Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine Provided by the Animal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library

Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine

Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine
January 1991 - January 1994

QB 94-14

Updated by QB 95-06

Quick Bibliography SeriesBibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject. However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent investigations on a given topic. They also serve the purpose of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other means. The bibliographies are derived from computerized on-line searches of the AGRICOLA data base. Timeliness of topic and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria.

The author/searcher determines the purpose, length, and search strategy of the Quick Bibliography. Information regarding these is available upon request from the author/searcher.

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Read Bullet 16 on ALF for information on Document Delivery services. Read Bullet 15 for "Electronic Mail Access For Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Requests." If the text of this Quick Bibliography file is copied and/or distributed, please include in all copies, the information provided in these bulletins.Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine January 1991 - January 1994

Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-14

244 citations from AGRICOLA

Tim Allen
Animal Welfare Information Center

March 1994National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Allen, Tim
Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-14)
1. Swine--Bibliography. 2. Swine--Housing--Bibliography. 3. Animal welfare-- Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.94-14

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AGRICOLA Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present.

SAMPLE CITATIONS

Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations appears below.

JOURNAL ARTICLE:

Citation # NAL Call No.
Article title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title. Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number).

Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6
Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41 (8). p.48-50. ill.

BOOK:

Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.

Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987
Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography: p. 126.

AUDIOVISUAL:

Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Supplemental information such as funding. Media format (i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size).

Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. + activity packet.Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine January 1991 - January 1994

SEARCH STRATEGY

Set Items Description

1 57562 Swine or Suidae or Suis or pig? or boar? or sow? or barrow? or
gilt? or hog?

2 65908 SH=(L100 or L300 or N100)

3 5308 S2 and S3

4 1701 S3 and (hous? or facilit? or struct? or pen? or stall? or
confine? or crate? or barn?)

5 1589 S4 not SH=(L500 or X380)

6 328 S5 and PY=1988:1994

7 1626 S1 and (welfare or wellbeing or well(W)being or humane or
stress or behavior)

8 613 S7 and PY=1988:1994

9 1114 S1 and (handl? or care or husbandry)

10 193 S9 and PY=1988:1994

11 980 S6 or S8 or S10

12 419 S11 and PY=1991:1994


Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine

1 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The activity and straw directed behaviour of pigs offered foods with different crude protein content.
Jensen, M.B.; Kyriazakis, I.; Lawrence, A.B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (3): p. 211-221; 1993 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Protein content

2 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Administration of porcine somatotropin by sustained-release implant: growth and endocrine responses in genetically lean and obese barrows and gilts. Klindt, J.; Buonomo, F.C.; Yen, J.T.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3721-3733; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Controlled release; Dosage effects; Blood serum; Insulin-like growth factor; Blood chemistry; Genotypes; Line differences; Sex differences; Carcass composition; Organs; Weight; Meat yield

Abstract: Previous studies have documented the effectiveness of porcine somatotropin (pST) administered by daily injection in promoting lean tissue growth in lean and obese pigs and the influence of sex and genotype. The present study examined the accretive responses in pigs of different lines and sexes to a slow release formulation of pST (pST-SR). Implants that deliver 2.0 mg of pST/d were implanted in genetically lean and obese barrows and gilts at 65 +/- .7 kg BW (mean +/- SE). Pigs received no, one, or two implants (i.e., doses of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg of pST/d). Pigs (four per line X sex X dose) were housed individually and continuously supplied with fresh water and a 19% CP diet containing 1.08% lysine. Pigs were slaughtered on d 0 (four per line X sex) and at the end of the trial (approximately 42 d after implantation) for estimation of initial composition and calculation of accretion rates. Blood samples were collected at d 0, 7, 14, 28, and 42 to measure endocrine and metabolite responses to pST-SR. Sustained-release PST elevated (P < .05) circulating pST throughout the trial with peak concentrations at d 7. On d 7, serum pST concentrations in the pigs given 2.0 mg of pST-SR per day were 16-fold greater than those in control pigs, and in pigs given 4.0 mg of pST-SR per day pST concentrations were 33-fold greater than in controls. Elevated serum pST resulted in increased (P < .05) serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, insulin, and glucose and in reduced (P < .05) concentrations of urea nitrogen and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)2. Gain was not influenced by pST-SR dose; however, feed consumption was reduced (P < .05) and efficiency of gain was increased (P < .05). Accretion of all body components except cold carcass weight, cecum, and untrimmed Boston butt and ham were changed (P < .05) with PST-SR administration. Heart and stomach were the only components of the carcass and offal whose accretion was not affected by line or sex. Increases in

3 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
The adoption of management and husbandry procedures by Western Australian pig farmers.
Robertson, I.D.; Hampson, D.J.; Mhoma, J.R.L.
Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991 Sep. Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (9): p. 291-293; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Western australia; Pig farming; Animal husbandry; Farm surveys

4 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Airflow characteristics in the floor region of a slot ventilated room (isothermal).
Jin, Y.; Ogilvie, J.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p. 695-702. ill; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Design; Floor area; Ventilation; Simulation models

Abstract: Accurate flow information was obtained through use of hot-wire anemometry and special calibration devices in a comprehensive experiment. Velocities in the floor region (0-0.6 m above the floor) correlated well with the inlet configuration while airflow stayed fully rotary. Non-linear models through dimensional analysis showed that the mean and the turbulent fluctuation of floor velocity were nearly proportional to the incoming air speed at the inlet and to the inlet height raised to the 0.6 power. Furthermore these flow parameters can be expressed in terms of the jet momentum number or the inlet height and the pressure difference. Stability of airflow patterns, inadequacy of air mixing and excessive air speeds at the floor are shown on an airflow rate plan based on inlet velocity versus inlet height. These are shown as system characteristic graphs which include pressure difference, zone boundaries for flow patterns, floor air speeds and RMS values, inlet jet momentum numbers, a typical fan characteristic, and a four-stage ventilation strategy for a pig barn.

5 NAL Call. No.: HD1401.A47
The Alberta hog industry problem of the 1960s: its definition and resolution. Hawkins, M.H.; Lerohl, M.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991 Jul.
Agricultural economics : the journal of the International Association of Agricultural Economics v. 5 (3): p. 211-222; 1991 Jul. In the special issue : Multidisciplinary problem-solving and subject-matter work / edited by G.L. Johnson. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Alberta; Pigmeat; Meat and livestock industry; History; Meat production; Marketing policy; Agricultural policy; Feed grains; Marketing boards; Economic impact; Market prices

Abstract: The hog industry in Western Canada in 1960s was in a state of turmoil associated with a vague, poorly understood production and marketing problem. Hog production was largely a supplementary farm activity producing an overfat product increasingly shunned by consumers. The structure, and also probably the existence, of the industry was in question. During the following 20 years, the industry changed fundamentally as various groups achieved a better definition and understanding of the problem. A reshaping of the industry was carried out by farmers, the Provincial Government, and a variety of agricultural professionals concerned with industry structure, emerging pork markets, physical characteristics of the product, and creation of a policy environment that provided incentives for output and productivity growth. The outcome has been the development of a viable pork industry in the Province (in spite of some past and continuing hindrances to industry growth) that has substantially solved the problem.

6 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
Animal genetics--of pigs, oncomice and men.
Webster, J.
New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1993 Jan.
Trends in biotechnology v. 11 (1): p. 1-2; 1993 Jan.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Transgenics; Biotechnology; Animal welfare

7 NAL Call. No.: aS21.D27S64
Animal models in biomedical research: swine.
Smith, C.P.
Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Mar.
Special reference briefs - National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (91-06): 61 p.; 1991 Mar. Bibliography.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Medical research; Animal models; Bibliographies; Cardiovascular system; Hemodynamics; Hematology; Digestive system; Nutrition; Urinary tract; Reproduction; Immunology; Stress; Skeletomuscular system; Dermatology; Puerperium; Toxicology; Pharmacodynamics; Eyes; Mouth; Teeth; Surgery; Laboratory methods; Animal husbandry; Animal welfare

8 NAL Call. No.: QL751.B4
Armed sibling rivalry among suckling piglets.
Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K.
Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991.
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology v. 29 (1): p. 9-15; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglet feeding; Feeding behavior; Biological competition; Dentition

9 NAL Call. No.: SF395.H67 1992
Artgemasse Schweinehaltung Grundlagen und Beispiele aus der Praxis [Swine husbandry appropriate to the species].
Horning, Bernhard; Raskopf, Sabine; Simantke, Christel; Boehncke, Engelhard; Walter, Jurgen,_1950-; Schneider, Manuel
Karlsruhe : C.F. Muller,; 1992.
256, [8] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm. (Alternative Konzepte ; 78). Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-232).

Language: German

Descriptors: Swine; Swine

10 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Assessment of dustfall collectors used in livestock buildings. Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A.
London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p. 157-165; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Air pollution; Dust; Collectors; Collection; Efficiency; Deposition; Sampling; Measurement; Accuracy

Abstract: The relative collection efficiency of several different types of dustfall collector was assessed over different collection intervals in a piggery. Flat plate collectors and collectors with sidewalls 10 and 50 mm high were placed on a slow-speed turntable to minimize positional effects. For each sampler type, collection intervals of 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks were used. The collection medium was generally a 47 mm glass fibre filter located on a 75 mm diameter aluminium disc. Cellulose nitrate membrane filters were used for one treatment. The dust sedimentation rate determined from the weekly samples varied from 80 to 200 mg m-2h-1 over the 12-week period. Dust deposits on the filters varied linearly with time from 2.3 mg/cm2 of collector surface for the 1-week interval to 27.9 mg/cm2 over 12 weeks. The measured dust sedimentation rate was about 3.0% less on the membrane filters than on the glass fibre filters and also for those collectors with the 50 mm high sidewall when compared with the flat plate collectors. The length of sample collection interval did not significantly affect the measured dust sedimentation rate. It is suggested that handling errors and edge effects may affect accuracy when deposits are greater than about 7 mg/cm2 of collector surface.

