 Anesthesia and Analgesia for Companion and Laboratory AnimalsProvided by the Animal Welfare
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Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-18
311 citations in English from AGRICOLA
Tim Allen
Animal Welfare Information Center
March 1994 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Allen, Tim
Anesthesia and analgesia for companion and laboratory animals.
(Quick bibliography series ; 94-18)
1. Animal anesthesia--Bibliography. 2. Laboratory animals--Bibliography. I.
Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.94-18
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JOURNAL ARTICLE:
Citation # NAL Call No.
Article title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title.
Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6
Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service
Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41
(8). p.48-50. ill.
BOOK:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information
on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987
Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography:
p. 126.
AUDIOVISUAL:
Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Supplemental information such as funding. Media format
(i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size).
Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia
Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +
activity packet. Anesthesia and Analgesia for Companion and Laboratory Animals
January 1988 - January 1994
SEARCH STRATEGY
Set Items Description
1 20557 anesthe? or anasthe? or anaesthe? or analges? or pain? or
distress? or stress? or tranquil? or anxiolytic?
2 2258 S1 and (rabbit? or dog? or cat? or puppy or puppies or kitten?
or rat or rats or mouse or mice or guinea (W) pig? or hamster?
or gerbil? or ferret? or vole?)
3 1809 S2/ti(tle)
4 871 S3 and PY=1988:1994
5 861 S4 and LA=English
6 484 S5 not stress?
Anesthesia and Analgesia for Companion and Laboratory Animals
1 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Acupuncture analgesia: a review.
Janssens, L.A.A.; Rogers, P.A.M.; Schoen, A.M.
London : The Association; 1988 Apr09.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 122
(15): p. 355-358. ill; 1988 Apr09. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Acupuncture; Pain; Analgesics
2 NAL Call. No.: SF601.P76
Acupuncture-produced surgical analgesia--physiology, indications, techniques,
and limitations.
Klide, A.M.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co; 1992 Mar.
Problems in veterinary medicine v. 4 (1): p. 200-206; 1992 Mar. In the series
analytic: Veterinary acupuncture / edited by A. M. Schoen. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Domestic animals; Anesthesia; Surgery; Mode of action;
Acupuncture; Restraint of animals
3 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis in a dog after halothane anaesthesia and
administration of flunixin meglumine and trimethoprim-sulphadiazine.
McNeil, P.E.
London : The Association; 1992 Aug15.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131
(7): p. 148-151; 1992 Aug15. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Postoperative complications; Nephritis; Renal failure;
Halothane; Anesthesia; Flunixin; Trimethoprim; Sulfadiazine; Ischemia; Case
reports
4 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Adaptation of human oscillometric blood pressure monitors for use in dogs.
Hunter, J.S. Jr; McGrath, C.J.; Thatcher, C.D.; Remillard, R.L.; McCain, W.C.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Sep.
American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (9): p. 1439-1442; 1990 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Monitors; Blood pressure; Measurement; Modification;
Veterinary equipment
Abstract: Two digital oscillometric human blood pressure measuring devices
were modified and evaluated as blood pressure monitors in 12 healthy
anesthetized dogs. Direct arterial pressures were measured via cannulation of
the dorsal pedal artery and were correlated with indirect measurements through
an inflatable cuff placed over the dorsal pedal artery below the hock joint of
the contralateral limb. Direct and indirect measurements were compared for
systolic, diastolic, and calculated mean arterial pressures. Blood pressure
ranges between 215/145 mm of Hg and 65/30 mm of Hg were obtained, using
combinations of halothane, phenylephrine, calcium, and IV administered fluids.
Machine A was found to be insufficient for clinical application, on the basis
of correlation coefficients between direct and indirect pressures of 0.78,
0.65, and 0.74 for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures,
respectively. Higher correlation coefficients between direct and indirect
pressures (0.77, 0.87, and 0.87, respectively) were obtained with machine B.
The results of the study reported here suggest machine B may be an effective
blood pressure monitoring device in anesthetized dogs.
5 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic
regimens in dogs.
Smith, J.A.; Gaynor, J.S.; Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Apr01.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (7): p.
1111-1115; 1993 Apr01. Paper presented at the symposium on "Animals and the
environment: Impacts on veterinary medicine," Boston, Massachusetts. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthetics; Adverse effects;
Diazepam; Anesthesia
6 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
alpha 2-Adrenergic receptor agonist effects on supraventricular and
ventricular automaticity in dogs with complete atrioventricular block.
Day, T.K.; Muir, W.W. III
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Jan.
American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (1): p. 136-141; 1993 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Alpha-adrenergic receptors; Agonists; Narcotic antagonists;
Xylazine; Ventricles
Abstract: Complete atrioventricular block was induced in 26
pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs to determine the effects of the alpha
2-adrenergic receptor agonists, xylazine and medetomidine, on supraventricular
and ventricular automaticity. Prazosin and atipamezole, alpha-adrenoceptor
antagonists, were administered to isolate alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptor
effects. Six dogs served as controls and were given glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/kg
of body weight, IV) and esmolol (50 to 75 microgram/kg/min, IV) to induce
parasympathetic and beta 1-adrenergic blockade, respectively. Eight dogs were
given sequentially increasing doses of xylazine (n = 5), 0.000257 mg (10(-9)M)
to 25.7 mg (10(-4)M) and medetomidine (n = 3), 0.000237 mg (10(-9)M) to 2.37
mg (10(-5) < M) after parasympathetic and beta 1-adrenergic blockade. Twelve
dogs were given xylazine (n = 6, 1.1 mg/kg, IV) or medetomidine (n = 6, 0.05
mg/kg, IV) after parasympathetic and beta 1-adrenergic blockade. Three dogs
given xylazine and 3 dogs given medetomidine were administered prazosin (0.1
mg/kg, IV) followed by atipamezole (0.3 mg/kg, IV). The order of prazosin and
atipamezole was reversed in the remaining 3 dogs given either xylazine or
medetomidine. Complete atrioventricular block and administration of
glycopyrrolate and esmolol resulted in stable supraventricular and ventricular
rates over a 4-hour period. Increasing concentration of xylazine or
medetomidine did not cause significant changes in supraventricular or
ventricular rate. Xylazine and medetomidine, in the presence of the
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, prazosin (alpha(1)) and atipamezole
(alpha(2)), did not cause significant changes in supraventricular or
ventricular rate. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor agonists do not induce direct alpha 1-
or alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated depression of supraventricular or ventricular
rate in dogs with complete atrioventricular block.
7 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Alterations in epinephrine-induced arrhythmogenesis after xylazine and
subsequent yohimbine administration in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
Tranquilli, W.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Jul.
American journal of veterinary research v. 49 (7): p. 1072-1075; 1988 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Adrenalin; Xylazine; Anesthetics; Heart rate;
Blood pressure; Heart diseases
Abstract: Effects of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV bolus, plus 1.1
mg/kg/h infusion) and subsequent yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg, IV bolus)
administration on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) in isoflurane
(1.8% endtidal)-anesthetized dogs were evaluated. The ADE was defined as the
total dose of epinephrine that induced greater than or equal to 4 premature
ventricular contractions within 15 seconds during a 3-minute infusion period
or within 1 minute after the end of infusion. Total ADE values during
isoflurane anesthesia, after xylazine administration, and after yohimbine
injection were 36.6 +/- 8.45 micrograms/kg, 24.1 +/- 6.10 micrograms/kg, and
45.7 +/- 6.19 micrograms/kg, respectively. Intravenous xylazine administration
significantly ( P less than 0.05) increased blood pressure and decreased heart
rate, whereas yohimbine administration induced a significant (P less than
0.05) decrease in blood pressure. After yohimbine administration, the ADE
significantly (P less than 0.05) increased above that after isoflurane plus
xylazine administration. After yohimbine administration, blood pressure
measured immediately before epinephrine-induced arrhythmia was significantly
(P less than 0.05) less than the value recorded during isoflurane plus
xylazine anesthesia. Heart rate was unchanged among treatments immediately
before epinephrine-induced arrhythmia. Seemingly, yohimbine possessed a
protective action against catecholamine-induced arrhythmias in dogs
anesthetized with isoflurane and xylazine.
8 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Anaesthesia and central nervous system disease in small animals. I. general
considerations.
Court, M.H.; Dodman, N.H.; Norman, W.M.; Seeler, D.C.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1990 Jul.
British veterinary journal v. 146 (4): p. 285-295; 1990 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Central nervous system;
Nervous system diseases; Hypertension; Surgical operations; Physiopathology;
Blood flow; Treatment
9 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Anaesthesia and central nervous system disease in small animals. II.
anaesthetic management for specific diseases and procedures.
Court, M.H.; Dodman, N.H.; Norman, W.M.; Seeler, D.C.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1990 Jul.
British veterinary journal v. 146 (4): p. 296-308; 1990 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Nervous system diseases;
Central nervous system; Neoplasms; Head; Injuries; Spinal diseases; Diagnostic
techniques
10 NAL Call. No.: SF991.A3
Anaesthesia: established principles and new developments.
Taylor, P.M.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1988.
Advances in small animal practice v. 1: p. 87-119. ill; 1988. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Respiration; Blood circulation;
Monitoring
11 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Anaesthesia for small animal patients with disease of the hepatic, renal or
gastrointestinal system.
Dodman, N.H.; Seeler, D.C.; Court, M.H.; Norman, W.M.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1989 Jan.
British veterinary journal v. 145 (1): p. 3-22; 1989 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Liver diseases; Kidney
diseases; Digestive system diseases
12 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Anaesthesia for small animal patients with neuromuscular disease.
Fikes, L.L.; Dodman, N.H.; Court, M.H.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1990 Nov.
British veterinary journal v. 146 (6): p. 487-499; 1990 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Neuromuscular diseases; Anesthetics;
Neurophysiology; Physiopathology; Symptoms; Breeds; Diagnosis; Risk; Adverse
effects
13 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3
Anaesthetic effects of chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane in adult
male rats.
Field, K.J.; White, W.J.; Lang, C.M.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1993 Jul.
Laboratory animals v. 27 (3): p. 258-269; 1993 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Anesthetics
Abstract: Chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane were evaluated and
compared for onset, duration and depth of anaesthesia, cardiovascular and
respiratory effects, nociception and mortality in adult male rats. Chloral
hydrate (300 and 400 mg/kg) severely depressed the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems. Duration of anaesthesia was linearly related to dose, and
anaesthetic depth and analgesia were excellent. Pentobarbital (40 mg/kg)
produced a short period light surgical anaesthesia. Moderate to severe
respiratory and cardiovascular depression occurred. Duration of anaesthesia
was not related to dose. Urethane (1.2 and 1.5 g/kg) caused moderate
cardiovascular depression. In addition, mortality was high at the 1.5 g/kg
dose. Duration of anaesthesia was greater than 24 h for most animals.
Anaesthesia depth and analgesia were excellent.
14 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Anaesthetic management of the traumatized small animal patient.
Norman, W.M.; Dodman, N.H.; Court, M.H.; Seeler, D.C.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1989 Sep.
British veterinary journal v. 145 (5): p. 410-425; 1989 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Trauma; Anesthesia; Physiopathology; Respiratory
system; Cardiovascular system; Central nervous system
15 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
Anaesthetic regimes for cataract removal in the dog.
Young, S.S.; Barnett, K.C.; Taylor, P.M.
London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1991 May.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 32 (5): p. 236-240; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cataract; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Muscle relaxants;
Halothane; Nitrous oxide; Thiopental; Preoperative care; Surgery
16 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Analgesia after lateral thoracotomy in dogs: epidural morphine vs. intercostal
bupivacaine.
Pascoe, P.J.; Dyson, D.H.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar.
Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 141-147; 1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Pain; Analgesics
17 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Analgesia and behavioral responses of dogs given oxymorphone-acepromazine and
meperidine-acepromazine after methoxyflurane and halothane anesthesia.
Sawyer, D.C.; Rech, R.H.; Adams, T.; Durham, R.A.; Richter, M.A.; Striler,
E.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Aug.
