Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry Animal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library

Compiled By:
Michael D. Kreger
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

 Kreger, Michael D.
   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of poultry : January 1992-
 January 1995.
   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-05)
   1. Poultry--Bibliography. 2. Poultry--Housing--Bibliography.
   3. Poultry--Health--Bibliography. I. Title.
 aZ5071.N3 no.95-05
 

Search Strategy

 Line Command
 1.   (HEN OR HENS OR FOWL OR POULTRY OR CHICK? OR COCK? OR
 ROOSTER? OR BROILER? OR GALLIFORM? OR TURKEY? OR DUCK? OR
 GOOSE OR GANDER OR GEESE OR DRAKE?)/TI,DE
 
 2.   (ENVIRONMENT?(N)ENRICH? OR HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR COOP OR
 PERCH? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR PENS OR BOX?)/TI,DE
 
 3.   (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR PAIN?
 OR DISTRESS? OR STRESS? OR CARE OR HANDL? OR HUSBANDRY OR
 TRANSPORT? OR FEAR)/TI,DE
 
 4.   S1 AND (S2 OR S3)
 
 5.   S4 AND PY=1992:1995
 
 

 1                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Acute heat acclimation and kidney function in broilers.
 Wideman, R.F.; Ford, B.C.; May, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 75-88; 1994 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Environmental temperature;
 Acclimatization; Heat stress; Body water; Renal function;
 Glomerular filtration; Urine; Excretion; Blood plasma
 
 Abstract:  Broilers previously exposed to high environmental
 temperatures (heat-acclimated) are more resistant to heat
 stress and consume more water during heat stress than
 nonacclimated controls. Two experiments were conducted to
 determine whether heat-acclimated broilers conserve body water
 by reducing urine and solute (Na) excretion. In the first
 experiment, renal function studies were conducted at an
 ambient temperature (Ta) of approximately 21 C using
 anesthetized 7-wk-old male broilers. Control birds reared at a
 constant Ta of 24 C (Group N: noncycled Ta) were compared with
 birds that had been heat-acclimated by exposure for 3 to 6 d
 to a daily sinusoidal cycle of 24 to 35 to 24 C (Group C:
 cycled Ta). In the second experiment, renal function studies
 were conducted on anesthetized 5-wk-old control and heat-
 acclimated male broilers while they were exposed to a Ta of 21
 C (Ambient Ta: Groups NA, CA), or to a Ta of 32 C (High Ta:
 Groups NH, CH). When high intravenous infusion rates (.37
 mL/kg body mass per min) were used to simulate the volume
 expansion caused by thermogenic polydipsia, urine flow rates
 were significantly lower in Groups C and CA than in Groups N
 and NA, osmolal clearances were lower in Groups CA and CH than
 in Groups NA and NH, and all heat-acclimated groups in both
 experiments (Groups C, CA, CH) had significantly lower
 glomerular filtration rates (GFR), filtered loads of Na, and
 tubular Na reabsorption rates than the respective control
 groups (Groups N, NA, NH). These changes in kidney function
 potentially would minimize urinary fluid and solute loss when
 heat-acclimated broilers consume large quantities of water to
 support evaporative cooling. Reductions in GFR, filtered loads
 of Na, and tubular Na reabsorption rates also may help heat-
 acclimated broilers reduce the metabolic heat load associated
 with active (energy requiring) recovery of solute (Na) from
 the glomerular ultrafiltrate.
 
 
 2                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Aerial pollutants and the health of poultry farmers.
 Whyte, R.T.
 Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Jul.
 World's poultry science journal v. 49 (2): p. 139-156; 1993
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Stockmen; Poultry housing; Occupational
 disorders; Respiratory diseases; Dust; Gases; Air pollutants
 
 
 3                                     NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5
 Alternative systems for laying hens FAWC majority and minority
 reports. Harrison, R.
 Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1992.
 The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 41 (2): p. 14; 1992. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Chicken housing
 
 
 4                                   NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 "An analysis of turkey facilities and management practices in
 Utah". Clark, B.E.; Poe, S.E.; Frame, D.D.; Anderson, G.L.;
 Warnick, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
 Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933014): 9 p.; 1993. 
 Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting
 sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers,"
 June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Utah; Cabt; Ventilation; Poultry housing
 
 
 5                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
 Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens.
 Glatz, P.C.; Murphy, L.B.; Preston, A.P.
 Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992
 Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 18; 1992 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Analgesics; Animal welfare;
 Feed intake
 
 
 6                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Applications of behavior to poultry management.
 Mauldin, J.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 634-642; 1992 Apr.  Paper
 contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
 Poultry.  Literature review. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Social dominance; Territoriality;
 Agonistic behavior; Debeaking; Sexual behavior; Feeding
 behavior; Broodiness; Turkeys; Poultry housing; Animal
 welfare; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  The application of poultry behavior to management
 is discussed with examples of behavior-management interactions
 relating to commercial poultry husbandry practices. Behaviors
 that are important for the adaptation of poultry to husbandry
 include social behavior, aggression, sexual behavior, feeding,
 broodiness, cannibalism, nest site selection, and comfort
 behaviors.
 
 
 7                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Are genetically lean broilers more resistant to hot climate?.
 Geraert, P.A.; Guillaumin, S.; Leclercq, B.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Sep.
 British poultry science v. 34 (4): p. 643-653; 1993 Sep. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Line differences; Dietary
 protein; Feed conversion efficiency
 
 
 8                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Artificial lighting in poultry houses: are photometric units
 appropriate for describing illumination intensities?.
 Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 135-140; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Light intensity; Spectral data
 
 
 9                                      NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Artificial lighting in poultry houses: do hens perceive the
 modulation of fluorescent lamps as flicker?.
 Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 123-133; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fluorescent lamps; Vision
 
 
 10                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Assessing the effects of the naked neck gene on chronic heat
 stress resistance in two genetic populations.
 Eberhart, D.E.; Washburn, K.W.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 72 (8): p. 1391-1399; 1993 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Alleles; Heat stress; Line differences;
 Environmental temperature; Growth rate; Body weight;
 Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Feathers; Feed intake
 
 Abstract:  The effect of the naked neck (Na) gene on
 resistance to chronic heat stress was studied in the F2
 generation of two populations of chickens genetically
 differing in growth. The Na gene was introduced into the
 Athens-Canadian randombred (ACRB), a small BW population, and
 into a large BW commercial broiler population. Naked neck and
 normally feathered birds were maintained in either a chronic
 heat stress (32 C) environment or a control (21 C) environment
 from 4 to 8 wk of age. Body weight, BW gain, feed consumption,
 and feed efficiency were calculated at 4, 6, and 8 wk. The 32
 C environment significantly reduced gain and feed consumption
 at all age intervals in both populations. Feed conversion
 ratio (FCR) was lower in the 32 C environment in the ACRB
 population, but in the broiler population FCR either was the
 same or increased when compared with the 21 C environment. In
 the F2 generation of both populations the naked neck birds
 were significantly larger than the normally feathered birds
 although the two types segregated from the same parents. In
 the ACRB population the relative growth response was not
 significantly different between naked neck and normal
 feathered birds, indicating that the Na gene did not confer
 resistance to chronic heat stress in the small BW population.
 In the broiler population, an assessment of the relative
 growth response in the 32 C environment showed that the naked
 neck birds had a smaller reduction in BW gain and better feed
 efficiency than the normally feathered birds, indicating that
 in the large BW broiler population the Na gene did confer
 resistance to chronic heat stress.
 
 
 11                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Assessment of the welfare of food restricted male broiler
 breeder poultry with musculoskeletal disease.
 Hocking, P.M.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 Jul.
 Research in veterinary science v. 57 (1): p. 28-34; 1994 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Skeletomuscular
 anomalies; Animal welfare; Pain; Locomotion; Betamethasone;
 Naloxone; Animal behavior; Sexual behavior; Male fertility;
 Age differences; Opioid peptides
 
 Abstract:  The general and sexual activity of food restricted
 male broiler breeder poultry was assessed for evidence of
 behavioral changes associated with musculoskeletal lesions.
 The activity and fertility of male birds given betamethasone
 (an anti-inflammatory steroid) or saline were compared in a
 two-period crossover experiment. Behavioural changes occurred
 and the birds' mating activity and fertility were decreased
 when they were given the steroid, but these effects were not
 associated with the presence of lesions. In a second
 experiment, there were no differences in sexual motivation
 between birds either with or without leg disorders. The birds
 were trained to walk down an alley for their food and the
 speed of walking was compared in a two-period crossover
 experiment. Betamethasone decreased their walking speed in
 period one and the carryover effect was significant in period
 two. Naloxone decreased the walking speed of birds with
 lesions more than of those without lesions. This effect was
 taken as evidence for analgesia by endogenous opioids and may
 help to explain the lack of response of the birds to the
 analgesic agent. The evidence that these food restricted male
 broiler breeder birds experienced pain was equivocal.
 
 
 12                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Automatic fan control to reduce fan run time during warm
 weather ventilation. Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 314-323;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Southern states of U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing;
 Ventilation; Broilers; Air flow; Fans; Automatic control; Wind
 speed; Sensing; Environmental temperature; Energy consumption;
 Electricity; Production costs
 
 
 13                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress.
 Maxwell, M.H.
 Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Mar.
 World's poultry science journal v. 49 (1): p. 34-41; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Stress factors; Stress response;
 Leukocytes; Corticosterone; Corticotropin; Restricted feeding;
 Environmental temperature; Social environment; Social
 dominance; Fearfulness; Line differences; Literature reviews
 
 
 14                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Ad9
 Avian fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome: a comparative review.
 Hansen, R.J. \u University of California, Davis, CA; Walzem,
 R.L. San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1993.
 Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine v. 37:
 p. 451-468; 1993.  In the series analytic: Animal models in
 liver research / edited by Charles E. Cornelius.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fatty liver; Fatty liver hemorrhagic
 syndrome; Animal models; Lipid metabolism; Transport;
 Pathogenesis; Man; Cows; Cats; Literature reviews
 
 
 15                                   NAL Call. No.: 30.98 AG82
 'Bab'ye khozyaystvo': poultry-keeping and its contribution to
 peasant income in pre-1914 Russia.
 Thompstone, S.
 Berkshire : British Agricultural History Society; 1992.
 The Agricultural history review v. 40 (pt.1): p. 52-63; 1992. 
 Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Poultry farming; Poultry products;
 Exports; Farm income; History; Peasant workers; Rail
 transport; Literature reviews
 
 
 16                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Beak trimming effects on performance, behavior and welfare of
 chickens: A review.
 Cunningham, D.L.
 Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 129-134; 1992
 Mar. Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Animal welfare; Animal
 behavior; Literature reviews
 
 
 17                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Behavioral responses of broiler chickens to handling: effects
 of dietary tryptophan and two lighting regimens.
 Newberry, R.C.; Blair, R.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Jul.
 Poultry science v. 72 (7): p. 1237-1244; 1993 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Diet; Tryptophan; Light regime;
 Fearfulness; Animal welfare; Carcass quality; Dosage effects
 
 Abstract:  In three 2 X 2 factorial experiments, effects of
 added dietary Trp (0 or .2%, Experiments 1 and 2; 0 or .4%,
 Experiment 3) and two lighting regimens [1) constant 23-h
 photoperiod (23H); or 2) increasing photoperiod (INC)] on
 behavioral responses of broilers to handling were assessed. In
 Week 6 of Experiment 1, and Weeks 3 and 6 of Experiments 2 and
 3, 32 chickens from each treatment were picked up and held by
 both legs for 30 s, carried for 60 s, and induced into tonic
 immobility (TI). In aU experiments, chickens reared under INC
 were more likely to flap when carried, and flapped longer,
 than chickens reared under 23H (P < .01). In Experiments 2 and
 3, INC chickens were more likely to curl the body ventrally
 when handled and were more susceptible to TI induction than
 23H chickens (P < .05). The duration of TI was shorter on INC
 than 23H in Experiment 2 (P < .05), and longer in Experiment 3
 (P < .001). Dietary Trp supplementation resulted in a lower
 flapping duration and higher incidence of body curling in
 Experiment 2 (P < .05), and a shorter TI duration in
 Experiment 3 (P < .05). Flapping, body curling, and TI
 responses of chickens varied between handlers (P < .05).
 Vocalization and flapping rates were lower, and flapping
 incidence and duration of flapping and TI higher, in Week 6
 than in Week 3 (P < .05). Chickens reared under INC may be at
 greater risk of injury during reslaughter handling than
 chickens reared under 23H. Addition of .4% Trp to the diet may
 have a mild fear-reducing effect.
 