11 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in swine.
Donham, K.J.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1723-1730; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sweden; Pigs; Air quality; Swine diseases; Productivity; Air pollutants; Air microbiology; Stocking density; Pig housing; Guidelines

Abstract: A cross-sectional epidemiologic study associating air quality with swine health was conducted on 28 swine farms in southern Sweden. Correlation of housing air environment to swine diseases and productivity (data collected over the preceding 12 months) were investigated. The most prevalent swine health problems detected at slaughter were pneumonia and pleuritis. In farrowing and nursery operations, the most prevalent problem was neonatal pig mortality. Several air contaminants (dust, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and microbes) were found to be correlated with these swine health problems. Maximal safe concentrations of air contaminants were estimated on the basis of dose-response correlation to swine health or human health problems. Recommended maximal concentrations of contaminants were: dust, 2.4 mg/m3; ammonia, 7 ppm; endotoxin, 0.08 mg/m3; total microbes, 10(5) colony-forming units/m3; and carbon dioxide, 1,540 ppm. The overall quality of the ventilation system was correlated with lower concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide, microorganisms, and endotoxin, but not with dust concentrations. High animal density was related to high ammonia and air microbe concentrations. Animal density measured as kilograms of swine per cubic meter (compared with kilograms of pig weight or swine per square meter) had the highest correlation to animal health and air contaminants.

12 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Attraction of newborn piglets to auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli.
Parfet, K.A.R.; Gonyou, H.W.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Jan.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (1): p. 125-133. ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Stimuli; Animal behavior; Odors; Movement; Attractants

13 NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1S9 no.85
Avvanjning av grisar i ett suggstyrt och i ett konventionellt inhysningssystem = weaning of pigs in a sow-controlled and in a conventional housing system.. Weaning of pigs in a sow-controlled and in a conventional housing system Rantzer, Dan
Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik,; 1993.
102 p. : ill. ; 29 cm. (Rapport (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for lantbrukets byggnadsteknik) ; 84.). In Swedish, with English summary. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-71).

Language: Swedish

14 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The bases of sow--piglet identification. 2. Cues used by piglets to identify their dam and home pen.
Horrell, I.; Hodgson, J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 329-343; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Sows; Dams (mothers); Identification; Senses; Farrowing pens; Feces; Urine; Litter; Udders; Odors; Vocalization

15 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Basis for regulation of selenium supplements in animal diets. Ullrey, D.E.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3922-3927; 1992 Dec. Presented in part at a symposium entitled "Importance and Consequences of Selenium Supplementation in Livestock Production," Laramie, WY. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal feeding; Selenium; Feed supplements; Nutritional muscular dystrophy; Toxicity; Regulations; Nutrient requirements; Environmental impact; Pollution

Abstract: Selenium was discovered 174 yr ago but, until 1957, was given little notice by biologists or was vilified as an agent that caused toxicity in grazing ruminants and horses in the northern Great Plains. After its status as an essential nutrient was established, Se received intense scrutiny, and hundreds of papers have been published dealing with its metabolic functions and the consequences of a Se deficiency. Because regions of Se deficiency are so extensive in the United States, great efforts have been made to gain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for Se supplementation of animal diets. Initially, these efforts were thwarted by concern that Se might be carcinogenic. After this concern was resolved, researchers established supplemental Se levels that were efficacious, safe for animals, safe for humans that eat animal products, and protective of the environment. First approval of Se supplements was given in 1974 for supplementation of swine or growing chicken diets at .1 ppm. Supplements for turkey diets were approved at .2 ppm. Ultimately, in 1987, levels of supplemental Se in diets for chickens, turkeys, ducks, swine, sheep, and cattle were approved at .3 ppm. However, FDA regulations do not mention horses or zoo animals, and those who would ensure the welfare of these species by supplementing Se-deficient diets may be in violation of FDA interpretation of the law. In addition, the association of Se with death and deformities in aquatic birds at the Kesterson Reservoir in California has led to pressure on the FDA to reverse the 1987 amendments to the feed additive regulation. However, there is no established connection between Se supplementation of animal diets and the problems at the Kesterson Reservoir. If all of the animals that can be legally supplemented with Se in the United States were fed .3 ppm in their diets, the annual Se contribution to the environment would be < .5% of that originating from other anthropogenic and natural sources.

16 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behavior and extensive management of domestic sows (Sus scrofa) and litters. Dellmeier, G.R.; Friend, T.H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Feb. Applied animal behaviour science. p. 327-341; 1991 Feb. Paper presented at the "Conference on Ungulate Behavior and Management," May 23-27, 1988, College Station, Texas. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Piglets; Animal behavior; Animal husbandry

17 NAL Call. No.: QH301.J6
Behavior of ejaculated spermatozoa from bull, boar and ram during thin-layer countercurrent partition in aqueous two-phase systems. Harrison, R.A.P.; Jacques, M.L.; Pascual Minguez, M.L.; Miller, N.G.A. Cambridge : The Company of Biologists Limited; 1992 May. Journal of cell science v. 102 (pt.1): p. 123-132; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Rams; Spermatozoa; Separation; Methodology

18 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behaviour of piglets during weaning in a semi-natural enclosure. Jensen, P.; Stangel, G.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 227-238; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Social behavior; Activity

19 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behaviour of semi-naturally kept sows and piglets (except suckling) during 10 days postpartum.
Stangel, G.; Jensen, P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 211-227; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Sows; Postpartum interval; Behavior change; Nesting; Interactions; Animal behavior

20 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behavioural patterns and progestrone, cortisol and prolactin levels around parturition in European (Large-White) and Chinese (Meishan) sows. Meunier-Salaun, M.C.; Gort, F.; Prunier, A.; Schouten, W.P.G. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Jul. Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (1/2): p. 43-59; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Reproductive behavior; Behavior patterns; Progesterone; Prolactin; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Pig breeds; Large white; Reproductive performance

21 NAL Call. No.: TD420.G48 Bd.133
Biomassengewinnung bei der Schweinegullebehandlung und Weiterverwertung in der Karpfenaufzucht [Biomass production in the treatment of swine waste and further utilization in carp husbandry].
Kirchhof, Wolfgang
Aachen : Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Siedlungswasserwirtschaft an der RWTH Aachen,; 1992.
xv, 173 p. : ill. ; 20 cm. (Gewasserschutz, Wasser, Abwasser, 133). Includes bibliographical references.

Language: German

22 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535
Breeding and gestation facilities for swine: matching biology to facility design.
Ruen, P.D.; Dial, G.D.; Polson, D.D.; Marsh, W.E.
Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Nov.
The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 8 (3): p. 475-502; 1992 Nov. In the series analytic: Swine reproduction / edited by R.C. Tubbs and A.D. Leman. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal breeding

23 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Calcium and phosphorus requirement of swine from weaning to market weight. II. Development of response curves for bone criteria and comparison of bending and shear bone testing.
Combs, N.R.; Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, M.D.; Notter, D.R.; Wilson, J.H.; Mason, J.P.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 682-693; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Calcium; Phosphorus; Bone strength; Shear strength; Dosage effects; Growth models; Mineral nutrition

Abstract: Three trials involving 251 crossbred pigs were conducted to establish response surfaces for effects of Ca/P levels (70, 85, 100, 115 and 130% of NRC [1979] estimated requirements) and time (weaning to market) on bone criteria and to compare bending and shear bone testing. Nine replicates, each consisting of five pigs, were used over the three trials. One pig per replicate was slaughtered every 4 wk following the start of the trials. Third metacarpals and metatarsals (3M) and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals (4M) were collected at slaughter; the bone length, bending or shear stress, and dry, fat-free ash percentage (DFF%) were determined. Most bone criteria increased (P < .01) at a decreasing rate (P < .05) in response to increasing dietary Ca/P intake and increased linearly (P < .01) with time on test, although bone length and stress increased at a decreasing rate with time on test. Asymptotic models relating continuous effects of total Ca + P intake ratio (CAP; expressed as a percentage of NRC) and number of days on test before slaughter to bone measurements were fit to least squares slaughter time by diet means. Bone length and DFF% reached 98% maximum at or near 100% the NRC estimated CAP level; however, to reach 98% of maximum bone shear and breaking stress higher CAP levels were required. Shear testing of bones was more desirable than bend testing as a method of determining bone strength due to reduced variability, better discrimination of Ca/P and time effects and ease of calculation.

24 NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55C37 1993
Care and management of miniature pet pigs guidelines for the veterinary practitioner., 1st ed..
Reeves, David E.; Becker, H. Neil
American Association of Swine Practitioners
Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.,; 1993.
ix, 117 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. "Published in cooperation with the American Association of Swine Practitioners"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs as pets; Miniature pigs

25 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
Caring for potbellied pigs.
Bradford, J.R.
Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Dec.
Veterinary medicine v. 86 (12): p. 1173-1181; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Nutrient requirements

26 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Changes in nursing and suckling behaviour of sows and their piglets in farrowing crates.
Gotz, M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 271-275; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Behavior change; Farrowing pens; Postpartum interval; Animal behavior

27 NAL Call. No.: QP82.2.T4J6
Changes of body temperatures of piglets as related to halothane sensitivity and treadmill exercise.
Geers, R.; Ville, H.; Janssens, S.; Goedseels, V.; Goossens, K.; Parduyns, G.; Bael, J. van; Bosschaerts, L.; Heylen, L.
Exeter : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1992 Mar.
Journal of thermal biology v. 17 (2): p. 125-128; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Energy metabolism; Body temperature; Heat production; Exercise; Halothane; Genes; Homozygotes; Heterozygotes; Stress; Handling; Transport of animals; Simulation

Abstract: Subcutaneous temperatures of homozygous halothane positive, homozygous halothane negative and heterozygous piglets were measured at five different body spots [abdomen, ear (left, right), neck (left, right)] under individual housing conditions and during a treadmill exercise. Statistically significant differences were observed in the levels, patterns and dynamics of sub-cutaneous temperature of the different genotypes, both at rest and during exercise. During the night subcutaneous temperatures were lowest for the positive homozygotes, but highest in this group after treadmill exercise. Subcutaneous temperatures of heterozygotes were equal to those of negative homozygotes during the night, but after exercise was equal to that of positive homozygotes. In the heterozygotes subcutaneous temperatures on the abdomen were higher than those of the base of the ears, with these being higher than those of the neck region.