American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (8): p. 1361-1368; 1992 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Pethidine; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Halothane;
Methoxyflurane; Pain; Drug effects; Blood pressure; Pulse rate
Abstract: This study was designed to test analgesia, duration, and
cardiovascular changes induced by meperidine (MEP) and oxymorphone (OXY)
following methoxyflurane (MOF) and halothane (HAL) anesthesia. Eight healthy
dogs were given atropine and acepromazine, and anesthesia was induced with
thiamylal and maintained with 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of MOF or HAL
for 1 hour during controlled ventilation. Eight treatments were given with
each anesthetic: 3 with MEP (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, IV), 3 with oxymorphone
(OXY; 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg, IV), and 2 placebos with sterile water. Test
drugs were given at the end of anesthesia when early signs of recovery were
evident. Minimal threshold stimulus/response nociception was assessed by use
of an inflatable soft plastic colonic balloon. Blood pressures and pulse rate
were measured with a noninvasive monitor. Meperidine and OXY were found to be
effective analgesics and could be reversed with naloxone. Intravenous
administration of 2.0 mg of MEP/kg provided analgesia for 36 +/- 6 minutes and
39 +/- 15 minutes after MOF and HAL, respectively. In contrast, OXY was
effective at all 3 doses with effects of IV administration of 0.2 mg of OXY/kg
lasting 154 +/- 13 minutes and 152 +/- 12 minutes, after MOF and HAL,
respectively. Analgesia could not be demonstrated after anesthesia for
acepromazine, MOF, or HAL. Blood pressure was not changed by either anesthetic
nor was it influenced by MEP or OXY. Pulse rate was significantly depressed by
the higher doses of OXY following HAL, but was not changed by MEP following
either anesthetic. This study demonstrated the longer duration of analgesia of
OXY. In addition, we could not find that analgesia was provided by either MOF
or HAL following recovery from anesthesia.
18 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Analgesia in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: a comparison of morphine,
selective intercostal nerve block, and interpleural regional analgesia with
bupivacaine.
Thompson, S.E.; Johnson, J.M.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Jan.
Veterinary surgery v. 20 (1): p. 73-77; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Postoperative care; Morphine; Pain; Blood; Ph;
Gases
19 NAL Call. No.: SF991.A3
Analgesia in dogs and cats.
Waterman, A.E.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1988.
Advances in small animal practice v. 1: p. 159-181; 1988. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Analgesics; Pain; Treatment; Surgery;
Pharmacology
20 NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6
Analgesic activity of certain flavone derivatives: a structure-activity study.
Thirugnanasambantham, P.; Viswanathan, S.; Mythirayee, C.; Krishnamurty, V.;
Ramachandran, S.; Kameswaran, L.
Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1990 Feb.
Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 28 (2): p. 207-214; 1990 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Flavonoids; Derivatives; Structure activity relationships;
Analgesics; Mice
21 NAL Call. No.: RS160.I47
Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of chasmanthera dependens.
Onabanjo, A.O.; John, T.A.; Sokale, A.A.; Samuel, O.T.
Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger; 1991 Feb.
International journal of pharmacognosy v. 29 (1): p. 24-28; 1991 Feb.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Menispermaceae; Medicinal plants; Pharmaceutical products; Plant
extracts; Alkaloids; Tannins; Cardiac glycosides; Medicinal properties;
Analgesics; Antiinflammatory agents; Drug toxicity; Mice
22 NAL Call. No.: RS160.I47
Analgesic and antipyretic effects of Mucuna pruriens.
Iauk, L.; Galati, E.M.; Kirjavainen, S.; Forestieri, A.M.; Trovato, A.
Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger; 1993 Aug.
International journal of pharmacognosy v. 31 (3): p. 213-216; 1993 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mucuna pruriens; Medicinal properties; Plant extracts; Leaves;
Fruits; Trichomes; Analgesics; Antipyretics; Pain; Fever; Inflammation; Rats;
Mice
23 NAL Call. No.: 450 P697
Analgesic and behavioural effects of Morinda citrifolia.
Younos, C.; Rolland, A.; Fleurentin, J.; Lanhers, M.C.; Misslin, R.; Mortier,
F.
Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1990 Oct.
Planta medica v. 56 (5): p. 430-434; 1990 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Morinda citrifolia; Roots; Plant extracts; Analgesics;
Pharmaceutical products; Medicinal properties; Mice; Naloxone
24 NAL Call. No.: 450 P697
Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Euphorbia hirta.
Lanhers, M.C.; Fleurentin, J.; Dorfman, P.; Mortier, F.; Pelt, J.M.
Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1991 Jun.
Planta medica v. 57 (3): p. 225-231; 1991 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Euphorbia hirta; Plant extracts; Pharmaceutical products; Mice;
Rats; Analgesics; Antipyretics; Antiinflammatory agents
25 NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6
Analgesic effect of Momordica charantia seed extract in mice and rats.
Biswas, A.R.; Ramaswamy, S.; Bapna, J.S.
Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Jan.
Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 31 (1): p. 115-118; 1991 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Momordica charantia; Medicinal plants; Plant extracts;
Analgesics; Mice; Rats
26 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
Analgesic effects of acupuncture in thoracolumbar disc disease in dogs.
Still, J.
London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1989 May.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 30 (5): p. 298-301. ill; 1989 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Acupuncture; Spinal diseases; Pain
27 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3
An analgesiometry system for use in rabbits with some preliminary data on the
effects of buprenorphine and lofentanil.
Wootton, R.; Cross, G.; Wood, S.; West, C.D.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1988 Jul.
Laboratory animals v. 22 (3): p. 217-222. ill; 1988 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Analgesics; Dosage effect; Measurement
Abstract: A low cost infrared skin heating system has been designed to
measure the efficacy of analgesics in rabbits. Following construction of a
prototype, it was used to access the effect of buprenorphine given
subcutaneously and per rectum. Buprenorphine administered subcutaneously has a
rapid onset of action, but its duration (8-10 h) appears slightly shorter than
has been suggested previously; rectal administration appears to prolong its
effect. Preliminary data show that lofentanil has a longer duration of action
than buprenorphine and it may prove, therefore, to be a valuable long-acting
analgesic in the rabbit.
28 NAL Call. No.: QH301.M6
Analysis of the causes effecting facilatory and inhibitory influences of the
sympathetic nervous system on parasympathetic chronotropic effects in
anesthetized cats.
Yashina, L.P.; Samonina, G.E.
New York, N.Y. : Allerton Press; 1988.
Moscow University biological sciences bulletin v. 43 (2): p. 13-19; 1988.
Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Biologiia, v. 43 (2), 1988,
p. 15-21. (QH301.M58). Includes references.
Language: English; Russian
Descriptors: Cat; Anesthetics; Heart rate; Inhibition; Stimulation;
Sympathetic nervous system; Physiology
29 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992
Anesthesia and control of pain responses during surgery of the eye.
Hartsfield, S.M.
New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.
Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 338-347, 361;
1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cataract; Surgical operations; Anesthesia; Anesthetics;
Pain; Eyes; Analgesics; Opioids; Drugs; Dosage; Muscle relaxants;
Postoperative care; Postoperative complications; Inhaled anesthetics
30 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V523
Anesthesia and pain control.
Bednarski, R.M.
Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1989 Nov.
The Veterinary clinics of North America : Small animal practice v. 19 (6): p.
1223-1238; 1989 Nov. In the series analytic: Critical care / edited by R.B.
Kirby and G.L. Stamp. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Pain; Emergencies
31 NAL Call. No.: SF407.F39B56
Anesthesia and surgery.
Fox, J.G.
Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger; 1988.
Biology and diseases of the ferret / [edited by] James G. Fox. p. 289-302.
ill; 1988. Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Ferrets; Anesthesia; Injections; Anesthetics; Surgery;
Immunization
32 NAL Call. No.: SF992.C37C36
Anesthesia and the heart.
Mason, D.E.; Hubbell, J.A.E.
New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1988.
Canine and feline cardiology / edited by Philip R. Fox. p. 591-603; 1988.
Literature review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular diseases; Anesthetics;
Risks; Monitoring
33 NAL Call. No.: SF601.P76
Anesthesia for head and neck surgery.
Hartsfield, S.M.; Jacobson, J.D.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Co; 1991 Jun.
Problems in veterinary medicine v. 3 (2): p. 123-141; 1991 Jun. In the series
analytic: Head and Neck Surgery / edited by C.S. Hedlund. Literature review.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Head; Neck;
Preoperative care; Fasting; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthetics; Analgesics;
Respiration; Air flow; Tubes; Postoperative care; Monitoring
34 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Anesthesia of pups and kittens.
Grandy, J.L.; Dunlop, C.I.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Apr01.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 198 (7): p.
1244-1249; 1991 Apr01. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pups; Kittens; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Age differences;
Pharmacokinetics; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system; Liver; Kidneys;
Thermoregulation
35 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Anesthetic and medical management of acute hemorrhage during surgery.
Wagner, A.E.; Dunlop, C.I.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (1): p. 40-45;
1993 Jul01. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Horses; Hemorrhage; Surgery; Anesthesia; Medical
treatment; Blood volume; Losses; Hematocrit; Blood proteins
36 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Anesthetic and nephrotoxic effects of Telazol in New Zealand white rabbits.
Brammer, D.W.; Doerning, B.J.; Chrisp, C.E.; Rush, H.G.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Oct.
Laboratory animal science v. 41 (5): p. 432-435; 1991 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Injectable anesthetics; Intramuscular injection; Renal
failure; Toxicity; Anesthesia; Complications
Abstract: Telazol was evaluated as an anesthetic for rabbits. Two groups of
five rabbits each were injected intramuscularly with 32 or 64 mg/kg of
Telazol, and the depth and duration of anesthesia period monitored. At both
doses, the righting reflex was lost within 2 minutes postinjection. Animals in
both groups responded to noxious stimuli for the duration of the anesthesia.
Hematology and urinalyses were performed daily for 7 days postinjection.
Hematologic parameters remained unchanged in both groups. In the high-dose
group, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels increased 1 day
postinjection and continued steadily throughout the week. Elevations in urine
protein and the presence of casts correlated with this increase. In the
low-dose group, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased and
protein was present in the urine of four of five rabbits beginning
approximately 5 days postinjection. Histologically, severe renal tubular
necrosis was evident 7 days postinjection in all high-dose rabbits and in
three rabbits in the low-dose group. Our results indicate that Telazol does
not produce analgesia in rabbits and is nephrotoxic at both 32 and 64 mg/kg.
We conclude that Telazol is contraindicated for use in rabbits.
37 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A5
Anesthetic and surgical management of intrathoracic segmental tracheal
stenosis utilizing high-frequency jet ventilation.
Whitfield, J.B.; Graves, G.M.; Lappin, M.R.; Toombs, J.P.; Crowe, D.T.;
Bjorling, D.E.
Golden, Colo. : The Association; 1989 Jul.
The Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association v. 25 (4): p. 443-446.
ill; 1989 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Trachea; Thorax; Abnormalities; Resection
38 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
Anesthetic breathing circuits for cats and small dogs.
Romatowski, J.
Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1990 Feb.
The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian v. 12
(2): p. 183-187, 190-193. ill; 1990 Feb. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Apparatus; Tubes; Circuits; Breathing;
Resistance to air flow; Air flow; Heat loss
39 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V523
Anesthetic considerations for the geriatric patient.
Paddleford, R.R.
Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1989 Jan.
The Veterinary clinics of North America : Small animal practice v. 19 (1): p.
13-31; 1989 Jan. In the series analytic: Geriatrics and gerontology / edited
by R.T. Goldston. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Geriatrics; Anesthetics; Pharmacokinetics;
Pharmacodynamics; Anesthesia
40 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Anesthetic management of small animal patients with endocrine disease.
Court, M.H.; Dodman, N.H.; Norman, W.M.; Seeler, D.C.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1988 Jul.
British veterinary journal v. 144 (4): p. 323-342; 1988 Jul. Literature
review. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Adrenal gland diseases; Adrenal medulla;
Thyroid diseases; Treatment
41 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Anesthetic requirement of isoflurane is reduced in spontaneously hypertensive
and Wistar-Kyoto rats.
Cole, D.J.; Marcantonio, S.; Drummond, J.C.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Sep.