 
 18                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Behavior-genetic analysis and poultry husbandry.
 Siegel, P.B.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 72 (1): p. 1-6; 1993 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Domestication; Animal welfare; Genetic
 improvement; Adaptability; Animal behavior; Vocalization;
 Genetic variation
 
 Abstract:  Domestication, one of the great innovations in
 human history, has had a profound effect on agriculture and
 the development of urban societies. Domestication is a
 continuing genetic process through which anatomy, behavior,
 and physiology are modified to suit specific needs. In
 poultry, the process has accelerated during the past several
 decades because of increased selection pressure and
 development of specialized male and female lines in breeding
 programs. Large changes have also occurred in the
 intensification of environments in which poultry are
 maintained. Such intensification is a function of escalation
 of land, energy, and labor costs. Whether the rate of change
 of these nongenetic factors is faster than biological change
 is an important issue in the consideration of behavior-genetic
 analyses and poultry husbandry. Complex behavioral, genetic,
 and physiological responses are involved in the buffering
 necessary for animals to cope with changes in their physical
 and social environments. Knowledge of behavioral range and
 genetic variation of short- and long-term responses is
 essential to understanding how poultry adapt. Although innate
 behaviors and habituation can prevent some stimuli from
 causing manifestations that detract from well-being, husbandry
 conditions should optimize behavioral responses with
 biological advantages to individuals and populations.
 
 
 19                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Behavioural responses of commercially farmed laying hens to
 humans: evidence of stimulus generalization.
 Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Jones, R.B.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jul.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (2): p. 139-146; 1993
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Man
 
 
 20                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
 Breeder flock study shows salmonella-causing factors.
 Jones, F.T.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Mar16.
 Feedstuffs v. 64 (11): p. 1, 22-23; 1992 Mar16.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Salmonella; Broilers; Contamination; Flocks;
 Disease control; Animal health; Stress
 
 
 21                                    NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
 Calcium deficiency and food deprivation improve the response
 of chickens to acute heat stress.
 Ait-Boulahsen, A.; Garlich, J.D.; Edens, F.W.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Jan. The
 Journal of nutrition v. 123 (1): p. 98-105; 1993 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Diet; Mineral deficiencies; Calcium; Food
 restriction; Heat stress; Acid base equilibrium
 
 Abstract:  The tolerance of chickens to acute heat stress may
 be modified by diet. Broiler chickens fed calcium-adequate
 (0.90% Ca) or -deficient (0.45% or 0.15% Ca) diets were either
 fed or not fed for 24 h and exposed to increasing temperatures
 (from 24 to 41 degrees C). Diets were fed for 7 d before heat
 stress in Experiment 1 and for 14 d before heat stress in
 Experiment 2. Body temperature, blood ionized Ca, pH, pCO2,
 plasma inorganic phosphate and total Ca were determined.
 During heat stress, Ca+2 and inorganic phosphate were
 depressed in all treatments. Feeding the 0.45% Ca diet for 7 d
 reduced hyperthermic body temperature of fed chickens but had
 no effect on body temperature of unfed chickens relative to
 the groups fed 0.90% Ca. No further improvement in body
 temperature response to heat stress was obtained by lowering
 the dietary Ca level to 0.15% or extending the feeding period
 to 14 d. Food deprivation was more effective in counteracting
 the heat-induced rise in body temperature than a dietary Ca
 deficiency. Heat-induced changes in body temperature, Ca+2,
 inorganic phosphate and blood pH were highly correlated (P <
 0.001). The change in Ca+2 followed a pattern similar to that
 of changes in body temperature, but changes in inorganic
 phosphate seemed to be more indicative of changes in pH.
 Control birds fed 0.90% Ca exhibited the highest changes in
 Ca+2 and body temperature values. Feeding Ca-deficient diets
 reduced changes in both Ca+2 and body temperature. Unfed
 birds, regardless of dietary Ca level, showed the lowest
 changes in Ca+2 and body temperature. The results suggest that
 during heat stress, the increase in body temperature is
 inversely related to the chickens' ability to maintain blood
 Ca+2.
 
 
 22                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Carbon dioxide, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and
 performance of heat distressed broilers.
 Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 61-66; 1993. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carbonation; Drinking
 water; Acid base equilibrium; Body temperature; Water intake
 
 
 23                                  NAL Call. No.: 389.9 Un342
 Carcass quality after broiler livehaul and influence of
 withdrawal feed nutrition.
 Moran, E.T. Jr
 College Park, Md. : The Conference, 1961-; 1994.
 Proceedings /. p. 30-38; 1994.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Marketing; Food restriction; Transport
 of animals; Carcass quality
 
 
 24                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous
 electroencephalogram of hens during stunning with a carbon
 dioxide and argon mixture.
 Mohan Raj, A.B.; Wotton, S.B.; Gregory, N.G.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Mar.
 British veterinary journal v. 148 (2): p. 147-156; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Argon; Oxygen;
 Bioelectric potential; Electroencephalograms; Hypercapnia;
 Anoxia; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  A previous investigation indicated that when hens
 were exposed to 2% oxygen in argon (anoxia) EEG suppression
 and loss of SEPs occurred at 17 and 29 s after exposure. In
 this study, hens were exposed to 49% carbon dioxide in air
 (hypercapnic hypoxia) or 31% carbon dioxide with 2% oxygen in
 argon (hypercapnic anoxia) and their spontaneous electroence-
 phalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)
 were investigated. The results indicated that EEG suppression
 and loss of SEPs occurred in 11 and 26 s, respectively, in
 hypercapnic hypoxia. These events occurred at 11 and 19 s,
 respectively, after exposure to hypercapnic anoxia. These
 results indicated that, with regard to preslaughter
 stunning/killing of chickens, a mixture of 31% carbon dioxide
 with 2% oxygen in argon resulted in a more rapid loss of
 evoked responses in the brain when compared with 49% carbon
 dioxide in air or with 2% oxygen in argon. It is concluded
 that stunning chickens with low concentrations of carbon
 dioxide in argon would result in a more rapid loss of
 consciousness.
 
 
 25                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Choice tests for space in groups of laying hens.
 Fanure, J.M.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Jan.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (1): p. 89-94; 1994
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Cage size; Animal welfare; Space
 utilization; Groups; Tests
 
 
 26                                    NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84
 The cleanest little chicken house in America.
 Mazzola, V.
 Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1993 Sep.
 Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
 Agricultural Research Service v. 41 (9): p. 18; 1993 Sep.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Environmental control
 
 
 27                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed
 in battery cages and an aviary.
 Tanaka, T.; Hurnik, J.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 235-243; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Aviaries;
 Animal behavior; Egg production; Feeding habits
 
 Abstract:  Experiments were carried out to study the behavior
 and production performance of hens housed in battery cages (3
 birds X 112 cages) and an aviary (437 birds). Direct visual
 observations and videotapings of hen behavior were collected
 at 24 to 25, 36 to 37, 49 to 50, and 61 to 62 wk of age.
 Production data were collected daily. Stereotyped behaviors
 were much more frequent (P < .01) in the battery cages (7.0 to
 24.7%) than in the aviary (1.0 to 2.7%). Comfort behaviors
 were performed by aviary birds (3.9 to 5.5%) much more
 frequently (P < .01) than by the caged birds (.7 to .9%). The
 birds were more active during a few hours before dark and just
 after light in both cages and the aviary. In both groups, the
 production performance of hens was similar and relatively
 high. The results of the current study indicate that aviaries
 provide a more comfortable environment for birds and almost
 the same productivity per bird as battery cages.
 
 
 28                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Comparison of bone volume and strength as measures of skeletal
 integrity in caged laying hens with access to perches.
 Hughes, B.O.; Wilson, S.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar.
 Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 202-206; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bone strength; Bones; Volume;
 Breaking strength; Osteoporosis
 
 Abstract:  Fractures in spent laying hens are now recognised
 as a major welfare problem; the objective of this work was to
 determine whether provision of perches for caged layers would
 increase bone strength, bone volume or both. Sixteen ISA Brown
 hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks old in cages with perches
 and 16 in similar cages without perches. At the end of lay the
 birds' tibiotarsi were examined for strength by a three-point
 loading test and their tarsometatarsi for bone volume by
 histomorphometry. There was no significant effect of perches
 on tibiotarsal breaking strength. Hens from both groups showed
 evidence of osteoporosis, but it was more severe in the birds
 from conventional cages: tarsometatarsal trabecular bone
 volume was greater in the hens which had access to perches. A
 positive correlation was found between trabecular bone volume
 and the degree of day-time perch usage by individual hens.
 Provision of perches can have a slight but significant
 beneficial effect, at least for the leg bones, in increasing
 the bone volume of caged laying hens.
 
 
 29                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Continuous submarginal phosphorus with broilers and the effect
 of preslaughter transportation: carcass defects, further-
 processing yields, and tibia-femur integrity.
 Moran, E.T.; Todd, M.C.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep.
 Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1448-1457; 1994 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Mineral deficiencies; Phosphorus;
 Carcass quality; Femur; Tibia; Length; Broiler performance;
 Body weight; Feed conversion; Transport of animals; Mortality;
 Carcass yield; Abdominal fat; Epiphyses; Bone density; Bone
 weight
 
 Abstract:  Broiler males were given a series of feeds from 0
 to 8 wk having all nutrients advocated by the NRC (1984) and
 were compared with birds offered feeds with available P
 continuously 10% below recommendation. At termination, birds
 in pens were divided for cooping, and coops were either
 subjected to 6 h of truck transportation and 4 h of
 preslaughter rest or held stationary for 10 h. High summer
 temperatures existed throughout experimentation, and low
 dietary P reduced body weight gain through the first 6 wk,
 whereas an advantage in feed conversion and mortality occurred
 from 6 to 8 wk. Weight loss increased when birds were
 subjected to transportation, regardless of P nutriture, and a
 portion of the loss was recovered during processing as gain in
 relative chilled carcass yield. Proportions of abdominal fat
 and skinless boneless meats from chilled carcasses were
 unaltered, regardless of treatment. Increased incidence of
 deformed drumsticks occurred because of low P as did drumstick
 bruising, which was further accentuated when birds had been
 transported. Back bruising was prominent when P was adequate
 and birds were held stationary, whereas the converse occurred
 with transportation. Tibia length was reduced as a consequence
 of low P, whereas the femur suffered in terms of decreased
 mineral density at the epiphyses and resistance to Instron-
 applied stress. Although transportation in itself did not
 affect any bone measurement, inadequate P weakened the
 skeleton to increase likelihood of carcass defects during
 preslaughter stress.
 
