.L.  76 
 Britt, J.H.  244 
 Brodie, B.O.  63 
 Bruce, L.A.  182 
 Bruckental, I.  90 
 Bruss, M.L.  19, 171, 230 
 Buonomo, F.C.  111, 214, 257 
 Buonomoo, F.C.  151 
 Burton, J.H.  50, 106, 116, 164, 179, 184, 192, 217, 258 
 Burton, J.L.  50, 164, 179, 258 
 Butler, L.J.  259 
 Byatt, J.C.  253, 257, 269 
 Cady, R.A.  203 
 Calsamiglia, S.  82 
 Calvert, C.C.  129, 191, 225, 226, 240, 241 
 Cameron, M.R.  128 
 Campbell, R.M.  73, 74 
 Campling, R.C.  139 
 Canfield, R.W.  35, 264 
 Capps, O. Jr  52 
 Capuco, A.V.  2, 197 Ô
 Carlson, K.M.  107 
 Carter, H.O.  259 
 Casper, D.P.  177, 195 
 Chalupa, W.  8 
 Chalupa, W.V.  63 
 Chapin, L.T.  40, 154 
 Chaplin, R.K.  110 
 Chen, N.Y.  108, 142 
 Chester-Jones, H.  265 
 Chilliard, Y.  17, 261, 262 
 Chou, K.C.  165 
 Cioffi, J.A.  108 
 Cisse, M.  17, 261, 262 
 Claflin, W.H.  238 
 Clark, J. Jr  21 
 Clark, J.H.  63, 128 
 Cleale, R.M.  63, 177 
 Clemmons, D.R.  214 
 Cole, J.A.  112 
 Cole, W.J.  100, 140, 151, 245, 246 
 Collier, R.J.  11, 85, 100, 111, 130, 169, 199, 214, 218, 245, 246,
 253,257,269 
 Comstock, G.  54 
 Conroy, D.  62 
 Coomans, D.  178 
 Cope, B.C.  120 
 Couture, Y.  86, 88 
 Coxam, V.  262 
 Crabo, B.G.  265 
 Craig, B.A.  38 
 Crey, J.  189 
 Crooker, B.A.  82, 107, 200, 278 
 Cross, J.C.  44 
 Crowe, C.T.  131, 132 
 Cummins, K.A.  61 
 Curran, D.F.  257, 269p
 D'yakonov, L.P.  31 
 Dahl, G.E.  40, 154 
 Dalke, B.S.  64 
 Darrington, R.T.  232 
 Davicco, M.J.  262 
 Davis, S.L.  167 
 Davis, S.R.  228 
 Day, J.D.  220 
 De Boer, G.  78, 166, 185, 266 Ô
 Deaver, D.R.  273 
 DeLorenzo, M.A.  111 
 Delorme, L.  87 
 DeNise, S.K.  143 
 DePeters, E.J.  191, 225, 226, 240, 241 
 Detilleux, J.C.  101 
 Devine, C.S.  254 
 Dhiman, T.R.  239 
 Dibner, J.J.  169 
 DiCaprio, L.  142 
 Dillon, W.  27 
 Douthitt, Robin A.  236 
 Downer, J.V.  63 
 Doyle, C.J.  267 
 Dubreuil, P.  86 
 Dunkley, W.L.  21 
 Early, R.J.  184 
 Echternkamp, S.E.  121 
 Eggert, R.G.  81, 157 
 Einspanier, R.  32 
 Elasser, T.H.  164 
 Elias, V.D.  60 
 Elsasser, T.H.  50, 117, 118, 119, 135, 136, 179, 258 
 Elvinger, F.  5, 6, 187 
 Emery, R.S.  105 
 Enberg, B.  160 
 Enright, W.J.  7, 43 
 Eppard, P.J.  41, 85, 245, 246, 253, 257, 269 
 Erdman, R.A.  248 
 Ernst, L.K.  31 
 Esbenshade, K.L.  53, 123 
 Etherton, T.D.  198, 224, 235
 Evans, N.M.  79 
 Ezra, E.  126 
 Fallert, F.R.  69 
 Fallert, R.F.  51 
 Farmer, C.  75 
 Farver, T.B.  171, 230 
 Fekry, A.E.  2 
 Finn, R.F.  39 
 Firkins, J.L.  63 
 Fleet, I.R.  153 
 Fowke, P.J.  181 
 Fox, D.G.  3 
 Fox, O.F.  9 Ô
 Franson, S.E.  140, 143 
 Freeman, A.E.  101 
 Freetly, H.C.  129 
 Funk, D.A.  10 
 Galland, J.C.  171, 230 
 Galligan, D.T.  8 
 Gallo, G.F.  124 
 Galosy, S.  254 
 Galton, D.M.  248 
 Ganguli, S.  41 
 Garssen, G.J.  133 
 Gaudreau, P.  86, 87, 88, 117, 118, 119 
 Geisert, R.D.  59 
 Gertler, A.  90 
 Gibson, J.P.  106, 116 
 Girard, C.  75 
 Glimm, D.R.  212 
 Gluckman, P.D.  181, 228 
 Gol'dman, I.L.  31 
 Gong, J.G.  96, 98, 99 
 Goodwin, E.C.  1 
 Goodwin, M.C.  238 
 Goodwin, M.L.  80 
 Goonen, A.B.  233 
 Graf, F.  33 
 Graf, M.  167 
 Graule, B.  33 
 Gray, G.M.  21 
 Gray, S.L.  255 
 Green, G.A.  248 
 Grieve, D.G.  92, 94, 158 
 Grimes, L.W.  194 
 Gronowski, A.  242
 Grumbach, M.M.  21 
 Guthrie, H.D.  76 
 Hacker, R.R.  79 
 Hageman, M.J.  231, 232 
 Hale, M.D.  199 
 Hall, T.R.  167 
 Hallberg, M. C.  20 
 Hallford, D.M.  84, 122 
 Hamilton, K.  156 
 Hammond, A.C.  135 
 Hammond, B.G.  85, 245, 246 
 Hanigan, M.D.  191 Ô
 Hansen L.B.  265 
 Hansen, M.K.  14 
 Hansen, P.J.  5, 6, 112, 187 
 Hansen, W.P.  157 
 Hansson, A. 160 
 Hard, D.L.  199, 277 
 Harmon, R.J.  81 
 Harrison, J.H.  105 
 Hart, I.C.  182 
 Hartnell, G.F.  39, 71, 72, 82, 89, 109, 127, 131, 132, 140, 151,245 
 Harvey, R.W.  34, 73, 74, 93 
 Hassan, H.A. 7 
 Hauser, S.D.  169 
 Hayden, J.M.  260 
 Head, H.H.  5, 140, 207, 218 
 Hecht, D.W.  23, 176 
 Hedrick, H.B.  39 
 Heersche, G.  81 
 Heimer, E.P.  73, 74 
 Helferich, W.G.  60 
 Hemken, R.W.  81 
 Henricks, D.M.  255 
 Hertel, T.W.  174 
 Hileman, B.  18, 148, 210 
 Hill, S.R.  254 
 Hillers, V.  203 
 Hillerton, J.E.  256 
 Hinman, D.D.  64 
 Hintz, R.L.  21, 39, 41, 71, 82, 85, 100, 109, 140, 245, 246 
 Hodgkinson, S.C.  181 
 Hoffman, P.C.  10 
 Hoffman, R.G.  143 
 Holder, W.L.  162 
 Holmberg, C.A.  230 
 Holmeberg, C.A.  171 