Laboratory animal science v. 40 (5): p. 506-509; 1990 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Hypertension
Abstract: The isoflurane requirement to keep 50% of rats (Rattus norvegicus)
unresponsive to noxious stimuli (MAC) was determined in age matched
Sprague-Dawley (SD, n = 8), Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR, n = 8) and
Wistar-Kyoto (WKY, n = 8) strains. Following induction and orotracheal
intubation, each rat received isoflurane (1.65% end-tidal) for 120 minutes.
Physiologic parameters were similar except for expected differences in mean
arterial pressure (148 +/- 13mmHg-SHR group, 101 +/- 10mmHg-SD group and 94
+/- 12mmHg-WKY group [mean +/- standard deviation]). Anesthetic equilibration
was verified by infrared analysis of end-tidal gases. MAC was then determined
in each rat by the tail clamp method and a group MAC calculated.
42 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Anesthetic techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens.
Faggella, A.M.; Aronsohn, M.G.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jan01.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202 (1): p. 56-62;
1993 Jan01. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Kittens; Castration; Ovariectomy; Anesthesia; Guidelines; Safety;
Adverse effects; Anesthetics
43 NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990
Anesthetics and analgesics in rabbits.
Hobbs, B.A.
Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.;
1990.
Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings -- 1990 Forum,
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia,
Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 64, 63, 62, 61; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthetics; Analgesics
44 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A
Antagonism by flumazenil of midazolam-induced changes in quantitative
electroencephalographic data from isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
Keegan, R.D.; Greene, S.A.; Moore, M.P.; Gallagher, L.V.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 May.
American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (5): p. 761-765; 1993 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Benzodiazepines; Narcotic antagonists; Anesthetics;
Electroencephalography
Abstract: Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was assessed in 5 dogs
anesthetized with 1.6% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane and after
subsequent administration of the benzodiazepine midazolam (0.2 mg/kg of body
weight, IV). Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia. Effect of the
benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (0.04 mg/kg, IV), on QEEG in
midazolam-isoflurane-anesthetized dogs was determined. Heart rate, arterial
blood pressure, esophageal temperature, arterial pH and blood gas tensions,
end-tidal CO2 concentration, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were
monitored throughout the study. A 21-lead linked-ear montage was used for
recording the EEG data. Quantitative EEG data were stored on an optical disk
for later analysis. Values for absolute power of EEG were determined for
delta, theta, alpha, and beta-frequencies. Cardiovascular variables remained
stable throughout the study. Midazolam administration was associated with
decreased absolute power in all frequencies of EEG at all electrode sites.
Administration of flumazenil antagonized midazolam-induced decreased absolute
power of EEG in all frequencies at all electrode sites. We conclude that QEEG
provides a noninvasive, objective measure of midazolam- and flumazenil-induced
changes in cortical activity during isoflurane anesthesia.
45 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Antagonism of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats by administration of
yohimbine, tolazoline, or 4-aminopyridine.
Komulainen, A.; Olson, M.E.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4): p. 585-588; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Xylazine; Yohimbine; 4-aminopyridine;
Drug antagonism; Dosage; Adverse effects
Abstract: Antagonism of ketamine-xylazine (85 mg of ketamine/kg of body
weight and 15 mg of xylazine/kg, IM) anesthesia in rats by yohimbine (YOH; 1,
5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, IP), tolazoline (TOL; 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg, IP),
4-aminopyridine 4-AP; 1 or 5 mg/kg, IP), or a combination of yohimbine and
4-aminopyridine (YOH:4-AP, 1 mg/kg:1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg:1 mg/kg, IP) was
studied. All dosages of YOH, TOL, 4-Ap, and YOH:4-AP reduced the time to
appearance of corneal and pedal reflexes. Only TOL was effective in reducing
time to appearance of the crawl reflex and recovery time. Yohimbine, 4-AP,
YOH:4-AP, and TOL were effective in reversing respiratory depression caused by
ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, but anesthetic-induced hypothermia was not
antagonized. When given to non-anesthetized rats, the antagonists had little
influence on respiratory rate, but all antagonists caused significant (P <
0.05) reduction in core body temperature for at least 90 minutes. When YOH was
used as an anesthetic antagonist at dosage of 20 mg/kg, 20% mortality was
observed and was attributable to acute respiratory arrest. The use of 4-AP and
YOH:4-AP at the dosages studied induced moderate to severe muscular tremors.
In conclusion, TOL at dosage of 20 mg/kg given IP, appears to be an
appropriate antagonist for ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats.
46 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Antagonistic activities of atipamezole, 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine against
medetomidine/ketamine-induced anaesthesia in cats.
Verstegen, J.; Fargetton, X.; Zanker, S.; Donnay, I.; Ectors, F.
London : The Association; 1991 Jan.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 128
(3): p. 57-60; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Drug antagonism; Narcotic antagonists;
Yohimbine; 4-aminopyridine; Anesthetics; Ketamine
47 NAL Call. No.: 450 P697
Anti-infammatory and analgesic effects of an aqueous extract of Harpagophytum
procumbens.
Lanhers, M.C.; Fleurentin, J.; Mortier, F.; Vinche, A.; Younos, C.
Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1992 Apr.
Planta medica v. 58 (2): p. 117-123; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Harpagophytum procumbens; Plant extracts; Pharmaceutical
products; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics; Rats; Mice
48 NAL Call. No.: 500 N484
Antinociceptive effects of pyridoxine, thiamine, and cyanocobalamin in rats.
Bartoszyk, G.D.; Wild, A.
New York, N.Y. : The Academy; 1990.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences v. 585: p. 473-476; 1990. In the
series analytic: Vitamin B6 / edited by K. Dakshinamurti. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cyanocobalamin; Pyridoxine; Thiamin; Dosage effects; Pain; Rats
49 NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6
Anxiolytic activity of Panax ginseng roots: an experimental study.
Bhattacharya, S.K.; Mitra, S.K.
Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Aug.
Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 34 (1): p. 87-92; 1991 Aug. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Panax pseudoginseng; Roots; Diazepam; Anxiety; Behavior; Rats
Abstract: The putative anxiolytic activity of the white and red varieties of
ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, was investigated in rats and mice using a
number of experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of
diazepam. Pilot studies indicated that single-dose administration of ginseng
had little to no acute behavioral effects, hence the two varieties of ginseng
were administered orally at two dose levels twice daily for 5 days, while
diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered acutely. White and red varieties of
ginseng (20 and 50 mg/kg) showed positive results when tested against several
paradigms of experimental anxiety. Both were effective in the open-field and
elevated plus-maze tests and reduced conflict behaviour in thirsty rats and
footshock-induced fighting in paired mice. Ginseng also attenuated
pentylenetetrazole-induced decrease in rat brain MAO activity, confirming its
anxiolytic activity since this has been proposed to be an endogenous marker
for anxiety. The effects induced by white and red ginseng (50 mg/kg X 5 days)
were comparable to those induced by diazepam (1 mg/kg).
50 NAL Call. No.: SF911.B56
Apnea associated with anesthesia.
Dyson, D.H.
Toronto : B.C. Decker, Inc; 1988.
Decision making in small animal soft tissue surgery / Allen G. Binnington,
Joanne R. Cockshutt. p. 184-185; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Asphyxia; Respiration; Ventilation
51 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992
Assessment of analgesia by catecholamine analysis: resopnse to onychectomy in
cats.
Benson, G.J.; Lin, H.C.; Thurmon, J.C.; Olson, W.A.; Tranquilli, W.J.
New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992.
Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 436-439,
476-477; 1992. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Analgesics; Catecholamines; Postoperative care; Surgical
operations; Drug effects
52 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3
Assessment of discomfort in rats with hepatomegaly.
Beynen, A.C.; Baumans, V.; Bertens, A.P.M.G.; Haas, J.W.M.; Hellemond, K.K.
van; Herck, H. van; Peters, M.A.W.; Stafleu, F.R.; Tintelen, G. van
London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1988 Oct.
Laboratory animals v. 22 (4): p. 320-325; 1988 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Hepatomegaly; Pain; Assessment; Cholesterol
Abstract: An attempt was made to assess discomfort in rats with hepatomegaly
induced by feeding a high cholesterol, high cholate diet. After 8 weeks, the
rats displayed a more than two-fold increase in liver weight when compared
with controls fed a commercial diet. In a small open field test, behaviour of
rats with hepatomegaly was similar to the controls. Of 9 parameters scored per
rat, only the response to pressure on the right hypochondrium (tension of
overlying muscles) scored higher than in control animals. There was
considerable discomfort between-assessor variation in the assignment of
scores. It is suggested, tentatively, that hepatomegaly in rats caused by
cholesterol plus cholate feeding, may not cause extreme discomfort. Upon
'blind' palpation of control and test rats, an average of 60% of the rats with
hepatomegaly were classified correctly.
53 NAL Call. No.: QL55.F43 1987
Assessment of discomfort induced by orbital puncture in rats.
Beynen, A.C.; Baumans, V.; Haas, J.W.M.; Hellemond, K.K. van; Stafleu, F.R.;
Tintelen, G. van
Dordrecht : M. Nijhoff; 1988.
New developments in biosciences : their implications for laboratory animal
science : proceedings of the Third Symposium, Amsterdam, The Nethrlands, 1-5
June 1987 / edited by Anton C. Beyneen and Henk A. Solleveld. p. 431-436. ill;
1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Eyes (animal); Blood sampling; Sampling techniques; Pain;
Assessment
54 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Atraumatic endotracheal intubation in small rabbits.
Conlon, K.C.; Corbally, M.T.; Bading, J.R.; Brennan, M.F.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Mar.
Laboratory animal science v. 40 (2): p. 221-222. ill; 1990 Mar. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Trachea; Tubes; Inhaled anesthetics; Anesthesia;
Laboratory methods
55 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Atrial fibrillation in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
Freeman, L.C.; Ack, J.A.; Fligner, M.A.; Muir, W.W. III
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jan.
American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1): p. 174-177; 1990 Jan.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Halothane; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Heart diseases
Abstract: Programmed electrical stimulation techniques were used to evaluate
the effects of halothane and isoflurane on induction of atrial fibrillation in
anesthetized dogs. Experiments were performed in 16 dogs anesthetized with
alpha-chloralose. Critically timed premature stimuli were applied to the right
atrial appendage and Bachmann bundle to determine the atrial fibrillation
threshold, defined as the minimal current required to induce rapid, irregular
atrial electrical activity of at least 8 seconds' duration. Atrial
fibrillation thresholds were determined at baseline (0.0% inhalational
anesthetic), 0.5 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), and 1.0 MAC of
halothane (n = 8) and isoflurane (n = 8). In the absence of inhalation
anesthetic, it was significantly (P < 0.01) easier to induce atrial
fibrillation at the Bachmann bundle vs the right atrial appendage. Atrial
fibrillation threshold at the Bachmann bundle was not affected by increasing
concentrations of halothane, but was increased by 1.0 MAC of isoflurane (P <
0.05). It was concluded that at 1.0 MAC isoflurane, but not halothane, has
antifibrillatory effects in atrial tissue.
56 NAL Call. No.: RB127.P34
Attempts to gauge the relative importance of pre- and postsynaptic effects of
morphine on the transmission of noxious messages in the dorsal horn of the rat
spinal cord.
Lombard, M.C.; Besson, J.M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1989 Jun.
Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain v.
37 (3): p. 335-345. ill; 1989 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Spinal cord; Morphine; Neurophysiology; Neurons; Pain
57 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Autonomic and cardiovascular effects of neuromuscular blockade antagonism in
the dog.
Clutton, R.E.; Boyd, C.; Flora, R.; Payne, J.; McGrath, C.J.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1992 Jan.
Veterinary surgery v. 21 (1): p. 68-75; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Nervous system; Drug combinations;
Cardiovascular system; Drug effects
58 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Azaperone and azaperone-ketamine as a neuroleptic sedative and anesthetic in
rats and mice.
Olson, M.E.; Renchko, P.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1988 Jun.
