AWIC

Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Dairy Cattle

Animal Welfare Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library

ISSN: 1052-5378

Quick Bibliography Series, QB 95-15
January 1985 - March 1995

Updated by: Information Resources on the Care and Welfare of Dairy Cattle, 1996-2002

Compiled By:
D'Anna J.B. Jensen
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
USDA logo ARS logo NAL logo


Go to:
About the Quick Bibliography Series
Document Delivery Information
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record
Search Strategy
Author Index
Subject Index

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

 Jensen, D'Anna J.B.
   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of dairy cattle.
   (Quick bibliography series ; 95-15)
   1.Dairy cattle--Bibliography. I. Title.
 aZ5071.N3 no.95-15
 

Search Strategy

 Set    Description
 
 S1     DAIR? AND (BOVINE OR BOS OR COW? OR BULL?? OR STEER??
        OR HEIFER? OR CALK OR CALVE?? OR CATTLE)
 S2     S1 AND SH=(L100 OR L300 OR N100)
 S3     S2 AND (HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR STRUCT? OR PEN?? OR
        STALL?? OR CONFIN? OR STANCHION?? OR FREE(W)STALL? OR
        PARLOR?)
 S4     S1 AND STRESS?
 S5     S4 NOT SH=L500
 S6     S1 AND (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR HUMANE OR HANDL? OR
        CARE)
 S7     (S3+S5+S6)
 S8     S7 AND PY=1985:1995
 S9     RD (unique items)
 

 1                                    NAL Call. No.: SF196.U5A8
 1987 heat-stress trials in Saudi Arabia.
 Armstrong, D.V.; Wise, M.E.
 Tucson, Ariz. : The Service; 1987 Jun.
 Arizona dairy newsletter - University of Arizona, Cooperative
 Extension Service. p. 2; 1987 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Saudi arabia; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Milk
 production; Lactation; Cooling
 
 
 2                                  NAL Call. No.: S544.3.V8V52
 4-H dairy project 1.
 Hartman, D.A.
 Blacksburg, Va. : Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic
 Institute and State University; 1991.
 Publication - Virginia Cooperative Extension Service
 (404-777): 19 p.; 1991.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: 4-h clubs; Calves; Selection; Calf feeding; Calf
 diseases; Calf housing; Dehorning; Teats
 
 
 3                                     NAL Call. No.: 100 M69MI
 Advanced techniques practiced at new dairy research unit.
 Broadway, R.
 Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1988 Apr.
 MAFES research highlights - Mississippi Agricultural and
 Forestry Experiment Station v. 51 (4): p. 8. ill; 1988 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Mississippi; Experimental stations; Farm dairies;
 Milking; Cow housing; Programmed feed dispensers
 
 
 4                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 C164
 Air quality in six Alberta commercial free-stall dairy barns.
 Clark, P.C.; McQuitty, J.B.
 Ottawa : Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering; 1987
 Jan. Canadian agricultural engineering v. 29 (1): p. 77-80;
 1987 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Alberta; Barns; Cow housing; Air quality; Carbon
 dioxide; Ammonia; Hydrogen sulfide; Dust; Moisture;
 Ventilation
 
 
 5                                   NAL Call. No.: S539.5.R473
 All year housing of dairy cows.
 Poole, D.A.
 Harlow, Essex : Longman; 1987.
 Research and development in agriculture v. 4 (2): p. 77-81.
 ill; 1987. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing; Feed intake; Milk
 production
 
 
 6                                     NAL Call. No.: aTD930.Y6
 Alternatives for dairy manure management.
 Young, C. Edwin; Alwang, Jeffrey R.; Crowder, Bradley M.
 United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resource
 Economics Division Washington, D.C. : United States Dept. of
 Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Natural Resourse
 Economics Division,; 1986.
 vi, 35 p. ; 28 cm.. (ERS staff report ; no. AGES 860422). 
 Cover title. Bibliography: p. 28.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Manure; Handling; Dairy cattle;
 Manure; Management; Manures; Management; Agricultural wastes;
 Environmental aspects; United States
 
 
 7                                    NAL Call. No.: S540.S7K36
 Analysis of a two lactation target animal safety study of
 somidobove sustained release injection in multiparous dairy
 cows.
 Tonkinson, L.V.; Basson, R.P.; McGuffey, R.K.; Deldar, A.;
 Fisher, L. Manhattan, Kan. : Dept. of Statistics, Kansas State
 University; 1989. Proceedings of the ... Kansas State
 University conference on applied statistics in agriculture. p.
 34-36; 1989.  Meeting held April 30 - May 2, 1989, Manhattan,
 Kansas.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation;
 Animal welfare; Dosage effects
 
 
 8                                    NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72
 Analysis of equipotential plane installations.
 Kammel, D.W.; Jones, B.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1987.
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche
 collection) (fiche no. 87-3037): 12 p. ill; 1987.  Paper
 presented at the 1987 Summer Meeting of the American Society
 of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950
 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order
 Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle housing; Planes;
 Installations; Facilities; Electric current; Costs
 
 
 9                                     NAL Call. No.: 281.8 C16
 An analysis of the structural and welfare effects of bovine
 somatotropin on the Ontario dairy industry.
 Oxley, J.; Fox, G.; Moschini, G.
 Ottawa : Canadian Agricultural Economics and Farm Management
 Society; 1989 Nov.
 Canadian journal of agricultural economics; Revue Canadienne
 d'economie rurale v. 37 (3): p. 393-406; 1989 Nov.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Ontario; Dairy industry; Somatotropin; Structural
 change; Welfare economics; Technology; Economic impact; Farm
 surveys; Quotas; Simulation models; Surpluses; Innovation
 adoption
 
 
 10                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Analytical tools for material and energy balance, cash flow,
 and environmental loads in a dairy cattle enterprise.
 Saama, P.M.; Koenig, B.E.; Koenig, H.E.; Anderson, J.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994
 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (4): p. 994-1002; 1994
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy farming; Computer software; Systems
 analysis; Network analysis; Material balance; Energy balance;
 Externalities
 
 Abstract:  Analytical tools for the preconstruction technical
 design and postconstruction management of a dairy enterprise
 are presented. The enterprise is represented as a network of
 production processes with alternative operating technologies
 and scale of operation as technical parameters of
 environmental loads and cash flow. The operating technologies
 of the network are represented by material conversion
 coefficients and energetic cost functions. Generalized laws of
 material and energy balance are used to define an on-line
 management accounting system for recording resource and
 product flows, physical energy, and human time involved in the
 production process. Cash flow and value added are computed
 from the technologies of the network, prices of material and
 energetic resources, and costs of operating facilities. A
 microcomputer application was developed to evaluate the
 environmental loads and the economic consequences of
 alternative technologies, product prices, and amortization
 schedules for facility and equipment costs. The concepts and
 analytical tools presented for the design and management of
 dairy enterprises provide a framework through which scientists
 across disciplines and producers across product lines can work
 together to increase overall farm profitability and to reduce
 environmental loads.
 
 
 11                                   NAL Call. No.: SF241.L8N6
 Anatomy and physiology of the udder.
 Nickerson, S.C.
 Homer, La. : The Station; 1992.
 Dairy research report - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
 Station. p. 159-176; 1992.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Udders; Teats; Animal anatomy;
 Mammary glands; Mammary tissue; Mammary development; Milk
 synthesis; Milk secretion; Milk ejection; Milk yield; Milking
 
 
 12                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V6456
 Animal husbandry review.
 Ewer, T.K.
 London : Scientechnica; 1988.
 The Veterinary annual v. 28: p. 1-22. ill; 1988.  Literature
 review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Sheep; Pigs; Animal husbandry; Animal
 feeding; Diets; Concentrates; Hay; Silage; Forage; Animal
 breeding; Pig housing
 
 
 13                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3
 Animal rights.
 Clark, E.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1988 Aug.
 Dairy herd management v. 25 (8): p. 4; 1988 Aug.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare; Cattle husbandry
 
 
 14                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3
 Animal rights.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1988 Dec.
 Dairy herd management v. 25 (12): p. 8-10, 12, 14-15. ill;
 1988 Dec.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy herds; Animal welfare; Animal
 husbandry; Cattle housing; Dairy legislation; Public opinion;
 Abuse; Politics
 
 
 15                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Antibiotic residue prevention methods, farm management, and
 occurrence of antibiotic residues in milk.
 McEwen, S.A.; Black, W.D.; Meek, A.H.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2128-2137; 1991
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Antibiotic residues; Dairy farms; Milking
 parlors; Questionnaires; Dairying; Farm management; Prevention
 
 Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine
 associations among the occurrence of antibiotic residues in
 bulk milk and various farm management practices. Ninety-four
 dairy farms were visited after antibiotic residues were
 detected in samples of their bulk milk (case farms) along with
 an equal number of residue-free farms (controls). Farmers
 completed questionnaires designed to elicit details of
 management practices used on farms and methods employed for
 prevention of antibiotic residues. Factors were initially
 examined unconditionally for statistical association with
 occurrence of residues; then multivariate associations were
 determined using multiple logistic regression. After adjusting
 for herd size in a logistic model, the risk of residues in
 milk was observed to increase in association with the frequent
 use of part-time labor in the milking of cows. The risk of
 residue occurrence was decreased in association with the use
 of milk residue test kits, when the farmer believed that
 increasing the dose of antibiotic required an increase in the
 withholding time of milk, and when tie stall and pipeline
 milking systems were used rather than milking parlors or tie
 stall and dumping station systems.
 
 
 16                                 NAL Call. No.: SF5.I57 1986
 Applications of hormone radioimmunoassays on studies of
 environment and reproduction interactions in large ruminants.
 Thatcher, W.W.; Collier, R.J.; Drost, M.; Putney, J.; Beede,
 D.K.; Wilcox, C.J.
 Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency; 1986.
 Nuclear and related techniques in animal production and health
 : proceedings of an International Symposium / jointly
 organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency ... [et
 al.].. p. 41-55; 1986. (Proceedings series).  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Estrous cycle;
 Reproductive performance; Hormones; Radioimmunoassay;
 Environmental factors
 
 
 17                                     NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7
 Assessment of heat stress in dairy cattle in Papua New Guinea.
 Lemerle, C.; Goddard, M.E.
 Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press; 1986 Nov.
 Tropical animal health and production v. 18 (4): p. 232-242;
 1986 Nov. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Papua new guinea; Dairy cattle; Heat stress;
 Assessment; Dairy breeds; Environmental temperature
 
 
 18                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32
 Automatic cow sorting system.
 Carrano, J.A.
 Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994.
 Annual meeting /. p. 115-123; 1994.  Meeting held on January
 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Sorting; Automation; Planning; Farm
 dairies; Farm surveys
 
 
 19                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 An automatic system for auantification of eating and
 ruminating activities of dairy cattle housed in stalls.
 Beauchemin, K.A.; Zelin, S.; Genner, D.; Buchanan-Smith, J.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1989
 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 72 (10): p. 2746-2759. ill;
 1989 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Quantitative techniques; Automation;
 Measurement; Feeding behavior; Rumination
 
 
 20                               NAL Call. No.: aSF208.A7 1985
 Avoiding drug residues in cull dairy cows., [Rev. Dec. 1985]..
 United States, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington State
 University Washington, D.C.? : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in
 cooperation with the Washington State University,; 1985; A
 1.2-D 84.
 7 p. : ill. ; 23 x 10 cm.  Cover title.  Shipping list no.:
 86-96-P. Bibliography: p. 7.
 
