Anesthesia and Analgesia for Farm AnimalsAnimal Welfare Information Center
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Compiled By:
Tim Allen
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
Allen, Tim Anesthesia and analgesia for farm animals : January 1989- January 1995. (Quick bibliography series ; 95-13) 1. Animal anesthesia--Bibliography. 2. Domestic animals-- Bibliography. 3. Animal immobilization--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.95-13
Line Description
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1. anesthe? or anasthe? or anaesthe? or analges? or pain?
or distress or tranquil? or anxiolytic? or
neuroleptanalges? or paralytic? or hypnotic? or
sedative? or neuromuscular(W)block? or hypothermia
2. cow or cows or cattle or sheep or pig? or swine or
boar? or barrow? or gilt? or horse? or mare? or
stallion? or livestock? or bull or bulls or lamb? or
ram? or ewe?
3. pony or ponies or foal or colt? or chicken? or chick or
chicks or poult? or hen? or rooster? or turkey? or
capon? or duck? or geese? or goose or emu? or ostrich?
or llama?
4. rhea? or goat? or equine? or bovine? or ovine? or
buffalo? or catfish? or trout? or donkey? or mule or
mules
5. S2 or S3 or S4
6. S1 and S5
7. S6/ti
8. S7 and PY=1989:1995
1 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Accuracy of a reflectance pulse oximeter in anesthetized horses. Watney, G.C.G.; Norman, W.M.; Schumacher, J.P.; Beck, E. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (4): p. 497-501; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Blood; Oxygen; Measurement; Instruments; Accuracy Abstract: The accuracy of a reflectance pulse oximeter was determined in 22 anesthetized horses, oximetric blood oxygen saturation was measured with the pulse oximeter probe attached to the mucosa of the mandible. Arterial blood oxygen saturation (Sao2) was calculated from arterial blood gas values and the equine blood oxygen dissociation curve. The mean +/- SD difference between oximetric blood oxygen saturation and Sao2 was -1.3 +/- 3.1% for values of (Sao2) ranging from 80 to 100%. The difference between oximetric blood oxygen saturation and Sao2 was influenced by Sao2, the mean arterial blood pressure, and preanesthetic medication administered, but not by age, sex, or body weight of the horse, individual animal effect, anesthetic induction or maintenance agent, procedure performed, body position, mode of lung ventilation, time of sampling, arterial pH, or carbon dioxide tension. 2 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Actions of isoflurane and halothane in pregnant mares. Daunt, D.A.; Steffey, E.P.; Pascoe, J.R.; Willits, N.; Daels, P.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Nov01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201 (9): p. 1367-1374; 1992 Nov01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mares; Pregnancy; Inhaled anesthetics; Halothane; Anesthesia; Blood pressure; Respiration rate; Carbon dioxide; Oxygen; Duration; Recovery; Blood chemistry 3 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Acupuncture for the treatment of chronic back pain in 200 horses. Martin, B.B. Jr; Klide, A.M. Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1992. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (37): p. 593-601; 1992. Meeting held December 1-4, 1991, San Francisco, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Acupuncture; Pain 4 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Acute effects of perineural administration of sodium hyaluronate on palmar digital neurectomy sites in horses. Murray, R.C. \u Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Gaughan, E.M.; DeBowes, R.M.; Mosier, D.A.; Hoskinson, J.J. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (10): p. 1484-1489; 1994 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Hyaluronic acid; Neurectomy; Postoperative complications; Drug effects; Neoplasms; Nerve tissue; Inflammation; Swelling; Infusion Abstract: Biaxial palmar digital neurectomy of all limbs was performed on 6 mixed-breed castrated adult male horses, using a standard guillotine method. Using a Teflon catheter, 20 mg (2 ml) of sodium hyaluronate (group 1), 2 ml of phosphate- buffered saline solution (group 2), or catheter placement with no infusion (group 3) was applied to 4 (group 1) or 2 (groups 2 and 3) of 8 incisions/horse. Treatments were administered after closure of the neurectomy incision, and the catheter was removed. Horses were evaluated daily for 1 week, then weekly over a 9-week period for evidence of lameness, swelling, and ultrasonographic changes. On week 9, horses were euthanatized and neurectomy sites were removed en bloc for histologic evaluation of axonal regrowth, inflammation, and fibrosis. Neither lameness nor sign of painful neuroma was observed clinically in any of the horses. Neurectomy eliminated cutaneous heel sensation in all limbs for the duration of the study. Swelling was evident at all neurectomy sites. There were no significant differences between treatment sites for measurement of pastern circumference or ultrasonographic evaluation of incisional swelling. Foci of ultrasonographic hyperechogenicity increased over time, but there was no significant difference in hyperechogenicity between treatment groups. Histologic evidence of neuroma formation was observed at all sites. Morphometric assessment of neuroma cross- sectional areas revealed no significant difference between the groups, as did subjective histologic assessment of neuroma density and fibrous tissue content. We conclude that there are no clinical, ultrasonographic, or histologic effects on neuroma formation and fibrosis at sites of palmar digital neurectomy associated with a single perineural administration of sodium hyaluronate or phosphate-buffered saline solution. 5 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Acute pain from castration and tail docking of lambs. Molony, V.; Wood, G.N. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 385-395, 400-401; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lambs; Pain; Tail; Cutting; Castration; Anesthesia; Local anesthesia; Xylazine; Morphine; Etorphine; Naloxone; Drug effects 6 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224 Alleviation of postanesthetic hypoxemia in the horse. McMurphy, R.M.; Cribb, P.H. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Jan. The Canadian veterinary journal v. 30 (1): p. 37-41; 1989 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Hypoxia; Therapy; Oxygen; Partial pressure 7 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222 Alterations in pituitary gland sensitivity in ram lambs to physiological doses of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), after divergent selection based on the luteinizing hormone response to a pharmacological GnRH challenge. Evans, N.P.; McNeilly, J.R.; Springbett, A.J.; Webb, R. Colchester : The Journal; 1991 Nov. Journal of reproduction and fertility v. 93 (2): p. 559-567; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rams; Lambs; Lines; Gnrh; Lh; Hormone secretion; Anesthesia; Injectable anesthetics; Dosage effects; Line differences; Hypothalamus; Pituitary 8 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Analgesic activity and respiratory effects of butorphanol in sheep. Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A.; Amin, A. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 51 (1): p. 19-23; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Analgesics; Dosage; Pain; Respiratory gases; Mechanical stimulation; Heat tolerance Abstract: The analgesic drug butorphanol tartrate has proved useful clinically in horses and dogs but its analgesic profile had not yet been investigated in sheep. This study was initiated to determine the thermal and mechanical antinociceptive activity of butorphanol (at the dose rates 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1) in sheep. The drug produced significant analgesia in the thermal lest system, the duration of which was dose related but no significant elevation in mechanical pressure thresholds could be detected. In a further set of experiments the dose rate was increased to 0.4 mg kg-1 and mechanical testing was repeated. There was still no clinically significant elevation in pressure thresholds. At a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 the drug had no detectable effect on respiratory blood gas tensions. Behavioural changes were severe if a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg-1 was exceeded. 9 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Analgesic and spasmolytic effects of dipyrone, hyoscine-N- butylbromide and a combination of the two in ponies. Roelvink, M.E.J.; Goossens, L.; Kalsbeek, H.C.; Wensing, T. London : The Association; 1991 Oct26. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 129 (17): p. 378-380; 1991 Oct26. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Antiinflammatory agents; Parasympatholytics; Drug combinations; Pain; Spasms; Drug effects 10 NAL Call. No.: SF951.E62 The analgesic effect of ketoprofen for use in treating equine colic as compared to flunixin meglumine. Betley, M.; Sutherland, S.F.; Gregoricka, M.J.; Pollet, R.A. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Veterinary Practice Publishing Company; 1991 Jun. Equine practice v. 13 (6): p. 11-16; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Medical treatment; Analgesics; Flunixin; Pain; Drug effects; Antiinflammatory agents 11 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Analgesic effects of detomidine in thoroughbred horses with chronic tendon injury. Chambers, J.P.; Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.; Goodship, A.E. London : British Veterinary Association; 1993 Jan. Research in veterinary science v. 54 (1): p. 53-56; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Detomidine; Tendons; Legs; Trauma; Pain Abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the analgesia provided by detomidine (20 micrograms kg-1 intravenously) in thoroughbred horses. Pain thresholds to a mechanical noxious stimulus were measured before and after a period of mild chronic pain in one foreleg. Detomidine was a good analgesic in control animals, their pain thresholds were significantly elevated for about 60 minutes. After injury, the injured leg had a significantly lower pain threshold and the intensity and duration of analgesia provided by detomidine were significantly reduced. The analgesia in the opposite (sound) leg was also reduced, indicating that there were both central and peripheral aspects to this increased sensitivity to painful stimuli. Detomidine deserves to be considered as a potent analgesic in the horse rather than a sedative with analgesic side effects. 12 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72 Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens. Glatz, P.C.; Murphy, L.B.; Preston, A.P. Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992 Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 18; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Analgesics; Animal welfare; Feed intake 13 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Analysis of the frequency spectrum of the equine electroencephalogram during halothane anaesthesia. Johnson, C.B.; Young, S.S.; Taylor, P.M. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 May. Research in veterinary science v. 56 (3): p. 373-378; 1994 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Electroencephalograms; Halothane; Anesthesia; Recordings Abstract: The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used in human clinical anaesthesia as an indicator of cortical activity and as an indicator of the depth of anaesthesia. It would be useful if it provided a reliable indication of the depth of anaesthesia of horses. In this study anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane in nine ponies. The end tidal halothane concentration [P(E-Hal)] was monitored and 20 seconds of EEG were recorded at 0.8 per cent, 1.0 per cent and 1.2 per cent halothane, equivalent to the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 1.25 MAC and 1.5 MAC. Each 20 second block of data was divided into one second segments and averaged to give one second of averaged EEG from which a frequency spectrum was obtained by using a fast Fourier transformation. The power of the waveform at low frequency (1 to 3 Hz) was compared with that at higher frequency (9 to 11 Hz). The median frequency and 95th percentile (spectral edge) were also calculated. The spectral edge frequency had the best correlation with P(E-Hal). 14 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Anesthesia and analgesia for farm animals, January 1987- January 1994. Allen, T. Beltsville, Md., National Agricultural Library; 1994 Apr. Quick bibliography series - National Agricultural Library (94-21): 84 p.; 1994 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Livestock; Anesthesia; Analgesics; Pain 15 NAL Call. No.: SF914.A53 1990 Anesthesia & analgesia in swine. Swindle, M.M. Columbia, Md. : American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1990? :.; 1990. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals : proceedings - - 1990 Forum, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Columbia Inn, Columbia, Maryland, May 3-6, 1990. p. 79-87; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthesia; Analgesics 16 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Anesthesia for the compromised or exhausted patient. Riebold, T.W.; Schmotzer, W.B. Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 509-518; 1989. Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Exhaustion; Neuroleptics; Fluids; Blood pressure; Depth; Monitoring; Anesthetics 17 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Anesthesia for the equine orthopedic patient. Muir, W.W. III Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1992. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (37): p. 721-733; 1992. Meeting held December 1-4, 1991, San Francisco, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Hemodynamics; Postoperative complications 18 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Anesthesia in the llama. Riebold, T.W.; Kaneps, A.J.; Schmotzer, W.B. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Sep. Veterinary surgery v. 18 (5): p. 400-404; 1989 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Llamas; Anesthesia; Anesthetics 19 NAL Call. No.: SF601.V535 Anesthesia techniques in sheep and goats. Ewing, K.K. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders Company; 1990 Nov. The Veterinary clinics of North America : food animal practice v. 6 (3): p. 759-778; 1990 Nov. In the series analytic: Advances in sheep and goat medicine / edited by M. C. Smith. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Goats; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Analgesics 20 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Anesthetic and medical management of acute hemorrhage during surgery. Wagner, A.E.; Dunlop, C.I. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203 (1): p. 40-45; 1993 Jul01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dogs; Cats; Horses; Hemorrhage; Surgery; Anesthesia; Medical treatment; Blood volume; Losses; Hematocrit; Blood proteins 21 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47 Anesthetic complications in the horse. Klein, L. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec. The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6 (3): p. 665-692; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Equipment; Failure; Anesthetics; Ventilation; Complications; Cardiovascular system; Hypotension; Hypothermia; Hypoxia; Hyperthermia; Cardiac rhythm; Muscular diseases 22 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Anesthetic considerations for dystocia and caesarean section in mares. Hodgson, D.S. Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 543-547; 1989. Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mares; Foaling; Anesthesia; Dystocia; Caesarean section; Techniques; Anesthetics 23 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Anesthetic management of an incisional dehiscence in recovery following exploratory laparotomy in a horse. Curtis, M.B.; Eicker, S.W.; Archer, R.M.; Lindsay, W.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Mar01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (5): p. 692-695; 1992 Mar01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Laparotomy; Postoperative complications; Case reports 24 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Anesthetic management of an incisional dehiscence in recovery following exploratory laparotomy in a horse. Curtis, M.B. \u University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; Eicker, S.W.; Archer, R.M.; Lindsay, W.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Mar01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (5): p. 692-695; 1992 Mar01. Corrects AGRICOLA accession number IND92017406 in which the publication year was incorrectly entered as 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Laparotomy; Postoperative complications; Case reports 25 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Anesthetic management of ostriches. Cornick, J.L. \u Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; Jensen, J. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Jun01. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 200 (11): p. 1661-1666; 1992 Jun01. Corrects AGRICOLA accession no. IND92038574 in which the volume was incorrectly entered as 20. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ostriches; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Blood; Gases; Complications 26 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Anesthetic potency and cardiopulmonary effects of enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane in goats. Antognini, J.F.; Eisele, P.H. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1993 Dec. Laboratory animal science v. 43 (6): p. 607-610; 1993 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Goats; Anesthesia; Halothane; Inhaled anesthetics; Drug effects; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Dosage; Hemodynamics; Blood; Gases; Adverse effects Abstract: Anesthetic requirements, as defined by the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) that prevents gross, purposeful movement in 50% of animals, have not been determined in goats. Therefore, we determined anesthetic potency of enflurane (N = 6), halothane (N = 8), and isoflurane (N = 7) in goats by using the tail clamp and dew- claw clamp as the noxious stimuli and then measured the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of these agents. The MAC was 2.0 +/- 0.4%, 1.3 +/- 0.1%, and 1.5 +/- 0.3% (mean +/- SD) for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane, respectively. At 1 MAC, when ventilation was changed from controlled to spontaneous, blood pressure decreased in goats anesthetized with isoflurane (98 +/- 17 to 78 +/- 13 mm Hg) and halothane (95 +/- 10 to 83 +/- 14 mm Hg) but did not significantly change in goats anesthetized with enflurane; heart rate increased in goats anesthetized with halothane (117 +/- 12 to 127 +/- 10 beats/min) but was not significantly different in goats anesthetized with enflurane or isoflurane; and cardiac output increased in goats anesthetized with enflurane (5.70 +/-1.23 to 7.05 +/- 2.02 liters/min) and halothane (6.14 +/- 0.94 to 7.91 +/-2.45 liters/min) but not with isoflurane. During spontaneous breathing, respiratory depression was manifested by apnea in two animals and an elevated PaCO2:57 +/- 15 mm Hg, 55 +/- 13 mm Hg, and 59 +/- 14 mm Hg, respectively, for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane. Minute ventilation during spontaneous breathing was approximately 50% of controlled ventilation for each anesthetic agent. We conclude that anesthetic requirements in goats are similar to those in other species; enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane are well tolerated during controlled ventilation; and respiratory depression makes these drugs less attractive during spontaneous breathing. 27 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Anesthetics and surgical techniques useful in the potbellied pig. Braun, W. Jr Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 May05. Veterinary medicine v. 88 (5): p. 441-447; 1993 May05. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Surgical operations 28 NAL Call. No.: HV4711.A56 1989 Animal pain., 2nd ed. Rollin, B. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall; 1989. Animal rights and human obligations / edited by Tom Regan, Peter Singer. p. 60-65; 1989. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Animal behavior; Animal welfare; Animal research; Laboratory animals; Pain; Castration; Suxamethonium 29 NAL Call. No.: 450 P697 Antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of an aqueous extract of Erythraea centaurium. Berkan, T.; Ustunes, L.; Lermioglu, F.; Ozer, A. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag; 1991 Feb. Planta medica v. 57 (1): p. 34-37; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Turkey; Gentianaceae; Plant extracts; Pharmacology; Antiinflammatory agents; Analgesics; Antipyretics 30 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Antinociceptive effects of combining low doses of neuroleptic drugs and fentanyl in sheep. Kyles, A.E.; Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (9): p. 1483-1488; 1993 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Pain; Neuroleptics; Fentanyl; Droperidol; Drug combinations; Dosage; Intravenous injection; Injection Abstract: Effects of low doses of the neuroleptic drugs droperidol and zuclopenthixol, combined with a subanalgesic dose of the opioid mu-agonist, fentanyl, on mechanical nociceptive thresholds were evaluated in sheep. Intravenously administered droperidol (5 micrograms/kg of body weight) did not induce any change in the nociceptive thresholds when administered alone, but caused marked increase in threshold responses when combined with a subanalgesic dose of fentanyl (5 micrograms/ kg). Similarly, a combination of iv administered zuclopenthixol (100 micrograms/kg) and fentanyl induced significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive effects, whereas zuclopenthixol administered iv alone had no effect on the threshold responses. Intrathecal administration of a low dose of droperidol (5-microgram total dose) combined with iv administered fentanyl also increased mechanical thresholds significantly (P < 0.05). These results indicate that interactions exist between dopaminergic and opioid systems in the processing of nociceptive information and that these effects may, at least partially, be mediated spinally. 31 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal opioids and alpha 2- agonists in sheep. Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.; Bouchenafa, O.; Kyles, A. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 281-291, 312; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Agonists; Opioids; Drug effects; Analgesics; Testing; Anesthesia; Dosage; Xylazine; Catheterization 32 NAL Call. No.: RS160.J6 Anxiolytic activity of Panax ginseng roots: an experimental study. Bhattacharya, S.K.; Mitra, S.K. Limerick : Elsevier Scientific Publishers; 1991 Aug. Journal of ethno-pharmacology v. 34 (1): p. 87-92; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Panax pseudoginseng; Roots; Diazepam; Anxiety; Behavior; Rats Abstract: The putative anxiolytic activity of the white and red varieties of ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, was investigated in rats and mice using a number of experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of diazepam. Pilot studies indicated that single-dose administration of ginseng had little to no acute behavioral effects, hence the two varieties of ginseng were administered orally at two dose levels twice daily for 5 days, while diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered acutely. White and red varieties of ginseng (20 and 50 mg/kg) showed positive results when tested against several paradigms of experimental anxiety. Both were effective in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests and reduced conflict behaviour in thirsty rats and footshock-induced fighting in paired mice. Ginseng also attenuated pentylenetetrazole-induced decrease in rat brain MAO activity, confirming its anxiolytic activity since this has been proposed to be an endogenous marker for anxiety. The effects induced by white and red ginseng (50 mg/kg X 5 days) were comparable to those induced by diazepam (1 mg/kg). 33 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Aortic catheterization in cattle via the costoabdominal artery and validation for progesterone and estradiol-17 beta sample collection. Haibel, G.K.; Guilbault, L.A.; Villeneuve, P.; Thatcher, W.W. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Nov. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (11): p. 1923-1925. ill; 1989 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Aorta; Catheters; Abdomen; Arteries; Cannulation; Progesterone; Estradiol; Blood specimen collection Abstract: The abdominal portion of the aorta was catherized in 27 cows. Local analgesia was achieved by infiltration of anesthetic agents. A 10-cm skin incision was made caudal and parallel to the 13th rib at the lateral border of the epaxial muscles. The dorsal costoabdominal artery was exposed at its first lateral cutaneous branch by careful dissection through fascial layers. A sterile polyvinyl catheter (1.52 mm OD) was inserted into the artery and was advanced 35 to 40 cm to the abdominal portion of the aorta. Catheter patency was maintained for up to 5 weeks. Concentrations of plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in samples obtained from the abdominal portion of the aorta were similar to simultaneously obtained concentration in samples from the jugular vein before and after parturition. 34 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Application of lumbosacral spinal anesthesia for ovine caesarian surgery and for vasectomy under field conditions. Scott, P.R. \u Veterinary Field Station, Midlothian, Scotland; Sargison, N.D.; Penny, C.D.; Pirie, R.S. Newton, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994. Theriogenology v. 42 (5): p. 891-893; 1994. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ewes; Caesarean section; Lidocaine; Rams; Vasectomy; Conduction anesthesia; Preanesthetic medication; Xylazine; Postoperative complications; Paresis Abstract: A 2% lignocaine solution infused at a dose of 2 mg/kg at the lumbosacral site gave excellent analgesia in 28 vasectomy operations and in 33 of 38 (87%) Caesarian operations at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Failure of the anesthetic technique in 4 sheep (6% of all operations) was associated with poor positioning of the ewe and incorrect identification of the epidural space. One fatality was recorded and was considered to result from lignocaine overdosage and the probable pooling of blood in the splanchnic vasculature. Pelvic limb paresis persisted for 2 to 4 h post epidural injection in all ewes, but no permanent paralysis was encountered. Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia gave excellent analgesia for vasectomy, and was indicated for Caesarian surgery when a dystocia was associated with severe vaginal prolapse or the delivery of a fetal monster. Further work is needed to find an analgesic preparation which has a shorter duration than the 2% lignocaine solution. 35 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 Arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide tension difference and alveolar dead space in halothane anaesthetised horses. Moens, Y. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Jul. Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (4): p. 282-284; 1989 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Arteries; Carbon dioxide; Tension 36 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Assessment of pain associated with degenerative hip disorders in adult male turkeys. Duncan, I.J.H.; Beatty, E.R.; Hocking, P.M.; Duff, S.R.I. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Mar. Research in veterinary science v. 50 (2): p. 200-203; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Turkeys; Hips; Degeneration; Joint diseases; Pain; Betamethasone; Physical activity 37 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Assessment of the welfare of food restricted male broiler breeder poultry with musculoskeletal disease. Hocking, P.M. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 Jul. Research in veterinary science v. 57 (1): p. 28-34; 1994 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Skeletomuscular anomalies; Animal welfare; Pain; Locomotion; Betamethasone; Naloxone; Animal behavior; Sexual behavior; Male fertility; Age differences; Opioid peptides Abstract: The general and sexual activity of food restricted male broiler breeder poultry was assessed for evidence of behavioral changes associated with musculoskeletal lesions. The activity and fertility of male birds given betamethasone (an anti-inflammatory steroid) or saline were compared in a two-period crossover experiment. Behavioural changes occurred and the birds' mating activity and fertility were decreased when they were given the steroid, but these effects were not associated with the presence of lesions. In a second experiment, there were no differences in sexual motivation between birds either with or without leg disorders. The birds were trained to walk down an alley for their food and the speed of walking was compared in a two-period crossover experiment. Betamethasone decreased their walking speed in period one and the carryover effect was significant in period two. Naloxone decreased the walking speed of birds with lesions more than of those without lesions. This effect was taken as evidence for analgesia by endogenous opioids and may help to explain the lack of response of the birds to the analgesic agent. The evidence that these food restricted male broiler breeder birds experienced pain was equivocal. 