28 NAL Call. No.: 284.8 F31K
The changing U.S. pork industry: a dilemma for public policy. Barkema, A.; Cook, M.L.
Kansas City, Mo. : Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City; 1993. Economic review v. 78 (2): p. 49-65; 1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigmeat; Meat and livestock industry; Structural change; Large farms; Agricultural policy; Small farms; Economic impact; Costs

29 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings. Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, S.; Mohling, K. West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991.
Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1991. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-22), revised December 1991.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Site selection; Drainage; Pig manure; Farrowing houses; Fire prevention; Building construction; Landscaping

30 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
A comparison of operant responding by farrowing sows for food and nest-building materials.
Hutson, G.D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 221-230; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Feeds; Straw; Materials; Conditioned reflexes; Motivation; Animal welfare; Farrowing pens

31 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
A comparison of some muscle metabolites in stress susceptible and resistant landrace gilts after halothane exposure or exercise stress. Heinze, P.H.; Mitchell, G.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991.
Meat science v. 30 (4): p. 337-349; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Gilts; Muscles; Metabolites; Stress; Susceptibility; Resistance; Exercise; Halothane; Mortality; Glycolysis; Metabolism; Pigs

32 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Computer simulation assessment of the thermal microenvironment of growing pigs under summer conditions.
Axaopoulos, P.; Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p. 1005-1009; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Greece; Pigs; Buildings; Computer simulation; Environmental temperature; Heat stress; Microenvironments; Relative humidity; Simulation models; Summer; Weather data

Abstract: The effects of outside climatic conditions on the thermal microenvironment inside a building for growing pigs (50 kg mean) were studied using a 30-year period set of hourly real weather data from the Athenian region. Transient computer simulation allowed hourly prediction of air temperature and relative humidity inside the swine unit for each year. Under Greek summer conditions (May to September) pigs are subjected to heat stress of considerable duration and intensity due to temperature, while few problems due to relative humidity occur. Furthermore, inside THI values exceeded 85 only a few hours, therefore THI cannot effectively be used as a heat-stress index.

33 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Computer simulation model of swine production systems. III. A dynamic herd simulation model including reproduction.
Pomar, C.; Harris, D.L.; Savoie, P.; Minvielle, F.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 69 (7): p. 2822-2836; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Computer simulation; Simulation models; Herd structure; Life cycle; Sows; Piglet production; Feed formulation; Body weight; Age

Abstract: A dynamic herd simulation model for a swine production unit has been developed. The model is discrete and stochastic and the appropriate random distributions have been defined from the literature or empirically estimated. Theoretical concepts and relationships presented previously are used to simulate growth and the overall life cycle of individual animals. Simulated animals are young pigs (from birth to slaughter age), gilts, and sows. Animal events are farrowing, weaning, mating, end-nursery (transfer from nursery to the growing-finishing facility), and slaughter and are processed individually using a next-event scheduling orientation package. Animals within the herd are culled for different health and reproductive reasons. Genetic parameters, diet composition, and herd management are input variables chosen by the user. The effects of nutrition, genetics, season, and other factors on several reproductive parameters are considered. Model evaluation is performed by studying the output of the model under specified herd situations. The herd model adequately simulates animal flow and dynamics of the herd.

34 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Concentration of respirable dust and bioaerosols and identification of certain microbial types in a hog-growing facility.
Butera, M.; Smith, J.H.; Morrison, W.D.; Hacker, R.R.; Kains, F.A.; Ogilvie, J.R.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 271-277; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Dust; Aerosols; Ventilation; Particle size; Air; Air quality; Microbial contamination; Bacteria; Molds; Environmental temperature; Relative humidity

35 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Continuous aerobic treatment of piggery slurry for odour control scaled up to a farm-size unit.
Sneath, R.W.; Burton, C.H.; Williams, A.G.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Sep.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 53 (1): p. 81-92; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Pig housing; Pig slurry; Aerobic treatment; Odor emission; Odor abatement; Technology; Performance; Prediction; Installations; Design; Nitrogen; Losses

Abstract: Effective aerobic treatment of piggery slurry was achieved in a continuous farm scale process sited at a small piggery (2000 pigs). The plant design and the operating conditions were based on data obtained from pilot-scale studies with the aim of preventing or reducing odours from pig slurry at a minimum cost. Raw slurry was separated before passing into the main treatment vessel. Aeration was achieved by recirculating of slurry (achieving jet mixing of the tank contents) through a venturi where air was entrained. Aeration was controlled to maintain redox potential between 100 and 200 mV E(h). Slurry was added and withdrawn at hourly intervals, to provide nominal residence times of 1, 2 and 4 days. The performance of the aerobic treatment process in terms of COD reduction could be predicted using data from laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. Some allowance could be made for minor feed fluctuations but a more comprehensive model will be necessary for predictions where larger variations occur in operating conditions. Assessments were made of odour quality using dynamic dilution olfactometers for odour strength, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration as an indicator of odour offensiveness. Results indicate that pilot-scale experiments may overestimate by 10-20% what can be achieved with the farm-scale plant. Nitrogen losses were greatest in the 4-day residence time trial with 56% lost in the form of N2 gas following a nitrification/denitrification process. Conversely, in the short residence time trials, virtually all of the nitrogen was conserved.

36 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Cooling swine.
Jones, D.D.; Driggers, L.B.; Fehr, R.L.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1992.
Pork industry handbook. 6 p.; 1992. In subseries: Housing (PIH-87), revised December 1992.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Cooling; Cooling systems; Shading; Environmental control

37 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations during mating behavior in the bull and boar.
Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Aug.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone; Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion; Blood serum; Stress response

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone (GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single, restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow. Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only), mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls, four completed at least one service (intromission + ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls mounting eight or more times also experienced significant elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting the sow fewer than five times were both associated with significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and T in boars.

38 NAL Call. No.: QH445.2.G45
Cosegregation of porcine malignant hyperthermia and a probable causal mutation in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor gene in backcross families. Otsu, K.; Khanna, V.K.; Archibald, A.L.; MacLennan, D.H. San Diego : Academic Press, Inc; 1991 Nov.
Genomics v. 11 (3): p. 744-750; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Halothane; Hyperthermia; Inheritance; Genes; Receptors; Mutations; Thymine; Cytosine; British landrace

39 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
A data-acquisition system for electronic identification, monitoring and control of group-housed pigs.
Goedseels, V.; Geers, R.; Truyen, B.; Wouters, P.; Goossens, K.; Ville, H.; Janssens, S.
London : Academic Press; 1992 May.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 52 (1): p. 25-33; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Groups; Data collection; Systems; Measurement; Body weight; Feed intake; Body temperature; Physical activity; Electronics; Identification; Monitoring; Automatic control; Information storage; Computers

Abstract: This paper describes a data-acquisition system which has been developed to measure, in parallel, individual body weight and feed intake of growing pigs kept within a group, their body temperature and physical activity. This multitude of signals originating from physiological and behavioural parameters can be collected in relation to environmental parameters on a continuous and long-term basis. A modular distributed multiprocessor architecture was developed to allow easy post-processing of collected data and to guarantee a flexible integration of data into a more extended data management system. A periodical and complete automatic transfer of locally stored data to a central computer unit has been implemented. Communication protocols are standardized allowing data transfer to and from other networks. The availability of an electronic identification system combined with various sensors will provide opportunities to study possible improvements of handling, housing and transport of farm animals.

40 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Defining the newborn piglet's thermal environment with an effective environmental temperature.
Hoff, S.J.; Janni, K.A.; Jacobson, L.D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 143-150; 1993 Jan. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Body heat loss; Environmental factors; Environmental temperature; Literature reviews; Ventilation; Mathematical models

Abstract: An effective environmental temperature (EET) developed for newborn piglets describes the thermal environment by incorporating the mean radiant temperature, dry-bulb temperature, and air velocity near the newborn. The adequacy of the defined EET was analyzed by comparing with three published studies on newborn sensible heat loss. Results from the published studies indicate that the EET predicted between 87% and 98% of the variability in the data.

41 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Development of a portable microprocessor for measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs.
Feddes, J.J.R.; DeShazer, J.A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 201-204; 1993 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Movement; Stress; Measurement; Microprocessors; Computers; Design; Pig housing

Abstract: The development of a non-restrictive method for measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs in their environment is important to assess the acceptability of an environment for the pig. Blood pressure, body temperature, and animal activity are three measurements that can relate to stress of an environment. A portable microprocessor-controlled data logger was developed to measure these three parameters every 16 min over several days. These measurements were found to be accurate when obtained from the data logger strapped to a pig. Surgical techniques were developed to obtain blood pressure and body temperature. Specific data collected from this study showed that typical blood pressure for a growing pig (35 kg) is 80 +/- 5 mm Hg, blood temperature varied between 39 degrees C (thermoneutral) and 42 degrees C (surgical recovery) and the pig was active 26% of the time.

42 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of porcine proliferative enteritis. Connor, J.F.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jul. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (7): p. 1172-1176, 1178; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Tissue proliferation; Enteritis; Campylobacter; Ileum; Hemorrhagic enteritis; Histopathology; Differential diagnosis; Antibiotics; Stress factors

43 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
Discovery of selected water dispensers by newborn pigs. Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Mar.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (1): p. 233-236; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Drinkers; Drinking behavior

44 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Does a single bout of exercise cause adaptation of amino acid metabolism in pigs?.
Poso, A.R.; Jensen-Waern, M.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Nov.
Research in veterinary science v. 53 (3): p. 332-337; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Exercise; Blood plasma; Amino acids

Abstract: Amino acid responses to exercise stress in well-trained racehorses and human athletes are well characterised, but the knowledge of amino acid metabolism during and after exercise in inactive animal species is limited. To study this, plasma amino acid concentrations were measured in previously unexercised pigs which performed two exercise tests on a treadmill with an interval of one week. In general, the changes in amino acids were more pronounced after the second than after the first exercise bout. Alanine, glutamine, phenylalanine and tyrosine were elevated for one hour only after the latter exercise. Twenty-four hours after the second exercise isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and valine were increased, but only isoleucine was increased after the first test. These differences between the two tests might be explained by adaptation of the amino acid metabolism after a single exercise bout and suggest that domestic pigs are well suited to study the early effects of exercise.