 Language:  English; English
 
 Descriptors: Veterinary pharmacology; Dairy cattle; Handling;
 Safety measures; Dairy cattle; Inspection; Dairying; United
 States; Growth promoting substances
 
 
 21                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3
 Bedding them down.
 Annexstad, J.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1990 May.
 Dairy herd management v. 27 (5): p. 14-15. ill; 1990 May.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cow housing
 
 
 22                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Behavior and maze learning ability of dairy calves as
 influenced by housing, sex and sire.
 Arave, C.W.; Lamb, R.C.; Arambel, M.J.; Purcell, D.; Walters,
 J.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 May.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (2/3): p. 149-163; 1992
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Dairy cattle; Animal behavior; Learning
 ability; Cattle housing; Sex differences; Sires; Environmental
 factors; Genetic effects
 
 
 23                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Behavior of dairy calves reared in hutches as affected by
 temperature. Brunsvold, R.E.; Cramer, C.O.; Larsen, H.J.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1985 Jul.
 Transactions of the ASAE - American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers v. 28 (4): p. 1265-1268; 1985 Jul.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Animal behavior; Cattle
 housing; Temperature relations
 
 
 24                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Behavioral and physiological responses to spatial novelty in
 dairy cows. Kondo, S.; Hurnik, J.F.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1988 Jun.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 68 (2): p. 339-343; 1988
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Agonistic behavior; Heart rate;
 Temperament; Stalls; Housing area
 
 
 25                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive (loose
 housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments. I.
 Experimental procedure, facilities, time budgets--diurnal and
 seasonal conditions.
 Krohn, C.C.; Munksgaard, L.; Jonasen, B.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 37-47; 1992
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Extensive livestock farming;
 Intensive livestock farming; Weather; Seasons; Loose housing;
 Stalls; Animal behavior; Walking; Feeding preferences
 
 
 26                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Behaviour of dairy cows kept in extensive (loose
 housing/pasture) or intensive (tie stall) environments. II.
 Lying and lying-down behaviour. Krohn, C.C.; Munksgaard, L.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jun.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (1): p. 1-16; 1993 Jun. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal behavior; Extensive livestock
 farming; Intensive livestock farming
 
 
 27                                NAL Call. No.: DISS F1991016
 Behaviour of dairy cows under modern housing and management.
 Wierenga, H. K.
 1991; 1991.
 173 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Summary in Dutch.  "Stellingen" ([2]
 p.) inserted. Includes vita.  Includes bibliographical
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 
 28                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Behaviour of lame and normal dairy cows in cubicles and in a
 straw yard. Singh, S.S.; Ward, W.R.; Lautenbach, K.; Murray,
 R.D.
 London : The British Veterinary Association; 1993 Aug28.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 133 (9): p. 204-208; 1993 Aug28.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal behavior; Lameness; Cattle
 housing; Cubicles
 
 
 29                               NAL Call. No.: SF201.R47 1987
 Behaviour, production and welfare in relation to animal
 density for dairy cows in loose housing.
 Krohn, C.C.; Konggaard, S.P.
 Copenhagen : Landhusholdningsselkabets Forlag; 1987.
 Research in cattle production : Danish status and perspectives
 : contribution in honor of A. Neimann-Sorensen, 1 May 1987 /
 [B. Bech Andersen ... et al.].. p. 160-168; 1987.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Denmark; Dairy cows; Animal behavior; Animal
 welfare; Cow housing; Housing density; Loose housing
 
 
 30                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
 Biochemical and physiological responses to metabolic stimuli
 in Friesian calves of differing genetic merit for milk
 production.
 Sinnett-Smith, P.A.; Slee, J.; Woolliams, J.A.
 Neston, South Wirral, England : British Society of Animal
 Production; 1987 Feb.
 Animal production v. 44 (pt.1): p. 11-19; 1987 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Calves; Genetic differences; Holstein-friesian;
 Metabolites; Insulin; Dairy performance; Milk production;
 Sodium propionate; Fasting; Energy balance; Cold stress
 
 
 31                                  NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A3N6
 A bioeconomic analysis of bovine respiratory disease complex.
 Nyamusika, N.; Spreen, T.H.; Rae, O.; Moss, C.
 Manhattan, Kan. : Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas
 State University; 1994 Jan.
 Review of agricultural economics v. 16 (1): p. 39-53; 1994
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Beef cattle; Calf production;
 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus; Disease control;
 Vaccination; Returns; Economic analysis; Mathematical models;
 Mortality; Liveweight gain; Agricultural regions; Probability
 
 Abstract:  Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) is an
 important disease affecting both beef and dairy cattle
 produced in confinement operations. A bioeconomic model of
 BRDC is developed for a typical Midwestern feedlot. Using
 vaccine efficacy rates found in the veterinary science
 literature, significant returns to vaccination are estimated.
 
 
 32                               NAL Call. No.: SF206.B57 1991
 BMfLuF, Abt. II A 4 und BAL Gumpenstein kleine
 Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh : Bericht uber die
 Tagung "Kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh", BAL
 Gumpenstein, 25.-26. September 1990, A-8952 Irdning  [BMfLuF,
 Abt. II A 4 and BAL Gumpenstein.  small loose boxes for
 cattle, an emphasis for dairy cattle]..  Bericht uber die
 Tagung "Kleine
 Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh" vom 25. bis 26.
 September 1990 Kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt Milchvieh
 small loose boxes for cattle, an emphasis for dairy cattle
 Bundesanstalt fur Alpenlandische Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein
 Gumpenstein, Irdning : Bundesanstalt fur alpenlandische
 Landwirtschaft,; 1991. vi, 85 p. : ill. ; 30 cm.  Cover title:
 Bericht uber die Tagung "Kleine Rinderlaufstalle--Schwerpunkt
 Milchvieh" vom 25. bis 26. September 1990. Includes
 bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  German
 
 Descriptors: Cattle
 
 
 33                                     NAL Call. No.: SF221.H3
 Bovine somatotropin.
 Lee, C.N.
 Honolulu : The Service; 1987 Jan.
 Hawaii dairy newsletter - Hawaii Cooperative Extension
 Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture v. 2 (1): p. 1-5; 1987 Jan.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation; Heat stress
 
 
 34                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Bovine somatotropin: biotechnology product and social issue in
 the United States dairy industry.
 Molnar, J.J.; Cummins, K.A.; Nowak, P.F.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1990
 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 73 (11): p. 3084-3093; 1990
 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Milk production; Biotechnology;
 Innovation adoption; Economic impact; Dairy industry;
 Structural change; Farm structure; Technical progress;
 Location of production; Politics; Food safety; Milk supply;
 Price support; Subsidies
 
 
 35                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technolgoy.
 Bauman, D.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (12): p. 3432-3451; 1992
 Dec.  Literature review.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Dosage
 effects; Literature reviews; Milk composition; Production
 costs; Lactation; Economic impact
 
 Abstract:  One of the first potential biotechnology products
 for animal production is bST. Research in the technology of
 bST has involved scientists and support from federal agencies,
 universities, and private industry. As a consequence of this
 extensive cooperation, more than 1000 bST studies have been
 conducted, which involved over 20,000 dairy cows, and results
 have been confirmed by scientists throughout the world. This
 quantity of published research is unprecedented for a new
 technology and greater than most dairy technologies in use. In
 contrast to steroids, bST is a protein hormone. Milk yield and
 persistency responses to bST have been observed for all dairy
 breeds examined. Quality of management is the major factor
 affecting magnitude of milk response to bST. The mechanism of
 action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the
 metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used
 for milk synthesis. it is these coordinated changes that allow
 the arrival to achieve an increased milk yield while remaining
 normal and healthy. Bioenergetic studies demonstrated that
 bST-supplemented animals are not stressed. Similarly, there
 are no adverse health effects from bST even under poor
 management conditions. Composition of milk (fat, protein,
 lactose, cholesterol, minerals, and vitamins) is not
 substantially altered when bST is used and does not differ in
 manufacturing characteristics. Public perception is of
 paramount importance bST or any new technology is to be
 effectively implemented. New technology must be understood and
 perceived as safe and beneficial both by farmers, who would
 utilize it, and consumers, who would purchase the dairy
 products. With bST use, a unit of milk is produced with less
 feed and protein supplement and with a reduction in animal
 excreta (manure, urine, and methane). Nationally, the use of
 bST simply reinforces, but does not fundamentally change,
 dairy industry trends of increased milk yield per cow, reduced
 number of cows, and decl
 
 
 36                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 Calculating required dairy manure storage volume.
 Moore, J.A.; Baker, E.S.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1985 Mar.
 Transactions of the ASAE - American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers v. 28 (2): p. 547-550. ill; 1985 Mar.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle manure; Dairy cattle; Storage equipment;
 Manure spreading
 
 
 37                               NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985
 Calf care and raising young stock., [Rev.].
 Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985.
 Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at
 Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames,
 Cooperative Extension Service. 49 p. ill; 1985.  Hoard's
 Dairyman, 1982.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calves; Cattle husbandry; Calf
 housing; Animal feeding; Animal health
 
 
 38                                  NAL Call. No.: S544.3.O5O5
 Calf hutches for dairy calves.
 Richardson, C.W.
 Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Feb.
 OSU extension facts - Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma
 State University v.): 4 p.; 1991 Feb.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Calf housing; Disease prevention;
 Animal health
 
 
 39                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72
 California dairy corral manger mister installation.
 Shultz, T.A.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988.
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche
 collection) (fiche no. 88-4056): 8 p. ill; 1988.  Paper
 presented at the 1988 Summer Meeting of the American Society
 of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950
 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order
 Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: California; Cow housing; Fence lines; Mangers;
 Mists; Design; Installations; Heat stress; Cooling
 
 
 40                                   NAL Call. No.: HD1401.A47
 Canadian dairy policy and the returns to federal dairy cattle
 research. Fox, G.; Roberts, B.; Brinkman, G.L.
 Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, c1986-; 1992 Feb.
 Agricultural economics : the journal of the International
 Association of Agricultural Economists v. 6 (3): p. 267-285;
 1992 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Canada; Cabt; Dairy cattle; Dairy research;
 Federal government; Research support; Supply functions;
 Returns; Price policy; Time series; Price elasticities
 
 Abstract:  The economic surplus approach is used to estimate
 the returns to federal investments in dairy cattle research in
 Canada. A national supply function is estimated using time
 series data. Lagged research expenditures are included as
 explanatory variables in the model, facilitating the
 calculation of marginal as well as average benefits from
 research. Simulation analysis is used to study the effects of
 product market distortions associated with Canadian dairy
 policy as well as of the marginal excess burden on the rates
 of return to research and on the distribution of research
 benefits. Returns were found to be high at the margin.
 Distortions in the product market had a small effect on the
 overall returns to dairy cattle research but had a large
 impact on the distribution of research benefits. Rate of
 return estimates were found to be indicative of
 underinvestment even when the marginal excess burden was taken
 into account.
 
 
 41                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R3224
 A case of teat tramping in dairy cows.
 Luescher, U.A.; McKeown D.B.
 Ottawa : Canadian Veterinary Medical Association; 1989 Apr.
 The Canadian veterinary journal v. 30 (4): p. 356; 1989 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Teats; Injuries; Behavior problems;
 Cow housing
 
 
 42                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 Cesarean section in dairy cattle: a study of risk factors.
 Barkema, H.W.; Schukken, Y.H.; Guard, C.L.; Brand, A.; Weyden,
 G.C. van der Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992
 Feb.
 Theriogenology v. 37 (2): p. 489-506; 1992 Feb.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Caesarean section; Dystocia; Risk;
 Incidence; Beef bulls; Sires; Lactation number; Age at first
 calving; Cattle breeds; Calving interval; Gestation period;
 Dry period; Heifers
 
 Abstract:  Cesarean sections were studied on 35 Dutch dairy
 farms using data collected through a routine herd health and
 production control program. Over a period of 8 years and 9
 months there were 198 cesarean sections out of a total of
 15,051 calvings. The 198 cesarean sections were compared with
 a referent group of 841 calvings that was randomly selected
 from the original 15,051 calvings. A population-based, case-
 referent study design was used to investigate risk factors for
 cesarean section. Risk factors for cesarean section consisted
 of first parity, single male calf, long gestation period, long
 interval between first service and conception, long dry
 period, sired by a bull of double-muscled structure or
 Piedmont bull, under 730 days of age at first calving, and
 having a previous cesarean section. A short dry period and a
 short gestation were protective factors.
 
 
 43                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Changes in fat and protein concentrations in farms with high
 milk production. Agabriel, C.; Coulon, J.B.; Marty, G.;
 Bonaiti, B.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 734-741; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk composition; Dairy farms; Milk
 fat; Milk protein; Dairy herds; Milk production; Seasonal
 fluctuations
 
 Abstract:  Seventy-six dairy farms composed of high producing
 (6200 to 8800 kg/yr) Montbeliarde cows that were fed hay-based
 rations were included in a detailed survey involving the herd
 and the farm structure, quality of forage, winter and summer
 feeding practices, and genetic characteristics (breeding value
 and herd effect for milk production, fat concentration, and
 protein concentration). These data permitted analysis of the
 variations of milk composition among farms. The mean annual
 fat and protein concentrations varied greatly among farms in
 spite of the homogeneity of the farm sample with regard to
 milk produced, breed, and type of winter roughage. Such
 variability results essentially from environmental factors.
 When farms were classified according to their level of herd
 effect (fat or protein concentrations), 1) protein
 concentration variations were greater in winter and linked to
 different feed characteristics (hay quality, type of
 concentrate), and 2) variations in fat concentration among
 farm groups were as marked, if not more so, in summer than in
 winter. These variations are only partly linked to feeding
 practices that are beneficial or detrimental to fat
 concentration (presence of sugar beet in the ration,
 concentrate distribution method). No correlation occurred
 between fat and protein herd effects. Therefore, these two
 variables may be controlled independently by manipulating
 environmental factors (especially feeding factors).
 
 
 44                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Clinical mastitis in cows treated with sometribove
 (recombinant bovine somatotropin) and its relationship to milk
 yield.
 White, T.C.; Madsen, K.S.; Hintz, R.L.; Sorbet, R.H.; Collier,
 R.J.; Hard, D.L.; Hartnell, G.F.; Samuels, W.A.; Kerchove, G.
 de; Adriaens, F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
 Association; 1994 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (8): p.
 2249-2260; 1994 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Europe; Cabt; Dairy cows; Bovine
 mastitis; Somatotropin; Milk yield; Lactation stage; Animal
 welfare; Genetic effects; Risk; Literature reviews
 
 Abstract:  Effect of sometribove (methionyl bovine
 somatotropin) on mastitis in 15 full lactation trials (914
 cows) in Europe and the US and 70 short-term studies (2697
 cows) in eight countries was investigated. In full lactation
 studies, sometribove (500 mg/2 wk) was given for 252 d,
 commencing 60 d postpartum. Although though herds varied
 considerably, incidence of clinical mastitis within a herd was
 similar for cows receiving control and sometribove treatments.
 Relative risk analyses indicated no treatment effect, and
 percentage of mastitis during treatment was similar for
 control and sometribove groups. A positive linear relationship
 existed between peak milk yield and mastitis incidence
 (percentage of cows contracting mastitis or cases per 100 cow
 days); sometribove treatment did not alter this relationship.
 Increases in mastitis related to milk yield increase from
 sometribove or related to genetic selection were similar. When
 expressed per unit of milk, mastitis incidence declined
 slightly as milk yield increased; this relationship was not
 altered by sometribove. No effect on clinical mastitis was
 observed in 70 commercial herds utilizing sometribove for 84
 d. However, effects were significant for stage of lactation
 and milk yield. Overall, studies represented a wide range of
 research and commercial situations demonstrating that
 sometribove had no effect on incidence of clinical mastitis
 during the lactation of treatment. Furthermore, sometribove
 did not alter typical relationships between milk yield or herd
 factors and incidence of clinical mastitis.
 