 Hongerholt, D.D.  82, 107 
 Hoover, J.  79 
 House, W.A.  278 
 Houseknecht, K.L.  3 
 Hovell, F.D.D.  182 
 Howlett, B.A.  109 
 Huber, J.T.  70, 140, 143 
 Hudson, S.  151, 245 
 Hunt, C.W.  64 
 Hunt, D.W.  255 Ô
 Huntington, G.B.  111 
 Hutton, N.E.  21 
 Huyler, M.T.  109 
 Huynh, H.T.  252 
 Ingle, T.L.  183 
 Inkster, J.  182 
 Iyer, K.S.  9 
 Jenny, B.F.  63, 194 
 Johnson, B.H.  53, 123 
 Johnson, D.E.  138 
 Johnson, D.W.  272 
 Johnson, H.D.  11, 130 
 Johnson, H.E.  141 
 Johnson, W.H.  80 
 Jones, E.J.  34 
 Jones, G.M.  188 
 Jonker, L.J.  133 
 Jordan, D.C.  127 
 Jorgenson, D.M. R107 
 Kaiser, H.M.  25, 45, 46, 48, 201, 219 
 Kasser, T.R.  39, 42, 64, 151 
 Kazmer, G.W.  35, 229, 264 
 Kelder, B.  108 
 Kemppainen, R.J.  61 
 Kennedy, B.W.  50, 164, 179, 258 
 Kennelly, J.J.  78, 166, 185, 212, 266 
 Kent, B.A.  104 
 Kerchove, G de  277 
 Kerr, D.E.  110 
 Kerr, M.A.  256 
 Keys, J.E.  2, 197 
 Kim, J.  139 
 Kindstedt, P.S.  89 
 Kirchgessner, M.  137 
 Kitchell, M.L.  169 
 Klein, B.K.  254 
 Kleinmans, J.  239 
 Klusmeyer, T.H.  128 
 Knapp, J.R.  129 
 Knight, C.H.  206, 256 
 Knobil, E.  21 
 Knowles, S.E.  208 
 Knutson, R.D.  52 
 Kopchick, J.J.  108, 142 
 Krabill, L.F.  204, 205 Ô
 Krejci, P.  91 
 Kretchmer, N.  281 
 Krimsky, S.  268 
 Kris-Etherton, P.M.  235 
 Krivi, G.G.  41, 169, 253 
 Kuchler, Fred  175 
 Kung, L. Jr. 41, 143 
 Laarveld, B.  103, 110 
 Lacasse, P.  87, 88 
 Lamb, R.C.  140, 248 
 Langhout, D.J.  59, 113 
 Lanza, G.M.  41, 85, 245, 246 
 Lapierre, H.  75, 86, 117, 118, 119 
 Larson, J.A.  29, 30 
 Larson, R.A.  157 
 Lauderdale, J.W.  204, 205 
 Laurent, F.  178 
 Laurentie, M.P.  227 
 Laven, R.A.  134 
 Lean, I.J.  19, 171, 230 
 Lee, C.Y.  255 
 Lefaivre, R.  17 
 Lefebvre, D.M.  97 
 Leslie, K.E.  217 
 Lewis, M.J.  183 
 Li, R.  130 
 Li, R.Z.  11 
 Liebrand, C.B.  69 
 Linn, J.G.  157 
 Lippe, B.  21 
 Lissemore, K.D.  217 
 Littell, R.C.  6 
 Lobie, P.E.  160 
 Loseth, K.J.  265 
 Lotan, E.  126 
 Louveau, I.  224 
 Lovendahl, P.  83, 247 
 Lucy, M.C.  125, 169, 223 
 Lynch, G.L.  63, 128 
 Lynch, J.M.  71, 72 
 MacDonald, R.D.  273 
 MacKenzie, D.  65 
 Mackenzie, D.D.S.  202 
 MacLeod, G.K.  184 
 MacRae, J.C.  182 Ô
 Mader, H.  170 
 Madsen, K.S.  100, 127, 140, 143, 246, 248 
 Maggiora, G.M.  165 
 Mainland, D.D.  267 
 Maisey, I.  134 
 Makarevich, A.V.  31 
 Manalu, W.  11, 130 
 Manns, J.G.  110 
 Marinchenko, G.V.  159 
 Markalous, E.  91 
 Marple, D.N.  61 
 Matveev, V.A.  31 
 Mauthner, M.  33 
 McAndrew, S.J.  108, 142 
 McBride, B.W.  50, 94, 106, 116, 158, 164, 179, 184, 192, 217, 258
 McClean, C.  103 
 McClelland, John  175 
 McCutcheon, S.N.  202, 228 
 McDaniel, B.T.  244 
 McDowell, G.H.  263 
 McGuffey, R.K.  105, 193, 216 
 McGuire, M.A.  111, 186 
 McGuirk, A.M.  25, 174, 188 
 McLaughlin, C.L.  39, 151 
 McNamara, J.P.  159 
 Meeuwse, D.M.  205 
 Mehigh, C.S.  60 
 Mehigh, R.J.  60 
 Meimberg, Rudiger  12 
 Mepham, T.B.  153 
 Merkel, R.A.  7, 16, 260 
 Meserole, V.K.  109 
 Metzger, L.E.  245 
 Meulen, M. van der  116 
 Meyer, J.  33 
 Michel, A.  202 
 Miller, D.C.  74 
 Miller, H.I.  234 
 Miller, K.F.  76 
 Miller, M.A.  85, 151, 199, 214, 246 
 Miller, P.S.  225, 226, 240, 241 
 Mills, E.W.  235 
 Molan, P.  181 
 Moller, C.  160 
 Moore, K.L.  73 Ô
 Morgan, G.L.  215 
 Morisset, J.  86, 87, 88 
 Morrison, C.A.  167 
 Moseley, W.M.  40, 154, 238 
 Muller, H.L.  137 
 Muller, L.D.  102, 105 
 Mullinix, B.G.  114 
 Munyakazi, L.  269 
 Murphy, M.G.  77 
 Musienko, M.I.  31 
 Mutsvangwa, T.  277 
 Natzke, R.P.  5, 6, 187 
 Neathery, M.W.  131, 132 
 Nelson, D.R.  128 
 Nemeth, M.A.  71, 72 
 New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of
 Agricultural Economics  279 
 Norstedt, G.  160 
 O'Callaghan, D.  77 
 Okada, S.  142 
 Oldenbroek, J.K.  133 
 Oldham, J.M.  181 
 Olins, P.O.  254 
 Oliver, S.P.  183 
 Ollier, A.  261 
 Olson, J.D.  127, 248 
 Olson, T.A.  135 
 Otterby, D.E.  157, 200 
 Outlaw, J.L.  52 
 Owens, P.C.  208 
 Oyler, R.H.  229 
 Palmiter, R.D.  76 
 Parchuri, N.  265 
 Parchuri, Nandakishore  180 
 Pardue, F.E.  194 
 Parmley, K.  159 
 Patterson, D.L.  63, 194 
 Paulissen, J.B.  238 
 Paulson, J.C.  157 
 Payne, E.  120 
 Pearson, R.E.  272 
 Peel, C.J.  248 
 Peel, D.S.  172 
 Pell, A.N.  89, 109 
 Pelletier, G.  86, 87, 88 Ô
 Peterson, E. B.  173 
 Peterson, E.B.  174 
