AWIC

Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Sheep and Goats

Animal Welfare Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library

ISSN: 1052-536X

Special Reference Briefs Series, SRB 97-07
January 1995 - June 1997
509 citations from AGRICOLA and CAB Abstracts
September 1997

Updates Housing, Stress, and Welfare of Sheep and Goats

Compiled By:
D'Anna J.B. Jensen
Animal Welfare Information Center, Information Centers Branch
and

Susan Chapman
Reference and User Services Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

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National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

 Jensen, D'Anna J.B.
   Housing, husbandry, and welfare of sheep and goats.
   (Special reference briefs ; 97-07)
   1. Sheep--Bibliography. 2. Goats--Bibliography. 3. Sheep--Housing--
 Bibliography. 4. Goats--Housing--Bibliography. 5. Sheep--Nutrition--
 Bibliography. 6. Goats--Nutrition--Bibliography. 7. Sheep--
 Behavior--Bibliography. 8. Goats--Behavior--Bibliography. 
 9. Cloning--Bibliography.
   I. Chapman, Susan, 1933-.
   II. Title.
 aS21.D27S64 no.97-07

Search Strategy

This bibliography was compiled from searches of the AGRICOLA database of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) and the CAB Abstracts database of CAB International in the United Kingdom. NAL call numbers are given for items currently in the Library's collection. To obtain copies of articles cited, please contact your local or affiliate library or refer to Document Delivery Information.
 S1   16126   (sheep or ovin? or ewe or ewes or ram or rams or 
              wether? or goat? or lamb? or kid or kids or kidding) 
              in de,ti
 S2   39268   (house? or facilit? or struct? or pen or pens or 
              crate? or confin? or corral? or handl?) in de,ti
 S3   42460   transport? or behavio?r? or barn or barns or fence?
              or fencing or stress? or distress? or welfare or
              well being or human) in de,ti,id
 S4   70637   (diet? or nutrit? or husbandry or rais? or farm?)
              in de,ti
 S5  144214   S2 or S3 or S4
 S6   28078   (L100 or L300 or L500 or N100) in CC
 S7   20311   (LL100 or LL110 or LL120 or LL140 or LL190 or LL300
              or LL810)
 S8   48389   S6 or S7
 S9   21604   S5 or S8
 S10   1550   S1 and S9
 S11   9154   (clone or clones or cloning) in de,ti,id
 S12    103   S11 and S1
 S13   1652   S12 or S10
 S14    603   S13 not (py <1995)
 

1
The 1996 B.S.D.A. study tour. Sheep dairying in Tuscany.
Mills O Sheep-Dairy-News v.13(1): p.3-7 (1996)
Descriptors: ewe-milk; massese; animal-health; sheep-farming; farming-systems; dairy-farms; ewes; sheep-breeds; comisana; delle-langhe

2 NAL Call No.: QP33.J681
Absorption of short-chain fatty acids across ruminal epithelium of sheep.
Kramer, T.; Michelberger, T.; Gurtler, H.; Gabel, G. J-comp-physiol,-B-Biochem-syst-environ-physiol v.166(4): p.262-269. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; rumen-epithelium; short-chain-fatty-acids; digestive-absorption; propionic-acid; nutrient-transport; ph; sodium; hydrogen-ions; chloride; nitrate; metabolic-inhibitors; cation-exchange; anion-exchange; carbon; anions; in-vitro; bicarbonate

Abstract: Investigations on the absorption of short-chain fatty acids across ruminal epithelium of sheep were performed both in vitro (Ussing chamber technique, using propionic acid representatively for short-chain fatty acids) and in vivo (washed, isolated reticulorumen). A pH-induced, nearly tenfold increase in the concentration of undissociated propionate led to an only twofold increase in mucosal-to-serosal flux of propionate (in vitro). Neither amiloride (1 mmol.l-1, in vitro) nor theophylline (10 mmol.l-1, in vivo), inhibitors of the ruminal Na+/H+ exchanger, exerted and significant influence on propionate fluxes or short-chain fatty acids absorption, respectively. Total replacement of luminal Na+ (by choline) did not alter short-chain fatty acids absorption (in vivo). Mucosal 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2'2'-disulfonic acid (0.1 mmol.l-1) or mucosal nitrate (40 mmol.l-1) markedly reduced propionate net flux (in vitro). Increasing mucosal Cl- concentration brought about a significant drop in mucosal-to-serosal flux of propionate (in vitro) and in short-chain fatty acids net absorption (in vivo), respectively. The results obtained suggest that short-chain fatty acids are absorbed both as anions and as undissociated acids across ruminal epithelium of sheep. It is concluded that short-chain fatty acids anions either compete with Cl- for binding sites at a common anion-exchange mechanism or that they are absorbed by an short-chain fatty acids anion/HCO3(-) exchanger indirectly coupled to a Cl-/HCO3(-) exchanger via intracellular bicarbonate.

3 NAL Call No.: 382-So12
Acacia saligna as a fodder tree for desert livestock and the interaction of its tannins with fibre fractions.
Degen, A. A.; Becker, K.; Makkar, H. P. S.; Borowy, N. J-sci-food-agric v.68(1): p.65-71. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: livestock-farming; tannins; acacia-saligna; nitrogen; fiber; fodder; deserts; sheep; goats

Abstract: Acacia saligna was examined as potential fodder for sheep (27.4 kg) and goats (14.8 kg) raised in arid and semi-arid areas. This leguminous tree remains green all year and can be grown in deserts using only runoff water. Phyllodes collected in March had a crude protein content of 12.5% dry matter (DM) and high tannin content (tannins as tannic acid equivalent to 11.3% and condensed tannins as leucocyanidin equivalent to 8.3% DM). DM intake was low, amounting to 0.80% and 1.05% body mass daily for sheep and goats, respectively. Sheep lost 227 g day-1 and goats 196 g day-1 while on this diet. Dry matter, organic matter and energy digestibilities were low in both species but were higher for goats than for sheep, and negative digestibilities were measured for acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Metabolisable energy intake for goats was 121.9 kJ kg -0.75 day-1 and for sheep was 78 6 kJ kg -0.75 day-1. Apparent N digestibility was 17.5% and 0.9% for goats and sheep, respectively, and both species were in negative N balance of 0.25-0.30 g kg-0.75 day-1. Total water intake and output were higher in sheep than in goats. Extractable tannins were virtually absent in faeces in both species however, output of condensed tannins and protein in the ADF and ADL fractions were substantially higher. This showed the presence of tannin-protein complexes in these fractions which explained the negative digestibilities of ADF and ADL. It was concluded that Acacia saligna could not be used as a sole dietary source for small ruminants because of low intake and negative nitrogen balance. This was due mainly to the high tannin content. However, the tree might have a potential as a supplementary fodder due to its high crude protein content.

4 NAL Call No.: SB111.A2T72
Adapted livestock management in the tropical rain forest of Latin America. Angepasste Tierhaltung im tropischen Regenwald von Lateinamerika. Erfahrungen bei der einfuhrung von afrikanischen Haarschafen in kleinbauerliche Betriebe in Ecuador.
Kaiser D; Klinge E Tropenlandwirt v.96(October): p.207-219; 17 ref (1995)
Descriptors: rain-forests; tropical-rain-forests; tropical-forests; agroforestry-systems; development-projects; sheep-feeding; grazing; crop-residues; plantations; bananas; pawpaws; grasslands; animal-husbandry; lambing-rate; birth-weight; economics; management; coffee; cocoa; farms; peasantry; agroforestry; agrosilvopastoral-systems

5 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Administration in suspension-form of n-alkane external markers for dry matter intake and diet selection studies.
Marais, J. P.; Figenschou, D. L.; Escott Watson, P. L.; Webber, L. N. J-agric-sci v.126(pt.2): p.207-210. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; rumen-digestion; pennisetum-clandestinum; hay; particle-size; dry-matter; feed-intake; alkanes; suspensions; xanthan; markers; feeding-preferences; dosage-effects; feces-composition

6 NAL Call No.: SF756.7.I57 1995
Age at tail docking affects physiology and behaviour of lambs.
Rhodes RC; McAndrews K; Nippo MM; Rutter SM (ed.); Rushen J (ed.); Randle HD(ed.); Eddison JC Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied
Descriptors: docking; animal-behaviour; lambs; tail

7 NAL Call No.: SF85.A1R32
Albania's range and pasture lands.
George, M. R. Rangelands v.17(6): p.194-198. (1995 Dec.)
Descriptors: agricultural-land; private-ownership; land-use; land-management; rangelands; pastures; quercus; fuelwood; coppice; water-erosion; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; forage; fodder; albania

8 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Ammoniation of moldy and nonmoldy prairie hay and its feeding value for sheep.
Khan, M. F.; Smith, G. S.; Rankins, D. L. Jr. Small-rumin-res v.15(3): p.209-216. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; hay; ammoniated-feeds; fungi; fiber-content; nitrogen-content; feed-intake; digestibility; body-weight; dry-matter; organic-matter; nitrogen-balance; blood-serum; blood-chemistry; enzyme-activity; blood-sugar; poisoning; liver; enzymes; kidneys; nutritive-value; elymus-smithii

9 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Amount of experience and prior illness affect the acquisition and persistence of conditioned food aversions in lambs.
Burritt EA; Provenza FD Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.48(1-2): p.73-80; 15 ref (1996)
Descriptors: lithium-chloride; learning; behaviour; feeding; lambs; oats; wheat; rice; learning-ability; feed-intake; feeding-preferences; toxic-substances; food-intake; feeding-behaviour

10 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V641
Anaemia in housed newborn lambs.
Bassett, J. M.; Borrett, R. A.; Hanson, C.; Parsons, R.; Wolfensohn, S. E. Vet-rec v.136(6): p.137-140. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; newborn-animals; anemia; mineral-supplements; iron; intramuscular-injection; disease-prevention; growth-rate; age-differences; hematocrit

11
Analysis of biomass balance and stocking rate in cattle and sheep production systems in Mediterranean areas.
Pulina G; Masala G; Zanda A; Enne G Medit v.6(1): p.27-30; 22 ref (1995)
Descriptors: environmental-impact; environmental-degradation; livestock-farming; models; stocking-rate; soil-degradation; grassland-management; grasslands; Mediterranean-grasslands; grazing; overgrazing; erosion

12 NAL Call No.: QL55.J55
Analysis of sexual behavior in rams (Ovis aries).
Odagiri, K.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Yoshikawa, Y. Exp-anim v.44(3): p.187-192. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; rams; sexual-behavior; behavior-patterns; movement

13 NAL Call No.: 60.19-B773
Animal production evaluation of herbage varieties. 2. Comparison of Aberystwyth S184, AberEndura and Grasslands Huia white clovers.
Davies DA; Fothergill M; Daniel GJ; Morgan CT Grass-and-Forage-Science v.50(3): p.227-240; 36 ref (1995)
Descriptors: herbage; grasslands; clovers; liveweight-gain; cultivars; sheep-feeding; persistence; cutting; lamb-production; legumes; nutritive-value; fodder-legumes

14 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
Animal production under a series of Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry systems in south-west Victoria, Australia.
Bird, P. R.; Kellas, J. D.; Kearney, G. A.; Cumming, K. N. Aust-j-agric-res v.46(6): p.1299-1310. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep-farming; agroforestry-systems; pinus-radiata; pastures; plant-density; grazing; browsing-damage; liveweight-gain; wool-production; victoria

15 NAL Call No.: TS1950.M433
Animal trade, welfare regulations.
Gregory NG Meat-Focus-International v.4(12): p.504-508 (1995)
Descriptors: european-union; beef; gatt; meat-hygiene; lambs; international-trade; animal-welfare; trade-in-animals; legislation; EU

16 NAL Call No.: RA639.M44
Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae chromosomal inversion polymorphism, feeding and resting behaviour in relation to insecticide house-spraying in Tanzania.
Mnzava AEP; Rwegoshora RT; Wilkes TJ; Tanner M; Curtis CF Medical-and-Veterinary-Entomology v.9(3): p.316-324; 25 ref (1995)
Descriptors: chromosome-inversion; feeding-behaviour; pyrethroids; organochlorine-insecticides; cytogenetics; resting-places; disease-vectors; chemical-control; vector-control; DDT; lambda-cyhalothrin; control; insecticides; dwellings; genetics; inversion-polymorphism

17 NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Apparent digestibility of minerals by lactating cows from a total mixed ration supplemented with poultry litter.
Ben Ghedalia, D.; Miron, J.; Yosef, E. J-dairy-sci v.79(3): p.454-458. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; poultry-manure; digestibility; dietary-minerals; calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; potassium; bioavailability; drinking-water; chemical-composition; intake; trace-elements; sheep; israel

Abstract: Apparent digestibility of minerals by lactating cows from a multiple-component, conventional Israeli TMR (control) and from a TMR containing 10% poultry litter (DM basis) was examined. Ten cows in early lactation were divided into two groups of similar performance (39 kg of milk/d) and fed for ad libitum intake the two TMR for 28 d. Poultry litter contributed, as a percentage of total requirements, 44.4% of Ca, 41.0% of P, 32.0% of S, 22.8% of Mg, and 25.9% of K. Apparent digestibility of the macroelements was higher for cows fed the TMR supplemented with poultry litter than for those fed the control TMR. Apparent digestibility of the control TMR was 22.3% for Ca, 29.4% for Mg, 39.1% for P, and 62.2% for S; the apparent digestibility of the treatment TMR was 30.1% for Ca, 45.6% for Mg, 45.3% for P, and 65.6% for S. Poultry litter contributed the entire requirements of Zn, Mn, and Co; 56% of Cu; and 32% of Se. The apparent digestibility of the control TMR was 15.6% for Cu, 39.6% for Zn, 8.51% for Mn, 42.8% for Co, and 41.6% for Se, and the apparent digestibility of the treatment TMR was 27.9% for Cu, 54.0% for Zn, 17.8% for Mn, 37.0% for Co, and 63.9% for Se. Poultry litter is a good source of macro- and microelements for lactating cows and, at 10% of the TMR, could ensure against mineral deficiencies.

18 NAL Call No.: 280.8-J822
Approximating farm-level returns to incremental advertising expenditure: methods and an application to the Australian meat industry.
Piggott, R. R.; Piggott, N. E.; Wright, V. E. Am-j-agric-econ v.77(3): p.497-511. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef; lamb-meat; pigmeat; farmers; returns; uncertainty; advertising; expenditure; domestic-markets; economic-impact; decision-making; profitability; production-costs; meat-and-livestock-industry; elasticities; statistical-analysis; mathematical-models; australia; export-markets; cross-commodity-impacts

Abstract: Equilibrium displacement modeling is used to analyze the effects of incremental advertising expenditure by the Australian beef, lamb, and pork industries in domestic and export markets. The effects on prices, quantities traded, revenues, producer surpluses, and profits net of advertising expenditure are reported. Cross-commodity impacts of advertising are highlighted, including how one industry has to adjust its advertising expenditure to preserve profit levels in the face of increased advertising by another industry. The procedures used are useful when decisions about advertising expenditure need to be made quickly.

19 NAL Call No.: QP251.A5
Arena behaviour of ewes selected for superior mothering ability differs from that of unselected ewes.
Kilgour RJ; Szantar Coddington MR Animal-Reproduction-Science v.37(2): p.133-141; 20 ref (1995)
Descriptors: behaviour; mothering-ability; ewes; selection

20 NAL Call No.: S671.R5
Artificial lighting criteria in intensive lamb breeding barns. [Criteri di illuminazione nei fabbricati per l'allevamento intensivo dell'agnello da carne.]
Mugnozza GS; Fiume G; Russo G Rivista-di-Ingegneria-Agraria v.27(3): p.155-161; 23 ref (1996)
Descriptors: lighting; lambs; animal-housing; animal-physiology; breeding

21
Aspects of 'factor-factor' economic analysis of sheep production.
Georgiev I; Slavov R; Videv V; Yarkova Yu Zhivotnov'dni-Nauki v.32(1-2): p.38-41; 13 ref (1995)
Descriptors: economic-analysis; animal-production; ewes; milk-production; feeding; animal-health; dairy-farms; economics; factor-analysis; ewe-milk; yields; feeds

22 NAL Call No.: SF85.4.A8A97
Assessing options for farming systems transitions in New Zealand 's mountainlands.
Foran, B.; Allan, B. Rangeland-j v.17(2): p.166-185. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep-farming; sustainability; mountain-grasslands; controlled-grazing; production-costs; transitional-farming; new-zealand

23 NAL Call No.: 41.8-On1
Attachment preferences of Hyalomma truncatum and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes ticks
Fourie LJ; Kok DJ Onderstepoort-Journal-of-Veterinary-Research v.62(3): p.211-213; 15 ref (1995)
Descriptors: ectoparasites; feeding-behaviour; feet; anus; genitalia; Dorper; sheep-breeds; sheep-diseases; attachment; Merino

24 NAL Call No.: 41.8-N483
Basal and stress response cortisol levels and stress avoidance learning in sheep (Ovis ovis).
Cook CJ New-Zealand-Veterinary-Journal v.44(4): p.162-163; 8 ref (1996)
Descriptors: stress-response; ewes; animal-behaviour; limbs; blood-plasma; shock-waves; animal-experiments; stress; avoidance-conditioning; hydrocortisone

25 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Behavior of the Murciano-Granadina goat in the hour before parturition.
Ramirez, A.; Quiles, A.; Hevia, M.; Sotillo, F. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.44(1): p.29-35. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; prepartum-period; reproductive-behavior; kidding; behavior-patterns; udders; size; twinning

26 NAL Call No.: QP351.B45
Behavioral responses of the chronically instrumented sheep fetus to chemosensory stimuli presented in utero.
Robinson, S. R.; Robertson, S. S.; Nathanielsz, P. W.; Wong, C. H.; Smotherman, W. P. Behav-neurosci v.109(3): p.551-562. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; fetus; prenatal-period; animal-behavior; stimuli; taste; stimulation; responses; gustatory-stimulation

27 NAL Call No.: 448.8.J824
Behaviors associated with egg and parasite deposition by gravid and Lambornella clarki-infected Aedes sierrensis.
Yee WL Journal-of-Parasitology v.81(5): p.694-697; 16 ref (1995)
Descriptors: oviposition; behaviour; aquatic-insects; parasitism; reproduction; host-parasite-relationships; pathology; entomopathogenic-protozoa; hosts; pathogens; parasites

28 NAL Call No.: SF604.63.N45S87
The behaviour and welfare of male lambs transported by sea from New Zealand to Saudi Arabia.
Black H Surveillance-Wellington v.22(4): p.14-15; 13 ref (1995)
Descriptors: lambs; animal-welfare; transport-of-animals; animal-behaviour

29 NAL Call No.: S13.P69
Behaviour of lambs grazing mixed clover-grass pasture sward. [Zachowanie sie jagniat na pastwisku o runi koniczynowo-trawiastej.]
Rogalski M; Armstrong RH Prace-z-Zakresu-Nauk-Rolniczych. 1995, 79: 127-130; 10 ref
Descriptors: grazing; selective-grazing; legumes; grazing-behaviour

30 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V641
Behavioural and cortisol response of pigs and sheep during transport.
Bradshaw, R. H.; Hall, S. J. G.; Broom, D. M. Vet-rec v.138(10): p.233-234. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; sheep; transport-of-animals; road-transport; roads; acceleration; animal-welfare; animal-behavior; hydrocortisone; saliva; species-differences

31 NAL Call No.: SF756.7.I57 1995
Behavioural and physiological changes of goats after tethering.
Sato S; Uemo N; Rutter SM (ed.); Rushen J (ed.); Randle HD (ed.); Eddison JC Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied
Descriptors: animal-behaviour; physiology; stress; tethered-housing

32
Body condition during pregnancy in transhumant Arles Merino ewes. Relationship with lamb birth weight and preweaning growth. [Etat corporel pendant la gestation chez la brebis Merinos d'Arles en systeme transhumant. Relations avec le poids a la naissance des agneaux et les performances d'allaitement.]
Teyssier J; Lapeyronie P; Vincent M; Molenat G Options-Mediterraneennes.-Serie-A,-Seminaires-Mediterraneens. 1995, No. 27, 43-51; 7 ref
Descriptors: Arles-Merino; ewes; transhumance; extensive-husbandry; body-condition; twinning; dams; birth-weight; growth; progeny; Body-condition-of-sheep-and-goats

33 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Botanical composition and diet quality of goats grazing natural and grass reseeded shrublands.
Lopez Trujillo, R.; Garcia Elizondo, R. Small-rumin-res v.16(1): p.37-47. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; diet; botanical-composition; chemical-composition; digestibility; feces-collection; sown-grasslands; semiarid-grasslands; shrubs; xerophytes; seasonal-fluctuations; dry-season; rain; wet-season; nutrient-intake; mexico

34
A brief overview of sheep dairying down under.
Mills O Sheep-Dairy-News v.12(3): p.49-51 (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; milk; milk-production; cheeses; ewe-milk; cheesemaking; dairy-farming; sheep-breeds

35
British Society of Animal Science Winter Meeting Spa Complex, Scarborough, UK, 20-22 March 1995. Programme and summaries.
UK, British Society of Animal Science. 1995, 210 pp
Descriptors: cows; milk-yield; reproduction; feeding; animal-behaviour; feed-formulation; animal-husbandry; ewes; sows; poultry; physiology; British-Society-of-Animal-Science

36
Brousse du Rove [cheese]. La Brousse du Rove.
Florio J di; Di Florio J Chevre. 1995, No. 207, 40-42
Descriptors: cheesemaking; farm-dairies; cheeses; goat-milk; manufacture; marketing; Provence-Alpes-Cote-d`Azur; fresh-cheese; Brousse-du-Rove

37 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Butylsoyamide protects soybean oil from ruminant biohydrogenation: effects of butylsoyamide on plasma fatty acids and nutrient digestion in sheep.
Jenkins, T. C. J-anim-sci v.73(3): p.818-823. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; dietary-fat; soybean-oil; amides; triacylglycerols; butylamine; rumen-digestion; protected-fat; blood-plasma; blood-lipids; feed-intake; dry-matter; digestibility; volatile-fatty-acids

Abstract: Based on previous results showing partial resistance of fatty acyl amides to ruminal biohydrogenation, butylsoyamide was added to sheep diets in an attempt to increase unsaturation of plasma fatty acids. Twelve wethers averaging 34 +/- 3.2 kg BW were randomly assigned to three diets containing either no added fat (control), 5% soybean oil, or 5% butylsoyamide. Dry matter intake was greater (P < .05) for sheep fed butylsoyamide than for sheep fed soybean oil (740 and 581 g/d, respectively), but neither fat supplement differed from the control diet (680 g/d). The soybean oil supplement reduced (P < .05) total VFA concentration (59.0 and 38.7 mM) and acetate:propionate (4.10 and 2.56) in ruminal samples compared with the control diet. Butylsoyamide had no effect (P > .05) on total VFA (54.4 mM) or acetate: propionate (2.96). Total tract ADF digestibility was not affected (P > .05) by either fat supplement. Relative to the control diet, soybean oil increased (P < .05) plasma linoleic acid concentration 22% compared with a 58% increase from feeding butylsoyamide (26.7, 32.6, and 42.1% of total fatty acids, respectively). Linoleic acid concentration in plasma neutral lipids, relative to the control diet, increased 15.8% (P < .05) for soybean oil compared with 64.9% (P < .05) for butylsoyamide (31.6, 36.6, and 52.1% of total fatty acids, respectively). Converting soybean oil triglycerides to fatty acyl amides substantially reduces negative effects of the oil on ruminal fermentation and increases unsaturated fatty acids in plasma. The increase in plasma unsaturated fatty acids demonstrates at least partial resistance of fatty acyl amides to ruminal biohydrogenation and their and their digestion and absorption postruminally.

38
Catching up in the Saone et Loire. Saone et Loire, un printemps tardif.
Chamba JN Chevre. 1995, No. 207, 27-28
Descriptors: cheesemaking; dairy-farms; dairy-farming; cheeses; goat-milk; production

39 NAL Call No.: QP501.E8
cDNA cloning, overexpression in Escherichia coli, purification and characterization of sheep liver cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
Jagath Reddy J; Ganesan K; Savithri HS; Datta A; Appaji Rao N European-Journal-of-Biochemistry v.230(2): p.533-537; 38 ref (1995)
Descriptors: characterization; cytosol; liver; gene-expression; purification; serine; folic-acid; glycine; enzymes; nucleotide-sequences; biotechnology; glycine-hydroxymethyltransferase

40 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Changes in live-weight gain, blood constituents and worm egg counts in Thai native and cross-bred goats raised in village environments in Southern Thailand.
Kochapakdee, S.; Pralomkarn, W.; Choldumrongkul, S.; Saithanoo, S. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(3): p.241-247. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; anglo-nubian; crossbreds; goat-breeds; grazing; feed-supplements; growth-rate; liveweight-gain; helminth-ova; feces; anthelmintics; blood-serum; blood-protein; blood-composition; globulins; hematocrit; thailand

41
Changes in the behavioral parameters following the lipopolysaccharide administration in goats.
Takeuchi Y; Kikusui T; Mori Y Journal-of-Veterinary-Medical-Science v.57(6): p.1041-1044; 19 ref (1995)
Descriptors: lipopolysaccharides; grooming; animal-behaviour; infection; models; behaviour; stereotypies

42 NAL Call No.: 41.8-R312
Changes in the release of amino acid neurotransmitters in the brains of calves and sheep after head-only electrical stunning and throat cutting.
Cook, C. J.; Maasland, S. A.; Devine, C. E.; Gilbert, K. V.; Blackmore, D. K. Res-vet-sci v.60(3): p.255-261. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: calves; sheep; stunning; throat; cutting; glutamic-acid; aspartic-acid; brain; release; synergism; consciousness; animal-welfare

Abstract: In calves aged two to five months, throat cutting resulted in an increase in the concentration of the amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate in the brain. Electrical head-only stunning by itself also increased the concentrations of these two neurotransmitters. The levels induced by stunning resulted in a seizure state characterised by epileptiform-like activity in the electroencephalograph. Combing head-only stunning with throat cutting within 10 seconds of the stun had a synergistic effect upon glutamate and aspartate, increasing their concentration by a greater amount and more quickly than either procedure on its own. An irreversible loss of brain function also occurred more quickly than after throat cutting alone. The administration of glutamate and aspartate receptor antagonists before the throat cutting lengthened the time to the loss of brain function in a dose dependent manner. Similar changes were observed in sheep but they occurred much more quickly than in cattle.