 
 45                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 A clinical syndrome in imported cows subjected to
 environmental stress in Sudan.
 Suliman, H.B.; Bkhiet, H.A.; Fagiri, I.
 London : The Association; 1989 Aug26.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 125 (9): p. 240; 1989 Aug26.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Sudan; Dairy cattle; Heat stress; Pneumonia;
 Summer; Mortality; Symptoms; Pathology
 
 
 46                                       NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 A comparative physiological and behavioral study of freeze and
 hot-iron branding using dairy cows.
 Lay, D.C. Jr; Friend, T.H.; Bowers, C.L.; Grissom, K.K.;
 Jenkins, O.C. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal
 Science; 1992 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 70 (4): p.
 1121-1125; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Branding; Pain; Heart rate; Blood
 plasma; Hydrocortisone; Behavioral resistance; Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  A public debate has recently arisen, largely
 surrounding the issue of pain, over whether freeze or hot-iron
 branding should be the preferred method of permanently
 identifying cattle. This study addressed that question by
 quantifying the following accepted measures of distress and
 pain over a 25-min sampling period: elevated heart rate,
 concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine,
 and escape-avoidance reactions and vocalizations. Twenty-four
 dairy cows (15 Holsteins and 9 Jerseys) were assigned to one
 of three treatments: freeze-branded (F), hot-iron-branded (H),
 or sham-branded (S), in which a room-temperature brander was
 applied. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations
 showed no discernible trends. Plasma cortisol concentrations
 were elevated in the F and H cows from 5.5 min to 25.5 min
 postbranding (P = .04). Heart rate, analyzed as a proportion
 of the prebranding mean, showed that H cows had a greater,
 more acute, response than did F cows (P = .04), which
 exhibited a more prolonged response (P = .07). No cows
 vocalized during branding; however, H cows had a greater
 escape-avoidance reaction toward branding than did the F and S
 cows. Both methods of branding produced elevated heart rates
 and cortisol concentrations indicative of pain sensations.
 Because the cows exhibited a greater escape-avoidance reaction
 and heart rate proportions to hot-iron branding, freeze
 banding would be preferable to hot-iron branding when
 feasible.
 
 
 47                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32
 A comparison of bedding material for dairy cows--a case study.
 Visser, R.Q.
 Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994.
 Annual meeting /. p. 313-318; 1994.  Meeting held on January
 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: South  Africa; Cabt; Dairy cows; Litter; Animal
 welfare; Cubicles; Hygiene; Sand; Calcrete; Maize byproducts;
 Covers
 
 
 48                                      NAL Call. No.: 8 P832J
 Complete rations containing coarsely chopped or ground hay for
 dairy cows in confinement vs. conventional grazing.
 Randel, P.F.
 Rio Piedras, R.R. : University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural
 Experiment Station; 1991 Jul.
 The Journal of agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico v.
 75 (3): p. 241-252; 1991 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Puerto Rico; Dairy cows; Cattle breeds; American
 brown swiss; Holstein-friesian; Complete feeds; Feed intake;
 Feed supplements; Restricted feeding; Unrestricted feeding;
 Liveweight; Milk yield
 
 
 49                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Compressed baled alfalfa hay for primiparous and multiparous
 dairy cows. Beauchemin, K.A.; Rode, L.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994
 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (4): p. 1003-1012; 1994
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Alfalfa hay; Compaction; Mastication;
 Digestibility; Milk yield; Body weight; Nutrient intake; Milk
 composition; Lactation number; Energy balance; Rumination;
 Transit time
 
 Abstract:  Compressed baled alfalfa hay was fed to cows, and
 the effects productivity, chewing activities, and digestion
 were measured using a replicated 4 X 4 Latin square design.
 Cows received second-cutting alfalfa hay (20% CP; 40% NDF)
 from either compressed or standard small rectangular bales at
 two forage to concentrate ratios (35:65 and 65:35, DM basis).
 Compressed hay did not affect milk yield, although milk fat
 content was higher (2.90 vs. 2.68%). Higher concentrate diets
 increased milk yield (32.2 vs. 28.3 kg/d), lowered milk fat
 (2.66 vs. 2.91%), and increased milk protein 3.16 vs. 2.99%)
 and lactose (5.06 vs. 4.99%) with no interaction between
 concentrate proportion and hay type. Cows fed compressed bales
 spent less time eating per kilogram of DM and NDF consumed
 than cows fed standard bales, but rumination time was
 unaffected by forage processing. For cows fed both types of
 hay, digestibilities of DM, ADF, and NDF were similar; ruminal
 liquid out-flow rates also were similar, but rate of
 particulate passage from the reticulorumen was greater for
 cows receiving compressed hay. Compressing alfalfa hay did not
 adversely affect forage quality but increased the ease of
 shipping and handling and minimized storage space
 requirements. This process may be beneficial when higher milk
 fat content is desirable or when cows have limited time to
 consume forage.
 
 
 50                                      NAL Call. No.: 8 P832J
 Confinement feeding of dairy cows based on stargrass as green
 chopped fodder or hay.
 Randel, P.F.; Fernandez-van Cleve, J.
 Mayaguez : University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment
 Station; 1988 Apr.
 The Journal of agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico v.
 72 (2): p. 231-246; 1988 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Puerto Rico; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Brown
 swiss; Feed intake; Green fodders; Hay; Unrestricted feeding;
 Milk production; Feed composition tables
 
 
 51                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Continuous computer acquisition of feed and water intakes,
 chewing, reticular motility, and ruminal pH of cattle.
 Dado, R.G.; Allen, M.S.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (6): p. 1589-1600; 1993
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Feed intake; Mastication;
 Deglutition; Water intake; Measurement; Instruments; Computer
 hardware; Computer software; Rumen; Ph
 
 Abstract:  The monitoring of feeding, chewing, and ruminal
 activity was integrated into one data acquisition system for
 continuous measurement of 12 dairy cows. Feed mangers were
 hung from single-point load cells for measurement of feed
 disappearance from individual stalls. Water flow meters,
 inserted in supply lines for each stall, generated pulse
 output for electronic summation of water intake. Jaw movements
 were detected with a water-filled tube connected to a pressure
 transducer under the cow's jaw to determine chewing activity.
 Similar tubes were used to detect contractions in the
 reticulum. Ruminal pH was monitored continuously with an
 electrode and pH transmitter. All signals were processed and
 recorded on a microcomputer using commercially available
 computer hardware and software. One file was written for each
 cow monitored. Data were interpreted using algorithms
 developed with SAS software. Two studies were conducted with
 10 lactating cows to evaluate the performance of acquisition
 hardware, protocols, and interpretation algorithms. Use of
 only one algorithm to interpret behavior of many cows
 sacrificed accuracy of bout time borders for some individual
 cows. Nonetheless, high correlations (r greater than or equal
 to .85) between computer-interpreted and manually determined
 variables indicated that performance of the acquisition system
 was acceptable. With continuous measurement of many cow
 feeding variables, a more complete understanding of dietary
 effects on digestive function and performance is possible.
 
 
 52                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N811NC
 Cool cows can conceive.
 Washburn, S.P.
 Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service;
 1989 Apr. North Carolina dairy extension newsletter. p. 4-5;
 1989 Apr.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Summer; Conception rate
 
 
 53                                     NAL Call. No.: SF191.D3
 Cool cows equal persistent production.
 Sauber, C.M.
 Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Company; 1989 May.
 Dairy herd management v. 26 (5): p. 20-24, 26; 1989 May.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: South Carolina; Florida; New York; Texas;
 Arizona; Dairy herds; Heat stress; Cooling systems
 
 
 54                                       NAL Call. No.: 6 AR44
 Cool dairy cows more productive.
 Kingdon, L.B.
 Phoenix, Ariz. : Elliott L. Cushman; 1985 Jun.
 Arizona farmer-stockman v. 64 (6): p. 11; 1985 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Evaporative coolers; Milk
 production
 
 
 55                                NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N811NC
 Cooling cows with sprinklers and fans.
 Knott, F.N.
 Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service;
 1988 May. North Carolina dairy extension newsletter. p. 3;
 1988 May.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Air conditioning; Fans
 
 
 56                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32
 Cooling ponds and milk quality.
 Bray, D.R.; DeLorenzo, M.A.; Elvinger, F.C.; Beede, D.K.;
 Shearer, J.K.; Reed, P.A.; Boosinger, J.
 Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1989.
 Annual meeting - National Mastitis Council, Inc (28th): p.
 188-197; 1989. Meeting held on February 9-11, 1989, Tampa,
 Florida.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Florida; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Cooling; Ponds;
 Milk quality; Bovine mastitis; Water quality
 
 
 57                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Correlation of indices of stress with intensity of electrical
 shock for cows. Lefcourt, A.M.; Kahl, S.; Akers, R.M.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1986
 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (3): p. 833-842; 1986 Mar. 
 Literature review. Includes 45 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Stress; Shock; Electric current;
 Animal behavior; Milk yield; Correlation analysis
 
 
 58                                  NAL Call. No.: aHD1401.J68
 Cost, supply, and farm structure: a pedagogical note.
 Teigen, L.D.
 Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research
 Service : [Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., distributor], 1987-;
 1993.
 Journal of agricultural economics research v. 45 (1): p.
 27-32; 1993. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Dairy farms; Production costs;
 Production functions; Marginal analysis; Structural change;
 Economic dualism; Livestock numbers
 
 Abstract:  Starting with an individual firm and its quadratic
 production function, this paper derives all related functions:
 marginal and average cost, supply, profit, and input demand.
 Since derivatives in other functions correspond to parameters
 of the quadratic, the results generalize. Explicit aggregation
 from firm to market shows that properly specified aggregate
 functions depend on firm numbers. To illustrate the results,
 marginal and average cost functions for several dairy farms
 are drawn to scale, noting that large farms get more output
 per cow than small farms. Juxtaposing the cost curves with
 trends in dairy farms by size shows the link between firm-
 level profit and structural change.
 
 
 59                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Cow sensitivity to electricity during milking.
 Aneshansley, D.J.; Gorewit, R.C.; Price, L.R.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2733-2741; 1992
 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Electricity; Animal behavior;
 Electric current; Milking rate; Milk yield; Milk composition;
 Lactation number; Residual milk; Blood serum; Hydrocortisone;
 Animal welfare
 
 Abstract:  Alternating currents were delivered to lactating
 cattle through the milk during milking. Electrodes were placed
 at the top of each short milk tube and jointed for one
 electrical contact. A metal grid on which the cows' rear
 hooves stood during milking was the second contact. Constant
 voltages (0 to 16 V) applied to contacts showed first
 lactation cows to be more sensitive than multiple lactation
 cows. First lactation cows kicked milking machines at 8 V
 (currents > 5 mA), and multiple lactation cows kicked at 16 V
 (currents > 8 mA). At lower voltages, there were no consistent
 significant differences in milking duration, milk yield, or
 composition for primary or residual milk. Application of
 constant currents of 5 mA for first lactation cows and 8 mA
 for multiple lactation cows produced no undesired behaviors
 but did result in some differences in production variables.
 Milking duration decreased during application of constant
 current to first lactation cows. Blood cortisol monitored in
 the multiple lactation cows during trial 2 showed a
 significant increase during milking but was equivalent or less
 during application of current. This study demonstrates that
 currents of 5 mA or less, delivered through the milk line, did
 not produce any direct economic effect. To produce this
 current, voltages on the milk pipe line would have to be in
 excess of 125 V (obvious human safety hazard) or in excess of
 5 V on the claw of the milking cluster.
 
 
 60                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
 Cow-calf behaviour in relation to first suckling.
 Ventorp, M.; Michanek, P.
 London : British Veterinary Association; 1991 Jul.
 Research in veterinary science v. 51 (1): p. 6-10; 1991 Jul. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Calves; Newborn animals; Suckling;
 Postpartum period; Feeding behavior; Animal behavior; Teats;
 Time
 
 Abstract:  For the newborn calf, the length of time between
 birth and when (and if) it manages to obtain its first suckle
 plays an important role in the acquisition of passive
 immunity. In a study of 21 pairs of dairy cows and their
 calves, loose housed in individual calving boxes, the calves
 suckled for the first time at a median of four hours, nine
 minutes after birth. Nineteen suckled within 12 hours, with a
 range between 50 minutes and 11 hours, 44 minutes. Calves that
 were active early usually suckled early. However, irrespective
 of the start of a calf's activities, long pauses while teat
 seeking played a decisive role in the time of the first
 suckling. Factors which affected the periodicity and length of
 these pauses would therefore greatly influence the time of the
 first suckling.
 