 
 30                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
 Control of heat stress essential to keep hens laying in hot
 weather. Muirhead, S.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Apr05.
 Feedstuffs v. 65 (14): p. 13; 1993 Apr05.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Weather; Temperature
 
 
 31                                    NAL Call. No.: SB599.A47
 Controlling rodents in commercial poultry facilities.
 Corrigan, R.M.; Timm, R.M.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
 University,; 1993 Feb.
 Animal damage control / (3): 16 p.; 1993 Feb.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing; Mus musculus;
 Rattus norvegicus; Rattus rattus; Rodent control;
 Rodenticides; Poultry diseases; Bait traps
 
 
 32                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.9 In7
 A conveyor system for handling laying hens.
 Moran, P.; Whetlor, B.; Berry, P.
 Silsoe : Institution of Agricultural Engineers; 1993.
 The Agricultural engineer v. 48 (4): p. 120-122; 1993. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Uk; Cabt; Handling machinery; Conveyors; Poultry
 housing; Battery cages; Hens; Design; Operation; Animal
 welfare
 
 
 33                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Cost benefit analysis of a 24 hour summer ventilation strategy
 for poultry. Bisesi, P.S.; Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.;
 Brake, J.; Pardue, S.L.; Etheredge, A.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (923537): 15 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International winter meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Electricity;
 Summer; Cost benefit analysis
 
 
 34                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Decontamination of poultry transport cages.
 El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.;
 Joseph, S.W.; Berney, G.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933010): 26 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cages; Salmonella; Poultry; Disinfection
 
 
 35                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 The depletion of glycogen stores and indices of dehydration in
 transported broilers.
 Warriss, P.D.; Kestin, S.C.; Brown, S.N.; Knowles, T.G.;
 Wilkins, L.J.; Edwards, J.E.; Austin, S.D.; Nicol, C.J.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Jul.
 The British veterinary journal v. 149(4): p. 391-398; 1993
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Road transport;
 Dehydration (physiological); Glycogen; Liver; Food
 deprivation; Blood sugar; Ph; Skeletal muscle
 
 Abstract:  Broilers were either not transported or were
 transported for 2, 4 or 6 hours after having been subjected to
 food withdrawal times of less than one hour or of ten hours.
 The birds were then slaughtered using normal commercial
 practices. The longer period of food deprivation reduced liver
 weight and glycogen content, and circulating glucose
 concentrations. It also elevated the ultimate pH value (pHu)
 in the biceps muscle and by implication, therefore, reduced
 its glycogen content. With longer journey times, liver weight
 and glycogen content decreased. Transport had an inconsistent
 effect on glycogen concentration in the pectoral muscle but
 progressively reduced its pHu. In contrast, pHu in the biceps
 progressively increased, by implication because transport
 depleted muscle glycogen levels. Birds transported further had
 higher concentrations of total protein in their plasma which,
 though this was not significant, also had a higher osmolality.
 This suggests that transported birds became dehydrated.
 Additionally, the depletion of body glycogen stores might be
 associated with the perception of fatigue.
 
 
 36                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Design of a poultry disease isolation facility with
 programmable environmental control.
 Branton, S.L.; Simmons, J.D.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Sep. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8
 (5): p. 695-699; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Structural design; Animal diseases;
 Isolation; Quarantine; Environmental control
 
 Abstract:  An 8 X 25 m (26 X 82 ft) block building was
 converted from an outdated environmental research facility to
 a state-of-the-art biological isolation laboratory for poultry
 disease research. Modification included interior partitioning
 into two large environmental chambers, the addition of
 insulation in walls and ceiling, 70 kW (20 tons) of
 refrigeration, 32 fiber glass biological isolation units,
 appropriate air handling and waste removal, and a computer-
 based environmental controller. The facility has been in use
 for two years and has been used in conducting research with
 both broilers and layers with no occurrence of cross-
 contamination. To date, the facility has performed as intended
 with no problems other than the accumulation of poultry dust
 with resultant persistent clogging of the medium efficiency
 pleated roughing filter. This problem was rectified through
 the incorporation of a lanolin-impregnated roll roughing
 filter into the filter system upstream of the pleated roughing
 filter.
 
 
 37                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 Designing environments for animals-not for public perceptions.
 Duncan, L.J.H.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov.
 British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 475-477; 1992 Nov. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Animal welfare; Animal
 behavior
 
 
 38                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
 Development of a constant current water bath stunner for
 poultry processing. Sparrey, J.M.; Kettlewell, P.J.; Paice,
 M.E.R.; Whetlor, W.C. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-
 ; 1993 Dec.
 Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 56 (4): p.
 267-274; 1993 Dec. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Slaughtering equipment; Stunning;
 Electric current; Electrical equipment; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  Problems with conventional water bath stunners have
 been identified through observation in commercial processing
 plants and experiment in the laboratory. Due to differences in
 the electrical resistance of the individual birds there is
 little control over the stunning current and hence the
 effectiveness of stunning. To illustrate this problem, the use
 of set voltage water bath stunners in the poultry processing
 industry is described. Their performance in relation to
 existing UK legislation and proposed European standards for
 animal welfare is discussed. A prototype poultry stunner has
 been developed which controls the current delivered to
 individual birds. The stunning current has a 50 Hz sinusoidal
 wave form and the root mean square (r.m.s.) value is
 adjustable between 50 and 200 mA. The machine is capable of
 operating at typical commercial processing speeds of 6000
 birds per hour. Experiments using dummy birds, built with
 electrical properties to represent a live chicken, show that
 the system can deliver and maintain a preset, constant current
 to each individual bird provided there is no significant
 current pathway between adjacent birds. A constant current
 stunning system will control the current flow through
 individual birds at an optimal level which will ensure an
 effective stun and at the same time minimize the carcass
 quality problems produced by high currents.
 
 
 39                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Diagnostic hardware/software system for environmental
 controllers. Chao, K.L.; Gates, R.S.; Chi, H.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-3560): 25 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Temperature; Computer simulation
 
 
 40                                    NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
 Dietary energy source and density modulate the expression of
 immunologic stress in chicks.
 Benson, B.N.; Calvert, C.C.; Roura, E.; Klasing, K.C.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Oct. The
 Journal of nutrition v. 123 (10): p. 1714-1723; 1993 Oct. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Energy intake; Metabolizable energy; Nutrient
 density; Food intake; Growth; Stress; Experimental infections;
 Experimental diets; Chicks; Blood lipids; Immune response;
 Energy metabolism
 
 Abstract:  To determine how dietary energy level and source
 influence feed intake, growth and energy partitioning during
 immunologic stress, growing chicks were fed diets based on
 cornstarch and casein with varying energy densities and
 injected every other day for 6 d with either saline (control),
 Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed
 Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide decreased growth and feed consumption at
 low energy densities. When the dietary energy density was
 increased above 13.4 kJ/g using cornstarch, but not corn oil,
 the growth depressing effect of immunogens was eliminated.
 Immunologically stressed chicks had a greater proportion of
 gain in visceral organs and less in the carcass, regardless of
 the nutrient density of the diet. Immunologic stress decreased
 intake of metabolizable energy of chicks fed a diet with low
 nutrient density and increased it for those fed a diet with
 high nutrient density. Chicks injected with S. typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide lost more energy as heat than controls when
 differences in metabolizable energy intakes were accounted for
 and modified their preference between two diets differing in
 metabolizable energy density and fat content as a result of
 the challenge. Control chicks selected between the 11.7 and
 14.2 kJ/g diets to obtain an energy density of 13.2 kJ/g
 compared with 12.5 kJ/g in the S. typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks. The S. typhimurium
 lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks consumed similar amounts
 of the low energy diet but decreased intake of the high energy
 diet.
 
 
 41                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Dietary vitamin and/or trace mineral premix effects on
 performance, humoral mediated immunity, and carcass
 composition of broilers during thermoneutral and high ambient
 temperature distress.
 Deyhim, F.; Teeter, R.G.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 347-355;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carcass composition;
 Dietary minerals; Vitamin supplements; Broiler performance;
 Humoral immunity; Mineral deficiencies; Vitamin deficiencies;
 Antibody formation; Abdominal fat; Liver; Bursa fabricii;
 Spleen; Weight
 
 
 42                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Differential environmental effects on lesions, early growth,
 and mortality of imperfect albino (s(al-c)) chicks.
 Silversides, F.G.; Merat, P.; Coquerelle, G.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May.
 Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 813-820; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Albinos; Genes; Lesions; Growth;
 Mortality; Genotypes; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Brooders;
 Battery cages; Floor pens; Light regime; Genotype environment
 interaction
 
 Abstract:  A series of experiments investigated early
 pleiotropic effects of a gene for imperfect albinism (s(al-c))
 in a population of chickens at Jouy-en-Josas, France. An
 elevated incidence of lesions of the navel, hocks, and nares
 typical of imperfect albinos were seen on these chicks,
 confirming their existence in this population. Variations in
 hatching environment and the amount of light in the hatcher
 were both implicated in contributing to the occurrence of
 lesions of the hocks and nares, but not to those of the navel.
 In two experiments, using batteries and cages, early growth
 was reduced among albinos and early mortality was increased.
 Significant genotype by environment interactions for weight at
 4 days and growth to this time, but not thereafter, suggested
 that the effect is restricted to this time. Unfavorable
 environments were most deleterious to albinos. In a third
 experiment, conducted in floor pens, the gene had no effect on
 either early growth or mortality. There was no effect of the
 gene on the lesions, early growth, or mortality when carried
 by heterozygous males (s(+)/s(al-c)).
 
 
 43                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Differential leucocyte responses to various degrees of food
 restriction in broilers, turkeys and ducks.
 Maxwell, M.H.; Hocking, P.M.; Robertson, G.W.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 177-187; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Restricted feeding; Stress response;
 Blood picture
 
 
 44                                     NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
 Differential trans-activation of muscle-specific regulatory
 elements including the myosin light chain box by chicken MyoD,
 myogenin, and MRF4. Fujisawa-Sehara, A.; Nabeshima, Y.;
 Komiya, T.; Uetsuki, T.; Asakura, A.; Nabeshima, Y.I.
 Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
 Molecular Biology; 1992 May15.
 The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (14): p.
 10031-10038; 1992 May15. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Myosin; Genetic regulation; Controlling
 elements; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences
 
 Abstract:  We have isolated cDNAs encoding a chicken homologue
 of MRF4 (cMRF4) in addition to chicken MyoD (CMD1) and
 myogenin (c-myogenin) described previously. In an attempt to
 understand the roles that cMRF4, CMD1, and c-myogenin play in
 chicken myogenesis, the effects of these factors on muscle-
 specific cis-elements identified in regulatory regions of
 myosin alkali light chain (MLC) genes were examined. The
 promoter analysis of some of MLC genes has revealed two sorts
 of muscle-specific positive regulatory elements to date, an
 enhancer located upstream of the adult type LC1 gene and a
 cis-element, termed an MLC box, conserved among promoters of
 various MLC genes. The LC1 enhancer was exclusively trans-
 activated by CMD1. Although c-myogenin also activated
 transcription driven by the LC1 promoter, it was suggested
 that c-myogenin requires a cis-element(s) other than the CMD1-
 responsive enhancer. Chicken MRF4 could not trans-activate any
 of the constructs containing the LC1 promoter. In contrast,
 the promoter of the embryonic L23 gene was trans-activated by
 all of the three factors. From deletion and mutation analysis,
 the MLC box was shown to be involved in their positive
 regulation. These results extend previous observations that
 individual myogenic regulatory factors exhibit different
 capabilities in transcriptional activation of muscle-specific
 genes by acting distinctively upon their regulatory elements.
 
 
 45                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Diurnal and individual variation in behaviour of restricted-
 fed broiler breeders.
 Kostal, L.; Savory, C.J.; Hughes, B.O.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 361-374; 1992
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Animal behavior;
 Diurnal variation; Variation; Stress; Corticosterone; Blood
 plasma; Fearfulness; Body weight
 
 
 46                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Dust, ammonia, and carbon dioxide emissions from a poultry
 house. Maghirang, R.G.; Manbeck, H.B.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934056): 10 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers and The
 Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23,
 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Air quality; Poultry housing; Ventilation
 
 
 47                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Dust net generation rate in a poultry layer house.
 Qi, R.; Manbeck, H.B.; Maghirang, R.G.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p.
 1639-1645. ill; 1992 Sep.  Literature review.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Poultry housing; Air quality;
 Artificial ventilation; Dust; Interactions; Lighting;
 Literature reviews; Particle density; Air pollutants;
 Mathematical models
 
 Abstract:  Dust particle net generation rates, based on the
 particle concentration data obtained in a commercial poultry
 facility during a complete laying season of one flock of
 birds, were calculated and compared to published values. The
 layer house was mechanically ventilated with a housing
 capacity for 112,000 caged birds. Two seasonal (hot and cold)
 ventilation rates were used at different times during the 14
 weekly sample periods that are included in this study. The
 daily lighting scheme in the house consisted of 17 lighted
 hours followed by 7 darkened hours. Hourly dust particle net
 generation rates for respirable and total particles were
 calculated. For the 14 tested weeks, mean particle volume
 generation rates were 0.76 mm3/h.bird and 1.06 mm3/h.bird,
 respectively, for respirable and total particles. Based on a
 measured particle density of 1750 kg/m3, the mean mass
 generation rates of respirable and total particles were 1.32
 mg/h.bird and 1.84 mg/h.bird, respectively. Both respirable
 and total particle generation rates were significantly (P <
 0.05) influenced by both ventilation rate and lighting levels.
 