 Petitclerc, D.  86, 87, 88 
 Phipps, R.H.  277 
 Plaut, K.  251 
 Plouzek, C.A.  161 
 Politis, I.  106 
 Possert, P.L.  231, 232 
 Preckel, P.V.  174 
 Preston, W.P.  188 
 Prosser, C.G.  153 
 Przybycien, T.M.  37 
 Pursel, V.G.  76 
 Radloff, H.D.  239 
 Rakes, A.H.  105 
 Ramberg, C.F. Jr  8 
 Rankins, D.L. Jr  122 
 Rath, M.  77 
 Read, L.C.  208 
 Reagan, J.O.  131 
 Reeves, J.J.  141 
 Rehman, J.D.  158 
 Reilly, John  175 
 Reis, B.L.  129, 191, 225, 226, 240, 241 
 Remond, B.  17, 261, 262 
 Reynolds, C.K.  111, 117, 118, 119 
 Reznik, M.  168 
 Rhein, R.  144, 250 
 Ribelin, W.E.  246 
 Richards, M.W.  215 
 Rieger, D.  80 
 Rippe, J.K.  89 
 Roberge, S.  141 
 Roberts, R.M.  44 
 Robinson, P.H.  78, 166, 185 
 Roche, J.F.  77 
 Rock, D.W.  63, 194 
 Roeder, R.A.  64 
 Rogan, G.J.  85, 151 
 Rostami, J.  171 
 Rottman, F.M.  1 
 Roush, W. O280 
 Rowold, E.  254 
 Royle, C.  153 
 Sabacky, M.J.  42 Ô
 Sandifer, T.G.  114 
 Sartin, J.L.  61 
 Satter, L.D.  239 
 Sauerwein, H.  181 
 Schally, A.V.  141 
 Schams, D.  32, 33, 227 
 Schelling, G.T.  64 
 Scherer, C.W.  48 
 Schiek, W.A.  27 
 Schingoethe, D.J.  177, 195 
 Schwab, W.  137 
 Schwart, R.B. Jr  52 
 Semenova, V.A.  31 
 Severdia, A.G.  9 
 Shagam, S.D.  51 
 Shelford, J.A.  266 
 Shoeffling, J.R.  70 
 Siler, J.F.  189 
 Silvia, W.J.  81 
 Simpson, R.B.  74, 93 
 Singh, M.  207 
 Sinnett-Smith, P.A.  247 
 Skarda, J.  91, 170 
 Skardova, O.  91 
 Slaba, J.  91 
 Smirnov, O.K.  31 
 Smith, C.E.  254 
 Smith, D.F.  3 
 Smith, G.S.  122 
 Snyder, D.L.  105 
 Sorbet, R.H.  246, 257, 269 
 Spencer-Johnson, K.J.  130 
 Spicer, L.J.  43, 59, 113, 121, 215 
 Spike, T.E.  193 
 Stanisiewski, E.P.  204, 205 
 Staples, C.R.  125, 223 
 Staples, R.C.  119 
 Stark, M.  13, 268 
 Staten, N.R.  253 
 Stauber, J.C.  190 
 Stegeman, G.A.  195 
 Stelwagen, K.  92, 94, 158 
 Stern, M.D.  82 
 Storrs, S.B.  37 
 Strel'chenko, N.S.  31 Ô
 Sturman, H.  126 
 Sullivan, J.L.  143 
 Swalve, H.H.  58 
 Swift, P.J.  167 
 Tait, R.M.  202 
 Tauer, L.W.  219 
 Tauer, Loren W.,  279 
 Taylor, S.A.  84 
 Tessmann, N.J.  239 
 Teverson, R.M.  256 
 Thatcher, W.W.  125, 218, 223 
 Thayer, A.  57 
 Thomas, C.  267 
 Thomas, J.W.  248 
 Thomson, T.D.  227 
 Tomas, F.M.  208 
 Torkelson, A.R.  85, 245 
 Torre, P.M.  183 
 Torrent, J.  138 
 Toutain, P.L.  227 
 Trenkle, A.  161, 242, 243 
 Troutt, H.F.  19, 171, 230 
 Tsang, D.S.  89, 109 
 Tucker, H.A.  7, 40, 60, 154 
 Tucker, W.B.  81 
 Turner, J.D.  252 
 Turvey, A.  256 
 Tweeten, L.  55 
 Tyrell, H.F.  118 
 Tyrrell, H.F.  117, 119 
 United States. General Accounting Office  237 
 University of Connecticut, Food Marketing Policy Center  173 
 Vandaele, W.  26 
 Varga, G.A.  102 
 Veenhuizen, J.J.  39, 64, 131, 132, 186, 214, 257, 269 
 Vernon, R.G.  115 
 Vicini, J.L.  186, 214 
 Vignon, B.  178 
 Violand, B.N.  41 
 Wagner, T.E.  142 
 Walker, A.  182 
 Walters, J.L.  95, 104 
 Walton, J.S.  80, 94 
 Walton, P.E.  208 
 Ward, G.M.  138 Ô
 Weaver, L.D.  171, 230 
 Webb, R.  96, 98, 99 
 Weigel, K.A.  38 
 Weller, J.I.  126 
 Weller, R.F.  199 
 West, J.W.  114 
 Wettemann, R.P.  215 
 Wheaton, J.E.  107, 265 
 White, T.C.  246 
 Wickham, B.W.  202 
 Wiehl, P.  142 
 Wilcox, C.J.  111, 207, 218 
 Wilde, C.J.  256 
 Wilfond, D.H.  207 
 Wilkinson, J.  178 
 Wilkinson, J.I.D.  133, 139, 216 
 Willan, A.R.  217 
 Williams, J.C.  61 
 Wilmut, I.  99 
 Winder, J.A.  84 
 Windisch, W.  137 
 Winsryg, M.D.  95, 104 
 Wollny, C.  33 
 Wood, D.L.  2, 197 
 Woodward, B.  50, 164, 179, 258 
 Woolliams, J.A.  83, 247 
 Yun, J.  142 
 Zarandi, M.  141 
 Zednik, J.  91 
 Zepeda, L.  259 
 Zhao, X.  106, 192 
 Ziegler, D.M.  265 
 

Subject Index

 3-hydroxybutyric acid  225, 226 
 Abomasum  3, 238 
 Accuracy  58 
 Acetates  2, 225, 226 
 Activity  167 
 Adipose tissue  2, 40, 159, 170, 197, 229 
 Adverse effects  21, 48, 222 
 Age  74, 75, 77, 90, 161 
 Age at first calving  10, 220 
 Age differences  34, 61, 218, 265 Ô
 Agricultural policy  27, 219, 259 
 Agricultural prices  174 
 Agricultural structure  267 
 Ai bulls  35, 264 
 Alfalfa silage  239 
 Algorithms  6 
 Alpha-adrenergic receptors  61 
 Amino acid derivatives  108 
 Amino acid sequences  41, 108, 165 
 Amino acids  78, 177, 191, 253, 263 
 Anabolism  182 
 Analogs  141 
 Analytical methods  37 
 Androgens  7 
 Anestrus  84, 215 