 
 61                                   NAL Call. No.: HV4701.A35
 Crack for cows?.
 Kimbrell, A.
 Englewood, Colo. : American Humane Association, Animal
 Protection Division; 1994.
 Advocate v. 12 (1): p. 22-23; 1994.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Animal welfare
 
 
 62                                      NAL Call. No.: S67.E22
 Daily temperature and reproductive efficiency in the Southeast
 Louisiana Experiment Station dairy herd: 1983-1988.
 Ingraham, R.H.; French, D.D.; Morgan, E.B.; Anthony, T.Y.;
 Kappel, L.C. Baton Rouge?, La. : The Station; 1988.
 Annual progress report - Southeast Research Station, Louisiana
 Agricultural Experiment Station. p. 209-215; 1988.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Louisiana; Dairy cows; Conception rate; Heat
 stress
 
 
 63                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Dairy animal welfare: current and needed research.
 Albright, J.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1987
 Dec. Journal of dairy science v. 70 (12): p. 2711-2731; 1987
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Animal welfare; Conferences; Dairy
 research; Animal behavior
 
 
 64                             NAL Call. No.: SF196.U6D35 1993
 Dairy care practices.
 Bath, Donald L.; Stull, Carolyn; DePeters, Ed; Beall, Gary,
 Oakland, Calif.? : Dairy Workgroup : University of California,
 Cooperative Extension, [1993?]; 1993.
 i, 48 p. ; 28 cm. (Animal care series).  Cover title. 
 Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-42) and index.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Dairy farming
 
 
 65                                NAL Call. No.: SF61.M35 1988
 Dairy cattle., 3rd ed.
 Leaver, J.D.
 London : Bailliere Tindall; 1988.
 Management and welfare of farm animals. p. 13-45. ill; 1988. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: United  Kingdom; Dairy cattle; Cattle husbandry;
 Milk production; Animal welfare; Cattle housing; Animal
 feeding; Reproduction; Disease control
 
 
 66                               NAL Call. No.: SF201.R47 1987
 Dairy cattle production systems and management systems.
 Thysen, I.; Kristensen, E.S.; Sorensen, J.T.; Ostergaard, V.
 Copenhagen : Landhusholdningsselkabets Forlag; 1987.
 Research in cattle production : Danish status and perspectives
 : contribution in honor of A. Neimann-Sorensen, 1 May 1987 /
 [B. Bech Andersen ... et al.].. p. 169-182; 1987.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Denmark; Dairy herds; Dairy cows; Cow housing;
 Farm dairies; Cattle husbandry; Animal feeding; Costs;
 Grazing; Animal research
 
 
 67                                   NAL Call. No.: HV4702.H85
 The dairy cow debacle: the government mandates face branding.
 Fox, M.W.
 Washington, D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States;
 1986. The Humane Society of the United States News v. 31 (3):
 p. 4-9. ill; 1986.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cows; Faces; Branding; Usda;
 Societies; Animal welfare; Legislation
 
 
 68                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J824
 A dairy farm survey of antibiotic treatment practices, residue
 control methods and associations with inhibitors in milk.
 McEwen, S.A.; Meek, A.H.; Black, W.D.
 Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food, and
 Environmental Sanitarians; 1991 Jun.
 Journal of food protection v. 54 (6): p. 454-459; 1991 Jun. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Canada; Milk; Antibiotic residues; Farm surveys;
 Farm management; Control methods; Inhibitors; Food
 contamination; Testing; Medicated feeds; Regression analysis
 
 Abstract:  A mail survey was conducted of dairy producers who
 had received a positive bulk milk antibiotic residue test
 result in a two-year period (1987-88) of government monitoring
 (case farms) and farms that were negative for all tests
 conducted in the same period (control farms). Farmers were
 asked to complete questionnaires designed to determine dairy
 management practices, as well as, antibiotic handling and
 residue prevention methods. Using multiple logistic regression
 analysis, and adjusting for the size of the milking herd, the
 following factors were associated with increased risk of
 antibiotic residues in milk: the use of part-time assistance
 in milking, use of a milking parlor and increased estimated
 frequency of intramammary antibiotic treatments.
 Unconditionally, significantly more control farmers used
 separate equipment to milk treated cows rather than simply
 attempting to divert milk from the bulk tank. Controls were
 also more likely to vary the withholding time of milk for
 different drugs. Other significant differences between cases
 and controls with respect to residue prevention methods were
 observed, however, some of these may have been due to changes
 instituted on case farms after the antibiotic residue
 violations occurred. For example, significantly more case than
 control farmers reported using on-farm residue test kits and
 marking of treated animals as residue prevention methods and
 more case farmers believed that failure to keep good records
 of treatment was an important factor in residue occurrence. No
 significant differences were observed in the proportions of
 case and control farms that used medicated feed, in the number
 of people employed on the farm, or in the general knowledge of
 antibiotic residue prevention.
 
 
 69                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32
 Dairy free stall bedding systems and udder health.
 Britten, A.M.
 Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994.
 Annual meeting /. p. 292-299; 1994.  Meeting held on January
 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cattle husbandry; Hygiene; Udders;
 Litter; Cubicles
 
 
 70                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Dairy herd improvement: meeting the information needs of the
 dairy industry through a totally integrated cooperative.
 Whittaker, W.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994
 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (7): p. 1992-1998; 1994
 Jul.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy herds; Milk production; Information needs;
 Grazing; Production costs; Dairy industry; Dairy cooperatives;
 Dairy farms; Profitability
 
 Abstract:  The New Zealand dairy industry comprises 2.5
 million dairy cows milked in 14,600 herds. Dairy herd
 improvement has been restructured over the past 8 yr into a
 single legal entity operating as a farmer cooperative company.
 The cooperative encompasses the national milk records
 operations; a single dairy records processing center with an
 associated national animal database; the development,
 management, and calculation of sire and cow evaluations; and
 the deployment of scientific and technical resources for
 research and development of products and services. Also
 included is 1) the operation of the country's largest progeny-
 testing program, an artificial breeding, semen, and
 inseminating service commanding 80% of the artificial
 insemination market, and 2) the management of the industry's
 farm extension service. The extension service and the marginal
 cost of developing and operating sire and cow evaluations are
 funded through an industry grant. All other operations,
 including farm management information, are fully funded by
 users. The totally integrated operation allows cost-effective
 utilization of personnel, facilities, and equipment. Industry
 management information is made available to the industry,
 universities, and research organizations without charge.
 
 
 71                               NAL Call. No.: SF239.I45 1985
 Dairy housing and equipment handbook., [Rev.].
 Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1985.
 Illinois-Iowa dairy handbook / University of Illinois at
 Urbana-Champaign [and] Iowa State University at Ames,
 Cooperative Extension Service. 113 p. ill., maps; 1985. 
 (MWPS-7), 4th ed., 1985.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: U.S.A.; Dairy cattle; Cow housing; Calf housing;
 Dairy equipment; Farm equipment; Handbooks
 
 
 72                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 IN28
 Dairy management practices of bovines in key village and non-
 key village areas around Karnal.
 Agarwal, S.B.; Sharma, K.N.S.
 New Delhi : Indian Dairy Association; 1986 Mar.
 The Indian journal of dairy science v. 29,i.e.39 (1): p. 6-12;
 1986 Mar. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Haryana; Cows; Buffaloes; Dairy farming; Milking;
 Animal feeding; Animal breeding; Animal housing
 
 
 73                              NAL Call. No.: SF206.I58  1994
 Dairy systems for the 21st century proceedings of the Third
 International Dairy Housing Conference, 2-5 February, 1994,
 Orlando, Florida..  Dairy systems for the Twenty-first century
 Bucklin, Ray
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers
 International Dairy Housing Conference 3rd : 1994 : Orlando,
 Fla. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers,; 1994. xv, 858 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.  Includes
 bibliographical references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Milking parlors
 
 
 74                                   NAL Call. No.: TH4911.F37
 Dairy unit for the Falkland Islands.
 Watson, G.A.L.
 Aberdeen : Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit; 1985
 Jul. Farm building progress (81): p. 27-28. ill; 1985 Jul.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Falkland Islands; Dairy cattle; Cow housing;
 Building construction
 
 
 75                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72
 Dairy youngstock environment in Pennsylvania--a survey.
 Heinrichs, A.J.; Graves, R.E.; Kiernan, N.E.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1985.
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche
 collection) (fiche no. 85-4548): 17 p.; 1985.  Paper presented
 at the 1985 Winter Meeting of the American Society of
 Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950
 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order
 Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Dairy cattle; Calves; Heifers;
 Housing; Farming; Practice
 
 
 76                                   NAL Call. No.: TH4911.F37
 Darnaway Farm Visitor Centre, Forres.
 Sommer, M.
 Aberdeen : Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit; 1985
 Jul. Farm building progress (81): p. 17-21. ill., maps; 1985
 Jul.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Scotland; Dairy farming; Visitor centers; Cow
 housing; Demonstration farms
 
 
 77                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Data modeling for database design in production and health
 monitoring systems for dairy herds.
 Lescourret, F.; Genest, M.; Barnouin, J.; Chassagne, M.; Faye,
 B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (4): p. 1053-1062; 1993
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Dairy herds; Databases; Monitoring;
 Milk production; Models; Life history; Cattle feeding; Farm
 management
 
 Abstract:  Monitoring systems, increasingly used in dairy
 herds, require carefully designed databases. Database design
 involves modeling, which is generally not treated in papers
 dealing with such monitoring systems. We present general rules
 of data modeling based on the analysis of the semantic
 structure of information and their application to the
 construction of five basic data models. Such models are not
 database structures; a single model can be translated into
 different database structures. Modeling choices related to
 utilization requirements are explained. The models provide a
 sound basis for database schemes that prevent redundancy and
 support various applications in production and health
 monitoring systems for dairy herds and refer to information
 sets at either the cow or the farm level, including unique
 life history features, individual morbidity, production and
 reproduction performance, herd management systems, and feeding
 practices. The efficiency of the models is illustrated by
 their contribution to a real database; emphasis is on their
 integration into a model, on the ease of translation into
 relational database tables, and on subsequent database
 performance.
 
 
 78                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72
 Delays in drinking due to AC voltages.
 Gorewit, R.C.; Aneshansley, D.J.; Ludington, D.C.; Pellerin,
 R.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988.
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche
 collection) (fiche no. 88-3524): 16 p. ill; 1988.  Paper
 presented at the 1988 Winter Meeting of the American Society
 of Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950
 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order
 Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Housing; Stray voltage; Drinking
 behavior
 
 
 79                                     NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
 Design loads for slatted floors in cattle buildings.
 Dumelow, J.; Sharples, T.
 London : Academic Press; 1993 Jun.
 Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 55 (2): p.
 171-175; 1993 Jun. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle housing; Dairy cows; Slatted floors;
 Loads; Design
 
 Abstract:  The live loads exerted by large dairy cows on a
 reinforced concrete cattle slat were measured. The horizontal
 and vertical design live loads obtained from analysis of the
 data were both slightly higher than current BSI
 recommendations.
 
 
 80                                    NAL Call. No.: SF55.P3A5
 Design of an ideal stanchion type commercial dairy barn for
 Bangladesh. Wallah, M.W.
 Mymensingh, Bangladesh : Bangladesh Animal Husbandry
 Association; 1986. Bangladesh journal of animal science v. 15
 (1/2): p. 62-68. ill; 1986. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Bangladesh; Dairy cows; Cow housing; Barns;
 Design; Herd size
 
 
 81                                   NAL Call. No.: SF221.D342
 Design of dairy cow housing systems in the United Kingdom.
 Sumner, J.
 Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food and
 Environmental Sanitarians, Inc; 1991 Nov.
 Dairy, food and environmental sanitation v. 11 (11): p.
 650-653; 1991 Nov. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Uk; Dairy cows; Cow housing; Design; Trends;
 Cubicles
 
 
 82                                 NAL Call. No.: SF779.5.A1B6
 The design of feeding barriers and managers and its effect on
 incidence of injuries and feed wastage.
 Cermak, J.
 Stillwater, Okla. : American Association of Bovine
 Practitioners; 1988 Nov. The Bovine practitioner (23): p.
 74-75; 1988 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Heifers; Dairy cows; Beef bulls; Managers; Animal
 feeding; Barriers; Design; Injuries; Incidence; Feeds; Wastage
 
 
 83                                 NAL Call. No.: SF779.5.A1B6
 Design of slip-resistant surfaces for dairy cattle buildings.
 Cermak, J.
 Stillwater, Okla. : American Association of Bovine
 Practitioners; 1988 Nov. The Bovine practitioner (23): p.
 76-78; 1988 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Cattle housing; Surfaces; Floors;
 Slips; Prevention
 
 
 84                                  NAL Call. No.: SF967.M3N32
 Designing dairy facilities to assist in management and to
 enhance animal environment.
 Bickert, W.G.
 Arlington, Va. : The Council; 1994.
 Annual meeting /. p. 232-240; 1994.  Meeting held on January
 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milking parlors; Structural design; Planning;
 Barns; Cattle husbandry; Farm equipment
 
 
 85                                  NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P
 Designing dairy free stalls.
 Gamroth, M.J.; Moore, J.A.
 Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1987 Sep.
 Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative
 Extension Service (321): 4 p. ill; 1987 Sep.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Washington; Dairy cows; Stalls; Cow housing
 
 
 86                                   NAL Call. No.: FICHE S-72
 Designing secondary electrical systems to minimize neutral-to-
 earth voltage. Surbrook, T.C.; Reese, N.D.; Althouse, J.R.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : The Society; 1988.
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Microfiche
 collection) (fiche no. 88-3526): 8 p.; 1988.  Paper presented
 at the 1988 Winter Meeting of the American Society of
 Agricultural Engineers. Available for purchase from: The
 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Order Dept., 2950
 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085. Telephone the Order
 Dept. at (616) 429-0300 for information and prices.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Cattle housing; Dairy cows; Stray voltage; Animal
 behavior
 
 
 87                                 NAL Call. No.: SF91.I5 1988
 Developing improved designs of skid-resistant floors for dairy
 cattle buildings.
 Dumelow, J.; Albutt, R.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1988. Livestock environment III : proceedings of
 the Third International Livestock Environment Symposium, April
 25-27, 1988, Constellation Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. p.
 163-170. ill; 1988. (ASAE publication ; 1-88).  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: United  Kingdom; Farm dairies; Floors; Concrete;
 Surface roughness; Lameness; Slip resistant finishes;
 Instrumentation; Simulation
 
 
 88                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Developmental changes in embryonic resistance to adverse
 effects of maternal heat stress in cows.
 Ealy, A.D.; Drost, M.; Hansen, P.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (10): p. 2899-2905; 1993
 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Embryos; Embryonic development; Heat
 stress; Body temperature; Heat tolerance; Embryo mortality
 
 Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine
 whether bovine embryos become more resistant to deleterious
 effects of maternal heat stress as early embryonic development
 progresses. Superovulated, lactating Holstein cows were bred
 by AI and assigned to be heat stressed on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of
 pregnancy (d 0 = day of estrus) or not heat stressed
 (control). Embryos were retrieved from the uterus on d 8 and
 evaluated for viability and stage of development. Compared
 with embryos of control cows, embryos of cows receiving heat
 stress on d 1 had decreased viability and development.
 Maternal heat stress on other days had no detrimental effect
 on embryonic viability or stage of development. Bovine embryos
 become more resistant to adverse effects of maternal heat
 stress as pregnancy progresses; substantial resistance
 develops by d 3. This information may be useful in design of
 environmental modification systems that provide cooling at
 critical periods of gestation to enhance pregnancy rates
 during summer in hot climates.
 
