Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Swine Animal Welfare Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library

Compiled By:
Michael D. Kreger
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

 Kreger, Michael D.
   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of swine : January 1991-
 January 1995.
   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-06)
   1. Swine--Bibliography. 2. Swine--Housing--Bibliography. 3.
 Swine--Health--Bibliography. I. Title.
 aZ5071.N3 no.95-06
 

Search Strategy

 
 Line Command
 1.   (SWINE OR SUIDEA OR SUIS OR PIG OR PIGS OR BOAR? OR SOW?
 OR PIGLET? OR BARROW? OR GILT? OR HOG?)/TI,DE
 
 2.   (ENVIRONMENT?(N)ENRICH? OR HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR CRATE? OR
 STALL? OR BARN? OR SLAUGHTER? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR
 PENS)/TI,DE
 
 3.   (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR PAIN?
 OR DISTRESS? OR STRESS? OR CARE OR HANDL? OR HUSBANDRY OR
 TRANSPORT? OR FEAR)/TI,DE
 
 4.   S1 AND (S2 OR S3)
 
 5.   S4 NOT (GUINEA)
 
 6.   S5 AND PY=1991:1995
 

 1                                   NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7322
 Acid base status of stress susceptible pigs affects sensory
 quality of loin roasts.
 Boles, J.A.; Shand, P.J.; Patience, J.F.; McCurdy, A.R.;
 Schaefer, A.L. Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food
 Technologists; 1993 Nov. Journal of food science v. 58 (6): p.
 1254-1257; 1993 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Susceptibility; Halothane; Acid
 base equilibrium; Exudative meat; Loins; Meat cuts; Food
 quality; Sensory evaluation; Organoleptic traits; Food
 acceptability
 
 Abstract:  Halothane positive pigs (24) were placed on water
 treatments containing sodium bicarbonate (BC, 12.6 g/L),
 ammonium chloride (AC, 8 g/L) or no additive for 4 days and
 slaughtered. Halothane negative pigs (8) also were
 slaughtered. Loin roasts were aged for periods of 1 or 7 days.
 Loin roasts from animals treated with AC were scored (p <
 0.05) less firm, juicy, more tender and mealy than roasts from
 other halothane positive and halothane negative animals. No
 difference in sensory properties occurred with aging.
 Juiciness and off-flavor intensity were positively related to
 blood bicarbonate and base excess.
 
 
 2                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
 The adoption of management and husbandry procedures by Western
 Australian pig farmers.
 Robertson, I.D.; Hampson, D.J.; Mhoma, J.R.L.
 Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1991
 Sep. Australian veterinary journal v. 68 (9): p. 291-293; 1991
 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Western australia; Pig farming; Animal husbandry;
 Farm surveys
 
 
 3                                   NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Airflow characteristics in the floor region of a slot
 ventilated room (isothermal).
 Jin, Y.; Ogilvie, J.R.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p.
 695-702. ill; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Air flow; Design; Floor area;
 Ventilation; Simulation models
 
 Abstract:  Accurate flow information was obtained through use
 of hot-wire anemometry and special calibration devices in a
 comprehensive experiment. Velocities in the floor region
 (0-0.6 m above the floor) correlated well with the inlet
 configuration while airflow stayed fully rotary. Non-linear
 models through dimensional analysis showed that the mean and
 the turbulent fluctuation of floor velocity were nearly
 proportional to the incoming air speed at the inlet and to the
 inlet height raised to the 0.6 power. Furthermore these flow
 parameters can be expressed in terms of the jet momentum
 number or the inlet height and the pressure difference.
 Stability of airflow patterns, inadequacy of air mixing and
 excessive air speeds at the floor are shown on an airflow rate
 plan based on inlet velocity versus inlet height. These are
 shown as system characteristic graphs which include pressure
 difference, zone boundaries for flow patterns, floor air
 speeds and RMS values, inlet jet momentum numbers, a typical
 fan characteristic, and a four-stage ventilation strategy for
 a pig barn.
 
 
 4                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
 Ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydroden sulfide,
 and methane in swine confinement facilities.
 Gerber, D.B.; Veenhuizen, M.A.; Shurson, G.C.
 Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Sep.
 The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing
 veterinarian v. 13 (9): p. 1483-1489; 1991 Sep.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Ohio; Pigs; Pig housing; Air pollutants; Toxic
 gases; Safety at work; Ventilation; Air flow; Ammonia; Carbon
 dioxide; Carbon monoxide
 
 
 5                                     NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72
 Animal genetics--of pigs, oncomice and men.
 Webster, J.
 New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1993 Jan.
 Trends in biotechnology v. 11 (1): p. 1-2; 1993 Jan.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Transgenics; Biotechnology; Animal welfare
 
 
 6                                   NAL Call. No.: aS21.D27S64
 Animal models in biomedical research: swine.
 Smith, C.P.
 Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Mar.
 Special reference briefs - National Agricultural Library
 (U.S.). (91-06): 61 p.; 1991 Mar.  Bibliography.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Medical research; Animal models;
 Bibliographies; Cardiovascular system; Hemodynamics;
 Hematology; Digestive system; Nutrition; Urinary tract;
 Reproduction; Immunology; Stress; Skeletomuscular system;
 Dermatology; Puerperium; Toxicology; Pharmacodynamics; Eyes;
 Mouth; Teeth; Surgery; Laboratory methods; Animal husbandry;
 Animal welfare
 
 
 7                                    NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
 Application of bacterial product for zero-liquid-discharge pig
 waste management under tropical conditions.
 Ong, H.K.; Choo, P.Y.; Soo, S.P.
 Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993.
 Water science and technology : a journal of the International
 Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1):
 p. 133-140; 1993.  In the series analytic: Appropriate waste
 management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew.
 Proceedings of the International Conference, held November
 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Malaysia; Pig housing; Litter; Sawdust; Waste
 treatment; Aerobic treatment; Bacterial products; Carcass
 quality
 
 
 8                                NAL Call. No.: SF395.H67 1992
 Artgemasse Schweinehaltung Grundlagen und Beispiele aus der
 Praxis  [Swine husbandry appropriate to the species].
 Horning, Bernhard; Raskopf, Sabine; Simantke, Christel;
 Boehncke, Engelhard; Walter, Jurgen,_1950-; Schneider, Manuel
 Karlsruhe : C.F. Muller,; 1992.
 256, [8] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 20 cm. (Alternative
 Konzepte ; 78).  Includes bibliographical references (p.
 220-232).
 
 Language:  German
 
 Descriptors: Swine; Swine
 
 
 9                                      NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
 Assessment of dustfall collectors used in livestock buildings.
 Barber, E.M.; Dawson, J.R.; Battams, V.A.
 London : Academic Press; 1991 Oct.
 Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 50 (2): p.
 157-165; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Air pollution; Dust; Collectors;
 Collection; Efficiency; Deposition; Sampling; Measurement;
 Accuracy
 
 Abstract:  The relative collection efficiency of several
 different types of dustfall collector was assessed over
 different collection intervals in a piggery. Flat plate
 collectors and collectors with sidewalls 10 and 50 mm high
 were placed on a slow-speed turntable to minimize positional
 effects. For each sampler type, collection intervals of 1, 3,
 6 and 12 weeks were used. The collection medium was generally
 a 47 mm glass fibre filter located on a 75 mm diameter
 aluminium disc. Cellulose nitrate membrane filters were used
 for one treatment. The dust sedimentation rate determined from
 the weekly samples varied from 80 to 200 mg m-2h-1 over the
 12-week period. Dust deposits on the filters varied linearly
 with time from 2.3 mg/cm2 of collector surface for the 1-week
 interval to 27.9 mg/cm2 over 12 weeks. The measured dust
 sedimentation rate was about 3.0% less on the membrane filters
 than on the glass fibre filters and also for those collectors
 with the 50 mm high sidewall when compared with the flat plate
 collectors. The length of sample collection interval did not
 significantly affect the measured dust sedimentation rate. It
 is suggested that handling errors and edge effects may affect
 accuracy when deposits are greater than about 7 mg/cm2 of
 collector surface.
 
 
 10                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
 Association between growth indicators and volume of lesions in
 lungs from pigs at slaughter.
 Hill, M.A.; Scheidt, A.B.; Teclaw, R.F.; Clark, L.K.; Knox,
 K.E.; Jordan, M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary
 Medical Association; 1992 Dec. American journal of veterinary
 research v. 53 (12): p. 2221-2223; 1992 Dec. Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Growth
 
 Abstract:  Conflicting findings exist among studies on the
 effect of pneumonia on growth in pigs. We determined the
 extent of pneumonia in market-weight pigs by use of an
 objective, volumetric method and linear regression analyses of
 mean daily gain and days-to-slaughter weight on the percentage
 of pneumonic lung. In a range of extent of pneumonia between
 1.33 and 70.44%, a 10% increase in the volume of pneumonic
 lung was associated with a decrease in mean daily gain by 41.1
 g and a 16.7-day increase in number of days to a slaughter
 weight of 104.5 kg.
 
 
 11                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Association between low birth weight and increased
 adrenocortical function in neonatal pigs.
 Klemcke, H.G.; Lunstra, D.D.; Brown-Borg, H.M.; Borg, K.E.;
 Christenson, R.K. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal
 Science; 1993 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 71 (4): p.
 1010-1018; 1993 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Birth weight;
 Fostering; Adrenal cortex; Hydrocortisone; Slaughter weight;
 Fetal growth; Blood plasma; Cell cultures
 
 Abstract:  This study examined differences in adrenocortical
 function between low- and high-birthweight female neonatal
 pigs. Pigs born to unilaterally hysterectomized,
 ovariectomized sows were grouped by birth weight; "small" were
 less than or equal to 1.2 kg and "large" were > 1.2 kg. Pigs
 were cross-fostered such that each sow had six to eight pigs
 that were either small or large. At 3 or 7 d of age a blood
 sample was obtained by venipuncture, pigs were killed, and
 adrenocortical cells were isolated. Adrenal weights
 (milligrams/ kilogram BW) in small pigs were 46% greater (P =
 .001) than those in large pigs at both ages. Compared with
 those in large pigs, plasma cortisol concentrations were 70%
 greater (P = .006) in small pigs at 3 d and 199% greater at 7
 d of age. Sensitivity of adrenocortical cell response to ACTH
 was enhanced at both ages in small pigs (P = .001).
 Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) binding capacity in
 small pigs was 75% greater (P = .03) than that in large pigs
 at 3 d and 26% greater at 7 d of age. Significant negative
 correlations existed between birth weight and relative adrenal
 weight, plasma cortisol, slopes of in vitro adrenocortical
 cell response curves to ACTH, and CBG binding capacity,
 irrespective of birth weight group classification. Such data
 indicate an association between adrenal function during early
 neonatal life and birth weight in female pigs. The current
 study does not indicate whether increased adrenal function
 causes or merely reflects conditions associated with low birth
 weight. However, we hypothesize that increased adrenal
 function is initiated prenatally and causes some instances of
 low birth weight.
 
 
 12                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
 Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and
 productivity in swine.
 Donham, K.J.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;
 1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10):
 p. 1723-1730; 1991 Oct. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sweden; Pigs; Air quality; Swine diseases;
 Productivity; Air pollutants; Air microbiology; Stocking
 density; Pig housing; Guidelines
 
 Abstract:  A cross-sectional epidemiologic study associating
 air quality with swine health was conducted on 28 swine farms
 in southern Sweden. Correlation of housing air environment to
 swine diseases and productivity (data collected over the
 preceding 12 months) were investigated. The most prevalent
 swine health problems detected at slaughter were pneumonia and
 pleuritis. In farrowing and nursery operations, the most
 prevalent problem was neonatal pig mortality. Several air
 contaminants (dust, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and microbes)
 were found to be correlated with these swine health problems.
 Maximal safe concentrations of air contaminants were estimated
 on the basis of dose-response correlation to swine health or
 human health problems. Recommended maximal concentrations of
 contaminants were: dust, 2.4 mg/m3; ammonia, 7 ppm; endotoxin,
 0.08 mg/m3; total microbes, 10(5) colony-forming units/m3; and
 carbon dioxide, 1,540 ppm. The overall quality of the
 ventilation system was correlated with lower concentration of
 ammonia, carbon dioxide, microorganisms, and endotoxin, but
 not with dust concentrations. High animal density was related
 to high ammonia and air microbe concentrations. Animal density
 measured as kilograms of swine per cubic meter (compared with
 kilograms of pig weight or swine per square meter) had the
 highest correlation to animal health and air contaminants.
 
 
 13                           NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Chi
 Automated weighing system for group housed swine.
 Chi, Hsien-Chung,
 1992; 1992.
 xi, 101 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.  Includes vita and abstract. 
 Includes bibliographical references (l. 98-100).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Swine; Weighing systems, Electronic
 
 
 14                            NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1S9 no.85
 Avvanjning av grisar i ett suggstyrt och i ett konventionellt
 inhysningssystem = weaning of pigs in a sow-controlled and in
 a conventional housing system.. Weaning of pigs in a sow-
 controlled and in a conventional housing system Rantzer, Dan
 Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for
 lantbrukets byggnadsteknik,; 1993.
 102 p. : ill. ; 29 cm. (Rapport (Sveriges
 lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for lantbrukets
 byggnadsteknik) ; 84.).  In Swedish, with English summary.
 Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-71).
 