 Animal biotechnology  20 
 Animal disorders  222 
 Animal fat  235 
 Animal health  9, 63, 65, 91, 109, 127, 133, 192, 200, 232, 246 
 Animal nutrition  181, 200, 215 
 Animal products  16 
 Animal protein concentrates  95 
 Animal tissues  31 
 Animal welfare  51, 192 
 Antagonists  122, 272 
 Antibiotic residues  149 
 Antibiotics  48, 274 
 Antibody formation  50, 85, 258 
 Arginine  73, 83 
 Arima  38 
 Arizona  70 
 Arteries  191, 240, 241 
 Assays  167 
 Autoradiography  212 
 Bacterial count  217 
 Barley  185 
 Beef  21, 36 
 Beef cattle  64, 107, 117, 118, 119, 120, 238, 260 
 Beef cows  34, 73, 74, 84, 93, 169, 215 
 Belgium  24 
 Beta-adrenergic agonists  16 
 Bibliographies  29, 30 
 Binding  32, 181 
 Binding proteins  167, 186, 214, 257 
 Binding site  218 Ô
 Biochemical techniques  212 
 Biological development  61, 96 
 Biosynthesis  2 
 Biotechnology  13, 14, 23, 31, 188, 190, 221, 235 
 Birth weight  158 
 Blood  129, 199, 244 
 Blood analysis  257 
 Blood brain barrier  272 
 Blood chemistry  39, 41, 82, 114, 131, 133, 135, 151, 181 
 Blood composition  88, 130, 170 
 Blood flow  119, 263 
 Blood picture  133, 164 
 Blood plasma  33, 40, 61, 76, 80, 92, 94, 97, 102, 107, 111, 117,
 119, 120, 125, 133, 158, 161, 166, 223, 225, 226, 229, 240, 241, 242, 243,
 262, 263, 264, 265, 272, 273, 278 
 Blood sampling  98 
 Blood serum  34, 35, 39, 41, 53, 64, 73, 79, 84, 85, 90, 93, 101,
 110, 122, 141, 154, 167, 171, 177, 207, 215, 218, 230, 238, 255, 257, 258, 260 
 Blood sugar  39, 107, 181, 199, 225, 226, 263, 269 
 Boars  53, 76 
 Body composition  16, 17, 92, 126, 193 
 Body condition  17, 63, 82, 84, 105, 109, 127, 139, 154, 171, 194,
 200, 204, 230, 239, 244, 248, 261 
 Body fat  17, 137, 193 
 Body measurements  157, 220, 265 
 Body protein  17, 193 
 Body temperature  111, 130, 143, 187, 199 
 Body weight  17, 33, 39, 81, 84, 90, 93, 106, 107, 109, 127, 133,
 139, 158, 170, 177, 178, 192, 194, 200, 220, 230, 239, 244, 245, 273 
 Bovidae  11, 29, 30, 31 
 Bovine mastitis  6, 63, 81, 91, 109, 194, 217, 245, 246 
 Bovine oncovirus  60 
 Bovine somatotropin  20, 173, 175, 236, 237, 279 
 Brahman  135 
 Break-even point  8 
 Bred heifers  93, 158 
 Breed differences  33, 34, 74 
 Breeding efficiency  244 
 Breeding value  35, 116, 265 
 Bulls  53, 84, 123, 161, 168, 242, 255 
 Calcium  156, 245 
 California  259, 270 
 Caloric value  81 
 Calves  61, 83, 85, 86, 131, 132, 135, 157, 158, 218, 246, 247,
 265, 272
 Calving rate  84 
 Cap  24 
 Carbohydrate metabolism  228 
 Carcass composition  39, 64, 120, 131, 181, 235, 238 
 Carcass quality  39 
 Carcass yield  39, 238 
 Case studies  188, 220 
 Casein  3, 89 
 Castration  161, 255 
 Cattle  1, 13, 14, 16, 19, 37, 42, 44, 45, 54, 55, 108, 113, 136,
 142, 165, 182, 208, 231, 243, 254, 268, 277 
 Cattle husbandry  200 
 Cattle manure  138 
 Cell counting  6, 71, 187, 217 
 Cell culture  7, 31, 59, 142 
 Cell cultures  60 
 Cell division' 121 
 Cells  94, 160, 168, 248, 249, 256 
 Cheese milk  178, 249 
 Cheesemaking  89, 178 
 Chemical composition  82, 166 
 Cholesterol  72, 225, 226 
 Choriomammotropin  253 
 Chromatography  9 
 Circadian rhythm  79 
 Clofibrate  120 
 Cluster analysis  58 
 Codex alimentarius  36 
 Colostrum  32 
 Commercial farming  248 
 Comparisons  21 
 Computer analysis  6 
 Computer software  35 
 Concanavalin a  179 
 Concentrates  17, 139, 178, 261, 262 
 Conception rate  81, 100, 204 
 Conceptus  44 
 Conferences  21 
 Consumer attitudes  45, 46, 48, 188 
 Consumer preferences  27 
 Consumer protection  36, 222 
 Consumer surveys  25 
 Consumers  54, 55 
 Consumers' preferences  236 
 Controlled release  33, 42, 63, 71, 72, 91, 105, 109, 140, 170,Ô
 Corpus luteum  43, 169 
 Correlation analysis  242 
 Corticotropin  123 
 Cost analysis  8 
 Cost benefit analysis  54, 55 
 Cows  59, 102, 121, 134, 153, 157, 168, 184, 186, 202, 229, 235, 253, 271 
 Crossbreds  260, 277 
 Crude protein  78, 82, 177 
 Culling  133, 246 
 Culture media  59 
 Cytology  168 
 Czechoslovakia  91, 170 
 Dairies  70 
 Dairy bulls  35, 218, 264, 265, 273 
 Dairy cattle  28, 32, 58, 60, 83, 86, 92, 129, 131, 247 
 Dairy cooperatives  70 
 Dairy cows  2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 22, 26, 33, 38, 40, 41, 50, 63,
 69, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 97,