 
 89                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Diurnal patterns of estrous behavior of dairy cows housed in a
 free stall. Amyot, E.; Hurnik, J.F.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1987 Sep.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 67 (3): p. 605-614; 1987
 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Estrous behavior; Diurnal variation;
 Illumination; Cow housing; Estrus; Detection
 
 
 90                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Diurnal temperature patterns of early lactating cows with
 milking parlor cooling.
 Araki, C.T.; Nakamura, R.M.; Kam, L.W.G.; Clarke, N.L.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1985
 Jun. Journal of dairy science v. 68 (6): p. 1496-1501. ill;
 1985 Jun.  Includes 10 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Body temperature; Cooling; Milking
 parlors; Milking interval
 
 
 91                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Dry period heat stress relief effects on prepartum
 progesterone, calf birth weight, and milk production.
 Wolfenson, D.; Flamenbaum, I.; Berman, A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1988
 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 71 (3): p. 809-818; 1988 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Dry period; Prepartum
 period; Progesterone; Milk production; Calves; Birth weight
 
 
 92                                  NAL Call. No.: HV4804.A3A4
 Dying for the dairy.
 Petersfield [Hampshire] : Compassion in World Farming; 1987
 Jun. Agscence : news & comments on agriculture and the
 environment (88): p. 2-3. ill; 1987 Jun.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal health; Pain; Animal welfare;
 Disease prevention; Animal husbandry; Somatotropin; Stress
 
 
 93                                  NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
 A dynamic weight logging system for dairy cows.
 Ren, J.; Buck, N.L.; Spahr, S.L.
 St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
 Engineers; 1992 Mar. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (2): p.
 719-725; 1992 Mar.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Liveweight; Milking parlors; Cattle
 weighers; Computer techniques
 
 Abstract:  A scale for automatically weighing dairy cows was
 developed and tested. The scale consists of a weigh bridge
 supported by two load bars placed in the return alley of a
 milking parlor. When a cow walks over the weigh bridge, each
 load bar generates an analog signal. A summing amplifier
 combines the signals. An ADC-1 data acquisition device
 digitizes and transmits the amplifier output to the serial
 port of a computer. A program written in C records the cow's
 weight and identification number. At the end of milking,
 another program processes the recorded raw data and computes
 the measured weight of each cow detected.
 
 
 94                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Economic, political, and global demands on the United States
 dairy industry. Olson, K.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (10): p. 3133-3142; 1993
 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk production; International trade;
 Animal welfare; Food safety; Consumer attitudes; Dairy
 technology; Technology transfer; Dairy industry; Trends
 
 Abstract:  Since 1970, average milk production per cow in the
 US has increased by 2321 kg. During this time, the number of
 cows has decreased by 2,010,000, and the number of farms with
 milk cows is less than one-third the previous level. These
 trends are likely to continue. Although increased productivity
 has made US producers among the most efficient in the world,
 many challenges will emerge in the near future. Reduced
 government involvement that is partially due to budget
 constraints will contribute to greater price variations than
 in the past; international trade may offer new opportunities
 for increased sales if current trade negotiations are
 successful; and environmental concerns, animal welfare issues,
 and consumer preferences will continue to challenge the
 industry. Basic and applied research, technology transfer, and
 responsible legislation will be needed to assist the industry
 in meeting these challenges. Most of all, active producer
 participation in setting research priorities and the
 legislative agenda is necessary for the industry to progress.
 
 
 95                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Economic weights for milk yield traits and herd life under
 various economic conditions and production quotas.
 Harris, B.L.; Freeman, A.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (3): p. 868-879; 1993 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Linear models; Linear programming;
 Dairy traits; Economic impact; Milk prices; Milk production
 costs; Quotas; Herd structure
 
 Abstract:  A linear programming model was used to derive
 economic weights for yield traits and herd life from a farm
 system under different milk markets, protein to fat price
 ratios, and feed costs. The model allowed optimization of the
 system over time, simultaneously optimizing management
 resource and capital allocation and optimizing future genetics
 of the animal. The change from fluid to manufacturing use of
 milk had considerable effect on the economic weights for the
 yield traits but little effect on the weights for herd life.
 The effect of changes in feed costs was greatest on the
 economic weights for herd life. Changes in the protein to fat
 price ratio had little effect on the economic weights for milk
 carrier yield and herd life but affected the relative
 magnitudes for fat and protein yields substantially. Economic
 weights were computed with milk carrier quota, fat quota, and
 milk carrier and fat quotas, assuming constant herd size and
 midwestern prices and costs. Economic weights for the yield
 traits under quota were negative. Those for herd life
 increased substantially under production quotas. Economic
 weights were also computed when enterprise rescaling was taken
 into account. The optimum for rescaling the enterprise
 depended on the economic severity of the quota system.
 
 
 96                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 The effect of assistance at calving, injections of recombinant
 bovine somatotropin and jugular catheterization on serum
 cortisol and its influence on the GnRH-induced LH response in
 postpartum dairy cows. Lefebvre, D.M.; Gallo, G.F.; Block, E.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1990 Jun.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 70 (2): p. 723-726; 1990
 Jun.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Postpartum interval; Stress;
 Reproductive disorders; Somatotropin; Catheters; Cortisol; Lh;
 Gonadotropin releasing hormone
 
 
 97                                    NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of drinking water temperature on heat stress of dairy
 cows. Stermer, R.A.; Brasington, C.F.; Coppock, C.E.; Lanham,
 J.K.; Milam, K.Z. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
 Association; 1986 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (2): p.
 546-551; 1986 Feb.  Includes 15 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Chilling; Drinking
 water; Temperatures; Body temperature; Respiration rate
 
 
 98                                     NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effect of environment and stage of the oestrous cycle on
 the behaviour of diary cows.
 Phillips, C.J.C.; Schofield, S.A.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Aug.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 27 (1/2): p. 21-31; 1990
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Estrous cycle; Sexual behavior;
 Behavior patterns; Cow housing; Cubicles; Pastures
 
 
 99                                   NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 Effect of environmental heat stress on follicular development
 and steroidogenesis in lactating Holstein cows.
 Badinga, L.; Thatcher, W.W.; Diaz, T.; Drost, M.; Wolfenson,
 D. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993 Apr.
 Theriogenology v. 39 (4): p. 797-810; 1993 Apr.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Subtropics; Summer; Shade; Graafian
 follicles
 
 Abstract:  Lactating Holstein cows were utilized over two
 replicate periods (July and September, 1990) to examine the
 effect of summer heat stress on follicular growth and
 steroidogenesis. On day of synchronized ovulations, cows were
 assigned to shade (n = 11) or no shade (n = 12) management
 systems. Follicular development was monitored daily by
 ultrasonography until ovariectomy on Day 8 post estrus. At
 time of ovariectomy, dominant and second largest follicles
 were dissected from the ovary. Aromatase activity and steroid
 concentrations in dominant and subordinate follicles were
 measured. Acute heat stress had no effects on patterns of
 growth of first wave dominant and subordinate follicles
 between Days 1 and 7 of the cycle. Compared with shaded cows,
 the heat stressed cows did not have suppression of medium size
 (6 to 9 mm) follicles between Days 5 and 7. A treatment X
 follicle interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for follicular
 diameter and fluid volume at Day 8. Dominant follicles in
 shade were bigger (16.4 > 14.5 mm) and contained more fluid
 (1.9 > 1.1 ml) than dominant follicles in no shade.
 Conversely, subordinate follicles in no shade were bigger
 (10.1 > 7.9 mm) and contained more fluid (0.4 > 0.2 ml) than
 subordinate follicles in shade. Concentrations of estradiol in
 plasma and follicular fluid were higher (P < 0.01) in July
 than in September. Heat stress appears to alter the efficiency
 of follicular selection and dominance, and to have adverse
 effects on the quality of ovarian follicles.
 
 
 100                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 N62
 Effect of environmental temperature on major mineral
 metabolism of cows during feeding and fasting.
 Kume, S.; Shibata, M.; Kurihara, M.; Aii, T.
 Tokyo : Nihon Chikusan Gakkai; 1986 Aug.
 Nihon Chikusan Gakkai ho; Japanese journal of zootechnical
 science v. 57 (8): p. 679-686; 1986 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Feeding; Fasting; Environmental
 temperature; Mineral metabolism; Heat stress; Calcium;
 Phosphorus; Magnesium
 
 
 101                                   NAL Call. No.: SF600.C82
 The effect of extra space on the behavior of dairy cows kept
 in a cubicle house.
 Wierenga, H.K.; Metz, J.H.M.; Hopster, H.
 The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff; 1985.
 Current topics in veterinary medicine and animal science v.
 35: p. 160-170. ill; 1985.  Paper presented at the "Seminar on
 the Social Space for Domestic Animals," January 10-11, 1985,
 Brussels.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Cubicles; Animal behavior; Housing
 density; Spacing
 
 
 102                                   NAL Call. No.: 340.8 IN8
 Effect of farm and simulated laboratory cold environmental
 conditions on the performance and physiological responses of
 lactating dairy cows supplemented with bovine somatotropin
 (BST).
 Becker, B.A.; Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.; Collier, R.J.
 Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990.
 International journal of biometeorology v. 34 (3): p. 151-156;
 1990.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Somatotropin;
 Hormone supplements; Milk production; Milk yield; Milk
 composition; Feed intake; Blood chemistry; Cold stress;
 Environmental factors; Winter; Farm tests; Laboratory tests
 
 Abstract:  A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of
 bovine somatotropin (BST) supplementation in twelve lactating
 dairy cows maintained in cold environmental conditions. Six
 cows were injected daily with 25 mg of BST; the other six were
 injected with a control vehicle. Cows were maintained under
 standard dairy management during mid-winter for 30 days. Milk
 production was recorded twice daily, and blood samples were
 taken weekly. Animals were then transferred to environmentally
 controlled chambers and exposed to cycling thermoneutral (15
 degrees to 20 degrees C) and cycling cold (-5degrees to +5
 degrees C) temperatures for 10 days in a split-reversal
 design. Milk production, feed and water intake, body weights
 and rectal temperatures were monitored. Blood samples were
 taken on days 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 of each period and analyzed
 for plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4). cortisol.
 insulin and prolactin. Under farm conditions, BST-treated cows
 produced 11% more milk than control-treated cows and in
 environmentally controlled chambers produced 17.4% more milk.
 No differences due to BST in feed or water intake, body
 weights or rectal temperatures were found under laboratory
 conditions. Plasma T3 and insulin increased due to BST
 treatment while no effect was found on cortisol, prolactin or
 T4. The results showed that the benefits of BST
 supplementation in lactating dairy cows were achieved under
 cold environmental conditions.
 
 
 103                                  NAL Call. No.: QP251.A1T5
 Effect of heat stress on conception in a dairy herd model
 under South African conditions.
 Du Preez, J.H.; Terblanche, S.J.; Giesecke, W.H.; Maree, C.;
 Welding, M.C. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991
 May.
 Theriogenology v. 35 (5): p. 1039-1049; 1991 May.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: South  Africa; Dairy cows; Friesian; Conception
 rate; Heat stress; Air temperature; Relative humidity;
 Regression analysis; Seasonal variation
 
 Abstract:  Three regression models are proposed for predicting
 reproduction in a model dairy herd under South African
 conditions. Conception rate (CR%) was related to mean monthly
 temperature-humidity index (THI) by; CR% = 31.15THI -
 0.25THI(2) - 890.2, and first service conception rate (FSCR%)
 to THI by; FSCR% = 173.45 - 1.79THI. Conception rate was
 related to numerical month of the year (M) by; CR% = 11.86M -
 0.82M(2) + 26.36. The relation between mean monthly THI values
 and the conception rate of dairy cattle is significant.
 Further investigations to test the proposed regression models
 under various dairy herd conditions and to improve
 reproduction in South African dairy herds are needed.
 