 Language:  Swedish
 
 
 15                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The bases of sow--piglet identification. 2. Cues used by
 piglets to identify their dam and home pen.
 Horrell, I.; Hodgson, J.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 329-343; 1992
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Piglets; Sows; Dams (mothers); Identification;
 Senses; Farrowing pens; Feces; Urine; Litter; Udders; Odors;
 Vocalization
 
 
 16                               NAL Call. No.: DISS  F1992260
 Befruchtungsraten und uterotubaler Spermientransport nach
 instrumenteller Besamung zu verschiedenen Zeiten vor und nach
 der Ovulation beim Schwein [Fertility rates and uterotubal
 sperm transport in the pig after artificial insemination at
 various times before and after ovulation]. Gleumes, Thomas
 Hannover : [s.n.],; 1992.
 82 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Summary in English.  Includes
 bibliographical references (p. 65-81).
 
 Language:  German
 
 
 17                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Behavior and extensive management of domestic sows (Sus
 scrofa) and litters. Dellmeier, G.R.; Friend, T.H.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Feb.
 Applied animal behaviour science. p. 327-341; 1991 Feb.  Paper
 presented at the "Conference on Ungulate Behavior and
 Management," May 23-27, 1988, College Station, Texas. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Piglets; Animal behavior; Animal husbandry
 
 
 18                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 The behavior of gestating swine housed in the Hurnik-Morris
 system. Morris, J.R.; Hurnik, J.F.; Friendship, R.M.; Buhr,
 M.M.; Allen, O.B. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal
 Science; 1993 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p.
 3280-3284; 1993 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Sow pregnancy; Animal welfare; Pig housing;
 Feeding behavior; Pig feeding
 
 Abstract:  A group housing system for sows, the Hurnik-Morris
 (HM) system, was developed to address several of the perceived
 animal welfare limitations of existing housing methods. The HM
 system permits socially coordinated eating and resting,
 controlled and socially undisturbed feed intake, physical
 exercise, and regular exposure to boars.The HM system
 effectively uses and reinforces the behavioral phenomenon of
 the social synchronization of feeding and provides a less
 restrictive housing environment. The system provides housing
 for sows in small groups and an individual, non-competitive
 feeding environment using electronic feeding compartments.
 Gilts reared during gestation in the HM system were observed
 to spend less time lying in sternal recumbency (31 vs 21%; P =
 .004) and performing stereotypies (.10 vs .56%; P = .034) and
 to spend more time participating in social activities (1.4 vs
 .19%; P = .0007) than similar gilts kept in gestation crates
 (GC). The HM sows revealed a significantly longer latent
 period to postprandial lying than did GC gilts (64 vs 32 min;
 P =.0001). The order of gilt entry into the feeding
 compartments tended to be more consistent than the sequence of
 feeding compartments being entered (W = .57 vs .41; P = .06).
 This indicates that social factors seemed to be more important
 than spatial ones in determining the order of entry into the
 feeder compartments.
 
 
 19                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The behaviour of primiparous sows around farrowing in response
 to restraint and straw bedding.
 Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A.; Hodge, F.M.; Hemsworth, P.H.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 269-280; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Maternal behavior; Animal
 behavior; Piglets; Survival; Litter; Straw; Farrowing pens;
 Pig housing
 
 
 20                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Behavioural observations of piglets undergoing tail docking,
 teeth clipping and ear notching.
 Noonan, G.J.; Rand, J.S.; Priest, J.; Ainscow, J.; Blackshaw,
 J.K. Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 203-213; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Piglets; Animal behavior; Tail; Docking; Teeth;
 Clipping; Marking; Animal welfare; Stress; Restraint of
 animals
 
 
 21                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Boar presence reduces fighting in mixed slaughter-weight pigs.
 Grandin, T.; Bruning, J.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 273-276; 1992
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Gilts; Boars; Fighting; Mixing; Wounds;
 Incidence
 
 
 22                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535
 Breeding and gestation facilities for swine: matching biology
 to facility design.
 Ruen, P.D.; Dial, G.D.; Polson, D.D.; Marsh, W.E.
 Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1992 Nov.
 The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice
 v. 8 (3): p. 475-502; 1992 Nov.  In the series analytic: Swine
 reproduction / edited by R.C. Tubbs and A.D. Leman.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Animal breeding
 
 
 23                                   NAL Call. No.: RC963.A1A7
 Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in swine confinement
 building workers.
 Bessette, L.; Boulet, L.P.; Tremblay, G.; Cormier, Y.
 Washington, D.C. : Heldref Publications; 1993 Mar.
 Archives of environmental health v. 48 (2): p. 73-77; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Farm workers; Occupational
 disorders; Respiratory diseases; Bronchi; Lungs; Physiological
 functions
 
 
 24                                       NAL Call. No.: S1.N32
 Build a better hog hut.
 Cramer, C.
 Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Institute; 1994 Sep.
 The New farm v. 16 (6): p. 50-52; 1994 Sep.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Design; Farrowing; Pig farming
 
 
 25                            NAL Call. No.: SF393.M55C37 1993
 Care and management of miniature pet pigs guidelines for the
 veterinary practitioner., 1st ed..
 Reeves, David E.; Becker, H. Neil
 American Association of Swine Practitioners
 Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.,; 1993.
 ix, 117 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  "Published in cooperation with the
 American Association of Swine Practitioners"--Cover.  Includes
 bibliographical references and index.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Miniature pigs as pets; Miniature pigs
 
 
 26                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
 Caring for potbellied pigs.
 Bradford, J.R.
 Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1991 Dec.
 Veterinary medicine v. 86 (12): p. 1173-1181; 1991 Dec. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal health;
 Nutrient requirements
 
 
 27                                    NAL Call. No.: HV4731.C3
 The Casualty pig.
 Pig Veterinary Society
 Cambridge : The Society,; 1991.
 20 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.  Cover title.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Swine; Slaughtering and slaughter-houses;
 Euthanasia
 
 
 28                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Changes in nursing and suckling behaviour of sows and their
 piglets in farrowing crates.
 Gotz, M.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Aug.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 31 (3/4): p. 271-275; 1991
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Suckling; Behavior change;
 Farrowing pens; Postpartum interval; Animal behavior
 
 
 29                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47
 Characterization of particles, ammonia and endotoxin in swine
 confinement operations.
 Pickrell, J.A.; Heber, A.J.; Murphy, J.P.; Henry, S.C.; May,
 M.M.; Nolan, D.; Oehme, F.W.; Gillespie, J.R.; Schoneweis, D.
 Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1993 Oct.
 Veterinary and human toxicology v. 35 (5): p. 421-428; 1993
 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Intensive farming; Intensive
 husbandry; Dust; Pig manure; Ammonia; Endotoxins; Particle
 size; Spatial variation; Ventilation; Spring; Summer; Winter
 
 
 30                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 Chromosomal pericentric inversion detected in a sow and her
 piglets. Miyake, Y.I.; Matsubara, T.; Hata, M.; Kaneda, Y.
 Newton, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994.
 Theriogenology v. 42 (2): p. 241-246; 1994.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pericentric inversion; Chromosomes; Porcine
 stress syndrome; Chromosome analysis
 
 Abstract:  Forty-four pigs with the suspicious symptoms of
 porcine stress syndrome (PSS) were selected for chromosome
 analysis. Cytogenetic evaluation by means of the G-banding
 technique revealed that one sow had an abnormal [38,XX, inv (1
 p+q-) (2.1; 1.1)] karyotype. The same abnormality was also
 detected in 8 of 13 offspring of this sow. However, there was
 no correlation between the chromosome abnormality and PSS. The
 chromosome abnormality did not give rise to a reduction in the
 fertility of this sow or in the viability of her offspring.
 This case represents the first reported instance of
 pericentric inversion in swine.
 
 
 31                                    NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
 Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings.
 Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, S.; Mohling, K.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
 University, [1978?-1990]; 1991.
 Pork industry handbook. 4 p.; 1991.  In the subseries:
 Housing. (PIH-22), revised December 1991.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Site selection;
 Drainage; Pig manure; Farrowing houses; Fire prevention;
 Building construction; Landscaping
 
 
 32                                  NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B
 Combining swine housing units into a system of buildings.
 Muehling, A.J.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Mohling, K.
 East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Jun.
 Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan
 State University v.): 4 p.; 1992 Jun.  In subseries: Pork
 Industry Handbook. Housing.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Site factors; Farm planning
 
 
 33                                    NAL Call. No.: SF623.A64
 Comparing swine preweaning death losses between total
 confinement farrowing facilities and open barns and huts.
 Bowman, G.; Ott, S.L.
 Fort Collins, CO : USDA:APHIS:VS,; 1993.
 Animal health insight /. p. 1-7; 1993.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Mortality; Preweaning period; Farrowing
 houses; Piglet production; Litter size
 
 
 34                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Comparison of behaviour patterns of sows and litters in a
 farrowing crate and a farrowing pen.
 Blackshaw, J.K.; Blackshaw, A.W.; Thomas, F.J.; Newman, F.W.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 281-295; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Litters; Behavior patterns; Farrowing pens;
 Pig housing; Animal behavior; Mortality
 
 
 35                                    NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5
 Comparison of bioaerosol sampling methods in barns housing
 swine. Thorne, P.S.; Kiekhaeffer, M.S.; Whitten, P.; Donham,
 K.J. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology;
 1992 Aug. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (8): p.
 2543-2551; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Aerosols; Sampling;
 Comparisons
 
 Abstract:  The air in livestock buildings contains bioaerosol
 levels that are sufficiently high to cause adverse health
 effects in animals and workers. These bioaerosols are complex
 mixtures of live and dead microorganisms and their products as
 well as other aeroallergens. The effectiveness of sampling
 methods used for quantifying the very high concentrations of
 microorganisms in these environments has not been well
 studied. To facilitate an accurate assessment of respiratory
 hazards from viable organisms in agricultural environments,
 three bioaerosol sampling methods were investigated: the
 Andersen microbial sampler method (AMS), the all-glass
 impinger method (AGI), and the Nuclepore filtration-elution
 method (NFE). These methods were studied in a parallel fashion
 in 24 swine confinement buildings. Measurements were taken in
 two seasons with three types of culture media in duplicate to
 assess total bacteria, gram-negative enteric bacteria, and
 total fungi. Methods were analyzed for the proportion of
 samples yielding data within the limits of detection,
 intraclass reliability, and correlation between methods. For
 sampling viable bacteria, the AMS had a poor data yield
 because of overloading and demonstrated weak correlation with
 the AGI. Conversely, the AGI and NFE gave sufficient numbers
 of valid data points (90%), yielded high intraclass
 reliabilities (alpha greater than or equal to 0.92), and were
 highly correlated with each other (r = 0.86). The AGI and the
 NFE were suitable methods for assessing bacteria in this
 environment, but the AMS was not. The AMS was the only method
 that consistently recovered enteric bacteria (73% data yield).
 For sampling fungi, the AGI and AMS both yielded sufficient
 data and all three methods demonstrated high intraclass
 reliability. The AGI and AMS correlated moderately with each
 other, but each correlated well with the NFE. However, the AGI
 measured significantly higher airborne fungal concentrations
 than did the AMS. Thus, the AGI was the
 
 
 36                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 A comparison of operant responding by farrowing sows for food
 and nest-building materials.
 Hutson, G.D.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 221-230; 1992
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Feeds; Straw; Materials;
 Conditioned reflexes; Motivation; Animal welfare; Farrowing
 pens
 
 
 37                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Computer simulation assessment of the thermal microenvironment
 of growing pigs under summer conditions.
 Axaopoulos, P.; Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 May. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p.
 1005-1009; 1992 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Greece; Pigs; Buildings; Computer simulation;
 Environmental temperature; Heat stress; Microenvironments;
 Relative humidity; Simulation models; Summer; Weather data
 
 Abstract:  The effects of outside climatic conditions on the
 thermal microenvironment inside a building for growing pigs
 (50 kg mean) were studied using a 30-year period set of hourly
 real weather data from the Athenian region. Transient computer
 simulation allowed hourly prediction of air temperature and
 relative humidity inside the swine unit for each year. Under
 Greek summer conditions (May to September) pigs are subjected
 to heat stress of considerable duration and intensity due to
 temperature, while few problems due to relative humidity
 occur. Furthermore, inside THI values exceeded 85 only a few
 hours, therefore THI cannot effectively be used as a heat-
 stress index.
 