45 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Drip vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling of farrowing houses in Oklahoma. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (4): p. 461-464; 1991 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Oklahoma; Pigs; Farrowing houses; Cooling systems; Comparisons; Performance testing

Abstract: A comparison of drip cooling vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling was performed on 61 sows over three farrowings. There were no significant differences between cooling methods for piglet weight gain, percentage of piglets weaned or sow weight loss. There was a significant difference in respiration rates between cooling methods. Respiration rate was a function of wet-bulb depression.

46 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Durability of truss connections in a naturally ventilated swine barn. Masse, D.I.; Munroe, J.A.; Phillips, P.A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (2): p. 625-627; 1991 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Trusses; Joints (timber); Creosote; Decay; Durability; Loads; Natural ventilation; Wood strength

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of a four-year exposure in a naturally ventilated building (NVB) environment on the lateral load capacity and stiffness of truss connections. Untreated and creosote brush treated joints exposed in the NVB were compared with matched specimens that had been stored under laboratory conditions. It was found that there was no statistical difference (P=0.05) in ultimate strength and axial stiffness between joints exposed in the barn and joints exposed in the laboratory considering either the steel gussets or plywood gussets. Other observations indicated that this barn was not a "worst case" concerning harshness of the environment local to the exposed joints.

47 NAL Call. No.: SD433.A1W6
Dynamic behavior of wood strip over elastic underlayment composite flooring subjected to light impact loads.
Sueyoshi, S.; Schniewind, A.P.
Secaucus, N.J. : Springer-Verlag; 1991.
Wood science and technology v. 25 (4): p. 309-318; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Composite boards; Floors; Rubber; Dynamics; Impact loads; Vibration

Abstract: The dynamic behavior of composites consisting of wood flooring strips placed over rubber sheeting was investigated. A light impact load was applied to the center of the strips and impact force, contact duration and contact area were measured. The energy transfer from the impacting mass to the composite was estimated by measuring the restitution coefficient. Frequency analysis was conducted in order to examine the vibration characteristics of the composites.

48 NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
Dynamic probabilistic modelling of reproduction and replacement management in sow herds. General aspects and model description.
Jalvingh, A.W.; Dijkhuizen, A.A.; Arendonk, J.A.M. van Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Agricultural systems v. 39 (2): p. 133-152; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Pig farming; Herd structure; Farm management; Decision making; Replacement; Reproduction; Probabilistic models; Markov processes; Simulation models; Time

49 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
The effect of all-in/all-out management on pigs from a herd with enzootic pneumonia.
Clark, L.K.; Scheidt, A.B.; Armstrong, C.H.; Knox, K.; Mayrose, V.B. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Sep. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (9): p. 946, 948-951; 1991 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Mycoplasma; Disease control; Disease prevalence; Disease course; Pig housing; Liveweight gain; Animal husbandry

50 NAL Call. No.: 49 W89
Effect of environmental factors on humoral and cell mediated immune parameters of growing pigs.
Rafai, P.; Kovacs, F.; Tuboly, S.; Biro, H.
Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Jan.
World review of animal production v. 26 (1): p. 9-16; 1991 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hungary; Pigs; Immune response; Cell mediated immunity; Humoral immunity; Selenium; Stress; Corticotropin; Environmental temperature; Microclimate; Feed additives; Vitamin e; Liveweight gain; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Cytotoxicity; Seasons; Pig fattening

51 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of feed intake during late development on pubertal onset and resulting body composition in crossbred gilts.
Newton, E.A.; Mahan, D.C.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Dec.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (12): p. 3774-3780; 1992 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Gilts; Puberty; Feed intake; Blood plasma; Progesterone; Body composition; Restricted feeding; Age; Body weight; Ovulation

Abstract: A total of 105 nonboar-exposed, F2 ([Landrace X Yorkshire] X Duroc) gilts were used in two replicates of a randomized complete block experiment to evaluate the effect of dietary feed intake on pubertal onset and subsequent body composition. Feed intakes were established at 50% of ad libitum (AL-50), 75% of ad libitum (AL-75), or at ad libitum (AL-100) levels from 4.5 to 9 mo of age. A corn-soybean meal diet fed to all gilts was formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements except for energy. Puberty was measured by two methods: 1) monitored once daily by back pressure applied by the herdsman or 2) from elevated plasma progesterone concentrations. Body composition was evaluated by the deuterium oxide method after plasma progesterone concentrations were elevated. Daily feed intake for the experimental period averaged 1.6, 2.3, and 3.2 kg, and the BW of gilts at 8 mo of age were 111, 131, and 154 kg for the AL-50, AL-75, and AL-100 groups, respectively. Body weight, backfat thickness, and body fat content increased linearly (P < .01) as feed intake increased, but age at puberty was not severely influenced. A minimum body fat content or percentage did not seem to initiate pubertal onset. There was a trend for a lower percentage of the AL-50 gilts to ovulate (P = .08) than those fed the AL-75 and AL-100 intakes. An inverse relationship resulted between the percentage of gilts that ovulated to the percentage that showed behavioral estrus. The percentage of gilts that ovulated was highest and the percentage that showed estrual behavior was lowest as feed intake increased. These data suggest that age had a greater effect on pubertal onset than did BW or body fat content, but energy restriction at approximately 50% of ad libitum levels tended to reduce the onset of ovulation. As feed intakes increased, behavioral estrus was more difficult to detect.

52 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of feeding regimen on behavior of growing-finishing pigs supplemented or not supplemented with folic acid.
Robert, S.; Matte, J.J.; Girard, C.L.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Nov.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (11): p. 4428-4436; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Restricted feeding; Feed additives; Folic acid; Animal behavior; Gastric ulcer; Feed intake; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Age differences

Abstract: The effect of restricted feeding on the frequency of abnormal behaviors and gastric ulcers was investigated in 72 market pigs. Half of the pigs were fed restricted (R) amounts of feed twice a day (0800 and 1600) and received 90 to 95% of the intake recorded for the other half, which were allowed ad libitum (A) access to feed with addition of feed once a day at 0800. In each feeding group, 24 pigs were supplemented with folic acid. The animals were housed in pairs and the behavior of each animal was recorded during 24 h at 18 and 20 wk of age. The results showed that the A group ate more frequently during light hours than the R group at 18 wk, but not at 20 wk. However, the frequency of eating behavior was higher in the R group than in the A group at 20 wk during the 2 h after feed distribution. Feeding regimen had an effect on the frequency of redirected behaviors during the 2 h preceding feed distribution. The percentage of time spent nibbling on the penmate was higher in R than in A pigs at 18 wk, whereas that of rooting on the penmate was higher at 20 wk. Moreover, the proportion of pigs performing redirected behaviors was higher in the R than in the A group at both ages. The overall frequency of gastric ulcers was similar in pigs given the two feeding treatments, but severe ulcers were more frequent in the R than in the A group. Some interactions were also found between feeding regimen and folic acid. At 18 wk, R pigs receiving no folic acid performed more nibbling on the penmate than all other pigs during the 2 h after feed distribution. At 20 wk, the frequency of eating was lower and that of lying higher during the 2 h after feed distribution in A pigs receiving folic acid than in all other pigs. The present results suggest that feed restriction at 90% of the ad libitum intake adversely affected fattening pigs and that supplementation with folic acid had beneficial effects on their behavior.

53 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
The effect of feeding the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine on the behaviour of market-weight pigs.
Schaefer, A.L.; Jones, S.D.M.; Tong, A.K.W.; dePassille, A.M.B.; Rushen, J.; Merrill, J.K.
Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Mar.
Canadian journal of animal science v. 72 (1): p. 15-21; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; Beta-adrenergic agonists; Animal behavior; Behavior change; Sex differences

54 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of fusaric acid on brain regional neurochemistry and vomiting behavior in swine.
Smith, T.K.; MacDonald, E.J.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 May.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2044-2049; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Canada; Pigs; Fusaric acid; Poisoning; Gibberella fujikuroi; Animal behavior; Vomiting; Hypothalamus; Neurotransmitters; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; Serotonin; Ratios; Tryptophan; Synergism; T-2 toxin; Maize

Abstract: Fusaric (5-butylpicolinic) acid is a phytotoxin produced especially by Fusarium moniliforme, a mold commonly found in Canadian-grown corn. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of acute doses of fusaric acid on brain neurochemistry and behavior in swine. A total of 40 crossbred barrows (initial weight 10 kg) were orally dosed with 0 or 200 mg of fusaric acid/kg of BW and five animals from each treatment were killed 4.5, 9, 18, or 36 h after dosing. All brains were dissected, and concentrations of indoleamine and catecholamine neurotransmitters and metabolites were determined. Animals in the group killed 36 h after dosing were observed for behavioral changes. Vomiting was noted in 60% of the pigs dosed with fusaric acid. These pigs also seemed more lethargic than controls and appeared sedated. The major neurochemical changes due to exposure to fusaric acid were seen in the hypothalamus 18 h after dosing. Brain tryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid all tended to be elevated by the action of fusaric acid. Brain catecholamine concentrations were largely refractory to treatment. It was concluded that exposure to acute doses of fusaric acid can cause vomiting and neurochemical changes in swine. Fusaric acid may, therefore, be acting synergistically with trichothecene mycotoxins to cause vomiting and feed refusal in pigs consuming trichothecene-contaminated feedstuffs.

55 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 L62
The effect of haloperidol on the performance of stereotyped behavior in sows. Von Borell, E.; Hurnik, J.F.
Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1991.
Life sciences v. 49 (4): p. 309-314; 1991. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Haloperidol; Drug effects; Pregnancy; Animal behavior; Physical activity; Stimuli; Environmental factors

Abstract: Environmentally induced stereotypies in gestating sows were inhibited by haloperidol. This inhibitory effect was stronger in sows that directed stereotyped activities toward objects in the environment than in sows performing self-directed stereotypies. The results indicate that dopamine is involved in the performance of stereotypies in pigs, and that haloperidol seem to impair motivational arousal primarily by reducing the rewarding impact of stereotyped self-stimulation.