 
 48                                    NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3
 Early insulin response after food intake in geese.
 Karmann, H.; Rideau, N.; Zorn, T.; Malan, A.; Le Maho, Y.
 Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 Oct.
 American journal of physiology v. 263 (4,pt.2): p. R782-R784;
 1992 Oct. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Food intake; Insulin; Insulin secretion; Glucose;
 Blood plasma; Blood sampling; Stress; Geese
 
 Abstract:  Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured in
 chronically catheterized, freely moving, undisturbed geese,
 which were offered a free standard meal after an overnight
 fast. The insulin level markedly rose within the first minute
 after the start of food ingestion, whereas plasma glucose did
 not increase. This early insulin response was not correlated
 with the size of the meal. In contrast, both postabsorptive
 insulin response and plasma glucose changes were dependent on
 meal size. When a small amount of food (2-6 g) was eaten,
 insulin returned to basal level within 30 min, whereas plasma
 glucose remained unchanged. Larger meals (15-20 g) maintained
 plasma insulin at a higher level and induced a sustained rise
 of plasma glucose. These results indicate that there is a
 cephalic phase of insulin secretion at the beginning of the
 meal in birds as previously described in mammals.
 
 
 49                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of acute heat exposure on blood flow and its
 distribution in the unrestrained laying fowl (Gallus
 domesticus).
 Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
 British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 559-568; 1993 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Blood flow; Body temperature; Environmental
 temperature; Heat stress
 
 
 50                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of acute heat exposure on triglyceride transfer to the
 preovulatory follicles of the laying fowl (Gallus domesticus).
 Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
 British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 569-575; 1993 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Follicles; Triacylglycerols
 
 
 51                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effect of age and presence of perches during rearing on tonic
 immobility fear reactions of broiler breeder pullets.
 Brake, J.; Keeley, T.P.; Jones, R.B.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep.
 Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1470-1474; 1994 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pullets; Perches; Fearfulness; Age differences;
 Protein intake; Dietary protein; Body weight
 
 Abstract:  Broiler breeders were housed in pens in an all-
 litter house with an 8-h photoperiod from hatching to 20 wk of
 age. They were reared either in the presence or absence of
 perches (7 cm per bird) and on either a 14% or a 17% CP diet.
 The duration of the tonic immobility (TI) fear response was
 measured in 15- and in 20-wk-old birds; each pullet was tested
 individually and once only. There was an apparent age-related
 increase in the duration of TI, which was attenuated by the
 provision of perches during rearing. The results are discussed
 in terms of maturational and environmental influences on the
 development and alleviation of fear.
 
 
 52                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A
 Effect of building ventilation design on environment and
 performance of turkeys.
 DeBey, M.C.; Trampel, D.W.; Richard, J.L.; Bundy, D.S.;
 Hoffman, L.J.; Meyer, V.M.; Cox, D.F.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;
 1994 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (2):
 p. 216-220; 1994 Feb. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Poultry housing; Natural ventilation;
 Doors; Structural design; Performance; Air flow; Air
 temperature; Relative humidity; Ammonia; Air microbiology;
 Particles; Air quality; Seasonal variation
 
 Abstract:  Environmental variables in 10 commercial turkey
 confinement buildings, representing 2 natural ventilation
 designs, were measured during summer and the following winter.
 Sliding doors spaced at intervals along the walls of 5 of the
 buildings provided about 35% opening, and continuous wall
 curtains provided 60 to 80% opening in the other 5 buildings.
 Environmental variables assessed included airspeed;
 temperature; relative humidity; gases; particle number, size,
 and mass per cubic meter of air; and colonies of bacteria,
 yeasts, and other fungi per cubic meter of air. Colonies of
 yeasts and other fungi were quantitated in feed and litter.
 For most of the variables evaluated, significant differences
 were not attributable to building ventilation design; however,
 in winter, the total mass of particulate matter per cubic
 meter of air was higher in the curtain-type houses, compared
 with sliding door-type houses. Ammonia concentration in the
 air of sliding door-type houses progressively increased during
 summer and winter sampling periods. A significant effect of
 building ventilation design on turkey performance was not
 detected when using mortality, average daily gain, feed
 conversion, condemnations at slaughter, or average individual
 bird weight as measures of production.
 
 
 53                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Effect of catching method and lighting intensity on the
 prevalence of broken bones and on the ease of handling of end-
 of-lay hens.
 Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Alvey, D.M.; Tucker, S.A.
 London : The Association; 1993 Feb06.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 132 (6): p. 127-129; 1993 Feb06.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Bone fractures
 
 
 54                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of cold stress on performance and immune responses of
 bedouin and white leghorn hens.
 Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 177-185; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Israel; Cabt; Hens; Breed differences
 
 
 55                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effect of early handling on growth, mortality and feed
 efficiency in White Leghorns.
 Leonard, M.L.; Fairfull, R.W.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 121-128; 1992
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Animal husbandry; Handling; Growth rate;
 Mortality; Feed conversion efficiency; Cannibalism
 
 
 56                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of environmental enrichment during rearing on fear
 reactions and depopulation trauma in adult caged hens.
 Reed, H.J.; Wilkins, L.J.; Austin, S.D.; Gregory, N.G.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 39-46; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Fearfulness; Trauma; Removal
 
 
 57                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous
 Salmonella enteritidis infection.
 Holt, P.S.; Porter, R.E. Jr
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Nov.
 Poultry science v. 72 (11): p. 2069-2078; 1993 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Molting; Relapse;
 Susceptibility; Disease transmission; Stress
 
 Abstract:  Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown
 that hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) during the
 feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more
 SE and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in
 adjacent cages when compared with unmolted hens. A study was
 conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the
 recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE
 infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk in Trials 1 and 2,
 respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days
 later. In Trial 1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive
 on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and 45 (P less than
 or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE
 on these days (P less than or equal to.05 and P less than or
 equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens. Horizontal
 transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact
 exposed hens in adjacent cages was also higher in the molted
 group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or equal
 to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted,
 contact- exposed hens also shed significantly more SE than
 unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed
 progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the
 differences were not significant. However, more molted
 contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than
 or equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and
 also shed more SE on these days (P less than or equal to .05
 and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the
 unmolted hens. Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were
 also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to exert no effect
 on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary
 tract were lower in the molted hens than the unmolted hens on
 Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P less than or
 equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly
 infected hens and two of eight molted contact-exposed hens
 produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the unmolted hens
 produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE-
 contaminated eggs were produced.
 
 
 58                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 The effect of long-term housing in an aviary and battery cages
 on the physical condition of laying hens: body weight, feather
 condition, claw length, foot lesions, and tibia strength.
 Taylor, A.A.; Hurnik, J.F.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 268-273; 1994 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Aviaries; Battery cages; Body weight;
 Claws; Length; Feathers; Tibia; Bone strength; Bone weight;
 Animal welfare; Feet; Lesions
 
 Abstract:  The physical condition of laying hens housed for 3
 yr in either traditional battery cages or an aviary was
 compared. Aviary hens were significantly lighter than those in
 cages (2,021 vs 2,241 g; P = .0001), despite having consumed
 slightly more feed (121 vs 116 g per bird per d, P = .16).
 Caged hens had poorer feather cover (P = .0001); 39% of caged
 birds had denuded areas greater than 5 cm2, whereas 68% of
 aviary hens had complete plumage. The length of both center
 front and rear claws was significantly greater in caged hens
 (36.3 vs 30.3 mm, P =.001 and 19.2 vs 16.1 mm, P =.012,
 respectively). The total number of foot lesions did not differ
 with housing system; however, caged hens had significantly
 more toe injuries (P < .001), and aviary birds had more
 injuries on the soles of their feet (P =.005). All aviary
 birds with foot lesions had only a single lesion, whereas one-
 sixth of caged hens with lesions had more than one. No
 difference in tibial breaking strength was found due to
 housing system. Overall, the results suggest that aviary
 systems can offer some distinct advantages over traditional
 battery cages with regard to the physical condition of laying
 hens, given a high level of management.
 
 
 59                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effect of number of hens per nipple waterer on the performance
 of several strains of layers in cages.
 Gernat, A.G.; Adams, A.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1292-1295; 1992 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Strain differences; Floor pens; Water
 intake; Nipple drinkers; Laying performance; Liveweight gain;
 Egg weight; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments were designed to study the effects
 of housing in cages with several hens per nipple waterer (HPN)
 ratios on performance of several strains of White Leghorn
 pullets. In Experiment 1, only body weight gain and water
 consumption were significantly affected by the HPN; hens at
 the 2:1 HPN gained more weight and consumed more water per day
 than those at the 4:1 HPN. The lack of a significant strain by
 HPN interaction indicated that the four strains responded
 similarly to the different HPN ratios. In Experiment 2, hens
 in cages with 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN consumed significantly more
 water and feed than those in cages with 10:1 and 14:1 HPN. In
 both experiments, the HPN had no significant effect on age at
 sexual maturity, egg production, mortality, and egg weight,
 but efficiency of feed usage for egg production decreased with
 the 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN.
 
 
 60                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 The effect of oxytetracycline on water consumption of
 broilers. Lott, B.D.; Branton, S.L.; May, J.D.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (3): p. 283-285;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Drinking water; Additives;
 Oxytetracycline; Water intake; Heat stress; Age differences;
 Liveweight gain
 
 
 61                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of perches in laying cages on welfare and production of
 hens. Duncan, E.T.; Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
 British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 25-35; 1992 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Perches
 
 
 62                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Effect of preproduction lighting regimes on reproductive
 performance of broiler breeders.
 Yalcin, S.; McDaniel, G.R.; Wong-Valle, J.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 51-54; 1993. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pullets; Broilers; Light regime; Poultry housing;
 Laying performance
 
 
 63                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effect of rearing floor type and ten-day beak trimming on
 stress and performance of caged layers.
 Struwe, F.J.; Gleaves, E.W.; Douglas, J.H.; Bond, P.L. Jr
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 70-75; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Beak; Debeaking; Stress; Body weight; Feed
 intake; Egg production; Floors; Wire netting; Litter;
 Feathers; Adrenal glands; Heart; Spleen; Weight; Blood;
 Corticosterone
 
 Abstract:  Beak trimming pullets at an early age is a
 widespread industry practice. There is some concern that this
 practice may have effects on the subsequent performance of the
 birds in the production phase. Effects of beak treatment
 (trimmed or untrimmed) and rearing floor type (litter or wire)
 on performance of caged layers were evaluated in a 2 X 2
 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pullets that were trimmed
 or untrimmed at 10 days of age and reared on either litter or
 wire floors were placed in a cage house. Production factors
 and stress measurements were recorded to determine detrimental
 effects of the early trimming and rearing floor types. No
 interactions (P=.15) between rearing floor type and beak
 treatment were observed for BW, feed consumption, egg
 production, heart weight, spleen weight, or blood
 corticosterone. However, an interaction (P=.02) between
 rearing floor type and beak treatment was observed for adrenal
 weight. There were no differences (P=.08) in the final BW of
 the pullets. Birds reared on litter ate considerably (P=.0002)
 more than those reared on wire. There were no differences
 (P=.27) in egg production rate. Adrenal weights were different
 (P=.007), with the litter-raised birds having much smaller
 adrenals at the end of the 36-wk trial. Hearts of the beak-
 trimmed birds were smaller (P=.02) than those of the untrimmed
 birds. There were no differences in spleen weights (P=.07) or
 blood corticosterone levels (P=.07). Differences in the
 feather cover were observed.
 
 
 64                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
 Effect of used litter from floor pens of adult broilers on
 Salmonella colonization of broiler chicks.
 Corrier, D.E.; Hinton, A. Jr; Hargis, B.; DeLoach, J.R.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists; 1992 Oct. Avian diseases v. 36 (4): p. 897-902;
 1992 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Broilers; Litter; Floor pens;
 Colonization; Salmonella; Cecum; Intestinal microorganisms;
 Disease resistance; Volatile fatty acids
 
 Abstract:  The effect of used pine-shaving litter from broiler
 door pens on Salmonella colonization resistance was evaluated
 in broiler chicks. One-day-old chicks were placed in floor
 pens on fresh unused litter or on used litter. All chicks were
 challenged orally with 10(4) S. typhimurium at 3 days of age.
 The study was replicated in three trials with used litter that
 was collected and stored for 1 day (Trial 1), 4 days (Trial
 2), or 50 days (Trial 3) before the start of each trial. Cecal
 concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were
 significantly higher (P < 0.05) in chicks placed on used
 litter than in chicks on new litter. In all three trials, the
 number of Salmonella in the cecal contents and the number of
 Salmonella cecal-culture-positive chicks was significantly
 lower (P < 0.01) at 10 days and 20 days of age in the chicks
 on used litter than in the chicks on new litter. The results
 indicated that newly hatched chicks reared on used litter had
 higher cecal VFA concentrations and higher resistance to
 Salmonella colonization than chicks reared on new litter.
 