Laboratory animal science v. 38 (3): p. 299-304; 1988 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mice; Rats; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Azaperone; Drug combinations
Abstract: Azaperone alone and combined with ketamine were evaluated as
sedative and anesthetic agents in outbred rats and mice. Using azaperone alone
the duration of immobility was 1.9 to 10.8 hours for mice and 0.9 to 2.4 hours
for rats. The withdrawal reflex was not eliminated from mice receiving
azaperone alone; however, the withdrawal reflex was eliminated from 0.9 to 2.4
hours in rats receiving azaperone. Azaperone produced a tachypnea in rats and
male mice while a depressed respiratory rate was observed in female mice.
Using azaperone combined with ketamine, the duration of immobilization was 1.1
to 8.8 hours for mice and 1.3 to 6.0 hours for rats. The duration loss of the
withdrawal reflex, which was used as an indication of surgical anesthesia, was
0.9 to 1.8 hours for mice and 1.0 to 6.0 hours for rats. An increase in
respiratory rate was observed in rats given the combination while mice given
the combination showed transient tachypnea followed by bradypnea. Overall,
azaperone alone was shown to provide sedation in mice as compared to a dose
dependent anesthesia in rats. The azaperone-ketamine combination produced a
surgical plane of anesthesia in both rats and mice. Azaperone and the
azaperone-ketamine combination appear to be a suitable alternative to
sedatives and anesthetics currently used in rats and mice.
59 NAL Call. No.: 450 P697
Behavioural effects of the American traditional plant Eschscholzia
californica: sedative and anxiolytic properties.
Rolland, A.; Fleurentin, J.; Lanhers, M.C.; Younos, C.; Misslin, R.; Mortier,
F.; Pelt, J.M.
Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1991 Jun.
Planta medica v. 57 (3): p. 212-216; 1991 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Eschscholzia californica; Plant extracts; Pharmaceutical
products; Mice; Locomotion; Sleep
60 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3
Carbon dioxide as a short-term restraint anaesthetic in rats with subclinical
respiratory disease.
Fenwick, D.C.; Blackshaw, J.K.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Jul.
Laboratory animals v. 23 (3): p. 220-228; 1989 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Inhaled anesthetics; Oxygen; Anesthesia; Carbon dioxide;
Respiratory diseases; Safety; Restraint of animals
Abstract: The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) with, and without, oxygen (O2) as a
short-term restraint anaesthetic for Wistar rats in which subclinical
respiratory disease was endemic, was assessed in 3 separate experiments. In
the first, rats were placed in a CO2 atmosphere generated from solid CO2 chips
in a 701 plastic bin, and removed at time intervals ranging from 0 to 120 s
after disappearance of the pedal reflex. Eight of 25 rats died, including 2
which were removed immediately the pedal reflex disappeared; it was concluded
that CO2 without O2 was not a suitable short-term anaesthetic for rats. In a
second study, rats were anaesthetized in atmospheres of 50:50 and 80:20
(CO2:O2) provided from commercially available cylinders, in 2 different
environments--a 3.41 glass jar and a 171 plastic bin. Rats became excited in
the plastic bin but not the glass jar. Rats in the glass jar displayed visible
depression and cessation of whiskers movement significantly more quickly in
the 80:20 (CO2:O2) than in the 50:50 mixture (4.2 +/- 0.98 s, n = 6, and 66.0
+/- 4.9 s, n = 6 vs 13.8 +/- 2.77 s, n = 5 and 152.0 +/- 20.8 s, n = 5,
respectively). Rats in the 171 plastic bin lost their pedal reflexes in a mean
41.5 +/- 4.55 s (n = 11) in the 50:50 mixture and in a mean 30.9 +/- 6.38 s (n
= 11) in the 80:20 (CO2:O2) group. Those left in the 50:50 mixture for 60 s
and 180 s after disappearance of their pedal reflexes, recovered these
reflexes in 20.2 +/- 0.44 s and 21.5 +/- 7.23 s respectively after removal
from the gas. Respiration and heart beat ceased in one rat remaining in the
50:50 mixture after 13 min 10 s. No untoward effects occurred in rats left in
the 50:50 mixture for 180 s after disappearance of the pedal reflex, but 2
died when left for an equivalent period in the 80:20 mixture. In the third
study, examples of the practical use of a 50:50 mixture as a short term
restraint anaesthetic are described. It was concluded that this mixture was a
cheap, safe, and effective means of sh
61 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiac dysrhythmias during anesthesia for cervical decompression in the dog.
Stauffer, J.L.; Gleed, R.D.; Short, C.E.; Erb, H.N.; Schukken, Y.H.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Jul.
American journal of veterinary research v. 49 (7): p. 1143-1146; 1988 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Heart diseases; Anesthesia; Spinal cord; Surgery
Abstract: In a retrospective study, the risk for cardiac dysrhythmias was
evaluated in dogs undergoing ventral decompression and/or fenestration of the
cervical spine (CERV) and compared with that for dogs undergoing dorsal
laminectomy for decompression of the thoracic or lumbar spine (TL). The dogs
in the CERV subset (48 dogs) tended to be heavier and older than the dogs in
the TL subset (111 dogs). There was no apparent bias detected in treatment
before anesthesia and surgery. The risk for dysrhythmias was 2.5 times greater
in the CERV subset, compared with that in the TL subset (P less than 0.01).
The risk for ventricular premature contraction was 3.5 times higher in the
CERV group ( P less than 0.05). Bradycardia was found in any dogsfrom the CERV
subset and was not found in any dogs from the TL subset. A logistic model was
derived from the data and may be used to evaluate the risk for dysrhythmias in
similar patients undergoing similar surgery and anesthesia. This model uses
age, preoperative heart rate, and site of surgery (CERV or TL) to estimate the
risk.
62 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of ketamine and its enantiomers in
dogs.
Muir, W.W. III; Hubbell, J.A.E.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Apr.
American journal of veterinary research v. 49 (4): p. 530-534; 1988 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Blood pressure; Heart output; Blood
chemistry; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system
63 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Cardiopulmonary and behavioral effects of combinations of
acepromazine/butorphanol and acepromazine/oxymorphone in dogs.
Cornick, J.L.; Hartsfield, S.M.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Jun15.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (12): p.
1952-1956; 1992 Jun15. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Opioids; Neuroleptics; Intravenous injection; Intramuscular
injection; Drug combinations; Anesthesia; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood
pressure; Body temperature; Blood; Ph; Bicarbonates; Oxygen; Carbon dioxide
64 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiopulmonary, anesthetic, and postanesthetic effects of intravenous
infusions of propofol in Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds.
Robertson, S.A.; Johnston, S.; Beemsterboer, J.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jun.
American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (6): p. 1027-1032; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Injectable anesthetics; Breeds; Crossbreds; Intravenous
injection; Cardiovascular system; Recovery; Anesthesia; Adverse effects
Abstract: The cardiopulmonary, anesthetic, and postanesthetic effects of an
iv infusion of the hypnotic agent propofol were assessed in 6 Greyhounds and 7
non-Greyhounds. After IM injection of acetylpromazine and atropine, a bolus
injection of propofol sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation (mean +/-
SEM = 4.0 +/- 0.3 mg/kg of body weight in Greyhounds; 3.2 +/- 0.1 mg/kg in
non-Greyhounds) was administered, followed by continuous infusion at a rate of
0.4 mg/kg/min for 60 minutes, during which time dogs breathed 100% oxygen. In
23% of all dogs (3 of 13), apnea developed after initial bolus administration
of propofol. Arterial blood pressure was well maintained in all dogs, but
heart and respiratory rates were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during the
infusion in Greyhounds. In Greyhounds, mild respiratory acidosis developed
after 45 minutes, whereas arterial carbon dioxide tension was increased at all
times after propofol administration in non-Greyhounds. In all dogs, PCV and
total plasma proteins were unaffected by propofol. Rectal temperature
decreased during treatment. Muscle tremors were observed in approximately 50%
of dogs (in 3 of 6 Greyhounds and 3 of 7 non-Greyhounds) during and after
infusion of propofol. Non-Greyhounds lifted their heads, assumed sternal
recumbency, and stood 10 +/- 1, 15 +/- 3, and 28 +/- 5 minutes, respectively,
after the end of the infusion; in Greyhounds, the corresponding times were 36
+/- 4, 43 +/- 6, and 63 +/- 7 minutes.
65 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Cardiopulmonary effects of a halothane/oxygen combination in healthy cats.
Ingwersen, W.; Allen, D.G.; Dyson, D.H.; Pascoe, P.J.; O'Grady, M.R.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Jul.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 52 (3): p. 386-391; 1988 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Anesthesia; Halothane; Oxygen; Pharmacodynamics; Respiration
rate; Cardiovascular system
66 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Cardiopulmonary effects of a halothane/oxygen combination in hypovolemic cats.
Ingwersen, W.; Allan, D.G.; Dyson, D.H.; Black, W.D.; Goldberg, M.T.;
Valliant, A.E.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Oct.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 52 (4): p. 428-433; 1988 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Anesthesia; Halothane; Oxygen; Hypovolemia; Heart output;
Respiration rate
67 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Cardiopulmonary effects of a ketamine hydrochloride/acepromazine combination
in healthy cats.
Ingwersen, W.; Allen, D.G.; Dyson, D.H.; Pascoe, P.J.; O'Grady, M.R.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Jan.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 52 (1): p. 1-4; 1988 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Ketamine; Anesthetics; Drug combinations; Drug effects;
Stroke; Respiration rate; Heart output; Heart rate
68 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane anesthesia in cats.
Grandy, J.L.; Hodgson, D.S.; Dunlop, C.I.; Curtis, C.R.; Heath, R.B.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Oct.
American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (10): p. 1729-1732. ill; 1989
Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Anesthesia; Halothane; Ventilation; Respiration rate;
Cardiovascular system
Abstract: The cardiopulmonary effects of 2 planes of halothane anesthesia
(halothane end-tidal concentrations of 1.78% [light anesthesia] and 2.75%
[deep anesthesia]) and 2 ventilatory modes (spontaneous ventilation [SV] or
mechanically controlled ventilation [CV]) were studied in 8 cats. Anesthesia
was induced and maintained with halothane in O2 only, and each cat was
administered each treatment according to a Latin square design. Cardiac
output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, heart rate,
respiratory frequency, and PaO2, PaCO2, and pH were measured during each
treatment. Stroke volume, cardiac index, and total peripheral resistance were
calculated. A probability value of less than 5% was accepted as significant.
In the cats, cardiac output, cardiac index, and stroke volume were reduced by
deep anesthesia and CV, although only the reduction attributable to CV was
significant. Systemic arterial pressure was significantly reduced by use of
deep anesthesia and CV. Respiratory frequency was significantly lower during
CV than during SV. Arterial P(O2) was significantly decreased at the deeper
plane of anesthesia, compared with the lighter plane. At the deeper plane of
anesthesia, arterial P(CO2) and pulmonary arterial pressure were significantly
lower during CV than during SV. The deeper plane of halothane anesthesia
depressed cardiopulmonary function in these cats, resulting in hypotension and
considerable hypercapnia. Compared with SV, CV significantly reduced
circulatory variables and should be used with care in cats. Arterial blood
pressure was judged to be more useful for assessing anesthetic depth than was
heart rate or respiratory frequency.
69 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiopulmonary responses to experimentally induced gastric dilatation in
isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
Hodgson, D.S.; Dunlop, C.I.; Chapman, P.L.; Grandy, J.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jun.
American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (6): p. 938-943; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Inhaled anesthetics; Stomach diseases; Cardiovascular
system; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Respiration
Abstract: Gastric dilatation was experimentally induced in 6 anesthetized
dogs maintained with constant-dose isoflurane in oxygen. An intragastric
balloon was used to distend the stomach with a constant 30 mm of Hg for 3.5
hours. The PaCO2, was maintained between 35 and 45 mm of Hg, using
intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Cardiopulmonary measurements prior
to stomach distension (baseline) were compared with measurements taken during
0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 hours of stomach distension by analyzing the
change from baseline in a randomized-block analysis with each dog as a block.