56 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX
Effect of Luprosil NC on pig performance.
Danielson, M.; Saner, R.; Wenninghoff, J.; Wiseman, S. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992.
EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (91-219-A): p. 16-17; 1992. In the series analytic: 1992 Nebraska Swine report / Compiled by W.T. Ahlschwede.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Stress factors; Feed additives; Feed intake; Liveweight gain

57 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Effect of management practices on the Streptococcus suis carrier rate in nursery swine.
Dee, S.A.; Carlson, A.R.; Winkelman, N.L.; Corey, M.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul15.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (2): p. 295-299; 1993 Jul15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Colorado; Kentucky; Minnesota; Montana; North Dakota; South Dakota; Pigs; Streptococcus suis; Carrier state; Incidence; Animal husbandry

58 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
The effect of mixing unfamiliar individuals on the growth and production of finishing pigs.
Tan, S.S.L.; Shackleton, D.M.; Beames, R.M.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Feb.
Animal production v. 52 (pt.1): p. 201-206; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Group interaction; Liveweight gain; Neuroleptics; Sex ratio; Aggressive behavior; Feed conversion

59 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
The effect of natural toxins on reproduction in livestock. James, L.F.; Panter, K.E.; Nielsen, D.B.; Molyneux, R.J. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1573-1579; 1992 May. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cattle; Sheep; Poisonous plants; Reproductive efficiency; Adverse effects; Toxins

Abstract: Reproductive efficiency is the most important economic factor in livestock production. Thus, the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal regulatory axis, accessory sexual organ functionality, and the complex events involved in fertilization, implantation, and embryonic and fetal development may be sensitive to therapeutic agents, environmental pollutants, and natural toxicants. There are many factors that adversely affect reproduction, one of which is toxic substances in the diets of animals. Toxic materials can affect reproductive success by causing abortions, interfering with libido, estrus, oogenesis, or spermatogenesis, causing emaciation and subsequent abnormal mating behavior, birth defects, and increasing the time between parturition annd rebreeding. Examples of natural toxicants in poisonous plants interfering with reproduction are numerous. Abortion in livestock from locoweeds, ponderosa pine needles, broom snakeweeds, fescue, and others are reported in studies. Seelnium and seleniferous forage inhibit estrus in cattle and swine. Emaciation and temporary illness from sneezeweeds, bitterweed, locoweed, larkspur, lupines, and others may interfere with mating. Embryonic loss and birth defects from Veratrum, lupines, locoweeds, poison hemlock, and so on, may occur. As suggested, toxins have many diverse and economically adverse effects on reproductive performance in livestock.

60 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effect of piglet stimuli on the posture changing behaviour of recently farrowed sows.
Cronin, G.M.; Cropley, J.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 167-172; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Postpartum interval; Posture; Change; Piglets; Sounds; Touch; Stimulation; Maternal behavior; Farrowing pens

61 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Effect of porcine stress syndrome on the solubility and degradation of myofibrilliar/cytoskeletal proteins.
Boles, J.A.; Parrish, F.C. Jr; Huiatt, T.W.; Robson, R.M. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 454-464; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Myofibrils; Proteins; Solubility; Sarcomeres; Sds-page; Actin; Myosin; Protein degradation; Postmortem changes

Abstract: This study examined the effect of stress classification (stress-positive, stress-carrier, stress-negative) of pigs on selected properties of postmortem muscle, including protein solubility and degradation of proteins such as titin. Longissimus muscle samples were removed 45 min postslaughter, divided into samples, and stored at 0 to 2 degrees C for analysis at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d postmortem. Whole-muscle samples (homogenates) and purified myofibrils were prepared from each sample for analysis by SDS-PAGE. A portion of each muscle sample also was extracted 1) with a low-ionic-strength solution to obtain a sarcoplasmic protein fraction and 2) with two different high-ionic-strength solutions to obtain a myofibrillar/cytoskeletal protein fraction for measurement of protein solubility and for analysis of extracts by SDS-PAGE. No significant differences were observed between muscle from stress-negative and stress- carrier animals in this study. Sarcoplasmic (P < .05) and myofibrillar/cytoskeletal (P < .01) protein solubility was lower in muscle samples from stress-positive animals than in muscle samples from stress-carrier and stress-negative animals at all postmortem times studied. The high molecular weight protein titin was degraded more slowly postmortem in muscle from stress-positive than in muscle from stress-negative animals, as observed by SDS-PAGE analysis of whole-muscle samples (homogenates) an myofibrils. The combination of lowered protein solubility and reduced rate of postmortem degradation of structural proteins such as titin may explain, at least in part, the reduced quality and protein functionality of muscle from stress-positive pigs.

62 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effect of social conditions during rearing on mating behaviour of gilts. Soede, N.M.; Schouten, W.G.P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 373-379; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Gilts; Mating behavior; Pregnancy rate; Social environment; Isolation

63 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effect of space restriction and provision of toys during rearing on the behaviour, productivity and physiology of male pigs.
Pearce, G.P.; Paterson, A.M.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 11-28; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Crowding; Stocking density; Toys; Stress; Animal behavior

64 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building behaviour in sows.
Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb.
Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 129-133; 1992 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Straw; Nesting; Animal behavior; Animal welfare

65 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs.
Fraser, D.; Phillips, P.A.; Thompson, B.K.; Tennessen, T. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 307-318; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Straw; Litter; Agonistic behavior; Animal behavior; Diurnal activity; Young animals; Age differences; Pig housing

66 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Effects of abattoir and slaughter handling systems on stress indicators in pig blood.
Weeding, C.M.; Hunter, E.J.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C. London : The Association; 1993 Jul03.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (1): p. 10-13; 1993 Jul03. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Slaughter

67 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of accommodation type and straw bedding around parturition and during lactation on the behaviour of primiparous sows and survival and growth of piglets to weaning.
Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 191-208; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw; Litter; Farrowing; Sow lactation; Litter size; Survival; Growth; Maternal behavior; Weaning weight; Vocalization

68 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effects of aversively handling pigs, either individually or in groups, on their behaviour, growth and corticosteroids.
Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 61-72; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Stress; Animal behavior; Growth; Reproductive performance; Corticoids; Groups; Individuals

69 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of 'chemical intervention' techniques on aggression and injuries when grouping unfamiliar adult pigs.
Barnett, J.L.; Cronin, G.M.; McCallum, T.H.; Newman, E.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 135-148; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Aggressive behavior; Chemical treatment

70 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Effects of continuous stray voltage on health, growth, and welfare of fattening pigs.
Robert, S.; Lennoxville, Quebec; Matte, J.J.; Bertin-Mahieux, J.; Martineau, G.P.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 55 (4): p. 371-376; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Stray voltage; Feeding frequency; Animal welfare; Drinking behavior; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Pig fattening

71 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of design of individual cage-stalls on the behavioural and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Oct. Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 23-33; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Animal welfare; Aggressive behavior; Hydrocortisone; Stress; Design; Animal behavior

72 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
Effects of management options on creep feeding by piglets. Appleby, M.C.; Pajor, E.A.; Fraser, D.
East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Dec.
Animal production v. 53 (pt.3): p. 361-366; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Creep feeding; Feeding behavior; Feed intake; Liveweight gain; Weaning weight; Birth weight

73 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effects of modifying the farrowing environment on sow behaviour and survival and growth of piglets.
Cronin, G.M.; Amerongen, G. van
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 287-298; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Maternal behavior; Piglets; Farrowing; Nesting; Survival; Growth rate

74 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of naloxone on stereotypic and normal behaviour of tethered and loose-housed sows.
Schouten, W.; Rushen J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 17-26; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Naloxone; Animal behavior; Abnormal behavior; Loose housing; Tethered housing

75 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 207-220; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Gilts; Animal welfare; Pens; Stalls; Pig housing; Space requirements; Pig feeding; Stress; Immunological deficiency; Aggressive behavior; Injuries; Hydrocortisone

76 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of pen size/shape and design on aggression when grouping unfamiliar adult pigs.
Barnett, J.L.; Cronin, G.M.; McCallum, T.H.; Newman, E.A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 111-122; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Aggressive behavior; Pig housing

77 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effects of providing sawdust to pre-parturient sows in farrowing crates on sow behaviour, the duration of parturition and the occurrence of intra-partum stillborn piglets.
Cronin, G.M.; Schirmer, B.N.; McCallum, T.H.; Smith, J.A.; Butler, K.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 301-315; 1993 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Sawdust; Farrowing

78 NAL Call. No.: SF391.P55
Effects of rearing on subsequent performance in pigs.
Schouten, W.G.P.
Wallingford : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; 1991 Jun. Pig news and information v. 12 (2): p. 245-247; 1991 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Animal behavior; Floor space; Agonistic behavior; Gilts; Farrowing; Farrowing pens; Maternal behavior

79 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
The effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin on reproductive function in gilts treated during the finishing phase.
Terlouw, S.L.; Rieke, A.R.; Cantley, T.C.; Miller, L.F.; Day, B.N. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Nov. Journal of animal science v. 69 (11): p. 4294-4298; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Liveweight gain; Puberty; Age; Body weight; Body fat; Estrus; Female fertility; Embryo mortality

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) treatment during the finishing phase on subsequent reproductive function in crossbred gilts. Forty gilts weighing 50 kg and housed in a swine finishing facility were randomly assigned to control or rpST treatment. Four control and four rpST-treated gilts were allotted per pen. Twenty rpST-treated gilts received 6 mg of rpST.gilt-1.d-1 in 1 ml of buffered carrier and 20 control gilts received 1 ml of buffered carrier-gilt-1.d-1. Injections were administered daily at 1400 in the extensor muscle of the neck. All gilts received an 18% CP diet containing 1.2% lysine. Treatment was terminated when the average weight in each pen reached 110 kg. Gilts treated with rpST gained more weight (P < .05) than control gilts (59.8 +/- 1.0 vs 53.5 +/- 1.0 kg). Age at puberty was not different (rpST, 182.2 +/- 3.3; control 181.4 +/- 3.1 d). Prior treatment with rpST did not significantly affect length of estrus (rpST, 1.9 +/- .1; control, 1.8 +/- .1 d) or estrous cycle length (rpST, 20.6 +/-.4; control, 20.4 +/-.4 d). Ovulation rates at second estrus were similar for rpST gilts (15.1 +/- .5) and control gilts (14.4 +/- .5). More embryos (P = .10) were recovered on d 9 to 12 of gestation from rpST-treated gilts than from control gilts (13.1 +/- .9 vs 10.7 +/-.9). In conclusion, treatment of commercial crossbred gilts with rpST from 50 to 110 kg had no adverse effect on age at puberty, length of estrus, estrous cycle length, ovulation rate, or number of embryos recovered.