 
 65                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Effect of ventilation rate and stocking density on turkey
 health and performance.
 Zuidhof, M.J.; Feddes, J.J.R.; Robinson, E.E.; Riddell, C.
 Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (2): p. 123-129;
 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Stocking density; Ventilation; Air
 quality; Poultry housing; Ammonia; Dust; Performance; Lungs;
 Lesions
 
 
 66                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Effect of warm drinking water on the performance and
 immunological responses of broiler breeder hens raised at low
 air temperature.
 Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A.; Rosenstrauch, A.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May.
 British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 361-366; 1993 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Environmental temperature; Cold stress;
 Water intake
 
 
 67                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Effects of age, sex and housing on the trabecular bone of
 laying strain domestic fowl.
 Wilson, S.; Duff, S.R.I.; Whitehead, C.C.
 London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jul.
 Research in veterinary science v. 53 (1): p. 52-58; 1992 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Osteoporosis; Osteomalacia; Bones; Volume;
 Age differences; Sex differences; Normal values; Cages; Floor
 pens
 
 Abstract:  To determine the effects of age, sex and housing on
 trabecular bone volume, samples were collected from groups of
 male and female domestic fowl housed in cages or floor pens
 from four to 60 weeks old. Between 25 and 60 weeks old,
 trabecular bone volume decreased by 25 per cent in sections of
 free thoracic vertebrae (T5) from female birds, the loss
 occurring at an earlier age in caged birds. Over the sample
 period, TBV in male caged birds diminished by 35 per cent, but
 male floor birds showed no reduction in trabecular bone
 volume. At 60 weeks, trabecular bone volume was 30 per cent
 greater in male caged birds and 40 per cent greater in male
 floor birds than in the corresponding females. In
 reproductively active females, no trabecular osteoid was
 observed, indicating no new trabecular bone formation.
 However, trabecular osteoid was present in two birds aged 60
 weeks which had regressed ovaries. Osteomalacia was not seen
 in any of the bone samples.
 
 
 68                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
 Effects of ascorbic acid on stress and disease in chickens.
 Gross, W.B.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists; 1992 Jul. Avian diseases v. 36 (3): p. 688-692;
 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Ascorbic acid; Stress; Fowl diseases;
 Disease resistance; Furaltadone; Neutrophils; Lymphocytes;
 Corticotropin; Feed conversion efficiency; Newcastle disease
 virus; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Escherichia coli
 
 Abstract:  White Leghorn chickens were given feed containing
 100 mg of ascorbic acid (AA)/kg. One day later, treated
 chickens and a similar group of unmedicated control chickens
 were chilled for 1 hour at 6 C, exposed to an unusual sound,
 fasted, or subjected to rough handling. Heterophil:lymphocytes
 (H:L) ratios were determined one day later. The AA-treated
 birds had significantly lower H:L ratios than untreated
 controls. Chickens that received a diet containing AA had
 lower H:L ratios than controls (0.86 vs. 1.65) following
 administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Chickens fed a
 diet containing AA showed increased resistance to a combined
 Newcastle disease virus-Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and
 to a secondary Escherichia coli infection, as well as to a
 primary E. coli challenge infection. The effects of AA and an
 antibacterial drug (furaltadone) were additive. In all
 experiments, the optimum dose of AA was 100 mg/kg of feed.
 There was a negative correlation between AA level in the diet
 and feed efficiency.
 
 
 69                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effects of ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate on adrenocortical
 activation and fear-related behavior in broiler chickens.
 Satterlee, D.G.; Jones, R.B.; Ryder, F.H.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 194-201; 1994 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Chicks; Fearfulness; Ascorbic acid;
 Phosphorylation; Corticosterone; Blood plasma; Water intake;
 Animal behavior; Inhibition
 
 Abstract:  The effects of supplemental ascorbyl-2-
 polyphosphate (APP) on adrenocortical function and underlying
 fearfulness in broiler chickens were assessed in a number of
 test situations. Chicks pretreated for a minimum of 24 h with
 APP (1,000 ppm equivalents of L-ascorbic acid) in their
 drinking water or with no APP (tap water controls; CON) had
 blood samples taken immediately following water treatment and
 again after exposure to a capture and cooping stressor for 10
 min. First, although the cooping stressor markedly increased
 plasma corticosterone concentrations, pretreatment with APP
 failed to attenuate this adrenocortical response. Second, APP-
 treated chicks showed less freezing and vocalized sooner in an
 open field (novel environment) than did controls. They also
 showed nonsignificant tendencies toward accelerated and
 enhanced ambulation. Third, supplementation with APP reduced
 the duration of the birds' tonic immobility fear reactions.
 Collectively, these behavioral effects are indicative of
 dampened fear. The apparent reduction of nonspecific,
 underlying fearfulness by APP treatment may have important
 implications for poultry welfare and performance.
 
 
 70                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of
 prechill carcasses. Waldroup, A.L.; Skinner, J.T.; Hierholzer,
 R.E.; Kopek, J.M.; Waldroup, P.W. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry
 Science Association; 1992 May.
 Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 844-849; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Salmonella typhimurium; Carcasses;
 Stocking density; Floor pens; Feed intake; Feed conversion;
 Mortality; Infections; Incidence
 
 Abstract:  Two similar trials were conducted to evaluate the
 effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of
 processed broilers. Commercial strain broiler clucks were
 reared in floor pens on new litter at densities of 557, 619,
 697, 796, 929, and 1,115 cm2 per bird. Twenty percent of the
 chicks in each density were gavaged directly into the crop
 with .5 mL of 108 nalidixic-acid-resistant (NAR) Salmonella
 typhimurium on Day 2. Twenty percent of the uninoculated birds
 in each density category were processed at 42 days. Prechill
 carcasses were evaluated for NAR Salmonella incidence using
 the whole carcass rinse technique and a mechanical shaking
 device. The resulting NAR Salmonella contamination rates (from
 lowest to highest bird densities) were as follows: 55, 4.2,
 35.7, 34.3, 88.9, and 20% in Trial 1; and 30, 20.8, 28.6, 50,
 58.3, and 30% in Trial 2. A random sample of the prechill
 carcasses of gavaged birds indicated a contamination rate of
 13.8% in Trial 1 and 61.1% in Trial 2. The NAR Salmonella
 contamination rates of the prechill carcasses did not appear
 to be affected by the bird densities evaluated in these
 trials. Feed intake and body weight at 42 days were adversely
 affected by the highest bird density, but feed utilization was
 not affected.
 
 
 71                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effects of cage versus floor rearing environments and cage
 floor mesh size on bone strength, fearfulness, and production
 of single comb White Leghorn hens. Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Aug.
 Poultry science v. 73 (8): p. 1233-1240; 1994 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Stocking density; Floor
 type; Floor husbandry; Fearfulness; Bone strength; Feed
 dispensers; Tibia; Laying performance; Body weight; Feed
 intake; Feed conversion; Mortality; Egg quality
 
 Abstract:  Fourteen hundred pullets were reared at densities
 of 304 and 735 cm(2) in cages and floor pens with litter,
 respectively. Feeder spaces of 2.7,4.0, and 5.4 cm per bird
 were held constant during the brooding growing period. At 18
 wk of age, the birds were housed four birds per cage (348
 cm(2) per bird) in a force-ventilated, light-controlled house
 with two rows of stair-step cages. In two rows, the standard
 2.5 X 5.0 cm welded wire flooring was replaced randomly with
 2.5 X 2.5 cm welded wire in eight-cage sections. Egg
 production, egg quality, feed conversion, and mortality were
 measured over a 48-wk production cycle. At 68 wk of age, a
 sample of hens was selected and euthanatized, and the right
 leg was excised for further evaluation. Rearing environment,
 rearing feeder space, or type of layer floor mesh had no
 significant effects on hen-day production or feed conversion.
 Hens reared in cages produced heavier (P <.001) eggs with a
 higher percentage of Grade A eggs and had fewer body checks
 than floor-reared birds. Femur, tibia, and shank lengths were
 not affected by the rearing treatments or the type of flooring
 in the layer cage. Tibia breaking strength was not different
 for the rearing systems or hens maintained on 2.5 X 2.5 vs 2.5
 X 5.0 cm welded wire mesh flooring. Hens reared in floor pens
 on litter displayed a higher level of fearfulness at the end
 of the production cycle. The reduced (P < .05) body weights
 associated with cage rearing and reduced feeder space did not
 negatively affect the production variables. Alteration of the
 mesh size of layer cage floor had no effect on the production
 levels of the hens.
 
 
 72                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of cage-front design on the feeding behaviour of
 laying hens. Sherwin, C.M.; Alvey, D.M.; Williamson, J.D.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 291-299; 1993
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Feeding behavior; Duration; Frequency;
 Cages; Design; Feed troughs; Animal welfare
 
 
 73                                       NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
 The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental
 temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption
 in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).
 Mitchell, M.A.; Carlisle, A.J.
 Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan.
 Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative
 physiology v. 101 (1): p. 137-142; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Jejunum; Galactose; Methionine;
 Intestinal absorption; Morphology; Environmental temperature;
 Heat stress; Food intake; Growth rate; Triiodothyronine;
 Thyroxine; Glucagon; Hypothyroidism
 
 Abstract:  Exposure of growing broiler chickens to elevated
 environmental temperature (35 degrees C) for two weeks,
 markedly reduced food intake (29%) and growth rate (37%)
 compared to birds maintained at 22 degrees C. These changes in
 growth were accompanied by increased in vivo jejunal uptakes
 of galactose (36%) and methionine (50%) measured per unit
 intestinal dry weight. Both the electrogenic (phloridzin
 sensitive) and non-electrogenic (phloridzin insensitive)
 components of galactose absorption were increased by 24 and
 52% respectively during the chronic heat stress. The size of
 the absorptive compartment may be reduced by the heat stress
 as reflected by decreased villus heights (19%) and wet (26%)
 and dry (31%) weights per unit length of jejunum. It is
 suggested that the changes in hexose and amino acid during
 chronic exposure to elevated ambient temperature may reflect
 adaptations to optimise nutrient absorption in the face of
 reduced nutrition and decreases in the size of the absorptive
 compartment. A functional hypothyroidism (plasma luminal T3
 decreased by 66%) associated with heat stress may contribute
 to the observed alterations in jejunal structure and function.
 
 
 74                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of dietary fat source on sudden death syndrome and
 cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular calcium transport in broiler
 chickens. Chung, H.C.; Guenter, W.; Rotter, R.G.; Crow, G.H.;
 Stanger, N.E. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association;
 1993 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 72 (2): p. 310-316; 1993 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Dietary fat; Tallow; Sunflower oil;
 Mortality; Heart diseases; Incidence; Phospholipids; Calcium;
 Cell membranes
 
 Abstract:  Wheat and soybean diets supplemented with either
 tallow or sunflower oil (SFO) were fed to broiler chicks.
 Variables examined included performance, incidence of sudden
 death syndrome (SDS), and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular (SR)
 calcium transport. The phospholipid content of head tissues
 was also determined. Birds fed the SFO diet gained
 significantly (P < .05) more weight over the first 21 days of
 age and had a significantly better feed:gain ratio (P < .01).
 The incidence of SDS mortality up to 39 days of age was also
 lower (P < .05) for SFO-fed birds than for those fed the
 tallow diet. Calcium (45Ca2+) uptake and calcium-magnesium 5'-
 adenosinetriphosphatase (Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase) activity in
 cardiac SR vesicles did not differ due to diet (P > .05).
 However, compared with similar weight pen-mates showing no
 disease signs, SDS birds had depressed 45Ca2+ uptake (P < .01)
 and Ca(2+) + Mg2+-ATPase activity (P < .05) of cardiac SR
 vesicles. The phosphatidylcholine concentration in the cell
 membranes of heart tissue of tallow-fed birds was
 significantly higher (P < .05) than in SFO-fed chicks. No
 differences were seen in other phospholipid constituents. The
 SDS birds, however, had significantly (P < .05) lower
 phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylglycerol,
 sphingomyelin, and total phospholipid concentrations in the
 heart tissues than the pen-mate controls. The results support
 the hypotheses that SDS in broilers is a cardiac dysfunction
 associated with defective cardiac SR membrane function and
 that dietary fat type is implicated with the syndrome.
 