 
 38                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Concentration of respirable dust and bioaerosols and
 identification of certain microbial types in a hog-growing
 facility.
 Butera, M.; Smith, J.H.; Morrison, W.D.; Hacker, R.R.; Kains,
 F.A.; Ogilvie, J.R.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Jun.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 71 (2): p. 271-277; 1991
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Dust; Aerosols; Ventilation; Particle size;
 Air; Air quality; Microbial contamination; Bacteria; Molds;
 Environmental temperature; Relative humidity
 
 
 39                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Contributions of pig behavior research to animal production.
 Blackshaw, J.K.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 195-202; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Agricultural research;
 Animal welfare; Animal production; Animal husbandry
 
 
 40                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
 Control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
 transmission: handling infected seedstock.
 Dee, S.; Joo, H.S.; Pijoan, C.
 Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1994 Jul.
 The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing
 veterinarian v. 16 (7): p. 927-933, 943; 1994 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Swine diseases; Viral diseases; Disease
 control; Strain differences; Arterivirus; Serology;
 Immunofluorescence; Sentinel animals; Pig farming
 
 
 41                                  NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B
 Controlling rats and mice in swine facilities.
 Timm, R.M.; Marsh, R.E.; Corrigan, R.M.; Holscher, K.
 East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Feb.
 Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan
 State University v.): 4 p.; 1992 Feb.  In Subseries: Pork
 Industry Handbook. Management.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Rodent control; Disease control;
 Diseases; Trapping; Rodenticides; Fumigants
 
 
 42                                    NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
 Cooling swine.
 Jones, D.D.; Driggers, L.B.; Fehr, R.L.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
 University, [1978?-1990]; 1992.
 Pork industry handbook. 6 p.; 1992.  In the subseries:
 Housing. (PIH-87), revised December 1992.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Cooling systems;
 Shade; Insulation; Ventilation
 
 
 43                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations
 during mating behavior in the bull and boar.
 Borg, K.E.; Esbenshade, K.L.; Johnson, B.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 69 (8): p. 3230-3240; 1991
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Boars; Bulls; Testosterone; Hydrocortisone;
 Somatotropin; Mating; Sexual behavior; Hormone secretion;
 Blood serum; Stress response
 
 Abstract:  Two experiments were conducted to evaluate
 peripheral concentrations of cortisol (C), growth hormone
 (GH), and testosterone (T) in bulls and boars during mating
 and to correlate mating behaviors with endocrine secretion in
 the presence of an estrous female. In Exp. 1, six sexually
 inexperienced mature bulls were bled every 15 min for 2 h
 before and 2 h after a 30-min exposure to a single,
 restrained, estrous cow; sampling occurred every 5 min during
 exposure. In Exp. 2, six sexually experienced boars were bled
 similarly before and after exposure to a sow and every 5 min
 during a 15-min exposure to a freely moving, estrous sow.
 Behavioral events recorded during exposure to a female
 included the following: flehmen responses (bulls only),
 mounts, penis extensions, intromissions, ejaculations, and
 time to first mount and first ejaculation. Of the six bulls,
 four completed at least one service (intromission +
 ejaculation), and three of six mounted the estrous cow eight
 or more times. Completion of one or more services resulted in
 significant elevations in serum C and GH concentrations, but
 not T concentrations, during the exposure period. Bulls
 mounting eight or more times also experienced significant
 elevations in C concentrations during exposure. Three of six
 boars completed at least one service. Servicing and mounting
 the sow fewer than five times were both associated with
 significant elevations in serum C concentrations. Serum
 concentrations of T were also elevated as a result of exposure
 to an estrous sow. Collectively, these data support the
 suggestion that specific events during natural mating activity
 can alter endocrine secretions of C and GH in bulls and C and
 T in boars.
 
 
 44                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Costs of environmental changes in pig housing.
 Foster, M.P.; Lemin, C.D.; Casey, K.D.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4030): 7 p.; 1991.  Paper
 presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Australia; Cabt; Pig housing; Design;
 Environmental control; Costs; Models
 
 
 45                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
 A data-acquisition system for electronic identification,
 monitoring and control of group-housed pigs.
 Goedseels, V.; Geers, R.; Truyen, B.; Wouters, P.; Goossens,
 K.; Ville, H.; Janssens, S.
 London : Academic Press; 1992 May.
 Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 52 (1): p.
 25-33; 1992 May. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Groups; Data collection; Systems;
 Measurement; Body weight; Feed intake; Body temperature;
 Physical activity; Electronics; Identification; Monitoring;
 Automatic control; Information storage; Computers
 
 Abstract:  This paper describes a data-acquisition system
 which has been developed to measure, in parallel, individual
 body weight and feed intake of growing pigs kept within a
 group, their body temperature and physical activity. This
 multitude of signals originating from physiological and
 behavioural parameters can be collected in relation to
 environmental parameters on a continuous and long-term basis.
 A modular distributed multiprocessor architecture was
 developed to allow easy post-processing of collected data and
 to guarantee a flexible integration of data into a more
 extended data management system. A periodical and complete
 automatic transfer of locally stored data to a central
 computer unit has been implemented. Communication protocols
 are standardized allowing data transfer to and from other
 networks. The availability of an electronic identification
 system combined with various sensors will provide
 opportunities to study possible improvements of handling,
 housing and transport of farm animals.
 
 
 46                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
 Determination of minimum ventilation rate in pig houses with
 natural ventilation based on carbon dioxide balance.
 Klooster, C.E. van't; Heitlager, B.P.
 London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-; 1994 Apr.
 Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 57 (4): p.
 279-287; 1994 Apr. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Measurement; Models;
 Carbon dioxide; Ecological balance
 
 
 47                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Development of a portable microprocessor for measuring
 selected stress responses of growing pigs.
 Feddes, J.J.R.; DeShazer, J.A.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p.
 201-204; 1993 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Movement;
 Stress; Measurement; Microprocessors; Computers; Design; Pig
 housing
 
 Abstract:  The development of a non-restrictive method for
 measuring selected stress responses of growing pigs in their
 environment is important to assess the acceptability of an
 environment for the pig. Blood pressure, body temperature, and
 animal activity are three measurements that can relate to
 stress of an environment. A portable microprocessor-controlled
 data logger was developed to measure these three parameters
 every 16 min over several days. These measurements were found
 to be accurate when obtained from the data logger strapped to
 a pig. Surgical techniques were developed to obtain blood
 pressure and body temperature. Specific data collected from
 this study showed that typical blood pressure for a growing
 pig (35 kg) is 80 +/- 5 mm Hg, blood temperature varied
 between 39 degrees C (thermoneutral) and 42 degrees C
 (surgical recovery) and the pig was active 26% of the time.
 
 
 48                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 The development of pain in young pigs associated with
 castration and attempts to prevent castration-induced
 behavioral changes.
 McGlone, J.J.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hellman, J.M.; Herzog, D.N.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1441-1446; 1993
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pain; Castration; Analgesics; Animal
 welfare; Age differences; Animal behavior; Liveweight gain;
 Survival
 
 Abstract:  Four experiments were conducted to examine the
 development of castration-induced behavioral changes, the
 effects of castration age on pig weight gain, and the efficacy
 of common analgesics for use in castrated pigs. In Exp. 1,
 behavioral changes associated with castration of pigs at 1, 5,
 10, 15, or 20 d of age were evaluated. Castration caused
 measurable changes (reduced suckling, reduced standing, and
 increased lying times, P < .05) in the behavior of young pigs
 compared with that of intact pigs at all ages tested. Effects
 of age and interactions between age and castration treatment
 were not significant (P > .10) for any behaviors evaluated. In
 Exp. 2, the performance of pigs castrated at 1 d of age was
 compared with the performance of those castrated on d 14 and
 female littermates. Birth weights, weaning weights, and
 mortality were recorded. Pigs that were castrated on d 14 were
 heavier (P = .05) at weaning and had a higher (P < .05) weight
 gain during lactation compared to pigs castrated on d 1 of
 age. Pig mortality was similar among the treatments. In Exp. 3
 and 4, the efficacies of pain-reducing drugs (non-narcotic
 analgesics) were evaluated for effectiveness in reducing
 castration-induced behavioral changes in 8-wk-old pigs.
 Although castration reduced (P < .05) feeding time and weight
 gain, neither aspirin nor butorphanol influenced behavioral
 changes associated with castration. We conclude that pigs show
 similar behavioral changes (and probably pain perception) when
 castrated from 1 to 20 d of age. However, pig performance data
 favored castration at 14 d rather than at 1 d of age. Among
 older pigs, which show much greater behavioral effects of
 castration, analgesics (aspirin and butorphanol), used at
 recommended doses, provided no measurable effect on
 castration-induced behavioral changes.
 
 
 49                                   NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1V4
 Development of rodent control technology for confined swine
 facilities. Corrigan, R.M.; Towell, C.A.; Williams, R.E.
 Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992 Aug.
 Proceedings ... Vertebrate Pest Conference (15): p. 280-285;
 1992 Aug. Meeting held March 3-5, 1992, Newport Beach, CA. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Mus musculus; Rattus norvegicus; Pig housing;
 Rodent control; Rodenticides; Baiting
 
 
 50                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
 Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of porcine proliferative
 enteritis. Connor, J.F.
 Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1991 Jul.
 The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing
 veterinarian v. 13 (7): p. 1172-1176, 1178; 1991 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Tissue proliferation; Enteritis;
 Campylobacter; Ileum; Hemorrhagic enteritis; Histopathology;
 Differential diagnosis; Antibiotics; Stress factors
 
 
 51                                     NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Drip vs. wetted-pad evaporative cooling of farrowing houses in
 Oklahoma. Harp, S.L.; Huhnke, R.L.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1991 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7
 (4): p. 461-464; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Oklahoma; Pigs; Farrowing houses; Cooling
 systems; Comparisons; Performance testing
 
 Abstract:  A comparison of drip cooling vs. wetted-pad
 evaporative cooling was performed on 61 sows over three
 farrowings. There were no significant differences between
 cooling methods for piglet weight gain, percentage of piglets
 weaned or sow weight loss. There was a significant difference
 in respiration rates between cooling methods. Respiration rate
 was a function of wet-bulb depression.
 
 
 52                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Durability of truss connections in a naturally ventilated
 swine barn. Masse, D.I.; Munroe, J.A.; Phillips, P.A.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1991 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (2): p.
 625-627; 1991 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Trusses; Joints (timber); Creosote;
 Decay; Durability; Loads; Natural ventilation; Wood strength
 
 Abstract:  This study investigated the effect of a four-year
 exposure in a naturally ventilated building (NVB) environment
 on the lateral load capacity and stiffness of truss
 connections. Untreated and creosote brush treated joints
 exposed in the NVB were compared with matched specimens that
 had been stored under laboratory conditions. It was found that
 there was no statistical difference (P=0.05) in ultimate
 strength and axial stiffness between joints exposed in the
 barn and joints exposed in the laboratory considering either
 the steel gussets or plywood gussets. Other observations
 indicated that this barn was not a "worst case" concerning
 harshness of the environment local to the exposed joints.
 
 
 53                                  NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
 Economics behind trend to free-stall farrowing.
 Marberry, S.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1993 Jul26.
 Feedstuffs v. 65 (1): p. 13, 20; 1993 Jul26.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Farrowing; Trends
 
 
 54                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of a foraging device (The 'Edinburgh Foodball') on
 the behaviour of pigs.
 Young, R.J.; Carruthers, J.; Lawrence, A.B.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 237-247; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Foraging; Feed dispensers; Enrichment;
 Animal welfare
 
 
 55                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
 The effect of all-in/all-out management on pigs from a herd
 with enzootic pneumonia.
 Clark, L.K.; Scheidt, A.B.; Armstrong, C.H.; Knox, K.;
 Mayrose, V.B. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing
 Co; 1991 Sep. Veterinary medicine v. 86 (9): p. 946, 948-951;
 1991 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Mycoplasma; Disease control;
 Disease prevalence; Disease course; Pig housing; Liveweight
 gain; Animal husbandry
 
 
 56                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effect of dietary fibre and feeding system on activity and
 oral behaviour of group housed gilts.
 Brouns, F.; Edwards, S.A.; English, P.R.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 215-223; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Gilts; Diet; Fiber content; Unrestricted feeding;
 Restricted feeding; Pregnancy; Behavior patterns; Maternal
 nutrition; Abnormal behavior; Feeding behavior
 
 
 57                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of environment on behaviour, plasma cortisol and
 prolactin in parturient sows.
 Lawrence, A.B.; Petherick, J.C.; McLean, K.A.; Deans, L.A.;
 Chirnside, J.; Vaughan, A.; Clutton, E.; Terlouw, E.M.C.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 313-330; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Nesting; Prolactin; Hydrocortisone; Stress;
 Farrowing pens; Pig housing; Litter; Animal behavior;
 Gestation period; Litter size; Litter weight
 
 
 58                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 W89
 Effect of environmental factors on humoral and cell mediated
 immune parameters of growing pigs.
 Rafai, P.; Kovacs, F.; Tuboly, S.; Biro, H.
 Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1991 Jan.
 World review of animal production v. 26 (1): p. 9-16; 1991
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hungary; Pigs; Immune response; Cell mediated
 immunity; Humoral immunity; Selenium; Stress; Corticotropin;
 Environmental temperature; Microclimate; Feed additives;
 Vitamin e; Liveweight gain; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone;
 Cytotoxicity; Seasons; Pig fattening
 
 
 59                                     NAL Call. No.: 382 SO12
 Effect of feeding a high level of sugar in the diet for the
 last 12 days before slaughter on muscle glycolytic potential
 and meat quality traits in pigs.
 Fernandez, X.; Tornberg, E.; Magard, M.; Goransson, L.
 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1992.
 Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 60 (1): p.
 135-138; 1992. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Diet; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Glycolysis; Sugar;
 Pigs
 
 Abstract:  The aim of this work was to study the effects of
 500 12 kg-1 sucrose diet and of type of food distribution (ad
 libitum or two meals daily without food restriction) during
 the last 12 days before slaughter on glycolytic potential (GP,
 an estimate of resting muscle glycogen content) in pig
 Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, and on meat quality traits in
 muscles LD and Biceps femoris. The pigs used were three-way
 crossbred ((Yorkshire X Landrace) X Hampshire). Samples of LD
 were taken intra vitam, immediately before and after
 treatment, using a biopsy technique. Muscle metabolites, GP
 and meat quality traits such as pH, internal light scattering
 or drip loss did not vary significantly between the
 treatments. A significant decrease in GP was noted after
 feeding the conventional diet ad libitum. The lack of effect
 of the sugar diet on muscle glycogen content might be
 attributed to the overnight fast (approximately 15 h)
 preceding the second sampling. It was therefore hypothesised
 that sugar feeding has no significant long-term effect on
 muscle glycogen stores. The pigs exhibited a wide individual
 variability in GP changes during the feeding period. Pigs fed
 the conventional diet showed a marked trend towards a
 decreased GP after 12 days. This decrease in GP might be
 attributed to a sampling date effect, the reasons for which
 remain unknown.
 