80 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222
Effects of treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene on the susceptibility of boar spermatozoa to cold stress and dilution.
Bamba, K.; Cran, D.G.
Colchester : The Journal; 1992 May.
Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 95 (1): p. 69-77; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Boars; Spermatozoa; Butylated hydroxytoluene; Cold shock; Cold resistance; Semen diluents; Semen diluent additives; Egg yolk; Semen preservation; Motility; Acrosome

81 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Efficacy of altrenogest in synchronizing estrus in two swine breeding programs and effects on subsequent reproductive performance in sows. Wood, C.M.; Kornegay, E.T.; Shipley, C.F.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 May. Journal of animal science v. 70 (5): p. 1357-1364; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Sows; Synchronization; Estrus; Female fertility; Synthetic progestogens; Farrowing rate; Litter size

Abstract: In two herds that used different breeding and housing schemes, altrenogest (15 mg/d) was fed for 14 d to gilts or 10 d to sows in .45 kg of a diet formulated to meet or exceed their nutrient requirements. In Herd 1 (five breeding seasons per year), 63 of 123 gilts and 40 of 70 sows in seven replications were fed in individual crates to ensure proper intake. In Herd 2 (continuous breeding), 244 of 484 gilts in 20 replications received the treated feed in individual feeding stalls to which animals had free access. Average and median days to estrus were reduced (P < .01) for treated gilts and sows compared with controls in both herds. Of 29 treated gilts that did not mate or become pregnant, three had cystic follicles, compared to 1of 14 controls. There were no statistically significant treatment differences in litter size born or number stillborn pigs in either herd, but farrowing rates of cycling gilts were 8% lower (P < .05) in Herd 2 for treated gilts than for controls. Overall, altrenogest could be a valuable tool for improving reproductive efficiency by allowing producers to better control the estrous cycle.

82 NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine buildings. Fehr, R.L.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University, [1978?-1990]; 1991.
Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1991. In the subseries: Housing. (PIH-92), revised December 1991.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Energy conservation; Ventilation; Heating costs; Temperature; Fans

83 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Energy usage on Kansas livestock and dairy farms.
Slocombe, J.W.; Feyerherm, A.M.; Stetson, L.E.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (3): p. 389-392; 1992 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Kansas; Livestock enterprises; Energy consumption; Electrical energy; Regional surveys

Abstract: Four thousand Kansas agricultural producers were surveyed to determine electrical equipment and energy management practices used for grain, livestock, and dairy production in 1989. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 1177 producers, of which 519 and 68 were livestock and dairy producers, respectively. Data from these producers were analyzed to determine types of equipment used for livestock and dairy production by geographic location and variables that could be used to predict electrical energy consumption for livestock and dairy producers. Over 70% of the livestock producers reported using an average of 2157 kWh of electricity per month in 1989. Less than 20% of the livestock producers used both single- and three-phase electricity on their operation. Forty-two percent of the swine producers reported using an average of 11 ventilation fans in all swine buildings. An average of one ventilation fan was used per 100 head of swine. Electricity and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) were the most common energy sources used to heat on-farm agricultural facilities. Dairy producers used an average of 3989 kWh of electricity per month in 1989. One-third of the producers used both single- and three-phase electricity in 1989. The most popular type of milking equipment used by dairy producers was the highline pipeline milker. Liquid petroleum gas was the most popular energy source for water heaters up to 80 gallons. Seventy-two percent of the producers reported that no heat reclaimer was connected to the water heater(s) to utilize waste heat from the bulk milk tank compressor.

84 NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5
Environment enrichment for the laboratory pig.
Batchelor, G.R.
Sussex : The Institute; 1991 Dec.
Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal Technology v. 42 (3): p. 185-189; 1991 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare; Animal husbandry

Abstract: This brief paper attempts to illustrate the simple ideas that can he used to enhance the environment of the laboratory pig. ideas that have been part of the husbandry routine at Stanmore for over five years. It does not describe the behaviour of the pig in any detail but suggests that with a little time and effort, and in our case at no cost, the environment of the laboratory pig can be made more stimulating, resulting in animals that have an increased behavioural repertoire, are largely stress-free and are a constant pleasure to work with (Figure 1).

85 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6
Environmental aspects of the chloragogenous tissue of earthworms. Fischer, E.; Molnar, L.
Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Dec.
Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (12): p. 1723-1727; 1992 Dec. In the special issue ISEE 4. Proceedings of the "4th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology," June 11-15, 1990, Avignon, France / edited by A. Kretzschmar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Eisenia fetida; Animal tissues; Cells; Environmental factors; Environmental impact; Histology; Cytology

Abstract: Environmental factors affecting the chloragogenous tissue of the manure worm, Eisenia fetida and other oligochaetes were surveyed. Chloragocytes might be affected--detectable by karyometric methods-by hydration, desiccation, cold stress, hypoxia, saline load, or by diverse xenobiotics. Chloragocyte depletion may be stimulated by some pesticides. Paraquat toxication can cause an almost full depletion of the chloragogenous tissue as we observed, followed in survivors by a renewal of this tissue. Experimental cold stress induced a marked increase of the Carnoy-insoluble pigmentation of the chloragosomes in juvenile worms. Moderate accumulation of such pigments could be observed on the effect of saline load. The elemental composition of chloragosomes might be markedly influenced by some environmental factors, including heavy metals. Experimentally-induced alterations of the chloragogenous tissue may contribute to the adaptation of the earthworms to variable conditions of their environments.

86 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Environmental factors affecting the severity of pneumonia in pigs. Done, S.H.
London : The Association; 1991 Jun22.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128 (25): p. 582-586; 1991 Jun22. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Disease course; Environmental factors; Meteorological factors; Populations; Social environment; Animal husbandry; Air pollutants

87 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Environmental temperature control by the pig's comfort behavior through image analysis.
Geers, R.; Ville, H.; Goedseels, V.; Houkes, M.; Goossens, K.; Parduyns, G.; Van Bael, J.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2583-2586; 1991 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Body temperature regulation; Pig housing; Environmental temperature; Heat regulation

Abstract: During four experiments with six female piglets, the thermoregulatory behavior of the piglets was quantified by visual observation and by automated image analysis. The collection number of images representing pigs sleeping side by side and touching each other, as well as the occupation ratio of piglets being calculated on pixel values within predefined windows, may serve as set-point values for environmental temperature controllers. But this observational procedure has to be linked to the engineering of a gradient of an effective environmental temperature within a pen.

88 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Enzootic mortality among piglets between birth and weaning. Vaillancourt, J.P.; Dial, G.D.; Tubbs, R.C.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1991 Oct. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 13 (10): p. 1642-1645, 1648-1650; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Preweaning period; Perinatal mortality; Trauma; Diarrhea; Infection; Deformities; Record keeping; Validity; Environmental temperature; Litter size; Birth weight; Animal nutrition; Pig feeding; Pig housing; Floors; Litter; Animal husbandry; Farrowing; Sex differences; Genetics; Seasonal fluctuations; Medical treatment

89 NAL Call. No.: SF396.3.K37 1991
Ethologische und verhaltensphysiologische Untersuchungen zur Anbinde- und Gruppenhaltung tragender Sauen der Rassen Deutsches Edelschwein und Pietrain [Ethological and behavior physiological studies on tether and group rearing of pregnant sows of the German Large White and Pietrain breeds]. Kattner, Christa,
Bonn? : Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat?, 1991?; 1991. 178 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. English summary. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-165).

Language: German

Descriptors: Sows

90 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of a bone biopsy technique for determining the calcium and phosphorus status of swine from weaning to market weight. Combs, N.R.; Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, M.D.; Notter, D.R.; Welker, F.H. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 69 (2): p. 664-672; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Bone mineralization; Calcium; Phosphorus; Bone ash; Mineral nutrition; Requirements; Biopsy; Diagnosis

Abstract: Tibia biopsies were taken from 75 live pigs at 4-wk intervals and from 251 slaughtered pigs to evaluate bone biopsy as a procedure for determining Ca/P status in pigs fed 70, 85, 100, 115 and 130% of the NRC (1979) estimated dietary Ca and P percentage requirements from weaning to market. Least squares means and SE of live and slaughter biopsy wet weight, ash weight and dry, fat-free ash percentage (DFF%) were compared at each time in each trial and found not to differ. Diet and time effects on ash weight, ash percentage of wet weight and DFF% of the biopsy core also did not differ greatly between slaughter and live biopsies and generally responded linearly and quadratically (P < .01) to increasing Ca/P level and time. Biopsy measures were correlated (P < .05) with third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal length, bending and shear stress and DFF%. Means for slaughter biopsy DFF% did not differ greatly from the average of third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal DFF% from slaughter pigs. Means for live and slaughter biopsy DFF% were lower than those for whole bones for the 70 and 85% NRC estimated Ca/P levels, but not for the 100, 115 and 130% NRC levels. Bone biopsy offers potential as a reliable noninvasive procedure for monitoring Ca/P status of swine from weaning to market, but it needs further study for use in Ca/P research in swine.

91 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Evaluation of a pig nursery annex ventilation system operating under summer conditions.
Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.; Tambouratzis, D.; Papadopoulos, G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (3): p. 353-357; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Field tests; Evaluation

Abstract: Two field trials, lasting five weeks each, were conducted during the summer of 1989 to evaluate the effectiveness of an annex ventilation system used to supply summer ventilation rates in a swine nursery building. Assessment was based both on climatic environment data and growth response of 96 early weaned crossbred pigs, three to four weeks old when weaned. Under mild summer conditions the ventilation system provided sufficient control of the environment and resulted in animal heat stress of short duration and intensity. During periods of very hot weather the system failed to provide a thermal microenvironment within acceptable limits and pigs were subjected to longer intervals of heat stress. Heat stress degree-hours during Trial II were more than two times those of Trial I, but this did not seem to have a negative effect on the animals' growth performance.