 
 104                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 On1
 Effect of heat stress on conception in a dairy-herd model in
 the Natal highlands of South Africa.
 Du Preez, J.H.; Willemse, J.J.C.; Ark, H. van
 Onderstepoort : Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute,
 Agricultural Research Council; 1994 Mar.
 The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research v. 61 (1): p.
 1-6; 1994 Mar. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: South  Africa; Cabt; Dairy cattle; Dairy herds;
 Heat stress; Conception rate; Environmental temperature;
 Relative humidity; Seasonal variation; Models; Prediction
 
 
 105                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 J8222
 Effect of heat stress on tonic and GnRH-induced gonadotrophin
 secretion in relation to concentration of oestradiol in plasma
 of cyclic cows. Gilad, E.; Meidan, R.; Berman, A.; Graber, Y.;
 Wolfenson, D. Essex, U.K. : Journal of Reproduction and
 Fertility; 1993 Nov. Journal of reproduction and fertility v.
 99 (2): p. 315-321; 1993 Nov. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Heat stress;
 Estradiol; Gnrh; Lh; Fsh; Hormone secretion; Estrous cycle
 
 Abstract:  Effects of acute and seasonal heat stress on tonic
 and GnRH-induced LH and FSH secretion were examined during the
 early follicular phase of the oestrous cycle of cows (n = 40).
 Prostaglandin F2alpha was injected on day 11 +/- 1 of the
 oestrous cycle and on the next day blood samples were
 collected at intervals of 15-20 min for 14 h, and i.m.
 injection of GnRH was given after 7 h. Treatments compared
 were control versus acute heat stress during blood sampling in
 winter, and cooled versus chronic heat stress in summer.
 Before GnRH injection, chronic heat stress in summer did not
 affect basal concentrations of plasma LH, but did lower LH
 pulse amplitude. However, in cows with low plasma oestradiol
 (1.9 +/- 0.2 pg ml-1), the mean and basal concentrations and
 amplitude of tonic LH pulses were reduced by heat stress (3.1,
 2.1 and 4.8 versus 1.9, 1.4 and 2.5 ng ml-1, respectively). In
 cows with high plasma oestradiol (6.3 + 0.5 pg ml-1), these
 parameters were not affected. In chronically heat stressed
 cows in summer, GnRH-induced increases in plasma LH and FSH
 concentrations were the same as in the cooled controls.
 However, in cows with low plasma oestradiol, mean
 concentrations of FSH in plasma (31.8 versus 25.5 ng ml-1, the
 peak of the GnRH-induced FSH and LH surge (FSH 47.4 versus
 35.6 ng ml-1, LH 50.7 versus 37.3 ng ml-1 ) and the shape of
 the GnRH-induced FSH and LH curves (treatment by time
 interaction) were significantly lower in non-cooled versus
 cooled controls. The GnRH-induced increase in LH secretion was
 unaffected by chronic heat stress in cows with high
 concentrations of oestradiol in plasma. In winter, acute heat
 stress depressed the mean concentration of FSH in plasma and
 decreased the GnRH-induced release of FSH in cases with low
 but not with high concentrations of oestradiol in plasma. The
 peak of the GnRH-induced surge of LH in all acutely heat
 stressed cows was significantly lower in winter than in
 control cows, irrespective of concentrations of oestradiol in
 plasma. These results show that heat stress affects the
 secretion of gonadotrophins more in cows with low
 concentrations of oestradiol than in those with high
 concentrations of oestradiol in plasma.
 
 
 106                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of heat-stress on bovine embryo development in vitro.
 Ryan, D.P.; Blakewood, E.G.; Lynn, J.W.; Munyakazi, L.; Godke,
 R.A. Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science;
 1992 Nov. Journal of animal science v. 70 (11): p. 3490-3497;
 1992 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cattle; Embryo culture; Heat stress;
 Embryonic development; Carbon dioxide; Morula; Prostaglandins
 
 Abstract:  Chronic elevation of uterine temperature has long
 been known to increase embryo mortality in dairy cattle.
 Short-term elevation in temperature of mouse embryos to 43
 degrees C (acute) has been shown to induce intracellular
 production of heat-shock proteins. In this study, in vitro
 development of bovine embryos was assessed during short-term
 (60 h) coculture with oviduct epithelial cells at 38.6 degrees
 C (T1), 40 degrees C (T2), 38.6 degrees C after a prior pulse
 treatment (20 min) at 43 degrees C with 5% CO2 (T3), or 38.6
 degrees C after a prior pulse treatment (20 min) at 43 degrees
 C with 100% CO2 (T4). During incubation, embryos cocultured at
 40 degrees C had a greater (P < .05) mean embryo development
 score at 36 h than embryos cocultured at 38.6 degrees C. At 60
 h of incubation, embryo development scores were greater (P <
 .05) for embryos cultured at 38.6 degrees C than for those
 cocultured at 40 degrees C. The number of embryos hatched at
 60 h was similar after coculture at 38.6 degrees C (T1) or a
 prior pulse treatment with 5% CO2 and 43 degrees C (T3), but
 the embryo development score at 60 h was greater (P < .05) for
 the pulse-treated embryos. Embryos in T4 had greater (P < .05)
 embryo development scores than did T1 embryos from 36 through
 60 h. Pulse treatment (T4) resulted in a greater (P < .05)
 number of hatched embryos at 60 h than T1, T2, and T3. These
 results indicate a detrimental effect of a chronic elevation
 in temperature that was evident shortly after embryo hatching.
 However, an acute rise in temperature at the morula stage
 increased the rate of embryo development. This may be
 associated with the production of heat-shock proteins that
 enabled embryos to tolerate the in vitro stress of the culture
 environment.
 
 
 107                                    NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792
 Effect of heifer size at mating and calving on milk production
 during first lactation.
 Thomas, G.W.; Mickan, F.J.
 Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
 Organization; 1987.
 Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 27 (4): p.
 481-483; 1987. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Victoria; Heifers; Dairy cows; Liveweight; Size;
 Calving; Milk production; Lactation; Conception; Mating
 
 
 108                                    NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7
 Effect of high daytime temperatures on the intake and
 utilisation of water in lactating Friesian cows.
 Richard, J.I.
 Edinburgh : Longman; 1985 Nov.
 Tropical animal health and production v. 17 (4): p. 209-217;
 1985 Nov. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Tropics; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian;
 Environmental temperature; Tropical climate; Water intake;
 Water excretion; Acclimatization; Laboratory tests; Lactation;
 Heat stress
 
 
 109                                  NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7
 Effect of hot environment on Ca and P metabolism in dairy cow.
 Kume, S.; Takahashi, S.; Kurihara, M.; Ali, T.
 Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal
 Production Societies; 1989 Sep.
 Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 2 (3): p.
 259-260; 1989 Sep. Paper presented at the "VII International
 Symposium on Ruminant Physiology: Physiological Aspects of
 Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants", August 28-September 1,
 1989, Sendai, Japan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Mineral metabolism
 
 
 110                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of Re-17 mutant Salmonella typhimurium bacterin toxoid
 on clinical coliform mastitis.
 McClure, A.M.; Christopher, E.E.; Wolff, W.A.; Fales, W.H.;
 Krause, G.F.; Miramonti, J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1994
 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (8): p. 2272-2280; 1994
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bovine mastitis; Coliform bacteria;
 Vaccination; Salmonella typhimurium; Toxoids; Lactation
 number; Mortality; Lactation stage; Incidence; Rain;
 Streptococcus
 
 Abstract:  The objective of this study was to test the
 hypothesis that the incidence and severity of clinical
 coliform mastitis could be decreased by Re-17 mutant
 Salmonella typhimurium bacterin toxoid. Holstein-Friesian cows
 from two Arizona dairies were selected for this study based on
 July through November projected calving dates; peak lactation
 occurred during the period of highest rainfall and peak
 environmental stress. The cows were randomly assigned to
 either a vaccinate or a control group, and 1292 cows were
 paired by herd, parity, calving date, and milk yield. The 646
 vaccinates were injected twice during the third trimester of
 pregnancy with an Re-17 mutant S. typhimurium bacterin toxoid,
 and the 646 controls were not vaccinated. Vaccinated cows had
 significantly fewer clinical cases of coliform mastitis with
 positive coliform cultures and had lower culling rate from
 coliform mastitis than control cows during the first 5 mo of
 lactation. During the same period, the mortality rate from
 clinical coliform mastitis was 75% less in the vaccinated
 clinical coliform mastitic group than in the control group.
 Incidence of mastitis increased with advancing parity. The
 Re-17 mutant Salmonella typhimurium bacterin toxoid provided
 cross-protection against coliform mastitis; incidence and
 severity of clinical coliform mastitis were significantly
 lowered during the first 5 months of lactation.
 
 
 111                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effect of season and stage of lactation on performance of
 Holsteins. Perera, K.S.; Gwazdauskas, F.C.; Pearson, R.E.;
 Brumback, T.B. Jr Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
 Association; 1986 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 69 (1): p.
 228-236. ill; 1986 Jan.  Includes 31 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy performance; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian;
 Lactation stage; Seasonal fluctuations; Animal housing; Milk
 production; Housing temperature and humidity; Statistical
 analysis
 
 
 112                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effect of soybean hull:soy lecithin-soapstock mixture on
 ruminal digestion and performance of growing beef calves and
 lactating dairy cattle. Shain, D.H.; Sindt, M.H.; Grant, R.J.;
 Klopfenstein, T.J.; Stock, R.A. Champaign, Ill. : American
 Society of Animal Science; 1993 May. Journal of animal science
 v. 71 (5): p. 1266-1275; 1993 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Calves; Soybean husks; Soybean
 soapstock; Lectins; Rumen digestion; Crude protein; Protein
 digestion; Maize; Diet; Nutrient content; Feed intake; Milk
 yield; Milk composition; Volatile fatty acids; Energy balance;
 Body condition
 
 Abstract:  Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the
 effect of a soybean hull, soy lecithin, and soapstock mixture
 on ruminal fiber and protein digestion, growth efficiency of
 beef calves, and lactational performance of dairy cattle. An
 initial mixing experiment determined that a 4:1 ratio (DM
 basis) of soy lecithin:soapstock could be added to soybean
 hulls at 15% (wt/wt, DM basis); this mixture had acceptable
 mixing and handling characteristics. Dietary addition of a
 mixture of 85% soybean hulls, 12% soy lecithin, and 3%
 soapstock (DM basis; SLS) to provide 0, 3, 5, or 7%
 supplemental fat resulted in a linear (P < .01) decrease in in
 situ rate of ruminal NDF digestion with no effect on rate of
 CP digestion. Daily gain, DMI, and feed efficiency (kilograms
 of gain/kilogram of DMI) of growing beef calves were not
 affected (P > .10) as graded levels of SLS replaced corn
 grain. However, as graded levels of SLS replaced soybean
 hulls, daily gain and feed efficiency increased linearly (P <
 .01). Based on the results of these trials, Holstein dairy
 cattle were fed four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets
 that contained either high levels of nonfiber carbohydrates
 (43%) and no added fat, 1% ruminally inert fat, a 6% level of
 SLS, or a 12% SLS level (all on DM basis). Efficiency of 4%
 fat-corrected milk production (kilograms of milk/kilogram of
 DMI) was greatest for cows fed SLS at 6% of dietary DM. The
 SLS mixture was an excellent source of fiber and vegetable
 fat, comparable in feeding value to corn grain, for inclusion
 in the diets of beef calves and dairy cows.
 