 
 60                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effect of group composition and pen size on behavior,
 productivity and immune response of growing pigs.
 Moore, A.S.; Gonyou, H.W.; Stookey, J.M.; McLaren, D.G.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Apr.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (1): p. 13-30; 1994
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Groups; Body weight; Aggressive behavior;
 Pens; Size; Trauma; Immune response; Cell mediated immunity;
 Liveweight gain; Physical activity; Animal welfare; Mixing
 
 
 61                                     NAL Call. No.: 382 So12
 The effect of housing system on apparent digestibility in
 pigs, using the classical and marker (chromic oxide, acid-
 insoluble ash) techniques, in relation to dietary composition.
 Bakker, G.C.M.; Jongbloed, A.W.
 Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited; 1994.
 Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 64 (1): p.
 107-115; 1994. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig farming; Pig housing; Pig feeding; Diet;
 Maize starch; Cellulose; Toasting; Soybeans; Hulls; Fats;
 Digestibility; Laboratory methods; Chromic oxide; Acids;
 Solubility; Ash
 
 Abstract:  The present study examined differences in faecal
 digestibilities of organic matter (dOM) and crude protein
 (dXP), between growing pigs housed either in pens as groups or
 individually in metabolism cages. In addition, a study was
 made of the influence of dietary composition on these observed
 differences. Four experimental diets were composed by iso-
 energetic exchange of maize starch in the control diet with
 purified cellulose (260 g kg-1), toasted soyabean hulls (280 g
 kg-1) or renderers fat (67 g kg-1), respectively. Both in pens
 and in metabolism cages, dOM and dXP were measured, using both
 chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as markers.
 In metabolism cages, the results of the marker method were
 compared to those of the classical method, where dOM and dXP
 were measured by collecting faeces quantitatively. Recoveries
 of both markers were measured, after a period of 10 and 3
 days. With Cr2O3 as marker, pen-housing resulted in a dOM
 which was on average 2.5 (1.7-4.5) units lower and a dXP
 averaging 4.5 (3.0-5.8) units lower than measured in the
 metabolism cages (P < 0.001). No significant interactions were
 demonstrated between housing system and dietary composition.
 In contrast, with AIA as marker significantly higher
 digestibility values were observed for pigs in pens, when fed
 the cellulose diet. With this diet, the dOM was on average
 14.7 units higher and the dXP was on average 10.9 units higher
 for the penned pigs. For the pigs fed one of the other three
 diets, the dOM was on average 1.5 (0.1-2.7) units lower and
 the dXP was on average 3.7 (1.9-5.7) units lower. Thus, with
 AIA as a marker, the effect of housing system on digestibility
 interacted with the type of diet (P < 0.05 on dOM and P < 0.01
 on dXP). Comparison between the marker method with the
 classical method, showed that Cr2O3 provided similar results.
 In contrast, AIA displayed significantly higher dOM and dXP,
 except with the cellulose diet. This could be explained by
 differences in the recoveries of both markers. For Cr2O3 this
 was close to 100% and for AIA it varied from 97% on the
 cellulose diet to 183% on the control diet. The analytical
 procedure for AIA requires more research. Shortening the
 measuring period from 10 to 3 days did not prove to be
 significant, but increased the standard deviations. It was
 concluded that for practical application, faecal
 digestibilities should be measured with penned pigs. According
 to the findings, under such conditions Cr2O3 a good marker.
 AIA was found to be unsuitable.
 
 
 62                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of initial breeding weight and management system using
 a high-producing sow genotype on resulting reproductive
 performance over three parities. Newton, E.A.; Mahan, D.C.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1177-1186; 1993
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Body weight; Farrowing pens;
 Reproductive performance; Crates; Lactation number; Sow
 lactation; Feed intake; Weight losses; Sow milk; Milk
 composition; Culling; Survival; Litter size
 
 Abstract:  A study was conducted with sows of a high-producing
 genotype to evaluate their reproductive performance using
 three breeding weights over a three-parity period in two
 management systems. A total of 114 F1 gilts (Landrace X
 Yorkshire) were used in a split-plot, randomized, complete
 block experiment conducted as a 3 X 2 factorial arrangement of
 treatments in two replicates. Three gilt breeding weights of
 120, 135, and 150 kg were achieved by feeding 1.8, 2.3, or 3.2
 kg/d of a .73% lysine corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet,
 respectively, from 5 to 8 mo of age. Two locations, each with
 different management systems, were considered the main plot
 and consisted of 1) outside, concrete-floored gestation lots
 and indoor farrowing pens or 2) indoor gestation pens and
 farrowing crates. All sows were fed 1.8 (Parity 1) or 2.1
 (Parity 2 and 3) kg/d of a .73% lysine C-SBM diet during the
 breeding and gestation periods, whereas a .82% lysine C-SBM
 diet with 5% added fat was available ad libitum during
 lactation. All sows lost weight during the first lactation;
 larger weight losses occurred as breeding weight increased (P
 < .01). During the second and third lactations the 135- and
 150-kg sow breeding groups had less lactation weight change,
 whereas the 120-kg group lost more weight, resulting in a
 breeding weight X parity interaction (P < .01). The 120-kg
 breeding weight group consumed less feed (P < .05) for the
 three lactation periods than did the heavier weight groups.
 Initial breeding weight had no effect on number of pigs born
 (total, live) or pig and litter weights at birth. Pig
 mortality increased with increasing breeding weight (P < .01)
 and parity (P < .05), a response that was exacerbated when
 sows farrowed in pens vs crates. Postweaning breeding
 intervals and sow removal from the experiment were not
 significantly affected by initial breeding weight, but a
 numerically higher percentage of sows in the 120-kg group were
 anestrous or failed to conceive than the percentage of s
 
 
 63                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX
 Effect of Luprosil NC on pig performance.
 Danielson, M.; Saner, R.; Wenninghoff, J.; Wiseman, S.
 Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992.
 EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska
 (91-219-A): p. 16-17; 1992.  In the series analytic: 1992
 Nebraska Swine report / Compiled by W.T. Ahlschwede.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Stress factors; Feed additives; Feed
 intake; Liveweight gain
 
 
 64                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
 Effect of management practices on the Streptococcus suis
 carrier rate in nursery swine.
 Dee, S.A.; Carlson, A.R.; Winkelman, N.L.; Corey, M.M.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul15.
 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203
 (2): p. 295-299; 1993 Jul15.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Colorado; Kentucky; Minnesota; Montana; North
 Dakota; South Dakota; Pigs; Streptococcus suis; Carrier state;
 Incidence; Animal husbandry
 
 
 65                                     NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
 Effect of oral loading of acid or base on the incidence of
 pale soft exudative port (PSE) in stress-susceptible pigs.
 Boles, J.A.; Patience, J.F.; Schaefer, A.L.; Aalhus, J.L.
 Oxford : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1994.
 Meat science v. 37 (2): p. 181-194; 1994.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigmeat; Exudative meat; Incidence; Acid base
 equilibrium; Meat quality
 
 
 66                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of pasture, confinement, and diet fortification with
 vitamin E and selenium on reproducing gilts and their progeny.
 Mutetikka, D.B.; Mahan, D.C.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3211-3218; 1993
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Gilts; Dietary minerals; Selenium; Vitamin e;
 Maize; Soybean oilmeal; Pastures; Grasses; Alfalfa; Sow
 lactation; Intensive livestock farming; Nutrient requirements;
 Female fertility; Blood serum; Vitamin supplements; Mineral
 supplements; Colostrum; Tissues
 
 Abstract:  A total of 48 gilts were used to evaluate the
 effects of a corn-soybean meal diet with or without vitamin E
 and Se fed on pasture or in confinement. The effects of these
 treatments on gilt serum and tissue alpha-tocopherol and Se
 concentrations and those of their progeny at weaning (28 d)
 were evaluated. During gestation, the experiment was a 2 X 2
 factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design
 that compared the housing system (pasture or confinement) and
 the effect of diets fortified with or without vitamin E (22
 IU/kg) and Se (.3 ppm). The lactation study was a 2 X 2
 factorial arrangement of treatments in a split-plot design
 evaluating the two housing systems during gestation or
 lactation only when gilts were fed the unfortified basal diet.
 The gilts fed the vitamin E- and Se-supplemented diet remained
 either on pasture or in confinement during both reproductive
 phases and served as positive controls.Gilts were bled at
 breeding, at 30, 60, and 90 d postcoitum, at farrowing, and at
 weaning (28 d). Three pigs per litter were bled from all
 litters at weaning. Six pigs per treatment group were killed
 at weaning and livers were collected. Pasture lots contained
 orchardgrass, ryegrass, and alfalfa; different lots were used
 during each reproductive phase. Grass species predominated (>
 90%) during gestation, but alfalfa was the major species (>
 50%) during lactation. Forage samples during gestation were
 analyzed as containing.036 ppm of Se and 29 mg of alpha-
 tocopherol/kg of DM, but during lactation the forages
 contained .046 ppm of Se and 106 mg of alpha-tocopherol/ kg of
 DM. Serum and colostrum alpha-tocopherol concentrations during
 gestation increased when the vitamin E- and Se-fortified diet
 was fed, but gilts fed on pasture had higher serum alpha-
 tocopherol concentrations than those in confinement, resulting
 in a housing system X diet interaction (P < .01). No effects
 on serum Se or glutathione peroxidase activity were detected
 whether gilts were in confinement or on pasture or whether the
 diet was fortified with vitamin E and Se during gestation. At
 weaning, serum and milk alpha-tocopherol and Se contents were
 higher in gilts on pasture fed the unfortified diet than in
 gilts in confinement. Pigs from sows fed the unfortified diet
 had higher serum alpha-tocopherol (P < .01), liver alpha-
 tocopherol (P < .01), and liver Se (P < .01) concentrations
 when they and their dams were on pasture rather than in
 confinement. These results suggest that both diet and pasture
 contributed to the vitamin E and Se status of both gilts and
 litters in an additive manner, but vitamin E was influenced
 more than Se.
 
 
 67                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of piglet stimuli on the posture changing behaviour
 of recently farrowed sows.
 Cronin, G.M.; Cropley, J.A.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 167-172; 1991
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Postpartum interval; Posture; Change;
 Piglets; Sounds; Touch; Stimulation; Maternal behavior;
 Farrowing pens
 
 
 68                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of playback volume and duration on the response of
 sows to piglet distress calls.
 Hutson, G.D.; Price, E.O.; Dickenson, L.G.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (1): p. 31-37; 1993
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Vocalization
 
 
 69                          NAL Call. No.: MnSUThesis vet noye
 The effect of pneumonia monitored during lifetime and at
 slaughter on growth in swine.
 Noyes, Elizabeth Pearsall
 1992; 1992.
 xii, 142 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.  Includes bibliographical
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 
 70                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of porcine somatotropin, stress susceptibility, and
 final end point of cooking on the sensory, physical, and
 chemical properties of pork loin chops. Boles, J.A.; Parrish,
 F.C. Jr; Skaggs, C.L.; Christian, L.L. Champaign, Ill. :
 American Society of Animal Science; 1991 Jul. Journal of
 animal science v. 69 (7): p. 2865-2870; 1991 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Stress; Porcine stress
 syndrome; Susceptibility; Meat cuts; Meat quality; Pigmeat;
 Exudative meat; Tenderness; Sensory evaluation; Proximate
 analysis; Fat percentage; Genotypes; Temperature
 
 Abstract:  Forty-eight pigs of three known stress
 susceptibility classes were injected daily with porcine
 somatotropin (pST; 4 mg/d) or a placebo. Each pig was injected
 in the neck once daily until taken off test, starting when the
 pigs weighed 59 kg. The PST treatment was terminated at weekly
 intervals when individual pigs reached 109 kg, but animals
 continued to be fed for six additional days to allow for
 required withdrawal time. The effect of pST and stress
 classification on the sensory, physical, and chemical
 characteristics of pork chops was observed. Also, the effect
 of two end-point temperatures (71 and 77 degrees C) on the
 sensory attributes was observed. The pST treatment of animals
 resulted in a small but significant decrease in panel scores
 for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Stress susceptibility
 class, however, decreased panel scores for tenderness only.
 The pST treatment reduced intramuscular fat and increased
 moisture in the longissimus muscle, but stress susceptibility
 class had no effect on proximate composition. The pST
 treatment and stress susceptibility decreased and increased
 Hunter L values of chops, respectively, indicating darker and
 lighter colors, respectively. Furthermore, a greater end-point
 temperature reduced sensory scores for tenderness and
 juiciness. These results suggest that PST treatment does not
 cause an increased incidence of pale, soft, exudative muscle.
 Also, the use of a lower temperature of end-point doneness (71
 degrees C) should be implemented to optimize palatability of
 broiled pork chops regardless of PST treatment.
 