 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126,
 127, 128, 130, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 154, 158, 159, 162, 164,
 166, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195,
 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207, 212, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223, 225, 226,
 227, 228, 230, 234, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263,
 266, 269, 272, 277, 278 
 Dairy farming  18, 20, 138, 176, 213, 267 
 Dairy farms  69, 162 
 Dairy herds  220, 248 
 Dairy industry  25, 27, 69, 162, 172, 174, 176, 219, 259, 274 
 Dairy products  20 
 Dairy technology  27 
 Dairying  173 
 Decision making  8 
 Demand  27, 174, 188, 201 
 Demography  48, 188 
 Detection  58 
 Developing countries  13 
 Diet  81, 143, 195, 204, 223 
 Dietary fat  16, 177, 195, 223 
 Dietary protein  78, 166, 177, 214 
 Digesta  104 
 Digestibility  86, 104, 122, 128, 261 
 Digestion  185 
 Digestive system  61 
 Digestive system diseases  246 
 Disease prevention  156 Ô
 Diurnal variation  110 
 Dna  160 
 Dna replication  94 
 Domestic animals  167 
 Domestic markets  174 
 Dosage  247 
 Dosage effects  22, 42, 63, 64, 85, 105, 116, 121, 140, 141, 158,
 204, 217, 238, 244, 245, 246, 258, 278 
 Drug delivery systems  151 
 Drug effects  277 
 Drug formulations  9, 192, 231, 232 
 Drug residues  36, 271, 274 
 Dry matter  81, 106, 109, 126, 154, 158, 177, 192, 194, 199, 269 
 Dry period  32, 112, 125, 183, 186, 207 
 Dual purpose cattle  33 
 Duodenum  102, 104, 128 
 Duration  133, 258 
 Dynamic models  219 
 Dystocia  10 
 EC regulations  26 
 Econometric models  172, 201, 259 
 Economic analysis  259 
 Economic impact  18, 22, 24, 25, 48, 57, 68, 69, 70, 152, 172, 174,
 201, 213, 219, 220, 259, 280 
 Effects  19 
 Embryo transfer  80 
 Embryos  80 
 Endotoxins  136 
 Energy balance  109, 137, 171, 249, 269 
 Energy consumption  40 
 Energy content  193, 214, 239 
 Energy cost of maintenance  118 
 Energy expenditure  184 
 Energy intake  17, 90, 106, 192, 193, 216 
 Energy metabolism  117, 118, 119, 137, 216, 263 
 Energy requirements  137, 138 
 Environmental factors  143 
 Environmental impact  138 
 Environmental protection  27 
 Environmental temperature  111, 130, 187 
 Enzyme activity  159, 256 
 Enzyme inhibitors  159 
 Enzymes  120 
 Epidermal growth factor  59, 251 
 Epinephrine  202 Ô
 Equations  191, 225, 226 
 Erosion  138 
 Errors  8 
 Escherichia coli  254 
 Essential amino acids  102 
 Estradiol  43, 59, 98, 107, 120, 121, 125, 223, 260 
 Estrogens  97 
 Estrone  76 
 Estrous cycle  93, 96, 124 
 Estrus  97, 204, 244, 246 
 Europe  15, 65, 152 
 European communities  15, 26, 36, 68, 152, 276 
 Ewe lactation  94 
 Ewes  94, 253 
 Exons  1, 142 
 Explants  2, 197 
 Factory farming  280 
 Farm amalgamations  162 
 Farm income  267 
 Farm inputs  270 
 Farm results  8 
 Farm structure  51 
 Farmers  54, 55 
 Farmers' associations  222 
 Fasting  35, 120 
 Fat metabolism  120 
 Fat percentage  86 
 Fat thickness  74 
 Fatty acids  2, 33, 34, 72, 97, 110, 114, 154, 177, 178, 195, 225, 226, 229, 240, 241, 249,
 262, 269 
 Fatty liver  134 
 Federal government  155 
 Federal programs  172 
 Feed additives  46 
 Feed conversion  39, 82, 105, 106, 109, 130, 140, 151, 158, 194, 216, 238 
 Feed conversion efficiency  86, 88, 208 
 Feed grains  239 
 Feed intake  39, 63, 81, 86, 88, 106, 109, 111, 117, 118, 119, 122,
 126, 130, 133, 137, 139, 140, 154, 158, 170, 177, 178, 192, 194, 199, 223,
 245, 261, 263, 269, 278 
 Feed requirements  138 
 Feeds  174, 271 
 Female fertility  63, 81, 109, 126, 133, 170, 246 
 Fetal death  100 
 Fiber content  78 Ô
 Fish meal  82 
 Follicles  96, 121, 125, 223 
 Follicular fluid  43 
 Food additives  36 
 Food and nutrition controversies  26, 49, 51, 145, 234 
 Food biotechnology  51 
 Food composition tables  156 
 Food contamination  156 
 Food intake  120 
 Food processing  23, 174 
 Food production  174 
 Food quality  23 
 Food safety  15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 47, 48, 51, 57,
 62, 66, 67, 144, 146, 147, 148, 198, 203, 210, 211, 213, 221, 222, 233, 234,
 250, 271, 274, 275, 280, 281 
 Food technology  23 
 Forage  166, 193, 239 
 France  58 
 Frequency  109 
 Fsh  80, 98, 121, 168 
 Functional responses  113 
 Gene expression  44, 76, 142, 212 
 Gene splicing  203 