 
 75                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Effects of electrolyte and lighting regimen on growth of heat-
 distressed broilers.
 Smith, M.O.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 350-353; 1994 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Tennessee; Cabt; Broilers; Heat stress; Light
 regime; Electrolytes; Broiler performance; Environmental
 temperature; Body temperature; Water intake; Carcass weight;
 Carcass yield; Abdominal fat
 
 Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to investigate
 possible interactions between photoschedules [23 h light (L):1
 h dark (D); 16L:8D] and electrolytes provided by KCl and NaCl
 in the drinking water of broilers grown at elevated
 temperatures. Birds raised on each photoschedule were exposed
 to 8 h of 23.9 C, 4 h of 23.9 to 35 C, 4 h of 35 C, and 8 h of
 35 to 23.9 C. Photoschedule had no effect on body weight gain,
 feed consumption, or carcass characteristics. Male birds that
 received NaCl gained 10.5% more (P < .05) weight than those
 receiving no water additive. Male birds consumed up to 37%
 more water (P < .05) and gained up to 21% more weight (P <
 .05) than similarly raised females. There was no effect of
 electrolytes on carcass characteristics.
 
 
 76                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of environmental enrichment and gentle handling on
 behaviour and fear responses of transported broilers.
 Nicol, C.J.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 367-380; 1992
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Fearfulness;
 Animal behavior; Environment; Enrichment; Handling
 
 
 77                                      NAL Call. No.: 10 J822
 Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick
 growth and development.
 Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Dec.
 The Journal of agricultural science v. 121 (pt.3): p. 421-425;
 1993 Dec. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Growth rate; Feed intake; Environmental
 temperature; Heat stress; Liveweight gain; Survival
 
 
 78                                   NAL Call. No.: RA565.A1J6
 Effects of heat stress on Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-activated
 ATPase, and Na+-ATPase activities of broiler chickens vital
 organs.
 Chen, C.L.; Sangiah, S.; Chen, H.; Roder, J.D.; Shen, Y.
 London : Taylor & Francis Ltd; 1994 Mar.
 Journal of toxicology and environmental health v. 41 (3): p.
 345-356; 1994 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Environmental temperature;
 Relative humidity; Sodium; Potassium; Magnesium;
 Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity; Inhibition; Organs;
 Brain; Heart; Kidneys; Intestinal mucosa; Poultry farming
 
 
 79                                   NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7
 Effects of nicarbazin and hot temperature on evaporative water
 loss, acid-base balance, body temperature and carbon dioxide
 exhalation in adult roosters. Lee, B.D.; Lee, S.K.; Hyun, W.J.
 Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal
 Production Societies, c1988-; 1994 Mar.
 Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 7 (1): p.
 97-101; 1994 Mar. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cocks; Nicarbazin; Heat stress; Acid base
 equilibrium; Water intake; Water metabolism; Body temperature;
 Evaporation; Blood chemistry
 
 
 80                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Effects of perches on trabecular bone volume in laying hens.
 Wilson, S.; Hughes, B.O.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar.
 Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 207-211; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bones; Volume; Exercise;
 Osteoporosis; Bone resorption
 
 Abstract:  Trabecular bone remodelling is known to be affected
 by loading or exercise, and thus exercise may effect the
 trabecular bone loss associated with osteopenia in laying
 hens. Sixteen ISA Brown hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks
 old in cages with perches and 16 in similar cages without
 perches to examine the effects of the exercise afforded by
 perch provision on trabecular bone volume. At 72 weeks, mean
 trabecular bone volume in the proximal tarsometatarsus of
 birds with access to perches was significantly greater than in
 control birds, while medullary bone volume was not
 significantly different in the two groups. However, all the
 birds were considered osteoporotic, though to varying degrees,
 and the beneficial effects of perches were relatively minor.
 It was concluded that while trabecular bone loss may be
 reduced by perch provision, other factors are probably more
 influential in the development of the osteoporosis typical of
 laying hens.
 
 
 81                                    NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 Effects of potassium chloride supplementation of growth of
 heat-distressed broilers.
 Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
 Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (3): p. 321-324;
 1992.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Oklahoma; Chicks; Heat stress; Potassium
 chloride; Drinking water; Liveweight gain
 
 
 82                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of rearing density and feeder and waterer spaces on
 the productivity and fearful behavior of layers.
 Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 53-58; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Stocking density; Feed dispensers;
 Drinkers; Fearfulness; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed
 intake; Feed conversion; Egg production
 
 Abstract:  Two groups of White Leghorn pullets reared in cages
 were used to study the effects of rearing density and feeder
 and waterer spaces on their performance and fearful behavior.
 In Experiment 1, rearing densities of 221, 249, 277, and 304
 cm(2) per bird, 5.4 cm feeder space per bird, and a cup
 waterer to pullet ratio of 1:7 had no significant effect on
 18-wk body weight, body weight uniformity, body weight gain,
 age at sexual maturity, feed consumption, and mortality rate
 during the laying period. In Experiment 2, pullets reared at a
 density of 193 versus 221 cm(2) had lower (P<.001) 18-wk body
 weights but increased (P<.001) weight gain during the laying
 period. Pullets reared with 2.7 versus 5.4 cm of feeder space
 weighed less (P<.001) at 18 wk, but gained (P<.001) more
 weight and consumed more (P<.05) feed during the laying
 period. A cup waterer to pullet ratio of 1:14 versus 1:7
 increased (P<.05) age at sexual maturity and body weight gain.
 Density had no consistent effect on egg production in either
 experiment. There were no carryover effects of rearing density
 in Experiment 1 or density, and feeder and waterer space in
 Experiment 2 on fearful behavior. Hens were more (P<.001)
 fearful at 34 wk of age (peak production) than at 54 wk of age
 (postpeak production). The negative effects associated with
 floor, feeder, and waterer spaces during the rearing period
 were transitory and did not persist into the production
 period.
 
 
 83                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of rearing experience and stimulus enrichment on
 feather damage in laying hens.
 Norgaard-Nielsen, G.; Vestergaard, K.; Simonsen, H.B.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 345-352; 1993
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicks; Hens; Feather pecking; Dust bathing;
 Sand; Peat; Poultry farming; Straw; Environment; Enrichment;
 Age differences
 
 
 84                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Effects of sex, heat stress, body weight, and genetic strain
 on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks.
 Han, Y.; Baker, D.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 72 (4): p. 701-708; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body weight; Strain
 differences; Lysine; Dosage effects; Sex differences;
 Environmental temperature; Diet; Growth rate; Nutrient
 requirements
 
 Abstract:  Experiments were carried out to investigate the
 effects of sex, heat stress (37 C), body weight (heavy and
 light within strain), and strain of chicks on the dietary
 lysine requirement of chicks during 8 to 22 days posthatching.
 A lysine-deficient basal diet (.64% total lysine, 23% CP,
 3,200 kcal MEn/kg) containing corn, feather meal, and soybean
 meal was supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine.HCl to
 produce growth response curves. The lysine-deficient diet
 contained .52% true digestible lysine as determined with a
 precision-fed cecectomized adult cockerel assay (Experiment
 1). Hubbard X Hubbard chicks were used in Experiment 2 and New
 Hampshire X Columbian crossbred chicks were used in
 Experiments 3 and 4. Experiment 2 compared lysine requirements
 of male and female chicks. Weight gains between sexes were
 similar when diets were deficient in lysine, but males grew
 faster than females when lysine-adequate diets were fed. Male
 chicks required a higher level of dietary lysine than females
 for both maximal weight gain and feed efficiency. Also,
 regardless of sex, the lysine requirement (percentage of diet)
 for maximal feed efficiency was higher than that for maximal
 weight gain. In Experiment 3, heat stress reduced weight gain
 and feed intake of both males and females by about 22%, and it
 increased the lysine requirement of female but not male
 chicks. In Experiment 4, light and heavy chicks were selected
 from male and female populations. Heavy and light chicks
 exhibited the same dietary lysine requirement for maximal
 growth. However, the lysine requirement for maximal feed
 efficiency was higher for heavy birds than for light birds.
 There was no strain effect on the lysine requirement.
 
 
 85                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of social status on the performance of non-interactive
 behaviours in small groups of laying hens.
 Bradshaw, R.H.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 77-81; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Social dominance; Groups; Animal behavior;
 Aggressive behavior; Animal welfare; Interactions
 
 
 86                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
 Effects of spatial allowance, group size and perches on the
 behaviour of hens in cages with nests.
 Reed, H.J.; Nicol, C.J.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov.
 British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 529-534; 1992 Nov. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Cages; Nests; Animal welfare; Stocking
 density; Animal behavior; Perches; Excreta
 
 
 87                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of visual stimuli and noise on fear levels in laying
 hens. Scott, G.B.; Moran, P.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Sep.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (4): p. 321-329; 1993
 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness
 
 
 88                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Energy efficiency in broiler housing systems.
 Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Barton, T.L.; Tabler, G.T.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933015): 15 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Energy conservation
 
 
 89                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Environment-immune interactions.
 Dietert, R.R.; Golemboski, K.A.; Austic, R.E.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jul.
 Poultry science v. 73 (7): p. 1062-1076; 1994 Jul.  Paper
 presented at the symposium "Current Advances in Avian
 Immunology," July 1993, East Lansing, Michigan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Disease resistance; Immune competence;
 Genotype environment interaction; Stress factors; Antibody
 formation; Assays; Immunological deficiency; Nutrient
 deficiencies; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  The need for effective immune function for the
 maintenance of health has been clearly established in both
 agriculturally significant animal species and humans.
 Intensive agricultural practices present production species
 with numerous disease challenges during the rearing period.
 Environmental factors represent a ubiquitous, yet frequently
 manageable, category of immunomodulators that can influence
 immune performance and ultimately disease susceptibility or
 resistance. However, strategies for assessing overall immune
 potential have not been widely implemented for agricultural
 species. This is in contrast to the use of immune evaluation
 for human health considerations. Immune assessment relative to
 environmental-immune interactions can produce benefits in two
 areas. First, the efficiency of the production operation can
 be enhanced. Second, the welfare of the animals during the
 production cycle can be optimized. This paper presents an
 overview of environmental factors known to influence the
 immune function of poultry and the opportunities to manage
 environmental factors to benefit the health of the animals. In
 addition, the paper discusses the status of immunological
 assessment for humans and laboratory animals and proposes
 potential immune assessment panels that could serve as a tool
 to optimize the environmental management of poultry
 populations.
 
 
 90                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection of guinea fowl (Numbida
 meleagris). Campbell, G.W.; Taylor, J.D.; Harrower, B.J.
 Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992
 Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 13; 1992 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Queensland; Guineafowls; Erysipelothrix
 rhusiopathiae; Outbreaks; Symptoms; Epidemiology;
 Histopathology; Stress
 
 
 91                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 An evaluation of humane gas stunning methods for turkeys. Raj,
 M.; Gregory, N.G.
 London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Sep03.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 135 (10): p. 222-223; 1994 Sep03.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Animal
 welfare; Electroencephalograms; Brain
 
 
 92                                  NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56
 Evaporate cooling versus tunnel ventilation.
 Jacobs, R.D.; Bucklin, R.A.; Harms, R.H.; Sloan, D.R.
 Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service;
 1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501):
 p. 9; 1992.  Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville,
 Florida.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Florida; Poultry housing; Evaporative cooling;
 Artificial ventilation
 
 
 93                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Evaporative efficiency of a fogging fan for poultry.
 Bottcher, R.W.; Czarick, M. III; Lacy, M.P.; Baughman, G.R.
 St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
 1985-; 1992 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (6):
 p. 855-860; 1992 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Poultry housing; Fogging;
 Evaporative cooling; Fans
 
 Abstract:  A fogging fan system employing an oscillating fan
 with a rotating fogging nozzle was tested in experimental and
 commercial poultry buildings. The system reduced air
 temperature by 6 degrees C (11 degrees F) or more. The
 sensible heat balance approach presented by Bottcher et al.
 (1991) for characterizing misting efficiency was applied to
 the test results. The percentage of the water flow rate which
 evaporated within the buildings was computed to be 60% or
 more, which is comparable to the evaporative efficiency of
 conventional fogging systems operating at relatively hi water
 pressures [e.g., 3400 kPa (500 psi)].
 