43 NAL Call No.: 49-N62
Changes in the serum, urinary and milk concentrations calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in ewes during the perinatal period.
Shiga A; Tsuchiya Y; Nagamine S Animal-Science-and-Technology v.66(3): p.267-273; 27 ref (1995)
Descriptors: lactation; parturition; milk; mineral-metabolism; urine; serum; calcium; phosphorus; magnesium; ewes; pregnancy; milk-composition; minerals; hypomagnesaemia; blood; ewe-milk; ewe-lactation; lactation-stage; nutritional-state

44 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7
Characteristics of the extensive Greek sheep production systems.
Apostolopoulos C; Rogdakis E; Zervas NP (ed.); Hatziminaoglou J The optimal exploitation of marginal Mediterranean areas by extensive ruminant production systems. Proceedings of an international symposium organized by HSAP and EAAP and sponsored by EU(DGVI), FAO and CIHEAM, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-20 June, 1994. 1996, 51-53; EAAP Publication No. 83
Descriptors: sheep-farming; extensive-livestock-farming; production-structure; productivity- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system

45 NAL Call No.: HD1405.E97 1995
Characterization of the spatial diversity of sheep concentration in relation to agricultural resources of the middle valley of the Ebro.
Olaizola A; Vidal D de L; Teruel A; Manrique E; Bernues A; Albisu LM (ed.); Romero C Environmental and land use issues: an economic perspective. Proceedings of the 34th EAAE Seminar held in the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, February 7-9, 1994, Spain. 1995, 439-447; 26 ref
Descriptors: land-use; sheep-farming; regions; classification; Environmental-and-land-use-issues

46 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Chemical composition and nutritive value of fresh and ensiled carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) by-product.
Ceron, J. J.; Hernandez, F.; Madrid, J.; Gutierrez, C. Small-rumin-res v.20(2): p.109-112. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; dianthus-caryophyllus; silage; chemical-composition; feed-intake; digestibility; dry-matter; crude-protein; metabolizable-energy; organic-matter; crude-fiber; ether-extracts; spain

47 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Chevon characteristics of goats fed diets with water washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake.
Verma, A. K.; Sastry, V. R. B.; Agrawal, D. K. Small-rumin-res v.19(1): p.55-61. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: kids; neem-seed-cake; kid-feeding; washing; mustard-protein-concentrate; oat-hay; slaughter-weight; carcass-yield; meat-cuts; dressing-percentage; meat-yield; offal; goat-meat; chemical-composition; sensory-evaluation; bitterness; triterpenoids

48 NAL Call No.: 26-T754
Chlorophyll-derived faecal pigment of an indicator of feed selection in dry-season tropical pastures.
Lowry, J. B.; Schlink, A. C. Trop-agric v.72(4): p.303-307. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; tropical-grasslands; dry-season; feeding-preferences; poaceae; fabaceae; feed-intake; feces; feces-composition; digestibility; chlorophyll; fodder-legumes; animal-nutrition; australia; chromogen

49 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Choice of sheep and cattle between vegetative and reproductive cocksfoot patches.
Dumont, B.; Petit, M.; D'Hour, P. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.43(1): p.1-15. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; heifers; grazing-behavior; plant-height; feeding-preferences; feed-intake; fasting; grazing-time; plant-composition; vegetative-period; reproduction; dactylis-glomerata; france

50
Classification and composition of the carcass of pre-ruminant kid goats of the Granadina breed.
Sanz MR; Ruiz I; Gil F; Boza J Options-Mediterraneennes.-Serie-A,-Seminaires-Mediterraneens. 1995, No. 27, 197-202; 14 ref
Descriptors: bucks; fattening-performance; animal-nutrition; carcasses; carcass-grading; carcass-composition; growth; energy-intake; Body-composition-of-sheep-and-goats; Body-condition-of-sheep-and-goats

51 NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Clausens choose Romanovs.
Fyksen, J. Small-farm-today v.13(2): p.42-44. (1996 Apr.)
Descriptors: sheep-farming; romanov; small-farms

52 NAL Call No.: QH442.A1G4
Cloning and characterisation of an ovine interleukin-10-encoding cDNA.
Martin, H. M.; Nash, A. D.; Andrews, A. E. Gene v.159(2): p.187-197. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; complementary-dna; interleukins; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; structural-genes; macrophages; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; u11421; ovil-10-gene

Abstract: Expression of the interleukin 10-encoding (IL-10) mRNA by ovine (ov-) cells, in response to mitogenic stimulation, was assessed by Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses using a human (hu) IL-10 cDNA probe and oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers based on homologous regions of the human and murine IL-10 cDNA sequences. A 31 5-bp cDNA generated by the PCR analysis was cloned and used to screen a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar ov-macrophage cDNA library. The full-length ov-cDNA sequence isolated translates to a protein of 177 amino acids (aa) with a predicted 18-aa leader sequence and molecular mass of 20165 Da. Expression in a mammalian system demonstrated that the ov-cDNA encoded a protein with the expected IL-10 biological activity. Both recombinant huIL-10 and supernatants from COS cells transfected with an expression vector containing the ovIL-10 cDNA inhibited production of IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor-x by ov-alveolar macrophages. Genomic DNA analysis indicated ovIL-10 exists as a single gene within the ov-genome.

53 NAL Call No.: QH442.A1G4
Cloning and characterization of multiple acetyl-CoA carboxylase transcripts in ovine adipose tissue.
Barber, M. C.; Travers, M. T. Gene v.154(2): p.271-275. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; complementary-dna; acetyl-coa-carboxylase; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; gene-expression; messenger-rna; adipose-tissue; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; x80045; open-reading-frames; untranslated-region

Abstract: A full-length ovine acetyl-CoA carboxylase-encoding cDNA (ACC) has been cloned from adipose tissue and completely sequenced. The open reading frame of 7041 nucleotides (nt) is highly homologous to the previously cloned human, rat, chicken, yeast and algal ACC (85, 89, 82, 54 and 54% identity, respectively). Transcript heterogeneity was found in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) resulting in ACC transcripts in the range of 9.0 kb to 9.4 kb. Heterogeneity at the 5' end was generated by the insertion of a 47-nt sequence, resulting in transcripts with either 272 or 319 nt in the 5'-UTR. Heterogeneity at the 3' end was the result of the use of different polyadenylation signals. RNase protection analysis demonstrated that shorter transcripts containing 1635 nt predominated over longer transcripts of 2065 nt in the 3'-UTR.

54 NAL Call No.: 381-B522
Cloning and expression analysis of a cytochrome P-450 11 beta cDNA in sheep.
Boon, W. C.; Roche, R. J.; Hammond, V. E.; Jeyaseelan, K.; Crawford, R. J.; Coghlan, J. P. Biochim-biophys-acta v.1260(1): p.109-112. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; adrenal-cortex; cytochrome-p-450; complementary-dna; cloning; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; l34337; embl; l34337

Abstract: A full length ovine steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450(11 beta)) cDNA clone from a sheep adrenal cortex cDNA library was isolated. Sequence analysis indicates that this cDNA clone resembles bovine P-450(11 beta) cDNA (95% nucleotide sequence homology) more closely than rat P-450 (11 beta) cDNA (69% nucleotide sequence homology). Although the levels of nucleotide sequence homology of this cDNA clone to the rat P-450(11 beta) cDNA and the rat P-450(aldo) cDNA are similar, the putative amino acid sequence shows a closer resemblance to rat P-450(aldo) protein. Northern blot analysis shows that there are three sizes of transcript and they are expressed throughout the adrenal cortex.

55 NAL Call No.: QH442.A1G4
Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding ovine interleukin 7.
Barcham, G. J.; Andrews, A. E.; Nash, A. D. Gene v.154(2): p.265-269. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; complementary-dna; interleukins; cloning; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; polymerase-chain-reaction; thymocytes; immune-response; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; u10089

Abstract: Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers based on regions of homology between the human and murine interleukin 7 (IL-7)-encoding cDNAs, we have amplified an ovine (ov) IL-7 cDNA from reverse-transcribed RNA extracted from concanavilin A (Con A)-activated ovine lymph-node cells. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and the predicted amino acid (aa) sequence showed significant homology to those of the human and murine molecules. The ovIL-7 cDNA encodes a 176-aa polypeptide that, based on analysis of murine IL-7, is processed to a protein of 151 aa. The cDNA was demonstrated to encode a protein with IL-7 biological activity. Supernatants from COS or CHO-K1 cells transfected with an expression vector containing the ovIL-7 cDNA were able to synergise with a suboptimal level of Con A to induce proliferation of ovine thymocytes. In addition, both supernatants were able to induce thymocyte proliferation, albeit at a reduced level, in the absence of Con A. Further experiments demonstrated that for induction of ovine thymocyte proliferation, recombinant (re)-ovIL-7 was able to synergise with re-human (h) IL-2 but not re-hIL-6 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (re-hTNF alpha).

56 NAL Call No.: 448.8-V81
Cloning and expression of the nucleoprotein of peste des petits ruminants virus in baculovirus for use in serological diagnosis.
Ismail TM; Yamanaka MK; Saliki JT; El Kholy A; Mebus C; Yilma T Virology-New-York v.208(2): p.776-778; 22 ref (1995)
Descriptors: recombination; gene-expression; laboratory-diagnosis; nucleoproteins; ELISA; production; cell-lines; diagnosis; viral-diseases; biotechnology; sheep-diseases

57 NAL Call No.: QP251.R47
Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding an ovine oestrus-associated oviducal protein.
Marshall, J. T. A.; Nancarrow, C. D.; Brownlee, A. G. Reprod-fertil-dev v.8(2): p.305-310. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; u17988

58 NAL Call No.: 444.8-G28
Cloning and sequencing of an equine insulin-like growth factor I cDNA and its expression in fetal and adult tissues.
Otte, K.; Rozell, B.; Gessbo, A.; Engstrom, W. Gen-comp-endocrinol v.102(1): p.11-15. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: horses; fetus; adults; insulin-like-growth-factor; complementary-dna; clones; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; comparisons; gene-expression; transcription; biological-development; animal-tissues; man; sheep; rats; evolution; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; u28070; sequence-homology; sequence-alignment

Abstract: A cDNA for equine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) has been isolated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and subsequently sequenced. The sequenced fragment contained 465 bp including the coding regions for the signal peptide, the entire mature protein, and 4 amino acids into the E-peptide. Like its human counterpart, the mature equine IGF I peptide contains 70 amino acids and was 100% homologous between horse and man. The 49-amino-acid signal peptide had the threonine in position 26 of the human signal peptide substituted by isoleucine. The nucleotide homology across the entire clone was 96.3% between horse and man and 91.6% between horse and rat. The isolated cDNA hybridized to the same transcripts in fetal and adult tissues.

59 NAL Call No.: QL757.M6
Cloning, expression and characterization of an unusual guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Giardia lamblia.
Sommer JM; Ma H; Wang CC Molecular-and-Biochemical-Parasitology v.78(1-2): p.185-193; 38 ref (1996)
Descriptors: cloning; hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase; xanthine; guanine; molecular-genetics; biochemistry; amino-acid-sequences; genes; enzymes; parasites; guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase

60 NAL Call No.: 448.8-EN2
Cloning of a receptor for prostaglandin F2alpha from the ovine corpus luteum.
Graves PE; Pierce KL; Bailey TJ; Rueda BR; Gil DW; Woodward DF; Yool AJ; Hoyer PB; Regan JW Endocrinology-Philadelphia v.136(8): p.3430-3436; 37 ref (1995)
Descriptors: corpus-luteum; cloning; prostaglandins; receptors; DNA; biotechnology

61 NAL Call No.: QH442.A1G4
Cloning, sequencing and expression of the bovine CD3 epsilon and TCR-zeta chains, two invariant components of the T-cell receptor complex.
Hagens, G.; Galley, Y.; Glaser, I.; Davis, W. C.; Baldwin, C. L.; Clevers, H.; Dobbelaere, D. A. E. Gene v.169(2): p.165-171. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cattle; receptors; t-lymphocytes; lymphocyte-antigens; complementary-dna; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; cloning; polymerase-chain-reaction; biochemical-techniques; species-differences; sheep; gene-expression; messenger-rna; rapid-amplification-of-the-ends; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; u25687; genbank; u25688 < /P>

Abstract: CD3 epsilon and the zeta-chain of the bovine T-cell receptor (TCR) are two invariant molecules with an important role in signal transduction via the TCR/CD3 complex. The nucleotide sequence of a bovine CD3 epsilon cDNA clone containing the complete coding sequence was determined and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence compared to that of other species. The cytoplasmic domains of the different CD3 epsilon clearly show a higher degree of conservation than the extracellular domains. Bovine CD3 epsilon produced in Escherichia coli using different bacterial expression vectors was recognised by antibodies (Ab) directed against the intracytoplasmic domain of human CD3 epsilon. A partial bovine TCR zeta-chain cDNA was generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers that were based on sequences that are conserved between different species; 3' and 5' RACE-PCR were carried out to obtain the complete TCR zeta-chain cDNA sequence. A comparison of the predicted TCR zeta-chain aa sequence reveals that the GDP/GTP-binding motif, which is conserved in other species, shows marked differences in the bovine and ovine TCR zeta-chains. In contrast to CD3 epsilon, the short extracellular domain of the TCR zeta-chain is 100% conserved between the different species and the transmembrane domain also shows a high degree of identity. Ab were raised against the TCR zeta-chain, produced as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in E. coli, and were used in Western blot analysis to further characterise TCR zeta-chain expression in T-cells. These reagents provide valuable tools for the study of signal transduction pathways in normal and transformed bovine T-cells.

62 NAL Call No.: QP251.R47
A cloning strategy for G-protein-coupled hormone receptors: the ovine beta1-adrenergic receptor.
Padbury JF; Tseng YT; Waschek JA Reproduction,-Fertility-and-Development v.7(3): p.521-525; 23 ref (1995)
Descriptors: hormone-receptors; cloning; hormones; receptors; dna

63 NAL Call No.: HV4890.4.A3C63--no.3-1996
Code of recommendations and minimum standards for the welfare of sheep. Rev.
New Zealand. Animal Welfare Advisory Committee. Code of animal welfare, 1171-090X ; no. 3. Wellington, New Zealand : Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, [1996] 40 p. : ill., "July 1996."

64 NAL Call No.: 275.29-IO9PA
Colostrum and health of newborn lambs.
Morrical, D.; Hartwig, N. R.; Youngs, C. PM-Iowa-State-Univ-Coop-Ext-Serv. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service. June 1995. (989-12,rev.) 2 p.
In the subseries: Sheep management.
Descriptors: lambs; sheep-farming; colostrum; lamb-feeding; colostral-immunity; supplemental-feeding-programs; tube-feeding

65 NAL Call No.: RA639.M44
Colour discrimination by the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata.
Wall R; Smith KE Medical-and-Veterinary-Entomology v.10(3): p.235-240; 30 ref (1996)
Descriptors: vision; colour; discrimination; smell; liver; sodium-sulfide; behaviour; host-seeking-behaviour

66 NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Comparative digestion in cattle and sheep fed wheat silage diets at low and high intakes.
Sudekum, K. H.; Roh, H.; Brandt, M.; Rave, G.; Stangassinger, M. J-dairy-sci v.78(7): p.1498-1511. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; steers; wheat-silage; crude-protein; feed-intake; body-weight; maturity-stage; unrestricted-feeding; digestibility; chemical-composition; species-differences; starch; fiber-content; hemicelluloses

Abstract: Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), harvested at late milk, early dough, and hard dough stages of maturity was ensiled for nutritive comparisons. Diets were adjusted to 13% CP with a soy protein concentrate and fed to six ruminally fistulated growing steers and nine adult wethers in a repeated 3 X 3 Latin square design to study the effects of maintenance and ad libitum intakes on digestibility of different feed fractions. At both intakes, digestion values for the steers were greater than or equal to those for the sheep for all feed fractions except CP. Wethers achieved greater intake per unit of BW than steers during ad libitum intake. Voluntary OM intakes of steers only differed between the milk stage diet and the dough stage diets. At low intake, the diets containing the more mature silage were more digestible. At high intake, the OM of diet containing the early dough stage silage was most digestible. Increased intake caused a depression in digestibility of different feed fractions. The magnitude of the depression varied among diets and fractions. Data indicated that the nutritive value of diets based on whole crop wheat silage is affected by stage of maturity, animal species, and amount of intake. The assessment of the nutritive value of diets based on whole crop wheat silage should therefore be made with the animal species and at the amount of intake for which the diets are intended.

67 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Comparative foraging strategies of sheep and goats in a T-maze apparatus.
Hosoi E; Swift DM; Rittenhouse LR; Richards RW Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.44(1): p.37-45; 10 ref (1995)
Descriptors: foraging; comparisons; species-differences; feeding-behaviour; learning-ability

68 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Comparative performance of Damascus goats and Chios ewes in Oman.
El Hag, M. G.; Azam, A. H.; Al Habsi, R. S. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(5): p.419-425. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; ewes; damascus; chios; age-at-first-mating; species-differences; age-at-first-kidding; age-at-first-lambing; age-at-first-conception; female-fertility; litter-weight; twinning; birth-weight; sex-differences; litter-size; weaning-weight; kids; lambs; mortality; milk-yield; lactation-duration; nutrient-requirements; body-weight; goat-milk; ewe-milk; milk-fat-percentage; feed-conversion; feed-intake; growth-rate; diet; oman

69 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Comparative performance of Omani goats and sheep.
Al Nakib, F. M. S.; Al Shukaily, E. S. S.; Al Hanai, S. S. S.; Al Nabhani, S. A. M. J-agric-sci v.127(pt.1): p.117-121. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; sheep; goat-breeds; animal-husbandry; breed-differences; breeding-efficiency; sexual-reproduction; diets; chemical-composition; female-fertility; lambing-rate; kidding-rate; oman; batinah-goats; dhofari-goats; jabal-akhdar-goats

70. NAL Call No.: 49-AR23
A comparative study of performance of Egyptian goat breeds II. Growth performance and productivity.
Laes Fettback C; Peters KJ Archiv-fur-Tierzucht v.38(5): p.563-575; 28 ref (1995)
Descriptors: goat-breeds; growth; performance; productivity; birth-weight; breed-differences; sex-differences; litter-size; body-weight; dams; progeny; tropics; plane-of-nutrition; intensive-husbandry; extensive-husbandry; kids; compensatory-growth

71 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Comparison between reconstituted sheep faeces and rumen fluid inocula and between in vitro and in sacco digestibility methods as predictors of intake and in vivo digestibility.
Nsahlai, I. V.; Umunna, N. N. J-agric-sci v.126(pt.2): p.235-248. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; feces-composition; roughage; chemical-composition; dry-matter; quantitative-analysis; rumen; digestion; inoculum; in-vitro-digestibility; digestibility; feed-intake; prediction; rumen-gases; filtration; centrifugation; nylon; bags; animal-nutrition; mathematical-models; ethiopia

72 NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Comparison of alpha-tocopherol acetate preparations given as single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous doses for increasing plasma and liver alpha-tocopherol in sheep fed a low vitamin E diet.
Smith, G. M.; Fry, J. M.; Ilett, K. F. Aust-j-exp-agric v.36(4): p.421-428. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; alpha-tocopherol; formulations; intraperitoneal-injection; subcutaneous-injection; oral-administration; blood-plasma; liver; concentration; supplementary-feeding; pharmacokinetics

73 NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
A comparison of sheep grazing with herbicides for weed control in seedling alfalfa in the irrigated Sonoran Desert.
Bell, C. E.; Guerrero, J. N.; Granados, E. Y. J-prod-agric v.9(1): p.123-129. (1996 Jan.-1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; seedlings; irrigated-stands; chemical-vs; -cultural-weed-control; eptc; 2,4-db; sethoxydim; sheep; grazing; grazing-effects; mowing; crop-yield; yields; feeding-preferences; weeds; plant-density; nutritive-value; crop-density; crop-quality; california; weed-management; weed-yield; weed-density

Abstract: A three year study was conducted in the irrigated Sonoran Desert to compare the effect of different weed management methods in seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on crop stand and yield. Treatments included; grazing with sheep (Ovis aries L.) when the crop was ready for the first harvest, a combination of preemergence and postemergence herbicides, postemergence herbicides only, and an untreated control where weeds were harvested with the hay. Weed management practice did not affect alfalfa yield in the first season, although the herbicide treatments reduced total forage (alfalfa plus weeds) yield compared with the grazed treatments and the untreated control. Crop density was not different between treatments. Herbicide treatments lowered forage yields at the first harvest by eliminating of weeds and because of crop injury in 2 of the 3 yr. At the third and subsequent harvests, there were no differences in forage yield for treatments. Plots were weed free after the second harvest. Lamb grazing selectivity in weedy seedling alfalfa was also quantified by analyzing esophageal extrusa. The lambs were selecting the weeds over the alfalfa as grazing progressed. This preference was consistent between lambs and plots, although there were year differences. Forage quality of the winter annual broadleaf weeds present in this study was comparable with the alfalfa. We concluded that grazing lambs are a good weed control method in seedling alfalfa during the winter grazing season in the irrigated Sonoran Desert.

74 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Comparison of the behaviour of goats and sheep on an eroded hill pasture.
Greaves, L. A.; Wedderburn, M. E. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.42(3): p.207-216. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; sheep; eroded-soils; hill-grasslands; spring; summer; female-animals; ewes; kids; lambs; animal-behavior; grazing; erosion; new-zealand

75 NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557
A comparison of wooden slats and straw bedding on the behaviour of sheep.
Gordon GDH; Cockram MS Animal-Welfare v.4(2): p.131-134; 3 ref (1995)
Descriptors: sheep-housing; floors; straw; animal-welfare; slatted-floors; animal-behaviour; litter; lairage

76
A complementary sheep flock at a dairy farm. Development of a production system at an experimental farm. [Dans une exploitation laitiere, un troupeau ovin complementaire. Mise au point d'un systeme de production en ferme experimentale.]
Rouel J; Laignel G; Bony J; Theriez M; Lienard G Productions-Animales v.8(5): p.341-352; 16 ref (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; sheepmeat; feed-supplements; profitability; economics; dairy-farms; reproduction; lamb-production; management; mixed-farming

77 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Composition, digestibility and rumen degradability of crab meal.
Nicholson, J. W. G.; McQueen, R. E.; Allen, J. G.; Bush, R. S. Can-j-anim-sci v.76(1): p.89-94. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: calves; sheep; crab-waste; meal; nutritive-value; digestibility; rumen; protein-degradation; chemical-composition; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; soybean-oilmeal; rape

Abstract: The nutritive value of dried shellfish waste (referred to as crab meal) produced in New Brunswick in the mid-1980s was evaluated by physical, chemical and biological assays. Typically, the crab meal was high in ash content (about 50%), consisting mainly of calcium carbonate and contained about 20% chitin, 25% crude protein (CP) and less than 2% lipid material. The meal could be separated by screening into a coarse fraction high in ash and chitin and a fine fraction lower in ash and higher in CP. Although the reactivity rate of crab meal ash was not as high as that of similar sized limestone particles (42 vs. 30.4 min for particles that passed a 500-micrometers screen but were retained on a 300-micrometers screen), it was high enough to suggest crab meal could be a useful rumen buffer. The CP of crab meal was highly resistant to degradation in the rumen in sacco. Less than 18% of the crab meal CP disappeared from bags suspended in the rumen for 24 h, compared with more than 87% for soybean meal and full-fat canola seed. The digestibility of crab meal dry matter by sheep was only 34.3 +/- 3.7%, but the CP digestibility was 69.6 +/- 4.1%. The chemical and physical attributes assayed and the results of the in sacco and sheep digestibility trials all suggest that crab meal should be a useful supplement for diets low in digestible undergraded protein. However, its inclusion in a supplement for beef calves fed legume silage resulted in lower feed consumption and rate of gain (P < 0.01). Feeding soybean meal or full-fat canola resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.01) in feed efficiency, compared with calves fed the control and crab meal supplements. It was concluded that crab meal produced in New Brunswick would be a useful supplement for beef cattle if problems of palatability could be overcome.

78 NAL Call No.: SF95.I47
Composition of diet selected by grazing sheep on natural rangeland.
Sankhyan SK; Shinde AK; Karim SA; Patnayak BC Indian-Journal-of-Animal-Nutrition v.12(3): p.183-185; 8 ref (1995)
Descriptors: botanical-composition; feeding-habits; wet-season; semiarid-climate; feeding-preferences; rangelands; grazing; grasslands; selective-grazing; intake

79 NAL Call No.: SF371.R47
Composition of milk fat from ewes fed a diet supplemented with calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids.
Appeddu LA; Ely DG; Aaron DK; Deweese WP; Fink E Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal v.12(1): p.11-18; 35 ref (1996)
Descriptors: ewes; milk; dry-matter; saturated-fatty-acids; unsaturated-fatty-acids; lucerne-hay; maize; soyabean-oilmeal; lambs; milk-fat; fatty-acids; composition; ewe-milk; ewe-feeding; supplements; milk-composition; palm-oils; milk-yield; protected-fat

80
Consequences of a low aluminium nutrition in the goat. 2. Milk yield, life expectancy, plasma variables, aluminium content of selected organs. [Die Auswirkungen einer aluminiumarmen Ernahrung bei der Ziege. 2. Mitteilung: Milchleistung, Lebenserwartung, Plasmaparameter, Aluminiumgehalt ausgewahlter Organe.]
Muller M; Anke M; Gurtler H; Illig Gunther H; Anke M (ed.); Bergmann H (ed.); Bitsch R (ed.); Dorn W (ed.); Flachowsky G (ed.); Glei M (ed.); Groppel B (ed.); Grun M (ed.); Gurtler H (ed.); Lombeck I (ed.); Luckas B (ed.); Meissner D (ed.); Merbach W (ed.); Muller M(ed.); Schneider HJ Mengen- und Spurenelemente: 15. Arbeitstagung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, 8-9 Dezember 1995. 1995, 613-620; 14 ref
Descriptors: trace-elements; minerals; deficiency; mortality; tissues; bones; milk-yield; milk-fat-yield; milk-protein-yield; goat-feeding; aluminium; Major-and-trace-elements

81 NAL Call No.: 44.8.In28
Constraints in the adoption of improved sheep and goat practices by the small and marginal farmers of diversified farming.
Sivanaryana G; Reddy SJ Indian-Journal-of-Dairy-Science v.48(4): p.306-308; 4 ref (1995)
Descriptors: goat-keeping; sheep-farming; innovation-adoption; constraints; small-farms

82 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
Constraints to the modelling of diet selection and intake in the grazing ruminant.
Dove, H. Aust-j-agric-res v.47(2): p.257-275. (1996)
Special Issue: Ruminant Nutrition.
Descriptors: cattle; sheep; grazing; herbage; browse-plants; feeding-preferences; botanical-composition; feed-intake; organic-matter; digestibility; nutritional-state; simulation-models; australia; grazfeed-simulation-model; model-validation

83 NAL Call No.: S544.3.N9C46
Controlling leafy spurge using goats and sheep.
Sedivec, K.; Hanson, T.; Heiser, C. NDSU-Ext-Serv. Fargo, N.D. : The University. May 1995. (R-1093) 4 p.
Descriptors: euphorbia-esula; pastures; biological-control; sheep; goats; leases; mixed-grazing; cattle; nutritive-value; stocking-rate; 2,4-d

84 NAL Call No.: SF81.F3
Cotton seed for milch animals. A review.
Tewatia BS; Paliwal VK International-Journal-of-Animal-Sciences v.11(1): p.85-90; 46 ref (1996)
Descriptors: cows; ewes; milk-yield; milk-composition; antinutritional-factors; gossypol; toxicity; nutritional-disorders; cottonseed; lactation; reviews; feeding

85 NAL Call No.: 410-J827
Coyote movements in relation to the spatial distribution of sheep.
Shivik, J. A.; Jaeger, M. M.; Barrett, R. H. J-wildl-manage v.60(2): p.408-416. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; spatial-distribution; coyotes; movement; behavior-patterns; predator-prey-relationships; california

86 NAL Call No.: S631.A8 No.405
Crop-livestock farming in the uplands of Taiwan.
Chen HsinHao; Chen HH Extension-Bulletin -ASPAC,-Food-and-Fertilizer-Technology-Center. 1995, No. 405, 7 pp.; 12 ref
Descriptors: dairy-farming; goat-keeping; deer-farming; grazing-systems; livestock; performance; soil-conservation; extension; constraints; livestock-farming; sloping-land; dairy-farms; upland-areas; silvopastoral-systems; forests; agroforestry-systems

87 NAL Call No.: 45.9-Sv2
Crossbreeding or breeding for combined breeds?. [Korsningsavel eller avel for kombinerade raser?]
Nasholm A Farskotsel v.75(9): p.4-5 (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; rams; lambs; performance-testing; progeny-testing; pelts; body-weight; growth; carcasses; female-fertility; genetic-improvement; maternal-behaviour; breeding-value; selection; crossbreeding; meat-production

88 NAL Call No.: 41.8-R312
D-glucose transport and glycolytic enzyme activities in erythrocytes of dogs, pigs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep.
Arai, T.; Washizu, T.; Sagara, M.; Sako, T.; Nigi, H.; Matsumoto, H.; Sasaki, M.; Tomoda, I. Res-vet-sci v.58(2): p.195-196. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dogs; pigs; cats; horses; cattle; sheep; erythrocytes; blood-sugar; nutrient-transport; hexokinase; pyruvate-kinase; enzyme-activity; insulin

Abstract: The activities of D-glucose transport (D-GT) and the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), were measured in the erythrocytes of dogs, pigs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep. The erythrocytes of dogs had the highest activities of D-GT, HK and PK, significantly higher than the activities in the erythrocytes of the herbivores. The activities of D-GT and HK in cat erythrocytes were significantly lower than in those of dogs. The differences between the activities of D-GT in the erythrocytes of the different species followed the differences in activities of HK but not those in the activities of PK or in the blood glucose concentrations. It is considered that the activity of HK provides a convenient measurement of the relative rates of glucose oxidation in erythrocytes.