 Gene transfer  60 
 Genes  142 
 Genetic correlation  264 
 Genetic differences  116, 143 
 Genetic engineering  18, 26, 31, 37, 57, 65, 67, 138, 147, 149,
 189, 209, 211, 213, 233, 234, 270, 281 
 Genetic improvement  264 
 Genetic regulation  1 
 Genetics  202 
 Gestation period  94, 158 
 Gilts  76 
 Glucagon  117, 185 
 Gluconeogenesis  129 
 Glucose  129, 135, 182, 185, 202, 244 
 Glucose tolerance test  199 
 Glycerol  72 
 Gnrh  124 
 Goat milk  153 
 Goats  153, 206, 228, 253 
 Gonadotropins  76 
 Government  219 
 Government organizations  155 Ô
 Granulocytes  5 
 Granulosa cells  59, 121 
 Grass sward  267 
 Grazing  17, 84, 139, 261 
 Growth  3, 64, 90, 96, 157, 181, 208 
 Growth factors  90, 163, 218 
 Growth promoters  162, 174 
 Growth rate  5, 10, 42, 74, 77, 86, 131, 151, 220, 242 
 Guidelines  150 
 Half life  257 
 Haloxon  272 
 Hamsters  160 
 Hay  122 
 Health hazards  222 
 Heart rate  199 
 Heat loss  11 
 Heat production  11, 114, 130 
 Heat resistance  5 
 Heat stress  111, 112, 114, 126, 130, 187 
 Heifers  5, 7, 10, 34, 43, 74, 75, 77, 80, 84, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99,
 103, 161, 220, 242, 262, 278 
 Hemagglutination tests  50 
 Hematocrit  164 
 Hematology  164 
 Heritability  101 
 Histology  251 
 Holstein-friesian  80, 101, 197, 277 
 Homeostasis  262 
 Hormonal control  252 
 Hormone receptors  160, 218, 224 
 Hormone secretion  53, 59, 61, 73, 76, 79, 83, 90, 93, 117, 121,
 123, 141, 161, 168, 242, 247, 254, 255, 265 
 Hormone supplements  138, 145 
 Hormones  45, 166, 244 
 Household surveys  48, 188 
 Human milk  21 
 Humidity  114 
 Hydrocortisone  53, 123, 187, 260 
 Hydrophobicity  108 
 Hypersensitivity  50 
 Hypothalamic releasing hormones  87, 161 
 Hypothalamus  61, 136 
 Igg  85, 258 
 Igm  85 
 Immune response  136, 179, 187 Ô
 Immunoglobulins  3 
 Immunological factors  136 
 Immunostimulation  183 
 In vitro  108, 159 
 Individual quarters  170 
 Induction  246 
 Infections  170 
 Inflammation  6 
 Infusion  3, 102, 154, 182, 199 
 Injection  11, 109, 126, 194, 245, 262 
 Innovation adoption  25, 27, 172, 219, 267 
 Insulin  32, 33, 34, 39, 59, 74, 86, 92, 96, 97, 117, 121, 133,
 135, 159, 182, 185, 199, 202, 207, 214, 218, 229, 244, 257, 260, 262, 263, 269 
 Insulin-like growth factor  19, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 64, 73, 74,
 88, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 107, 110, 111, 117, 121, 131, 135, 136, 151, 153,
 158, 164, 166, 179, 181, 182, 186, 197, 202, 206, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215,
 228, 238, 242, 243, 244, 255, 257, 262, 269, 273, 274 
 Interest groups  49 
 Interferon  44 
 Interleukin 2  183 
 International trade  69, 174 
 Intestines  117, 119 
 Intramuscular injection  205 
 Intravenous injection  227 
 Iodide  103 
 Ion transport  184 
 Ions  184 
 Irrigated pastures  84 
 Isolation  37 
 Israel  126 
 Italy  36 
 Ketonemia  171 
 Ketosis  171, 230 
 Kochia scoparia  122 
 L-thyroxine  133, 207 
 Labeling  47, 145 
 Labeling controls  145 
 Lactating females  41, 73, 87, 112, 124, 153, 159, 184, 257 
 Lactation  22, 71, 115, 125, 129, 137, 157, 158, 186, 216, 228,
 229, 251, 252, 263, 269 
 Lactation curve  38, 58, 82, 109, 140, 207, 244 
 Lactation number  77, 81, 90, 133, 140, 143, 192, 199, 239, 246 
 Lactation stage  17, 33, 71, 72, 105, 106, 126, 143, 193, 204, 214,
 217, 240, 241, 248, 258, 269 
 Lactic acid  225, 226 Ô
 Lambs  39, 120, 151, 181, 182 
 Lameness  246 
 Lasers  9 
 Late lactation  229 
 Legislation  268 
 Lesions  109, 238 
 Leucine  108 
 Lh  34, 59, 76, 98, 124, 168, 215, 273 
 Light regime  79 
 Line differences  101, 265 
 Linear models  101 
 Lipid metabolism  16, 228 
 Lipogenesis  159, 170, 197 
 Literature reviews  10, 22, 186, 208, 216, 228, 232, 235, 249, 251, 253, 263 
 Liver  2, 119, 129, 181, 197, 218, 224, 242, 243 
 Liver cells  121 
 Livestock  51 
 Liveweight  77 
 Liveweight gain  39, 74, 84, 85, 88, 90, 107, 126, 158, 178, 181,238,253 
 Long chain fatty acids  223 
 Long term experiments  88 
 Lungs  31 
 Lymphocyte transformation  179, 183 
 Lymphocytes  5, 164, 179, 183, 187 
 Lysine  102, 128 
 Maize silage  261 
 Mammary development  251, 256 
 Mammary glands  10, 32, 94, 183, 187, 191, 197, 206, 225, 226, 228,
 240,241,251, 252, 256, 263 
 Mammary tissue  2, 153, 212 