38 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised horse. Nyman, G.; Funkquist, B.; Kvart, C.; Frostell, C.; Tokics, L.; Strandberg, A.; Lundquist, H.; Lundh, B.; Brismar, B.; Hedenstierna, G. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep. Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 317-324; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Computed tomography; Atelectasis; Respiratory disorders; Gas exchange; Lungs 39 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Atracurium as an adjunct to halothane-oxygen anesthesia in a llama undergoing intraocular surgery: a case report. Donaldson, L.L.; Holland, M.; Koch, S.A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1992 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 21 (1): p. 76-79; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Llamas; Anesthesia; Surgical operations; Eyes; Halothane; Oxygen; Case reports 40 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 The balloon model for controlled abdominal pain in the horse. Lowe, J.E. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 408-410, 432; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Surgical operations; Pain; Abdomen; Models; Balloons; Apparatus; Surgical equipment 41 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 Behavioral and physiological effects of freeze or hot-iron branding on crossbred cattle. Lay, D.C. Jr; Friend, T.H.; Randel, R.D.; Bowers, C.L.; Grissom, K.K.; Jenkins, O.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Feb. Journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 330-336; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Beef cattle; Branding; Freezing; Blood plasma; Epinephrine; Heart rate; Norepinephrine; Hydrocortisone; Stress; Skin temperature; Pain; Animal welfare Abstract: Twenty-seven crossbred calves (1/2 Simmental, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Brahman) averaging 257 +/- 11 d of age were either hot-iron-branded (H), freeze-branded (F), or sham- branded (S). Calves were blocked for temperament, weight, and sex and were randomly assigned to day and order in which treatments were applied. To reduce stress from handling at treatment time, each calf was herded through the squeeze chute daily for 5 d before the experiment. Jugular cannulas were inserted in each calf 1 d before application of treatment. Blood samples and heart rate measures were obtained at -5, -3, 0, .5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after application of the treatments. Mean concentrations of plasma epinephrine (EPI) were higher for H calves at time .5 min than for either S or F calves (P = .10). To account for individual differences, prebranding heart rates and hormone concentrations were subtracted from subsequent samples and were also used to calculate a proportion for each subsequent sample. Analyses of subtracted values found that EPI concentrations were greater for H calves than for either S or F calves (P = .007) at .5 min postbranding. No other differences were found for the subtracted analyses. Analyses of proportion data also revealed that H calves had greater EPI than did either S or F calves (P = .027) at .5 min postbranding. Only three animals vocalized during branding, one H calf and two F calves. Despite the 5-d acclimation period, handling and restraint elevated plasma cortisol concentrations and heart rate. Because restraint elevated physiological indicators of stress, possible treatment differences may have been masked. The greater epinephrine response experienced by H calves indicates a higher momentary pain sensation than that experienced by either S or F calves. 42 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6 Behavioural evidence for persistant pain following partial beak amputation in chickens. Gentle, M.J.; Waddington, D.; Hunter, L.N.; Jones, R.B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Aug. Applied animal behaviour science v. 27 (1/2): p. 149-157; 1990 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hens; Debeaking; Pain; Behavior change; Drinking water; Temperature 43 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Behavioural responses of lambs of three ages in the first three hours after three methods of castration and tail docking. Molony, V.; Kent, J.E. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Sep. Research in veterinary science v. 55 (2): p. 236-245; 1993 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lambs; Castration; Docking; Methodology; Veterinary equipment; Surgery; Age differences; Pain; Animal behavior Abstract: The behavioural responses of groups of seven lambs were compared with control groups after castration and tail docking by rubber rings, application of a Burdizzo clamp in addition to a rubber ring and after surgical castration at five, 21 and 42 days. All methods at all ages produced changes in behaviour which were interpreted as indicative of considerable pain. The rubber ring groups showed most changes in behaviour at all ages. The rubber ring with Burdizzo groups showed least changes and some lambs in these groups showed much less response than others. The surgical groups showed some behavioural responses which were different, both qualitatively and quantitatively to those in other groups. It is concluded that indices used for recognition and assessment of acute pain received conditional support, that modification of the rubber ring with Burdizzo may provide the least painful method without local anaesthesia and that age had little effect on the responses. 44 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia attributed to topical application of the anesthetic in several laboratory animal species. Davis, J.A.; Greenfield, R.E.; Brewer, T.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (8): p. 1322-1326; 1993 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Laboratory animals; Benzocaine; Adverse effects; Topical application; Methemoglobinemia; Species differences Abstract: In a screening study, a common benzocaine- containing anesthetic was topically applied to the following species: dogs (n = 11), domestic shorthair cats (n = 38), Long-Evans rats (n = 22), Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 11), ferrets (n = 6), rhesus monkeys (n = 10), cynomolgus monkeys (n = 10), owl monkeys (n = 10), New Zealand White rabbits (n = 18), miniature pigs (n = 9), ICR mice (n = 4), C3H mice (n = 4), and C57BL/10SnJ mice (n = 24). All animals, except mice and rats, received a 2-second spray to the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx for an estimated dose of 56 mg. A 2-second spray to rodents' oral mucous membranes delivered too great a volume of fluid for these animals; therefore, an equivalent dose was applied to the oral mucosa membranes by use of a 23- gauge needle and syringe. Initial (baseline) blood samples, as well as 4 blood samples taken every 15 minutes after drug application, were analyzed for methemoglobin (MHb), using an oximeter. Positive MHb response (> 3 SD above baseline) was seen in individuals of all groups. The study was repeated in dogs several months later to confirm low response. Response to benzocaine spray was observed in most animals tested, with response peaking between 15 and 30 minutes after dosing. Positive MHb response ranged from 3.5 to 38%, was detected in > 95% of individual animals, and ranged from 15 to 60 minutes after drug administration. Responses were variable because of the screening nature of the study and the topical route of drug administration, but the highest responses were observed in rabbits and cats, and the lowest were seen in mice and dogs. Methemoglobin could be a confounding variable for several types of studies; investigators should consider this toxicity of benzocaine-containing topical anesthetics and use appropriate alternative methods or drugs (ie, lidocaine). 45 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Bilateral arytenoid cartilage paralysis after inhalation anesthesia in a horse. Abrahamsen, E.J.; Bohanon, T.C.; Bednarski, R.M.; Hubbell, J.A.E.; Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1990 Nov15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 197 (10): p. 1363-1365; 1990 Nov15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Adverse effects; Paralysis; Larynx; Case studies; Peripheral nerves 46 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Biochemical and haematological changes following prolonged halothane anaesthesia in horses. Steffey, E.P.; Giri, S.N.; Dunlop, C.I.; Cullen, L.K.; Hodgson, D.S.; Willits, N. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Nov. Research in veterinary science v. 55 (3): p. 338-345; 1993 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Duration; Adverse effects; Hematology; Blood chemistry; Liver function; Renal function; Enzyme activity Abstract: Six healthy horses were anaesthetised with halothane (1.2 times the horse minimal alveolar concentration) in oxygen for more than 12 hours. Serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and L-iditol dehydrogenase values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased for up to nine days after anaesthesia. These changes suggest an anaesthesia related liver dysfunction. Creatine kinase increased to an average of more than 1400 iu litre-1 24 hours after anaesthesia and this change is indicative of muscle cell disruption. Renal-associated biochemical results, (that is serum creatinine and inorganic phosphate concentrations) were significantly increased transiently and are indicative of reduced renal function during and immediately after anaesthesia. Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids (6-keto- PGF(1 alpha), PGF(2 alpha), PGE and thromboxane) following anaesthesia were not different from preanaesthetic values. The magnitude of liver and muscle cell related increases in serum enzyme activities resulting from prolonged halothane anaesthesia was in excess of that previously, reported for anaesthesia of shorter duration. 47 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643 Biopsy of the bovine mammary gland. Knight, C.H.; Hillerton, J.E.; Teverson, R.M.; Winter, A. London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Mar. British veterinary journal v. 148 (2): p. 129-132; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Mammary glands; Biopsy; Milk yield Abstract: A technique is described for biopsy of the bovine udder, employing sedation and local anaesthesia. Tissue samples of approximately 5 g were obtained by electrocautery from two quarters of the udder of a cow laterally recumbent. Care was taken to ensure complete haemostasis which was achieved by electrocoagulation and ligation. Postoperative recovery was rapid, and loss of yield was no greater in biopsied glands than in control glands of the same cow. Yield from all quarters returned to preoperative levels within 48 h. 48 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Blood pressure response to tourniquet use in anesthetized horses. Copland, V.S.; Hildebrand, S.V.; Hill, T. III; Wong, P.; Brock, N. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1989 Oct15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 195 (8): p. 1097-1103; 1989 Oct15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Surgery; Veterinary equipment; Blood pressure 49 NAL Call. No.: 41.2 H198 1991 [no.35] Blutdruckregistrierung wahrend der Halothannarkose bei Pferden im Rahmen von Kolikoperationen [Blood pressure monitoring during halothane anesthesia in colic operations on horses]. Komsthoft, Ute Hannover : [s.n.],; 1991. 170 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-160). Language: German 50 NAL Call. No.: QL55.A1L3 A bone biopsy procedure for neonatal pigs. Bobilya, D.J.; Maurizi, M.G.; Veum, T.L.; Allen, W.C. London : Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1991 Jul. Laboratory animals v. 25 (3): p. 222-225; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Piglets; Newborn animals; Bones; Biopsy; Animal models Abstract: Neonatal pigs were used to develop a surgical biopsy procedure to remove bone tissue from the ilium of small animals, with potential application for infants and small children. While the neonatal pig was under general anaesthesia, a scalpel was used to make a punch incision down to the ilium. Then a Craig Biopsy Trephine was used to remove a core sample of the bone. The samples ranged from 5 to 15 mm in length and 2 to 3 mm in diameter, with an average dry weight of 34.4 mg. The samples were adequate for mineral (calcium and zinc) analysis in our laboratory and may be equally suitable for histological or biochemical analyses. Surgical trauma was minimal, which permitted each pig to be biopsied every 7 days for 5 weeks without adverse consequences. 51 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiopulmonary effects of a tiletamine-zolazepam combination in sheep. Lagutchik, M.S.; Januszkiewicz, A.J.; Dodd, K.T.; Martin, D.G. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (9): p. 1441-1447; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Injectable anesthetics; Anesthesia; Heart; Lungs; Physiological functions Abstract: To assess the effects on heart and lung function, a tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) anesthetic combination was evaluated in 10 Dorset-type ewes. Ewes were randomly allotted to 2 equal groups. Ewes of groups 1 and 2 were given a single bolus of TZ (12 and 24 mg/kg of body weight, IV, respectively) at time zero. Hemodynamic, pulmonary, and ventilation variables were measured at 15-minute intervals to 120 minutes. Blood gas variables were evaluated at 5-minute intervals for the first 30 minutes, then at 15-minute intervals to 120 minutes. In all sheep, TZ administration induced rapid, smooth induction, with gradual and unremarkable recovery. Anesthesia duration was not significantly different between groups (mean +/- SD, 39 +/- 5 and 40 +/- 14 minutes for groups 1 and 2, respectively). Immediate drug effects included apnea, decreased mean arterial blood pressure, and arterial hypoxemia. Cardiac output was significantly decreased in both groups at all times after drug administration. Significant changes in group-1 ewes included increased pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances and decreased inspired minute ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory airflow. Significant changes in group-2 ewes included increased systemic vascular resistance and decreased pulmonary arterial pressure, inspired minute ventilation, and respiratory airflow. Both drug dosages induced apneustic breathing patterns and caused significant changes in arterial and venous blood hemoglobin concentrations and PCV. Tiletamine-zolazepam is useful for intermediate-duration anesthesia in sheep. However, because of alterations in cardiopulmonary function, its use at the dosages evaluated by us is not recommended in studies, in which minimal effects on heart and lung function are required, or in sheep with compromised heart or lung function. 