92 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of housing systems for sows.
Hartog, L.A. den; Backus, G.B.C.; Vermeer, H.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 May.
Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1339-1344; 1993 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Sows; Animal welfare; Sow feeding; Feed intake; Body weight; Reproductive performance; Animal behavior; Groups

Abstract: Housing systems of sows have to meet the requirements of the sow and the requirements of the producer. Criteria that have to be taken into account are productivity, labor input and management , welfare and health, and economy. Different housing systems for sows are described with respect to these criteria.

93 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of long-term somatotropin implants in finishing pigs. Hacker, R.R.; Deschutter, A.; Adeola, O.; Kasser, T.R. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 564-570; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Pig fattening; Feed conversion; Carcass weight; Carcasses; Fat percentage; Performance; Sex differences; Meat cuts; Meat composition; Meat quality

Abstract: Ninety pigs were used to investigate the efficacy of long-term implants of porcine somatotropin (PST) in improving growth, feed:gain ratio, and carcass characteristics in pigs at three dose levels (0-, 100-, and 200-mg pST implant) from 71 to 99 kg live weight. The use of long-term implants did not alter (P > .05) growth rate. Administration of the 200-mg pST implant resulted in a 15% reduction in feed consumption, and this reduction was significant (P < .05). The feed:gain ratio was improved (P < .05) in pigs that received the 200- compared with 0-mg pST implant (3.2 vs 2.62 of kg feed/kg of gain). In pigs that received the 200- or 100-mg pST implant, there was a reduction (P < .05) in carcass weight; however, carcass length was similar (P > .05) regardless of pST treatment. Administration of the 200-mg pST implant
resulted in 25 and 38% reductions (P < .05) in last rib fat and leaf fat compared with the 0-mg pST implant. The weights of kidneys and head were increased by the pST administration. The weights of wholesale cuts were not affected by the administration of the pST implant. However, separable skin and fat from the ham, loin, and picnic were lower (P < .05) in pigs that received the 200-mg pST than in pigs that received the 0-mg pST implant. Meat color and structure were similar across pST treatments, indicating that the use of long-term pST implants was not detrimental to meat quality. The results represent a significant step in the efficacious use of a long-term delivery system for pST as opposed to the laborious daily injection schedule.

94 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of methods of providing supplemental heat to newborn pigs during and after farrowing.
Ogunbameru, B.O.; Kornegay, E.T.; Wood, C.M.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 3939-3944; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Heating; Heat lamps; Environmental temperature; Preweaning period; Mortality; Farrowing

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate systems of providing supplemental heat to newborn pigs during and after farrowing. In Exp. 1, 35 sows were randomly allotted to farrowing crates with two supplemental heat treatments: 1) two lateral 250-watt heat lamps; and 2) two lateral heat lamps, plus a 250-watt heat lamp behind the sow during farrowing. In Exp. 2, 72 sows were randomly assigned to farrowing crates with four supplemental heat treatments: 1) one lateral 250-watt heater; 2) one lateral heater plus a 250-watt heater behind the sow during farrowing; 3) a hover with 100-watt light bulb; and 4) a hover with light bulb plus heater behind the sow during farrowing. The average farrowing house temperature was 18.9 degrees C in Exp. 1 and 21.6 degrees C in Exp. 2. Results showed no significant treatment effects on preweaning pig survival or growth rates in either experiment. Thus, providing a heat lamp at the rear of the sow during parturition was not beneficial and would increase operating costs. Hovers have a higher initial cost than conventional heat lamps or heaters, but they would have a much lower operating cost. Hovers may offer swine producers a way of reducing energy costs without affecting preweaning pig survival and performance.

95 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Evaluation of recombinant porcine somatotropin on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and muscle biochemical properties of Belgian Landrace pigs.
Fabry, J.; Demeyer, D.; Thielemans, M.F.; Deroanne, C.; Voorde, G. van de; Deroover, E.; Dalrymple, R.H.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
Journal of animal science v. 69 (10): p. 4007-4018; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Growth; Feed conversion; Feed intake; Carcass composition; Muscles; Protein content; Meat quality; Ph; Organs; Weight; Fat thickness; Tenderness; Dosage effects

Abstract: The dose related effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) on growth, carcass characteristics, muscle properties, and meat quality were investigated in lean Belgian Landrace finishing pigs. Ninety-six pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts) were injected daily with either vehicle, 1.5, 3, or 6 mg of rpST from 60 to 97.5 kg live weight. Each treatment group consisted of six pens of four pigs each (two of each sex). Pigs were given ad libitum access to a high-protein (20.4% CP) cereal-based diet. Administration of rpST increased (P < .05) growth rate (16.3 to 25.4%) and improved (P < .05) feed efficiency (16.9 to 29.4%). Feed consumption was reduced (12%; P < .05) only in the 6 mg of rpST group. Liver, kidney, and heart weights were increased (P < .05) in the 3 and 6 mg of rpST groups. Although the Belgian Landrace pigs are bred for superior carcass quality, rpST further improved (P < .05) carcass composition at aH dose levels as evidenced by a reduction (10 to 50%) in a number of subcutaneous fat depth measurements, an increase (10 to 20%) in longissimus muscle area, and an improvement in the lean cut:fat cut ratio. Rate of pH decline in the gluteus and longissimus muscles was similar, but rapid, in all groups (pH after 30 min = 5.74 to 5.94); the ultimate (24 or 72 h) pH was .1 5 to .2 pH units higher (P < .05) in the pigs that received the 3 and 6 mg of rpST doses. Longissimus tenderness (measured by shear force and penetration), water holding capacity, myofibrillar protein concentration, and sarcomere length were not affected by rpST administration. Protein content of the longissimus was increased (P < .05) by rpST treatment, whereas percentage of lipid, moisture, DM, and collagen were unchanged. In summary, administration of rpST to genetically lean finishing pigs stimulated growth performance and improved carcass composition and had no adverse effects on meat quality, processing properties, or tenderness.

96 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
Evaluation of systems for collection of porcine zygotes for DNA microinjection and transfer.
Williams, B.L.; Sparks, A.E.T.; Canesco, R.S.; Knight, J.W.; Johnson, J.L.; Velander, W.H.; Page, R.L.; Drohan, W.N.; Kornegay, E.T.; Pearson, R.E. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992 Sep.
Theriogenology v. 38 (3): p. 501-511; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Superovulation; Estrus; Synchronization; Zygotes; Transgenics; Ovulation rate; Dna; Injection; Embryo transfer; Fertilization; Pregnancy rate

Abstract: Crossbred gilts and sows (n = 116) were used for the collection of 1-cell zygotes for DNA microinjection and transfer. Retrospectively, estrus synchronization and superovulation schemes were evaluated to assess practicality for zygote collection. Four synchronization and superovulation procedures were used: 1) sows were observed for natural estrous behavior; 1000 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) was administered at the onset of estrus (NAT); 2) cyclic gilts were synchronized with 17.6 mg altrenogest (Alt)/day for 15 to 19 days followed by superovulation with 1500 IU pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and 500 IU hCG (LALT): 3) gilts between 11 and 16 days of the estrous cycle received 17.6 mg ALT for 5 to 9 days and PMSG and hCG were used to induce superovulation (SALT); and 4) precocious ovulation was induced in prepubertal gilts with PMSG and hCG (PRE). A total of 505 DNA microinjected embryos transferred into 17 recipients produced 7 litters and 50 piglets, of which 8 were transgenic. The NAT sows had less (P < 0.05) ovarian activity than gilts synchronized and superovulated by all the other procedures. Synchronization treatments with PMSG did not differ (P > 0.05) in the number of corpora hemorrhagica or unovulated follicles, but SALT and PRE treatments had higher ovulation rates than LALT (24.7 +/- 2.9, 24.3 +/- 1.8 vs 11.6 2.7 ovulations; mean +/- SEM). The SALT and PRE treatments yielded 12.3 +/- 2.6 and 17.7 +/- 1.7 zygotes. Successful transgenesis was accomplished with SALT and PRE procedures for estrus synchronization and superovulation.

97 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.S86S8
Facility design and practices of a low-input housing system for a feeder-pig operation.
Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D.
Binghamton, N.Y. : Food Products Press; 1993.
Journal of sustainable agriculture v. 3 (3/4): p. 49-61; 1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Design

98 NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-1
Farm animal welfare crisis or opportunity for agriculture?. Halverson, Marlene
University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics St. Paul, Minn. : Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota,; 1991.
68 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P 91-1). January 1991. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-59).

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animal health; Livestock; Swine

99 NAL Call. No.: SF91.F38 1992
Farm animals and the environment.
Phillips, Clive; Piggins, David
Wallingford : C.A.B. International,; 1992.
xii, 430 p. ; 25 cm. "... international conference on Farm Animals and the Environment held on 4-5 September 1991 at the University College of North Wales, Bangor"--P. xi.

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Animal welfare; Domestic animals

100 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1359
Farm animals with care produced for Glaxo Group Research in association with the Institute of Animal Technology [by] Datascope Communications. Datascope Communications, Glaxo Group Research Limited, Institute of Animal Technology
England? : Datascope,; 1991.
2 videocassettes (65 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in.

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Animal health; Animal welfare

Abstract: Illustrates regimes for housing and care for sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, and poultry as well as providing breeding information and demonstrating some routine health care procedures and blood sampling techniques.

101 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3
A fast and simple technique for jugular catheterization in adult sows. Zanella, A.J.; Mendl, M.T.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1992 Jul. Laboratory animals v. 26 (3): p. 211-213; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Jugular vein; Catheters; Ears; Blood sampling; Hydrocortisone

Abstract: Obtaining measures of an animal's physiological state with minimum disturbance to the animal is essential in animal welfare studies and it is also ethically desirable. A simple technique for implanting a temporary jugular catheter in adult sows is described. The technique involves implantation via an ear vein and can be performed in 5-7 min. Local but not general anaesthetic is required. The technique has no effect on basal levels of salivary cortisol 1-2 h later, suggesting that it has no long term stress consequences. Catheters continue to function perfectly well after 4 h.