 
 113                                    NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792
 Effect of stage of lactation and feeding level on milk yield
 response by stall-fed dairy cows to change in pasture intake.
 Grainger, C.
 East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
 Research Organization; 1990.
 Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 30 (4): p.
 495-501; 1990. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Victoria; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Jersey;
 Crossbreds; Inbred lines; Feed intake; Lactation; Milk
 composition; Milk yield; Pastures; Unrestricted feeding
 
 
 114                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 ON1
 The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows.
 Giesecke, W.H.
 Pretoria : South Africa, Dept. of Agriculture and Water
 Supply; 1985 Sep. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary
 research v. 52 (3): p. 175-193; 1985 Sep.  Literature review. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal health; Stress; Lactation;
 Udders; Disease resistance; Environment
 
 
 115                                     NAL Call. No.: 49 AN55
 The effect of summer decline in conception rate on the monthly
 milk production pattern in Israel.
 Kahn, H.E.
 East Lothian, Scotland : Durrant; 1991 Oct.
 Animal production v. 53 (pt.2): p. 127-131; 1991 Oct. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Milk production;
 Conception; Simulation models; Seasonal fluctuations
 
 
 116                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of a hot climate on the performance of first lactation
 Holstein cows grouped by coat color.
 King, V.L.; Denise, S.K.; Armstrong, D.V.; Torabi, M.;
 Wiersma, F. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
 Association; 1988 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 71 (4): p.
 1093-1096; 1988 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Arizona; Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Heat
 stress; Climate; Coat; Color; Milk production; Reproductive
 performance
 
 
 117                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of acute thermal stress and amount of feed intake on
 concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor
 (IGF)-I and IGF-II, and thyroid hormones in plasma of
 lactating Holstein cows.
 McGuire, M.A.; Beede, D.K.; Collier, R.J.; Buonomo, F.C.;
 DeLorenzo, M.A.; Wilcox, C.J.; Huntington, G.B.; Reynolds,
 C.K.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1991
 May. Journal of animal science v. 69 (5): p. 2050-2056; 1991
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Feed intake; Insulin-
 like growth factor; Body temperature; Blood plasma;
 Somatotropin; Thyroid hormones; Restricted feeding;
 Environmental temperature
 
 Abstract:  Our objective was to evaluate effects of acute
 thermal stress, independent of reduced feed intake caused by
 elevated temperatures, and of reduced feed intake in thermal
 comfort on plasma concentrations of somatotropin, insulin-like
 growth factors I and II, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine. Six
 Holstein cows (averaging 475 +/- 18 kg BW, 2.3 +/-.3 parities,
 and 96 +/- 12 d in lactation) surgically fitted with catheters
 in the hepatic portal vein, mesenteric vein, and intercostalis
 posterior artery were exposed to treatments of thermal comfort
 environments with ad libitum or restricted (75% of ad libitum)
 DM intake and a thermal stress environment with ad libitum
 intake in two balanced 3 X 3 Latin squares. Thermal stress
 increased rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Dry
 matter intake of the thermal-stressed cows offered feed ad
 libitum (11.1 +/- .7 kg/d) was similar to the experimentally
 imposed reduction in DM intake of the thermal comfort
 restricted group (11.5 +/- .7 kg/d). Dry matter intake of cows
 in thermal comfort was 15.1 +/- .7 kg/d. Plasma somatotropin
 concentrations tended (P < .08) to decrease daring thermal
 stress but were unchanged by amount of feed intake in thermal
 comfort environments. Concentrations of IGF-I were not
 affected by treatments. Concentrations of IGF-II tended (P <
 .14) to increase with thermal stress compared with thermal
 comfort treatments. Thyroxine concentrations tended (P < .15)
 to increase in the thermal stress treatment compared with the
 thermal comfort restricted intake treatment. Triiodothyronine
 tended (P < .11) to decrease with restriction in feed intake
 in the thermal comfort environment. Overall, effects of
 nutrition and thermal stress did not markedly alter
 concentrations of metabolic hormones in lactating dairy cows.
 
 
 118                                    NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3
 Effects of administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin
 on the response of lactating and nonlactating cows to heat
 stress.
 Cole, J.A.; Hansen, P.J.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association; 1993 Jul01.
 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association v. 203
 (1): p. 113-117; 1993 Jul01.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Heat stress; Solar
 radiation; Lactating females; Dry period; Milk yield
 
 
 119                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of bovine somatotropin on dry matter intake, milk
 yield, and body temperature in Holstein and Jersey cows during
 heat stress. West, J.W.; Mullinix, B.G.; Johnson, J.C. Jr;
 Ash, K.A.; Taylor, V.N. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy
 Science Association; 1990 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 73
 (10): p. 2896-2906; 1990 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Heat stress; Somatotropin; Feed
 intake; Milk yield; Body temperature; Holstein-friesian;
 Jersey; Body weight; Body condition
 
 
 120                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition,
 dry matter intake, and some physiological functions of
 Holstein cows during heat stress. Zoa-Mboe, A.; Head, H.H.;
 Bachman, K.C.; Baccari, F. Jr; Wilcox, C.J. Champaign, Ill. :
 American Dairy Science Association; 1989 Apr. Journal of dairy
 science v. 72 (4): p. 907-916; 1989 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Heat stress;
 Somatotropin; Milk yield; Milk composition; Dry matter; Feed
 intake; Shade; Hormones; Physiological functions
 
 
 121                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of bovine somatotropin on physiologic responses of
 lactating Holstein and Jersey cows during hot, humid weather.
 West, J.W.; Mullinix, B.G.; Sandifer, T.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
 Mar. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (3): p. 840-851; 1991 Mar. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Weather; Humidity; Heat
 production; Heat stress; Milk; Temperature; Blood chemistry;
 Fatty acids
 
 Abstract:  Thirty-one lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were
 used to determine the effects of daily injections of 0 or 20
 mg of recombinant bST on physiologic responses during hot,
 humid weather. Body temperature was determined by measuring
 milk temperature at each milking. Jugular blood was sampled
 for serum analysis of selected hormones, blood metabolites,
 and fatty acids, and arterial blood was sampled for blood pH
 and blood gas analysis. Milk was characterized for fatty acid
 composition. Blood pH was unchanged, but partial pressure of
 blood CO2, blood bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2
 declined with administration of bST. Serum triglycerides
 increased 89% in cows receiving bST. Blood urea nitrogen
 tended to decline in cows receiving bST. Serum cortisol,
 triiodothyronine, and thyroxine did not change, but insulin-
 like growth factor-1 increased 128% with bST use. Reduced milk
 short-chain fatty acids, increased milk long-chain fatty
 acids, and increased blood serum C18:1 fatty acid content
 occurred in cows administered bST and probably reflected
 tissue mobilization. Cows administered bST in hot weather had
 higher milk temperatures. Alterations in physiologic and
 metabolic measures in association with higher milk
 temperature, suggest an interaction of bST use with hot, humid
 weather and reflect the need to minimize the effects of heat
 stress.
 
 
 122                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Effects of coat colour on physiological responses to solar
 radiation in Holsteins.
 Hansen, P.J.
 London : The Association; 1990 Sep29.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 127 (13): p. 333-334; 1990 Sep29.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Coat; Color; Solar
 radiation; Heat stress; Heat resistance; Shade; Milk
 production; Physiological functions
 
 
 123                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of daily exogenous oxytocin on lactation milk yield
 and composition. Nostrand, S.D.; Galton, D.M.; Erb, H.N.;
 Bauman, D.E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (7): p. 2119-2127; 1991
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk yield; Oxytocin; Injection; Milk
 composition; Mastitis; Milk ejection; Animal health
 
 Abstract:  Eighty-four Holstein cows were used to determine
 effects of exogenous oxytocin on 305-d milk production and
 health. Cows were assigned at parturition by parity group to
 treatments: 1) oxytocin group, animals received an injection
 of 1 ml (20 IU) of oxytocin at each milking throughout
 lactation and 2) control group, animals received no injection.
 Oxytocin injections were given in the thigh region within 3
 min following the initiation of udder preparation and
 immediately prior to machine attachment. Udder preparation
 consisted of forestripping and manual cleaning (10 to 20 s)
 and drying (5 to 10 s) of teats. Cows were milked in a parlor,
 and milk yield was recorded at each milking. Milk samples were
 collected from each cow biweekly for milk fat, protein, and
 somatic cell count determination. Individual lactations were
 modeled using Woods' lactation equation; resulting
 coefficients were analyzed using ANOVA. The oxytocin group
 produced 849 kg more milk during the lactation than the
 control group, with a significant difference occurring after
 peak milk yield. This suggests that exogenous oxytocin
 maintained greater persistency during lactation. No
 significant differences existed for milk fat or protein
 percentages. The use of exogenous oxytocin at milking
 increased lactation milk production with no apparent effect on
 health.
 
 
 124                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AM3A
 Effects of dexamethasone on shedding of Listeria monocytogenes
 in dairy cattle.
 Wesley, I.V.; Bryner, J.H.; Van Der Maaten, M.J.; Kehrli, M.
 Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;
 1989 Dec. American journal of veterinary research v. 50 (12):
 p. 2009-2013; 1989 Dec. Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Listeria monocytogenes;
 Dexamethasone; Immunosuppression; Stress; Milk
 
 Abstract:  Ten lactating Holstein cows that had been given
 multiple injections of Listeria monocytogenes (serotype 4B,
 Scott A strain) via the intramammary route were allotted to 2
 groups: group 1 (n = 5) was treated with the synthetic
 glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg of body weight), for
 3 consecutive days, and group 2 (n = 5) served as controls.
 Two days after the initial dexamethasone injection, the number
 of L monocytogenes in the milk had increased nearly 15-fold
 (1.16 log10) over pretreatment values. On day 3, Listeria
 numbers in the milk had increased by 1.83 log10, compared with
 pretreatment values. By day 4, Listeria numbers in the milk
 were approximately 100-fold (2.03 log10) greater than
 pretreatment numbers. Numbers remained high through day 7 and,
 by day 11, approached pretreatment numbers. Dexamethasone
 administration was accompanied by high total WBC and milk
 somatic cell counts and decreased eosinophil and lymphocyte
 numbers, and decreased milk production. The increase in
 shedding of L monocytogenes in the milk may reflect impairment
 of cell-mediated immune mechanisms and phagocytic cell
 functions that are critical for sustaining listerial immunity.
 
 
 125                                    NAL Call. No.: 100 Al1H
 
                                                                
    NSUS31.E23 Effects of different cooling and management
 regimes on milk production. Lin, J.C.; Moss, B.R.; Cummins,
 K.A.; Coleman, D.A.; Smith, R.C. III Auburn, Ala. :
 Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University, 1954-;
 1993.
 Highlights of agricultural research v. 40 (3): p. 7; 1993.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milk production; Heat stress; Feed
 intake; Milk yield; Milk composition; Cooling systems
 
 
 126                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of feeding practices on milk fat concentration for
 dairy cows. Coulon, J.B.; Agabriel, C.; Brunscwig, G.; Muller,
 C.; Bonaiti, B. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
 Association; 1994 Sep. Journal of dairy science v. 77 (9): p.
 2614-2620; 1994 Sep.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: France; Cabt; Dairy cows; Milk fat percentage;
 Concentrates; Cattle feeding; Rumen digestion; Dairy herds;
 Volatile fatty acids; Seasonal fluctuations; Farm surveys
 
 Abstract:  Thirty-seven dairy farms, using high producing
 (7500 kg/yr per cow on average) Montbeliarde cows that were
 fed hay-based rations, were included in a detailed survey
 involving the structure of the farm and the herd, the quality
 of forage, the feeding practices in winter and summer, and
 genetic characteristics of the cows (breeding values and herd
 effects). These data were used to analyze variation in milk
 fat concentration among farms, particularly variation linked
 to environmental factors, as assessed by the herd effect. When
 farms were ranked according to herd effect of fat
 concentration, farms with the highest herd effects fed
 concentrate to cows in rolled form, distributed forage before
 or with the concentrate, and provided hay in the trough in
 summer. The effects of such practices on digestive phenomena
 in the rumen are discussed. This study supported the use of
 herd effects to identify factors related to variation in dairy
 cow performance.
 
 
 127                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 The effects of handling by humans at calving and during
 milking on the behaviour and milk cortisol concentrations of
 primiparous dairy cows. Hemsworth, P.H.; Barnett, J.L.;
 Tilbrook, A.J.; Hansen, C. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science
 Publishers, B.V.; 1989 Apr.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 22 (3/4): p. 313-326; 1989
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Milking interval; Calving interval;
 Handling; Stress; Cortisol; Animal behavior
 
 
 128                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
 Effects of lameness on the behaviour of cows during the
 summer. Hassall, S.A.; Ward, W.R.; Murray, R.D.
 London : The Association; 1993 Jun05.
 The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
 Association v. 132 (23): p. 578-580; 1993 Jun05.  Includes
 references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Animal welfare; Lameness
 
 
 129                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of late gestation heat stress on postpartum milk
 production and reproduction in dairy cattle.
 Moore, R.B.; Fuquay, J.W.; Drapala, W.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
 Jul. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (7): p. 1877-1882; 1992
 Jul.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Mississippi; Dairy cows; Heat stress; Dry period;
 Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Lactation stage; Heat sums;
 Age; Lactation number; Precipitation; Female fertility
 
 Abstract:  Carry-over effects of late gestation heat stress on
 postpartum productive and reproductive traits were estimated
 from DHI records using 341 lactations from six sites in
 Mississippi. Climatological data were gathered from records of
 weather stations near the sites. Using multiple linear
 regression analyses, predictor variables for lactations were
 age at calving, lactation number, maximum degree-days (above
 32.2 degrees C) during the periods 30 and 60 d prepartum, and
 precipitation 30 and 60 d prepartum. Months and sites were
 indicator variables. Dependent variables included milk and fat
 production during early, mid, and late lactation; days to peak
 lactation; days open; services per conception; and body
 weight. Age at calving affected milk and fat production in mid
 and late lactation and services per conception. Degree-days
 for 60 d prepartum had the greatest negative influence on
 production variables; its statistical significance was shown
 in predictions of milk and fat production in early and
 midlactation. Days open were higher for July than for cows
 calving in August or September. Sites had effects on many milk
 and fat measurements and some reproductive traits. These
 results indicate that heat stress in the last 60 d of
 gestation has negative effects on some production variables.
 
 
 130                                    NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
 Effects of number and location of water bowls and social rank
 on drinking behaviour and performance of loose-housed dairy
 cows.
 Andersson, M.
 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.; 1987 Apr.
 Applied animal behaviour science v. 17 (1/2): p. 19-31; 1987
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Bowl drinkers; Loose housing;
 Drinking behavior; Dairy performance; Social structure
 
 
 131                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of premilking teat preparation on spores of anaerobes,
 bacteria, and iodine residues in milk.
 Rasmussen, M.D.; Galton, D.M.; Petersson, L.G.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
 Aug. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (8): p. 2472-2478; 1991
 Aug.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Milk; Bacterial count; Bacterial spores; Iodine;
 Residues; Teat dip; Iodophors; Teats; Milking
 
 Abstract:  Premilking teat preparations using individual paper
 or cotton towels for either 6 or 20 s to reduce bacteria and
 iodine residues from teat surfaces were determined through
 Latin square designs applied to 50 cows. A cotton towel used
 for 20 s was most effective in cleaning teats, probably
 because of the physical structure of the towel, physical
 action on teat surface, and scrubbing of the teat ends.
 Premilking teat preparation of 6 s was inadequate to clean
 teats and to avoid iodine residues in milk. Teat end erosions
 increased iodine residue in milk. Two days after a treatment
 period, iodine content in milk from iodophordipped groups was
 similar to that of the undipped control group. Against our
 expectation, teat dipping with a .25% iodophor teat dip caused
 higher iodine residue in milk than a .50% iodophor teat dip.
 Differences in formulations and inert ingredients of iodophor
 teat dips indicate a need for further studies.
 