 
 71                                     NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
 Effect of pre-scalding brushing on contamination level of pork
 carcsses during the slaughtering process.
 Rahkio, M.; Korkeala, H.; Sippola, I.; Peltonen, M.
 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
 Meat science v. 32 (2): p. 173-183; 1992.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Slaughter; Carcasses; Contamination;
 Prevention; Brushes; Bacterial count
 
 
 72                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of preslaughter anesthesia on muscle metabolism and
 meat quality of pigs of different halothane genotypes.
 Klont, R.E.; Lambooy, E.; Logtestijn, J.G. van
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1477-1485; 1993
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Porcine stress syndrome; Pigmeat; Meat
 quality; Genotypes; Halothane; Color; Postmortem changes;
 Muscle physiology; Blood chemistry; Metabolites; Enzyme
 activity
 
 Abstract:  Pigs of different halothane genotypes were
 anesthetized 45 min before slaughter. During the period of
 anesthesia blood samples and muscle biopsy samples were taken
 to investigate muscle energy metabolism by measuring different
 metabolites. After exsanguination, the same metabolites and
 some meat quality characteristics were determined. Minimal
 differences in resting muscle metabolism seemed to exist
 between the halothane genotypes. Some significant differences
 in ante- and postmortem metabolism were found, particularly in
 creatine and lactate concentrations, but these were not
 reflected in ultimate meat quality. None of the pigs showed
 PSE meat and there were no differences in muscle pH and
 temperature at 45 min and 18 h postmortem. However, rigor,
 drip loss, and color still showed a significant genotype
 effect. It was concluded that due to the method of anesthesia
 there were no differences in muscle metabolism at the moment
 of slaughter. This may have led to a more uniform ultimate
 meat quality between pigs differing in their genetic
 susceptibility toward stress. There were differences in color
 and drip loss between the halothane genotypes that cannot be
 explained by differences in pH and carcass temperature at 45
 min postmortem.
 
 
 73                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of space restriction and provision of toys during
 rearing on the behaviour, productivity and physiology of male
 pigs.
 Pearce, G.P.; Paterson, A.M.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 11-28; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pig housing; Crowding; Stocking density;
 Toys; Stress; Animal behavior
 
 
 74                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
 The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building
 behaviour in sows.
 Arey, D.S.; Petchey, A.M.; Fowler, V.R.
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1992 Feb.
 Animal production v. 54 (pt.1): p. 129-133; 1992 Feb. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Straw; Nesting; Animal behavior;
 Animal welfare
 
 
 75                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs.
 Fraser, D.; Phillips, P.A.; Thompson, B.K.; Tennessen, T.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 307-318; 1991
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Straw; Litter; Agonistic behavior; Animal
 behavior; Diurnal activity; Young animals; Age differences;
 Pig housing
 
 
 76                                     NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
 Effect of subclinical infection with Actinobacillus
 pleuropneumoniae in commingled feeder swine.
 Rohrbach, B.W.; Hall, R.F.; Hitchcock, J.P.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Apr01.
 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 202
 (7): p. 1095-1098; 1993 Apr01.  Paper presented at the
 symposium on "Animals and the environment: Impacts on
 veterinary medicine," Boston, Massachusetts.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Latent
 infections; Growth rate; Feed conversion efficiency; Age;
 Slaughter
 
 
 77                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Effect of the angle of slope on the ease with which pigs
 negotiate loading ramps.
 Warriss, P.D.; Bevis, E.A.; Edwards, J.E.; Brown, S.N.;
 Knowles, T.G. London : The Association; 1991 May04.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 128 (18): p. 419-421; 1991 May04.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Slopes; Chutes;
 Spacing
 
 
 78                                     NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
 Effect of time between adrenaline injection and slaughter on
 the rate and extent of post-mortem metabolism in porcine
 skeletal muscle. Fernandez, X.; Forslid, A.; Magard, M.;
 Moller, B.M.; Tornberg, E. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science
 Publishers; 1992.
 Meat science v. 31 (3): p. 287-298; 1992.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Epinephrine; Injection; Time; Slaughter;
 Skeletal muscle; Metabolism
 
 
 79                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of vitamin E and fat source in sows' diets on immune
 response of suckling and weaned piglets.
 Babinszky, L.; Langhout, D.J.; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Hartog, L.A.
 den; Joling, P.; Nieuwland, M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 1833-1842; 1991
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Alpha-tocopherol; Dietary fat;
 Pregnancy; Lactation; Sunflower oil; Fats; Slaughterhouse
 waste; Colostrum; Sow milk; B lymphocytes; Blood serum; Igg;
 Lysozyme; Antibody formation
 
 Abstract:  Thirty-six 7-mo-old gilts were used to study the
 effects of dietary vitamin E and fat source (5% sunflower oil
 or animal fat) in pregnant and lactating sow diets on serum
 vitamin E concentration and on cell-mediated and humoral
 immune response in suckling and weaned piglets. Six gilts each
 received one of six diets throughout pregnancy and lactation.
 The basal diets (13 mg alpha-tocopherol/kg diet) were
 supplemented with dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to 48 and 136 mg
 alpha- tocopherol/kg of feed (average analyzed values). After
 weaning (at 4 wk of age) all pigs received identical diets (20
 mg of alpha-tocopherol/kg feed). One week after weaning, pigs
 were immunized (i.m. with ovalbumin and tetanus toxoid) and
 antibody production was measured. Blood samples were taken
 immediately after birth, at 1 wk after birth, at weaning, and
 at four weekly intervals after weaning. Samples were analyzed
 for alpha-tocopherol concentration, total number of
 leukocytes, T- and B-lymphocytes, lymphocyte stimulation with
 concanavalin A, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin
 concentrations. It was concluded that a high vitamin E level
 in the sow's diet increased serum vitamin E concentration of
 1-wk-old pigs (P < .05). Immune response against ovalbumin was
 increased (P < .05) at 1 wk of age after immunization for
 weaned pigs from sows fed the high level of vitamin E. Also,
 the phagocytic measures of pigs at 1 wk of age were increased
 by the medium vitamin E level (P < .05). Fat sources in the
 sow's diet had no consistent effect on the immunological
 measures of pigs.
 
 
 80                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of a porcine somatotropin implant on tissue mineral
 status of finishing pigs exposed to a thermoneutral or cold
 environment. Ledoux, D.R.; Knight, C.D.; Becker, B.A.; Baile,
 C.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 Aug. Journal of animal science v. 71 (8): p. 2180-2186; 1993
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Diet studies; Feed supplements;
 Implantation; Somatotropin; Temperature; Animal tissues; Cold
 stress; Heat stress; Mineral content; Carcass composition
 
 Abstract:  An experiment was conducted with 24 crossbred
 (Landrace X Yorkshire X Duroc) finishing pigs (mean BW 85 kg)
 to study the effects of a single 100-mg recombinant porcine
 somatotropin (rpST) implant on the tissue mineral status of
 pigs exposed to either a thermoneutral (TN; 18 to 21 degrees
 C, 50 to 55% RH) or cold (C; 5 to 15 degrees C, 50 to 70% RH)
 environment until BW averaged 110 kg. The implants used in
 this study delivered an average 2.4 to 2.5 mg of rpST/d during
 the course of the study. Control pigs were implanted with a
 placebo. All diets were supplemented with minerals at levels
 that either met or exceeded the requirements of an 85-kg pig.
 At slaughter (mean BW 110 kg), tissues were collected and
 analyzed for selected macro- and microminerals. Pigs treated
 with rpST had higher (P < .05) Ca concentrations and total Ca
 in liver and kidney and higher (P < .05) Ca concentrations in
 muscle. Total P, Mg, Na, and K were all higher (P < .05) in
 the liver and kidneys of rpST-treated pigs. In general, rpST
 had little influence on Cu, Zn, and Fe in tissues. No
 consistent trend was evident in the response of tissue
 minerals to environmental temperature. Results indicated that
 pigs treated with rpST and supplemented with adequate minerals
 accumulated more minerals in certain tissues than did pigs not
 given rpST.
 
 
 81                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Effects of abattoir and slaughter handling systems on stress
 indicators in pig blood.
 Weeding, C.M.; Hunter, E.J.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C.
 London : The Association; 1993 Jul03.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 133 (1): p. 10-13; 1993 Jul03.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Stress; Slaughter
 
 
 82                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of accommodation type and straw bedding around
 parturition and during lactation on the behaviour of
 primiparous sows and survival and growth of piglets to
 weaning.
 Cronin, G.M.; Smith, J.A.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 191-208; 1992
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Piglets; Farrowing pens; Crates; Straw;
 Litter; Farrowing; Sow lactation; Litter size; Survival;
 Growth; Maternal behavior; Weaning weight; Vocalization
 
 
 83                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A
 Effects of acute physical stress on immune competence in pigs.
 Waern, M.J.; Fossum, C.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;
 1993 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (4):
 p. 596-601; 1993 Apr. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Immune competence; Exercise; Interferon;
 Lymphocyte transformation; Interleukin 2; Blood plasma;
 Hydrocortisone; Lactates; Hypoxanthines
 
 Abstract:  Some interrelations between physical stress and
 immune competence were studied in pigs. One group of pigs
 underwent 2 intense short-term treadmill exercise tests,
 separated by an interval of 1 week, and another group served
 as controls. In vitro production of interferon alpha by blood
 mononuclear cells and the ability of lymphocytes to
 proliferate and produce interleukin 2 were chosen as markers
 of immune competence; plasma concentrations of cortisol,
 lactate, and purines were used as markers of physical stress.
 Blood samples were drawn from a catheter in situ 60 minutes
 before, immediately after, and at 10, 30, and 60 minutes, and
 7, 24, and 72 hours after exercise. Physical stress resulted
 in immediate increase in the plasma concentrations of
 cortisol, lactate, and hypoxanthine, but had no effect on the
 blastogenic capability of lymphocytes or on their
 interleukin-2 production on either of the test occasions.
 Ability of blood mononuclear cells to produce interferon alpha
 in vitro was not affected by exercise stress.
 
 
 84                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effects of aversively handling pigs, either individually
 or in groups, on their behaviour, growth and corticosteroids.
 Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 Apr.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (1/2): p. 61-72; 1991
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Gilts; Treatment; Handling; Stress; Animal
 behavior; Growth; Reproductive performance; Corticoids;
 Groups; Individuals
 
 
 85                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
 Effects of continuous stray voltage on health, growth, and
 welfare of fattening pigs.
 Robert, S.; Lennoxville, Quebec; Matte, J.J.; Bertin-Mahieux,
 J.; Martineau, G.P.
 Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct.
 Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de
 recherche veterinaire v. 55 (4): p. 371-376; 1991 Oct. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Stray voltage; Feeding frequency; Animal
 welfare; Drinking behavior; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Pig
 fattening
 
 
 86                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of design of individual cage-stalls on the behavioural
 and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant
 pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin, G.M.; Newman,
 E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers,
 B.V.; 1991 Oct.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (1): p. 23-33; 1991
 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Pig housing; Animal welfare; Aggressive
 behavior; Hydrocortisone; Stress; Design; Animal behavior
 
 
 87                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of dietary lysine levels on performance and immune
 response of weanling pigs housed at two floor space
 allowances.
 Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, M.D.; Ravindran, V.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 Mar. Journal of animal science v. 71 (3): p. 552-556; 1993
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Piglets; Lysine; Stocking density; Floor space;
 Liveweight gain; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency;
 Antibody formation; Crowding; Performance; Variation
 
 Abstract:  Three 35-d trials involving 288 crossbred weanling
 pigs (initial weight, 7.1 kg; age, 28 d) were used to
 determine the separate and interactive effects of two floor
 space allowances (.28 and .14 m2/pig) and three dietary lysine
 levels (NRC recommended, NRC + .1% crystalline lysine-HCl, and
 NRC + .2% crystalline lysine-HCl) on growth performance and
 several factors that measure variation within pens. Each trial
 was conducted as a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments
 in a randomized complete block design. There were four pens
 (four pigs per pen) for each of the six treatment combinations
 in each trial. The lysine X floor space allowance interaction
 was not significant (P = .25) for daily gain, daily feed
 intake, or gain/feed. Restriction of the floor space allowance
 decreased (P < .001) daily gain and daily feed intake, but
 gain/feed was not affected. The humoral immune response, as
 measured by the level of antibodies produced after two
 injections of ovalbumin, was not affected by floor space
 allowance. Addition of .1 and .2% crystalline lysine-HCl
 improved daily gain (P < .07), gain/feed (P < .10), and
 humoral immune response (P < .05) and was without effect (P =
 .28) on feed intake. Natural logarithms of variance,
 coefficients of variation, and range of daily gain and body
 weights were not changed by floor space allowance or dietary
 lysine level. Pigs on adequate and restricted floor space
 allowances responded similarly to dietary lysine levels. These
 results suggest that the addition of lysine to the diet was
 not effective in overcoming the reduction in performance in
 weanling pigs caused by the restricted floor space allowance.
 