102 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Feeding order of sows at an individual electronic feed station in a dynamic group-housing system.
Bressers, H.P.M.; Brake, J.H.A. te; Engel, B.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr. Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 123-134; 1993 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sows; Feeding behavior; Pig housing

103 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Feeding patterns of growing pigs at warm constant and cyclic temperatures. Xin, H.; DeShazer, J.A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (1): p. 319-323; 1992 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Nebraska; Pig feeding; Environmental temperature; Feed intake; Feeding behavior; Feeding frequency; Unrestricted feeding

Abstract: Feeding behavior of ad libitum-fed, 39-kg, crossbred gilts was investigated under mean ambient temperatures of 30.8 degrees C with 0, 7, and 16.6 degrees C cycles. Average meal size, 160 to 170 g/pig; meal duration, 13.3 to 14.3 min; and ingestion rate, 12.2 g/min-pig did not appear to be influenced by the temperature conditions. However, meal frequency, 9 to 11 per-day, tended to be reduced by elevated hours of exposure to high temperatures. Consequently daily feed intake of the pigs was significantly less in the 16.6 degrees C cycle treatment than in the 0 or 7 degrees C cycle treatments (P<0.01). Feed consumed during the lighting period (0600 h to 2100 h) accounted for 75%, 61%, and 37% of daily feed intake for the 0, 7, and 16.6 degrees C cycle treatments, respectively. Pigs under the 0 degrees C cycle had most feeding activities in the afternoon and evening (55% of daily feed intake). In contrast, pigs under the 16.6 degrees C cycle had most feeding events at night and early morning (91% of daily feed intake).

104 NAL Call. No.: QR53.B56
Free and immobilized cultures of Spirulina maxima for swine waste treatment. Canizares, R.D.; Dominguez, A.R.; Rivas, L.; Montes, M.C.; Travieso, L.; Benitez, F.
Middlesex : Science and Technology Letters; 1993 Mar.
Biotechnology letters v. 15 (3): p. 321-326; 1993 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Spirulina; Pigs; Excreta; Biological treatment; Immobilization; Ammonium nitrogen

Abstract: We have analyzed the behavior of Spirulina maxima at increasing concentration of ammonium nitrogen present in swine waste when it is either growing in suspension or immobilized in polymeric supports. We compared the response of Spirulina maxima growth to different concentrations of aeration stabilized swine waste (total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen) as a way to determine the treatment efficiency of both systems. At a dilution of 50% of swine waste, the suspended system reached the best results for biomass concentration and nutrient removal. In the immobilized system at dilutions of 25 and 50% of swine waste, more than 90% ammonium nitrogen removal was obtained, and the optimal cell concentration for immobilization was 2 g/l (wet basis).

105 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Genetic variation of sitting frequency and duration in pigs. McGlone, J.J.; Akins, C.K.; Green, R.D.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May. Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 319-322; 1991 May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Heritability; Animal behavior; Incidence; Duration; Genetic variation

106 NAL Call. No.: SF757.R36 no.31
Group-housing of lactating sows studies on health, behaviour and nest temperature.
Ebner, Jakob
Skara : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Animal Hygiene,; 1993.
108 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Rappart (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for husdjurshygien ; 31.). Abstract inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p.101-108).

Language: English

107 NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
Growth characteristics and carcass composition of pigs with known genotypes for stress susceptibility over a weight range of 70 to 120 kg. Aalhus, J.L.; Jones, S.D.M.; Robertson, W.M.; Tong, A.K.W.; Sather, A.P. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Apr.
Animal production v. 52 (pt.2): p. 347-353; 1991 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Growth; Genetic differences; Carcass composition; Tissues; Halothane; Genes

108 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Growth, response to humans and corticosteroids in male pigs housed individually and subjected to pleasant, unpleasant or minimal handling during rearing.
Paterson, A.M.; Pearce, G.P.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 315-328; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Male animals; Growth rate; Handling; Pig housing; Man; Interactions; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Stress; Animal behavior

109 NAL Call. No.: NBUS533 F66 N42 no.357
Guide for evaluating livestock showmanship contests beef, sheep, swine. Wolverton, Doyle R.
Nebraska Cooperative Extension Service
Lincoln : Neb. : Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska,; 1991. 13 p. ; 23 cm. (Nebraska Cooperative Extension 4-H ; no. 357.).

Language: English

Descriptors: Livestock; Beef cattle; Sheep; Swine

Abstract: Judging a showmanship contest is based on preparation of animals for show, their apparent training, and the appearance and behavior of the participating exhibitors. This guide is an outline of desireable showmanship practices and the relative importance of each.

110 NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
Haematological and clinico-chemical profiles of barrows at the farm and at slaugther.
Odink, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Smeets, J.F.M.; Visser, I.J.R.; Alsemgeest, P.; Wijngaards, G.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Meat science v. 32 (3): p. 307-310; 1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Stress response; Slaughter; Blood chemistry

111 NAL Call. No.: SF89.H85 1991
Handling and loading of livestock.
Humane Slaughter Association (1986-); Agricultural Training Board Potters Bar, Herts. : Humane Slaughter Association,; 1991. 35 p. : ill. ; 15 x 21 cm.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animals

112 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47
Hazards in confinement housing--gases and dusts in confined animal houses for swine, poultry, horses and humans.
Pickrell, J.
Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1991 Feb.
Veterinary and human toxicology v. 33 (1): p. 32-39; 1991 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal housing; Air pollutants

113 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Health security: an increasing role for swine practitioners. Friendship, R.M.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992 Mar. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 14 (3): p. 425-427; 1992 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: North America; Pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health; Swine diseases; Disease prevention; Disease control; Control programs; Veterinary services; Roles; Veterinarians

114 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
Helping your clients raise healthy potbellied pigs.
Braun, W. Jr
Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 May05. Veterinary medicine v. 88 (5): p. 414, 418-419, 422-423, 426, 428; 1993 May05. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal health; Piglets; Animal husbandry; Pig feeding; Vaccination; Parasites; Zoonoses

115 NAL Call. No.: QL868.D6
Hormonal changes following an acute stress in control and somatostatin-immunized pigs.
Farmer, C.; Dubreuil, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.; Petitclerc, D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Oct.
Domestic animal endocrinology v. 8 (4): p. 527-536; 1991 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Immunization; Somatostatin; Stress; Hormone secretion

116 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Human subjective response to lorry vibration: implications for farm animal transport.
Randall, J.M.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Aug.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 52 (4): p. 295-307; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Trucks; Drivers; Operator comfort; Vibration; Transport of animals; Animal welfare

Abstract: Lorry drivers are exposed to a wide range of mechanical vibrations and random motions. The seat and sometimes the cab suspensions are designed to reduce vibration exposure. Nevertheless drivers are often subjected to considerable discomfort occurring within minutes of starting a journey. The frequencies and axes of vibration which occur at a driver's seat are often close to those of maximum discomfort for the human. On a livestock transporter, the interfaces between the animals and the vehicle are not designed to reduce vibration and it is possible that animals are subjected to a higher vibration magnitude than the driver. However, nothing is known of the discomfort or welfare levels experienced by livestock (e.g. cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry) during transport as the result of vibration and motion. This paper draws analogues with subjective evaluations of human comfort and poses a number of questions which must be addressed by research in order to quantify vibration dose, animal welfare response relationships. The primary requirement is to determine to what extent frequency dependent response weightings for the most important axes of vibration are necessary for each animal species and to determine how they should be defined. This would enable a comparison to be made between the experiences of humans and animals.

117 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and meat quality in stressed pigs offered excess dietary tryptophan and tyrosine.
Adeola, O.; Ball, R.O.
Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Jun.
Journal of animal science v. 70 (6): p. 1888-1894; 1992 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Feed supplements; Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Serotonin; Catecholamines; Exudative meat; Pigmeat; Hypothalamus; Pig feeding; Stress

Abstract: Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork occurs, for the most part, from environmental stress on the pig. Amino acid intake may be related to stress susceptibility through hormone and neurotransmitter induction. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether supplementation of 5 g of tryptophan (TRP) or 10 g of tyrosine (TYR) per kilogram of a 14% CP diet would alter the response of pigs to stress as measured by hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations and incidence of PSE. Twenty-four (Exp. 1) and 36 (Exp. 2) 92-kg pigs were offered one of three diets: control, TRP-, or TYR-supplemented for 5 d before slaughter. Dietary TRP or TYR supplementation in Exp. 1. doubled (P < .05) plasma TRP and TYR concentrations, respectively, and increased (P < .05) 5-hydroxytryptamine, dihydroxyphenyl ethylamine, dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and homovanillic acid concentrations in the hypothalamus. Pigs that exhibited stress at slaughter had lower (P < .05) hypothalamic concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. In Exp. 2, pigs were trucked 55 km to a commercial meat packing facility and slaughtered without a rest period. This handling procedure was designed to invoke a high incidence of PSE pork and thus be a strong test of treatments. Supplemental dietary amino acids seemed to alter the frequency distribution of the severity of PSE pork. These data indicate that dietary manipulation of amino acid precursors of neurotransmitters may offer a practical means of reducing stress response in swine.

118 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The identification of behavioural indicators of 'stress' in early weaned piglets.
Dybkjaer, L.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Nov.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (2): p. 135-147; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Piglets; Early weaning; Stress; Stress factors; Stocking density; Pig housing; Overcrowding; Abnormal behavior; Indicators

119 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J82
Immunopathology in Aujeszky's disease virus-infected pigs exposed to fluctuating temperatures.
Narita, M.; Nanba, K.; Haritani, M.; Kawashima, K.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Aug.
Journal of comparative pathology v. 107 (2): p. 221-229; 1992 Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Environmental temperature; Cyclic fluctuations; Stress; Disease resistance; Susceptibility; Pathology

120 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
Imp