52 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Cardiopulmonary effects of ephedrine in halothane-anesthetized horses. Grandy, J.L.; Hodgson, D.S.; Dunlop, C.I.; Chapman, P.L.; Heath, R.B. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1989 Dec. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 12 (4): p. 389-396; 1989 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Ephedrine; Halothane; Anesthesia; Cardiac output; Blood pressure 53 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 Cardiopulmonary effects of epidurally administered xylazine in the horse. Leblanc, P.H.; Eberhart, S.W. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Nov. Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (6): p. 389-391; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Cardiovascular system; Xylazine; Analgesics; Conduction anesthesia; Blood pressure 54 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiopulmonary effects of position in conscious cattle. Wagner, A.E.; Muir, W.W. III; Grospitch, B.J. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1): p. 7-10; 1990 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Position; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Blood ph; Gases; Blood Abstract: The cardiopulmonary effects of 4 positions (standing, right lateral, left lateral, and dorsal recumbency) were evaluated in conscious cattle in which no sedatives or anesthetic drugs were given. Each position was maintained for 30 minutes, during which time there were no significant changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pH, PaCO2, arterial base excess, or venous blood gas values. Significant decreases in PaO2 developed when cattle were in lateral positions and dorsal recumbency. Cardiac index was unchanged in all positions, except in dorsal recumbency at 30 minutes, when it was significantly decreased. 55 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Cardiopulmonary effects of positioning pregnant cows in dorsal recumbency during the third trimester. Dunlop, C.I.; Hodgson, D.S.; Smith, J.A.; Chapman, P.L.; Tyler, L.M. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (1): p. 147-151; 1994 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cows; Pregnancy; Position; Uterus; Hemodynamics; Blood flow; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system Abstract: The uterine hemodynamic response to maternal positioning in dorsal recumbency was evaluated in 7 conscious pregnant cows during the third trimester. Anesthetic or sedative drugs were not administered. Uterine artery flow was measured, using a previously implanted ultrasonic flow probe. Catheters implanted in the uterine artery and vein were used for measurement of blood pressure and for blood sample collections. Heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, uterine arterial blood flow, arterial and venous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, and pH were measured in cows in standing position. Cows were cast with ropes and positioned in dorsal recumbency, then measurements were repeated at 15 and 30 minutes. Compared with standing measurements, dorsal recumbency caused 50% increase in heart rate and 44% increase in arterial blood pressure. Uterine artery flow did not change significantly. Despite increased ventilation, arterial oxygenation was reduced during dorsal recumbency. There were minimal differences between measurements at 15 and 30 minutes of dorsal recumbency. 56 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiopulmonary effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated ponies. Wilson, D.V.; Soma, L.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (5): p. 734-739; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system; Partial pressure; Respiratory gases; Oxygen; Adverse effects Abstract: To investigate the cardiopulmonary effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), values of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, were applied to anesthetized, dorsally recumbent, ventilated ponies. After IV induction of general anesthesia, PEEP was superimposed on controlled ventilation with 100% oxygen, and changes in gas exchange and cardiac function were measured. Increasing values of PEEP in these ponies caused a linear increase in the mean (+/- SEM) functional residual capacity, from a control value (zero end- expiratory pressure) of 1.7 +/- 0.24 L to 2.2 +/- 0.31, 2.9 +/- 0.32 and 3.4 +/- 0.3 L at PEEP of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, respectively (P < 0.05). Paralleling these changes, intrapulmonary shunt fraction decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from a control value of 12.9 +/- 0.5%, to 7.5 +/- 1.1 and 2.1 +/- 0.6%, at PEEP of 20 and 30 cm of H2O, respectively. Cardiac output was decreased by increasing values of PEEP, from control value of 11.7 +/-1.56 L/min to 9.9 +/- 1.51, 8.8 +/- 1.33 and 5.62 +/- 0.56 L/min at PEEP of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, respectively. Related to decreasing cardiac output, tissue oxygen delivery also decreased as PEEP was increased, from control value of 2.0 +/- 0.09 L/min to 1.8 +/- 0.07, 1.6 +/- 0.06, and 1.03 +/- 0.04 L/min at PEEP of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, respectively. Thus, the effects of increasing values of PEEP in these ponies included increased functional residual capacity and arterial oxygenation, but marked reduction in cardiac output, resulting in no improvement or decrease in total oxygen delivery. Although PEEP is useful for improving arterial oxygenation, the deleterious cardiovascular effects should be anticipated or ameliorated by use of volume loading and/or inotrope administration. 57 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine sedation in the foal. Carter, S.W.; Robertson, S.A.; Steel, C.J.; Jourdenais, D.A. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Nov. Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (6): p. 384-388; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Foals; Cardiovascular system; Xylazine; Analgesics 58 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Cardiorespiratory and MAC-reducing effects of alpha-2- adrenoreceptoragonists in horses. Muir, W.W.; Wagner, A.E.; Hinchcliff, K.W. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 102-212; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Agonists; Analgesics; Drug effects; Anesthetics; Heart rate; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Xylazine; Alpha-adrenergic receptors 59 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Cardiorespiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the buccal mucosa in ponies. Young, S.S. London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov. Research in veterinary science v. 49 (3): p. 268-274. ill; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Pain; Electrical stimulation; Responses; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system; Mouth; Mucosa; Halothane; Injectable anesthetics; Blood pressure; Heart rate; Tidal volume; Lung ventilation 60 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of inspired oxygen fraction in halothane-anesthetized horses. Cuvelliez, S.G.; Eicker, S.W.; McLauchlan, C.; Brunson, D.B. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (8): p. 1226-1231; 1990 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Oxygen; Respiratory system; Cardiovascular system Abstract: Anesthesia of equids is associated with pulmonary dysfunction. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of inhalation anesthetic agents and duration of anesthesia have been studied, using oxygen as the carrier gas. To our knowledge, the effects of inspired oxygen have not been determined. We studied the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of 2 inspired oxygen fractions (0.30 and > 0.85) in 5 laterally recumbent, halothane-anesthetized horses. Mean systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, arterial pH, and arterial base excess were similar in horses of the 2 groups during 4 hours of anesthesia at constant end-tidal halothane concentration. End-tidal partial pressure of CO2, arterial partial pressure of CO2 and O2, and alveolar-to-arterial O2 tension difference were greater in horses exposed to the higher oxygen concentration. On the basis of the data obtained, we suggest that greater hypoventilation and ventilation/perfusion mismatch occur when horses are breathing high-oxygen fraction. Arterial partial pressure of O2 was not different between the 2 groups of horses after they were disconnected from the anesthesia circuit and allowed to breathe room air. Horses recovered from anesthesia without complications. 61 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Cardiovascular effects of a ketamine-medetomidine combination that produces deep sedation in Yucatan mini swine. Vainio, O.M.; Bloor, B.C.; Kim, C. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1992 Dec. Laboratory animal science v. 42 (6): p. 582-588; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Miniature pigs; Anesthetics; Cardiovascular system Abstract: Seven chronically instrumented Yucatan minipigs were deeply sedated with the combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg), a dissociative anesthetic, and medetomidine (0.2 mg/kg), an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist used as an animal sedative in Europe. Both drugs were drawn in the same syringe and administered in the left atrium via a previously inserted permanent catheter. As a result, hypertension (mean arterial pressure from 116 +/- 12 mmHg to 142 +/- 18 mmHg) occurred and was followed by bradycardia (from 107 +/- 22 bpm to 71 +/- 9 bpm). Concomitantly both the rate of increase in ventricular pressure (48%) and ventricular wan thickening fraction (37%) decreased, thus indicating some worsening of left ventricular function. Further, systemic vascular resistance increased (290%) resulting in a reduction in cardiac output from 1.8 +/- 0.7 l/minute to 0.4 +/- 0.3 l/minute. Also, left ventricular end diastolic pressure initially increased (maximum 10.2 +/- 10.8 mmHg) but returned to the control level in 5 minutes. In spite of an increase in respiratory frequency (3x), PaCO2 increased and PaO2 and pH declined. Rectal temperature decreased from 38.4 +/- 0.9 to 36.0 +/- 0.8 degrees C. All of these changes were transient and returned to control levels during the follow-up period (2 hours). However, epinephrine concentration was exceptionally decreased by the drugs and stayed under the detection limit (20 pg/kg) for the entire time, whereas norepinephrine was undetectable for 10 minutes postadministration. Ketamine-medetomidine, administered in a dose that produced deep sedation, induced marked but reversible changes in most of the cardiovascular variables; there were no pedal or palpebral reflexes for 30 minutes. 62 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Cardiovascular effects recorded in horses during anaesthesia after treatment with trichlorfon. Adams, J.G.; Trim, C.M. London : British Veterinary Association; 1989 Sep. Research in veterinary science v. 47 (2): p. 164-169; 1989 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Cardiovascular system; Trichlorfon; Anthelmintics; Blood pressure 63 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 The cardiovascular response of sheep to tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol tartrate anesthesia. Howard, B.W.; Lagutchik, M.S.; Januszkiewicz, A.J.; Martin, D.G. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Nov. Veterinary surgery v. 19 (6): p. 461-467; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ewes; Diazepam; Anesthetics; Ketamine 64 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Cardiovascular responses to exogenous platelet-activating factor (PAF) in anesthetized ponies, and the effects of a PAF antagonist, WEB 2086. Wilson, D.V.; Eberhart, S.W.; Robinson, N.E.; Rice, R.; Gray, P.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (2): p. 274-279; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Phospholipids; Platelets; Dosage; Blood pressure; Antagonists; Hypotension; Vasoconstriction Abstract: The effects of exogenous platelet-activating factor (PAF) were determined in anesthetized ponies. Administration of PAF induced a decrease in cardiac index that resulted in systemic hypotension. This was followed by tachycardia, hypertension, and a return of cardiac index to baseline. Pulmonary arterial pressure increased markedly because of pulmonary vasoconstriction. Exogenous PAF also caused leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The specific PAF receptor antagonist (WEB 2086) blocked all PAF-induced changes. Flunixin meglumine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, abolished the pulmonary hypertension and tachycardia, and attenuated the systemic hypotension but did not change the PAF-induced peripheral cellular changes. The PAF antagonist also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by PAF in vitro. The PAF-induced changes are similar to those reported after endotoxin exposure in horses. 65 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81 A case report on the use of guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia for equine dystocia. Lin, H.C.; Wallace, S.S.; Robbins, R.L.; Harrison, I.W.; Thurmon, J.C. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1994 Jan. The Cornell veterinarian v. 84 (1): p. 61-66; 1994 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Dystocia; Anesthesia; Guaifenesin; Ketamine; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Case reports 66 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Caudal analgesia induced by epidural or subarachnoid administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution in mares. Skarda, R.T.; Muir, W.W. III Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (5): p. 670-680; 1994 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mares; Detomidine; Conduction anesthesia; Anesthesia; Ataxia; Hemodynamics; Injection; Drug effects Abstract: Seven adult mares were used to determine the analgesic, CNS, and cardiopulmonary effects of detomidine hydrochloride solution after epidural or subarachnoid administration, using both regimens in random sequence. At least 1 week elapsed between experiments. A 17-gauge Huber point (Tuohy) directional needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into either the epidural space at the first coccygeal interspace or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction. Catheters were advanced so that the tips lay at the caudal sacral (S5 to S4) epidural space or at the midsacral (S3 to S2) subarachnoid space. Position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 1% solution of detomidine HCl was injected into the epidural catheter at a dosage of 60 micrograms/kg of body weight, and was expanded to a 10-ml volume with sterile water to induce selective caudal epidural analgesia (CEA). A dose of 30 micrograms of detomidine HCl/kg expanded to a 3-ml volume with spinal fluid was injected into the subarachnoid catheter to induce caudal subarachnoid analgesia (CSA). Analgesia was determined by lack of sensory perception to electrical stimulation (avoidance threshold > 40 V, 0.5-ms duration) at the perineal dermatomes and no response to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulation at the pelvic limb and lumbar and thoracic dermatomes. Maximal CEA and CSA extended from the coccyx to spinal cord segments T15 and T14 at 10 to 25 minutes after epidural and subarachnoid drug administrations in 2 mares. Analgesia at the perineal area lasted longer after epidural than after subarachnoid administration (142.8 +/- 28.8 minutes vs 127.1 +/- 27.7 minutes). All mares remained standing. Both CEA and CSA induced marked sedation, moderate ataxia, minimal cardiopulmonary depression, increased frequency of second- degree atrioventricular heart block, and renal diuresis. All treatments resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, PCV, and plasma total solids concentration. To the contrary, arterial carbon dioxide tension, plasma bicarbonate, and standard base excess concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Arterial oxygen tension, pH, and rectal temperature did not change significantly from baseline values. Results indicate that use of detomidine for CEA and CSA in mares probably induces local spinal and CNS effects, marked sedation, moderate ataxia, mild cardiopulmonary depression, and renal diuresis. 67 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4 Caudal epidural anaesthesia in the ewe. Harris, T. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Nov. In practice v. 13 (6): p. 234-235; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ewes; Anesthesia 68 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 Caudal epidural analgesia in cattle using xylazine. Caron, J.P.; LeBlanc, P.H. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Oct. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 53 (4): p. 486-489; 1989 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cows; Xylazine; Conduction anesthesia; Dosage; Duration; Perineum 69 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Caudal epidural analgesia induced by xylazine administration in cows. St Jean, G.; Skarda, R.T.; Muir, W.W.; Hoffsis, G.F. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Aug. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (8): p. 1232-1236; 1990 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cows; Xylazine; Ataxia; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Rumen motility; Drug effects; Adverse effects Abstract: Xylazine (0.05 mg/kg of body weight diluted to a 5- ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) or 5 ml of 0.9% NaCl was administered epidurally into the first caudal intervertebral space (Co1-Co2) in 8 cows (mean +/- SD body weight, 583 +/- 150 kg). Cows were observed for responses to deep needle pricking of the caudal dermatomes (S3 to Co), sedation, and ataxia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, rate of ruminal contractions, coccygeal arterial blood pressure, pHa, blood gas tension (Pa(O2), Pa(CO2)), base excess, total solids concentration, and PCV were determined before and after xylazine administration. Epidurally administered xylazine induced sedation and selective (S3 to Co) analgesia for at least 2 hours. Mild ataxia of hind limbs was observed in 6 cows, but all cows remained standing. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rate of ruminal contractions, arterial blood pressure, Pa(O2), PCV, and total solids concentration were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, and Pa(CO2), base excess, and bicarbonate concentration were significantly (P < 0.05) increased after xylazine administration. Epidurally administered 0.9% NaCl did not alter sensory perception to needle pricking and did not affect any of the physiologic variables determined. Although epidural administration of xylazine induced analgesia and sedation in healthy cows, it should be avoided for epidural analgesia in cattle with heart disease, lung disease, and/or gastrointestinal disease because of its potent cardiopulmonary and ruminal depressant effects. 70 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65 Cervical vertebral mobilization under anesthetic (CVMUA): a physical therapy for the treatment of cervico-spinal pain and stiffness. Ahern, T.J. Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1994 Oct. Journal of equine veterinary science v. 14 (10): p. 540-545; 1994 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Spine; Pain; Physical therapy; Anesthesia; Mobilization; Trauma 71 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81 Changes in equine carpal joint synovial fluid in response to the injection of two local anesthetic agents. White, K.K.; Hodgson, D.R.; Hancock, D.; Parry, B.W.; Cordell, C. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1989 Jan. Cornell veterinarian v. 79 (1): p. 25-38; 1989 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Lidocaine; Anesthetics; Injections; Carpus; Joints (animal); Synovial fluid 72 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Changes in nociceptive thresholds associated with chronic pain in sheep. Waterman, A.E.; Livingston, A.; Ley, S.J.; Brandt, S. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 378-385, 400; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Pain; Central nervous system; Testing; Animal experiments; Laboratory tests 73 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Changes in plasma cortisol concentration in lambs of three ages after three methods of castration and tail docking. Kent, J.E.; Molony, V.; Robertson, I.S. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Sep. Research in veterinary science v. 55 (2): p. 246-251; 1993 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lambs; Castration; Docking; Methodology; Veterinary equipment; Surgery; Age differences; Hydrocortisone; Blood plasma; Pain Abstract: Lambs were handled only or castrated and tail docked at five, 21 and 42 days of age by either surgery, rubber ring or rubber ring and Burdizzo. Plasma cortisol was measured in blood samples taken before and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 138 and 180 minutes after castration and docking. Pre-treatment and peak cortisol values were highest in five-day-old lambs. The peak cortisol values, at each age, were similar for surgery and rubber ring groups. However, the peak occurred earlier after surgery and rubber ring Burdizzo than after rubber ring only treatment. The cortisol peak was 28 nmol litre-1 lower after rubber ring Burdizzo than surgery or rubber ring only. Plasma cortisol returned to pretreatment values within 84 minutes after rubber ring Burdizzo, 96 to 138 minutes after rubber ring only but not within 180 minutes after surgery. The changes in plasma cortisol together with the changes in behaviour suggest that the rubber ring Burdizzo method of castration and docking of lambs at all ages, was probably the least painful of the methods tested. 74 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Characterisation of compounds isolated from the sera of horses with aacute grass sickness. Pemberton, A.D.; Hodgson, J.C.; Gilmour, J.S.; Doxey, D.L. London : British Veterinary Association; 1990 Nov. Research in veterinary science v. 49 (3): p. 315-318; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Grass sickness; Etiology; Blood serum; Neurotoxins; Hydrocortisone; Analgesics 75 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Chemical immobilisation in ostriches (Struthio camelus) using etorphine hydrochloride. Samour, J.H.; Irwin-Davies, J.; Faraj, E. London : The Association; 1990 Dec08. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 127 (23): p. 575-576. ill; 1990 Dec08. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ostriches; Immobilization; Etorphine; Anesthesia 76 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47 Chemical restraint and analgesia in the horse. Geiser, D.R. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec. The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6 (3): p. 495-512; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Draft animals; Anesthetics; Anesthesia; Neuroleptics; Restraint of animals; Chloral hydrate; Opioids; Analgesics; Promazine; Xylazine; Diazepam; Morphine; Pethidine 77 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Chemical restraint and general anesthesia in the draft horse. Geiser, D.R. Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (35th): p. 461-472; 1989. Meeting held December 3-6 1989, Boston, Massachusetts. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Draft animals; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Restraint of animals 78 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47 Chemical restraint for surgery in the standing horse. LeBlanc, P.H. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1991 Dec. The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 7 (3): p. 521-533; 1991 Dec. In the series analytic: Standing surgery / edited by Alicia L. Bertone. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Restraint of animals; Neuroleptics; Drugs; Opium; Drug combinations 79 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Circulatory and respiratory responses of spontaneously breathing, laterally recumbent horses to 12 hours of halothane anesthesia. Steffey, E.P.; Dunlop, C.I.; Cullen, L.K.; Hodgson, D.S.; Giri, S.N.; Willits, N.; Woliner, M.J.; Jarvis, K.A.; Smith, C.M.; Elliott, A.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Jun. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (6): p. 929-936; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system; Anesthesia; Duration Abstract: Cardiovascular and at accompany markedly long periods (12 hours) of halothane anesthesia were characterized. Eight spontaneously breathing horses were studied while they were positioned in left lateral recumbency and anesthetized only with halothane in oxygen maintained at a constant end- tidal concentration of 1.06% (equivalent to 1.2 times the minimal alveolar concentration for horses). Results of circulatory and respiratory measurements during the first 5 hours of constant conditions were similar to those previously reported from this laboratory (ie, a time-related significant increase in systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular work, PCV, plasma total solids concentration, and little change in respiratory system function). Beyond 5 hours of anesthesia, arterial blood pressure did not further increase, but remained above baseline. Cardiac output continued to increase, because heart rate significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Peak inspiratory gas flow increased significantly (P < 0.05) in later stages of anesthesia. There was a significant decrease in inspiratory time beginning at 4 hours. Although PaO2, and PaCO2, did not significantly change during the 12 hours of study, PVO2 increased significantly P < 0.05) and progressively with time, beginning 6 hours after the beginning of constant conditions. Metabolic acidosis increased with time significantly [P < 0.05] starting at 9 hours), despite supplemental IV administered NaHCO3. Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids: 6- ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha, a stable metabolite of PGI2), PGF2 alpha, PGE, and thromboxane (TxB2, a stable metabolite of TxA2) were measured in 5 of the 8 horses before and during anesthesia. Significant changes from preanesthetic values were not Significant changes from preanesthetic values were not detected. Dynamic thoracic wall and lung compliances decreased with time. 80 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Clinical assessment of analgesic effects of butorphanol in cattle. Dodman, N.H.; Levine, H.; Court, M.H. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 396-399, 401; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cattle; Analgesics; Drug effects 81 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 Clinical evaluation of an infusion of xylazine, guaifenesin and ketamine for maintenance of anaesthesia in horses. Young, L.E.; Bartram, D.H.; Diamond, M.J.; Gregg, A.S.; Jones, R.S. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Mar. Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (2): p. 115-119; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Horses; Xylazine; Anesthesia; Guaifenesin; Ketamine; Surgery 82 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Clinical evaluation of detomidine hydrochloride for equine reproductive surgery. McKinnon, A.O.; Carnevale, E.M.; Squires, E.L.; Jochle, W. Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 563-568; 1989. Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Surgical operations; Analgesics; Reproductive organs (animal) 83 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Clinical evaluation of romifidine/ketamine/halothane anaesthesia in horses. Diamond, M.J.; Young, L.E.; Bartram, D.H.; Gregg, A.S.; Clutton, R.E.; Long, K.J.; Jones, R.S. London : The Association; 1993 Jun05. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 132 (23): p. 572-575; 1993 Jun05. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Preanesthetic medication 84 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Clinical experience with isoflurane anesthesia in foals and adult horses. Rose, J.A.; Rose, E.M.; Peterson, P.R. Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1989. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (34th): p. 555-561; 1989. Meeting held December 4-7, 1988, San Diego, CA. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Foals; Anesthesia; Halothane; Anesthetics 85 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 Clinical investigations of halothane and isoflurane for induction and maintenance of foal anesthesia. Steffey, E.P.; Willits, N.; Wong, P.; Hildebrand, S.V.; Wheat, J.D.; Meagher, D.M.; Hodgson, D.; Pascoe, J.R.; Heath, R.B.; Dunlop, C. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Sep. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 14 (3): p. 300-309; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Foals; Halothane; Inhaled anesthetics; Anesthesia; Safety; Heart rate; Drug effects 86 NAL Call. No.: SF380.I52 Clinical observations in Shami goat kids sedated with medetomidine. Mohammad, F.K.; Zangana, I.K.; Al-Kassim, N.A. New York : Elsevier; 1991 Jul. Small ruminant research v. 5 (1/2): p. 149-153; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kids; Anesthetics; Analgesics; Physiological functions; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Body temperature; Rumen motility 87 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 Clinical use of epidural xylazine in the horse. LeBlanc, P.H.; Caron, J.P. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 May. Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (3): p. 180-181; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Conduction anesthesia; Xylazine 88 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47 Clinical use of positive-pressure ventilation in the horse. Shawley, R.V.; Mandsager, R.E. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1990 Dec. The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 6 (3): p. 575-585; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Ventilation; Equipment; Ventilators 89 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3 Clinical use of the neuromuscular blocking agents atracurium and pancuronium for equine anesthesia. Hildebrand, S.V.; Holland, M.; Copland, V.S.; Daunt, D.; Brock, N. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1989 Jul15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 195 (2): p. 212-219; 1989 Jul15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Muscle relaxants; Drug effects; Surgical operations 90 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 Closed-circuit liquid injection isoflurane anesthesia in the horse. Olson, K.N.; Klein, L.V.; Nann, L.E.; Soma, L.R. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1993 Jan. Veterinary surgery v. 22 (1): p. 73-78; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Horses; Anesthesia; Closed systems; Injection; Liquids; Surgery 91 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 A combination of methotrimeprazine, midazolam and guaiphenesin, with and without ketamine, in an anaesthetic procedure for horses. Luna, S.P.L.; Massone, F.; Castro, G.B.; Fantoni, D.T.; Hussni, C.A.; Aguiar, A.J.A. London : The Association; 1992 Jul11. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 131 (2): p. 33-35; 1992 Jul11. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Phenothiazines; Benzodiazepines; Guaifenesin; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Preanesthetic medication; Halothane; Drug effects; Adverse effects; Cardiovascular system; Respiration 92 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Common complications associated with equine chemical restraint and anesthesia. Muir, W.W. III Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1990. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 259-266; 1990. Meeting held December 2-5, 1990, Lexington, KY. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Restraint of animals; Anesthesia; Postoperative complications 93 NAL Call. No.: SF601.I4 Common conditions of domestic pigeons. Wallis, A.S. London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 May. In practice v. 13 (3): p. 95-100; 1991 May. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Racing pigeons; Animal health; Laboratory diagnosis; Parasites; Treatment; Drugs; Anesthetics; Symptoms 94 NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5 Comparative efficacy of FSH-P and PMSG on superovulation in Pashmina goats. Mahmood, S.; Koul, G.L.; Biswas, J.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991 Jun. Theriogenology v. 35 (6): p. 1191-1196; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Goats; Goat breeds; Superovulation; Fsh; Pmsg; Embryos; Isolation; Survival; Corpus luteum; Age; Conception; Embryo transfer; Anesthesia; Triflupromazine; Barbiturates Abstract: Twenty-eight Pashmina goats were utilized to study the comparative effect of FSH-P and PMSG on superovulatory response. The effect of FSH-P marketed by two commercial firms was compared with respect to the number of corpora lutea and embryos recovered. The difference was found to be nonsignificant. Superovulatory responses with FSH-P (pooled) and PMSG were 16.55 +/- 6.13 and 11.70 +/- 8.07, respectively, and the difference was significant (P<0.02). Recovery of embryos was significantly higher (P<0.001) with FSH-P (4.72 +/- 4.33) than with PMSG (2.50 +/- 5.02) treatment. The superovulatory response (number of corpora lutea) and the embryo recovery rate was better in higher age groups (4 to 6 yr) than younger goats (1.5 to 3 yr). The embryo survival rate was higher (54.54%) for recipients operated on under a basal anaesthetics (Triflupromazine hydrochloride USP) than for those operated on under barbiturate anaesthesia (13.64%). The overall conception rate was 34.09%. 95 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 A comparative physiological and behavioral study of freeze and hot-iron branding using dairy cows. Lay, D.C. Jr; Friend, T.H.; Bowers, C.L.; Grissom, K.K.; Jenkins, O.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1992 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 70 (4): p. 1121-1125; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Branding; Pain; Heart rate; Blood plasma; Hydrocortisone; Behavioral resistance; Animal welfare Abstract: A public debate has recently arisen, largely surrounding the issue of pain, over whether freeze or hot-iron branding should be the preferred method of permanently identifying cattle. This study addressed that question by quantifying the following accepted measures of distress and pain over a 25-min sampling period: elevated heart rate, concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and escape-avoidance reactions and vocalizations. Twenty-four dairy cows (15 Holsteins and 9 Jerseys) were assigned to one of three treatments: freeze-branded (F), hot-iron-branded (H), or sham-branded (S), in which a room-temperature brander was applied. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations showed no discernible trends. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated in the F and H cows from 5.5 min to 25.5 min postbranding (P = .04). Heart rate, analyzed as a proportion of the prebranding mean, showed that H cows had a greater, more acute, response than did F cows (P = .04), which exhibited a more prolonged response (P = .07). No cows vocalized during branding; however, H cows had a greater escape-avoidance reaction toward branding than did the F and S cows. Both methods of branding produced elevated heart rates and cortisol concentrations indicative of pain sensations. Because the cows exhibited a greater escape-avoidance reaction and heart rate proportions to hot-iron branding, freeze banding would be preferable to hot-iron branding when feasible. 96 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Comparative responses to anesthesia in the conditioned and nonconditioned Standardbred. Short, C.E.; Keegan, R.D.; Sanders, E.; Gleed, R.D.; Maylin, G.A.; Abdella, M.G. Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1993. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 51-67; 1993. Meeting helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia 97 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparative study of continuous lumbar segmental epidural and subarachnoid analgesia in Holstein cows. Skarda, R.T.; Muir, W.W.; Hubbell, J.A.E. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (1): p. 39-44. ill; 1989 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dairy cows; Analgesics; Procaine; Administration; Injections; Catheters; Holstein-friesian; Cardiovascular system; Respiratory system Abstract: Eight adult Holstein cows were used to compare the effects of lumbar segmental epidural analgesia (SEA) and lumbar segmental subarachnoid analgesia (SSA). A modified 17- gauge Huber point (Tuohy) needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into either the epidural space at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) intervertebral space or the tubarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction. The catheters were advanced so that their tips lay at the anterior lumbar (L1-L2) epidural space or at the thoracolumbar (T-13-L1) subarachnoid space. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 5% solution of procaine HCl was used at mean doses of 300 mg (6 ml) to induce SEA and 84.4 +/- 12.9 mg (1.7 +/-0.3 ml) to induce SSA. Onset of analgesia to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulation was significantly (P less than 0.05) faster in cows with SSA than in those with SEA (10.4 +/- 2.3 minutes vs 15.9 +/- 3.8 minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal cord segments T12 to L4 on one or both sides of the vertebral column during SEA and from T10 to L3 on one or both sides during SSA. Duration of analgesia lasted significantly (P less than 0.05) longer in cows with SEA than in those with SSA (76.2 +/- 16.2 minutes vs 53.7 +/- 14.3 minutes). The advantages and disadvantages of the SEA catheter technique are discussed. 98 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in rabbits, sheep, and dogs. Ilkiw, J.E.; Benthuysen, J.A.; McNeal, D. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Apr. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (4): p. 581-584; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dogs; Sheep; Rabbits; Analgesics; Pharmacokinetics; Species differences; Anesthesia Abstract: The central arterial pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, a short-acting opioid agonist, were studied in rabbits, sheep, and dogs after short-duration infusion of the drug. Alfentanil was infused until a set end point (high- amplitude, slow-wave activity on the EEG) was reached. This required a larger alfentanil dose and a higher alfentanil arterial concentration in sheep, compared with rabbits and dogs. The plasma concentration-time data for each animal were fitted, using nonlinear regression, and in all animals, were best described by use of a triexponential function. In this study, differences in the disposition kinetics of alfentanil among the 3 species were found for only distribution clearance and initial distribution half-life. In dogs, compared with rabbits and sheep, the first distribution half-life was longer, probably because of pronounced drug-induced bradycardia (mean +/- SD, 48 +/-21 beats/min). Distribution clearance was faster in sheep, compared with dogs, also probably because of better blood flow in sheep. Elimination half-life was similar in all species (rabbits, 62.4 +/- 11.3 minutes; sheep, 65.1 +/- 27.1 minutes; dogs, 58.3 +/- 10.3 minutes). This rapid half-life resulted from a small steady- state volume of distribution (rabbits, 908.3 +/- 269.0 ml/kg; sheep, 720.0 +/- 306.7 ml/kg; dogs, 597.7 +/- 290.2 ml/kg) and rapid systemic clearance (rabbits, 19.4 +/- 5.3 ml/min/kg; sheep, 13.3 +/- 3.0 ml/min/kg; dogs, 18.7 +/- 7.5 ml/min/kg). On the basis of these pharmacokinetic variables, alfentanil should have short duration of action in rabbits, sheep, and dogs. This may be beneficial in veterinary practice where rapid recovery would be expected after bolus administration for short procedures or after infusion for longer procedures. 99 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Comparative study of ultrasonography and arteriography of the carotid artery of xylazine-sedated and halothane-anesthetized goats. Lee, S.W.; Hankes, G.H.; Purohit, R.C.; Bartels, J.E.; Cartee, R.E.; Pablo, L.; Conti, J.C. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jan. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (1): p. 109-113. ill; 1990 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Goats; Ultrasound; Diagnostic techniques; Blood vessel disorders; Arteries; Neck; Diameter; Blood flow; Xylazine; Halothane Abstract: The carotid artery of clinically normal goats was examined, using duplex ultrasonography and arteriography. The diameter of the carotid artery was measured by use of two- dimensional ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography, respectively, before and after xylazine administration. The diameter of the artery was also measured by use of an arteriography technique in halothane-anesthetized goats. There was no significant difference between the mean diameter of the carotid artery measured by ultrasonography in conscious nonsedated goats and that determined by arteriography in goats under halothane anesthesia. On the other hand, ultrasonography of xylazine-sedated goats revealed an increase of carotid artery diameter of 20 to 30%. There was no change in the velocity of blood flow after xylazine administration. 100 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C81 A comparison of end-tidal halothane concentrations measured at proximal and distal ends of the endotracheal tube in the horse. Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Cornick, J.L.; Jacobson, J.D.; Williams, J.D. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell Veterinarian, Inc; 1992 Jan. Cornell veterinarian v. 82 (1): p. 21-27; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Anesthesia; Concentration; Measurement; Sampling 101 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses. Matthews, N.S.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Cornick, J.L.; Williams, J.D.; Beasley, A. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1991 Jul. Veterinary surgery v. 20 (4): p. 268-273; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Injectable anesthetics; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Ketamine 102 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and xylazine/lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in horses. Grubb, T.L.; Riebold, T.W.; Huber, M.J. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Oct15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201 (8): p. 1187-1190; 1992 Oct15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Lidocaine; Xylazine; Drug combinations; Conduction anesthesia; Duration; Catheters 103 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 A comparison of methods for proximal palmar metacarpal analgesia in horses. Ford, T.S.; Ross, M.W.; Orsini, P.G. Philadelphia, Pa. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989 Mar. Veterinary surgery v. 18 (2): p. 146-150. ill; 1989 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Metacarpus; Carpus; Joints (animal); Anesthesia; Injections; Analgesics; Infiltration 104 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3 Comparison of recoveries from halothane vs isoflurane anesthesia in horses. Matthews, N.S.; Miller, S.M.; Hartsfield, S.M.; Slater, M.R. Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1992 Aug15. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 201 (4): p. 559-563; 1992 Aug15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Halothane; Inhaled anesthetics; Anesthesia; Recovery; Time; Surgery 105 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 A comparison of responses to analgesia of the navicular bursa and intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalagneal joint in 59 horses. Dyson, S.J.; Kidd, L. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1993 Mar. Equine veterinary journal v. 25 (2): p. 93-98; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Horses; Lameness; Analgesics; Serous bursa; Joints (animal); Synovial fluid 106 NAL Call. No.: 410.9 P94 Comparison of Telazol, Telazol-ketamine, Telazol-xylazine, and Telazol-ketamine-xylazine as chemical restraint and anesthetic induction combination in swine. Ko, J.C.H.; Williams, B.L.; Smith, V.L.; McGrath, C.J.; Jacobson, J.D. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science; 1993 Oct. Laboratory animal science v. 43 (5): p. 476-480; 1993 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Anesthesia Abstract: The use of Telazol (T, tiletamine and zolazepam, 4.4 mg T/kg) alone, Telazol-ketamine (TK, 4.4 mg T/kg and 2.2 mg K/kg), Telazol-xylazine (TX, 4.4 mg T/kg, 2.2 mg X/kg), and Telazol-ketamine-xylazine (TKX, 4.4 mg T/kg, 2.2 mg K/kg, and 2.2 mg X/kg) as chemical restraint and anesthetic induction combination was compared in pigs. Forty mixed-breed healthy pigs (24.4 +/- 5.6 kg, mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups (T, TK, TX, TKX) with 10 pigs in each group. All the anesthetics were premixed by adding sterile water, ketamine, xylazine, or xylazine and ketamine directly into the Telazol vial and given as a single intramuscular injection. All four anesthetic combinations induced a rapid onset of sternal recumbency within 1.76 +/- 1.0 minutes and lateral recumbency within 3.02 +/- 2.2 minutes in pigs after intramuscular injection; there was no significant difference among treatments. The combinations TX and TKX induced analgesia (as evident by a lack of response to needle prick in the middle portion of the pinna and flank regions) duration of 29.0 +/- 11.0 and 36.0 +/- 12.2 minutes, respectively, and ability to tolerate tracheal intubation (as evident by lack of coughing and chewing response to a laryngoscope) for a period of 34.0 +/-8.4 and 39.0 +/- 9.9 minutes, respectively. The combinations T and TK did not induce analgesia nor conditions suitable for intubation. Duration of lateral recumbency was 29.9 +/- 10, 33.1 +/- 6.9, 52.2 +/- 6.9, and 61.5 +/- 10.7 minutes in T-, TK-, TX-, and TKX-treated pigs, respectively. Recovery quality was roughest in T-treated pigs. It was somewhat improved in TK- and TKX- treated pigs. The smoothest recovery was observed in TX- treated pigs.We concluded that all four anesthetic combinations were suitable for chemical restraint in pigs, but only TKX and TX were suitable for either anesthetic induction or short-term anesthesia. The addition of ketamine to the TX combination (i.e., TKX) did not provide any significant advantages over TX alone when these agents were used for anesthetic induction or short-term anesthesia. 107 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Comparison of the sedative effects of medetomidine and xylazine in horses. Bryant, C.E.; England, G.C.W.; Clarke, K.W. London : The Association; 1991 Nov09. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 129 (19): p. 421-423; 1991 Nov09. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Alpha-adrenergic receptors; Xylazine; Drug effects; Intravenous injection; Adverse effects 108 NAL Call. No.: SF915.J63 A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha 2- adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse. England, G.C.W.; Clarke, K.W.; Goossens, L. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Jun. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics v. 15 (2): p. 194-201; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Xylazine; Agonists; Anesthesia; Dosage; Intravenous injection; Adverse effects 109 NAL Call. No.: SF910.P34A55 1992 Comparison of the thermal and mechanical antiociceptive actions of opioids and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists in sheep. Livingston, A.; Waterman, A.E.; Nolan, A.; Amin, A. New York : Churchill Livingstone; 1992. Animal pain / edited by Charles E. Short, Alan Van Poznak. p. 372-377, 400; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Agonists; Opioids; Pain; Testing; Animal experiments; Alpha-adrenergic receptors; Analgesics; Xylazine; Fentanyl; Pethidine; Laboratory tests 110 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Au72 Comparison of tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in sheep. Lin, H.C. \u Auburn University, AL; Wallace, S.S.; Tyler, J.W.; Robbins, R.L.; Thurmon, J.C.; Wolfe, D.F. Brunswick, Vic. : Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-; 1994 Aug. Australian veterinary journal v. 71 (8): p. 239-242; 1994 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Anesthesia; Drug combinations; Injectable anesthetics; Xylazine; Heart rate; Respiration rate; Blood pressure; Electrocardiograms 111 NAL Call. No.: SF911.V43 A comparison of xylazine-diazepam-ketamine and xylazine- guaifenesin-ketamine in equine anesthesia. Brock, N.; Hildebrand, S.V. Hagerstown, Md. : J.B. Lippincott Company; 1990 Nov. Veterinary surgery v. 19 (6): p. 468-474; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthetics; Diazepam; Ketamine; Xylazine; Guaifenesin 112 NAL Call. No.: SF895.P76 Complications associated with alcohol tail-blocks in three horses. Stewart, R.H.; Reed, S.M.; Weisbrode, S.E. Washington, D.C. : Fidia Research Foundation; 1990. Progress in veterinary neurology v. 1 (4): p. 476-480; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Case reports; Complications; Ethanol; Injection; Tail; Conduction anesthesia 113 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Compressed spectral analysis of the EEG as an indicator of anesthetic quality during anesthesia for orthopedic surgery in the horses. Short, C.E.; Ekstrom, P.M. Lexington, Ky. : The Association; 1993. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 69-80; 1993. Meeting helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia 114 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 A computer-derived protocol to aid in selecting medical versus surgical treatment of horses with abdominal pain. Ducharme, N.G.; Pascoe, P.J.; Lumsden, J.H.; Ducharme, G.R. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1989 Nov. Equine veterinary journal v. 21 (6): p. 447-450; 1989 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Abdomen; Pain; Colic; Medical treatment; Surgery; Decision analysis; Computer analysis 115 NAL Call. No.: SF601.C24 A computer-derived protocol using recursive partitioning to aid in estimating prognosis of horses with abdominal pain in referral hospitals. Pascoe, P.J.; Ducharme, N.G.; Ducharme, G.R.; Lumsden, J.H. Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Jul. Canadian journal of veterinary research; Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire v. 54 (3): p. 373-378; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Abdomen; Survival; Estimation; Computer analysis 116 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Contribution of amino acid transmitters to epileptiform activity and reflex suppression in electrically head stunned sheep. Cook, C.J.; Devine, C.E.; Tavener, A.; Gilbert, K.V. London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jan. Research in veterinary science v. 52 (1): p. 48-56; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sheep; Stunning; Electrical treatment; Gamma- aminobutyric acid; Amino acids; Receptors; Anesthetics; Reflexes; Convulsions Abstract: In sheep, administration of a combination of zolazepam and tiletamine hydrochloride resulted in a dose dependent reduction in the duration of epileptic activity induced by an electric stun applied to the head. The compound also lengthened the normal period of reflex suppression that occurs after a stun. Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists (2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic and 2-amino-5- phosphonovaleric acids) also reduced the duration of epileptic activity following an electric stun. These drugs did not alter the time of pedal and ear pinch reflex suppression. Administration of bicuculline (a gamma amino-4-butyric acid [GABA] receptor antagonist) reduced the period of stun induced reflex suppression and increased seizure duration. Administration of a GABA receptor agonist, baclofen, increased the duration of reflex suppression. The results suggest that the development of epileptiform-like activity following application of an electric current to the head is dependent upon excitatory amino acid receptors. The reflex suppression that also arises following an electric stun is contributed to by the activation of GABA receptor mechanisms. 117 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Correlation between drug and metabolite concentrations in plasma and anesthetic action of ketamine in swine. Loscher, W.; Ganter, M.; Fassbender, C.P. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1990 Mar. American journal of veterinary research v. 51 (3): p. 391-398; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Ketamine; Anesthesia; Blood plasma; Metabolites; Administration; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacodynamics Abstract: Pharmacokinetic variables and metabolism of IM and IV administered ketamine (15 mg/kg of body weight) were determined in 8 swine (2 adult sows and 6 young pigs). After IM administration, maximal plasma concentration was rapidly reached, but peak concentration varied considerably, although comparison with IV data for the same swine indicated that the drug was almost completely absorbed from the musculature. After IV administration, ketamine kinetics followed a 3-term exponential decrease, indicating rapid initial distribution of the drug to highly vascular tissues including the brain, followed by redistribution into less vascular tissues, and elimination. Redistribution and elimination phases, with similar kinetics as those observed in the IV experiment, also were determined in the IM experiment. After both routes of administration, onset of anesthesia was rapid, and most swine recovered consciousness during the phase of redistribution, indicating that anesthesia is terminated by redistribution of drug from the brain into other tissues, whereas metabolism and excretion are less important for duration of anesthesia induced by ketamine. The time during which the swine resumed a lateral position (sleep time) was positively correlated with plasma ketamine concentration at onset of lateral recumbency, as well as with the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. The minimal plasma ketamine concentration for induction of immobilization was about 2 microgram/ml. In adult sows, ketamine induced profound analgesia, which was not obtained in young pigs; this difference in potency could not be related to pharmacokinetic differences between young and adult swine. With respect to metabolism of ketamine in swine, the major metabolite in plasma was norketamine (metabolite I), whereas a second metabolite (metabolite II) was detected only in low concentrations. Elimination half-life of ketamine was about 2 hours after either IM or IV administration. 118 NAL Call. No.: SF391.P55 Creatine kinase activity in blood plasma and muscles of pigs susceptible and resistant to halothane anaesthesia. Poltarsky, J.; Kolataj, A.; Bulla, J. Wallingford : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; 1989 Dec. Pig news and information v. 10 (4): p. 469-472; 1989 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Creatine kinase; Enzyme activity; Blood plasma; Longissimus dorsi; Halothane; Drug resistance; Sex differences 119 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 M69 Critical care in adult horses: restraint, analgesia, and anti- inflammatory support. Bertone, J.J. Lenexa, Kan. : Veterinary Medicine Publishing Co; 1993 Nov. Veterinary medicine v. 88 (11): p. 1066-1073; 1993 Nov. First of a series. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Intensive care; Restraint of animals; Anesthesia; Antiinflammatory agents; Drug therapy 120 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Cushioning the effects of anaesthesia. Vogel, C. London : The Association; 1990 Oct20. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 127 (16): p. 394; 1990 Oct20. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Anesthetics 121 NAL Call. No.: SF951.V47 The decision process: standing surgery versus general anesthesia and recumbency. Bertone, A.L. Philadelphia, Pa. : W.B. Saunders; 1991 Dec. The Veterinary clinics of North America : equine practice v. 7 (3): p. 485-488; 1991 Dec. In the series analytic: Standing surgery / edited by Alicia L. Bertone. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Surgery; Anesthesia; Decision making; Restraint of animals; Risk; Safety; Time; Costs 122 NAL Call. No.: 475 J824 Determination of residues of carazolol and a number of tranquillizers in swine kidney by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. Keukens, H.J.; Aerts, M.M.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1989 Feb17. Journal of chromatography v. 464 (1): p. 149-161; 1989 Feb17. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Netherlands; Pigs; Kidneys; Drug residues; Neuroleptics; Determination; Liquid chromatography; Fluorescence; Ultraviolet spectroscopy 123 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Determination of sensitivity to metocurine in exercised horses. White, D.A.; Hildebrand, S.V.; Jones, J.H.; Fung, D.L.; Gronert, G.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1992 May. American journal of veterinary research v. 53 (5): p. 757-761; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Muscle relaxants; Exercise; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacodynamics Abstract: On the basis of results in dogs, conditioning exercise may increase sensitivity to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Five Thoroughbreds were exercised/conditioned 3 times weekly on a treadmill for 8 months. Increasing maximal rate of O2 consumption verified that the horses were responding to exercise conditioning. Six nonexercised Thoroughbreds served as the control group. Studies were done with horses under general anesthesia by use of halothane during partial paralysis by a brief constant-rate infusion with the muscle relaxant, metocurine iodide. Quantification of degree of paralysis of the hoof twitch (eg, digital extensor) occurred with simultaneous quantification of blood values of metocurine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of the data were done by a nonlinear regression program, using the Hill equation. There were no differences in findings between exercised and nonexercised horses. The mean blood concentration for the 50% paralyzing dose of metocurine was 0.44 +/- 0.11 (SD) micrograms/ml in exercised horses, and 0.58 +/- 0.22 micrograms/ml in nonexercised horses. Despite evidence for a response to conditioning, a significant change in the sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction to metocurine was not found. 124 NAL Call. No.: 475 J824 Determination of tranquilisers and carazolol residues in animal tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Rose, M.D.; Shearer, G. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992 Oct30. Journal of chromatography v. 624 (1/2): p. 471-477; 1992 Oct30. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Animal tissues; Drug residues; Food analysis; Food contamination; Carazolol; Neuroleptics; Detection; Hplc 125 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A46 Detomidine as a sedative and premedicant in the horse (1985-1990). Clarke, K.W.; Gerring, E.L. Manhattan, Kan. : The Association; 1990. Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 629-635; 1990. Meeting held December 2-5, 1990, Lexington, KY. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Preanesthetic medication; Agonists 126 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65 Detomidine hydrochloride versus xylazine plus morphine as sedative and analgesic agents for flank laparotomies and ovary and oviduct removal in standing mares. Jochle, W.; Woods, G.L.; Little, T.V.; Hillman, R.B.; Ball, B.A. Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1991 Jul. Journal of equine veterinary science v. 11 (4): p. 225-228; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Mares; Reproductive disorders; Ovariectomy; Oviducts; Surgical operations; Analgesics; Xylazine; Morphine; Laparotomy 127 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641 Detomidine-ketamine anaesthesia in chickens. Mohammad, F.K.; Al-Badrany, M.S.; Al-Hasan, A.M. London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Aug21. The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary Association v. 133 (8): p. 192; 1993 Aug21. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Chickens; Detomidine; Ketamine; Drug combinations 128 NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Yang Development of ELISA tests for acepromazine, fluphenazine and detomidine tranquilizers in performance horses. Yang, Jyan-Ming, 1992; 1992. x, 140 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographic references (l. 124-136). Language: English Descriptors: Radioimmunoassay; Drug testing; Race horses 129 NAL Call. No.: 49 J82 The development of pain in young pigs associated with castration and attempts to prevent castration-induced behavioral changes. McGlone, J.J.; Nicholson, R.I.; Hellman, J.M.; Herzog, D.N. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1993 Jun. Journal of animal science v. 71 (6): p. 1441-1446; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Pain; Castration; Analgesics; Animal welfare; Age differences; Animal behavior; Liveweight gain; Survival Abstract: Four experiments were conducted to examine the development of castration-induced behavioral changes, the effects of castration age on pig weight gain, and the efficacy of common analgesics for use in castrated pigs. In Exp. 1, behavioral changes associated with castration of pigs at 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 d of age were evaluated. Castration caused measurable changes (reduced suckling, reduced standing, and increased lying times, P < .05) in the behavior of young pigs compared with that of intact pigs at all ages tested. Effects of age and interactions between age and castration treatment were not significant (P > .10) for any behaviors evaluated. In Exp. 2, the performance of pigs castrated at 1 d of age was compared with the performance of those castrated on d 14 and female littermates. Birth weights, weaning weights, and mortality were recorded. Pigs that were castrated on d 14 were heavier (P = .05) at weaning and had a higher (P < .05) weight gain during lactation compared to pigs castrated on d 1 of age. Pig mortality was similar among the treatments. In Exp. 3 and 4, the efficacies of pain-reducing drugs (non-narcotic analgesics) were evaluated for effectiveness in reducing castration-induced behavioral changes in 8-wk-old pigs. Although castration reduced (P < .05) feeding time and weight gain, neither aspirin nor butorphanol influenced behavioral changes associated with castration. We conclude that pigs show similar behavioral changes (and probably pain perception) when castrated from 1 to 20 d of age. However, pig performance data favored castration at 14 d rather than at 1 d of age. Among older pigs, which show much greater behavioral effects of castration, analgesics (aspirin and butorphanol), used at recommended doses, provided no measurable effect on castration-induced behavioral changes. 130 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A Differential artificial ventilation in anesthetized horses positioned in lateral recumbency. Moens, Y.; Lagerweij, E.; Gootjes, P.; Poortman, J. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1994 Sep. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (9): p. 1319-1326; 1994 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Lung ventilation; Gas exchange; Respiratory gases; Position; Anesthesia Abstract: Effects of differential ventilation on gas exchange were studied in 7 isoflurane-anesthetized, laterally recumbent horses, and were compared with effects of conventional ventilation, using similar minute volume. A tracheal tube-in- tube intubation technique allowed each lung to be connected separately to an anesthetic circle system with a ventilator. Two distribution patterns of tidal volume were investigated; half the tidal volume was distributed to each lung and two- thirds the tidal volume was distributed to the dependent lung. Effects of the combination of these patterns with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 and 20 cm of H20 to the dependent lung were investigated. Differential ventilation maintained PaCO2, but significantly increased PaO2, from 180 to 270 mm of Hg (+44%) and decreased shunt perfusion from 22 to 19% (-15%), regardless of the distribution pattern used. Mean airway pressure was lower than the value detected during conventional ventilation. The combination of differential ventilation with selective PEEP was followed by a decrease in PaCO2 and further increase of PaO2 and decrease of shunt, which were similar for both distribution patterns. Effects of PEEP of 20 cm of H2O were more pronounced than those of PEEP of 10 cm of H2O. Owing to the combined effects of differential ventilation and selective PEEP, PaO2 increased to 399 mm of Hg and shunt decreased to 15%. This represents increase of 112% and decrease of 33% respectively, compared with values for conventional ventilation. Mean airway pressure increased maximally to 23 cm of H2O, which was 11 cm of H2O greater than the value for conventional ventilation. During differential ventilation, alveolar dead space in the dependent lung became greater than that in the nondependent lung and maximum was 39%. There were no significant changes in arterial blood pressure. Beneficial effects on gas exchange can be explained by improved matching of ventilation and perfusion, possibly attributable to reopening of previously dosed units in the dependent lung. 131 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Am3 Dominant inheritance of overo spotting in paint horses. Bowling, A.T. New York, N.Y. : Oxford University Press; 1994 May. The Journal of heredity v. 85 (3): p. 222-224; 1994 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Paint; Color patterns; Inheritance; Autosomes; Dominance; Genes Abstract: Analysis of selected studbook records of the American Paint Horse Association, consisting of 687 foals sired by 13 overo stallions from non-overo mares, supports the inheritance of overo spotting as an autosomal dominant gene. More than one gene may control patterns registered as overo. Additional studies are necessary to explain the sporadic occurrence of overo spotting from nonspotted quarter horse parents and to confirm the inheritance of overo spotting in other breeds. 132 NAL Call. No.: SF951.J65 Dose selection for detomidine as a sedative and analgesic in horses with colic from controlled and open clinical studies. Jochle, W. Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM; 1990 Jan. Journal of equine veterinary science v. 10 (1): p. 6-11; 1990 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Colic; Analgesics; Drug effects; Dosage effects; Duration 133 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312 Dose-response relationship of atracurium besylate in the halothane-anaesthetised pig. Shorten, G.D.; Gibbs, N.M. London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Nov. Research in veterinary science v. 55 (3): p. 392-393; 1993 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pigs; Muscle relaxants; Dosage; Halothane; Anesthesia Abstract: The dose response relationship for the intermediate-acting non-depolarising muscle relaxant, atracurium besylate in the pig was determined using evoked electromyography. An incremental dose technique was used in seven Large White/Landrace crossbred pigs anaesthetised with nitrous oxide and halothane. ED50 and FD95 were 510 +/- 87 micrograms kg-1 and 1150 +/- 270 micrograms kg-1, respectively. Although these values may represent an overestimate, they provide a reasonable guideline for the use of atracurium by veterinary anaesthetists. 134 NAL Call. No.: SF955.E6 Doxapram infusion during halothane anaesthesia in ponies. Taylor, P.M. Newmarket : R & W Publications; 1990 Sep. Equine veterinary journal v. 22 (5): p. 329-332; 1990 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Halothane; Doxapram; Analeptics; Respiratory system 135 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity in anesthetized horses, maintained at 1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane. Hellyer, P.W.; Dodam, J.R.; Light, G.S. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991 Oct. American journal of veterinary research v. 52 (10): p. 1672-1675; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Anesthesia; Heart rate; Blood pressure; Reflexes; Xylazine; Ketamine; Halothane; Vasoconstrictor agents Abstract: Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity for increasing arterial pressure (DBSI) was used to quantitatively assess the effects of anesthesia on the heart rate/arterial pressure relationship during rapid (less than or equal to 2 minutes) pressure changes in the horse. Anesthesia was induced with IV administration of xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.1 to 1.2% (1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration). Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was increased a minimum of 30 mm of Hg in response to an IV bolus injection of phenylephrine HCl. Linear regression was used to determine the slope of the R-R interval/SAP relationship. During dynamic increases in SAP, a significant correlation between R-R interval and SAP was observed in 8 of 8 halothane-anesthetized horses. Correlation coefficients between R-R interval and sap were > 0.80 in 5 of 8 horses. Mean (+/- SD) DBSI was 4.8 +/- 3.4 ms/mm of Hg in anesthetized horses. A significant correlation between R-R interval and SAP was observed in only 3 of 6 awake horses during dynamic increases in SAP. Lack of correlation between R-R interval and SAP in 3 of 6 awake horses indicated that rapidly increasing SAP with an IV phenylephrine bolus is a poor method to evaluate baroreceptor-mediated heart rate changes in awake horses. Reflex slowing of heart rate in response to a rising arterial pressure appeared to have been overridden by the effects of excitement. Mean (+/- SD) DBSI (3 horses) was 7.3 +/- 3.3 ms/mm of Hg in awake horses. 136 NAL Call. No.: 444.8 G28 Dynorphin modulates prolactin secretion in the turkey. Youngren, O.M.; Silsby, J.L.; Phillips, R.E.; El Halawani, M.E. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Aug. General and comparative endocrinology v. 91 (2): p. 224-231; 1993 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hens; Turkeys; Prolactin; Hormone secretion; Opioid peptides; Endorphins; Enkephalins; Hypothalamus; Infusion Abstract: Big dynorphin (prodynorphin 209-240), dynorphin A (prodynorphin 209-225), dynorphin B (prodynorphin 228-240), beta-endorphin (beta-lipotrophin 61-90), or Met-enkephalin, each infused into the third ventricle, were tested for their effect on PRL release in the anesthetized turkey hen. Laying hens that received big dynorphin at the rate of 0.35 nmol/min showed a 5.1-fold increase in serum PRL at the end of a 30-min infusion period. In a second experiment, the big dynorphin- induced PRL increase was 2.6-fold. Nest-deprived, previously incubating hens that received big dynorphin displayed an 8.2- fold increase in serum PRL. Laying and nest-deprived incubating control birds infused with saline displayed no PRL increases. Laying hens that received dynorphin A (0.35 nmol/min) showed a 1.5-fold increase in serum PRL after 30 min of infusion; after 40 min of infusion, this increase rose to 2.7-fold. Infusions of beta-endorphin (0.35 nmol/min), or Met- enkephalin (0.35 nmol/min) failed to evoke PRL increases in either laying or nest-deprived incubating turkeys. Infusion of big dynorphin or dynorphin A for 120 min maintained an elevated PRL level across the period, a level equal to that evoked by electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic nucleus (ES/POM). Infusion of dynorphin B (0.48 nmol/min) or a reduced dose of dynorphin A (0.09 nmol/min) augmented the PRL response evoked by ES/POM. No augmentation was noted for beta- endorphin or Met-enkephalin, nor for saline-infused controls. The dynorphin-induced PRL response appeared to be dose- dependent. It appears that dynorphin is involved in the regulation of turkey PRL and that beta-endorphin and Met enkephalin, at the doses tested, are not. 137 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A Effect of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist on cardiovascular and peripheral cellular responses to colonic ischemia and reperfusion in anesthetized ponies. Wilson, D.V.; Stick, J.A. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association; 1993 Mar. American journal of veterinary research v. 54 (3): p. 443-448; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Horses; Platelets; Phospholipids; Antagonists; Torsion; Colon; Ischemia; Immune response; Cardiovascular system; Pathogenesis Abstract: The role of platelet-activating factor in mediating the cardiovascular and peripheral cellular responses to large- colon ischemia and reperfusion, was explored in anesthetized ponies. A specific platelet. activating factor (PAF) antagonist (WEB 2086) was administered to a group of 6 ponies, and another 6 ponies (controls) were given an equivalent volume of saline solution, prior to 1 hour of large-colon torsion. After correction of the torsion, ponies were monitored during the reperfusion period. Significant (P < 0.05) hypotension and metabolic acidosis developed in afl ponies after correction of colonic torsion, cardiac index increased initially, but then decreased significantly (P < 0.05) over the study period. Mean times between correction of torsion and onset of cardiac failure and death were not different between groups. Significant (P < 0.0