 
 88                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on
 growth performance, carcass characteristics, and thermal
 balance of finishing gilts housed in a hot, diurnal
 environment.
 Lopez, J.; Goodband, R.D.; Allee, G.L.; Jesse, G.W.; Nelssen,
 J.L.; Tokach, M.D.; Spiers, D.; Becker, B.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994
 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 72 (2): p. 367-379; 1994
 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Gilts; Feed supplements; Pig feeding; Diet;
 Lysine; Amino acids; Environmental temperature; Nutrient
 requirements; Heat stress; Fattening performance; Protein
 intake; Protein efficiency ratio; Carcass composition; Growth
 rate; Organs; Weight; Body temperature
 
 Abstract:  Forty-eight finishing gilts (initial BW = 70.6 +/-
 .95 kg) were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental
 treatments in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement with main
 effects including dietary lysine (.60 vs 1.00%), source of
 amino acid fortification (intact protein vs synthetic amino
 acids formulated on an ideal protein basis), and environmental
 temperature (thermoneutral [TN]: 20 degrees C vs hot, diurnal
 [HD]: 27.7 to 35 degrees C). The ideal protein diets were
 formulated by using corn and soybean meal to meet the fifth-
 limiting amino acid; synthetic lysine, threonine, tryptophan,
 methionine, or isoleucine were added to meet the gilts'
 estimated requirements. The ratios of other total amino acids
 relative to lysine were as follows: threonine, 66%;
 tryptophan, 17%; methionine and cystine, 56%; and isoleucine,
 63%. Average daily gain, ADFI, and feed efficiency (G/F) were
 similar for gilts fed the intact and those fed the ideal
 proteins diets (P > .10). Increasing dietary lysine improved d
 0 to 14 ADG (P < .01), but no differences were observed for
 the overall experiment. Gilts in the HD environment ate less
 feed and had lower ADG than gilts in the TN environment (P <
 .01). A temperature X lysine interaction was observed (P <
 .02) for G/F. Increasing dietary lysine had no effect on G/F
 of gilts in the TN environment but improved G/F of gilts in
 the HD environment. Gilts fed the intact protein diets had
 higher (P < .01) N intake and plasma urea concentrations.
 Gilts fed the ideal protein diets had lower (P < .05) plasma
 essential amino acids, with the exception of lysine. Carcass
 protein and lipid contents were improved (P < .01) for gilts
 in the HD environment and for those fed 1.00% lysine. Backfat
 thickness and longissimus muscle area (P < .01) were improved
 and lipid accretion rate tended to decrease (P < .08) in gilts
 fed 1.00% lysine. The source of amino acid fortification did
 not influence carcass characteristics (P > .10). Rectal, skin,
 and ear temperatures were higher for gilts in the HD
 environment (P < .05). Metabolic heat production was elevated
 by feeding gilts the ideal protein diets (P < .03). In
 conclusion, increased dietary lysine improved G/F and carcass
 leanness in gilts to a greater extent in HD than in TN
 environments. However, no improvements in growth performance
 or carcass traits resulted from feeding ideal protein diets.
 
 
 89                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effects of early contact with humans on the subsequent
 level of fear of humans in pigs.
 Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Oct.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 35 (1): p. 83-90; 1992
 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Fearfulness; Man
 
 
 90                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effects of modifying the farrowing environment on sow
 behaviour and survival and growth of piglets.
 Cronin, G.M.; Amerongen, G. van
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1991 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 30 (3/4): p. 287-298; 1991
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing pens; Maternal behavior; Piglets;
 Farrowing; Nesting; Survival; Growth rate
 
 
 91                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of naloxone on stereotypic and normal behaviour of
 tethered and loose-housed sows.
 Schouten, W.; Rushen J.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 17-26; 1992
 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Naloxone; Animal behavior; Abnormal
 behavior; Loose housing; Tethered housing
 
 
 92                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on
 welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of
 group-housed pigs. Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Cronin,
 G.M.; Newman, E.A.; McCallum, T.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier
 Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 207-220; 1992
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Gilts; Animal welfare; Pens; Stalls; Pig housing;
 Space requirements; Pig feeding; Stress; Immunological
 deficiency; Aggressive behavior; Injuries; Hydrocortisone
 
 
 93                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of pen size/shape and design on aggression when
 grouping unfamiliar adult pigs.
 Barnett, J.L.; Cronin, G.M.; McCallum, T.H.; Newman, E.A.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Apr.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 111-122; 1993
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Aggressive behavior; Pig housing
 
 
 94                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of porcine somatotropin on growth and carcass
 composition of Meishan and Yorkshire barrows.
 White, B.R.; Lan, Y.H.; McKeith, F.K.; McLaren, D.G.;
 Novakofski, J.; Wheeler, M.B.; Kasser, T.R.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 Dec. Journal of animal science v. 71 (12): p. 3226-3238; 1993
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Somatotropin; Pig breeds; Breed
 differences; Slaughter weight; Age differences; Growth rate;
 Carcass composition; Carcass weight; Meat cuts; Weight;
 Carcass quality; Meat quality
 
 Abstract:  Effects of porcine somatotropin (PST) on growth and
 carcass characteristics of Meishan (Ms) and Yorkshire (Y)
 barrows given 3 mg of PST or saline daily were determined for
 two end points. First, 26 Ms and 26 Y barrows were treated
 from 119 d of age until the Y barrows reached 108 kg. Second,
 another 18 Ms barrows were treated to 108 kg BW. Age- and
 weight-matched treatments were analyzed. Results for both
 groups indicated PST effects (P < .05) for feed conversion (+)
 and intake (-), dressing percentage (-), percentage of carcass
 fat (-) and protein and water (+), leaf fat (-), backfat (BF)
 thickness (-), longissimus muscle area (LMA; +), skin
 thickness (+), muscle firmness and marbling scores (-), organ
 weights (+), belly (-), clear plate (-), ham (+), and total
 boneless cuts (BC; ). Somatotropin effects were also present
 for loin (-) and boneless Boston butt (BBB; +) in the age-
 matched group and for ADG (+), carcass weight (-), loin (-),
 jowl (-), and tenderloin (+) in the weight-matched group.
 Breed effects (P < .05), in favor of Y barrows, in both
 treatments existed for ADG (+) and feed intake (+), carcass
 weight (+), dressing percentage (+), LNU (+), skin thickness
 (-), muscle color and firmness scores (-), muscling score (+),
 all wholesale cuts (WC; +) except clear plate (age-matched),
 all trimmed cuts (TC; +) except picnic shoulder (weight-
 matched), and all BC (+). Breed effects, in favor of Y
 barrows, were also determined for carcass length (+),
 percentage of carcass ash leaf fat (+), average BF thickness
 (+), and heart and liver (-) weights in age-matched animals
 and percentage of carcass fat (-), protein (+), water (+),
 leaf fat (-), 10th rib, average, and P2 BF thicknesses (-),
 marbling score(-), femur length (-), and liver weights (+) in
 weight-matched animals. A higher response to PST (P < .05) was
 determined in Ms barrows than in Y barrows for percentage of
 carcass protein (+), liver (+), and heart (+) in the age-
 matched treatment and 10th rib BF thickness (-) and heart
 weight (+) in the weight-matched treatment. Yorkshire barrows
 treated with PST had more improved values for color score (+;
 age-matched) and BBB (+; weight-matched).
 
 
 95                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effects of providing sawdust to pre-parturient sows in
 farrowing crates on sow behaviour, the duration of parturition
 and the occurrence of intra-partum stillborn piglets.
 Cronin, G.M.; Schirmer, B.N.; McCallum, T.H.; Smith, J.A.;
 Butler, K.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.;
 1993 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (4): p. 301-315; 1993
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Sawdust; Farrowing
 
 
 96                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Effects of short term exposure of unmedicated pigs to
 sulphadimidine contaminated housing.
 Elliott, C.T.; McCaughey, W.J.; Crooks, S.R.H.; McEvoy, J.D.G.
 London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Apr23.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 134 (17): p. 450-451; 1993 Apr23.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Sulfadimidine; Drug residues; Pigmeat; Pig
 housing; Exposure
 
 
 97                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of the interrelationship between genotype, sex, and
 dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass composiiton
 in finishing pigs fed to either 104 or 127 kilograms.
 Friesen, K.G.; Nelssen, J.L.; Unruh, J.A.; Goodband, R.D.;
 Tokach, M.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal
 Science; 1994 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p.
 946-954; 1994 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Fattening performance; Lysine; Sex
 differences; Diet; Genotypes; Carcass composition; Slaughter
 weight; Amino acids; Genotype nutrition interaction; Organs;
 Weight
 
 Abstract:  One hundred twenty pigs (initially 44 kg BW) were
 used to determine effects of the interrelationship between
 genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on growth performance and
 carcass composition in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement.
 Genetic comparisons were made between pigs characterized with
 either a high or medium potential for lean tissue gain. Within
 genotype, barrows and gilts were separately fed either a .90
 or .70% lysine diet until the mean weight of pigs in each pen
 of three reached 104 kg. One pig per pen was slaughtered to
 determine carcass characteristics and chemical composition.
 From 104 to 127 kg, dietary lysine was lowered to .75 or .55%
 for pigs fed .90 or .70% dietary lysine, respectively. When
 the pigs' mean weight met or exceeded 127 kg, both pigs were
 slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics and chemical
 composition. Carcass length, longissimus muscle area, average
 backfat thickness, and 10th rib fat depth were measured 24 h
 postmortem on the chilled carcasses. The right side of each
 carcass was then ground and chemically analyzed to determine
 protein and lipid accretion rates. No interactions were
 detected from 44 to 104 kg; therefore, main effect means will
 be discussed. At 104 kg, high-lean pigs had increased ADG (P <
 .01) and gain:feed ratio (G/F; P < .05) compared with medium-
 lean pigs. Barrows had increased (P < .05) ADG and ADFI but
 exhibited a poorer (P < .01) G/F than gilts. Pigs fed .90%
 lysine had improved (P < .01) ADG compared with pigs fed .70%
 lysine. High-lean pigs had increased CP accretion (P < .01)
 and lipid accretion (P < .05) compared with medium-lean pigs.
 Gilts had larger longissimus muscle area and less backfat (P <
 .01) than barrows. Similarly, gilts had increased (P < .01) CP
 accretion and decreased (P < .01) lipid accretion compared
 with barrows. Cumulative ADG (44 to 127 kg) was greater (P <
 .05) in high-lean pigs, in barrows, and in pigs fed the
 .90/.75% lysine regimen. Average daily feed intake was
 increased (P < .05) in barrows compared with gilts.
 Differences between genotypes were greater at 127 kg; high-
 lean pigs had larger (P < .01) longissimus muscle area and
 longer carcasses than medium-lean pigs. Gilts also had
 increased (P < .05) longissimus muscle area, greater CP
 accretion, and decreased backfat thickness compared with
 barrows. Crude protein accretion was greater in high-lean pigs
 than in medium-lean pigs; high-lean gilts had the greatest
 magnitude of response to increased dietary lysine.
 