89 NAL Call No.: SF1.K7
Dairy and animal husbandry institute for Sardinia. [Instytut zootechniki i serowarstwa na Sardynii.]
Drozdz A Biuletyn-Informacyjny -Instytut-Zootechniki v.33(1): p.65-69; 3 ref (1995)
Descriptors: cows; cheeses; ewes; ewe-milk; cheesemaking; legislation; dairy-research; research-institutes; breeding; milk-production; milk-processing; milk-quality; research; dairy-performance; Fiore-Sardo-cheese; Pecorino-Romano-cheese; Pecorino-Sardo-cheese

90
Dairy goats in France. [Milchziegen in Frankreich.]
Jurkschat M Neue-Landwirtschaft. 1995, No. 10, 87-88
Descriptors: French-Alpine; French-Saanen; milk-yield; milk-fat-yield; milk-protein-yield; management; animal-nutrition; flockbooks; dairy-performance; milk-recording; artificial-insemination

91 NAL Call No.: SF375.D38--1996
Detection and treatment of mineral nutrition problems in grazing sheep.
Masters, D. G. D. G.; White, C. L. C. L. 1.; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. ACIAR monograph series ; no. 37. Canberra : Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 1996. iv, 117 p. : ill., Papers presented at a workshop held in Oct. 1995, Beijing, China.
Descriptors: Sheep-Nutrition-Congresses; Minerals-in-animal-nutrition-Congresses

92 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Development of a mechanistic model of intake and chewing activities of sheep.
Sauvant, D.; Baumont, R.; Faverdin, P. J-anim-sci v.74(11): p.2785-2802. (1996 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; feeding-behavior; biting-rates; rumen-digestion; particle-size; digesta; models; transit-time; fiber-content; forage; cell-walls; equations; energy-balance; decision-analysis; sheep-rumination; dry-matter; voluntary-intake; alfalfa-hay; palatability

Abstract: A mechanistic model of intake and chewing activities was developed using data from confined sheep in order to integrate the relationships between feeding behavior and digestive processes. The model consists of two interconnected submodels. The ruminal digestion submodel describes flows of nutrients and is based on differential equations to simulate the dynamic evolution of particulate matter and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the reticulorumen. The diet is characterized by cell wall content and its potential digestibility, by the proportion of large particles (LP) retained on a 1-mm mesh sieve, and by an index of palatability. Particle comminution occurs during eating and ruminating. Intake is determined from attributes of the diet, animal live weight, and satiety status. Particulate outflow is calculated from a description of the activity of the reticulo-omasal orifice. Microbial digestion rates vary with lag phase, chemical fraction, size of particles, and ruminal pH. The VFA are aggregated into one compartment. The feeding decision submodel distinguishes among eating, ruminating, and resting. The choice among these activities is decided at each minute of simulation according to the relative values of functions of intake motivation (FMI) and of satiety (FSAT). The FMI function is based on diet palatability, energy balance, and the diurnal cycle. The FSAT function is determined by rumen load signals and energy balance. When the animal does not eat, the decision between ruminating and resting is related to the proportion of long particles in the rumen. Sensitivity analysis and validations indicate that the overall behavior of the model is adequate.

93 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Development of sheep fattening schemes in highland Balochistan, Pakistan.
Rodriguez, A.; Mayer, L. Small-rumin-res v.18(3): p.193-200. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; lamb-fattening; fattening-performance; development-projects; cooperative-farm-enterprises; concentrates; cereal-byproducts; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; selling-prices; fluctuations; agropastoral-systems; agricultural-credit; cooperative-credit

94 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Diet-induced variation in acetate metabolism of ovine perirenal adipose tissue in vitro.
Scollan, N. D.; Jessop, N. S. J-agric-sci v.125(pt. 3): p.429-436. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; acetates; metabolism; blood-plasma; blood-chemistry; renal-function; adipose-tissue; diet; pulps; protein-content; glucose; insulin; carbon-dioxide; lipids; chemical-composition; carbohydrates; quantitative-analysis; oxidation; dosage-effects; digestible-energy; nutrient-balance; rumen-digestion; slaughter; lamb-meat; food-composition; barley-pulp; sugarbeet-pulp

95
Diet of feral goats and feral pigs on Auckland Island, New Zealand.
Chimera C; Coleman MC; Parkes JP New-Zealand-Journal-of-Ecology v.19(2): p.203-207; 18 ref (1995)
Descriptors: conservation; botanical-composition; diets; grasses; browse; forbs; wild-animals; Anisotome-antipode; Durvillea-antarctica

96 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Diet selection by goats in the sagebrush steppe of eastern Oregon.
Richman, L. M.; Johnson, D. E. Small-rumin-res v.18(1): p.7-17. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; feeding-preferences; artemisia-tridentata; rangelands; diet; botanical-composition; seasonal-fluctuations; age-differences; range-management; browsing; brush-control; biomass; kids; oregon

97
Diet selection by sheep and goats in the arid Karoo.
Toit PCV du; Blom CD; Immelman WF; Du Toit PCV African-Journal-of-Range-and-Forage-Science v.12(1): p.16-26; 26 ref (1995)
Descriptors: grassland-management; diets; seasonal-variation; grasslands; arid-grasslands; grazing-systems; grazing; selective-grazing; mixed-grazing; feeding-habits

98
Diet selection by sheep and goats in the Noorsveld.
Toit PCV du; Blom CD; Du Toit PCV African-Journal-of-Range-and-Forage-Science v.12(1): p.27-37; 26 ref (1995)
Descriptors: grassland-management; diets; seasonal-variation; grazing; selective-grazing

99 NAL Call No.: 389.8-B773
Diet selection in sheep: the role of the rumen environment in the selection of a diet from two feeds that differ in their energy density.
Cooper, S. D. B.; Kyriazakis, I.; Nolan, J. V. Br-j-nutr. Cambridge [England] : Cambridge University Press ; Chicago, Ill. : Agent for U.S.A., The University of Chicago Press, 1947-. July 1995. v. 74 (1) p. 39-54.
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; diet; feeding-preferences; rumen-contents; energy-content; experimental-diets; feed-formulation; liveweight-gain; feed-intake; metabolizable-energy; feed-conversion-efficiency; digestive-tract; infusion; fistulation; ph; osm o tic-pressure; acid-treatment; alkali-treatment; dosage-effects

Abstract: The effect of the energy density (ED) of feeds offered as a choice on the diet selection of sheep, and the relationship between the rumen environment and the diet selected from feeds of different ED were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment two feeds, L and H, and their mixture M (3:1 w/w) were formulated. All feeds had similar calculated metabolizable

100 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Dietary habits and social interactions affect choice of feeding location by sheep.
Scott, C. B.; Provenza, F. D.; Banner, R. E. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.45(3/4): p.225-237. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; feeding-preferences; food-preferences; sorghum; wheat; novel-foods; foraging; avoidance-conditioning; spatial-distribution

Abstract: Individuals often occur in subgroups that differ in their choice of forage and habitat, even within the same environment. Different foods occur in disparate locations and thus differences in dietary habits could provide one explanation for the formation of subgroups and their use of the environment. In addition, subgroups may form as a result of social interactions. We conducted experiments to study the effects of food preference and social interactions on choice of feeding location by lambs. In 1992, 12 lambs that had been reared together were separated into two groups of six lambs. Groups were conditioned to prefer one of two grains, either milo (Sorghum bicolor) or wheat (Triticum aestivum) by feeding milo or wheat for 14 days. Lambs were conditioned to avoid the other grain by following its ingestion with a mild dose of the toxin lithium chloride (LiCl) on 3 consecutive days. During testing, milo and wheat were placed at opposite ends of a 0.25 ha pasture. Lambs were first allowed to feed as groups consisting of three lambs that preferred milo and three lambs that preferred wheat, and then allowed to feed as groups in which one lamb preferred milo with three lambs that preferred wheat, and vice versa. Under both conditions, lambs always foraged on their preferred food, even when the locations of the foods were switched. In 1993, we repeated the study from 1992 in a larger pasture (1 ha) and without the use of LiCl. Lambs were reared in three different groups and fed either milo (Group 1), wheat (Group 2), or half of the lambs were fed milo and the other half were fed wheat (Group 3) for 4 months to condition a preference for either milo or wheat. When we combined lambs that preferred milo from Group I with lambs that preferred wheat from Group 2 to form subgroups of strangers, lambs fed in different locations. Conversely, social interactions and food preferences both affected choice of foraging location when lambs were reared together (companions). For instance, some lambs that preferred wheat grazed in the vicinity while peers ate milo, whereas lambs that preferred milo grazed in the vicinity while peers ate wheat. In other cases, one or two lambs separated from the rest of the group and ate their preferred grain. We conclude that food preference had a primary influence on choice of foraging location when lambs were reared separately (strangers) and preferred different foods. Food preferences and social interactions both influenced choice of foraging location for companions unless animals were made averse to one of the foods with LiCl, in which case dietary preferences overrode social influences.

101 NAL Call No.: QH540.A8
The dietary overlap between red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) and sheep (Ovis aries) in the arid rangelands of Australia.
Edwards, G. P.; Dawson, T. J.; Croft, D. B. Aust-j-ecol v.20(2): p.324-334. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; macropus-rufus; feeding-preferences; diet; paddocks; animal-competition; interspecific-competition; shrubs; grasses; rangelands; arid-regions; grazing-experiments; new-south-wales

102 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Diets of the Philippine indigenous sheep: its comparison to indigenous goats diets and influence of sampling methods.
Serra, A. B.; Serra, S. D.; Serra, F. B.; Domingo, I. J.; Cruz, L. C.; Fujihara, T. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(2): p.163-169. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; goats; selective-grazing; diet; proximate-analysis; mineral-content; sampling; upland-areas; lowland-areas; crude-protein; crude-fiber; species-differences; philippines

103 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Differences in ewe and wether behavior when bonded to cattle.
Anderson DM; Estell RE; Havstad KM; Shupe WL; Libeau R; Murray LW Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.47(3-4): p.201-209; 27 ref (1996)
Descriptors: grazing; predation; animal-behaviour; ewes; wethers; mixed-grazing; social-behaviour; bonding

104 NAL Call No.: 45.9-Sv2
Different concentrate strategies around kidding. [Olika kraftfoderstrategier kring killningen.]
Bernes G Farskotsel v.75(6): p.12-13 (1995)
Descriptors: goat-milk; yields; birth-weight; kids; plane-of-nutrition; reproduction; concentrates; intake; composition; pregnancy

105 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Differential effects of plane of protein or energy nutrition on visceral organs and hormones in lambs.
Wester, T. J.; Britton, R. A.; Klopfenstein, T. J.; Ham, G. A.; Hickok, D. T.; Krehbiel, C. R. J-anim-sci v.73(6): p.1674-1688. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; plane-of-nutrition; dietary-protein; liver; mass; undernutrition; refeeding; body-weight; liveweight-gain; feed-intake; dry-matter; energy-intake; protein-intake; feed-conversion; digestive-tract; lungs; heart; blood-plasma; somatotropin; oxygen-consumption; hormone-secretion; insulin-like-growth-factor; insulin; blood-serum; triiodothyronine; thyroxine

Abstract: Modulation of somatotrophic and homeorhetic hormones, along with changes in visceral mass and metabolic activity, were measured in growing lambs restricted in energy (ER) or metabolizable protein (PR) to maintain BW for 7 wk and then repleted for 2 wk. Control lambs were fed an adequate diet for 9 wk. Serum IGF-I decreased more rapidly in PR, but both ER and PR were 70% of controls by wk 7 of restriction (P < .05) and increased above controls by d 14 of repletion. Somatotropin, increased by PR, returned to control levels upon repletion (P < .05). Insulin was decreased by PR (P < .02) but was transiently elevated above controls by repletion in ER and PR at d 2 (P < .01). Serum triiodothyronine, reduced to 70% of controls by PR and ER, returned to control levels after d 6 of repletion (P < .05). Thyroxine declined gradually to 65% of controls in ER and PR (P < .07) but did not respond to repletion. By wk 7 of restriction, liver mass in ER and PR was decreased to 50% of controls (P < .05). Return of liver mass, on an empty body weight basis, occurred by d 2 of repletion (P < .01). In vitro O2 consumption per gram of liver tissue was increased to 125% of controls by ER and PR (P < .05). Calculated whole liver O2 consumption in ER and PR was 68% of controls at wk 7 of restriction (P < .10). Protein restriction had a more immediate impact on hormones but not on visceral mass or activity compared with energy restriction. Elevated IGF-I levels, as observed in previously restricted lambs, may mediate compensatory growth in ruminants.

106 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Direct observation of biting for studying grazing behavior of goats and llamas on garrigue rangelands.
Dumont, B.; Meuret, M.; Prud'hon, M. Small-rumin-res v.16(1): p.27-35. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; llamas; feeding-preferences; garrigue; feed-intake; dry-matter; spring; summer; grazing-behavior; browse-plants; browsing; botanical-composition; biting-rates; france

107 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7
The diversification of lamb production in extensive farming systems. How do producers adapt their technical systems? A case study of Causse Mejan (France, Southern Massif Central). Diversification de la production de viande ovine en elevage extensif. [Comment les eleveurs adaptent-ils leurs systemes techniques? Le cas du Causse Mejan (France, sud du Massif Central).]
Lhuillier C; Lardon S; Osty PL; Flamant JC (ed.); Portugal AV (ed.); Costa JP (ed.); Nunes AF (ed.); Boyazoglu J Animal production and rural tourism in Mediterranean Regions. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Production and Rural Tourism in Mediterranean Regions organized by EAAP, FAO, CIHEAM and SNFEZ of Portugal, Evora, Portugal, 10-13 October 1993. 1995, 73-77; EAAP Publication No. 74; 5 ref
Descriptors: quality; demand; diversification; farm-income; employment; technical-progress; lamb-meat; production; tourism-development; less-favoured-areas; food-consumption; Animal-production-and-rural-tourism

108 NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Dorper: a hardy meat sheep.
Mitcham, S. Small-farm-today v.13(4): p.32. (1996 Aug.)
Descriptors: sheep; dorper; intensive-livestock-farming; grazing

109
Dry matter consumption of Bengal goats under deep litter system of management in West Bengal.
Samanta AK; Senapati PK; Roy SP Environment-and-Ecology v.13(2): p.351-353; 10 ref (1995)
Descriptors: management; feeding-behaviour; deep-litter-housing; environmental-temperature; feed-intake; housing

110 NAL Call No.: 100-C12Cag
Early sexual experience improves ram breeding.
Price, E. O.; Dally, M. R.; Borgwardt, R. Calif-agric v.50(4): p.37-40. (1996 July-1996 Aug.)
Descriptors: sheep; rams; reproductive-performance; evaluation; age-at-first-mating; ejaculation; performance-testing; mating-behavior; sexual-development

111 NAL Call No.: 49.9-H19
Eating and rumination behavior in goats receiving rye hay with unchopped or chopped forms harvested at two stages of growth.
Moon SH; Jeon BT; Hirota H Korean-Journal-of-Animal-Science v.37(2): p.136-144; 14 ref (1995)
Descriptors: processing; feeding-behaviour; mastication; rumination; rye; forage; hay; maturity-stage; particle-size

112 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 No.83
Economic diversity of mountain sheep farms and complementarity strategies in land use.
Manrique E; Olaizola A; Bernues A; Revilla R; Zervas NP (ed.); Hatziminaoglou J The optimal exploitation of marginal Mediterranean areas by extensive ruminant production systems. Proceedings of an international symposium organized by HSAP and EAAP and sponsored by EU(DGVI), FAO and CIHEAM, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-20 June, 1994. 1996, 61-66; EAAP Publication No. 83; 13 ref
Descriptors: classification; sheep-farming; farming-systems; transhumance; mountain-areas ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system

113 NAL Call No.: 60.18-J82
Economic feasibility of grazing sheep on leafy spurge-infested rangeland in Montana.
Williams, K. E.; Lacey, J. R.; Olson, B. E. J-range-manage v.49(4): p.372-374. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; euphorbia-esula; selective-grazing; carrying-capacity; ranching; cattle-farming; stocking-rate; farm-budgeting; fencing; profits; cost-benefit-analysis; montana

Abstract: Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a noxious weed on rangelands throughout the Northern Great Plains. Most of these ranges are grazed by cattle which do not use leafy spurge as forage. Although sheep graze leafy spurge, most land managers are reluctant to use sheep to control this noxious weed, which may be related to economic uncertainties regarding their profitability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of implementing a sheep enterprise to control leafy spurge on cattle ranches. The physical characteristics of a typical Northern Great Plains ranch, recommended stocking rates for cattle and sheep on native and leafy spurge-infested rangelands, and a sheep enterprise budget were developed using information from the literature. A LOTUS spreadsheet was developed to calculate returns over total costs of implementing various sheep enterprises. Annual returns from implementing sheep grazing on 520 ha of leafy spurge on a 4,905 ha ranch exceeded total costs by $4,675. Given the ownership costs and returns of our ranch, the breakeven lamb price would be $1.16 kg-1. Returns per head and per unit of land will vary with the distribution and size of a leafy spurge infestation, and sheep production costs and returns. Returns from sheep grazing were higher when leafy spurge was concentrated in fewer rather than in many pastures. Returns were positive when as little as 4% of the ranch was infested with leafy spurge. The availability and utility of our model will allow land managers to assess the feasibility of developing sheep enterprises to control leafy spurge.

114 NAL Call No.: HD1930.S4E4
Economic report on Scottish agriculture.
UK, Scottish Office, Agriculture and Fisheries Department. 1995, vi + 67 pp
Descriptors: arable-farming; cereals; oilseeds; land-diversion; mixed-farming; dairy-farming; sheep-farming; cattle-farming; farmers'-income; prices; livestock-numbers; employment; agricultural-manpower; agricultural-censuses; agricultural-situation; farm-surveys; farm-income; cows; dairy-farms

115 NAL Call No.: QH541.5.D4J6
Economic returns from improved technology for livestock production on rangelands in Mendoza, Argentina.
Guevara, J. C.; Estevez, O. R.; Christensen, J. H.; Paez, J. A. J-arid-environ. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1995. v. 29 (1) p. 115-122.
Includes references.
Descriptors: cattle; sheep; goats; rangelands; free-range-husbandry; cattle-husbandry; returns; break-even-point; economic-evaluation; cost-benefit-analysis; improvement; range-management; argentina; net-present-value

116
An economic review of farming in the North West 1994/95.
Farrar J Bulletin -Centre-for-Agricultural,-Food-and-Resource-Economics,-School-of-Economic-Studies,-Univers ity-of-Manchester. 1996, No. 234-FBS 80, v + 106 pp
Descriptors: arable-farming; dairy-farming; livestock-farming; sheep-farming; cattle-farming; farm-income; costs; returns; gross-margins; profitability; farm-surveys; farm-results; dairy-farms

117 NAL Call No.: TX341.F3
Economics of hill sheep production.
Connolly L Farm-and-Food v.6(1): p.30-32 (1996)
Descriptors: costs; returns; farm-results; subsidies; support-measures; sheep-farming; profitability; upland-areas

118 NAL Call No.: 281.9-C332
The economics of sheep farming in Slovakia and forecasts for the year 2000. [Ekonomika chovu oviec na Slovensku a jej predikcia v roku 2000.]
Vlacil R Zemedelska-Ekonomika v.42(7): p.315-319; 12 ref (1996)
Descriptors: sheepmeat; wool; cheeses; production; supply; prices; sheep-farming; profitability; ewe-milk; animal-production; censuses; meat-production; wool-production

119 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effect of amount offered on intake, digestibility and value of Gliricidia sepium Leucaena leucocephala for west African Dwarf goats.
Bosman, H. G.; Versteegden, C. J. G. M.; Odeyinka, S. M.; Tolkamp, B. J. Small-rumin-res v.15(3): p.247-256. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; west-african-dwarf; gliricidia-sepium; leucaena-leucocephala; leaves; chemical-composition; feed-intake; dry-matter; voluntary-intake; goat-feeding; digestibility; plane-of-nutrition; liveweight-gain; feed-conversion; nigeria; refusal-rate

120 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus on the nutritive value of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) fed to sheep.
Waghorn, G. C.; Shelton, I. D. J-agric-sci v.125(pt.2): p.291-297. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep-feeding; tannins; lotus-uliginosus; nutritive-value; lolium-perenne; feed-evaluation; nitrogen-content; dry-matter; digestibility; rumen-digestion; rumen-metabolism; metabolites; growth; wool; liveweight-gain

121 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Effect of condensed tannins upon the performance of lambs grazing Lotus corniculatus and lucerne (Medicago sativa).
Wang, Y.; Douglas, G. B.; Waghorn, G. C.; Barry, T. N.; Foote, A. G.; Purchas, R. W. J-agric-sci v.126(pt.1): p.87-98. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; wool-production; carcass-yield; growth; feed-intake; nutritive-value; grazing; lotus-corniculatus; medicago-sativa; leaves; stems; plant-composition; tannins; feed-evaluation; rumen-digestion; digestibility; metabolites; chemical-composition; new-zealand

122 NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5
The effect of diet in late pregnancy of progesterone concentration and colostrum yield in ewes.
O'Doherty, J. V.; Crosby, T. F. Theriogenology v.46(2): p.233-241. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; pregnancy; plane-of-nutrition; blood-serum; progesterone; colostrum; grass-silage; beet-pulp; silage; soybean-oilmeal; feed-supplements; lambing; postpartum-period; igg; yields; energy-intake; protein-intake; crude-protein

Abstract: In the ewe, high level feeding is associated with low levels of circulating progesterone and that progesterone withdrawal is a prerequisite for lactogenesis and the onset of copious milk secretion. A total of 108 ewes was allocated to a 3 X 2 factorial experiment to determine the effect of diet on serum progesterone (P4) concentration and colostrum yield. On D 96 of pregnancy, the ewes were offered either grass silage, molassed sugar beet pulp (beet pulp) silage or grass silage supplemented with beet pulp. A ewes were given ad libitum access to silage. From D 126 of pregnancy, half the diets were supplemented with soybean meal with the aim of achieving a total crude protein intake of 220 g/ewe/day. Blood samples were taken on D 142 of pregnancy and at 1, 10 and 18 h post lambing for P4 determination. Metabolizable energy intakes (Mega Joules/ewe/day) of 9.1, 11.2 and 12.1 (SEM 0.37) and crude protein intakes (g/ewe/day) of 142.8, 167.4 and 162.0 (SEM 3.46) were recorded for grass silage, beet pulp ensiled and beet pulp supplemented silages, respectively, from D 126 to D 147 of pregnancy. Soybean meal supplementation increased the crude protein intake from 97.1 to 217.0 g/ewe/day (SEM 2.86) and Metabolisable Energy intake from 9.0 to 12.6 Mega Joules/ewe/day (SEM 0.31). Supplementation with soybean meal decreased P4 concentration (ng/ml)on D 142(p < 0.05)and at 1 h(P <0.01), 10h (P <0.01)and 18h post lambing(P < 0.01). Ewes offered grass silage had higher P4 concentrations on D 142 (P < 0.01) and at 1 h after lambing (P < 0.05) than the beet pulp-supplemented ewes. There were negative linear relationships between P4 concentration at D 142 and colostrum yield at 1 h (P < 0.01) and between P4 concentration at 1 h and colostrum yield at 1 h (P < 0.001) and total yield at 18 h (P < 0.001). In conclusion, ewes which were underfed had higher P4 concentrations at all times, and there were negative linear relationships between colostrum yield and P4 concentrations on D 142 of pregnancy and at 1 h post lambing.

123 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effect of dietary protein level on thermoregulation, digestion and water economy in desert sheep.
Ahmed, M. M. M.; Abdellatif, A. M. Small-rumin-res v.18(1): p.51-56. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; dietary-protein; body-temperature; environmental-temperature; water-balance; nitrogen-balance; crude-protein; feed-intake; dry-matter; liveweight-gain; water-intake; respiration-rate; rumen-contents; ph; ammonia; volatile-fatty-acids; blood; metabolites; sudan

124 NAL Call No.: 41.8-R312
Effect of dietary protein on the regulation of populations of Nematodirus battus by lambs.
Israf, D. A.; Coop, R. L.; Jackson, F.; Jackson, E. Res-vet-sci v.60(3): p.276-277. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; nematodirus-battus; dietary-protein; protein-supplements; nematode-larvae; experimental-infections; nutritional-state; immunity; susceptibility; nematode-control

Abstract: Two groups of seven and two groups of six lambs were offered either a complete basal ruminant diet (13.2 per cent crude protein [CP]) (groups 2 and 4) or the same diet supplemented with fish meal (18.3 per cent CP) (groups 1 and 3). Groups 1 and 2 were infected daily for seven weeks with Nematodirus battus larvae (L3) and groups 3 and 4 served as uninfected challenge controls. All the groups were treated with anthelmintic in the eighth week, challenged with a single dose of 30,000 N battus L3 one week later and killed nine days after the challenge. Although protein supplementation tended to enhance the regulation of the population of N battus in the lambs which had been infected continuously, the effect was not statistically significant. The worm burdens in both the groups of previously infected lambs were significantly reduced both in number and size (P<0.001) and they had a lower proportion of male worms than the uninfected challenge controls. The lambs could be segregated into high or low responders on the basis of their worm burdens, and there was a significant reduction in worm burdens (P<0.001) and size (P<0.01) in parallel with the lambs' responsiveness. The identification of high and low responders shows that when the dietary protein supply is adequate the predominant effect of the host on the pathogenicity of its parasites is the host's genetically-determined susceptibility.

125 NAL Call No.: 41.8-R312
Effect of dietary protein supplementation on the development of immunity to Ostertagia circumcincta in growing lambs.
Coop, R. L.; Huntley, J. F.; Smith, W. D. Res-vet-sci v.59(1): p.24-29. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; teladorsagia-circumcincta; protein-supplements; casein; immunity; development; supplementary-feeding; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; growth-rate

Abstract: Thirty four-and-a-half-month-old worm-free lambs were used to determine whether the rate of development of immunity to Ostertagia circumcincta infection in growing lambs could be influenced by the addition of a by-pass protein supplement. Sixteen lambs (groups 1 and 2) were fitted with an abomasal catheter and infected daily with 2000 O circumcincta L3 for eight weeks. Group 1 lambs received 45 g of crude protein day 1 (sodium caseinate) as a continuous infusion into the abomasum from week -1 to week 8. At week 9, groups 1 and 2, together with eight naive controls (group 3), were treated with anthelmintic and challenged one week later with 50,000 O circumcincta L3 and killed after a further 10 days. An additional six worm-free lambs provided feed intake and growth rate data. All the lambs were offered a complete ruminant ration (167 g crude protein kg-1) ad libitum. The cumulative liveweight gain of both the trickle-infected groups was less than that of the controls. The mean faecal egg counts were lower in group 1 from day 39 after infection and the mean worm burdens were significantly lower than in group 2. Total Ostertagia populations did not differ significantly between group 3 and either group 1 or 2 lambs. Early L4 stages constituted a greater percentage of the total worm population in group 1 (79.5) and group 2 (48.5) than in the challenge controls (group 3) (20.4). The trickle-infected lambs also had higher concentrations of gastric mast cell protease which correlated positively with the proportion of early L4 stages and negatively with the total worm burden. The provision of by-pass protein supplement accelerated the development of immunity to O.