After distending the stomach, cardiac index increased (P < 0.01) from 1.5 to
3.5 hours. Stroke volume did not change, thus the increase in the, cardiac
index was attributable to an increase in heart rate. During inflation,
increases were observed in systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, and right
atrial pressure. Respiratory frequency was unchanged; however, to maintain
PaCO2, constant, it was necessary to progressively increase peak airway
pressure. Although PaO2, tended to decrease during gastric dilation, the dogs
were never hypoxemic. These results indicate that when our methods are used to
maintain a constant anesthetic dose of isoflurane in oxygen, an observed
increase in cardiovascular performance is expected. This differs from other
studies in anesthetized dogs that have shown reduction in cardiovascular
performance following gastric dilatation.
70 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Cardiorespiratory effects of combined midazolam and butorphanol in
isoflurane-anesthetized cats.
Gross, M.E.; Smith, J.A.; Tranquilli, W.J.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar.
Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 159-162; 1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Neuroleptics; Drug combinations; Anesthesia
71 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Cardiorespiratory effects of the intravenous administration of
tiletamine-zolazepam to cats.
Hellyer, P.; Muir, W.W. III; Hubbell, J.A.E.; Sally, J.
Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Co; 1988 Mar.
Veterinary surgery v. 17 (2): p. 105-110. ill; 1988 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Injections; Anesthetics; Respiration rate; Blood pressure;
Drug combinations
72 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Cardiorespiratory effects of the intravenous administration of
Tiletamine-zolazepam to dogs.
Hellyer, P.; Muir, W.W. III; Hubbell, J.A.E.; Sally, J.
Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Mar.
Veterinary surgery v. 18 (2): p. 160-165; 1989 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Respiration; Heart rate; Benzodiazepine; Cycloheximide;
Anesthetics; Drug combinations
73 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of propofol adminsitration in
hypovolemic dogs.
Ilkiw, J.E.; Pascoe, P.J.; Haskins, S.C.; Patz, J.D.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Dec.
American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (12): p. 2323-2327; 1992 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthetics; Dosage effects
Abstract: Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol were studied in hypovolemic
dogs from completion of, until 1 hour after administration. Hypovolemia was
induced by withdrawal of blood from dogs until mean arterial pressure of 60 mm
of Hg was achieved. After stabilization at this pressure for 1 hour, 6 mg of
propofol/kg of body weight was administered IV to 7 dogs, and cardiopulmonary
effects were measured. After blood withdrawal and prior to propofol
administration, oxygen utilization ratio increased, whereas mean arterial
pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, mixed venous oxygen
tension, and mixed venous oxygen content decreased from baseline. Three
minutes after propofol administration, mean pulmonary arterial pressure,
pulmonary vascular resistance, oxygen utilization ratio, venous admixture, and
arterial and mixed venous carbon dioxide tensions increased, whereas mean
arterial pressure, arterial oxygen tension, mixed venous oxygen content,
arterial and mixed venous pH decreased from values measured prior to propofol
administration. Fifteen minutes after propofol administration, mixed venous
carbon dioxide tension was still increased; however by 30 minutes after
propofol administration, all measurements had returned to values similar to
those measured prior to propofol administration.
74 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Cardiovascular changes in unanesthetized and ketamine-anesthetized
Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 2.8-GHz radiofrequency radiation.
Jauchem, J.R.; Frei, M.R.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Jan.
Laboratory animal science v. 41 (1): p. 70-75; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Radiation; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Body temperature; Heart
rate; Blood pressure; Strain differences
Abstract: Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2.8-GHz radiofrequency
radiation, first while unanesthetized and then while anesthetized with
ketamine (150 mg/kg, I.M.). Irradiation at a power density of 60 mW/cm2
(whole-body average specific absorption rate of approximately 14 W/kg) was
conducted for sufficient duration to increase colonic temperature from 38.5 to
39.5 degrees C. The time required for the temperature increase was
significantly longer in the anesthetized state. During irradition, heart rate
increased significantly both with and without anesthesia, while mean arterial
blood pressure increased only when the rats were unanesthetized. The heart
rate increase in the anesthetized state contrasts with a lack of change in a
previous study of Fischer rats. This difference between anesthetized
Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats should be considered when comparing
cardiovascular data obtained from these two strains of rats.
75 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol administration in isoflurane-O2
anesthetized healthy dogs.
Tyner, C.L.; Greene, S.A.; Hartsfield, S.M.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Sep.
American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (8): p. 1340-1342; 1989 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Cardiovascular system; Drug effects;
Anesthetics
Abstract: Cardiovascular consequences of butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg of
body weight, IV) administration during isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal
concentration) anesthesia were determined in mechanically ventilated healthy
dogs. Butorphanol administration caused significant (P less than or equal to
0.05) reductions in mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial blood pressures;
cardiac output; and rate-pressure product.
76 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
Greene, S.A.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Tyner, C.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Aug.
American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (8): p. 1276-1279; 1990 Aug.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Halothane; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system;
Detoxicants
Abstract: Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg of body weight,
IV) and responses associated with subsequent administration of naloxone (0.04
mg/kg, IV) were studied in halothane (1.2% end-tidal
concentration)-anesthetized dogs. Transient, but statistically significant (P
< 0.05), decreases in heart rate, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures,
and rate-pressure product were observed after butorphanol administration.
Cardiac index, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance did not change
significantly. Except for the decrease in heart rate, changes in the values of
the cardiovascular variables measured after butorphanol administration did not
appear to be clinically relevant. Sixty minutes after butorphanol
administration, naloxone was given. Statistically significant (P < 0.05)
increases in heart rate, arterial blood pressures, cardiac index, and
rate-pressure product, along with dysrhythmias were observed. Stroke volume
and systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged after administration of
naloxone. Naloxone administration was associated with changes indicative of
increased myocardial oxygen consumption.
77 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Cardiovascular function and serum catecholamine concentrations after
anesthesia and surgery in the dog.
Rawlings, C.A.; Tackett, R.L.; Bjorling, D.E.; Arnold, T.H. Jr
Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Jul.
Veterinary surgery v. 18 (4): p. 255-260; 1989 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Pain; Thermoregulation;
Cardiovascular system; Catecholamines; Blood serum; Blood flow; Body
temperature
78 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6456
Children's pets (excluding the rabbit).
Taylor, N.R.
London : Wright; 1990.
The Veterinary annual (30): p. 335-341; 1990.
Language: English
Descriptors: Hamsters; Golden hamsters; Cricetulus; Phodopus; Gerbils;
Meriones libycus; Meriones unguiculatus; Guinea pigs; Mice; Mus musculus;
Rats; Rattus norvegicus; Pet care; Anesthesia; Antibiotics; Dosage; Water
intake; Antifungal agents; Antiparasitic agents
79 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63
Cisternal CSF and serum concentrations of morphine following epidural
administration in the dog.
Valverde, A.; Conlon, P.D.; Dyson, D.H.; Burger, J.P.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Mar.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 15 (1): p. 91-95; 1992
Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Morphine; Conduction anesthesia; Blood serum; Cerebrospinal
fluid
80 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
Clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist in cats.
Vaha-Vahe, A.T.
London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1990 Apr.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 31 (4): p. 193-197; 1990 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Analgesics; Detoxicants; Drug antagonism; Drug effects;
Adverse effects; Dosage effect
81 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63
The clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist in the
dog.
Vaha-Vahe, A.T.
Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990 Jun.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 13 (2): p. 198-205;
1990 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Narcotic antagonists; Dosage; Drug antagonism;
Adverse effects
82 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Clinical evaluation of propofol as an intravenous anaesthetic agent in cats
and dogs.
Morgan, D.W.T.; Legge, K.
London : The Association; 1989 Jan14.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 124
(2): p. 31-33; 1989 Jan14. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Dogs; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Safety; Adverse effects;
Pharmacology
83 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
Clinical observations on medetomidine/ketamine anaesthesia and its antagonism
by atipamezole in the cat.
Young, L.E.; Jones, R.S.
London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1990 May.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 31 (5): p. 221-224; 1990 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Ketamine; Drug antagonism;
Antagonists
84 NAL Call. No.: SF981.C64
Clinical observations on the simultaneous administration of xylazine and
ketamine for anesthesia in the cat.
Duke, T.; Hale, G.J.; Jones, R.S.
Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1988 Aug.
Companion animal practice v. 2 (8): p. 3-6; 1988 Aug. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Ketamine; Dosage effect
85 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
The clinical pharmacology of agents used to manage cardiovascular instability
during general anaesthesia in small animals.
Norman, W.N.; Dodman, N.H.; Seeler, D.C.; Court, M.H.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1988 Jan.
British veterinary journal v. 144 (1): p. 5-20. ill; 1988 Jan. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Cardiovascular agents;
Heart rate; Blood pressure; Regulation; Pharmacology
86 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J6 1988
Clinical stages of general anesthesia., 6th ed.
Booth, N.H.
Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University Press; 1988.
Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics / edited by Nicholas H. Booth, Leslie
E. McDonald. p. 171-180. ill; 1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Analgesics
87 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Closed system delivery of halothane and isoflurane with a vaporizer in the
anesthetic circle.
Bednarski, R.M.; Muir, W.W. III
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Sep.
Veterinary surgery v. 20 (5): p. 353-356; 1991 Sep. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Halothane; Surgical equipment
88 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
Coaxial anaesthetic circuits in small animals.
Cullen, L.K.
London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1989 May.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 30 (5): p. 294-297; 1989 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cat; Anesthesia; Circuits; Values; Gases; Flow
89 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Comparative hemodynamic effects of halothane and halothane-acepromazne at
equipotent doses in dogs.
Boyd, C.J.; McDonell, W.N.; Valliant, A.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 55 (2): p. 107-112; 1991 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Halothane; Cardiovascular agents; Hemodynamics; Anesthesia;
Phenothiazines; Neuroleptics; Dosage effects
90 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Comparative pharmacokinetics of Yohimbine in steers, horses and dogs.
Jernigan, A.D.; Wilson, R.C.; Booth, N.H.; Hatch, R.C.; Akbari, A.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Apr.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 52 (2): p. 172-176; 1988 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Horses; Steers; Anesthetics; Indoles; Pharmacokinetics
91 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
A comparative study of medetomidine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia
in dogs.
Moens, Y.; Fargetton, X.
London : The Association; 1990 Dec08.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 127
(23): p. 567-571; 1990 Dec08. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Ketamine; Drug combinations; Xylazine;
Agonists; Safety; Adverse effects; Dosage effects
92 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in rabbits, sheep, and
dogs.
Ilkiw, J.E.; Benthuysen, J.A.; McNeal, D.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4): p. 581-584; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Sheep; Rabbits; Analgesics; Pharmacokinetics; Species
differences; Anesthesia
Abstract: The central arterial pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, a short-acting
opioid agonist, were studied in rabbits, sheep, and dogs after short-duration
infusion of the drug. Alfentanil was infused until a set end point
(high-amplitude, slow-wave activity on the EEG) was reached. This required a
larger alfentanil dose and a higher alfentanil arterial concentration in
sheep, compared with rabbits and dogs. The plasma concentration-time data for
each animal were fitted, using nonlinear regression, and in all animals, were
best described by use of a triexponential function. In this study, differences
in the disposition kinetics of alfentanil among the 3 species were found for
only distribution clearance and initial distribution half-life. In dogs,
compared with rabbits and sheep, the first distribution half-life was longer,
probably because of pronounced drug-induced bradycardia (mean +/- SD, 48 +/-
21 beats/min). Distribution clearance was faster in sheep, compared with dogs,
also probably because of better blood flow in sheep. Elimination half-life was
similar in all species (rabbits, 62.4 +/- 11.3 minutes; sheep, 65.1 +/- 27.1
minutes; dogs, 58.3 +/- 10.3 minutes). This rapid half-life resulted from a
small steady-state volume of distribution (rabbits, 908.3 +/- 269.0 ml/kg;
sheep, 720.0 +/- 306.7 ml/kg; dogs, 597.7 +/- 290.2 ml/kg) and rapid systemic
clearance (rabbits, 19.4 +/- 5.3 ml/min/kg; sheep, 13.3 +/- 3.0 ml/min/kg;
dogs, 18.7 +/- 7.5 ml/min/kg). On the basis of these pharmacokinetic
variables, alfentanil should have short duration of action in rabbits, sheep,
and dogs. This may be beneficial in veterinary practice where rapid recovery
would be expected after bolus administration for short procedures or after
infusion for longer procedures.