 
 98                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222
 Effects of treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene on the
 susceptibility of boar spermatozoa to cold stress and
 dilution.
 Bamba, K.; Cran, D.G.
 Colchester : The Journal; 1992 May.
 Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 95 (1): p. 69-77;
 1992 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Boars; Spermatozoa; Butylated hydroxytoluene;
 Cold shock; Cold resistance; Semen diluents; Semen diluent
 additives; Egg yolk; Semen preservation; Motility; Acrosome
 
 
 99                                    NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
 Electrical wiring for swine buildings.
 Collins, E.R. Jr; Bodman, G.R.; Stetson, L.E.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
 University, [1978?- ]; 1994 Jun.
 Pork industry handbook. --. p. 1-8; 1994 Jun.  Herd health,
 (PIH-110), revised, June 1994.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Electrical safety; Electric power;
 Electric circuits; Materials; Moisture
 
 
 100                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55
 Electrocardiagram parameters of piglets during housing,
 handling and transport.
 Ville, H.; Bertels, S.; Geers, R.; Janssens, S.; Goedseels,
 V.; Parduyns, G.; Bael, J. van; Goossens, K.; Bosschaerts, L.;
 Ley, J. de
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr.
 Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 211-216; 1993 Apr. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Piglets; Line differences; Stress;
 Susceptibility; Electrocardiograms; Heart rate; Arrhythmia;
 Pig housing; Handling; Transport
 
 
 101                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Electronic animal identification for controlling feed delivery
 and detecting estrus in gilts and sows in outside pens.
 Blair, R.M.; Nichols, D.A.; Davis, D.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994
 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 72 (4): p. 891-898; 1994
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Sow feeding; Estrus; Detection; Body
 weight; Backfat; Automatic feed dispensers; Boars;
 Identification; Proestrus
 
 Abstract:  The objective of the present study was to evaluate
 the feasibility of delivering feed and detecting estrous
 behavior by computer-controlled equipment in a nonconfinement
 environment. In Exp. 1, gilts were assigned to treatment when
 detected pregnant by ultrasound at 30 to 35 d after artificial
 insemination. They were assigned to be fed individually in
 stalls once/day (0830) with a scoop (controls, n = 20) or with
 an electronic sow feeding station (ESF, n = 20). The ESF gilts
 received their feed in 98.6-g aliquots at 80-s intervals as
 they visited the feeding station. Control vs ESF gilts did not
 differ (P > .8) for backfat (2.2 vs 2.1 cm) or weight (170 vs
 172 kg) before farrowing, total and live pigs/litter (9.3 and
 8.7 vs 9.1 and 8.8), or litter birth weight (12.7 vs 12.1). In
 Exp. 2, proceptive behavior, as measured by visits to a boar's
 pen, were recorded electronically, and observed estrus was
 evaluated in two groups of sows during their first (n = 11)
 and second and third (n = 19) estrous cycles and in one group
 of gilts (n = 14). A partition prevented visual and physical
 contact between the boar and the visiting females except where
 the electronic estrus detection (EED) station was installed.
 Feed delivery software was used to monitor boar visitation
 even though no feed delivery equipment was present at the boar
 pen. Results indicated a close relationship between
 electronically detected boar visitation and observed estrus as
 well as high correlations (r > .5; P < .05) for boar
 visitation by individual sows during consecutive periods of
 estrus. We concluded that electronic identification coupled
 with feed delivery and a monitor of boar visitation may be
 useful tools for managing gilts and sows in outside pens.
 
 
 102                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
 Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine
 buildings. Fehr, R.L.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
 University, [1978?-1990]; 1991.
 Pork industry handbook. 5 p.; 1991.  In the subseries:
 Housing. (PIH-92), revised December 1991.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pigs; Pig housing; Energy conservation;
 Ventilation; Heating costs; Temperature; Fans
 
 
 103                                 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B
 Energy conservation in ventilating and heating swine
 buildings. Fehr, R.L.; Huhnke, R.L.
 East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Jun.
 Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan
 State University v.): 5 p.; 1992 Jun.  In subseries: Pork
 Industry Handbook. Housing.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Insulation; Energy
 conservation
 
 
 104                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Energy metabolism of growing pigs after transportation,
 regrouping, and exposure to new housing conditions as affected
 by feeding level. Barrio, A.S. del; Schrama, J.W.; Hel, W. van
 der; Beltman, H.M.; Verstegen, M.W.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 Jul. Journal of animal science v. 71 (7): p. 1754-1760; 1993
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Transport of animals; Plane of nutrition;
 Growth rate; Heat production; Energy metabolism; Energy
 retention; Adaptation
 
 Abstract:  An experiment was performed to evaluate alterations
 of energy metabolism with time in 10 groups of 16 barrows just
 after transportation. Ten-week-old pigs were fed at once (four
 groups; LF) or twice (three groups; MF) maintenance level (35
 and 75 g.kg-.75.d-1, respectively), or allowed ad libitum
 access to feed (three groups; HF). The 13.5-d experimental
 period was divided into two balance periods. Heat production
 (HP) decreased with time. The changes in HP with time were
 different among feeding level groups (P < .001); the LF group
 had the greatest decrease. Metabolizable energy intake
 remained constant with time for the LF and MF groups and
 decreased for the HF group. Requirements for maintenance
 energy and efficiency of ME for growth decreased with time.
 Feeding level influenced (P < .001) energy retention (ER)
 during the total experimental period. The LF group had a
 negative ER -65 kJ.kg-.75.d-1), whereas in the MF and HF
 groups positive values for ER were obtained (346 and 757
 kJ.kg-.75.d-1, respectively). At all feeding levels, animals
 had a positive protein gain. The level differed between
 feeding levels (P < .001). Differences among groups (P <.001)
 were observed in energy retained as fat. Data from the present
 experiment show that young pigs are not in a steady state of
 energy metabolism during the 2 wk after transportation. During
 this period, the relationship between metabolic rate and feed
 intake alters with time.
 
 
 105                                     NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5
 Environment enrichment for the laboratory pig.
 Batchelor, G.R.
 Sussex : The Institute; 1991 Dec.
 Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal
 Technology v. 42 (3): p. 185-189; 1991 Dec.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare;
 Animal husbandry
 
 Abstract:  This brief paper attempts to illustrate the simple
 ideas that can he used to enhance the environment of the
 laboratory pig. ideas that have been part of the husbandry
 routine at Stanmore for over five years. It does not describe
 the behaviour of the pig in any detail but suggests that with
 a little time and effort, and in our case at no cost, the
 environment of the laboratory pig can be made more
 stimulating, resulting in animals that have an increased
 behavioural repertoire, are largely stress-free and are a
 constant pleasure to work with (Figure 1).
 
 
 106                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Environmental evaluation of an outdoor shelter for swine.
 Zhang, Q.; Britton, M.G.; Connor, M.L.; Parker, R.J.; Elliot,
 J.I. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934520): 13 p.; 1993.  Paper
 presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored
 by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
 12-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Temperature; Relative humidity;
 Litter
 
 
 107                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Environmental factors affecting the severity of pneumonia in
 pigs. Done, S.H.
 London : The Association; 1991 Jun22.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 128 (25): p. 582-586; 1991 Jun22.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pneumonia; Disease course; Environmental
 factors; Meteorological factors; Populations; Social
 environment; Animal husbandry; Air pollutants
 
 
 108                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
 Environmental monitoring in pig housing.
 Lemin, C.D.; Casey, K.D.; Foster, M.P.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1991. Paper / (91-4029): 10 p.; 1991.  Paper
 presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored
 by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Australia; Cabt; Pig housing; Design;
 Environment; Monitoring
 
 
 109                                     NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
 Environmental requirements of pigs measured by behavioural
 demand functions. Matthews, L.R.; Ladewig, J.
 London : Academic Press; 1994 Mar.
 Animal behaviour v. 47 (pt.3): p. 713-719; 1994 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Environmental factors; Animal welfare;
 Measurement; Stimuli
 
 Abstract:  Individual domestic pigs, Sus scrofa, were given
 the opportunity in daily test sessions to work on fixed ratio
 (FR) schedules of reinforcement for access to one of three
 different commodities (food, contact with a partner animal,
 and a stimulus change called 'door opening'). The amount of
 work required for access to each reinforcer was varied
 systematically by changing the size of the FR schedule (FR 1,
 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30). Demand curves, analogous to those
 used in economics, were derived for each commodity. The slopes
 of these curves were shallowest (inelastic demand) for food,
 an apparently essential item, and were steepest (more elastic
 demand) for door opening, an apparently less essential item.
 Demand functions could be generated for a range of different
 stimuli and demand elasticity appeared to provide a useful
 quantitative index of the relative importance of different
 environmental features to pigs.
 
 
 110                                 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Environmental temperature control by the pig's comfort
 behavior through image analysis.
 Geers, R.; Ville, H.; Goedseels, V.; Houkes, M.; Goossens, K.;
 Parduyns, G.; Van Bael, J.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p.
 2583-2586; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Animal behavior; Body temperature
 regulation; Pig housing; Environmental temperature; Heat
 regulation
 
 Abstract:  During four experiments with six female piglets,
 the thermoregulatory behavior of the piglets was quantified by
 visual observation and by automated image analysis. The
 collection number of images representing pigs sleeping side by
 side and touching each other, as well as the occupation ratio
 of piglets being calculated on pixel values within predefined
 windows, may serve as set-point values for environmental
 temperature controllers. But this observational procedure has
 to be linked to the engineering of a gradient of an effective
 environmental temperature within a pen.
 
 
 111                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
 Enzootic mortality among piglets between birth and weaning.
 Vaillancourt, J.P.; Dial, G.D.; Tubbs, R.C.
 Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1991
 Oct. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing
 veterinarian v. 13 (10): p. 1642-1645, 1648-1650; 1991 Oct. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Piglets; Weaning; Preweaning period; Perinatal
 mortality; Trauma; Diarrhea; Infection; Deformities; Record
 keeping; Validity; Environmental temperature; Litter size;
 Birth weight; Animal nutrition; Pig feeding; Pig housing;
 Floors; Litter; Animal husbandry; Farrowing; Sex differences;
 Genetics; Seasonal fluctuations; Medical treatment
 
 
 112                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69
 Establishing an in-house diagnostic laboratory in your swine
 practice. Dee, S.A.; Corey, M.M.; Gibbons, R.
 Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1992 Jun.
 Veterinary medicine v. 87 (6): p. 607-620; 1992 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Veterinary practice; Laboratory diagnosis;
 Laboratory equipment; Laboratory tests; Laboratory methods
 
 
 113                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
 Evaluating porcine reproductive failure by the use of
 slaughterchecks. Almond, G.W.; Richards, R.G.
 Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company, Inc; 1992
 Apr. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing
 veterinarian v. 14 (4): p. 542-547; 1992 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Reproductive disorders; Slaughter;
 Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Postmortem examinations; Morphology;
 Zearalenone; Toxicity; Cystitis; Ovaries; Uterus; Pathology
 
 
 114                                    NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
 Evaluation of a pig nursery annex ventilation system operating
 under summer conditions.
 Panagakis, P.; Kyritsis, S.; Tambouratzis, D.; Papadopoulos,
 G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1991 May. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7
 (3): p. 353-357; 1991 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Ventilation; Field tests; Evaluation
 
 Abstract:  Two field trials, lasting five weeks each, were
 conducted during the summer of 1989 to evaluate the
 effectiveness of an annex ventilation system used to supply
 summer ventilation rates in a swine nursery building.
 Assessment was based both on climatic environment data and
 growth response of 96 early weaned crossbred pigs, three to
 four weeks old when weaned. Under mild summer conditions the
 ventilation system provided sufficient control of the
 environment and resulted in animal heat stress of short
 duration and intensity. During periods of very hot weather the
 system failed to provide a thermal microenvironment within
 acceptable limits and pigs were subjected to longer intervals
 of heat stress. Heat stress degree-hours during Trial II were
 more than two times those of Trial I, but this did not seem to
 have a negative effect on the animals' growth performance.
 
 
 115                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Evaluation of crates and girth tethers for sows: reproductive
 performance, immunity, behavior and ergonomic measures.
 McGlone, J.J.; Salak-Johnson, J.L.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hicks, T.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 297-311; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Gilts; Pig housing; Reproductive
 performance; Immunity; Animal behavior; Abnormal behavior;
 Litter size; Stress; Animal welfare; Capture of animals;
 Piglets
 
 
 116                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Evaluation of housing systems for sows.
 Hartog, L.A. den; Backus, G.B.C.; Vermeer, H.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993
 May. Journal of animal science v. 71 (5): p. 1339-1344; 1993
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Sows; Animal welfare; Sow feeding;
 Feed intake; Body weight; Reproductive performance; Animal
 behavior; Groups
 
 Abstract:  Housing systems of sows have to meet the
 requirements of the sow and the requirements of the producer.
 Criteria that have to be taken into account are productivity,
 labor input and management , welfare and health, and economy.
 Different housing systems for sows are described with respect
 to these criteria.
 
 
 117                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24
 Evaluation of rapid gross visual appraisal of swine lungs at
 slaughter as a diagnostic screen for enzootic pneumonia.
 Hurnik, D.; Hanna, P.E.; Dohoo, I.R.
 Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Jan.
 Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de
 recherche veterinaire v. 57 (1): p. 37-41; 1993 Jan.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Lungs; Visual grading; Screening;
 Pneumonia; Lesions; Histology; Postmortem examinations;
 Accuracy
 
 
 118                               NAL Call. No.: S494.5.D3C652
 Extending the snake image processing algorithm for outlining
 pigs in scenes. Marchant, J.A.; Schofield, C.P.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun.
 Computers and electronics in agriculture v. 8 (4): p. 261-275;
 1993 Jun. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Algorithms; Image processors; Pens
 
 
 119                                NAL Call. No.: S494.5.S86S8
 Facility design and practices of a low-input housing system
 for a feeder-pig operation.
 Arellano, P.E.; Pijoan, C.; Jacobson, L.D.
 Binghamton, N.Y. : Food Products Press; 1993.
 Journal of sustainable agriculture v. 3 (3/4): p. 49-61; 1993. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig housing; Design
 
 
 120                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Factors affecting excretory behavior of pigs.
 Hacker, R.R.; Ogilvie, J.R.; Morrison, W.D.; Kains, F.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1994
 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 72 (6): p. 1455-1460; 1994
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Excretion; Stocking density; Pig housing;
 Partitions; Environmental temperature; Feces; Hygiene;
 Liveweight gain; Animal behavior; Structural design
 
 Abstract:  A 24 factorial experiment with six pens per
 treatment was conducted to examine the factors affecting the
 excretory behavior of growing-finishing pigs. The factors
 investigated were partition type (open or closed), pig density
 (9 or 14 pigs/pen, size: 2 m X 4.5 m), position of nipple
 drinker in the pen (back wall of the pen or side in front of
 slatted area), and prior experience of pigs (training or no
 training). A total of 1,104 pigs at a weight interval of 28.4
 +/- .2 to 91.4 +/- .4 kg were used in this study. Pen
 cleanliness was assessed by a dung scoring system, and growth
 rate was determined over the growing-finishing period.
 Partition type, nipple drinker position, or prior training of
 pigs had no effect on growth rate. Stocking pigs at 14
 pigs/pen reduced growth rate (P < .05) compared with 9
 pigs/pen (.80 vs .83 kg/d). Significant differences for pen
 dirtiness were found for partition type. Pens with closed
 partitions were cleaner than those with open partitions (P =
 .0001) and pens became significantly dirtier as pigs grew
 older or heavier (P < .01). There was a significant
 interaction effect between pen partition and pig density as
 well as an interaction among pen partition, pig density, and
 water position (P < .05).
 