126 NAL Call No.: 41.8-N483
The effect of electro-ejaculation on aversive behaviour and plasma cortisol concentration in rams.
Stafford KJ; Spoorenberg J; West DM; Vermunt JJ; Petrie N; Lawoko CRO New-Zealand-Veterinary-Journal v.44(3): p.95-98; 17 ref (1996)
Descriptors: hydrocortisone; animal-behaviour; rams; shearing; electroejaculation; stress; animal-welfare

127 NAL Call No.: QL750.E82
Effect of ewe age and high population density on the early nursing behaviour of mouflon.
Reale D; Bousses P Ethology,-Ecology-and-Evolution v.7(4): p.323-334; 47 ref (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; lambs; suckling; age; wild-animals

128 NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5
Effect of exogenous melatonin and plane of nutrition after weaning on estrous activity, endocrine status and ovulation rate in Salz ewes lambing in the seasonal anestrus.
Forcada, F.; Zarazaga, L.; Abecia, J. A. Theriogenology v.43(7): p.1179-1193. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; melatonin; blood-plasma; controlled-release; estrous-cycle; ovulation-rate; body-weight; body-condition; weaning; hormone-secretion; lh; spain

Abstract: Forty-nine Spanish Salz ewes lambing in the second fortnight of March (20 March +/- 15 d) were used to determine the effects of exogenous melatonin and postweaning nutrition on endocrine status, date of first estrus and ovulation rate. Experimental design was a factorial defined by 2 postweaning planes of nutrition, 1.80 (high) and 1.35 (low) times the maintenance requirements, and treatment with a single 18-mg subcutaneous implant of melatonin (M) 32 d after lambing or no treatment control (C). Mean weaning to first estrus interval was shorter in treated than in control ewes (50.8 +/- 4.2 vs 87.6 +/- 6.3 d; P < 0.01). Considering both the treated and control animals together, the ratio between mean night and daytime plasma melatonin levels was significantly correlate with the implant insertion-first estrus interval on Day 5 (0.67; P <0.01) and Day 35 (0.63; P < 0.05) after implantation. Melatonin implants induced a significant increase of mean LH concentrations at Days 14 and 33 after implantation (P < 0.01) without any significant influence of plane of nutrition. Ovulation rate was higher for treated than control ewes the second estrus (P < 0.05). An interaction between plane of nutrition and exogenous melatonin on ovulation rate at the second cycle after weaning was detected (P < 0.01), being close to the significance in the first, fourth and fifth cycles (P < 0.1). These result suggest that exogenous melatonin in April may be an effective way of advancing the breeding season and enhancing ovulation rate associated with a low rather than a high plane of nutrition.

129 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effect of feeding on Leucaena leucocephala supplemented rations on thyroid hormones and fasting heat production in Jamunapari goats.
Haque, N.; Varshney, V. P.; Khan, M. Y.; Lal, M. Small-rumin-res v.19(1): p.29-33. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; leucaena-leucocephala; thyroid-function; triiodothyronine; thyroxine; heat-production; fasting; dietary-protein; peanut-oilmeal; diet; oat-hay; maize; feed-intake; dry-matter; respiratory-quotient; body-weight; oxygen-consumption; carbon-dioxide; methane-production

130 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Effect of flock size on the performance of goats fed gliricidia-supplemented diet in dryland farming in Bali, Indonesia.
Sukanten IW; Nitis IM; Uchida S; Putra S; Lana K Asian-Australasian-Journal-of-Animal-Sciences v.9(3): p.271-279; 17 ref (1996)
Descriptors: feed-conversion-efficiency; liveweight-gain; feed-intake; carcass-quality; group-size

131 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effect of genotype and plane of nutrition on carcass characteristics of Thai native and Anglo-Nubian X Thai native male goats.
Pralomkarn, W.; Saithanoo, S.; Kochapakdee, S.; Norton, B. W. Small-rumin-res v.16(1): p.21-25. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; goat-breeds; anglo-nubian; crossbreds; plane-of-nutrition; feed-intake; carcass-weight; dressing-percentage; muscle-weight; body-fat; bone-weight

132 NAL Call No.: RA639.M44
The effect of host nutrition on itch mite, Psorergates ovis, populations and fleece derangement in sheep.
Johnson, P. W. Med-vet-entomol v.10(2): p.121-128. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; psorobia-ovis; infestation; population-density; nutritional-state; diet; fleece; damage; fleece-weight; skin; histology; australia; skin-scurf

Abstract: A group of thirty-two Merino sheep infested with itch mites (Psorergates ovis) and fed a maintenance diet which imposed moderate nutritional stress had a significantly higher mite population, significantly more skin scurf, and significantly more fleece damage or derangement (P < 0.05) than a second group of thirty-two infested sheep fed a diet designed for unrestricted body weight gain and wool growth. Histologically there were no significant differences between the groups in the numbers of mast cells, neutrophils or eosinophils observed in skin sections, but sheep that had high mite counts (> 10 per 200 cm2 of skin area) in both groups, had more dermal mast cells than sheep with fewer mites irrespective of the plane of nutrition. Skin thickness and greasy fleece weight in the group maintained on the low plane of nutrition were significantly less (P < 0.05) than in the well-nourished group, reflecting the difference in protein and energy content of the two diets. Within the nutritionally stressed group, the sheep with low mite counts had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) greasy fleece weight and a shorter mean staple length than the sheep with high mite counts. There was no significant difference in greasy fleece weight between sheep with low or high mite counts in the group fed on the high plane of nutrition.

133 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Effect of increasing level of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica var. inermis) on intake and digestion by sheep given straw-based diets.
Ben Salem, H.; Nefzaoui, A.; Abdouli, H.; Orskov, E. R. Anim-sci v.62(pt.2): p.293-299. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; opuntia-ficus-indica; wheat-straw; urea; feed-supplements; protein-content; water-intake; voluntary-intake; digestibility; feed-intake; dry-matter; crude-protein; fiber-content; rumen-fermentation; ammonium-nitrogen; volatile-fatty-acids; rumen-protozoa; cellulose-digestion; enzyme-activity; ph; diurnal-variation; tunisia

134 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effect of intravenous glucose infusion on metabolism of portal-drained viscera in sheep fed a cereal/straw-based diet.
Balcells, J.; Seal, C. J.; Parker, D. S. J-anim-sci v.73(7): p.2146-2155. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; blood-sugar; glucose; infusion; intestinal-absorption; hematocrit; blood-flow; rumen-fermentation; volatile-fatty-acids; nitrogen-content; feed-intake; straw; barley; wheat; soybean-oilmeal; pelleted-feeds; rumen-fluid; metabolites; blood-plasma; insulin; amino-acids

Abstract: This experiment investigated the effect of intrajugular infusion of glucose on whole-body glucose metabolism and the absorption of nutrients by the portal-drained viscera of four Suffolk-cross sheep average BW 46 +/- 7 kg, fed a cereal/straw-based pelleted diet. Each sheep received by random allocation 0 (control), 1.0, or 2.0 mg of glucose kg BW-1.min-1 for 8 h infused into the jugular vein. Glucose irreversible loss rate, measured by simultaneous infusion of 6-[3H]-glucose, increased approximately stoichiometrically during glucose infusion (.51, .75, and 1.09 error mean square [EMS] .032 mmol/min for control, 1.0, and 2.0 mg of glucose infused kg BW-1.min-1, respectively). Utilization of glucose increased in portal tissues (P = 0.89) as a result of glucose infusion (.17, .18, and .33 EMS .008 mmol/ min) and was a constant proportion of glucose irreversible loss (.28). Portal blood flow was not affected by glucose infusion (overall mean 1.13 L/min EMS .034). Net portal absorption of acetate increased during glucose infusion although ruminal VFA concentrations were not affected. In contrast, net free amino acid absorption by portal-drained tissues was reduced during glucose infusion (291, 115, and 4 EMS 33,816 micromoles/min, P = .054). These results show that metabolism of nutrients across the gut wall is influenced by glucose availability to gastrointestinal tissues and affects the pattern of nutrients available to the liver and peripheral tissues.

135 NAL Call No.: 26-T754
Effect of legume supplements on cassava peel silage utilization by West African Dwarf goats.
Adejumo, J. O. Trop-agric v.72(2): p.175-177. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: west-african-dwarf-goat-breed; goat-feeding; silage; cassava-peel; leucaena-leaf-meal; gliricidia-sepium; leaf-meal; protein-supplements; nutritive-value; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; growth-rate; ratios; feed-conversion-efficienc y ; nutrition-physiology

136 NAL Call No.: SF15.P7A62
The effect of management and the way of productive use of sheep on the health status of their udders.
Charon KM; Skolasinski W; Swiderek WP Annals-of-Warsaw-Agricultural-University,-Animal-Science. 1995, No. 31, 75-81; 16 ref
Descriptors: animal-husbandry; hygiene; sheep-housing; mastitis; ewes

137 NAL Call No.: 41.8In22
Effect of management systems on growth performance and behaviour of crossbred goat of Assam.
Khound S; Saikia S; Bora JR Indian-Journal-of-Animal-Sciences v.66(3): p.307-308; 6 ref (1996)
Descriptors: management; systems; growth; performance; behaviour; body-weight; tropics

138 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
The effect of nutrition and exercise on carcass parameters and the level of glycogen in skeletal muscle of Merino sheep.
Pethick, D. W.; Rowe, J. B. Aust-j-agric-res v.47(4): p.525-537. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; feed-intake; exercise; glycogen; ph; skeletal-muscle; carcass-quality; carcass-weight; fat-thickness

139 NAL Call No.: 41.8-R312
Effect of nutritional level on bodyweight, degree of anaemia and carcase composition of sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense.
Katunguka Rwakishaya, E. Res-vet-sci v.60(1): p.29-32. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; trypanosoma-congolense; plane-of-nutrition; trypanosomiasis; body-weight; hematocrit; anemia; carcass-composition; growth-rate; protein-content; diet; experimental-infections

Abstract: The influence of nutritional level on the bodyweight, degree of anaemia and carcase composition of 24 sheep infected experimentally with Trypanosoma congolense was investigated. The infection caused a marked retardation of growth in the animals fed a low protein ration whereas the infected and control animals fed a high protein ration grew at similar rates. Both groups of infected animals developed similar degrees of anaemia but the infected group fed the high protein diet tended to sustain a higher intensity of parasitaemia than the group fed the low protein diet. The infection was also associated with low killing out percentages and a general reduction of total carcase protein, energy and fat. The decline in these carcase components was greater in the animals fed the low protein diet than in those receiving the high protein diet.

140 NAL Call No.: 389.8-B773
The effect of protein degradation products in grass silages on feed intake and intake behaviour in sheep.
Os M van; Dulphy JP; Baumont R; Van Os M British-Journal-of-Nutrition v.73(1): p.51-64; 45 ref (1995)
Descriptors: protein-degradation; silage-quality; feed-intake; feeding-behaviour; grass-silage; ammonia; amines

141 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effect of roasting on site and extent of digestion of soybean meal by sheep. I. Digestion of nitrogen and amino acids.
Demjanec, B.; Merchen, N. R.; Cremin, J. D. Jr.; Aldrich, C. G.; Berger, L. L. J-anim-sci v.73(3): p.824-834. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; soybean-oilmeal; roasting; duration; digestibility; solubility; protected-protein; diet; amino-acids; rumen-metabolism; volatile-fatty-acids; ph; flow; ammonium-nitrogen; nitrogen-metabolism; small-intestine; duodenum

Abstract: Six mature wethers (BW 72 kg) with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were fed a control (no added soybean meal [SBM]) diet or diets containing unheated SBM or SBM roasted at 165 degrees C for 75, 150, 180, or 210 min in a 6 X 6 Latin square experiment. Concentrations of indicators of heat exposure (ADIN, ADF, NDF) in SBM increased with increasing roasting time. Duodenal flows of total N, non-bacterial N, and SBM N increased (P < .05) linearly with increased roasting time. Small intestinal (SI) digestibility (percentage entering SI) of total N and SBM N was influenced quadratically (P < .05) by roasting time; SI digestibilities were modestly increased by heating SBM to 150 min, then declined dramatically when SBM was heated for 180 and 210 min. These responses resulted in a quadratic (P < .05) increase in quantity of total and SBM N disappearing in the SI; quantities increased as SBM was heated to 150 min and remained unchanged when SBM was heated for 180 and 210 min. These responses resulted in a quadratic (P < .05) increase in quantity of total and SBM N disappearing in the SI; quantities increased as SBM was heated to 150 min and remained unchanged when SBM was heated for 180 and 210 min. Duodenal flows and SI digestibilities of total and non-bacterial amino acids (AA) and of most individual AA followed patterns similar to those observed for N. Maximum quantities of total and individual AA disappeared from the SI when wethers were fed SBM roasted at 165 degrees C for 150 min. Evaluation of the effects of heat treatment on the nutritive value of a protein source for ruminants should include considerations for both ruminal protein escape and SI availability of escaped protein and for the nature of the AA supply absorbed from the SI.

142 NAL Call No.: 23-N4892
Effect of sire breed (Southdown, Suffolk), sex, and growth path on carcass composition of crossbred lambs.
Kirton AH; Bennett GL; Dobbie JL; Mercer GJK; Duganzich DM New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research v.38(1): p.105-114; 31 ref (1995)
Descriptors: suffolk-sheep-breed; carcass-composition; southdown; sex; growth; lambs; cryptorchidism; nutrition; crossbreeding; sex-differences

143 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Effect of space allowance during transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of lambs during and after transport.
Cockram, M. S.; Kent, J. E.; Goddard, P. J.; Waran, N. K.; McGilp, I. M.; Jackson, R. E.; Muwanga, G. M.; Prytherch, S. Anim-sci v.62(pt.3): p.461-477. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; transport-of-animals; stress-response; space-requirements; floor-area; heart-rate; hydrocortisone; blood-sampling; posture; blood-plasma; restricted-feeding; water-deprivation; animal-welfare; creatine-kinase; aspartate-amin o transferase; enzyme-activity; body-weight; water-intake; animal-behavior; sheep-rumination; blood-protein; lying; feed-deprivation

144 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Effect of species composition and sward structure on dietary quality in cattle and sheep grazing South African sourveld.
O'Reagain, P. J.; Owen Smith, R. N. J-agric-sci v.127(pt.2): p.261-270. (1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grasslands; grass-sward; species-diversity; stand-structure; plant-height; biomass; grazing; cattle-feeding; sheep-feeding; feed-evaluation; in-vitro-digestibility; seasonal-variation; soil-water; fire-effects; dormancy; grassland-management; crop-quality; south-africa

145 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Effect of species composition and sward structure on the ingestive behaviour of cattle and sheep grazing South African sourveld.
O'Reagain, P. J.; Goetsch, B. C.; Owen Smith, R. N. J-agric-sci v.127(pt.2): p.271-280. (1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grasslands; grass-sward; species-diversity; stand-structure; plant-height; biomass; grazing; cattle-feeding; sheep-feeding; feed-intake; feed-evaluation; grassland-management; crop-quality; south-africa

146 NAL Call No.: SF1.Z6
Effect of stocking density on productive performance and behaviour of artificially reared female kids. [Effetto della densita di allevamento sulle prestazioni produttive e sul comportamento di caprette allattate artificialmente.]
Sevi A; Muscio A; Campanaro G Zootecnica-e-Nutrizione-Animale v.21(2): p.111-117; 28 ref (1995)
Descriptors: performance; kids; animal-welfare; housing; behaviour; feed-conversion-efficiency; stocking-density; artificial-rearing

147 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Effects of activated carbon on growth, ruminal characteristics, blood profiles and feed digestibility in sheep.
Garillo, E. P.; Pradhan, R.; Tobioka, H. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(1): p.43-50. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; activated-carbon; diet; roughage; concentrates; feed-intake; dry-matter; liveweight-gain; feed-conversion; rumen; ph; rumen-protozoa; blood-chemistry; blood-picture; digestibility

148 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
The effects of agonistic behaviour and nutritional stress on both the success of pregnancy and various plasma constituents in Angora goats.
Conway MLT; Blackshaw JK; Daniel RCW Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.48(1-2): p.1-13; 19 ref (1996)
Descriptors: nutrition; aggression; stress; pregnancy; Angora; body-weight; pregnancy-toxaemia; abortion; behaviour; restricted-feeding; glucose; hydrocortisone; blood; agonistic-behaviour

149 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effects of blood meal, fish meal, soybean meal or casein on rumen protein metabolism in lambs.
Urbaniak, M. Small-rumin-res v.18(3): p.207-212. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; blood-meal; soybean-oilmeal; casein; fish-meal; rumen-digestion; protein-digestibility; ammonia; dietary-protein; duodenum; flow; amino-acids; feed-intake; dry-matter

150 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Effects of castration on fear reactions of male sheep.
Vandenheede M; Bouissou MF Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.47(3-4): p.211-224; 67 ref (1996)
Descriptors: sex-differences; wethers; rams; castration; effects; behaviour; androgens; hormones; fearfulness; animal-behaviour; fright

151 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Effects of clover and milk in the diet of grazed lambs on meat quality.
Vipond, J. E.; Marie, S.; Hunter, E. A. Anim-sci v.60(pt.2): p.231-238. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; weaning; sown-grasslands; botanical-composition; grasses; lamb-meat; sensory-evaluation; meat-quality; flavor; cooking-losses; trifolium-repens

152 NAL Call No.: 23-N4892
Effects of contrasting sward heights within forage species on short-term ingestive behaviour of sheep and goats grazing grasses and legumes.
Gong Y; Lambert MG; Hodgson J New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research v.39(1): p.83-93; 20 ref (1996)
Descriptors: feeding-behaviour; grazing; plant-height; intake; grasses; legumes

153 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Effects of crude protein content, protein degradability and energy concentration of the diet on growth and carcass characteristics of market lambs fed high concentrate diets.
Beauchemin, K. A.; McClelland, L. A.; Jones, S. D. M.; Kozub, G. C. Can-j-anim-sci v.75(3): p.387-395. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; lamb-feeding; diet; protein-content; energy-content; protein-supplements; growth-rate; carcass-composition; fish-meal; rapeseed-oilmeal; barley; undegradable-protein-supplements

Abstract: Weaned lambs (186 females and 141 castrated males) of various genotypes averaging 16.2 kg were used in an experiment to determine the effects on growth of altering protein and energy content of the diet, and supplementing concentrate diets with undegradable protein. Dietary effects on carcass leanness were assessed using male lambs slaughtered at a live weight of 41 kg. Lambs were fed one of five barley and canola meal based diets: (1) high energy, 15% CP, no fishmeal, (2) high energy, 15% CP, added fishmeal, (3) high energy, 18% CP, no fishmeal, (4) high energy, 18% CP, added fishmeal, and (5) moderate energy, 18% CP, added fishmeal. Canola meal contained 42.3% CP with a rumen degradability of 48.1%, while fishmeal contained 76.2% CP with a degradability of 15.2%. Diet 5 reduced growth rate, increased days on test, decreased feed efficiency, decreased dressing percentage, reduced internal fat and marginally decreased subcutaneous fat deposition, compared with a higher energy diet. Level of CP and protein degradability had little effect on growth and carcass characteristics. Dietary regime has limited potential to alter carcass leanness of feedlot lambs except by feeding for reduced growth rate which may increase production costs. Genetic selection and use of low input production systems may be more promising methods of improving carcass leanness.

154 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Effects of dietary cation-anion concentrations on performance and acid-base balance in growing lambs.
Fauchon, C.; Seoane, J. R.; Bernier, J. F. Can-j-anim-sci v.75(1): p.145-151. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; experimental-diets; ion-balance; cations; anions; balance-studies; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; digestibility; nutrients; blood-chemistry; urine; acid-base-equilibrium

Abstract: Twenty-four castrated lambs (32.4 +/- 4.1 kg BW) were used to study the effect of varying dietary cation-anion concentration [C-A] on performance and acid-base balance. The diets contained approximately 100, 300, 500 and 700 mequiv Na+K-Cl kg-1 of feed. Each group of six lambs was fed one of the diets ad libitum during a 6-wk test. Increasing the [C-A] of the diets resulted in higher feed intake and higher daily gains (P < 0.01) without affecting feed efficiency. Apparent digestibility of nutrients was not affected by the dietary treatments but a negative relationship was found between intake and energy digestibility (P < 0.01). Blood pH was lower in lambs receiving the 100 [C-A] diet (P < 0.05). Blood bicarbonate and base excess increased as [C-A] in the diet increased from 300 to 700 mequiv (P < 0.05). Plasma Mg concentration decreased with increasing dietary [C-A] (P < 0.01). Urinary pH and urine volume increased as [C-A] in the diet increased (P < 0.01). The results indicate that diets containing between 500 and 700 mequiv Na+K-Cl kg-1 stimulated growth by allowing greater feed intake and greater daily gains with little effect on nutrient digestibility. Blood profile showed a systemic response to dietary changes in [C-A], but indicated that lambs were able to adapt to cation loads since the values obtained for acid-base balance were within physiological range for lambs.

155
Effects of dietary fibre and protected fats on goat milk composition. [Effets des fibres et des matieres grasses protegees sur la composition du lait de chevre.]
Rousselot MC; Broqua CB; Araujo C de; Borgida LP; De Araujo C 2emes rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants, Paris, France, 13-14 decembre 1995. 1995, 225-229; 12 ref
Descriptors: goat-milk; lipids; goat-feeding; fibre; fats; protected-fat; milk-yield; milk-fat-yield; milk-protein-yield; yields; composition; supplements; 2emes-rencontres-autour-des-recherches-sur-les-ruminants

156 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Effects of dietary hydroxides on intake, digestion, rumen fermentation and acid-base balance in sheep fed a high-barley diet.
Boukila, B.; Seoane, J. R.; Bernier, J. F. Can-j-anim-sci v.75(3): p.359-369. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: wethers; sheep-feeding; calcium-hydroxide; hydroxides; feed-intake; digestibility; rumen-fermentation; acid-base-equilibrium; metabolites; barley; magnesium-hydroxide

Abstract: Eight mature wethers fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a double 4 X 4 Latin square feeding trial to study the effect of dietary alkalis on digestive physiology of sheep fed a high-barley diet. The treatments were: C = control diet composed of 17% alfalfa meal and 83% concentrate, on as-fed basis; CA = control plus 1% Ca(OH)2; MG = control plus 0.79% Mg(OH)2; CAMG = control plus 0.5% Ca(OH)2 and 0.39% Mg(OH)2. Dry matter intake averaged 1.91, 2.54, 2.79, and 2.72% of BW for diets C, CA, MG and CAMG, respectively (P < 0.01). Digestible DM intake was also affected by the treatments and averaged 0.97, 1.26, 1.35 and 1.37 kg d-1 for C, CA, MG, and CAMG diets, respectively (P < 0.01). Apparent DM digestibility was higher in sheep fed the C diet than in those fed the other diets (P < 0.03) and it was inversely related to intake (P < 0.01). Total VFA concentration was lower in sheep fed C than in those fed the hydroxides (P < 0.01). Proportions of individual VFA were not altered by the diet except for isobutyrate which was higher in sheep fed the C diet (P < 0.01). Rumen NH3-N concentration was lower in sheep fed the hydroxide-containing diets than in animals fed the control diet (P < 0.01). Plasma urea nitrogen was lower for the C diet (P < 0.01). Plasma glucose tended to be lower for the C diet than for the other diets (P < 0.06). The control diet induced a mild form of systemic acidosis as indicated by the decrease in blood pH, HCO3- and base excess (P < 0.01). Addition of Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 to the diet, alone or in combination, improved the systemic acid-base status of sheep and was associated with increased DM intake.

157 NAL Call No.: DISS--F1995279
Effects of dietary level of fat from a combination of full-fat soybeans and calcium soaps on physiologic digestive parameters in the rumen and cecum of the sheep. [Auswirkungen steigender Gaben von Fett aus einer Kombinatin von Sojavollbohnen und Ca-verseiften Fettsauren auf verdauungsphysiologische Parameter im Pansen und Caecum des Schafes.]
Bartetzko, B. Hannover : [s.n.], 1995. 166 p. : ill., Thesis (doctoral)--Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, 1995.

158 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Effects of dietary maize level on net flux across splanchnic tissues of oxygen and nutrients in wethers consuming ad libitum different forages.
Goetsch, A. L.; Ferrell, C. L. Anim-sci v.61(pt.1): p.43-55. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; unrestricted-feeding; alfalfa; cynodon-dactylon; hay; ryegrass-hay; maize; portal-circulation; liver; oxygen-consumption; feed-intake; energy-intake; blood; urea; ammonium-nitrogen; digestibility; blood-flow; portal-vein; veins; arteries; nutrient-uptake; hepatic-vein; hepatic-artery

159 NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Effects of dietary phosphorus deficiency in pregnant and lactating ewes.
Ternouth, J. H.; Budhi, S. P. S. Aust-j-exp-agric v.36(2): p.137-144. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; ewes; pregnancy; ewe-lactation; barley-straw; unrestricted-feeding; phosphorus; nutrient-deficiencies; feed-intake; blood-plasma; lambs; liveweight; bones; concentration; calcium; milk; milk-production; kinetics

160 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effects of dietary protein level on performance of Angora and cashmere-producing Spanish goats.
Jia, Z. H.; Sahlu, T.; Fernandez, J. M.; Hart, S. P.; Teh, T. H. Small-rumin-res v.16(2): p.113-119. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; cashmere; angora; dietary-protein; crude-protein; blood-plasma; urea; nitrogen-retention; feed-intake; dry-matter; liveweight-gain; triiodothyronine; thyroxine; fleece-weight; feed-conversion

161 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of dietary protein percentage and beta-agonist administered to prepubertal ewes on mammary gland growth and hormone secretions.
Zhang, J.; Grieve, D. G.; Hacker, R. R.; Burton, J. H. J-anim-sci v.73(9): p.2655-2661. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; dietary-protein; puberty; mammary-glands; milk-yield; beta-adrenergic-agonists; soybean-oilmeal; concentrates; blood-plasma; somatotropin; insulin; insulin-like-growth-factor; depot-fat; ewe-milk; milk-yield; tissues; weight; dna; rna; mammary-gland-fat-pad

Abstract: The effects of dietary protein and beta-agonist, (L-644,969) on mammary growth from weaning to puberty, hormone secretions, and milk yield were studied. Twelve lambs were assigned to each treatment in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with dietary protein at 15 or 20% and beta-agonist at 0 or 1 ppm of concentrate. Lambs were fed pelleted concentrate to achieve a target weight gain of 260 g/d. The treatment period continued for 102 d, with protein starting on d 1 and beta-agonist on d 20. Five lambs in each group were slaughtered at the end of treatment to investigate mammary growth before puberty. The remainder were maintained, and, after lambing, daily milk yield was recorded for 7 wk and ewes were then slaughtered. In prepubertal lambs, compared with control, the 20% protein diet had no effect on any variable measured in the mammary glands, whereas beta-agonist increased (P < .05) RNA:DNA ratio. In lactating ewes, the 20% protein diet enhanced mammary gland weight, parenchyma, parenchymal dry fat-free tissue (P < .05), and parenchymal fat (P < .01). The beta-agonist reduced mammary gland weight (P < .01), parenchyma, parenchymal dry fat-free tissue (P < .05), and parenchymal fat (P < .01). There was a nonsignificant trend for increased milk yield for ewes fed the 20% protein diet and decreased milk yield for beta-agonist. The beta-agonist increased somatotropin concentration, but there was no evidence that increased somatotropin concentration induced mammogenesis in lambs. In conclusion, increased dietary protein may play a role in stimulating mammogenesis in rapidly growing lambs before puberty.