 
 132                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin under conditions of
 high production and heat stress.
 Lotan, E.; Sturman, H.; Weller, J.I.; Ezra, E.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1993
 May. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (5): p. 1394-1402; 1993
 May.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Israel; Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Injection; Heat
 stress; Milk yield; Milk fat percentage; Feed intake; Dry
 matter; Liveweight gain; Body composition; Female fertility;
 Lactation stage; Milk protein percentage; Milk fat yield; Milk
 protein yield
 
 Abstract:  The effect of bST injection on milk production of
 Israeli Holsteins was tested under conditions of mean
 production > 9000 kg/yr and climatic stress; mean maximum and
 minimum summer temperatures are 38 and 25 degrees C,
 respectively, in the Jordan Valley, located 200 m below sea
 level. In 1989, 111 cows were injected, and 115 cows were
 recorded as controls. In 1990, 108 cows were injected, and 93
 cows were included as controls. Fifty-nine of the cows
 injected in 1990 were also injected in 1989. Production
 records were corrected for parity, calving month, days to
 first injection, and days in milk. Injection with bST
 increased total lactation milk production by 12%, fat
 production by 15%, and protein production by 13%. Injection
 also resulted in slight increases in fat and protein
 percentages. Daily milk production during the injection period
 was increased by 4.4 kg. Injection during the previous
 lactation slightly decreased production of cows injected
 during the following lactation. Advancing the commencement of
 injection from the 4th to the 2nd mo in milk did not affect
 total lactation production. Weight gains and dry matter intake
 were higher for injected cows, but body condition score was
 higher for the control group. Injection had no discernible
 effect on fertility variables.
 
 
 133                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin
 (sometribove) in high producing cows milked three times daily.
 Jordan, D.C.; Aguilar, A.A.; Olson, J.D.; Bailey, C.;
 Hartnell, G.F.; Madsen, K.S.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
 Jan. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (1): p. 220-226; 1991 Jan. 
 Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Milking interval; Milk
 production; Milk composition; Body condition; Body weight;
 Animal health; Mastitis
 
 Abstract:  Effects of daily sometribove administration on milk
 yield and composition, body condition score, BW, and SCC were
 evaluated in Holstein cows milked three times daily. Lactating
 cows (n = 104) were assigned randomly to control or
 sometribove-treated (25 mg/d) groups. The experimental period
 was 16 wk, consisting of 2-wk pretreatment, 12-wk treatment,
 and 2-wk posttreatment periods. All cows were injected once
 daily starting at 53 to 180 d postpartum, housed in free
 stalls, and fed one of five total mixed rations according to
 milk production. Body weights were measured weekly, and body
 condition was scored biweekly. Milk yield was recorded daily,
 and weekly milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein,
 lactose, total solids, and SCC. Milk yield and milk protein
 were increased 18.8% (38.6 vs. 32.5 kg/d) and 3.3% (3.1 vs.
 3.0%), respectively, whereas percentage of milk fat, lactose,
 SNF, SCC, and BW were unaffected by treatment. Overall average
 body condition scores were lower for the sometribove-treated
 group versus control (2.2 vs. 2.4). No apparent differences in
 the number of cows treated for mastitis, foot rot, displaced
 abomasum, or lameness were observed between treatment groups.
 Sometribove treatment significantly enhanced milk yield (6.1
 kg/d) with no apparent negative effects on health in high
 producing cows milked three time per day.
 
 
 134                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of scrotal insulation on viability characteristics of
 cryopreserved bovine semen.
 Vogler, C.J.; Saacke, R.G.; Bame, J.H.; DeJarnette, J.M.;
 McGilliard, M.L. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science
 Association; 1991 Nov. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (11): p.
 3827-3835; 1991 Nov.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy bulls; Holstein-friesian; Semen characters;
 Semen preservation; Scrotum; Heat stress; Spermatozoa;
 Cryopreservation; Insulation
 
 Abstract:  The effect of a 48-h scrotal insulation on
 spermatozoal viability (motility and acrosomal integrity),
 before and after semen cryopreservation, was studied in six
 young Holstein bulls whose semen was collected twice in
 succession at 3-d intervals. Motility and acrosomal integrity
 were measured before and after incubation of semen at 37
 degrees C for 3 h. For assessment of results, collection days
 were grouped: period 1 (control) = d -6, -3, and 0, where d 0
 = initiation of scrotal insulation after semen collection;
 period 2 = d 3, 6, and 9 sperm presumed in the epididymis or
 rete testis during scrotal insulation); period 3 = d 12, 15,.
 . . 39 (sperm presumed in spermatogenesis during scrotal
 insulation). Semen was cryopreserved each collection day until
 morphologically abnormal cells exceeded 50% of the ejaculate
 (d 12 to 21). Semen viability before and after freezing was
 lower in period 3 than in period 1 (P < .05). These
 differences coincided with the appearance in period 3 of
 abnormal sperm morphology and depressed undiluted semen
 motility, which began on d 12 (P < .01). Semen collected
 during period 2 that was extended but unfrozen did not differ
 from that collected during period 1 in morphology or
 viability. However, for frozen semen, period 2 was
 significantly poorer than period 1 for both viability
 measurements, but only after incubation for 3 h at 37 degrees
 C postthaw (P < .05). We conclude that epididymal sperm are
 adversely affected by elevated testicular temperatures, as
 noted by their decreased ability to maintain motility and
 acrosomal integrity following cryopreservation.
 
 
 135                                   NAL Call. No.: 41.8 C163
 Effects of social and physical stressors on growth hormone
 levels in dairy cows.
 Munksgaard, L.; Lovendahl, P.
 Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Dec.
 Canadian journal of animal science v. 73 (4): p. 847-853; 1993
 Dec.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Somatotropin; Dairy cows; Hormone secretion;
 Blood plasma; Corticotropin
 
 
 136                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of somatotropin on milk yield and physiological
 responses during summer farm and hot laboratory conditions.
 Johnson, H.D.; Li, R.; Manalu, W.; Spencer-Johnson, K.J.;
 Becker, B.A.; Collier, R.J.; Baile, C.A.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1991
 Apr. Journal of dairy science v. 74 (4): p. 1250-1262; 1991
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Environmental
 temperature; Feed conversion; Heat stress; Milk yield; Summer;
 Body temperature; Blood composition; Feed intake; Milk fat
 percentage; Milk protein percentage; Heat production
 
 Abstract:  The effects of bST on performance and physiological
 responses of lactating cows was studied under farm summer and
 laboratory heat conditions. Twelve cows, 90 to 50 d
 postpartum, were injected with either bST or vehicle solution
 for 30 d under farm summer and 10 d under either laboratory
 thermoneutral or heat conditions. Somatotropin increased milk
 yield by 6.1 (21%), 8.1 (32%), and 7.3 kg (35%) under the farm
 summer, laboratory thermoneutral, and heat conditions,
 respectively. Somatotropin also increased milk fat by 15 and
 19% and dry matter intake by 16 and 18% under laboratory
 thermoneutral and heat conditions, respectively. Somatotropin
 increased the efficiency of feed conversion into milk without
 any significant changes in body weight and temperatures.
 Somatotropin reduced plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine
 and cortisol and had no effect on plasma prolactin and insulin
 concentrations. Somatotropin did not increase water intake;
 however, hematocrit was decreased. The results suggest that
 stimulatory effects of bST on milk production are still
 observed on heat-stressed cows without any significant
 indications of additional heat stress.
 
 
 137                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of supplemental potassium and sodium chloride salts on
 ruminal turnover rates, acid-base and mineral status of
 lactating dairy cows during heat stress.
 Schneider, P.L.; Beede, D.K.; Wilcox, C.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1988
 Jan. Journal of animal science v. 66 (1): p. 126-135; 1988
 Jan.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Lactating females; Heat stress;
 Minerals; Feed supplements; Potassium chloride; Sodium
 chloride; Rumen digestion; Acid base equilibrium; Nutritional
 state
 
 
 138                                      NAL Call. No.: 49 J82
 Effects of thermal stress and level of feed intake on portal
 plasma flow and net fluxes of metabolites in lactating
 Holstein cows.
 McGuire, M.A.; Beede, D.K.; DeLorenzo, M.A.; Wilcox, C.J.;
 Huntington, G.B.; Reynolds, C.K.; Collier, R.J.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Society of Animal Science; 1989
 Apr. Journal of animal science v. 67 (4): p. 1050-1060; 1989
 Apr.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Holstein-friesian; Heat stress; Feed
 intake; Nutrient uptake; Metabolites; Blood flow; Blood
 plasma; Portal vein
 
 
 139                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine
 somatotropin over three or four lactations.
 Oldenbroek, J.K.; Garssen, G.J.; Jonker, L.J.; Wilkinson,
 J.I.D. Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association;
 1993 Feb. Journal of dairy science v. 76 (2): p. 453-467; 1993
 Feb.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Somatotropin; Lactation number;
 Duration; Feed intake; Milk yield; Body weight; Blood plasma;
 L-thyroxine; Insulin; Metabolites; Milk composition; Somatic
 cell count; Female fertility; Animal health; Blood picture;
 Blood chemistry; Culling
 
 Abstract:  Jersey, Dutch Red and White, and Friesian cows were
 subcutaneously injected with 640 mg of recombinant bST at 28-d
 intervals from 87 to 115 d after calving through four
 successive lactations. A TMR (6.72 MJ of NE(L) and 168 g of
 CP/kg of DM) was fed for ad libitum consumption. The bST
 effects per day were 3.3 kg for milk yield, 189 g for fat
 yield, 109 g for protein yield, 157 g for lactose yield, 4 MJ
 of NE(L) for feed intake, and -4 kg for body weight. Responses
 in blood parameters measured 7 d after injection were -.007
 mmol/L for glucose, -1.3 mg of N/100 ml for urea, 221
 micromoles/L for 3-hydroxybutyrate, 59 micromoles/L for NEFA,
 65 ng/L for insulin, 2.8 micrograms/L for thyroxine, and 26.7
 micrograms/L for somatotropin. Somatic cell count in milk was
 75,000 cells/ml higher in treated cows. Concentrations of
 NEFA, Ca, Mg, and phosphorus were unaffected. Repeatability of
 the maximum response in milk yield after bST treatment was
 low: .2 within and .5 between lactations. Cows treated in the
 previous lactation had slightly more retained placentas, and
 birth weight of their calves was 2 kg less. No differences
 were between treated and control cows in disease incidence.
 Six treated cows were culled in third and fourth lactations.
 No indications for tissue damage, inflammation, or stress
 after bST injections were detected.
 
 
 140                             NAL Call. No.: KF27.A366 1987e
 Effects of United States and foreign trade policies and the
 Food Security Act of 1985 on the domestic livestock industry
 hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and
 Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of
 Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session,
 November 21, 1987, Rapid City, SD.
 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture.
 Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry
 Washington, [D.C.] : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the Supt. of
 Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O.,; 1988; Y 4.Ag
 8/1:100-58. iii, 91 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.  Distributed to some
 depository libraries in microfiche.  Serial no. 100-58.
 
 Language:  English; English
 
 Descriptors: Livestock; United States; Cattle trade; United
 States; Meat industry and trade; United States; Competition,
 Unfair
 
 
 141                                   NAL Call. No.: 44.8 J822
 Effects of voltages on cows over a complete lactation. 1. Milk
 yield and composition.
 Gorewit, R.C.; Aneshansley, D.J.; Price, L.R.
 Champaign, Ill. : American Dairy Science Association; 1992
 Oct. Journal of dairy science v. 75 (10): p. 2719-2725; 1992
 Oct.  Includes references.
 
 Language:  English
 
 Descriptors: Dairy cows; Electricity; Milk yield; Water
 intake; Milk composition; Lactation stage
 
 Abstract:  The effect of long-term voltage exposure on milk
 yield and composition was assessed. Forty cows in second to
 fifth lactation were used. Four groups of 10 Holstein cows
 were exposed to either 0, 1, 2, or 4 V throughout an entire
 lactation. Each group was housed in a free-stall environment
 with bunk feed and water provided for ad libitum intake.
 Voltages (AC, 60 Hz) were applied between waterers and a metal
 grid. Cows could not drink without placing their front hooves
 on the metal grid. Individual records were maintained for milk
 weights, milk fat, protein, and somatic cell counts. Average
 actual (7312, 8527, 6938, and 7725 kg for groups exposed to 0,
 1, 2, or 4 V, respectively) and mature equivalent (7802, 9281,
 7309, and 8911 kg for groups exposed to 0, 1, 2, or 4 V,
 respectively) milk weights for 305 d showed no significant
 differences between groups exposed or unexposed to voltage.
 Average actual milk yields for 305 d in the previous
 lactations were 8016, 8163, 7679, and