 
 121                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Factors affecting the choice of farrowing site in sows.
 Haskell, M.J.; Hutson, G.D.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Mar.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (3/4): p. 259-268; 1994
 Mar.  In the special issue: Advances in pig behavior science /
 edited by Judith K. Blackshaw.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Farrowing; Farrowing pens; Reproductive
 behavior; Feed dispensers; Drinkers; Restricted feeding;
 Access
 
 
 122                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
 Factors associated with spread of pseudorabies virus among
 breeding swine in quarantined herds.
 Duffy, S.J.; Morrion, R.B.; Thawley, D.G.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1991 Jul01.
 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 199
 (1): p. 66-70; 1991 Jul01.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Aujeszky virus; Aujeszky's disease; Spread;
 Herds; Quarantine; Incidence; Risk; Pig farming; Pig housing
 
 
 123                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55
 Factors influencing the welfare and carcass and meat quality
 of pigs: the use of water sprays in lairage.
 Weeding, C.M.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C.
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Jun.
 Animal production v. 56 (3): p. 393-397; 1993 Jun.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Sprays; Abattoirs; Water; Water intake;
 Animal welfare; Pigmeat; Meat quality; Carcass quality; Animal
 behavior; Physical activity; Longissimus dorsi; Intermittent
 spraying
 
 
 124                         NAL Call. No.: HD1761.A1M5 no.91-1
 Farm animal welfare crisis or opportunity for agriculture?.
 Halverson, Marlene
 University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agricultural and Applied
 Economics St. Paul, Minn. : Dept. of Agricultural and Applied
 Economics, University of Minnesota,; 1991.
 68 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. (Staff paper P 91-1).  January 1991. 
 Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-59).
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Animal welfare; Animal health; Livestock; Swine
 
 
 125                               NAL Call. No.: SF91.F38 1992
 Farm animals and the environment.
 Phillips, Clive; Piggins, David
 Wallingford : C.A.B. International,; 1992.
 xii, 430 p. ; 25 cm.  "... international conference on Farm
 Animals and the Environment held on 4-5 September 1991 at the
 University College of North Wales, Bangor"--P. xi.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Livestock; Animal welfare; Domestic animals
 
 
 126                                  NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7
 Fate of biological and chemical contaminants from on-site
 disposal of liquid piggery wastes: results from a soil column
 study.
 Lam, K.C.; Ng, S.L.; Neller, R.J.
 Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993.
 Water science and technology : a journal of the International
 Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1):
 p. 63-75; 1993.  In the series analytic: Appropriate waste
 management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew.
 Proceedings of the International Conference, held November
 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Hong kong; Pig housing; Waste disposal sites;
 Liquid wastes; Application to land
 
 
 127                               NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX
 Feed intake patterns on Midwest hog farms.
 Brumm, M.C.; Gourley, G.G.; Fraser, D.K.; Greenley, W.M.
 Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1991.
 EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska
 (91-219): p. 26-27; 1991.  In the series analytic: 1991
 Nebraska Swine report / compiled by W.T. Ahlschwede.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Iowa; Minnesota; Pigs; Feed intake; Pig housing;
 Seasonal fluctuations; Crowding; Liveweight
 
 
 128                                NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47
 Feeding and managing growing-finishing hogs.
 Auburn Ala. : Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn
 University,; 1992 May.
 Circular ANR (672): 8 p.; 1992 May.  In subseries: Animal
 Science.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pig fattening; Pig feeding; Pig housing;
 Environmental factors; Disease control; Marketing
 
 
 129                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Feeding order of sows at an individual electronic feed station
 in a dynamic group-housing system.
 Bressers, H.P.M.; Brake, J.H.A. te; Engel, B.; Noordhuizen,
 J.P.T.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993
 Apr.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (2/3): p. 123-134; 1993
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sows; Feeding behavior; Pig housing
 
 
 130                                   NAL Call. No.: SF601.C66
 Findings from slaughterchecks of swine during a four-year
 period. Straw, B.E.; Dewey, C.E.; Marrero, C.E.
 Trenton, N.J. : Veterinary Learning Systems Company; 1994 Feb.
 The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing
 veterinarian v. 16 (2): p. 245-251; 1994 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Swine diseases; Slaughter; Disease
 prevalence; Incidence; Pneumonia; Pleurisy; Atrophic rhinitis;
 Ascarididae; Animal parasitic nematodes; Infestation; Animal
 health; Disease surveys
 
 
 131                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA
 Flat bottom gravity drain gutters for swine manure.
 Meyer, V.M.
 Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension
 Service; 1992 Aug. PM v.): 4 p.; 1992 Aug.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pig manure; Pig housing; Piggery effluent;
 Drainage systems; Design
 
 
 132                                     NAL Call. No.: QL55.I5
 The floor pen for laboratory animals--a mixed blessing?.
 Davys, J.S.
 Sussex : The Institute; 1994 Aug.
 Animal technology : journal of the Institute of Animal
 Technicians v. 45 (2): p. 95-100; 1994 Aug.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Rabbits; Guinea pigs; Floor pens; Animal welfare;
 Laboratory rearing
 
 
 133                                   NAL Call. No.: SF395.P62
 Flooring for swine.
 Harmon, J.D.; Muehling, A.J.
 West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
 University, [1978?- ]; 1993 Dec.
 Pork industry handbook. -- v.): p. 1-6; 1993 Dec.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Floors; Floor type; Defecation; Pig
 housing; Feet; Lesions; Sanitation; Pig manure
 
 
 134                                     NAL Call. No.: S37.F72
 Fly control for beef, dairy, poultry and swine producers.
 Jones, B.F.; Johnson, D.R.
 Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1993 Apr.
 FSA - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas
 (7029): 4 p.; 1993 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Musca; Animal housing; Sanitation; Insect
 control; Insecticides
 
 
 135                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55
 The food intake, performance and carcass charace teristics of
 two pig genotypes grown to 120 kg live w eight.
 Chadd, S.A.; Cole, D.J.A.; Walters, J.R.
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Dec.
 Animal production v. 57 (pt.3): p. 473-481; 1993 Dec. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Crossbreds; Genotypes; Pig feeding;
 Backfat; Fat thickness; Feed intake; Sex differences;
 Slaughter weight; Fattening performance
 
 
 136                          NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1U6 no.194
 Gipsskivor i lantbruksbyggnader, konstruktioner for
 stallmiljoer = Plaster boards in farm buildings, constructions
 for livestock building enviornments. Sloth-Andersen, Ulrik
 Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen fhor
 lantbrukets byggnadsteknik,; 1992.
 85, [1] : ill. ; 30 cm. (Specialmeddelands ; 194.).  In
 Swedish, with English summary.  Includes bibliographical
 references.
 
 Language:  Swedish
 
 
 137                             NAL Call. No.: SF757.R36 no.31
 Group-housing of lactating sows studies on health, behaviour
 and nest temperature.
 Ebner, Jakob
 Skara : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty
 of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Animal Hygiene,; 1993.
 108 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Rappart (Sveriges
 lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen for husdjurshygien ; 31.). 
 Abstract inserted.  Includes bibliographical references
 (p.101-108).
 
 Language:  English
 
 
 138                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
 Growth characteristics and carcass composition of pigs with
 known genotypes for stress susceptibility over a weight range
 of 70 to 120 kg. Aalhus, J.L.; Jones, S.D.M.; Robertson, W.M.;
 Tong, A.K.W.; Sather, A.P. East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant;
 1991 Apr.
 Animal production v. 52 (pt.2): p. 347-353; 1991 Apr. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Growth; Genetic differences; Carcass
 composition; Tissues; Halothane; Genes
 
 
 139                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Growth, development, and carcass composition in five genotypes
 of swine. Gu, Y.; Schinckel, A.P.; Martin, T.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992
 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 70 (6): p. 1719-1729; 1992
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Pig breeds; Crossbred progeny; Genotypes;
 Unrestricted feeding; Meat cuts; Slaughter weight; Carcass
 composition; Lean; Backfat; Skin; Bone weight; Body fat;
 Carcass weight
 
 Abstract:  An experiment with 127 barrows representing five
 genotypes, 1) H X HD, 2) SYN, 3) HD X L[YD], 4) L X YD, and 5)
 Y X L (H = Hampshire, D = Duroc, SYN = synthetic terminal sire
 line, L = Landrace, and Y = Yorkshire), was conducted to
 evaluate growth and development of swine from 59 to 127 kg
 live weight. Animals were allowed ad libitum access to a
 pelleted finishing diet containing 18.5% CP, .95% lysine, and
 10.5% fat, with an energy density of 3,594 kcal of ME/kg. Pigs
 were serially slaughtered at either 59, 100, 114, or 127 kg
 live BW. After slaughter, carcasses were chilled and backfat
 was measured at four locations. The right side of each carcass
 was fabricated into primal cuts of ham, loin, Boston Butt,
 picnic, and belly. Composition of each primal cut was
 determined by physical dissection into lean, fat, bone, and
 skin. Estimated allometric growth coefficients for carcass
 length, carcass weight, and longissimus muscle area relative
 to BW; carcass lean, fat, bone, and skin relative to both BW
 and carcass weight; and lean in each of the primal cuts
 relative to total carcass lean did not differ (P > .05) among
 genotypes. Relative to BW, the pooled growth coefficient(s)
 for carcass weight was (were) greater (P < .001) than unity,
 whereas those for carcass length, longissimus muscle area, and
 backfat at first rib were smaller (P < .001) than unity. Those
 for other backfat measurements were close to 1.00. Relative to
 either BW or carcass weight, the pooled coefficient(s) for fat
 was (were) greater (P < .001) than unity, whereas those for
 lean, bone, and skin were smaller (P < .001) than unity.
 Growth of lean, backfat, bone, and skin in the carcass were
 nearly linearly associated with increases in BW. The increase
 in fat weight was curvilinear as the pig grew and was
 accelerated in later growth stages, indicating that carcass
 fat percentage increased with increased BW.
 
 
 140                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 W89
 Growth, feed conversion, blood composition and carcass
 evaluation in Hampshire and Yorkshire gilts slaughtered at
 three ages and fed at two planes of nutrition.
 Flipot, P.M. \u Agriculture Canada, Lennoxville, Quebec,
 Canada; Fahmy, M.H.; Dufour, J.J.
 Rome : International Publishing Enterprises; 1992 Jan.
 World review of animal production v. 27 (1): p. 41-48; 1992
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Gilts; Hampshire; Large white; Breed differences;
 Plane of nutrition; Growth; Slaughter; Age differences; Blood
 chemistry; Feed conversion; Dressing percentage; Fat
 percentage; Lean; Carcass quality; Color
 
 
 141                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 An55
 Growth rate and growth composition of artificially reared
 piglets from specific pathogen free sows.
 Verstegen, M.W.A.; Hel, W. van der; Pijls, F.J.M.
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1993 Apr.
 Animal production v. 56 (pt.2): p. 217-223; 1993 Apr. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Piglets; Energy metabolism; Liveweight gain; Body
 composition; Fat percentage; Protein content; Deposition;
 Slaughter; Nitrogen balance; Diet; Chemical composition;
 Artificial rearing
 
 
 142                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Growth, response to humans and corticosteroids in male pigs
 housed individually and subjected to pleasant, unpleasant or
 minimal handling during rearing.
 Paterson, A.M.; Pearce, G.P.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Sep.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (4): p. 315-328; 1992
 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pigs; Male animals; Growth rate; Handling; Pig
 housing; Man; Interactions; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma;
 Stress; Animal behavior
 
 
 143                                    NAL Call. No.: TX373.M4
 Haematological and clinico-chemical profiles of barrows at the
 farm and at slaugther.
 Odink, J.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Smeets, J.F.M.; Visser, I.J.R.;
 Alsemgeest, P.; Wijngaards, G.
 Essex : Elsevie