93 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in propofol- and
thiopental-anesthetized eucapnic dogs.
Wooten, T.L.; Lowrie, C.T.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Mar.
Veterinary surgery v. 22 (2): p. 148-150; 1993 Mar. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Cerebrospinal fluid; Anesthesia
94 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Comparison of direct and indirect blood pressure measurement in anesthetized
dogs.
Sawyer, D.C.; Brown, M.; Striler, E.L.; Durham, R.A.; Langham, M.A.; Rech,
R.H.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Apr.
Laboratory animal science v. 41 (2): p. 134-138; 1991 Apr. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Blood pressure; Pulse rate; Measurement; Tarsus; Carpus;
Monitors; Catheters; Aorta
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine whether blood pressures and
pulse rate could be determined accurately by indirect measurements from the
front and hind legs of 15- to 40-kg dogs anesthetized with isoflurane.
Indirect measurements from each animal were compared to direct measurements
obtained from a catheter placed into the abdominal aorta via the femoral
artery at four ranges of systolic pressure. When systolic pressure was above
80 mm Hg, indirect measurements were either the same as direct measurements or
slightly lower. However, when systolic pressures were below 80 mm Hg, indirect
systolic pressure measurements were 6 to 15% higher than direct measurements.
Larger differences in diastolic pressures were found, which resulted in
differences in mean pressure. The most accurate measurements were found when
the cuff width-to-limb circumference ratio was between 0.4 and 0.6 and when
systolic pressure was between 80 and 100 mm Hg.
95 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
A comparison of endotracheal and intravenous routes for atropine
administration in anaesthetised dogs.
Bor, A.; Jones, R.S.; Richards, D.L.S.
London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1991 Apr.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 32 (4): p. 180-182; 1991 Apr.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Atropine; Intravenous injection; Trachea; Application
methods; Heart rate; Dosage
96 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Comparison of histamine release induced by morphine and oxymorphone
administration in dogs.
Robinson, E.P.; Faggella, A.M.; Henry, D.P.; Russell, W.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1988 Oct.
American journal of veterinary research v. 49 (10): p. 1699-1701; 1988 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Histamine; Morphine; Analgesics; Intravenous feeding;
Animal behavior
Abstract: Cardiovascular effects (vasodilatation, hypotension) of morphine
administration have been attributed to central actions and peripheral
histamine release. In the study reported here, we compared plasma histamine
(Hm) concentrations after morphine sulfate and oxymorphone HCl administration
in conscious dogs. Five healthy adult dogs (mean body weight, 10.1 kg) were
randomly administered morphine (2 mg/kg of body weight, IV or oxymorphone (0.2
mg/kg, IV) by a 5-second bolus injection at weekly intervals. Venous blood
samples (5 ml) were collected from jugular veins before and at 1, 2, 5, 15,
30, and 60 minutes after drug administration. Behavioral changes were
recorded. Plasma was analyzed by a radioenzymatic technique, using purified
histamine N-methyltransferase as an enzyme catalyst (sensitivity of assay, 40
pg Hm/ml). Mean base-line Hm value for all dogs was 0.55 ng/ml. The mean Hm
value was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the base-line value at 1, 2, 5,
15, and 60 minutes after morphine administration (531.4, 251.0, 113.0, 31.5
and 1.0 ng of Hm/ml, respectively), but there were no significant increases in
histamine values from base-line values at any time after oxymorphone
administration. All dogs given morphine and 1 dog given oxymorphone showed
excitatory behavior; 2 dogs given morphine and 3 dogs given oxymorphone
salivated profusely.
97 NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990
Comparison of indirect and direct blood pressure measurement in the
anesthetized dog.
Sawyer, D.C.; Brown, M.; Striler, E.L.; Durham, R.A.
Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.;
1990.
Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings -- 1990 Forum,
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia,
Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 27-30; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Blood pressure
98 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Comparison of inhalation-to-perfusion ratio in anesthetized dogs with
barrel-shaped thorax vs dogs with deep thorax.
Clercx, C.; Brom, W.E. van den; Vries, H.W. de
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Jul.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (7): p. 1097-1103; 1991 Jul.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Thorax; Conformation; Anesthesia; Ratios; Lungs; Gravity;
Lung ventilation
Abstract: Interregional, as well as intraregional (local), distributions of
the inhalation-to-perfusion ratio were analyzed in the lungs of 20 prone
anesthetized healthy dogs--10 dogs with barrel-shaped thorax (Beagles) and 10
dogs with deep thorax (Greyhound-type dogs)--using 99mTc inhalation-perfusion
lung scintigraphy. Dorsoventral and lateral views were analyzed. In both types
of dogs, the ratio between the mean inhalation and perfusion values
(interregional mismatching factor) decreased from craniad to caudad and the
decrease was more sustained in the right than in the left lung. However, the
total decrease was less in Greyhound-type dogs than in Beagles
(cranial-to-caudal decrease of 14 and 27%, respectively, in the left lung, and
62 and 56%, respectively, in the right lung). The dorsal-to-ventral
distribution of interregional mismatching factor was different in the 2 types
of dogs. In Beagles, it increased from dorsal to ventral zones by about 50% of
the initial dorsal zone value, whereas in Greyhound-type dogs, only a slight
dorsal-to-ventral decrease was evident, with the exception of the more ventral
zone. Differences in the intraregional mismatching factor (rho) indicated that
the intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion inequalities were more pronounced
within the caudal regions and within the ventral zones of the lungs in both
types of dogs, and in the more cranial zones in the lungs of Beagles. However,
the degree of intraregional mismatching was generally lower in Greyhound-type
dogs. Thus, the gravitational force is not the dominating determinant of
interregional or intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion ratio distributions in
the lungs of anesthetized prone dogs. Its influence is modulated by other
factors morphologic characteristics, such as the shape and size of the thorax,
and body weight of the dog. In particular, the height of the thorax in
Greyhound-type dogs could permit the gravitational force to exert a more
determinant influence than it does in Beagle
99 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
A comparison of ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine
anesthesia in the rabbit.
Lipman, N.S.; Marini, R.P.; Erdman, S.E.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Jul.
Laboratory animal science v. 40 (4): p. 395-398; 1990 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Ketamine; Xylazine;
Preanesthetic medication; Neuroleptics
Abstract: Parenteral anesthetic combinations such as ketamine and xylazine
have become the agents of choice for anesthesia in the rabbit, because they
are effective, easily administered and inexpensive. A number of recent reports
have recommended including acepromazine in this combination, but a critical
evaluation of this combination in the rabbit has not been reported. Five adult
New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized intramuscularly with ketamine (35
mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) with or without acepromazine (0.75 mg/kg). The
study was conducted in a double blind fashion, where each rabbit was
administered both combinations at a minimum of 7 day intervals. Physiologic
parameters were evaluated including heart rate, respiratory rate, central
arterial blood pressure, pedal, palpebral and postural reflex activity. The
duration of general anesthesia, estimated by the time elapsed between the loss
and return of the palpebral reflex, was greater (mean = 99 +/- 20 minutes)
when acepromazine was employed in the combination compared to (mean = 77 +/- 5
minutes) when ketamine/xylazine were used alone. Mean central arterial blood
pressure reached a lower level when acepromazine was utilized (mean = 46 +/- 8
mm/Hg) than when it was not (mean = 57 +/- 12 mm/Hg.) The addition of
acepromazine in a ketamine/xylazine combination resulted in a 28% longer
period of anesthesia, a 19% lower mean central arterial blood pressure and a
32% longer recovery of postural reflexes. The ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine
combination is a useful regimen for normovolemic animals when anesthetic
duration greater than that produced by ketamine/xylazine alone is required.
100 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation,
analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels.
Pettifer, G.R.; Dyson, D.H.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Apr.
Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche
veterinaire v. 57 (2): p. 99-105; 1993 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Medetomidine; Fentanyl; Droperidol; Analgesics; Restraint
of animals; Nontarget effects; Body temperature; Respiration rate; Heart rate;
Blood chemistry; Respiratory gases; Lactic acid
101 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
A comparison of medetomidine-propofol and medetomidine-midazolam-propofol
anesthesia in rabbits.
Ko, J.C.H.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquili, W.J.; Benson, G.J.; Olson, W.A.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Oct.
Laboratory animal science v. 42 (5): p. 503-507; 1992 Oct. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Drug combinations
102 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Comparison of several combinations for anesthesia in rabbits.
Hobbs, B.A.; Rolhall, T.G.; Sprenkel, T.L.; Anthony, K.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 May.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (5): p. 669-674; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Injectable anesthetics;
Heart rate; Respiration rate; Body temperature; Reflexes; Safety
Abstract: Few safe and effective anesthesia regimens have been described for
use in rabbits, partially because of the susceptibility of this species to
sometimes fatal respiratory depression. Although inhalant anesthetics are
generally safer than injectable anesthetics, their use may be limited by lack
of equipment or facilities. This study was conducted to compare effects of
several injectable anesthetics in rabbits on response to noxious stimuli,
heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. Six injectable
anesthetic combinations were administered to rabbits:
xylazine-ethyl-(l-methyl-propyl) malonyl-thio-urea salt (EMTU), ketamine-EMTU,
xylazine-pentobarbital, xylazine-acepromazine-ketamine (XAK), ketamine-chloral
hydrate, and ketamine-xylazine. All combinations induced a depression of
respiratory rate. Although rectal temperature values were reduced to some
degree in each group, the most profound hypothermia was induced by XAK. The
combination that induced the longest duration of anesthesia was XAK. It was
concluded that XAK was preferable for longer periods of anesthesia (60 to 120
minutes), although it induces severe hypothermia. For short periods of
anesthesia, xylazine-pentobarbital, xylazine-EMTU, or ketamine-xylazine were
deemed adequate; however, xylazine-EMTU induced the best survivability and
consistency.
103 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43
A comparison of surgical training with live anesthetized dogs and cadavers.
Carpenter, L.G.; Piermattei, D.L.; Salman, N.D.; Orton, E.C.; Nelson, A.W.;
Smeak, D.D.; Jennings, P.B. Jr; Taylor, R.A.
Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Nov.
Veterinary surgery v. 20 (6): p. 373-378; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Training; Cadavers
104 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Comparison of the clinical utility of medetomidine/ketamine and
xylazine/ketamine combinations for the ovariectomy of cats.
Verstegen, J.; Fargetton, X.; Donnay, I.; Ectors, F.
London : The Association; 1990 Oct27.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 127
(17): p. 424-426; 1990 Oct27. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Ovariectomy; Ketamine; Xylazine; Analgesics; Anesthesia;
Drug combinations; Adverse effects; Duration; Dosage
105 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224
Comparison of the efficacy of three premedicants administered to cats.
Dyson, D.H.; Pascoe, P.J.; Honeyman, V.; Rahn, J.E.
Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 Jul.
The Canadian veterinary journal v. 33 (7): p. 462-464; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Preanesthetic medication; Drug combinations; Drug effects;
Anesthesia; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Catheters
106 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of halothane alone and halothane
combined with epidurally administered morphine for anesthesia in ventilated
dogs.
Valverde, A.; Dyson, D.H.; Cockshutt, J.R.; McDonell, W.N.; Valliant, A.E.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Mar.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (3): p. 505-509; 1991 Mar.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Halothane; Morphine; Hemodynamics; Drug
combinations
Abstract: The hemodynamic effects of 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of
halothane alone (1.6% end-tidal) and 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of
halothane (1.1% end-tidal concentration) combined with epidurally administered
morphine were compared during controlled ventilation in 10 dogs used on 2
occasions and randomly allocated to 2 groups. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac
index, stroke volume, left ventricular work, and pulmonary arterial pressure
were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs of the morphine-treated group
before administration of morphine. After epidural administration of morphine
(0.1 mg/kg of body weight diluted in 0.26 ml of saline solution/kg),
hemodynamic changes were not observed, and the aforementioned variables
remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher than values in dogs of the halothane
only group. Compared with halothane (1.6%) alone, the reduction in halothane
end-tidal concentration (1.1%) associated with epidurally administered
morphine is beneficial in maintaining hemodynamic function.