 Man  208 
 Manganese  132 
 Market segmentation  279 
 Marketing  150 
 Marketing channels  174 
 Marketing margins  52 
 Marketing orders  259 
 Marketing policy  172 
 Mastitis  127, 149, 170, 237, 239, 248 
 Mathematical models  231, 267 
 Mating  53 
 Meat  16 
 Meat and livestock industry  174 
 Meat animals  198 
 Meat quality  235 Ô
 Membranes  218, 224 
 Messenger  RNA  60, 121, 169, 224, 242, 243 
 Metabolic disorders  246 
 Metabolism  159, 202, 230, 257 
 Metabolites  34, 125, 129, 133, 171, 223, 230, 240, 241, 244, 257,262,263 
 Metabolizable energy  137, 223 
 Methane production  138 
 Methionine  102, 128 
 Methylhistidine  260 
 Mice  142 
 Micelles  178 
 Microscopy  168 
 Microsomes  218, 224 
 Milk  21, 23, 26, 32, 41, 66, 114, 156, 222, 234, 274, 279, 281 
 Milk composition  22, 33, 41, 63, 71, 72, 77, 81, 82, 88, 89, 92,
 95, 102,103, 105, 106, 109, 127, 128, 133, 137, 140, 154, 166, 170, 171,
 177, 178,185,192, 194, 195, 199, 230, 239, 245, 248, 249, 269, 277 
 Milk consumption  46, 48, 188 
 Milk contamination  237 
 Milk fat  72, 102, 195, 249 
 Milk fat percentage  126, 130, 171, 261 
 Milk fat yield  72, 126 
 Milk marketing  155, 201 
 Milk prices  52, 69, 70, 172, 201, 219, 259, 274 
 Milk processing  249 
 Milk production  4, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 26, 47, 56, 57, 58,
 62, 67,68, 88, 92, 100, 102, 103, 110, 127, 138, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
 152, 162,171, 172, 189, 196, 197, 209, 210, 211, 213, 219, 220, 222, 233,
 234, 235,237,259, 264, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275, 277, 280 
 Milk products  13, 145, 176, 190, 268 
 Milk protein  95, 102 
 Milk protein percentage  126, 130, 261 
 Milk protein yield  126 
 Milk proteins  71, 178, 195, 249 
 Milk quality  109, 249 
 Milk secretion  153 
 Milk supply  152, 172, 201, 274 
 Milk synthesis  41, 256 
 Milk trade  279 
 Milk yield  10, 17, 22, 25, 33, 38, 40, 63, 70, 71, 77, 81, 82, 83,
 85, 89,90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 112, 115, 116,
 126, 128,130,133, 137, 139, 140, 143, 153, 154, 158, 166, 170, 177, 178, 185,186, 187,
 192,193, 194, 195, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 216, 223, 230,
 239, 244,245,248, 256, 261, 262, 269, 271, 274, 277 
 Milking interval  127, 206, 256 Ô
 Mineral nutrition  245 
 Minnesota  157 
 Mitogens  5, 183 
 Mitosis  5, 179 
 Mobilization  137 
 Mode of action  115, 200, 206, 252 
 Models  2 
 Molecular weight  9 
 Monitoring  155 
 Morphology  168 
 Murine paramyxovirus  44 
 Naloxone  73 
 Neoplasms  156 
 Neutrophils  164 
 New York  25, 46, 48 
 Nitrogen  3, 39, 138 
 Nitrogen balance  122, 131, 137, 182, 208 
 Nitrogen metabolism  131 
 Nitrogen retention  118, 119, 182 
 Nonprotein nitrogen  89, 185 
 Nontarget effects  179 
 North Carolina  213 
 Northern blotting  212, 224 
 Nucleotide sequences  1 
 Nutrient availability  182 
 Nutrient content  156 
 Nutrient density  177 
 Nutrient requirements  156, 216 
 Nutrient transport  102 
 Nutrient uptake  225, 226, 240, 241 
 Nutrients  119 
 Nutrition  75, 186 
 Nutritional adequacy  63 
 Nutritive value  21 
 Oklahoma  172 
 Opioid peptides  272 
 Opioids  73 
 Optimization  219 
 Organ culture  251 
 Organochlorine compounds  50 
 Organs  39, 131 
 Osteoporosis  156 
 Ovariectomized females  97, 161 
 Ovariectomy  215 
 Ovaries  43, 96, 113, 121, 169 Ô
 Ovulation rate  98, 223 
 Oxidation  129 
 Perception  48 
 Performance  64 
 Ph  32, 78, 104 
 Phagocytosis  5 
 Pharmacokinetics  227 
 Phenotypic correlation  116 
 Phospholipids  2, 72 
 Phosphorus  138, 245 
 Phosphorylation  160 
 Physiological functions  19 
 Physiology  118 
 Pigmeat  174, 189 
 Pigs  42, 198, 208, 224, 235 
 Pituitary  7, 41, 168 
 Placenta  157, 253 
 Plane of nutrition  5, 90, 92, 135, 239 
 Plasmin  252 
 Plasminogen  252 
 Plasminogen activator  252 
 Pmsg  99 
 Poisoning  122 
 Population growth  27 
 Porcine somatotropin  173, 175 
 Pork industry and trade  173 
 Postpartum interval  93, 124 
 Postpartum period  32 
 Potassium  184 
 Poultry  208 
 Predicted difference  101, 264 
 Prediction  35, 225, 226, 267 
 Pregnancy  63, 73, 124, 159 
 Pregnancy rate  100 
 Prepartum period  32, 94, 158 
 Prepubertal females  34 
 Price support  69, 70, 219 
 Probabilistic models  38 
 Producer prices  52 