162 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of dietary supplementation of vitamin E on storage and caselife properties of lamb retail cuts.
Wulf, D. M.; Morgan, J. B.; Sanders, S. K.; Tatum, J. D.; Smith, G. C.; Williams, S. J-anim-sci v.73(2): p.399-405. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; vitamin-e; vitamin-supplements; lamb-meat; meat-cuts; lipid-peroxidation; liveweight-gain; body-weight; dressing-percentage; carcass-weight; fat-thickness; color; keeping-quality; storage-life

Abstract: Thirty wether lambs were randomly assigned to three treatments consisting of a control (C) and two vitamin E-supplemented treatments (VE), one fed 500 IU of vitamin E.lamb-1.d-1 (E500) and the other fed 1,000 IU of vitamin E.lamb-1.d-1(E1000). After a 56-d feeding period, lambs were slaughtered and carcass traits were evaluated. Wholesale legs and loins were vacuum-packaged, stored at 4 degrees C for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d, fabricated into retail cuts, and packaged and displayed to simulate retail industry conditions. The E1000 lambs gained less (P < .05)(kg/d; total gain) and had lower (P < .05) carcass weights than the E500 lambs. Alpha-tocopherol levels in the longissimus lumborum were higher (P < .05)(5.79 vs 3.50 microgram/g of tissue) for VE than for C; however, there was no difference in alpha-tocopherol level in longissimus lumborum between E500 and E1000. Leg retail cuts experienced greater (P < .05) lipid oxidation and received lower (P < .05) lean color scores than did loin retail cuts. Less (P < .05) lipid oxidation occurred from 1 to 7 d of display in VE retail cuts than in C retail cuts. Longer storage periods before retail display resulted in greater (P < .05) lipid oxidation at both 1 and 7 d of display and a higher (P < .05) rate of lipid oxidation during the display period. Supplementing vitamin E had the greatest effect in reducing lipid oxidation when cuts were stored for longer periods before retail display. Subjective scores for lean color and overall appearance were more (P < .05) desirable for VE cuts than for C cuts at all retail display periods. Lean discoloration scores and fat color scores for VE and C cuts were not different at 0 d of display but were more (P < .05) desirable for VE cuts during subsequent display. Supplementing vitamin E extended the caselife of lamb approximately 4 d; supplementing with 1,000 IU did little to improve storage/caselife attributes of lamb cuts beyond that achieved by supplementing 500 IU/d.

163 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effects of different RDP and UDP ratios on voluntary intake, milk production and feed conversion efficiency in lactating goats.
Mishra, S.; Rai, S. N. Small-rumin-res v.20(1): p.31-38. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; dietary-protein; protected-protein; voluntary-intake; crude-protein; feed-intake; dry-matter; milk-yield; goat-milk; milk-fat-percentage; feed-conversion; body-weight; fodder; concentrates; milk-protein-percentage; production-costs; cottonseed-oilmeal; india

164 NAL Call No.: SF207.B442
Effects of energy intake and protein level in all concentrate diets.
Fluharty, F. L.; McClure, K. E.; Lowe, G. D.; Clevenger, D. D. Animal Science departmental series. Ohio-beef-cattle-res-ind-rep (95-1): p.57-69. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; feeding; trials; organs; protein-efficiency-ratio; growth-rate; liver; kidneys; slaughter-weight

165 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of energy source and food flavor on conditioned preferences in sheep.
Ralphs, M. H.; Provenza, F. D.; Wiedmeier, R. D.; Bunderson, F. B. J-anim-sci v.73(6): p.1651-1657. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; flavor; feeding-preferences; behavior; responses; energy-intake; glucose; novel-foods; propionates; rumen-fermentation; rumen-bacteria; ph; volatile-fatty-acids; palatability; operant-conditioning; nutrient-loading

Abstract: Livestock and range managers would have a powerful tool to direct utilization and modify plant communities if animals could be conditioned to eat specific foods or plants. We attempted to condition preferences for a low-quality forage through nutrient loading. Sheep were fed licorice or orange-flavored straw pellets then were gavaged with glucose or propionate (.381 Mcal, which amounted to approximately 13% of the daily maintenance energy requirement) or water. Four groups of ewes (n = 4) were arranged in a cross-blocked design such that each group received a unique energy/flavor combination: 1) propionate + licorice, 2) propionate + orange, 3) glucose + licorice, or 4) glucose + orange. On alternate days, each group received the other flavor plus water to create an internal control. At the end of 8 d of conditioning, preference for the two flavors was measured by two-choice preference tests. A second trial was conducted for 4 d in which the energy level was doubled to .762 Mcal. Low energy levels of either glucose or propionate did not create significant preferences. Propionate at the low-level caused satiety but at the high level conditioned an aversion to both flavors. This high level of propionate apparently caused malaise that was then associated with the taste of the flavors. The high level of glucose conditioned a preference. The high glucose treatment increased rumen microbial mass, the nutrients of which would have been absorbed in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and may have indirectly provided the positive nutrient feedback required to form a preference. There was a flavor preference for orange that was independent of the energy supplements.

166 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of feeding a high-grain diet at a restricted intake on lactation performance and rebreeding of ewes.
Susin, I.; Loerch, S. C.; McClure, K. E. J-anim-sci v.73(11): p.3199-3205. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; sheep-breeds; body-weight; body-condition; ewe-lactation; hay; alfalfa-hay; maize; soybean-oilmeal; zero-grazing; feed-intake; dry-matter; crude-protein; protein-intake; energy-intake; milk-yield; ewe-milk; milk-protein-percentage; milk-protein-yield; milk-fat-percentage; milk-fat-yield; lambs; liveweight-gain; creep-feeding; blood-plasma; insulin; blood-sugar; fatty-acids; polypay

Abstract: Fifty-six mature Polypay ewes were used in two experiments to examine the effects of feeding a high-grain diet at a restricted intake on milk production and composition, lamb performance and out-of-season breeding. Ewes were fed either a high-grain diet (85% concentrate and 15% forage) or a high-forage diet. The high-forage diets were 68% forage and 32% concentrate in Experiment 1 and 80% forage and 20% concentrate in Experiment 2. Forage source was orchardgrass hay (Experiment 1) or alfalfa cubes (Experiment 2). Feed intake of the high-grain diet was restricted by 20% (compared with ewes fed high forage) so that intake of energy was similar for both dietary groups. Daily milk production was 19% higher (P < .05) in Exp. 1 and 8% higher (P < .10) in Exp. 2 for ewes fed high grain than for those fed high forage (2.71 vs 2.28 kg/d and 3.18 vs 2.95 kg/d in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Milk protein percentage and daily amount of milk protein were higher (P < .05) and the percentage of milk fat was lower (P < .03) for ewes fed the high-grain diet than for those fed the high-forage diet. Diet did not affect milk fat production (grams/day) or lamb growth rate. In both experiments blood insulin concentration was higher for ewes fed the high-grain diet than for those fed the high-forage diet; however, no improvements in reproductive performance were observed. Limit feeding high-grain diets is an effective alternative to forage for lactating ewes.

167 NAL Call No.: S539.5.A37
Effects of feeding system and different feeds on milk production and quality in Comisana ewes. 1. Use of a dry complete diet.
Lanza A; Pennisi P; Biondi L; Lanza M; Keshtkaran AN Agricoltura-Mediterranea v.126(1): p.22-31; 34 ref (1996)
Descriptors: ewes; grazing; lucerne; ewe-feeding; ewe-milk; yields; composition; quality; complete-feeds; milk-yield; milk-composition

168 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of feeding wash-water solids on health and performance of ewes and lambs.
Williams, J. E.; Belyea, R. L.; Gieseke, L.; Clevenger, T. E.; Tumbleson, M. E. J-anim-sci v.73(12): p.3552-3561. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; lambs; dairy-wastes; bacterial-protein; diet; chemical-composition; body-weight; liveweight-gain; survival; blood-picture; dietary-minerals

Abstract: Diets containing 0, 10, or 20% dried wash-water solids (WWS) from a milk processing plant were fed to 48 Hampshire crossbred ewes (average weight 58.1 kg) for 3 yr. Data were obtained on BW gains, hematology, tissue elements, and survival for ewes and BW gains, tissue elements and survival for their lambs. Ewes fed 20% WWS gained less (P < .05) BW during gestation and lactation in yr 1 and had lower BW (P < . 05) in yr 2 and 3 than those fed O or 10% WOOS. Lambs from ewes fed 20% WWS gained less (P < .05) BW in yr 2 and 3. Hematology variables of ewes, survival of ewes and survival of lambs were not affected by diet. Although WWS-containing diets contained high concentrations of Ca, P, Mn, and Fe and moderate concentrations of Mo, Mg, and Zn, diets had few effects on tissue elements in ewes and lambs. Concentrations of some tissue elements were less (P < .05) in lambs in yr 2 and 3 than in yr 1. Wash-water solids can be incorporated into ruminant diets, providing a disposal alternative that recycles and conserves nutrients. Long-term feeding posed only minor or negligible health or safety problems. Because of low energy and N availability and high ash content, WWS probably should be limited to 10% or less of conventional diets.

169 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V641
Effects of feeding, watering and resting intervals on lambs transported by road and ferry to France.
Knowles, T. G.; Warriss, P. D.; Brown, S. N.; Kestin, S. C.; Edwards, J. E.; Perry, A. M.; Watkins, P. E.; Phillips, A. J. Vet-rec v.139(14): p.335-339. (1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; transport-of-animals; road-transport; transport; lorries; food-deprivation; water-deprivation; rest; animal-welfare; blood-composition; environmental-temperature; relative-humidity; liveweight; england; france; ferry-transport

170 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Effects of handling during temporary isolation after early weaning on goat kids' later response to humans.
Boivin X; Braastad BO Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.48(1-2): p.61-71; 26 ref (1996)
Descriptors: weaning; early-weaning; effects; handling; isolation; kids; animal-welfare; animal-behaviour; husbandry; animal-husbandry; behaviour

171 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Effects of immediate and early post-partum separation on maintenance of maternal responsiveness in parturient multiparous goats.
Ramirez A; Quiles A; Hevia ML; Sotillo F; Ramirez MC Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.48(3-4): p.215-224; 25 ref (1996)
Descriptors: parental-behaviour; effects; separation; maintenance; maternal-behaviour

172 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of limit feeding a high-grain diet on puberty and reproductive performance of ewes.
Susin, I.; Loerch, S. C.; McClure, K. E.; Day, M. L. J-anim-sci v.73(11): p.3206-3215. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; ewe-feeding; targhee; sheep-breeds; forage; alfalfa-hay; maize; soybean-oilmeal; body-condition; breeding-season; restricted-feeding; digestibility; feed-intake; dry-matter; protein-intake; liveweight-gain; puberty; age-at-fi r st-lambing; breed-differences; nitrogen-retention; lambing-rate; birth-weight; weaning-weight; age-at-weaning; blood-plasma; insulin; blood-sugar; ph; rumen-fermentation; volatile-fatty-acids; polypay

Abstract: In Exp. 1, 39 ewe lambs (initial BW 29 +/- .1 kg) were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement with two breeds (Polypay and Targhee) and two diets (high-forage and high-grain) to examine the effects of restricting intake of a high-grain diet on onset of puberty and lamb performance. The experimental diets were fed from 13 to 40 wk of age. The high-forage diet was composed of 80% alfalfa cubes and 20% supplement. The high-grain diet was 90% concentrate and 10% alfalfa cubes. Feed intake of the diets was controlled so that lambs fed the high-grain diet had the same growth rate as those fed the high-forage diet. Plasma insulin concentration was higher (P < .001) for lambs fed the high-grain diet than for those fed the high-forage diet. However, no diet effect on age at puberty was observed. In Exp. 2, 88 mature Targhee ewes were used to determine the effects of limiting intake of a high-grain diet on pregnancy and number of lambs born per ewe. Intake of the high-grain diet was restricted to achieve similar ME intake between diets. There were no diet effects on number of lambs born per ewe or subsequent lamb performance. Ewes fed the high-forage diet had a lower (P < .001) weight gain than those fed the high-grain diet. It was concluded that restricting intake of high-grain diets is an effective alternative to feeding high-forage diets for meeting the nutrient requirements of ewe lambs and gestating ewes; however, no improvements on reproductive performance were observed.

173 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Effects of microbial inoculant and moisture content on preservation and quality of round baled alfalfa.
Mir, Z.; Jan, E. Z.; Robertson, J. A.; Mir, P. S.; McCartney, D. H. Can-j-anim-sci v.75(1): p.15-23. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alfalfa; round-bales; lactobacillus-plantarum; moisture-content; storage-quality; proximate-analysis; dry-matter; nutritive-value; steers; digestibility; wethers; feed-intake; feed-conversion; liveweight-gain; alfalfa-silage; silage-fermentation; preservation

Abstract: The effects of microbial inoculant and moisture content of alfalfa, stored as large round bales, on preservation and quality were examined in a 3-yr study. Alfalfa was round baled at 18, 45 and 60% moisture with 45 and 60% moisture bales stored in 23-m-long plastic tubes. At each moisture level, half the bales were treated with a microbial inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum) during baling. All bales were weighed and sampled prior to storage (into storage) and prior to feeding (out of storage) with a core sampler. Field recovery and crude protein content of forage at 18% moisture were significantly lower than for forage at 45 and 60% moisture levels. ADF contents were decreased (P < 0.01) by moisture content in year 1, while the NDF contents were affected similarly in all the 3 yr. Storage recoveries were not affected by either moisture content or inoculant. Nutritive value of forages was evaluated, using completely randomized designs, in feeding trials with 96 steers and digestibility trials with 36 wethers. Dry matter intake by steers and nutrient digestibility in sheep were not affected (P < 0.05) by either moisture level or inoculant treatment. Feed conversion efficiencies and average daily gain of steers receiving 45 and 60% moisture forage were higher than for those fed 18% moisture forage. Results from this study indicated that harvesting alfalfa at 45 and 60% moisture as silage produced a better-quality product for steers than at 18% moisture dry hay and that treatment with microbial inoculant was not beneficial in preserving high moisture forage.

174 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Effects of nutrition in utero and in early life on the subsequent lifetime reproductive performance of Scottish Blackface ewes in two management systems.
Gunn, R. G.; Sim, D. A.; Hunter, E. A. Anim-sci v.60(pt.2): p.223-230. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; scottish-blackface; plane-of-nutrition; ewe-feeding; pregnancy; lactation-stage; grazing; upland-areas; hill-grasslands; body-weight; body-condition; embryo-mortality; ovulation-rate; litter-size

175 NAL Call No.: QD415.A1J6
Effects of organic solvent extracts from herbage on feeding behavior in goats.
Dohi H; Yamada A; Fukukawa T Journal-of-Chemical-Ecology v.22(3): p.425-430; 18 ref (1996)
Descriptors: herbage; feed-intake; hay; grasses; extracts

176 NAL Call No.: SB202.K6H352
Effects of pasture type on behavior pattern, change of body type and daily gain of Korean native goat.
Baek IC; Lee SM; Moon SH; Jeon BT Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-of-Grassland-Science v.16(3): p.235-244; 25 ref (1996)
Descriptors: somatotype; korean-native; permanent-grasslands; scrublands; grazing; selective-grazing; liveweight-gain; grasses; browse; palatability; chemical-composition; crude-protein; fibre; minerals; growth; pastures; botanical-composition; grazing-behaviour; Rhododendron-mucronulatum; Rhododendron-schlippenbachii

177 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
The effects of physical form of feed, carbohydrate source, and inclusion of sodium bicarbonate on the diet selections of sheep.
Cooper, S. D. B.; Kyriazakis, I.; Oldham, J. D. J-anim-sci v.74(6): p.1240-1251. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; feeding-preferences; alfalfa-hay; alfalfa-pellets; nutrient-density; nutritive-ratio; energy-intake; chop-length; barley; sugarbeet-pulp; pelleted-feeds; sodium-bicarbonate; rumen-fermentation; digestibility; liveweight-gain; feed-intake; feed-conversion

Abstract: We proposed an hypothesis that ruminants attempt to select a diet that promotes high levels of feed intake by maintaining optimal ruminal conditions. Three tests of the hypothesis considered whether the diet selection of sheep given either a choice of two high energy density (ED) feeds or a choice between a high and a low ED feed is affected by 1) sodium bicarbonate inclusion (NaHCO3; 1, 2, and 4% [wt/wt]) in the high [ED] feed); 2) dietary carbohydrate source (barley-based, B and sugar beet/ barley, S) of the high ED feed; or 3) physical form (alfalfa: pelleted, ALFP and long chop, ALFL) of the low ED feed. To conduct these, 42 lambs were used in seven 6 x 6 Latin squares, which were either foods ALFL and ALFP offered alone and paired with feed B or S and their NaHCO3 derivatives as a choice, or foods B and S offered alone and paired with their NaHCO3 derivatives as a choice. Each Latin square period lasted for 3 wk. For the choices between a NaHCO3-supplemented high ED feed and either a high or a low ED one, the inclusion of NaHCO3 increased feed intake. Its level of inclusion had a marked effect on the proportion of unsupplemented high ED feed selected (P < .05) but not on the proportion of low ED feed (alfalfa) selected. More alfalfa was selected when the high ED feed was based on barley (B) rather than sugar beet/barley (S) (P < .05). The physical form of the alfalfa affected diet selection because its selection was greater (P < .001) when ALFP (pelleted) was offered in the feed choice rather than ALFL (long-chop). The significant effects of NaHCO3 level, dietary carbohydrate, and physical form on the diet selection and feed intake of the sheep are consistent with the proposed experimental hypothesis.

178 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effects of protein source and level on performance of lactating Damascus goats in negative energy balance.
Hadjipanayiotou, M.; Photiou, A. Small-rumin-res v.15(3): p.257-263. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; damascus; protein-concentrates; goat-feeding; crude-protein; soybean-oilmeal; formaldehyde; treatment; rumen-digestion; protected-protein; chemical-composition; digestibility; milk-yield; goat-milk; milk-composition; body-weight; weight-losses; rumen-metabolism; volatile-fatty-acids; ammonium-nitrogen; ph; dietary-protein; barley-hay; barley-straw; feed-conversion; feed-intake

179 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of restraint and isolation stress and epidural blockade on endocrine and blood metabolite status, muscle glycogen metabolism, and incidence of dark-cutting longissimus muscle of sheep.
Apple, J. K.; Dikeman, M. E.; Minton, J. E.; McMurphy, R. M.; Fedde, M. R.; Leith, D. E.; Unruh, J. A. J-anim-sci v.73(8): p.2295-2307. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; restraint-of-animals; stress-factors; conduction-anesthesia; lidocaine; lamb-meat; dark-cutting-meat; meat-quality; glycogenolysis; muscle-contraction; ph; blood-serum; metabolites; epinephrine; norepinephrine; insulin; fatty-acids; lactic-acid; postmortem-changes; shear-strength; cooking-losses

Abstract: Crossbred lambs (47.3 kg BW) were used to study the effects of restraint and isolation stress on endocrine status and blood metabolites, antemortem glycogenolysis, and incidence of the dark-cutting condition (DCC) in the longissimus muscle (LM) and to determine the role of muscle contraction in the formation of the DCC in sheep. Lambs were assigned randomly to three treatments: unstressed controls (C); a single 6-h period of restraint and isolation stress (RIS); and a single 6-h period of RIS following epidural blockade (RISEB) with lidocaine. Blood was collected immediately before lambs were subjected to RIS and RISEB and at 12-min intervals during the 6-h period. Serum concentrations of glucose, lactate, and insulin were higher (P < .01 ) in RIS and RISEB lambs than in C lambs. Serum free fatty acid concentrations were higher (P < .01 ) in stressed lambs only during the first 4 h of stress. Plasma epinephrine and cortisol concentrations also were higher ( P < .01) in RIS and RISEB lambs than in C lambs. Lambs were slaughtered within 30 min after completion of stress. Immediately after stunning and at .75. 3, 6, 12, and 24 h postmortem, samples were removed from the LM in the hindsaddle and foresaddle for glycogen, lactate, and pH determinations. Muscle pH was elevated (P < .01) by RIS and RISEB; ultimate pH exceeded 6.0. The LM from carcasses of RIS and RISEB lambs had lower (P < .01) glycogen and lactate concentrations in both regions than the LM of C lambs. Subjecting sheep to a single 6-h period of RIS was an effective animal model to induce the DCC. Failure of the epidural blockade to inhibit antemortem glycogen metabolism and formation of the DCC indicates that muscle contraction was not requisite to those processes in sheep.

180
Effects of simulated jet aircraft noise on heart rate and behavior of desert ungulates.
Weisenberger ME; Krausman PR; Wallace MC; Young DW de; Maughan OE; De Young DW Journal-of-Wildlife-Management v.60(1): p.52-61; 48 ref (1996)
Descriptors: wild-animals; wild-sheep; effects; ungulates; animal-welfare; aircraft; noise; heart-rate; behaviour; animal-behaviour; stress

181 NAL Call No.: 49-N62
The effects of simulated transportation on plasma levels of catecholamines, cortisol and glucose and eosinophil count in the goat.
Nwe TM; Hori E; Nakanishi Y; Manda M; Watanabe S Animal-Science-and-Technology v.66(10): p.841-848; 25 ref (1995)
Descriptors: transport; hydrocortisone; effects; blood; catecholamines; glucose; eosinophils; animal-behaviour; metabolism; sympathetic-nervous-system; adrenal-medulla; adrenal-cortex; transport-of-animals; blood-chemistry; behaviour; simulation

182 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release in diets with a similiar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep.
Sinclair, L. A.; Garnsworthy, P. C.; Newbold, J. R.; Buttery, P. J. J-agric-sci v.124(pt.3): p.463-472. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; sheep-feeding; rumen-fermentation; rumen-fluid; nitrogen-cycle; carbohydrate-metabolism; biodegradation; microbial-proteins; protein-synthesis; ph; metabolizable-energy

183 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Effects of tethering management on feed intake and behaviour of Tanzanian goats.
Romney, D. L.; Sendalo, D. S. C.; Owen, E.; Mtenga, L. A.; Penning, P. D.; Mayes, R. W.; Hendy, C. R. C. Small-rumin-res v.19(2): p.113-120. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; tethering; grazing; brachiaria; feed-intake; digestibility; tanzania

184 NAL Call No.: SF1.L5
Effects of the type and level of supplementation on grazing behaviour of lactating ewes in a Mediterranean natural pasture.
Avondo M; Licitra G; Bognanno M; Keshtkaran AN; Marletta D; D' Urso G Livestock-Production-Science v.44(3): p.237-244; 38 ref (1995)
Descriptors: selective-grazing; ewes; milk-production; liveweight; rangelands; supplements; grazing; carbohydrates; sources; intake; milk-yield

185 NAL Call No.: SF1.Z6
Effects of type of pasture and supplementation level on grazing behaviour of lactating ewes. [Effetti del tipo di pascolo e del livello di integrazione sul comportamento alimentare di pecore in lattazione.]
Avondo M; Marletta D; Bordonaro S; Bognanno M; D' Urso G Zootecnica-e-Nutrizione-Animale v.22(3): p.127-138; 31 ref (1996)
Descriptors: grazing; ewes; lactation; ewe-lactation; milk-yield; ewe-milk; yields; digestibility; pastures; botanical-composition; concentrates; intake; grazing-behaviour

186 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Effects of underfeeding and of fish meal supplementation on forage digestion in sheep.
Kabre, P.; Doreau, M.; Michalet Doreau, B. J-agric-sci v.124(pt.1): p.129-137. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; forage; animal-nutrition; protein-supplements; fish-meal; underfeeding; feed-intake; rumen-fermentation; digestibility

187 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Effects on eating and rumination behaviour in sheep of formic acid and formaldehyde treatment and methionine-supplementation to ladino clover fibrous residue silage.
Fujihara, T.; Ichinohe, T.; Nakao, T. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(5): p.477-480. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; formic-acid; formaldehyde; methionine; clover-silage; feeding-behavior; sheep-rumination; mastication; duration

188 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V641
Effects on sheep of transport by road for up to 24 hours.
Knowles, T. G.; Brown, S. N.; Warriss, P. D.; Phillips, A. J.; Dolan, S. K.; Hunt, P.; Ford, J. E.; Edwards, J. E.; Watkins, P. E. Vet-rec v.136(17): p.431-438. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; road-transport; transport-of-animals; transit-time; liveweight; heart-rate; animal-behavior; blood-composition; stress

189 NAL Call No.: S494.5.S86S8
The efficiency of protein utilization from various sources of crude protein fed to lambs consuming a barley-based feedlot diet.
Hill, T. M.; Christen, S. D.; Davis Dentici, K. J-sustain-agric v.7(4): p.35-44. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; lamb-feeding; crude-protein; sources; protein-utilization; efficiency; fish-meal; blood-meal; feather-meal; mixtures; soybean-oilmeal; urea; protein-supplements; feed-intake; protein-digestibility; feed-conversion-efficiency < /P>

190 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Efficiency of utilization of absorbed amino acids in growing lambs given forage and forage:barley diets.
MacRae, J. C.; Bruce, L. A.; Brown, D. S. Anim-sci v.61(pt.2): p.277-284. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; lamb-feeding; forage; barley; amino-acids; intestinal-absorption; retention; digestibility; plane-of-nutrition; feed-conversion

191 NAL Call No.: SF604.63N45S87
Electroejaculation: a welfare issue?
Stafford KJ Surveillance-Wellington v.22(2): p.15-17; 28 ref (1995)
Descriptors: rams; bulls; electric-current; stress; glucocorticoids; anaesthesia; neuroleptics; electroejaculation; animal-welfare

192 NAL Call No.: 41.8-N483
Electroencephalographic studies on the nape shooting of sheep.
Blackmore DK; Daly CC; Cook CJ New-Zealand-Veterinary-Journal v.43(4): p.160-163; 13 ref (1995)
Descriptors: electroencephalography; spinal-cord; central-nervous-system; destruction-of-animals; animal-welfare; euthanasia; stunning

193 NAL Call No.: HD9000.1.J6
An empirical examination of U.S. lamb-related import and domestic market relationships near the farmgate.
Babula, R. A. J-int-food-agribus-mark v.8(2): p.65-82. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lamb-meat; wool-production; meat-and-livestock-industry; domestic-markets; economic-impact; imports; market-prices; simulation-models; econometric-models; domestic-production; usa; vector-autoregressive-model

194 NAL Call No.: QL876.B5
Endocrine correlates of partner preference behavior in rams.
Resko, J. A.; Perkins, A.; Roselli, C. E.; Fitzgerald, J. A.; Choate, J. V. A.; Stormshak, F. Biol-reprod v.55(1): p.120-126. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rams; mating-preferences; homosexuality; testes; steroidogenesis; progesterone; testosterone; brain; oxygenases; enzyme-activity; blood-serum; androstenedione; estrone; estradiol; hormone-secretion; aromatase; 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone; dihydrotestosterone

Abstract: We studied a unique group of rams that would not mate with estrous ewes during extensive testing for sexual behavior. The same rams courted males in preference to females in 30-min sexual preference tests and were classified as male-oriented (n = 6). We compared the following endocrine profiles: systemic steroid concentrations, the capacity of the testes to biosynthesize 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone from 3H-progesterone in vitro, and the levels of brain aromatase activity (AA) in male-oriented rams vs. rams that were proven breeders and designated as female-oriented (n = 7). After the last behavioral test, sera were collected, and males in each experimental group were killed. Brains and testes were obtained for subsequent determinations of AA and measurements of steroidogenic enzyme activity. All dissections and subsequent assays were performed without knowledge of experimental group assignments. Serum concentration of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione, estrone (E1), and estradiol-17beta (E2) were determined by RIA. AA was quantified by a 3H2O assay validated for neural tissue of the ram. We studied frontal, parietal and cingulate cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, septum, amygdala, infundibulum-median eminence, and preoptic area (POA). Serum T, E1, and E2 concentrations of female-oriented subjects were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in m a le-oriented subjects (SEM: 1559 +/- 228, 46 +/- 2, and 15 +/- 3 pg/ml vs. 874 +/- 196, 40 +/- 2, and 8 +/- 1 pg/ml serum, respectively). DHT and androstenedione concentrations in the systemic circulation did not differ between groups. Likewise, biosynthesis of labeled T and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone from 3H-progesterone by testicular homogenates in vitro was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in female-oriented than in male-oriented subjects (28.8 +/- 8.1 vs. 12.1 +/ - 2.3 micromole.h-1.mg protein-1 for T and 416.9 +/- 100.8 vs. 186.3 +/- 30.7 micromole.h-1.mg protein-1 for 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone). The highest level of AA was found in the POA, which was significantly greater in female-oriented than in male-oriented rams (472 +/- 34 vs. 296 +/- 24 fmol 3H2O.h-1.mg protein-1, p < 0.05). AA in other brain areas did not differ between experimental groups. Our data suggest that the testes of the male-oriented ram have reduced capacity for T production. In other species, T controls in situ estrogen formation not only by providing substrate for aromatization but also by up-regulating P450arom mRNA in the POA. Because the POA is part of a neural circuitry that mediates male sexual behavior in many species, we hypothesize that the capacity for aromatization influences sexual orientation of these rams.