107 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen
and papaveretum in the dog.
Nolan, A.; Reid, J.
London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Sep04.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133
(10): p. 240-242; 1993 Sep04. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents; Opioids
108 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
A comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of flunixin
and papaveretum in the dog.
Reid, J.; Nolan, A.M.
London : British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1991 Dec.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 32 (12): p. 603-608; 1991 Dec.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Flunixin; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Pain; Drug effects
109 NAL Call. No.: SF901.V47
A comparison of three local anaesthetic techniques for skin biopsy in dogs.
Henfrey, J.I.; Thoday, K.L.; Head, K.W.
Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergammon Press, Inc; 1991.
Veterinary dermatology v. 2 (1): p. 21-27; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Local anesthesia; Lidocaine; Epinephrine; Cutaneous
application; Local anesthetics; Skin; Biopsy; Adverse effects; Artefacts
110 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Comparison of xylazine with tiletamine-zolazepam (Telazol) and
xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in rabbits.
Popilskis, S.J.; Oz, M.C.; Gorman, P.; Florestal, A.; Kohn, D.F.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1991 Jan.
Laboratory animal science v. 41 (1): p. 51-53; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rabbits; Anesthesia; Xylazine; Anesthetics; Drug combinations;
Ketamine
Abstract: Although widely used to provide short term anesthesia,
ketamine-xylazine does not always produce satisfactory anesthesia. We compared
the efficacy of ketamine-xylazine to tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine for
producing surgical anesthesia in rabbits. Four of six rabbits receiving
ketamine-xylazine and all of the 12 animals given
tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine were anesthetized successfully. The mean
surgical anesthesia time in the ketamine-xylazine group was 35 +/- 6 minutes
as compared to the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine group, 72 +/- 8 minutes (p <
0.05). There was no significant difference in the interval between the
injection of the different anesthetic mixtures and the loss of either the
righting reflex, the jaw reflex or the toe web pinch reflex. Respiratory rates
and arterial oxygen partial pressure were higher in the ketamine-xylazine
group (p < 0.05). However, in both groups arterial blood pressure and arterial
PO2 were lowered, while arterial PCO2 was elevated. No nephrotoxicity
occurred. Tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine provides effective surgical anesthesia
in rabbits and in many cases may be preferable to conventional
ketamine-xylazine regimen.
111 NAL Call. No.: QL785.A725
Conditioned inhibition of analgesia.
Wiertelak, E.P.; Watkins, L.R.; Maier, S.F.
Austin, Tex. : Psychonomic Society; 1992 Nov.
Animal learning & behavior v. 20 (4): p. 339-349; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Pain; Rats
Abstract: Stimuli that predict the occurrence of aversive events come to
elicit conditioned analgesia. Experiments 1A and 1B examined the possibility
that conditioning can inhibit analgesia when stimuli are paired in a backward
fashion with a shock US (Pavlovian CS-s). Analgesia conditioned in response to
shock context exposure was reversed during the CS- (light) presentation after
four sessions. The ability of the CS- to function as a conditioned inhibitor
of analgesia was then evaluated in both summation (Experiment 1A) and
retardation-of-acquisition testing (Experiments 1A and 1B). The results
support the conclusion that a stimulus presented after shock in a backward
fashion comes to be a conditioned inhibitor of analgesia. Experiments 2A and
2B examined the assumption that the results obtained with our pain sensitivity
measure (tailflicking in response to radiant heat) reflect changes in
responsiveness to painful input, rather than a general motor inhibition or
general insensitivity to sensory input. In Experiment 2A, tailflick responding
to painful and nonpainful input was compared in animals receiving either
morphine or saline. In Experiment 2B, tailflick responding to painful and
nonpainful input to the tail was compared in both the shock and a neutral
context. in both experiments, only the painful input yielded changes in
responsivity. The results support the conclusion that the alterations in pain
sensitivity produced by the CS- for shock represents a conditioned inhibition
specific to pain.
112 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Development of an opiate-based anaesthetic technique for use in dogs with
cardiomyopathy.
Williamson, H.A.; Cumming, D.V.E.; Cobb, M.A.; Pattison, C.W.; Yacoub, M.H.;
Clayton Jones, D.G.
London : The Association; 1991 Nov02.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 129
(18): p. 398-400; 1991 Nov02. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Fentanyl; Halothane; Nitrous oxide;
Cardiomyopathy; Safety
113 NAL Call. No.: RB127.P34
Differentiating analgesic and non-analgesic drug activities on rat hot plate:
effect of behavioral endpoint.
Carter, R.B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Nov.
Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain v.
47 (2): p. 211-220; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Analgesics; Assays; Animal behavior
114 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1X4
Distribution in female rats of an anaesthetic intravenous dose of
14C-propofol.
Simons, P.J.; Cockshott, I.D.; Douglas, E.J.; Gordon, E.A.; Knott, S.; Ruane,
R.J.
London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Oct.
Xenobiotica v. 21 (10): p. 1325-1335; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Intravenous injection; Pharmacokinetics; Animal tissues;
Distribution; Females; Rats
Abstract: 1. Bolus i.v. doses of 14C-propofol (9 mg/kg) were administered to
female rats for measurement of tissue levels of total 14C and propofol from 2
min to 24 h post-dose; wholebody autoradiography was studied at 6 min, 2 h and
24 h post-dose, and also involved 15-day pregnant rats. 2. The blood propofol
concentration-time profile was fitted by a tri-exponential function
corresponding to a three-compartment open model. Data show rapid distribution
during the mixing period into highly perfused tissues and muscle, comprising
the central compartment, and slower uptake into less well-perfused skin and
adipose tissues comprising the deeper compartments. 3. The initial decline in
blood propofol concentration was associated with redistribution (t(1/2) 4
min), the second decline (15-240 min post-dose) was associated with metabolism
(t(1/2) 33 min) and the third decline reflected slow depletion of drug from
deep tissue compartments (t(1/2) 6.4 h). 4. Blood and brain propofol
concentrations on waking (at 7 min post-dose) were 4 micrograms/ml and 9
micrograms/g respectively; the model shows that, at this time, 30% of the dose
was lost from the central compartment by redistribution and a similar amount
by metabolism. 5. Tissue profiles of total 14C and propofol diverged for
highly perfused tissues (other than brain) because of slow clearance of
metabolites, accentuated by enterohepatic recirculation.
115 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Distribution of material injected intramuscularly in dogs.
Autefage, A.; Fayolle, P.; Toutain, P.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jun.
American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (6): p. 901-904. ill; 1990 Jun.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Radioactive iodine; Intramuscular injection; Muscles;
Distribution; Pharmacokinetics
Abstract: A radiopaque marker was injected, using needles of various lengths,
into the cervical musculature, the lumbar epaxial musculature, and the cranial
and caudal muscular masses of the thighs of anesthetized dogs. After this
procedure, the dogs were euthanatized and deep-frozen. The bodies were then
sectioned, and the slices were radiographed to determine the fate of the
injected material. Material that was injected into the neck or caudal region
of the thigh was determined to be located in the muscle bellies or dispensed
throughout the intermuscular fascial sheaths. In contrast, material injected
into the lumbar area and cranial region of the thigh was located entirely in
the muscle bellies. It was concluded that the best sites for injection in dogs
are the lumbar epaxial musculature or the quadriceps femoris muscle when IM
administration is imperative.
116 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L33
Dorsal metatarsal, penile, and sublingual vein injections of anesthetized rats
using a simplified inhalation anesthetic.
Martinic, G.; Taylor, J.
New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1993 Jan.
Lab animal v. 22 (1): p. 38-44; 1993 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia
117 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Dose response to butorphanol administered subcutaneously to increase visceral
nociceptive threshold in dogs.
Sawyer, D.C.; Rech, R.H.; Durham, R.A.; Adams, T.; Richter, M.A.; Striler,
E.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Nov.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (11): p. 1826-1830; 1991 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Pain; Subcutaneous injection; Dosage; Dosage
effects
Abstract: Butorphanol (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg of body
weight, and placebo) was given sc to 8 healthy unmedicated dogs to determine
its efficacy for visceral analgesia, using a colonic balloon for minimal
threshold nociceptor stimulation. Degree of sedation; systolic, diastolic, and
mean arterial pressure; and pulse rate were recorded. The highest 3 dosages,
0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg, were found to be most effective, with 0.8 mg/kg the
only dosage that was significantly different from control responses at the
45-minute interval. Duration of analgesia ranged from 23 to 53 minutes for all
6 dosages and dosing durations were not significantly different from one
another. Blood pressures did not change, but pulse rate was significantly
decreased by 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. We concluded that butorphanol is an
effective visceral analgesic of relatively short duration in the dog.
118 NAL Call. No.: 442.9 SO1
Dose-response of intravenous butorphanol to increase visceral nociceptive
threshold in dogs.
Houghton, K.J.; Rech, R.H.; Sawyer, D.C.; Durham, R.A.; Adams, T.; Langham,
M.A.; Striler, E.L.
Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins; 1991 Jul.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine v. 197 (3):
p. 290-296; 1991 Jul. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Analgesics; Dosage; Dosage effects; Duration; Blood
pressure; Pulse rate; Intravenous injection
Abstract: This study was designed to determine the effective analgesic dose
of butorphanol administered intravenously to obtund visceral nociception, as
well as to determine duration of this effect. Additionally, cardiovascular
changes and sedative effects were defined. Eight healthy dogs were each given
five doses of butorphanol (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg) plus a
sterile water placebo intravenously in a randomized blinded format.
Antinociception was assessed using an inflatable Silastic balloon inserted
into the colon. Blood pressures and pulse rates were measured with a
noninvasive monitor. The greatest efficacy and longest duration of
antinociception were produced by 0.4 mg/kg of butorphanol, with a duration of
38 +/- 9 min. Arterial blood pressure and pulse rate did not vary at
antinociceptive doses. Mild sedation was observed at all doses, which
generally lasted longer than the antinociceptive effects. These data suggest
that butorphanol can be given alone intravenously to provide visceral
antinociception lasting 30-45 min without significant side effects.
119 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
Drug therapy in cats: a therapeutic category approach.
Boothe, D.M.
Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 May15.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 196 (10): p.
1659-1669; 1990 May15. Third of a series. Literature review. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cat; Drug therapy; Antiinfective agents; Analgesics;
Antihistaminics; Antiinflammatory agents; Hormones; Anthelmintics; Drugs
120 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Duration of etomidate-induced adrenocortical suppression during surgery in
dogs.
Dodam, J.R.; Kruse-Elliott, K.T.; Aucoin, D.P.; Swanson, C.R.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 May.
American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (5): p. 786-788; 1990 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Surgical operations;
Corticotrophin
Abstract: Plasma cortisol concentrations were compared in canine surgical
patients given etomidate (2 mg/kg of body weight, IV) or thiopental sodium (12
mg/kg, IV) for anesthetic induction. Blood samples to determine plasma
concentrations of etomidate were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes and
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after induction. Adrenocortical function
was evaluated before surgery by use of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation
tests. Dogs in both induction groups had high plasma cortisol concentrations
after induction. Dogs given thiopental had a significant increase (P < 0.05)
in plasma cortisol concentration from baseline at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12
hours after induction. Dogs given etomidate had a significant increase (P <
0.05) in plasma cortisol concentration from baseline at 5, 6, and 8 hours
after induction. A comparison of plasma cortisol concentrations determined at
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after induction with thiopental or etomidate revealed
a higher (P < 0.05) concentration in dogs given thiopental. The disposition of
etomidate was best described by a 2-compartment model, with a redistribution
half-life of 0.12 +/- 0.04 minute and a terminal half-life of 1.70 +/- 0.27
minute. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not correlate with plasma etomidate
concentrations. We conclude that, compared with thiopental, a single bolus
injection of etomidate reduces the adrenocortical response to anesthesia and
surgery from 2 to 6 hours after induction. Because cortisol concentrations
were significantly higher than baseline, and because cardiopulmonary function
is maintained after a single bolus injection of etomidate, it can be
considered a safe induction agent in dogs.