 
 94                                     NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
 Expression of foreign genes in transgenic yellow-poplar
 plants. Wilde, H.D.; Meagher, R.B.; Merkle, S.A.
 Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
 Jan. Plant physiology v. 98 (1): p. 114-120; 1992 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Liriodendron tulipifera; Gene transfer;
 Transgenics; Gene expression; Somatic embryogenesis; Genetic
 markers; Beta-glucuronidase; Neomycin; Phosphotransferases;
 Enzyme activity
 
 Abstract:  Cells of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.)
 were transformed by direct gene transfer and regenerated into
 plants by somatic embryogenesis. Plasmid DNA bearing marker
 genes encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin
 phosphotransferase (NPT II) were introduced by microprojectile
 bombardment into single cells and small cell clusters isolated
 from embryogenic suspension cultures. The number of full-
 length copies of the GUS gene in independently transformed
 callus lines ranged from approximately 3 to 30. An enzyme-
 linked immunosorbent assay for NPT II and a fluorometric assay
 for GUS showed that the expression of both enzymes varied by
 less than fourfold among callus lines. A histochemical assay
 for GUS activity revealed a heterogeneous pattern of staining
 with the substrate
 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid in some
 transformed cell cultures. However, cell clusters reacting
 positively (blue) or negatively (white) with 5-bromo-4-
 chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid demonstrated both GUS
 activity and NPT II expression in quantitative assays. Somatic
 embryos induced from transformed cell cultures were found to
 be uniformly GUS positive by histochemical analysis. All
 transgenic plants sampled expressed the two marker genes in
 both root and shoot tissues. GUS activity was found to be
 higher in leaves than roots by fluorometric and histochemical
 assays. Conversely, roots expressed higher levels of NPT II
 than leaves.
 
 
 95                                     NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Fear of humans and its relationships with productivity in
 laying hens at commercial farms.
 Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Newman, E.A.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Sep.
 British poultry science v. 33 (4): p. 699-710; 1992 Sep. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Laying performance
 
 
 96                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Feed and water consumption patterns of broilers at high
 environmental temperatures.
 May, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb.
 Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 331-336; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Water intake;
 Environmental temperature; Diurnal variation; Heat stress; Age
 differences; Acclimatization
 
 Abstract:  Broilers were reared on litter to determine the
 effect of cyclic environmental temperatures on feed and water
 consumption patterns. The temperatures were constant at 24 C
 for several days before cyclic temperatures were started.
 Control broilers continued at 24 C but the treatment was a
 daily 24-35-24 C cycle for 3 days. Broilers that were 5, 6, or
 7 wk old consumed as much feed or water the 1st day of the
 cycle as on the succeeding days. Feed and water consumption
 were determined for 6-h periods each day beginning at minimum
 temperature with two periods during rising temperature and two
 periods during declining temperature. Feed consumption was
 depressed when the temperatures were declining. Water
 consumption increased during the 12 h when the temperature was
 maximum. At 7 wk, water consumption was greater for broilers
 on the cyclic temperature for each 6-h period except for the
 period of temperature decline immediately preceding the
 minimum temperature. Broilers exposed to the 3 days of cyclic
 temperatures consumed more water than controls during a
 subsequent exposure to temperatures up to 40.8 C. The data
 show that the increased water consumption and decreased feed
 consumption observed due to high, cyclic temperatures arise
 from changes that occur during some times of the day and no
 changes occur during other times. The increase in water
 consumption precedes the reduction in feed consumption.
 
 
 97                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7
 Feed resource base for scavenging village chickens in Sri
 Lanka. Gunaratne, S.P.; Chandrasiri, A.D.N.; Mangalika
 Hemalatha, W.A.P.; Roberts, J.A.
 Midlothian, Scotland : University of Edinburgh; 1993 Nov.
 Tropical animal health and production v. 25 (4): p. 249-257;
 1993 Nov. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sri lanka; Cabt; Hens; Free range husbandry;
 Kitchen waste; Dietary minerals; Calcium; Phosphorus; Blood
 plasma; Chicks; Survival; Feed intake; Proximate analysis;
 Feeding behavior; Hatching; Productivity
 
 
 98                                   NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 Feeding effects on broiler thermobalance during thermoneutral
 and high ambient temperature exposure.
 Wiernusz, C.J.; Teeter, R.G.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Oct.
 Poultry science v. 72 (10): p. 1917-1924; 1993 Oct.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Heat stress; Calorimetry;
 Heat production; Body temperature; Water intake; Respiration
 rate; Body heat loss; Metabolism
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted effects on broiler
 thermobalance defined as heat production (H), evaporative heat
 loss (E), sensible heat loss (S), and change in body heat
 content (HC). Birds were housed at 24 C in the first study, 32
 to 35 C in the second study, and force-fed in both studies to
 0, 3, 6, and 9% of body weight kg(.66) (MWT) each day. Starved
 bird H averaged 4.8 and 4.9 kcal/h per MWT within the
 thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) environments,
 respectively. Heat production increased linearly to 5.9 in TN
 and 6.2 kcal/h per MWT in HS as feeding level rose to 9% of
 MWT. Route of heat dissipation varied with environment. Within
 TN (Experiment 1), the increased heat load, with elevated feed
 consumption, was dissipated by increased (P <.01) S solely, as
 E remained constant (p >.1). Within HS (Experiment 2), E
 increased (P < .01) from 1.8 to 2.4 kcal/h per MWT. Viewed
 over experiments, S was 38% lower and E 67% higher during HS
 than TN. These data indicate that H increases with feeding
 level, that broilers preferentially dissipate heat as S when
 environmental conditions permit, and that feed consumption
 exacerbates bird HC rise when environmental conditions limit
 S.
 
 
 99                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Field calibration of a transient model for broiler misting.
 Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Bottcher, R.W.; Zhang, S.H. St.
 Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers;
 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1623-1631;
 1992 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chicken housing; Environmental control;
 Evaporative cooling; Mists; Mathematical models
 
 Abstract:  A transient model to predict temperature within a
 tunnel ventilated broiler house during misting is developed.
 The model is calibrated with field data to obtain steady-state
 constants; transient predictions are compared to measured
 temperatures during cyclic misting for two different size
 birds. Measured temperatures during cyclic misting are shown
 to swing between steady-state asymptotes predicted from the
 model. Transient response of the model was faster than
 measured temperature data, in part due to temperature sensor
 dynamic response. The model predicts the lengthwise
 temperature profile within the building during misting, and
 can be used to investigate alternate misting strategies and
 designs. Further improvements to the model are suggested.
 
 
 100                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Field comparison of broiler house mechanical ventilation
 systems in a warm climate.
 Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Carter, T.A.; Hobbs, A.O. St.
 Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers;
 1992 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (4): p.
 499-508; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Poultry housing; Artificial ventilation;
 Mechanical methods; Comparisons
 
 Abstract:  Three separate systems for mechanical ventilation
 were monitored in commercial broiler houses during the spring
 and summer of 1988. The first system utilized buried earth
 tubes, plastic ventilation ducts, and hollow wall cavities as
 air inlets; the second system used pressure-controlled slot
 inlets; and the third system used evaporative cooling pads.
 The evaporative cooling system provided greater reduction in
 temperature at bird level than tempering air using earth
 tubes. An average reduction of 3.9 degrees C (7.1 degrees F)
 was obtained when outside air was above 32 degrees C (90
 degrees F). During warm weather, air speeds at bird level were
 lower in the earth tube house [less than 0.5 m/s (100 fpm)]
 than the other houses [0.8-1.8 m/s (150-350 fpm)], due to
 differences in both maximum ventilation rate and air inlet
 designs. Productivity of the birds for all three houses was
 generally better than average for the poultry company. During
 hot weather the flock size in the earth tube house was reduced
 and end doors were opened for natural (wind) ventilation.
 Electrical energy consumption for the earth tube house was
 approximately twice that of the other houses due to the earth
 tube air movers.
 
 
 101                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Field evaluation of reflective bubble-pack insulation in
 broiler housing. Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Baughman,
 G.R.; Bisesi, P. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
 Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Applied engineering in
 agriculture v. 8 (3): p. 369-374; 1992 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry housing; Insulating materials;
 Comparisons; Thermal properties; Energy consumption
 
 Abstract:  A reflective "bubble-pack" insulation was installed
 in a new broiler house in central North Carolina during the
 summer of 1988. This insulation consisted of a 0.64 cm (0.25
 in.) thick layer of plastic with air pockets and aluminized
 exterior surfaces. Interior air and black globe temperatures,
 electricity, and heating fuel (LP gas) used for this house
 were compared with those for an adjacent house insulated with
 15 cm (6 in.) of fiberglass batts with a vapor barrier.
 Heating fuel use over 10 broiler flocks was greater in the
 reflective insulation (RI) house than the fiberglass
 insulation (FI) house by 10 200 L (2700 gal), indicating a
 lower thermal resistance for the reflective insulation. This
 confirms laboratory evaluations of such materials (Cox and
 Baughman, 1985; Riskowski et al., 1989). Electricity use was
 slightly greater in the RI house (6 974 vs. 6 617 kWh).
 Differences between house temperatures (both black globe and
 air temperatures), averaged over each of three flocks, were
 0.6 degrees C (1.0 degrees F) or less, indicating adequate
 heating and ventilation. Condensation was observed during cool
 weather on the interior ceiling near the eaves of the RI
 house, but not the FI house, and dust accumulated on the
 interior walls and ceiling of both houses. The thermal
 reflectance of the reflective insulation surface, 31 months
 after installation, was measured to be 0.61, a reduction of
 approximately 0.3 from the reflectance of the product in new
 condition.
 
 
 102                                     NAL Call. No.: S37.F72
 Fly control for beef, dairy, poultry and swine producers.
 Jones, B.F.; Johnson, D.R.
 Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1993 Apr.
 FSA - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas
 (7029): 4 p.; 1993 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Musca; Animal housing; Sanitation; Insect
 control; Insecticides
 
 
 103                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
 Food calling and audience effects in male chickens, Gallus
 gallus: their relationships to food availability, courtship
 and social facilitation. Evans, C.S.; Marler, P.
 London : Academic Press; 1994 May.
 Animal behaviour v. 47 (pt.5): p. 1159-1170; 1994 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Chickens; Communication between animals; Food;
 Availability; Mating behavior; Cocks; Hens
 
 Abstract:  Male chickens produce characteristic pulsatile
 calls upon discovering food and are more likely to call in the
 presence of a hen. Calling thus appears to be dependent upon
 food and to be modulated by social context. An alternative
 explanation is that food calls are in fact components of a
 complex courtship display. The relationships between food
 calling, food availability and courtship were examined in a
 laboratory setting. Subjects interacted with an unfamiliar hen
 and were then given access to food, using an instrumental
 conditioning procedure. In some control conditions, the males
 were tested alone, while in others food was unavailable. Food
 calling, sexual display and the rate at which males performed
 an operant response were measured. Call production increased
 dramatically when food first became available, both when a hen
 was present and when males were alone. This change in call
 rate did not occur during control trials without food. Sexual
 display was maximal when males were first placed in the test
 chamber with a hen present and declined exponentially
 thereafter. The presence of a hen had no effect on food
 calling during this period. Food calling was thus principally
 elicited by food stimuli and was not reliably associated with
 courtship behaviour. When a hen was present, males called at a
 higher rate following food presentations. In contrast the rate
 at which males worked to obtain food was unaffected by social
 context. The 'audience' effect therefore acts specifically to
 potentiate calling and is distinct from social facilitation.
 