195 NAL Call No.: 280.8-J822
Estimation of Australian wool and lamb production technologies under uncertainty: an error-components approach.
O'Donnell, C. J.; Woodland, A. D. Am-j-agric-econ v.77(3): p.552-565. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lamb-production; wool-production; production-costs; technology; farm-inputs; risk; stochastic-processes; outturn; production-functions; uncertainty; multivariate-analysis; econometric-models; errors; estimation; australia; input-cost-share; cost-functions; multivariate-error-components-model

Abstract: A model of producer behavior, which explicitly accounts for both output price and production uncertainty, is formulated and estimated. If the production technology is multiplicatively separable in its deterministic and stochastic components, then the expected utility maximization problem implies cost minimization for planned or expected output. Consequently, our empirical model of three lamb- and wool- producing sectors in Australia involves the estimation of a system of input cost share and cost equations whose disturbances have an error-components structure. The empirical results are evaluated in terms of input demand elasticities, and estimates of the stochastic components of production are presented.

196 NAL Call No.: 60.18-J82
Estimation of botanical composition of esophageal extrusa samples using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
Volesky, J. D.; Coleman, S. W. J-range-manage v.49(2): p.163-166. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; cattle; andropogon-gerardii; botanical-composition; infrared-spectroscopy; grasses; diet; digesta; esophagus; sampling; forbs; oklahoma

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating botanical composition of esophageal extrusa samples. Spectral data were collected on 361 samples from fistulated sheep and cattle grazing native tallgrass range. Principal components analysis was used to identify a subset of 73 samples with spectral dissimilarity. These samples were microhistologically analyzed to determine botanical composition and were considered 'actual' for regression and calibration purposes. Thirty-six species (12 grasses, 22 forbs, and 2 sedges) were identified in the microhistologically analyzed samples. However, most accounted for less than 5% of the total diet. Additional pure calibration samples were obtained by feeding individual species to confined fistulated sheep. Initial regression analyses and predictions were made on 13 major species or species groups. Satisfactory prediction equations could only be developed for big bluestem andropogon gerardii Vitman) (r2 =0.61), and the total grasses (r2= 0.79) and total forbs (r2 = 0.79) groups. Addition of spectra from pure samples into the calibration set was beneficial. In general, valid predictions could not be made for individual species that constituted less than 10% of the sample and/or had a low frequency of occurrence in the calibration samples. The NIRS method offered acceptable precision and accuracy in the prediction of major botanical components and it would be practical and efficient because it reduces the number of samples that would have to be microhistologically analyzed.

197 NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Estimations of pasture and grain intake of prepartum single- and twin-bearing ewes.
Holst, P. J.; Hall, D. G.; Nolan, J. V. Aust-j-exp-agric v.36(5): p.529-532. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; ewes; pregnancy; prepartum-period; lupins; pastures; oats; mixtures; feed-supplements; feed-intake; supplementary-feeding; litter-size; twinning; animal-nutrition; new-south-wales

198 NAL Call No.: QL876.B5
Estrogen enhances endometrial estrogen receptor gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism in the ovariectomized ewe.
Ing, N. H.; Spencer, T. E.; Bazer, F. W. Biol-reprod v.54(3): p.591-599. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; ovariectomized-females; endometrium; estrogen-receptors; hormone-receptors; structural-genes; gene-expression; autoregulation; estradiol; messenger-rna; transcription; complementary-dna; cloning; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; progestesterone; progesterone-receptors; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; u30299; genbank; u30300

Abstract: Prior influence of estrogen is required for many physiological effects of steroid hormones. This study addresses positive autoregulation of estrogen receptor gene expression in endometrium. Groups of ovariectomized ewes (n = 6) were treated with a single i.m. injection of 50 pg 17 beta-estradiol for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h or of vehicle for 24 h (control) prior to collection of endometrium. Three ewes received a regimen of estradiol-progesterone-estradiol (EPE) designed to mimic the estrous cycle. Northern analysis of endometrial RNA using an ovine estrogen receptor complementary RNA probe indicated that estradiol increased (p < 0.0001) estrogen receptor messenger RNA abundance over time to be 5-fold greater at 24 h postinjection. This effect also occurred after a period of progesterone dominance in EPE ewes (p < 0.05). Ribonuclease protection assays with a complementary RNA probe for the ovine progesterone receptor demonstrated that estradiol treatment increased progesterone receptor messenger RNA abundance at 48 h (p < 0.005). Nuclear runoff analyses indicated that whereas estradiol enhanced the transcription rates of progesterone receptor (p < 0.1) and 28S ribosomal RNA genes (p < 0.002), activity of the estrogen receptor gene was unchanged (p > 0.25). These results suggest that a physiological dose of estradiol, similar to the preovulatory surge of estrogen, up-regulates endometrial estrogen receptor gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.

199
Evaluation of crossbreeding programme in sheep in Rajasthan. 3. Factors affecting adoption of crossbreeding programme in sheep.
Dharma SC; Riyazuddin; Rawat PS Wool-and-Woollens-of-India v.32(1): p.39-52 (1995)
Descriptors: animal-nutrition; profitability; socioeconomic-status; economics; crossbreeding; wool-production; mortality

200 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
An evaluation of the impact of long-range climate forecasting on the physical and financial performance of wool-producing enterprises in Victoria.
Bowman, P. J.; McKeon, G. M.; White, D. H. Aust-j-agric-res v.46(4): p.687-702. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep-farming; stocking-rate; animal-husbandry; weather-forecasting; drought; simulation-models; victoria

201
Evolution of ewe body condition and the production of lamb and milk in different productive strategies.
Lopez F; Espejo M; Villar A Options-Mediterraneennes.-Serie-A,-Seminaires-Mediterraneens. 1995, No. 27, 53-58; 7 ref
Descriptors: ewes; concentrates; feed-supplements; body-condition; milking; lambing; frequency; management; intensive-husbandry; meat-production; milk-yield; Spanish-Merino; feeding; reproduction; Merino; Body-condition-of-sheep-and-goats

202 NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Ewe colostrum and subsequent lamb suckling behaviour.
Holst, P. J.; Hall, D. G.; Allan, C. J. Aust-j-exp-agric v.36(6): p.637-640. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; colostrum; lambs; newborn-animals; sucking; twins; behavior-patterns; birth-weight; body-temperature; postpartum-period

203 NAL Call No.: S544.3.S8E9
Ewe flock sharing arrangements for central South Dakota.
Pflueger, B.; Madsen, L. Ext-extra. Brookings, SD : Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University. Feb 1995. (5025) 3 p.
In the subseries: Ag Economics.
Descriptors: sheep; sheep-farming; cooperative-farm-enterprises; production-costs; farm-income

204 NAL Call No.: 44.8-J824
Exogenous sources of Listeria contamination in raw ewe's milk.
Garcia E; Paz M de; Rodriguez JL; Gaya P; Medina M; Nunez M; De Paz M Journal-of-Food-Protection v.59(9): p.950-954; 30 ref (1996)
Descriptors: microbial-contamination; feeds; water; milking-machines; environment; faeces; ewes; litter; soil; dairy-farms; ewe-milk; milk-production; incidence; poultry

205 NAL Call No.: QP501.C6
Exon skipping in the ovine alpha s1-casein gene.
Passey, R.; Glenn, W.; Mackinlay, A. Comp-biochem-physiol-Part-B,-Biochem-mol-biol v.114B(4): p.389-394. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; alphas-casein; complementary-dna; cloning; nucleotide-sequences; exons; reverse-transcription; messenger-rna; molecular-conformation; structure; molecular-sequence-data; rna-conformation; secondary-structure

Abstract: The reported cDNA sequences for the bovine (Bos taurus) and ovine (Ovis aries) alpha(s1)-caseins display a high degree of identity with the exception that a 24 bp region, corresponding to bovine exon 16, is absent in the ovine sequence. Here we show that the ovine gene for alpha (s1)-casein contains a sequence block displaying 23/24 identity to bovine exon 16, indicating that the absence of this block from ovine mRNA is due not to genomic deletion but to exon skipping. Analysis of the products obtained by reverse transcription of ovine alpha(s1)-casein mRNA followed by amplification, demonstrated the presence of mRNA species containing the exon 16 sequence as well as the species in which it had been spliced out. It was estimated that the latter constitutes 20% of the total ovine alpha(s1)-casein mRNA. We propose that a substitution within the donor splice site is responsible for the partial skipping of exon 16, possibly through the formation of an inhibitory RNA secondary structure.

206 NAL Call No.: S441.S855
Expanding profits for Vermont sheep production through intensive pasture management.
Duesterberg, K. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE research projects Northeast Region. [1988-. 1995. 9 p.
SARE Project Number: LNE94-47. Record includes floppy disk. Reporting period for this report is July 1994 to November 1995. This is a final report.
Descriptors: lamb-production; lamb-feeding; pastures; markets; farming-systems-research; profitability; vermont; pasture-finished-lambs

207 NAL Call No.: SF604.63.N45S87
The export of live sheep for slaughter from New Zealand.
Davis GB Surveillance-Wellington v.22(2): p.26-28; 22 ref (1995)
Descriptors: trade-in-animals; animal-welfare; pneumonia; anorexia; heat-stress; stress; diarrhoea; transport-of-animals; sheep-diseases

208 NAL Call No.: SF757.2.V38
Expression, biological activity and kinetics of production of recombinant ovine TNF-alpha.
Seow, H. F.; Rothel, J. S.; Pepin, M.; David, M. J.; Wood, P. R. Vet-immunol-immunopathol v.44(3/4): p.279-291. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; tumor-necrosis-factor; macrophages; complementary-dna; cloning; genetic-vectors; gene-expression; cytotoxicity; leukemia; cell-lines; lymphocyte-transformation; kinetics; messenger-rna; recombinant-tumor-necrosis-factor

209
Extracellular domain of prolactin receptor from bovine mammary gland: expression in Escherichia coli, purification and characterization of its interaction with lactogenic hormones.
Tchelet A; Staten NR; Creely DP; Krivi GG; Gertler A Journal-of-Endocrinology v.144(3): p.393-403; 47 ref (1995)
Descriptors: cows; proteins; SDS-PAGE; hormones; nucleic-acids; complementary-DNA; chromatography; cloning; ewes; prolactin; receptors; purification; characterization; mammary-glands; gene-expression; somatotropin

210 NAL Call No.: SF967.M3N32
Factors affecting somatic cell count of goat milk: breed and farm.
Zeng, S. S.; Escobar, E. N. Annu-meet-Natl-Mastitis-Counc-inc (34th): p.168-170. (1995)
Meeting held on February 20-22, 1995, Fort Worth, Texas.
Descriptors: goats; somatic-cell-count; goat-milk; goat-breeds; farm-management; arkansas; oklahoma

211
Farm business survey in Wales: statistical results for 1994/95.
UK, University of Wales, Welsh Institute of Rural Studies. 1995, 119 pp
Descriptors: dairy-farming; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; livestock-farming; farm-income; gross-margins; farm-surveys; farm-results; dairy-farms

212
Farm incomes in South West England 1994/95.
Turner M; Robbins K Report -Agricultural-Economics-Unit,-University-of-Exeter. 1996, No. 245, 79 pp
Descriptors: dairy-farming; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; livestock-farming; crops; arable-farming; farm-income; costs; returns; profitability; farm-surveys; farm-results; dairy-farms

213
Farm incomes in the United Kingdom 1994/95.
UK, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1996, vi + 128 pp
Descriptors: balance-sheets; gross-margins; dairy-farming; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; livestock-farming; cereals; mixed-farming; horticulture; arable-farming; farm-income; non-farm-income; farm-surveys; farmers'-income; agricultural-structure; dairy-farms

214 NAL Call No.: S562.G7F37 1996
Farm management handbook.
UK, University of Exeter, Agricultural Economics Unit. 1996, vi + 129 pp
Descriptors: gross-margins; production-costs; returns; capital; labour-requirements; farm-planning; dairy-farming; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; livestock-farming; crops; arable-farming; handbooks; farm-management; dairy-farms

215
Farm sector exchange rates, production, financial trends and aggregate output.
Davison RM Paper -NZ-Meat-and-Wool-Boards'-Economic-Service. 1995, No. G2079, 28 pp
Descriptors: beef-cattle; livestock-numbers; value-added; economic-situation; interest-rates; terms-of-trade; profitability; returns; fiscal-policy; taxes; inflation; monetary-parity; sheep-farming; farm-results; beef; production; food-animals

216 NAL Call No.: HD2151.F37
Farm surveys report: financial performance of Australian farms 1993-94 to 1995-96.
Australia, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 1996, vi + 126 pp
Descriptors: farm-income; profitability; returns; costs; dairy-farming; livestock-farming; sheep-farming; cattle-farming; beef; crops; wheat; production; agricultural-households; farm-families; productivity; irrigated-farming; drought; management; farm-surveys; farm-results; dairy-farms

217 NAL Call No.: 26-T756
Farmers' response to a package of innovations in goat production in south-western Nigeria.
Bosman, H. G.; Ayeni, A. O.; Koper Limbourg, H. A. G. Trop-sci v.36(2): p.92-100. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; animal-production; animal-health; animal-nutrition; goat-keeping; adaptation; innovations; adoption; nigeria

218 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C475
Fattening experiments on Dorset and indigenous crossbred sheep.
Zhang RuLei; Wang XueZhong; Huang HuanMin; Han ZhaoMing; Zhang RL; Wang XZ; Huang HM; Han ZM Chinese-Journal-of-Animal-Science v.31-32(2): p.31 (1995)
Descriptors: sheep-feeding; concentrates; supplementary-feeding; grazing; energy; protein; plane-of-nutrition; intake; fattening-performance; growth; carcasses; crossbreeding; crosses; feedlots; breed-differences; sheep-breeds; Dorset

219
Fattening procedures for lambs. Mastverfahren fur Fleischlammer.
Grumbach S; Nurnberg K Neue-Landwirtschaft. 1996, No. 8, 70-72
Descriptors: lambs; males; fattening-performance; feed-supplements; carcass-composition; dressing-percentage; extensive-farming; intensive-husbandry; body-fat; age; crossbreeding; breed-differences; management; growth; carcasses; meat-quality; crosses; German-Blackheaded-Mutton; Texel; Bleu-du-Maine; finishing; carcass-weight; carcass-yield; plane-of-nutrition; sheep-breeds; Merino-Longwool

220 NAL Call No.: QL750.B4
Fear reactions of domestic sheep confronted with either a human or a human-like model.
Bouissou MF; Vandenheede M Behavioural-Processes v.34(1): p.81-92; 21 ref (1995)
Descriptors: methodology; behaviour; adaptation; animal-behaviour; fearfulness

221 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Fecal NIRS equations to assess diet quality of free-ranging goats.
Leite, E. R.; Stuth, J. W. Small-rumin-res v.15(3): p.223-230. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; free-range-husbandry; diet; crude-protein; digestibility; forage; feces; infrared-spectroscopy; reflectance; equations; accuracy; texas; near-infrared-reflectance-spectroscopy

222 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Feed intake, utilization of nutrients and growth of Assamese X Beetal goats fed three levels of energy.
Saikia, G.; Baruah, K. K.; Buragohain, S. C.; Saikia, B. N.; Pathak, N. N. Small-rumin-res v.15(3): p.279-282. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; crossbreds; goat-feeding; body-weight; energy-value; brachiaria-mutica; forage; dry-matter; concentrates; feed-conversion; digestibility; chemical-composition; plane-of-nutrition; liveweight-gain; diet; goat-breeds; beetal; nutritive-value; india

223 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Feeding behaviour, feed intake, chemical and botanical composition of the diet of indigenous goats raised on natural vegetation in a semi-arid region of Zimbabwe.
Nyamangara, M. E.; Ndlovu, L. R. J-agric-sci v.124(pt.3): p.455-461. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; grazing; feeding-behavior; feed-intake; chemical-composition; botanical-composition; liveweight-gain; physical-activity; zimbabwe

224 NAL Call No.: 41.8-Au72
Feeding of feral goats before live export by ship.
Gherardi SG; Johnson TJ Australian-Veterinary-Journal v.72(11): p.429-430; 8 ref (1995)
Descriptors: feeding-behaviour; pellets; chaff; hay; feeding; transport-of-animals; mortality; feed-intake; feedlots

225 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Feeding of water washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake to growing goats.
Verma, A. K.; Sastry, V. R. B.; Agrawal, D. K. Small-rumin-res v.15(2): p.105-111. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; neem-seed-cake; washing; mustard-oilmeal; crude-protein; protein-content; bitterness; protected-protein; rumen-fermentation; triterpenoids; chemical-composition; digestibility; nutrient-balance; liveweight-gain; feed-conversion; plane-of-nutrition; volatile-fatty-acids; blood-chemistry; india; triterpenol-derivatives

Abstract: To mitigate chronic shortage of feeds for livestock in developing countries, neem seed kernel cake (34-40% CP, bitter in taste, unsuitable for livestock feeding) was waterwashed (WWNSKC) and fed to 5-6-month-old male, growing goats for 180 days as a major source of protein by incorporating it at 15% (group II) and 25% (group III) in the concentrate mixtures. Their performance was compared with goats fed 15% deoiled mustard (Brassica sp.) cake (group I). CP content of group I, II and III concentrate mixtures was 16.7, 15.9 and 17.8%, respectively. Average daily DMI (g), BW gain (g/d) and feed conversion efficiency (unit DM intake/unit gain) on group I, II and III diets were 307.3 +/- 23.27, 324.0 +/- 26.78 and 325.6 +/- 25.57; 22.6 +/- 3.64, 28.9 +/- 3.34 and 25.2 +/- 2.89; 14.6 +/- 1.68, 11.4 +/- 0.63 and 13.1 +/- 0.62, respectively. Goats on all diets digested most nutrients similarly and were on positive N, Ca and P balance. Lowered total as well as NH3-N levels in rumen liquor of WWNSKC-fed goats due to residual neem bitters was indicative of passage of more by-pass protein for digestion in the lower gut. Intake of protein and energy increased linearly with level of WWNSKC incorporation and was within stipulated NRC standards. Among blood and plasma constituents, glucose (P < 0.01) (maybe because of residual neem bitters which exert antihyperglycemic effects), urea-N (P < 0.01) and total protein (P < 0.05) were lower in both experimental groups. Rumen fermentation pattern, urinary creatine and creatinine were comparable among the groups. Thus, WWNSKC can be incorporated in diets of growing goats up to 25% without deleterious effects on nutrient utilisation and metabolism.

226 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Feeding system of sheep in a mountainous area of Greece.
Zervas, G.; Fegeros, K.; Papadopoulos, G. Small-rumin-res v.21(1): p.11-17. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; milk-yielding-animals; feeds; chemical-composition; roughage; concentrates; grazing; milk-yield; ewe-milk; dietary-minerals; blood-serum; lactation-stage; ewe-lactation; crop-residues; highlands; extensive-livestock-farming; greece

227 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
A feral goat rumen fluid inoculum improves nitrogen retention in sheep consuming a mulga (Acacia aneura) diet.
Miller, S. M.; Brooker, J. D.; Blackall, L. L. Aust-j-agric-res v.46(8): p.1545-1553. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; goats; rumen-fluid; wild-goats; inoculum; acacia-aneura; leaves; protein-digestibility; nitrogen-metabolism; feed-intake; nitrogen-balance; wool; growth; liveweight

228
Financial factors affecting the sheep and beef farm sector: 1995-96 end of season report.
New Zealand, NZ Meat & Wool Boards' Economic Service. Paper -NZ-Meat-and-Wool-Boards'-Economic-Service. 1996, No. G2102, 23 pp
Descriptors: inflation; interest-rates; foreign-exchange; profitability; livestock-numbers; beef-cattle; beef; wool; production; monetary-situation; sheep-farming; farm-results

229 NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Flett's flock.
Polachic, D. Small-farm-today v.13(1): p.20. (1996 Feb.)
Descriptors: shetland-sheep-breed; characterization; small-farms; wool-production; saskatchewan

230 NAL Call No.: 501-L84B
Fluctuating trade-offs favour precocial maturity in male Soay sheep.
Stevenson, I. R.; Bancroft, D. R. Proc-R-Soc-Lond-Ser-B-Biol-sci v.262(1365): p.267-275. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; sexual-maturity; male-animals; reproductive-performance; survival; life-history; traits; population-structure; mortality; simulation-models; survival-cost

231 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Food preference and acceptance of novel foods by lambs depend on the composition of the basal diet.
Wang, J.; Provenza, F. D. J-anim-sci v.74(10): p.2349-2354. (1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; feeding-preferences; barley; alfalfa-meal; novel-foods; wheat; pelleted-feeds; unrestricted-feeding; feed-intake; flavor; nutrient-requirements; aversions; rabbit-pellets

Abstract: Ruminants eat a variety of foods, varying in toxins and nutrients, but no hypotheses adequately explain this behavior. We offer an explanation, one which encompasses avoidance of toxins and acquisition of nutrients. A key concept in this hypothesis is aversion, the decrease in preference for food just eaten as a result of sensory input (taste, odor, texture, i.e., a food's flavor) and postingestive effects (of toxins and nutrients on chemo-, osmo-, and mechano-receptors) unique to each food. On the basis of this hypothesis, we predicted lambs would prefer familiar and novel foods that complemented the macronutrient composition of their basal diet. To assess the validity of this prediction, we fed 10 lambs in each of three treatments different levels of ground barley (high in energy) and alfalfa (high in protein) as a basal diet. We then offered them daily a meal of three ground foods differing in proportions of barley and alfalfa (familiar foods) or wheat and rabbit pellets (novel foods). We found that lambs fed a basal diet high in energy (barley) preferred food lower in energy and higher in protein (alfalfa); those fed a diet high in alfalfa preferred food high in barley (P < .01). In addition, the higher the barley or alfalfa content of the basal diet, the greater the acceptance of novel foods high in alfalfa (i.e., rabbit pellets) or grain (i.e., wheat), respectively (P < .01). All lambs preferred foods high in wheat to rabbit pellets or alfalfa (P < 0.01), evidently because wheat is high in energy and it differs in flavor from barley, which was eaten repeatedly as part of the basal diet. On the basis of these results, we contend that lambs preferred familiar and novel foods that complemented the flavors and macro-nutrient contents of their basal diet.

232 NAL Call No.: QH541.5.D4J6
Food selection by domestic goats in Mediterranean arid shrublands.
Barroso FG; Alados CL; Boza J Journal-of-Arid-Environments v.31(2): p.205-217; 63 ref (1995)
Descriptors: feeding-behaviour; availability; browse-plants; composition; feeding-preferences; shrubs; arid-climate; Launea

233 NAL Call No.: 1.98-Ag84
For the midsouth--a hardy, hairy sheep.
Hays, S. M. Agric-res v.44(5): p.7. (1996 May)
Descriptors: sheep; sheep-breeds; hybrids; crossing; agricultural-research; wool-production; sheep-farming; arkansas

234
Foraging behaviour of cattle and goats in the grazing-lands of forested zone of Indian Central Himalaya.
Joshi M; Singh SP; Rawat YS Oecologia-Montana v.5(1): p.1-12; 49 ref (1996)
Descriptors: calves; feed-intake; species-diversity; grazing; selective-grazing; intake; grasses; browse; rangelands; forests

235 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Free-ranging angora goats: left- or right-handed tendencies while grazing.
Ganskopp, D. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.43(2): p.141-146. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; grazing-behavior; foraging; behavior-patterns

236
From Angora to dairy goats. Des Angoras aux chevres laitieres.
Jaouen JC le; Le Jaouen JC Chevre. 1995, No. 207, 22-23
Descriptors: Angora; mountain-areas; dairy-farms; profitability; dairy-farming; farm-dairies; cheesemaking

237 NAL Call No.: 448.8-J8293
Functional characterisation of an ovine endometrial oxytocin receptor cDNA transiently expressed in COS-7 cells.
Riley PR; Abayasekara DRE; Stewart HJ; Flint APF Journal-of-Endocrinology v.149(3): p.389-396; 47 ref (1996)
Descriptors: complementary-dna; oxytocin; cells; biochemistry; cloning; receptors; nucleotide-sequences; endometrium; DNA; nucleotides; kinetics; biotechnology

238 NAL Call No.: QP901.A33-v.395
Functional properties of a cloned ovine endometrial oxytocin receptor cDNA.
Riley, P. R.; Stewart, H. J.; Abayasekara, D. R. E.; Flint, A. P. F. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, v. 395. Oxytocin cellular and molecular approaches in medicine and research /. New York : Plenum Press, c1995.. p. 341-342.
Proceedings of a Hanseatic Endocrine Conference on Oxytocin: Cellular and Molecular Approaches in Medicine and Research, April 30-May 4, 1995, Stade, Germany.
Descriptors: ewes; endometrium; oxytocin; hormone-receptors; complementary-dna; clones; properties

239 NAL Call No.: QH442.A1G4
The gene encoding the ovine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor: cloning and initial characterization.
Campion, C. E.; Turzillo, A. M.; Clay, C. M. Gene v.170(2): p.277-280. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; structural-genes; hormone-receptors; gnrh; cloning; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; exons; introns; comparisons; mice; man; complementary-dna; promoters; tata-box; species-differences; 5'-untranslated-region; exon-intron-boundaries; transcription-start-points; gnrhr-gene; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; l42937; genbank; l43841; genbank; l43842

Abstract: We have isolated four lambda clones, which, in their aggregate, contain the entire coding sequence of the ovine gene encoding the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (GnRHR). Like its human and murine counterparts, ovine GnRHR exists as a single-copy gene and is comprised of three exons and two introns. Furthermore, the locations of all exon-intron boundaries are perfectly conserved among the human, ovine and murine genes. The most striking difference among these genes is the location of the transcription start points (tsp) and, thus, the length of 5' untranslated region (UTR). This variation in size of the 5' UTR between the murine, human and ovine genes raises the possibility that different mechanisms have evolved for cell-specific expression of this gene. Isolation of the ovine GnRHR and its associated 5' flanking region is the essential first step in defining the molecular mechanisms underlying cell-specific and hormonal regulation of its expression in ruminants.