121 NAL Call. No.: QP1.P4
Effect of a high-fat diet on firing rate of sympathetic nerves innervating
brown adipose tissue in anesthetized rats.
Sakaguchi, T.; Arase, K.; Fisler, J.S.; Bray, G.A.
Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1989 Jun.
Physiology & behavior v. 45 (6): p. 1177-1182; 1989 Jun. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Anesthesia; Source fat; Sympathetic nervous system; Brown
fat; Obesity
122 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A5
The effect of acepromazine maleate on the anesthetic potency of halothane and
isoflurane.
Webb, A.I.; O'Brien, J.M.
Golden, Colo. : The Association; 1988 Nov.
The Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association v. 24 (6): p. 609-613;
1988 Nov. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Promazine; Halothane; Anesthetics; Dosage effect;
Intramuscular injection
123 NAL Call. No.: 41.9 AM37
The effect of anesthesia on the radiographic appearance of the coxofemoral
joints.
Aronson, E.; Kraus, K.H.; Smith, J.
Raleigh, N.C. : American College of Veterinary Radiology; 1991 Jan.
Veterinary radiology v. 32 (1): p. 2-5. ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Radiography; Hips; Hip dysplasia; Anesthesia; Joints
(animal); Classification
124 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
Effect of bleeding site on clinical laboratory testing of rats: orbital venous
plexus versus posterior vena cava.
Dameron, G.W.; Weingand, K.W.; Duderstadt, J.M.; Odioso, L.W.; Dierkman, T.A.;
Schwecke, W.; Baran, K.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Jun.
Laboratory animal science v. 42 (3): p. 299-301; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Blood sampling; Vena cava; Veins; Laboratory tests; Blood
chemistry; Hematology; Blood coagulation
Abstract: We sought to determine if there were any, differences in the
results of clinical laboratory tests between blood samples collected from the
orbital venous plexus and the posterior vena cava of adult male rats. Thirty
healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation,
and blood samples were collected successively from the orbital venous plexus
(OVP) and the posterior vena cava (PVC) for hematologic (n = 10), serum
chemistry (n = 10), and coagulation (n = 10) analyses. The prothrombin and
partial thromboplastin times of samples from the OVP were prolonged (17% and
288%, respectively) when compared with samples from the PVC. Respective
hematologic biases were as follows: red blood cell count (7%), hemoglobin
(6%), hematocrit (5%), mean corpuscular volume (-3%), mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (-1%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (1%), white blood cell
count (13%), and platelet count (-7%). Respective serum chemistry biases were
as follows: sorbitol dehydrogenase (-7%), glucose (-7%), blood urea nitrogen
(-10%), creatinine (-2%), total protein (4%), albumin (2%), globulin (9%),
alkaline phosphatase (5%), lactate dehydrogenase (-6%), aspartate
aminotransferase (-5%), alanine aminotransferase (-2%), total bilirubin (0%),
direct bilirubin (0%), magnesium (-17%), sodium (4%), potassium (0), chloride
(4%), calcium (-2%), phosphorous (-17%), cholesterol (3%), triglycerides
(24%), creatinine kinase (-8%), 5'nucleotidase (0%), and total bile acids
(4%). For hematologic testing, there were no biologically significant
differences between samples collected from the OVP and PVC. The coagulation
times and serum Mg and P showed biologically significant differences between
samples collected from the OVP and PVC. We recommend that coagulation times
not be measured on plasma samples collected from the OVP.
125 NAL Call. No.: SF724.T72
Effect of chloramphenicol on duration of xylazine/pentobarbitone anaesthesia
in dogs.
Adetunji, A.; Adewumi, J.O.A.
Ibadan, Nigeria : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan; 1990.
Tropical veterinarian v. 8 (3/4): p. 149-155; 1990. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Anesthesia
126 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Effect of gentamicin administration on the neuromuscular blockade induced by
atracurium in cats.
Forsyth, S.F.; Ilkiw, J.E.; Hildebrand, S.V.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Oct.
American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (10): p. 1675-1678; 1990 Oct.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Gentamicin; Muscle relaxants; Anesthetics; Recovery; Drug
combinations
Abstract: Atracurium besylate, a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking
agent, was administered as an infusion to 8 anesthetized cats in which
neuromuscular blockade was assessed, using the train-of-four response. Once
50% depression of the first-twitch (T1) response was achieved, the infusion
was held constant for 60 minutes before being discontinued and the recovery
time was determined. The time for recovery was recorded as the time for the
train-of-four ratio (T4 ratio) to increase from 50% to 75%. After recovery,
atracurium infusion was reinstituted and the cats were again maintained for 60
minutes at 50% depression. A single bolus of gentamicin sulfate (2.0 mg/kg of
body weight) was administered IV, and the infusion was continued for another
60 minutes before it was discontinued and the time for recovery was recorded.
Within 1 minute of gentamicin administration, the mean +/= SD T1 response
decreased from 49 +/- 5% to 33 +/- 8% of baseline and the T4 ratio decreased
from 28 +/- 19% to 14 +/- 11%. Peak effect occurred at 5 minutes, with a T1
response of 29 +/- 6% of baseline and a T4 ratio of 13 +/- 12%. By 60 minutes
after gentamicin administration, the T1 response had increased to 38 +/- 7% of
baseline and the T4 ratio had increased to 21 +/- 13%. The time for recovery
significantly (P less than 0.03) increased from 9.9 +/- 3.4 minutes during the
control study to 18.1 +/- 10.7 minutes during the gentamicin study. In this
study, gentamicin potentiated the neuromuscular blockade induced by atracurium
and increased the recovery time. Residual blockade, observed after gentamicin
administration was reversed with edrophonium.
127 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
Effect of midazolam preanesthetic administration on thiamylal induction
requirement in dogs.
Tranquilli, W.J.; Graning, L.M.; Thurmon, J.C.; Benson, G.J.; Moum, S.G.;
Lentz, E.L.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 May.
American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (5): p. 662-664; 1991 May.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Preanesthetic medication; Anesthetics; Dosage;
Requirements; Tubes; Trachea
Abstract: The thiamylal sparing effect of midazolam was studied in 30 healthy
Beagle and mixed-breed dogs. Using a replicated Latin square design, all dogs
were given placebo (saline solution) and 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg of
midazolam/kg of body weight prior to IV administration of thiamylal sodium.
The 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg dosages significantly decreased the amount of thiamylal
required to obtund swallowing reflex and easily achieve endotracheal
intubation. Midazolam at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg reduced thiamylal requirement by
16.4% and 18.9%, respectively, whereas the 0.05 mg/kg dosage decreased
thiamylal requirement by only 6.8%. The 0.2 mg/kg dosage did not further
decrease thiamylal requirement beyond that achieved with the 0.1 mg/kg dosage
of midazolam. This study demonstrates that the preanesthetic IV administration
of midazolam reduces the thiamylal dose necessary to accomplish intubation.
The optimal preanesthetic dosage (lowest dosage with significant effect) was
0.1 mg/kg.
128 NAL Call. No.: QL55.F43 1987
Effect of morphinomimetics in different pain tests.
Dhasmana, K.M.; Banerjee, A.K.; Rating, W.
Dordrecht : M. Nijhoff; 1988.
New developments in biosciences : their implications for laboratory animal
science : proceedings of the Third Symposium, Amsterdam, The Nethrlands, 1-5
June 1987 / edited by Anton C. Beyneen and Henk A. Solleveld. p. 437-442;
1988. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Rats; Pain; Tests; Morphine; Drug effects
129 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94
The effect of mouse euthanasia technique on subsequent lymphocyte
proliferation and cell mediated lympholysis assays.
Howard, H.L.; McLaughlin-Taylor, E.; Hill, R.L.
Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1990 Sep.
Laboratory animal science v. 40 (5): p. 510-514; 1990 Sep. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Mice; Euthanasia; Lymphocyte transformation; Cytotoxic t
lymphocytes; Methoxyflurane; Pentobarbital; Carbon dioxide; Halothane;
Dislocations
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that
specific euthanasia methods have on mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation
(LP) and the induction of alloantigen specific cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL).
Mice were euthanatized by cervical dislocation (CD), or anesthesia with
methoxyflurane or pentobarbital followed by CD (M-CD or P-CD respectively),
CO2 overexposure (CO2-OD) or halothane overexposure (H-OD). Mitogenic
lymphoproliferation was increased in cells derived from mice euthanatized by
M-CD and P-CD. In contrast, the cytolytic profile of CTL derived from mice
euthanatized by P-CD, CO2-OD and H-OD was decreased. The results of this study
show that euthanasia techniques involving the use of methoxyflurane,
pentobarbital, CO2 and halothane affect in vitro lymphoproliferation and CTL
function. We conclude that the method of euthanasia influences certain
immunologic parameters and selection of a particular technique should be given
careful consideration.
130 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Effect of posture and anaesthesia on the distribution of pulmonary perfusion
and lung configuration in beagle dogs.
Clercx, C.; Brom, W.E. van den; Vries, H.W. de
London : British Veterinary Association; 1989 Nov.
Research in veterinary science v. 47 (3): p. 359-366. ill; 1989 Nov. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Posture; Anesthesia; Lungs; Ratios; Blood flow
131 NAL Call. No.: SF774.C5
Effect of posture and anesthesia on the distribution of pulmonary perfusion
and the lung configuration in dogs.
Clercx, C.; Brom, W.E. van den; Vries, H.W. de
S.l. : s.n., 1988? :.; 1988.
Scintigraphical analyses of pulmonary function in dogs; Scintigrafische
longfunktie analyse bij de hond; Analyses scintigraphiques de la function
pulmonaire chez le chien / door Cecile Clercx. p. 52-66. ill; 1988. Dutch and
French Summaries on pages 141-149. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Radiorespirometry; Blood circulation; Radiography; Posture;
Anesthesia; Lungs
132 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222
The effect of pre-ovulatory anaesthesia on ovulation in laparoscopically
inseminated domestic cats.
Howard, J.G.; Barone, M.A.; Donoghue, A.M.; Wildt, D.E.
Colchester : The Journal; 1992 Sep.
Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 96 (1): p. 175-186; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Intrauterine insemination; Ovulation; Laparoscopy;
Anesthesia; Preovulatory period; Pmsg; Hcg; Pregnancy; Conception rate;
Embryonic development
133 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 J8292
Effect of thiopentone and propofol on lower oesophageal sphnicter and barrier
pressure in the dog.
Waterman, A.E.; Hashim, M.A.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Nov.
The Journal of small animal practice v. 33 (11): p. 530-533; 1992 Nov.
Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Dogs; Thiopental; Injectable anesthetics; Anesthesia; Esophageal
sphincter; Internal pressure; Preanesthetic medication
134 NAL Call. No.: SF901.V47
The effect of tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesis on the response to intradermally
injected histamine in cats.
Mueller, R.S.; Ihrke, P.J.; Kass, P.H.; Bettenay, S.V.
Oxford, U.K. : Pergammon Press, Inc; 1991.
Veterinary dermatology v. 2 (3/4): p. 119-123; 1991. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Cats; Anesthesia; Histamine; Injection
135 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47
Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-induced diuresis in rats.
Mohammad, F.K.; Ahmed, F.A.; Al-Kassim, N.A.H.
Manhattan, Kan. : American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology;
1989 Feb.
Veterinary and human toxicology v. 31 (1): p. 13-15; 1989 Feb. Includes
references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Xylazine; Diuresis; Drug antagonism; Anesthetics; Rats
136 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3
An effective combination of anaesthetics for 6-h experimentation in the golden
Syrian hamster.
Reid, W.D.; Davies, C.; Pare, P.D.; Pardy, R.L.
London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1989 Apr.
Laboratory animals v. 23 (2): p. 156-162; 1989 Apr. Includes references.
Language: English
Descriptors: Golden hamster; Anesthetics; Drug combinations; Pentobarbital;
Urethane; Chloralose; Anesthesia
Abstract: The anaesthetics described for use in hamsters to date are suitable
for the perfomance of short-term experimentation. However, an anaesthetic
regimen was required which would provide a stable preparation for 6 h and
hence, a suitable combination was developed. In the first set of experiments,
the effect of anaesthetics (chloralose, urethane, and pentobarb