 
 104                                  NAL Call. No.: 302.8 T162
 Forest technology developments in the 1990s.
 Kellison, R.C.
 Norcross, Ga. : The Technical Association of the Pulp and
 Paper Industry; 1992 Jul.
 Tappi journal v. 75 (7): p. 49-52; 1992 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Forest trees; Forestry; Trends; Forest
 plantations; Silviculture; Genetic improvement; Tree breeding;
 Genetic engineering
 
 
 105                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
 Functional load-bearing as a controlling influence for
 fracture resistance in the skeleton.
 Lanyon, L.E.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
 Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 61-66; 1992.  In the
 series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
 poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.  Literature review.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Bone strength; Bone fractures;
 Literature reviews; Stresses
 
 
 106                            NAL Call. No.: TS1960.K37  1993
 Die Geflugelschlachtschere, oder, Die Erfindung der Tierliebe 
 [The poultry slaughter shears, or, The invention of animal
 love]..  Erfindung der Tierliebe Kathan, Bernhard
 Innsbruck : Osterreichischer StudienVerlag,; 1993.
 111 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Includes bibliographical references
 (p. 110).
 
 Language:  German
 
 Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Death
 
 
 107                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
 A harness and computer system to facilitate automated body
 temperature data collection in heat-stressed broilers.
 Liljequist, B.L.; Jacobson, B.M.; Keeley, T.P.; Currin, R.D.;
 Pardue, S.L.; Bottcher, R.W.; Brake, J.
 Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jun.
 Poultry science v. 73 (6): p. 817-824; 1994 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body temperature; Harness;
 Data collection; Probes
 
 Abstract:  An easy-to-use, low-cost system was developed that
 permitted nearly continuous, automated core body temperature
 (Tc) readings on 7-wk-old male broiler chickens via direct
 computer linkage to thermistor probes held in place by a
 specially designed harness. Elevated Tc was noted in heat
 stress studies following the replacement of expelled
 temperature probes in some hyperthermic birds. To demonstrate
 the usefulness of the data collection system described herein,
 three treatments with three to four birds per treatment were
 used to examine this observation. Birds were designated as
 handled only (HAN), handled to remove and replace the
 temperature probe (RPL), or left as nonhandled controls (CON).
 Treatments had no effect on subsequent Tc in experiments when
 the thermoregulatory capacity of the birds was not challenged.
 However, when the birds were sufficiently challenged, Tc of
 HAN and RPL birds increased within 4 min of the initiation of
 handling and remained above baseline for up to 45 min. The Tc
 of CON birds in that trial also increased, but to a smaller
 degree, within 5 min and remained above baseline for up to 20
 min. This study indicates that Tc of hyperthermic birds can be
 superelevated by simulated manual placement of cloacal
 temperature probes and that fixed probes connected to an
 automated data monitoring and collection system is a relative
 simple way to avoid this problem.
 
 
 108                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 AL13P
 Home laying flock.
 Purser, J.
 Fairbanks, Alaska : The Service; 1992 Mar.
 Publication - University of Alaska, Cooperative Extension
 Service v.): 4 p.; 1992 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Alaska; Hens; Egg production; Chicks; Cost
 benefit analysis; Chicken housing; Poultry feeding
 
 
 109                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
 Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis and effect
 of stress on shedding in laying hens.
 Nakamura, M.; Nagamine, N.; Takahashi, T.; Suzuki, S.; Kijima,
 M.; Tamura, Y.; Sato, S.
 Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
 Pathologists Inc; 1994 Apr.
 Avian diseases v. 38 (2): p. 282-288; 1994 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Disease
 transmission; Stress; Dexamethasone; Immunosuppression; Egg
 production
 
 Abstract:  Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis
 in laying hens and the short-term effect of stress on shedding
 were examined in 32 seven-month-old laying hens. Half were
 inoculated with 10(5) colony-forming units of S. enteritidis
 phage type 4, and the remaining half were left uninoculated to
 study horizontal transmission. Isolation of S. enteritidis
 from cecal droppings of all hens was attempted every morning.
 Uninoculated hens rapidly became infected through contaminated
 drinking water. Introduction of young chickens to the same
 rearing room and withdrawal of water and feed for 2 days
 coincided with a rapid increase in the shedding rate of S.
 enteritidis for a short period of time. The results showed
 that a short-term increase in the shedding rate of S.
 enteritidis is associated with short-term exposure to
 environmental stress.
 
 
 110                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56
 House fly behavior patterns in high rise poultry houses.
 Hogsette, J.A.; Jacob, R.D.
 Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service;
 1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501):
 p. 13-15; 1992. Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville,
 Florida.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Florida; Musca domestica; Poultry housing; Sticky
 traps; Population density; Animal behavior
 
 
 111                                 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
 Impacts of bone problems on the egg industry.
 Beckett, A.M.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
 Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 339-343; 1992.  In the
 series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
 poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
 18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Uk; Hens; Egg production; Animal welfare; Bone
 fractures
 
 
 112                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P
 Incubating, brooding and raising goslings.
 Andrews, D.K.
 Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Apr.
 Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative
 Extension Service (1630): 5 p.; 1992 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Goslings; Incubation; Brood care; Goose feeding;
 Leg weakness; Poultry diseases
 
 
 113                                 NAL Call. No.: S533.F66F43
 Indiana's 4-H pigeon resource manual.
 McKinley, M.; Long, N.D.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : The Service; 1992 Apr.
 4-H - Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service (742):
 38 p.; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigeons; Poultry housing; Poultry feeding;
 Poultry diseases; 4-h clubs; Shows
 
 
 114                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Individual perching behaviour of laying hens and its effects
 of cages. Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.; Hughes, B.O.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 May.
 British poultry science v. 33 (2): p. 227-238; 1992 May. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Animal behavior; Animal welfare;
 Egg quality
 
 
 115                                    NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
 Inexpensive trap for capturing house flies (Diptera: Muscidae)
 in manure pits of caged-layer poultry houses.
 Pickens, L.G.; Mills, G.D. Jr; Miller, R.W.
 Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America, 1908-; 1994
 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 87 (1): p. 116-119;
 1994 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Chicken housing; Musca domestica;
 Poultry manure; Insect traps; Insect control
 
 Abstract:  An economical and easily constructed trap that
 captures large numbers of house flies, Musca domestica L., in
 dark interior areas such as the manure pits beneath high-rise,
 caged-layer poultry houses was devised. The trap is a Hodge-
 type trap with a single 40-W blacklight fluorescent bulb and a
 reflector. Over a 30-d period, three traps hung in the manure
 pit of a layer house that had a calculated daily fly
 population of 1, 134,000 flies. Each trap averaged 10,500
 flies 1% of the population) per day. The traps required
 cleaning only once every 30 d.
 
 
 116                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Influence of coccidiosis on Salmonella colonization in broiler
 chickens under floor-pen conditions.
 Arakawa, A.; Fukata, T.; Baba, E.; McDougald, L.R.; Bailey,
 J.S.; Blankenship, L.C.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
 Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 59-63; 1992 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Salmonella
 typhimurium; Nicarbazin; Mixed infections; Intestines; Lesions
 
 Abstract:  The influence of coccidiosis on colonization of
 Salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens under floor pen
 conditions was studied by semiquantitative methods. Chickens
 of two groups, unmedicated and medicated with nicarbazin (125
 ppm via the feed), were exposed to three species of Eimeria
 (Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina) at
 2, 3, and 4 wk of age and given S. typhimurium in the feed 2
 days later. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated most often
 (100%) from ceca of chickens exposed at 3 wk of age. Birds in
 the unmedicated group were positive for S. typhimurium at a
 higher rate than those in the medicated group. Salmonella
 typhimurium was detected in livers only in a few unmedicated
 birds.
 
 
 117                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Influence of nest-box substrate (pine shaving vs. artificial
 turf) on nesting behavior and prolactin levels in turkey hens
 (Meleagris gallopavo). Book, C.M.; Millam, J.R.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 83-91; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Hens; Wood shavings; Plastics; Nests;
 Nesting; Prolactin; Blood serum; Turkey egg production;
 Stimulation
 
 
 118                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
 Influence of quantity of litter on nest box selection and
 nesting behaviour of domestic hens.
 Petherick, J.C.; Seawright, E.; Waddington, D.
 Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec.
 British poultry science v. 34 (5): p. 857-872; 1993 Dec. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Nests; Litter; Nesting; Battery cages;
 Individuals
 
 
 119                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Influence of the presence of 3-day-old chickens on the
 behaviour of meat and egg-type posthatch counterparts.
 Mahagna, M.; Nir, I.; Nitsan, Z.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (2): p. 143-152; 1994
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Broilers; Chickens; Chicks; Feeding behavior;
 Drinking behavior; Animal behavior; Growth rate; Survival;
 Stress; Cages; Floor pens; Breed differences
 
 
 120                                   NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
 An integrated pest management program to control house flies
 in commercial high rise houses.
 Turner, E.C. Jr; Ruszler, P.L.; Dillon, P.; Carter, L.;
 Youngman, R. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
 Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (2): p. 242-250;
 1992.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Musca domestica; Hydrotaea aenescens; Chicken
 housing; Integrated pest management
 
 
 121                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Inter-bird distances and behavioural priorities in laying
 hens: the effect of spatial restriction.
 Keeling, L.J.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Feb.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (2): p. 131-140; 1994
 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Spatial distribution; Behavior patterns;
 Time; Frequency; Animal welfare; Stocking density; Animal
 behavior
 
 
 122                                    NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
 Intermittent lighting regimes and mortality rates in laying
 hens. Lewis, P.D.; Perry, G.C.; Morris, T.R.; Midgley, M.M.
 London : Butterworth; 1992 Jul.
 World's poultry science journal v. 48 (2): p. 113-120; 1992
 Jul.  Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hens; Light regime; Intermittent light;
 Mortality; Circadian rhythm; Physical activity; Body fat; Heat
 stress; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Regulations;
 Literature reviews
 
 
 123                                  NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
 Introduction: applied ethology and poultry science.
 Mench, J.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
 Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 631-633; 1992 Apr.  Paper
 contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
 Poultry.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Domestic animals; Animal behavior; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  As a scientific discipline, the study of the
 biological basis of behavior in animals, ethology, is
 comparatively new. Ethologists have traditionally conducted
 primarily observational studies designed to ascertain the
 evolutionary significance of behaviors in wild animals. There
 is, however, a growing branch of ethology that is concerned
 with the application of ethological principles to areas such
 as the management and welfare of economically important
 species like poultry. Because of the complexity of the
 causation and expression of behaviors in animals, it is
 particularly important that such studies be rigorously
 designed and analyzed. The purpose of this symposium was to
 stimulate interest in the study of poultry behavior and
 welfare, and to provide information about current methodology
 in ethology.
 
 
 124                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 An investigation into the batch killing of turkeys in their
 transport containers using mixtures of gases.
 Raj, A.B.M.
 London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 May.
 Research in veterinary science v. 56 (3): p. 325-331; 1994
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Euthanasia; Containers;
 Transport of animals; Argon; Carbon dioxide; Anoxia; Carcass
 quality; Hemorrhage; Stress; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  This study was carried out under commercial
 conditions to investigate the feasibility of killing turkeys
 while they were still in their transport containers, with a
 mixture of gases, and to compare the effects of this method
 and electrical stunning on the prevalence of carcass
 downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles.
 The results showed that turkeys could be readily killed while
 still in their transport containers by using either anoxia
 induced with 90 per cent argon in air or hypercapnic anoxia
 induced with a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60
 per cent argon in air, and that the prevalence of carcass-
 downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles
 was lower after killing the turkeys with the gases.
 
 
 125                                  NAL Call. No.: S605.5.O74
 It's easy, fun and rewarding... grow you own chickens.
 Jesiolowski, J.
 Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press, Inc; 1993 Mar.
 Organic gardening v. 40 (3): p. 36-42; 1993 Mar.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Fowls; Poultry; Farming; Free range husbandry;
 Yards; Domestic gardens
 
 
 126              NAL Call. No.: MdULD3231.M70d El-Assaad, F.G.
 A laboratory system for evaluating poultry transport crate
 disinfection. El-Assaad, Fady G.
 University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Agricultural
 Engineering 1992; 1992.
 xvi, 278 leaves : ill ; 29 cm.  Thesis research directed by
 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering.  Vita.  Includes
 bibliographical references (leaves 266-278).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Poultry; Salmonellosis; Disinfection and
 disinfectants
 
 
 127                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Laboratory-sized poultry cage disinfection system.
 El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.;
 Joseph, S.W.; Berny, G.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4054): 13 p.; 1992.  Paper
 presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.  Includes refe