240 NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z35
Genetic structure of Greek sheep breeds. [Untersuchungen zur genetischen Struktur der wichtigsten Schafrassen Griechenlands.]
Rogdakis E; Kutsuli P; Surdis I; Panopulu E Journal-of-Animal-Breeding-and-Genetics v.112(4): p.255-266; 26 ref (1995)
Descriptors: genetic-equilibrium; structure; greek; biochemical-polymorphism; gene-frequency; breed-differences; breeds; genetic-distance; milk-yield; genetic-polymorphism; ewes; sheep-breeds

241
Genetic structure of the Karakalpak population of Karakul sheep for blood protein and enzyme polymorphisms.
Abilova GM; Ochilov KD Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya-Biologiya. 1995, No. 6, 65-71; 9 ref
Descriptors: genetic-polymorphism; haemoglobin; blood-proteins; enzymes; biochemical-polymorphism; gene-frequency; colour; pelts; Karakul

242 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat breeding systems in southern Spain. [Systemes d'elevage dans le sud de l'Espagne.]
Falagan A; Guerrero JE; Serrano A; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 38-50; EAAP Publication No. 71; 22 ref
Descriptors: semiarid-zones; animal-husbandry; milk-yield; meat-production; growth; grazing; animal-nutrition; livestock; farming-systems; extensive-husbandry; animal-production; management; reproduction; goat-milk; milk-production

243
A goat centre at Linazay. Un centre de la chevre a Linazay.
Thomas T Chevre. 1995, No. 208, 9
Descriptors: goat-milk; dairy-farming; animal-production; economics; research-institutes

244 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat farming systems in Morocco.
El Aich A; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 202-220; EAAP Publication No. 71; 3 ref
Descriptors: goat-meat; goat-milk; cheesemaking; hair; grazing; mortality; feed-conversion-efficiency; marketing; economics; dairy-performance; husbandry; animal-production; management; reproduction; tropics; cheeses; milk-production; production

245 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat farming systems in the French Mediterranean.
Santucci PM; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 51-67; EAAP Publication No. 71; 45 ref
Descriptors: grazing; extensive-husbandry; dairy-performance; meat-production; animal-production; management; crossbreeding; reproduction; goat-milk; milk-production

246 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Goat feeding practices and options for improvement in six villages in southwestern Nigeria.
Bosman, H. G.; Ademosun, A. A.; Koper Limbourg, H. A. G. Small-rumin-res v.19(3): p.201-211. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; traditional-farming; goat-feeding; feeds; cassava-peel; tubers; breadfruits; tropical-rain-forests; savanna-woodlands; maize-byproducts; hay; panicum-maximum; zero-grazing; farm-surveys; crude-protein; browse; leucaena-leucocephala; gliricidia-sepium; feed-intake; dry-matter; nigeria

247 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat husbandry and production systems in Israel.
Landau S; Perevolotsky A; Carasso Y; Rattner D; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 136-159
Descriptors: history; goat-keeping; breeds; body-weight; litter-size; milk-yield; milk-composition; breeding-season; grazing; browsing; animal-health; milk-products; meat-production; hair; marketing; economics; animal-production; reproduction; m anagement; goat-milk; milk-marketing; milk-production

248 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat husbandry systems in southern Italy.
Rubino R; Claps S; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 68-81; EAAP Publication No. 71; 25 ref
Descriptors: animal-husbandry; grazing; meat-production; milk-composition; cheeses; cheesemaking; animal-production; management; reproduction; goat-milk; milk-production

249
Goat keeping by small farmers in Burundi. Ziegenhaltung bei Kleinbauern in Burundi.
Jacob U 1995, 209 pp.; Sozialokonomische Schriften zur Ruralen Entwicklung Vol. 113, Diss. Humboldt-Univ., 11 pp. of ref
Descriptors: farm-results; crossbreds; performance; animal-breeding; farm-comparisons; projects; goat-keeping; small-farms; crossbreeding; economics; goat-breeds; crosses; Small-East-African; mountain-areas

250
Goat production and management in rural Zimbabwe.
Chifamba IK; Prasad VL; Arora LK Journal-of-the-Zimbabwe-Society-for-Animal-Production. 1995, 7: 195-198; 7 ref
Descriptors: farming-systems; animal-production; tropics; goat-diseases; animal-diseases; young-animal-diseases

251 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat production system study methods.
Bourbouze A; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 6-19; EAAP Publication No. 71; 8 ref
Descriptors: farming-systems; environmental-factors; animal-production; systems; evaluation

252 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat production systems in Algeria and particularly in the Kabylie region.
Taferrant H; Ben Youcef MT; Khemici E; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A(ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P .Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean 1995, 184-201; EAAP Publication No. 71; 20 ref
Descriptors: Berber; Maltese; goat-meat; goat-milk; management; animal-husbandry; farming-systems; grazing; marketing; economics; socioeconomics; goat-breeds; hides-and-skins; arid-zones; semiarid-zones; animal-production; tropics; milk-product i on

253 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat production systems in Egypt.
Galal ESE; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 161-165; EAAP Publication No. 71; 9 ref
Descriptors: farming-systems; extensive-husbandry; transhumance; intensive-livestock-farming; meat-production; animal-production; management; reproduction; tropics

254 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat production systems in the Mediterranean: a comparative study.
El Aich A; Landau S; Napoleone M; Bourbouze A; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 222-237; EAAP Publication, No. 71; 12 ref
Descriptors: goat-milk; goat-meat; hair; hides-and-skins; animal-husbandry; marketing; feeding; farming-systems; animal-production; milk-production; dairy-farms

255 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.71
Goat production systems in the Mediterranean area: the case of Greece.
Hatziminaoglou J; Zervas NP; Boyazoglu J; El Aich A (ed.); Landau S (ed.); Bourbouze A (ed.); Rubino R (ed.); Morand Fehr P Goat-production-systems-in-the-Mediterranean. 1995, 82-109; EAAP Publication No. 71; 50 ref
Descriptors: milk-yield; milk-composition; cheesemaking; cheeses; extensive-husbandry; intensive-husbandry; transhumance; labour-requirements; production-costs; profits; animal-production; reproduction; management; goat-milk; milk-production; production

256
Goat rearing in the humid and sub-humid region of Bizerte. [Caracterisation des systemes d'elevage caprin dans la region humide et subhumide de Bizerte.]
Salem HB; Hammouda MB Medit v.6(2): p.59-61; 10 ref (1995)
Descriptors: feasibility-studies; research; small-farms; returns; goat-keeping; farming-systems

257 NAL Call No.: HM206.A1H8
Goats and garbage in Khartoum, sudan: a study of the urban ecology of animal keeping.
Richardson, G. M.; Whitney, J. B. R. Hum-ecol v.23(4): p.455-475. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; municipal-refuse-disposal; household-surveys; urban-areas; animal-husbandry; linear-models; sudan; loglinear; logit-models

258 NAL Call No.: 41.8-M463
Goats in Poland and their utilization. [Kozy w Polsce i ich uzytkowanie.]
Ryniewicz Z Medycyna-Weterynaryjna v.51(2): p.61-66; 31 ref (1995)
Descriptors: goat-milk; breeds; animal-husbandry; utilization; dairy-goats; meat-goats

259 NAL Call No.: S605.5.O74
Grass-mowing fertilizer factories.
Stephens, M. Org-gard v.42(5): p.60-62, 64-67. (1995 May-1995 June)
Descriptors: sheep; sheep-breeds; sheep-farming

260
Grassland farm systems for sheep production.
Sheath GW; Theriez M; Caja G; Journet M (ed.); Grenet E (ed.); Farce MH (ed.); Theriez M (ed.); Demarquilly C Recent developments in the nutrition of herbivores: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium, Clermont-Ferrand, France, September 11-15, 1995. 1995, 527-550; 72 ref
Descriptors: forage; production; milk-production; meat-production; sheepmeat; ewe-milk; systems; feeding; farms; grasslands; sheep-feeding; reviews; 4th-International-symposium-on-the-nutrition-of-herbivores

261
Grazing behaviour of alpaca and sheep.
Sharp P; Knight TW; Hodgson J Proceedings-of-the-New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production. 1995, 55: 183-185; 7 ref
Descriptors: grazing; behaviour; feed-intake; diurnal-variation; pastures; intake; botanical-composition; selective-grazing; New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production; grazing-behaviour

262
Grazing in the future: Dutch dairy, beef and sheep production in the year 2005.
Muller J; Koning K de; Wever C; Hiemstra SJ; Havinga H; De Koning K; Schoute JFT(ed.); Finke PA (ed.); Veeneklaas FR (ed.); Wolfert HP Scenario studies for the rural environment: selected and edited proceedings of the symposium Scenario Studies for the Rural Environment, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 12-15 September 1994. 1995, 651-656; Environment & Policy Vol. 5; 2 ref
Descriptors: dairy-farming; sheep-farming; production-structure; livestock-numbers; projections; beef; milk-production; quotas; ewes; cows; dairy-farms; forecasts; Scenario-studies-for-the-rural-environment

263 NAL Call No.: S542.A8A34 no.64
Grazing sheep on improved pasture under double hedgerow rubber planting systems in Malaysia.
Chong DaiThai; Tajuddin I; Stur WW; Chong DT; Mullen BF (ed.); Shelton HM Integration of ruminants into plantation systems in southeast Asia: Proceedings of a workshop at Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 9-13 September 1994. 1995, 68-71; ACIAR Proceedings No. 64; 2 ref
Descriptors: pastures; production; liveweight-gain; animal-health; animal-production; crop-yield; growth; grasses; legumes; mixtures; rubber-plants; spacing; planting; patterns; grassland-improvement; silvopastoral-systems; fodder-plants; agrof o restry-systems; farming-systems; agroforestry; systems; tropical-crops; Integration-of-ruminants-into-plantation-systems-in-southeast-Asia

264 NAL Call No.: 286.81-F322
Growing popularity results in large comeback for small ruminants.
Eng, K. Feedstuffs v.67(8): p.11, 25. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goat-breeds; animal-production; ruminants; performance; animal-nutrition; usa; boer-goats; spanish-goats

265 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Growth and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs grazing either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) which contains condensed tannins.
Niezen, J. H.; Waghorn, T. S.; Charleston, W. A. G.; Waghorn, G. C. J-agric-sci v.125(pt.2): p.281-289. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; trichostrongylus-colubriformis; nematode-infections; growth; disease-resistance; gastrointestinal-diseases; grazing; medicago-sativa; hedysarum-coronarium; tannins; feed-evaluation; nutritive-value; protein-content; dry-matter; new-zealand

266 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V641
Handling of sheep at markets and the incidence of bruising.
Jarvis, A. M.; Cockram, M. S. Vet-rec v.136(23): p.582-585. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; bruises; incidence; handling; carcasses; markets; movement; loading; unloading; carcass-quality; uk

267
Health status and resistance of Bach Thao goats reared in northern Vietnam. A 3-year study. [Tinh hinh suc khoe va kha nang chong chiu benh cua dan de bach thao sau hon 3 nam nuoi o mien bac Viet Nam.]
Nguyen Quang Suc; Nguyen The Hung Khoa-Hoc-Ky-Thuat-Thu-Y v.2(3): p.74-79 (1995)
Descriptors: skin-diseases; mastitis; enteritis; helminthoses; management; nutrition; climate; stress; diseases; goat-diseases; bach-thao-goats

268 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Heterosexual experience differentially affects the expression of sexual behavior in 6- and 8-month-old ram lambs.
Price, E. O.; Borgwardt, R.; Dally, M. R. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.46(3/4): p.193-199. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rams; puberty; ewes; estrus; body-weight; age-differences; copulation; stimulation

Abstract: The sexual performance of 6- and 8-month-old ram lambs (175 and 26 subjects, respectively) was quantified when individually exposed to four estrous ewes for 30 min on four occasions 7 days apart. In addition, half of the animals in each age class (experimental subjects) were exposed to 16 estrous females for 6, 16 or 24 h after testing on Test Days 1, 2 and 3. Control subjects received no additional exposure to females. Sexual performance improved for all groups over the 4 weeks of testing. However, 6-month control rams improved at a slower rate than 6-month experimental rams. By the fourth weekly test, 58% of the control rams and 85% of the experimental rams had attained ejaculatory competence. Treatment did not affect the sexual performance of the 8-month-old subjects; both control and experimental groups had attained 100% ejaculatory competence by the fourth week. Length of the extended exposure to females did not affect the results. It was concluded that the sexual responsiveness of ram lambs toward females is sufficiently undeveloped at 6 months (i.e. puberty) that extended exposure to sexually receptive ewes is needed for many males to exhibit adult levels of sexual performance. At 8 months, the sexual development of ram lambs has sufficiently matured so that relatively brief encounters with estrous females releases the full expression of adult sexual behaviors. These findings may be of benefit to sheep breeders who wish to use ram lambs in their breeding programs.

269
Histological structure of the skin in Mountain Corriedale purebred and crossbred lambs.
Slavov R Zhivotnov'dni-Nauki v.32(1-2): p.89-92; 13 ref (1995)
Descriptors: crosses; Soviet-Mutton-Wool; Tsigai; skin; wool-production; crossbreeding; sheep-breeds

270 NAL Call No.: SF85.4.A8A97
Home range responses of feral goats.
Holt C; Pickles G Rangeland-Journal v.18(1): p.144-149; 4 ref (1996)
Descriptors: cooperation; grasslands; rangelands; pest-control; wild-animals; control; grazing; grazing-behaviour

271 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V643
Hormonal and physiological effects of a 15 hour road journey in sheep: comparison with the responses to loading, handling and penning in the absence of transport.
Broom, D. M.; Goode, J. A.; Hall, S. J. G.; Lloyd, D. M.; Parrott, R. F. Br-vet-j v.152(5): p.593-604. (1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; road-transport; transport-of-animals; animal-welfare; hydrocortisone; prolactin; creatine-kinase; lactate-dehydrogenase; isoenzymes; osmotic-pressure; hematocrit; body-weight; weight-losses; heart-rate; hormone-secretion

Abstract: A controlled study was carried out to investigate the physiological effects of road transport on sheep. Animals (n = 10; body weight 38.9 +/- 1.3 kg), previously with catheters in their jugular veins, were rounded up and loaded onto a vehicle where they were held in a communal pen with eight other lambs. Blood samples were taken at 30 min intervals during the next 15 h while the vehicle remained stationary or was driven a distance of 548 miles (876 km). Measurements were made of plasma concentrations of cortisol, prolactin, creatine phosphokinase and lactase dehydrogenase isozymes and also of plasma osmolality, haematocrit and body weight; heart rate was also recorded in one animal. Loading and the start of driving produced large increases in cortisol and prolactin concentrations. Heart rate also increased whereas osmolality and haematocrit decreased. The major changes in hormone release occurred in the first 3 h period while, during the remaining 12 h, the stimulatory effect of transport was present but small. Body weight loss was similar under both stationary and driven conditions.

272 NAL Call No.: SF95.A9
Hormonal and sensory control of maternal behaviour in ewes. [Comportamiento maternal en la oveja: influencia hormonal y de los sentidos.]
Ramirez de la Fe AR; Hevia Mendez ML Avances-en-Alimentacion-y-Mejora-Animal v.35(1): p.29-32; 26 ref (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; animal-behaviour; reproduction; hormones; prolactin; progestogens; estradiol; sense-organs; olfactory-organs; smell; maternal-behaviour; estrogens

273 NAL Call No.: SF1.L53
Housing of goat for increased productivity and profit.
Yadav BL; Siddiqui Livestock-Adviser v.20(12): p.8-14 (1995)
Descriptors: goat-keeping; goat-housing; animal-husbandry; loose-housing; barns; floor-space

274 NAL Call No.: QP501.B64
Identification of two cDNA clones encoding small proline-rich proteins expressed in sheep ruminal epithelium.
Wang, L.; Baldwin, R. L.; Jesse, B. W. Biochem-j v.317(pt.1): p.225-233. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; rumen; rumen-epithelium; animal-proteins; complementary-dna; cloning; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; animal-tissues; distribution; histochemistry; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; l77968; genbank; l77967; localization

Abstract: Small proline-rich (SPRR) proteins are markers frequently associated with squamous cell differentiation. They have been proposed to be a novel group of precursor polypeptides for the cornified envelope in epidermal keratinocytes. A plus/minus screening procedure was used to identify cDNA clones expressed in mature but not in neonatal sheep ruminal epithelium. Two clones encoding SPRR proteins were identified and are reported here. Clone 27 encodes an ovine SPRR protein corresponding to the human type-II SPRR protein. Clone 26 encodes an ovine SPRR protein similar to human type-II SPRR protein, but which also contains an N-terminal His-Pro repeat similar to the paired repeats found in the Drosophila paired proteins. The unique combination of a paired domain and an SPRR protein has not been reported prior to this study. The tissue distribution indicates that specific expression of the genes corresponding to these two clones occurs in the epithelium of the ruminant forestomach, and to a lesser extent in skin epithelium. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the SPRR mRNA for both clones were localized in the stratum granulosum, in support of their putative physiological function, i.e. formation of the cornified envelope. Based on Northern blot analysis, mRNA complementary the two clones appears in the ruminal epithelium by 1 week of age, corresponding to the formation of the stratum granulosum during ruminal epithelial development. The different patterns of changes in amount of mRNA corresponding to these clones during rumen epithelial development indicate that they play different roles in rumen epithelial development.

275 NAL Call No.: QP251.A5
Immunisation of goat bucks against GnRH to prevent seasonal reproductive and agonistic behaviour.
Godfrey SI; Walkden Brown SW; Martin GB; Speijers EJ Animal-Reproduction-Science v.44(1): p.41-54; 30 ref (1996)
Descriptors: behaviour; lh; testosterone; agonistic-behaviour; bucks; gnrh; castration; semen-production; immunization; breeding-season; pheromones; males; aggression; testes; dimensions; FSH; blood; androgens

276
The impact of CAP reform on animal production systems: dairy and beef cattle, sheep and goats. Complete results of surveys and farmers' accounts of animal production networks. [Impact de la reforme de la PAC sur les systemes d'elevage: lait et viande bovine, ovine, caprine resultats complets d'enquetes et de temoignages d'eleveurs des reseaux d'elevage.]
France, Institut de l'Elevage. 1995, 316 pp
Descriptors: sheep-farming; dairy-farming; cattle-farming; structural-change; trends; livestock-farming; CAP; economic-impact; economics

277 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
The impact of sheep trampling and stocking rate on the physical properties of a red duplex soil with two initially different structures.
Proffitt, A. P. B.; Jarvis, R. J.; Bendotti, S. Aust-j-agric-res v.46(4): p.733-747. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: red-soils; topsoil; soil-structure; infiltration; soil-water-content; sheep; trampling; soil-compaction; stocking-rate; grazing-effects; western-australia

278 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Impact of veterinary treatments on goat mortality and offtake in the semi-arid area of Mali.
Ba, S. B.; Udo, H. M. J.; Zwart, D. Small-rumin-res v.19(1): p.1-8. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; traditional-farming; kids; mortality; vaccination; semiarid-zones; helminths; anthelmintics; yields; age-differences; sex-differences; body-weight; pasteurellosis; pest-of-small-ruminants-virus; anthrax; mali

279
Impacts of farm size and equity on sheep and beef farm performance.
New Zealand, NZ Meat & Wool Boards' Economic Service. Paper -NZ-Meat-and-Wool-Boards'-Economic-Service. 1996, No. G2106, 13 pp
Descriptors: sheep-farming; farm-size; farm-indebtedness; farm-results; beef-cattle; cattle-farming

280 NAL Call No.: GB500.M68
Impacts on mixed mountain agriculture in the Rupal Valley, Nanga Parbat, northern Pakistan.
Nusser, M.; Clemens, J. Mt-res-dev v.16(2): p.117-133. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mountain-areas; mixed-farming; mixed-grazing; alpine-vegetation; irrigation; seasonal-variation; sheep; goats; social-change; population-pressure; off-farm-employment; pastoralism; subsistence-farming; pakistan

281 NAL Call No.: SF384.5.P43--1996
Improving goat production in the tropics : a manual for development workers.
Peacock, C. P.; Oxfam. Oxford : Oxfam in association with FARM-Africa, 1996. xx, 387 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references and index.
Descriptors: Goats-Breeding-Tropics; Goats-Nutrition-Tropics; Goats-Health-Tropics

282 NAL Call No.: SF105.A1Z8
In vitro and in vivo development of cloned ovine embryos using in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes.
Holm P; Nagashima H; Sun FJ; Seamark RF Reproduction-in-Domestic-Animals v.30(3): p.125-128; 19 ref (1995)
Descriptors: in-vitro; development; embryos; oocytes; cloning; blastomere; embryonic-development; oviducts; pregnancy-rate; embryo-transfer; biotechnology; in-vivo-maturation; in-vitro-maturation; fusion; in-vitro-development

283 NAL Call No.: 41.8-V643
The incidence of luteal activity, as determined by peripheral plasma progesterone concentration, before the onset of the breeding season in the Rasa Aragonesa breed of sheep.
Abecia, J. A.; Forcada, F.; Zarazaga, L.; Lozano, J. M. Br-vet-j v.152(3): p.353-355. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; aragonese; ovulation; progesterone; hormone-secretion; anestrus; sexual-behavior

284 NAL Call No.: SF55.I4I53
Income and employment dynamics of goat farms in different agroclimatic zones of Tamil Nadu.
Prabaharan R; Thirunavukkarasu M Indian-Journal-of-Animal-Production-and-Management v.11(1): p.14-26; 8 ref (1995)
Descriptors: family-labour; female-labour; production-costs; returns; goat-keeping; households; income; employment

285
Indian Journal of Small Ruminants.
Parthasarathy S 1995, Inaugural issue., 51 pp
Descriptors: fertility; animal-production; viral-diseases; drug-resistance; nutrition; periodicals; new-journals; sheep-feeding; goat-feeding; sheep-diseases; Indian-Journal-of-Small-Ruminants

286 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
An indoor method for studying the preferences of sheep and cattle at pasture.
Dumont B; Petit M Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.46(1-2): p.67-80; 25 ref (1995)
Descriptors: animal-behaviour; grazing; feed-intake; estimation; methodology; hay; quality; feeding-preferences; starvation; feeding-behaviour; palatability

287 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Influence of a conspecific agemate on distress bleating by lambs.
Porter, R. H.; Nowak, R.; Orgeur, P. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.45(3/4): p.239-244. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; removal; vocalization; twins; stress-factors; animal-welfare

Abstract: Lambs typically display behavioral and physiological indicants of distress when they are removed from their mother. In the present experiment, we assessed the effects of the presence of agemate conspecifics on the rate of distress bleating by 3-week-old lambs immediately following maternal separation. When removed from their mother and tested in isolation, lambs emitted more distress bleats than they did when paired with a social partner--either their twin (P < 0.01) or an unfamiliar lamb (P<0.05). Moreover, rates of distress bleating by paired unfamiliar lambs were greater than for familiar twins tested together (P < 0.02). The presence of an agemate lamb therefore appears to alleviate, at least to some extent, the stress associated with maternal separation. Lower rates of bleating by twin pairs in contrast with paired unfamiliar lambs suggest that twins recognize one another. Prior to testing, twins interacted closely and thereby had the opportunity to become mutually acquainted.

288 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Influence of artificial rearing on behavioral and immune response of lambs.
Napolitano F; Marino V; Rosa G de; Capparelli R; Bordi A; De Rosa G Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.45(3-4): p.245-253; 21 ref (1995)
Descriptors: artificial-rearing; immune-response; behaviour; lambs; growth; age; antibodies; stress; hydrocortisone; nonspecific-immunostimulation; animal-behaviour

289 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Influence of chromium tripicolinate on glucose metabolism and nutrient partitioning in growing lambs.
Kitchalong, L.; Fernandez, J. M.; Bunting, L. D.; Southern, L. L.; Bidner, T. D. J-anim-sci v.73(9): p.2694-2705. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; chromium; mineral-nutrition; glucose-tolerance-test; dry-matter; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; picolinic-acid; carcass-weight; dressing-percentage; blood-plasma; organs; depot-fat; weight; fat-percentage; longissimus-dorsi; metabolites; insulin; glucagon

Abstract: Twenty-four Suffolk lambs (average BW 38 +/- 2.7 kg; 16 ewes and 8 wethers) were fed either a corn-cottonseed hull-based control diet (CON) or CON plus 250 ppb of Cr as chromium tripicolinate (CrPic). Lambs were penned in groups of three and ADG and DMI were measured through d 85 of the experiment. Jugular blood samples were obtained during wk 2, 7, and 11. An i.v. glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 500 mg of glucose/kg BW) and an i.v. insulin challenge test (IVICT; .1 IU of ovine insulin/kg BW) were performed during wk 2 and 10 of the trial. This was followed by a N balance trial during wk 3 and 11. Wethers were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and carcass characteristics determined. No differences (P > .10) were observed between dietary treatments in DMI, ADG, or N balance; however, the CrPic-fed wethers had 18% less fat over the 10th rib (P = .082) and a lower yield grade ( P = .014). Plasma NEFA was lower throughout the trial (P < .03) and cholesterol was 17% lower during wk 2 (P < .02) in lambs fed CrPic. There were no differences due to diet (P > .10) in plasma concentrations of urea N, glucose, albumin, total protein, insulin, glucagon, triiodothyronine, or thyroxine. Glucose clearance rate and half-life during the IVGTT and IVICT did not differ (P > .10) between CON and CrPic groups; however, during the IVGTT on wk 2, plasma insulin was elevated (P < .05) and glucose reduced (P = .067) in the lambs fed CrPic. Supplemental CrPic seems to influence metabolic measurements that may affect performance of growing lambs.

290 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Influence of deciduous broadleaved woody species in goat nutrition during the dry season in northern Greece.
Papachristou, T. G.; Nastis, A. S. Small-rumin-res v.20(1): p.15-22. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; browse-plants; woody-plants; dry-season; carpinus-orientalis; fraxinus-ornus; dietary-protein; summer; autumn; nitrogen-retention; selective-grazing; botanical-composition; crude-protein; breeding-season; greece

291 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Influence of dietary energy and postmortem electrical stimulation on meat quality and collagen characteristics of lamb carcasses.
Abouheif, M. A. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(6): p.577-582. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; lamb-feeding; poultry-offal-meal; unrestricted-feeding; collagen; solubility; lamb-meat; meat-quality; electrical-stimulation; liveweight-gain; feed-intake; dry-matter; carcass-weight; slaughter-weight; fat-thickness; depot-fat; tail; muscles; ph; temperature; energy-intake; shear-strength; biceps-femoralis

292 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Influence of dietary protein content and digestibility on milk yield and blood constituents in lactating goats.
Pailan, G. H.; Kaur, H. Small-rumin-res v.20(1): p.47-51. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; beetal; crossbreds; dietary-protein; protected-protein; blood-sugar; blood-protein; feed-intake; dry-matter; protein-concentrates; maize; barley; peanut-oilmeal; cottonseed-oilmeal; wheat-bran; protein-content; protein-intak e ; body-weight; milk-yield; milk-composition; urea; feed-conversion; production-costs; blood-plasma; india

293 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Influence of direct-fed microbials on ruminal microbial fermentation and performance of
Yoon, I. K.; Stern, M. D. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(6): p.533-555. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; lactation; probiotics; feed-additives; rumen-fermentation; rumen-bacteria; mode-of-action; milk-yield; aspergillus-oryzae; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; lactic-acid-bacteria; yeasts; diet; milk-composition; steers; lambs; b u lls; calves; performance; feed-intake; literature-reviews

294 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Influence of feeding different crude fiber levels on milk yield and milk composition of Najdi ewes.
Abdel Rahman, K. M.; Mehaia, M. A. Small-rumin-res v.19(2): p.137-141. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; ewe-milk; milk-yield; body-weight; litter-size; diet; fiber-content; crude-fiber; alfalfa; barley; concentrates; feed-intake; feed-conversion; milk-composition

295 NAL Call No.: SF756.7.I57 1995
Influence of lamb presence on the behaviour at pasture of "Altamurana" breeding ewes.
Cagnetta P; Ficco C; Vonghia G; Rutter SM (ed.); Rushen J (ed.); Randle HD (ed.); Eddison JC Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied
Descriptors: grazing; lambs; maternal-behaviour

296 NAL Call No.: S131.E22
Influence of mountain big sagebrush browse on intake, digestibility, and nutritive quality of sheep diets.
Ngugi, K. R.; Hinds, F. C.; Powell, J. Research-j-Agric-Exp-Stn. Laramie : The Station, 1966-. July 1995. (213) 44 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: wethers; rambouillet; browse; artemisia-tridentata; grasses; digestibility; volatile-compounds; dry-matter; feed-intake; nutritive-value; sheep-dung; chemical-composition; rumen-microorganisms; gas-production; statistical-data; wyo m ing; usa

297 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Influence of nitrogen fertilization and defoliation frequency on nitrogen constituents and feeding value of annual ryegrass.
Zhang, Y.; Bunting, L. D.; Kappel, L. C.; Hafley, J. L. J-anim-sci v.73(8): p.2474-2482. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lolium-multiflorum; nitrogen-fertilizers; lambs; diet; chemical-composition; defoliation; harvesting-date; rumen-fermentation; ammonia; louisiana

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the seasonal effects of N fertilizer (NF) and defoliation interval (DI) on specific N fractions within annual ryegrass (AR) and overall usage of AR N by growing lambs. In Exp. 1. NF (0, 112, 224, and 336 kg of N/ha) and DI of 2, 4, or 6 wk were factorially applied to AR plots. Both decreasing DI and increasing NF increased N levels in AR in a manner that depended on harvest date (NF or DI X harvest date interaction, P < .05). The proportions of .2% NaOH soluble N or soluble protein N were not affected (P > .05) by NF or DI. Although NF had no effect (P > .05 ) on in situ disappearance of DM, decreasing the DI seemed to reduce the severity of the season-induced reduction in DM disappearance (DI X harvest date interaction, P = .04). In Exp. 2, NF (0 or 224 kg of N/ ha) and a DI of 2 or 6 wk were factorially applied to AR plots. Fresh, frozen AR was fed in semipurified diets (48% of DM as AR) to four wether lambs (23 + 1.3 kg) using a 4 X 4 Latin square. Diets including AR had greater ruminal DM and plant N digestibilities when AR had a 2-wk vs a 6-wk DI with NF but had reduced digestibilities when AR had a 2-wk vs a 6-wk DI without NF. Lambs retained more N when fed diets with fertilized vs unfertilized AR (P = .01) and when fed diets with AR harvested every 2 wk vs every 6 wk (P = .08). Data suggested that forage management scheme and advancing plant maturity affected ryegrass N distribution and ruminal usage in manners that had only minor consequences relative to animal performance.