 Product development  189 
 Production controls  219 
 Production costs  22 
 Profitability  219 
 Profits  271 
 Progeny testing  264 Ô
 Prolactin  35, 79, 84, 90, 122, 207, 251, 253, 257, 264, 269, 272 
 Protected fat  223 
 Protected protein  82 
 Protein  182 
 Protein concentrates  193 
 Protein content  89 
 Protein degradation  95 
 Protein digestibility  95 
 Protein kinase  160 
 Protein metabolism  16, 182 
 Protein requirement  3, 78 
 Protein supplements  103 
 Protein synthesis  59, 128, 184 
 Protein turnover  260 
 Proteinases  159 
 Proteins  9, 32, 44 
 Proteolysis  159 
 Puberty  34, 74, 77, 90 
 Public agencies  145 
 Public health  16 
 Public opinion  4, 250, 280 
 Pumps  151 
 Purification  224 
 Quotas  70 
 Rabbits  31 
 Rangelands  84 
 Rapeseed oilmeal  103 
 Rats  42, 160, 208 
 Receptors  169, 212, 228 
 Recombinant  DNA  26, 37, 232, 234 
 Recombinant vaccines  276 
 Recombination  41 
 Regions  54, 55 
 Regression analysis  116, 191 
 Regulation  24, 56, 61 
 Regulations  15, 23, 36, 47, 146, 148, 149, 196, 275 
 Removal  219 
 Replacement  10 
 Reproduction  200 
 Reproductive efficiency  77 
 Reproductive performance  100, 192 
 Research support  163, 189 
 Residues  21, 198, 222, 281 
 Resource utilization  267 
 Respiration rate  199 Ô
 Restricted feeding  90, 111 
 Retail marketing  174 
 Retail prices  52 
 Retention  3, 278 
 RNA  212 
 Rotational grazing  270, 271 
 Rumen bacteria  128 
 Rumen digestion  95, 185 
 Rumen fermentation  78, 104, 128, 195 
 Rumen microorganisms  104 
 Safety  235 
 Safflower seed  195 
 Scrotum  265 
 Seasonal fluctuations  6, 35 
 Secretions  32 
 Sectoral analysis  174 
 Selection  83 
 Selection criteria  264, 265 
 Selection responses  101 
 Semiarid zones  84 
 Serum  59 
 Sexual behavior  53, 97, 123 
 Sexual maturity  76 
 Sheep  228 
 Simulation models  172, 259 
 Sires  35, 101, 265 
 Size  125, 223, 256 
 Skeletal muscle  184, 242, 243, 260 
 Skin  50 
 Small farms  152, 162 
 Social welfare  219 
 Socioeconomic status 48 
 Sodium  184 
 Sodium bicarbonate  8 
 Solar radiation  112 
 Somatic cell count  133 
 Somatoliberin  7, 40, 43, 60, 73, 74, 83, 86, 88, 93, 107, 117,
 118, 119,141, 154, 247, 265 
 Somatomedin  186, 263 
 Somatostatin  161, 185 
 Soybean oilmeal  82 
 Species differences  39, 167, 253 
 Stability  231 
 State government  268 
 Steers  3, 7, 64, 107, 117, 118, 119, 122, 238, 242, 255, 260 Ô
 Stress response  53 
 Structural genes  1 
 Subcutaneous injection  42, 192 
 Sulfur  278 
 Summer  130 
 Sunflower seeds  195 
 Superovulated females  80 
 Superovulation  80, 99 
 Supply balance  25 
 Surpluses  51, 219 
 Synergism  247 
 Synthetic hormones  93, 274 
 Synthetic pituitary hormones  80, 227 
 Technical progress  267 
 Temperature  5, 11, 114 
 Testes  273 
 Testosterone  53, 76, 123, 273 
 Thermodynamics  165 
 Thickness  50 
 Thiocyanates  103 
 Thyroid antagonists  103 
 Thyroid function  103 
 Thyroid gland  243 
 Thyroid hormones  111, 242 
 Thyrotropin  103 
 Thyrotropin releasing hormone  43, 83, 86, 87, 88, 247 
 Thyroxine  103, 135, 218 
 Time series  38 
 Timing  205 
 Tissue culture  2, 121, 197, 229 
 Tissue proliferation  94 
 Tissues  132 
 Toxicity  21 
 Trade policy  27 
 Transfection  60 
 Transfer  31 
 Transforming growth factor  251 
 Transgenics  31, 76, 276 
 Transit time  78, 104 
 Translation  108 
 Treatment  258, 266 
 Trenbolone  107, 120, 260 
 Trends  27 
 Triacylglycerols  2, 120, 225, 226 
 Triiodothyronine  103, 135, 207, 218, 257, 262 Ô
 Tyrosine  160 
 U.S.A.  4, 15, 18, 27, 54, 55, 57, 67, 69, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150,
 152,155,162, 172, 174, 210, 211, 219, 221, 250, 275 
 Udders  217 
 Uk  267 
 Ultrasound  96 
 Unrestricted feeding  90 
 Unsaturated fatty acids  195 
 Urea  107, 151, 185, 269 
 Urea nitrates  102 
 Urine  84 
 Usage  48 
 Usda  15, 36, 68, 150, 163, 276 
 Validity  201 
 Vectors  60 
 Veins  191, 240, 241 
 Viral interference  44 
 Virginia  25, 188 
 Water uptake  231 
 Water use  138 
 Weather  114 
 Weight  39, 131 
 Wethers  120 
 Whey protein  89 
 Wisconsin  56, 196 
 Yield correlations  153 
 Zebu  277 
 Zero grazing  139 
 Zimbabwe  277 
 Zinc  132
 

The Animal Welfare Information Center, Contact us: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/oldbib/qb410.htm, April 19, 1998