298 NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Influence of prepartum protein and energy concentrations for dairy goats during pregnancy and early lactation.
Sahlu, T.; Hart, S. P.; Le Trong, T.; Jia, Z.; Dawson, L.; Gipson, T.; Teh, T. H. J-dairy-sci v.78(2): p.378-387. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; goat-feeding; pregnancy; lactation; dietary-protein; metabolizable-energy; body-weight; goat-milk; milk-composition; milk-yield; milk-fat-percentage; crude-protein; kidding-rate; litter-weight; energy-intake; blood-chemistry; metabolites

Abstract: Sixty-three multiparous Alpine does were blocked by pregnancy type (single vs. multiple) on d 90 of pregnancy and assigned to one of nine diets to evaluate the interaction of prepartum protein and energy intake on BW change, kidding, and subsequent production and composition of milk. Treatments were factorial with three percentages of CP (8.5, 11.5, and 14.5% of DM) and three concentrations of metabolizable energy (1.80, 2.16, and 2.53 Mcal/kg of DM). Does were fed for ad libitum intake during pregnancy and switched to a lactation diet (16% CP and 2.35 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg of DM) after parturition. Milk production and composition were recorded for the first 15 wk of lactation. Prepartum BW gain increased quadratically as protein amount increased but was unaffected by energy. Kidding rate, litter weight, and gestation length were unaffected by protein or energy amounts. Milk production in the subsequent lactation increased quadratically in response to prepartum CP (2.59, 3.26, and 3.07 kg/d for 8.5, 11.5, and 14.5% CP, respectively). Milk production increased linearly in response to prepartum metabolizable energy concentration (2.63, 3.05, and 3.26 kg/d for 1.80, 2.16, and 2.53 Mcal/kg of DM, respectively). Milk fat percentage increased linearly in response to increased prepartum energy. Production of milk fat, protein, SNF, FCM, and SCM were affected quadratically by increased prepartum CP and linearly by prepartum energy, following the pattern for milk production. The present recommendations for prepartum CP and energy appear to be adequate for gestation and subsequent lactation performance of dairy goats.

299 NAL Call No.: 41.8-R312
Influence of supplementation with dietary soyabean meal on resistance to haemonchosis in Hampshire down lambs.
Wallace, D. S.; Bairden, K.; Duncan, J. L.; Fishwick, G.; Gill, M.; Holmes, P. H.; McKellar, Q. A.; Murray, M.; Parkins, J. J.; Stear, M. J. Res-vet-sci v.58(3): p.232-237. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; haemonchus-contortus; disease-resistance; protein-supplements; soybean-oilmeal; nematode-infections; trickle-infection; liveweight; erythrocytes; blood-protein; serum-albumin; carcass-composition; feces

Abstract: The influence of dietary protein supplementation on resistance to haemonchosis was examined in Hampshire down lambs fed either a basal diet or a diet supplemented with soyabean. At seven months of age the lambs were challenged with an initial loading dose of Haemonchus contortus. followed by a trickle infection three times a week. Blood and faecal samples were collected three times a week and bodyweights were recorded weekly. After 10 weeks the lambs were slaughtered and their worm burdens and carcase composition determined. Although their mean worm burdens were similar, the lambs given the basal diet had higher faecal egg counts, lower packed red cell volumes and lower concentrations of total plasma protein and plasma albumin than the lambs given the supplemented diet. The dietary supplementation also improved the carcase composition of the lambs.

300
The influence of urine and dung deposition on patch grazing patterns of cattle and sheep inthe Southern Tall Grassveld.
Lutge BU; Hatch GP; Hardy MB African-Journal-of-Range-and-Forage-Science v.12(3): p.104-110; 28 ref (1995)
Descriptors: grasslands; veld; dung-patches; grazing; selective-grazing; urine-patches; grazing-behaviour

301 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Influence of varying RDP:UDP ratios in diets on digestion, nitrogen utilization and milk production efficiency in goats.
Mishra, S.; Rai, S. N. Small-rumin-res v.20(1): p.39-45. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; protein-intake; dietary-protein; protected-protein; feed-intake; dry-matter; protein-digestibility; crude-protein; nitrogen-balance; milk-yield; feed-conversion; lactation; beetal; crossbreds; cottonseed-oilmeal; maize; protein-sources; goat-milk; total-solids; solids-not-fat; milk-fat-percentage; milk-protein-percentage; india

302 NAL Call No.: 410-J828
The influence of vegetation pattern on the grazing of heather moorland by red deer and sheep. I. The location of animals on grass/heather mosaics.
Clarke JL; Welch D; Gordon IJ Journal-of-Applied-Ecology v.32(1): p.166-176; 27 ref (1995)
Descriptors: moorlands; grazing-time; vegetation; wild-animals; grazing; selective-grazing; grasses; browse; grasslands; heathlands; comparisons; grazing-behaviour

303
The influence of vegetation pattern on the grazing of heather moorland by red deer and sheep. II. The impact on heather.
Clarke JL; Welch D; Gordon IJ Journal-of-Applied-Ecology v.32(1): p.177-186; 30 ref (1995)
Descriptors: vegetation; grazing; wild-animals; selective-grazing; grazing-behaviour

304 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Inhibitory effect of the ionophore salinomycin on deamination by mixed rumen bacteria.
Kobayashi, Y.; Suda, K.; Wakita, M.; Baran, M.; Hoshino, S. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.9(1): p.45-49. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rumen-bacteria; sheep; rumen-fluid; amino-acids; ammonia; deamination; salinomycin; diet; ryegrass-hay; concentrates; ammonium-nitrogen; aspartic-acid; in-vitro; casein; proteolysis; nad; nadh; cofactors; pyridoxine; 2-oxoglutarate

305 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Intake and behaviour responses by sheep, in different physiological states, when grazing monocultures of grass or white clover.
Penning, P. D.; Parsons, A. J.; Orr, R. J.; Harvey, A.; Champion, R. A. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.45(1/2): p.63-78. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; feeding-behavior; biting-rates; feed-intake; lolium-perenne; trifolium-repens; grazing-time; lactating-females; plant-height

306 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Intake, digestibility and aerobic stability of barley silage inoculated with mixtures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium.
McAllister, T. A.; Selinger, L. B.; McMahon, L. R.; Bae, H. D.; Lysyk, T. J.; Oosting, S. J.; Cheng, K. J. Can-j-anim-sci v.75(3): p.425-432. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: barley-silage; lactobacillus-plantarum; streptococcus-faecium; lambs; lamb-feeding; silage-making; silage-quality; chemical-composition; digestibility; nitrogen-retention; stability; nutritive-value

Abstract: The effect of ensiling barley treated with two bacterial inoculants containing mixtures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium (1.0 X 10(5) cfu g-1 as fed silage) on the nutritional value and aerobic stability of barley silage was examined. Inoculants differed in the strains they contained and were originally selected by Pioneer Hi-Bred International for use with corn or alfalfa silage, SILA-BAC (1174), or with grass silage (X2637). Concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates were higher (P < 0.05) in inoculated than in control silages. Although inoculants appeared to increase the numbers of lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) at ensiling, post-ensiling numbers (cfu g-1) of yeasts and molds were lower (P < 0.05) in inoculated than in control silages. Lactic acid concentrations and pH were similar among the silages and variations in the growth of yeast and mold populations could not be explained by differences in the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) among silages. Inoculation of barley silage with either inoculant increased (P < 0.01) the average daily gain of lambs. A digestibility experiment with 12 growing ram lambs showed that inoculants did not alter (P > 0.05) DM intake, feed efficiency or the digestion of DM, organic matter, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Nitrogen intake and retention were greater (P < 0.05) in lambs fed silage inoculated with 1174 as compared with control silage. Yeast populations were increased (P < 0.05) in control and 1174 after 2 d of exposure to air but it required 13 d for a similar yeast population to be established in X2637 silage. Increases in the mold populations within the silages were noted after 2, 5 and 13 d of exposure to air for control, 1174 and X2637, respectively. The temperature of control silage increased (P < 0.05) 2 d after exposure to air, whereas increases in temperature were delayed for 4 d in 1174 and 8 d in X2637. Temperatures rose as high as 30 degrees C in control silage, but did not exceed 24 degrees C in inoculated silages during the 13 d period.

307 NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
An integrated approach to assessing the farm and market level impacts of new technology adoption in Australian lamb production and marketing systems: the case of large, lean lamb.
Griffith, G. R.; Vere, D. T.; Bootle, B. W. Agric-syst v.47(2): p.175-198. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lamb-meat; lamb-production; technology; innovation-adoption; meat-and-livestock-industry; economic-impact; livestock-farming; marketing; profitability; econometric-models; case-studies; australia

308
An intensive sheep production system for dairy farms. Een intensief systeem op een melkveebedrijf.
Boer J de; Houwelingen KM van; Sikkema K; De Boer J; Van Houwelingen KM Publikatie -Praktijkonderzoek-Rundvee,-Schapen-en-Paarden. 1996, No. 112, 2-12,20; 5 ref
Descriptors: carcass-composition; reproduction; litter-size; mortality; lambs; dairy-farms; production; lambing-rate; female-fertility; management; lamb-production

309 NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
Introducing Awassi sheep to Australia: an application of farming system models.
Kingwell, R. S.; Abadi Ghadim, A. K.; Robinson, S. D. Agric-syst v.47(4): p.451-471. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: awassi; farming-systems; dry-farming; profitability; models; introduction; imported-breeds; agricultural-regions; western-australia

310
An introduction to keeping sheep.
Upton J; Soden D 1996, Ed. 2, vii + 115 pp
Descriptors: sheep-feeding; nutrition; breeding; management; production; sheep-diseases

311 NAL Call No.: 442.8-Z35
Investigations into traditionally managed Djallonke-sheep production in the humid and subhumid zones of Asante, Ghana. III. Relationship between birth weight, preweaning growth, and postweaning growth of lambs.
London JC; Weniger JH Journal-of-Animal-Breeding-and-Genetics v.112(5-6): p.431-453; 15 ref (1995)
Descriptors: birth-weight; production; growth; lambs; traditional-farming; body-weight; parity; sex-differences; dams; age; progeny; preweaning-period; reproduction; lamb-production; postweaning-period

312 NAL Call No.: QP1.P4
Involvement of the main but not the accessory olfactory system in maternal behavior of primiparous and multiparous ewes.
Levy F; Locatelli A; Piketty V; Tillet Y; Poindron P Physiology-and-Behavior v.57(1): p.97-104; 30 ref (1995)
Descriptors: anosmia; vomeronasal-organ; ewes; maternal-behaviour; olfactory-organs

313 NAL Call No.: HD1405.E97 1995a
Is there any future for the traditionally small farms in less favoured areas? The case of Greece.
Zioganas CM; Mattas K (ed.); Papanagiotou E (ed.); Galanopoulos K Agro-food small and medium enterprises in a large integrated economy: proceedings of the 44th Seminar of the European Association of Agricultural Economists, Thessaloniki, Greece, 11-14 October 1995. 1996, 67-80
Descriptors: family-farms; farm-income; rural-development; living-standards; livestock-farming; efficiency; sheep-farming; small-farms; less-favoured-areas; European-Association-of-Agricultural-Economists

314 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding ovine type I carbonic anhydrase.
Wang, L. Q.; Baldwin, R. L. VI.; Jesse, B. W. J-anim-sci v.74(2): p.345-353. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; carbonate-dehydratase; rumen-epithelium; rumen-development; messenger-rna; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; gene-expression; species-differences; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; l42178

Abstract: To identify genes involved in the postnatal development of sheep ruminal epithelium, a lambdagt22a cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from mature sheep ruminal epithelium. A plus/minus screening procedure was used to identify genes expressed in mature but not in neonatal ruminal epithelium. One of the cDNA clones isolated encodes an ovine carbonic anhydrase, based on nucleotide and deduced peptide sequence analysis. The deduced peptide is most closely related to eukaryotic type I carbonic anhydrase, based on a comparison with all available carbonic anhydrase sequences. Northern blot hybridization confirmed that the amount of mRNA complementary to the carbonic anhydrase cDNA clone is more than five times higher in ruminal epithelium from mature sheep (12 wk old) than in ruminal epithelium from neonatal lambs (< 12 h old). Messenger RNA complementary to this cDNA clone was found only in the epithelium of the ruminant forestomach compartments (i.e., rumen, reticulum, and omasum), but small amounts of hybridizable mRNA were also found in sheep skin. This carbonic anhydrase cDNA clone will allow the study of transcriptional regulation of the carbonic anhydrase gene during ruminal epithelial development.

315
The Jean Faup cheese dairy. La fromagerie Jean Faup.
Bargain V Chevre. 1995, No. 208, 20-21
Descriptors: cheesemaking; milk; dairy-farms; cheeses; goat-milk; manufacture; marketing; Bethmale-cheese; Garbet-cheese

316 NAL Call No.: 44.8-M47
Kare Syrstad: 1994 was a special year for the dairy industry - and a good one. [Kare Syrstad: 1994 et spesielt, men likevel godt ar for meieriindustrien.]
Meieriposten v.84(6): p.144-149 (1995)
Descriptors: cows; dairy-farms; cheeses; butter; milk-fat; exports; dairy-industry; milk-production; goat-milk

317
The key to success in goat feeding. Les cles du succes en alimentation des chevres.
Morand Fehr P Chevre. 1995, No. 208, 14-16
Descriptors: goat-milk; milk-production; milk-yield; goat-feeding; dairy-farms; reviews; nutrition; animal-nutrition; production

318 NAL Call No.: 472-N21
Lambing by nuclear transfer.
Solter D Nature-London v.380(6569): p.24-25; 11 ref (1996)
Descriptors: lambing; transfer; nuclei; cloning; embryos; cell-lines; biotechnology; nuclear-transfer

319
Land freezing and production quotas. Gel des terres et quotas de production.
Laconde C; Morchoine C; Espinasse S Chambres-d'Agriculture. 1995, No. 839, 1-31; 14 tab., 6 fig
Descriptors: quotas; land-management; dairy-farming; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; CAP; livestock-farming; EU-regulations; international-comparisons; legislation; comparisons

320 NAL Call No.: 26-T754
Leaves from tropical trees as protein supplements in diets for sheep.
Wiegand, R. O.; Reed, J. D.; Combs, D. K.; Said, A. N. Trop-agric v.73(1): p.62-68. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; animal-production; sheep-feeding; plant-residues; leaves; faidherbia-albida; carissa; dichrostachys-cinerea; leucaena-leucocephala; sesbania-sesban; alfalfa-hay; eragrostis-tef; straw; diets; forage; protein-supplements; dosage-effects; maize; feed-intake; digestibility; plant-composition; anthocyanidins; polyphenols; nitrogen-balance; weight-gain; tropics; carissa-edulis

321 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Lifetime lamb and wool production of targhee or Finn-Dorset-Targhee ewes managed as farm or range flock. I. Average annual ewe performance.
Iman, N. Y.; Slyter, A. L. J-anim-sci v.74(8): p.1757-1764. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; targhee; crossbreds; dorset-horn; lamb-production; finnish-landrace-sheep-breed; range-pastures; lambing-rate; farms; extensive-livestock-farming; litter-size; breed-differences; weaning-weight; age-differences; fleece-weight ; lambing; productive-life; survival; sex-differences; south-dakota

Abstract: Lifetime (5 yr) lamb production and wool production from 207 straightbred Targhee (T) and 474 1/4 Finn-1/4 Dorset-1/2 Targhee (FDT) crossbred ewes managed in a range or farm flock system were evaluated for ewe fertility, prolificacy, ewe fleece weight, and total lamb weight weaned per ewe exposed. Data included 2,620 ewe exposures, 2,384 parturitions, 4,638 lambs born, and 3,498 lambs weaned. Ewes were born in 1984 through 1987 and lambed the first time as 2-yr-olds. Expressed as mean annual values, ewe fertility rates were similar (92.2 vs 91.0%, P = .30) for FDT and T ewes. Finn-Dorset-Targhee ewes had higher (P < .001) prolificacy (2.11 vs 1.75), weaned more lambs per ewe exposed (1.41 vs 1.18), produced more total lamb weight weaned per ewe exposed (33.8 vs 29.9 kg), and lambed 2 d earlier than T ewes. Targhee ewes produced more (P < .001) wool (4.5 vs 3.5 kg) than FDT ewes. Range flock ewes had a higher (P < .001) fertility rate (94.5 vs 88.7%), higher number of lambs weaned per ewe exposed (1.38 vs 1.22), and higher total lamb weight weaned per ewe exposed (34.7 vs 29.0 kg) than farm flock ewes. Farm flock ewes had a higher (P < .001) prolificacy (2.00 vs 1.86) and produced more wool (4.2 vs 3.8 kg) than range flock ewes. Targhee ewes had heavier lambs at birth (5.2 vs 4.6 kg; P < .001) and at weaning (25.8 vs 25.4 kg; P < .05). Range flock lambs were heavier (P < .001) at weaning than farm flock lambs (26.2 vs 24.9 kg). Lambs from FDT dams had a higher (P < .01) survival rate than lambs from T dams (75.6 vs 71.4%). Lamb survival from birth to weaning was higher (P < .001) for range flock lambs than for farm flock lambs (76.6 vs 70.4%). Incorporation of Finnsheep and Dorset breeding increased the reproductive performance in both management systems but decreased wool production.

322 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Lifetime lamb and wool production of Targhee or Finn-Dorset-Targhee ewes managed as farm or range flock. II. Cumulative lamb and wool production.
Iman, N. Y.; Slyter, A. L. J-anim-sci v.74(8): p.1765-1769. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; lamb-production; wool-production; targhee; crossbreds; finnish-landrace-sheep-breed; lambing-rate; litter-size; weaning-weight; litter-weight; breed-differences; range-pastures; extensive-livestock-farming; farms; age-differe n ces

Abstract: Cumulative lifetime (five lamb crops) lamb production and wool production of 681 ewes were evaluated in this study. Lamb production and wool production from each ewe at the end of age 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 yr were added to the previous year's production and analyzed within age of ewe. If a ewe failed to lamb, died, or was culled, it received a zero for that year and subsequent years. Main effects in the model included ewe breed and management system. Per ewe entering the study, Finn-Dorset-Targhee (FDT) ewes had a higher (P < .01) number of lambs born (7.42 vs 5.70), number of lambs weaned (5.39 vs 4.48), and total lamb weight weaned (131.7 vs 110.5 kg) than did Targhee ewes. Targhee ewes produced more (P < .01) wool (16.1 vs 13.6 kg) than FDT ewes. Range flock ewes had a higher number of lambs born (6.74 vs 6.38; P < .05), number of lambs weaned (5.39 vs 4.48; P < .01), and total lamb weight weaned (135.8 vs 106.5 kg; P < .01) than did farm flock ewes. Farm flock ewes produced more (P < .01) wool (15.2 vs 14.5 kg). A second analysis based on only those ewes retained at the start of each subsequent breeding season showed FDT ewes had a higher (P < .01) number of lambs born (9.96 vs 8.11), number of lambs weaned (7.61 vs 6.57), and total lamb weight weaned (183.8 vs 165.7 kg) after five lamb crops. Targhee ewes produced more (P < .01) wool (22.5 vs 17.6 kg). Farm flock ewes had a higher (P < .10) number of lambs born (9.18 vs 8.89) and produced more (P < .01) wool (21.1 vs 19.0 kg) than range flock ewes. Range flock ewes weaned more (P < .05) lambs (7.27 vs 6.92) and had more (P < .01) total lamb weight weaned (184.3 vs 165.2 kg) than farm flock ewes.

323 NAL Call No.: 100-N27M
Limiting amino acid in meat and bone and poultry byproduct meals.
Klemesrud, M.; Herold, D.; Villalobos, G.; Klopfenstein, T.; Shain, D.; Lewis, A. MP-Univ-Neb-Linc-Agric-Res-Div (62-A): p.7-9. (1995)
Descriptors: meat-and-bone-meal; poultry-offal-meal; calves; lambs; protein-sources; diet; protein-quality; rumen-digestion; protein-efficiency-ratio; liveweight-gain; limiting-amino-acids

324 NAL Call No.: HD1930.G6A42
Lowland sheep 1994: production economics and management.
Fogerty M; Turner M Special-Studies-in-Agricultural-Economics -Agricultural-Economics-Unit,-University-of-Exeter. 1996, No. 31, 97 pp
Descriptors: farm-surveys; farm-results; farm-management; replacement-rate; support-measures; quotas; economic-impact; farm-income; sheep-farming; costs; profitability; marketing

325 NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Lupin and cowpea supplements for growth, wool production, and reproduction in rams.
Pomares CC; Galloway DB; Holmes JHG; Clarke IJ; Tilbrook AJ Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture v.35(4): p.447-452; 37 ref (1995)
Descriptors: wool-production; supplements; growth; reproduction; rams; nutritive-value; cowpeas; lupins; maintenance; sheep-feeding; pancreas; gonadotropins; wool; body-condition; semen-production; nutrition; semen; quality; testes; weight; histology; LH; FSH; blood

326 NAL Call No.: QH541.5.D4J6
Mahjur areas: traditional rangeland reserves in the Dhamar Montane Plains (Yemen Arab Republic).
Kessler, J. J. J-arid-environ. London, New York, Academic Press. Mar 1995. v. 29 (3) p. 395-401.
Includes references.
Descriptors: rangelands; reserved-areas; forage; range-pastures; dry-season; land-use; range-management; sheep; grazing-systems; pasture-plants; botanical-composition; nutritive-value; yemen

327 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Maintenance of villous height and crypt depth in piglets by providing continuous nutrition after weaning.
Pluske, J. R.; Williams, I. H.; Aherne, F. X. Anim-sci v.62(pt.1): p.131-144. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: piglets; weaning; piglet-feeding; villi; small-intestine; ewe-milk; wet-feeding; dry-feeding; glutamine; intestinal-mucosa; protein-content; liveweight-gain; enzyme-activity; beta-galactosidase; sucrose-alpha-glucosidase; blood-pla s ma; metabolites

328
Making a living from goat milk. Vivre du lait de chevre.
Delorme Y Chevre. 1995, No. 206, 28-29
Descriptors: goat-milk; dairy-farms; milk-production

329 NAL Call No.: TD172.E5
Managemental practices in goat farming in Phulbani District of Orissa.
Mohapatra PS; Nayak MP Environment-and-Ecology v.14(1): p.67-70; 3 ref (1996)
Descriptors: farming; housing; castration; management; tropics

330 NAL Call No.: 275.29-IO9PA
Managing the replacement ewe lamb.
Morrical, D. PM-Iowa-State-Univ-Coop-Ext-Serv. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service. June 1995. (989-2,rev.) 4 p.
In the subseries: Sheep Management.
Descriptors: lambs; ewes; replacement; sheep-farming; lamb-feeding; ewe-feeding; feeds; feed-requirements; animal-breeding

331
Manipulating lamb growth to regulate the supply of lamb to market.
Vipond JE; Friggens NC Stocarstvo v.50(2): p.117-126; 18 ref (1996)
Descriptors: meat; storage; parasites; meat-production; markets; growth; lambing-season; breed-differences; nutrition; parasitoses

332
Marginal productivity and production functions of goats maintained under field conditions.
Singh MR; Lal RC; Singh BP Indian-Journal-of-Small-Ruminants v.1(1): p.26-30; 4 ref (1995)
Descriptors: food-intake; concentrates; labour-productivity; animal-nutrition; economics; returns; flocks; size; productivity

333
Matching sheep and beef policies to pasture supply on Northland hill country.
Page CR; Thomson RD; Webby RW Proceedings-of-the-New-Zealand-Grassland-Association. 1996, 57: 207-212; 7 ref
Descriptors: animal-husbandry; animal-production; beef-production; sheep-farming; beef-cattle; farm-management; monitoring; groups; New-Zealand-Grassland-Association

334 NAL Call No.: SF380.73.U6A54
Membership directory. ADGA membership directory.
American Dairy Goat Association. Spindale, N.C. : The Association, v. : ill.
Description based on: 1995; title from cover.
Descriptors: American-Dairy-Goat-Association-Directories; Goat-farmers-United-States-Directories

335
Methods of measuring the amount of local skin cooling and the influence of more remote effects. [A lokalis lehules nagysaganak es tavolhatasanak meresi modszerei.]
Szovatay G Magyar-Allatorvosok-Lapja v.50(10): p.629-630, 732; 6 ref (1995)
Descriptors: lambs; animal-welfare; animal-housing; skin; body-temperature

336
The Midi-Pyrenees. Midi-Pyrenees.
Caramelle Holtz E Chevre. 1995, No. 208, 17-19
Descriptors: animal-production; meat-production; dairy-farms; dairy-farming; cheeses; goat-milk; manufacture

337
Milk yields of East Friesland and Corriedale ewes and their crossbreeds (EFXCo) under an intensive outdoor grazing system.
Kugler WG; Nigris F de; Souza J de; Perrachon J; Sommer M; De Nigris F; De Souza J Sheep-Dairy-News v.12(3): p.57-58 (1995)
Descriptors: dairy-farming; grazing-systems; ewes; lactation; milk-yield; breeding; crossbreeding; grazing; ewe-lactation; lactation-duration; crosses; east-friesian-sheep-breed; Corriedale; sheep-breeds

338 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Mineral status of grazing sheep in the dry area of midland China.
Fujihara, T.; Hosoda, C.; Matsui, T. Asian-australas-j-anim-sci v.8(2): p.179-186. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; grazing; dry-season; rainy-season; dietary-minerals; natural-grasslands; forage; mineral-content; nutrient-requirements; blood-plasma; ningxia

339 NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
A model-farm approach to research on crop-livestock integration. I. Conceptual framework and methods.
Thomson, E. F.; Bahhady, F. A. Agric-syst v.49(1): p.1-16. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: awassi; sheep-farming; animal-husbandry; crop-enterprises; crop-yield; crop-management; rotations; farming-systems; natural-grasslands; carrying-capacity; research-projects; lambs; milk-production; wool; fertility; mortality; syria ; integrated-crop-and-sheep-enterprises

Abstract: For several decades better crop-livestock integration of farming systems in West Asia and North Africa has been promoted as a way to improve crop and livestock output. To achieve this integration, pasture or forage legumes are usually introduced into rotations or grown on fallow land. This paper reports the conceptual framework and methods used in a six-year on-station project which used model farms to investigate the benefits of closer crop-livestock integration and improved husbandry practices. Three farm types were compared. One consisted of a model farm, experimental sheep flock and natural pasture managed using traditional (T) practices. The second had the same enterprise combination but rotations that allowed better integration (1) of the crop and sheep enterprises which were subjected to improved management practices. The third farm type consisted of a sheep flock and natural pasture, with poor (C, control) management practices being applied to the sheep flock. The model farms and experimental flocks were managed by researchers.

340 NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
A model-farm approach to research on crop-livestock integration. II. Experimental results.
Thomson, E. F.; Bahhady, F. A. Agric-syst v.49(1): p.17-30. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep-farming; crop-enterprises; grain; straw; wheat; barley; crop-yield; crop-management; harvesting-losses; research-projects; models

Abstract: A six-year project was conducted to show how better crop-livestock integration and improved management increase the outputs of crops and sheep products. Three farm types were compared, consisting of different crop and sheep enterprise mixes, together with natural pastures. The conceptual framework and experimental methods used were reported in a previous paper. This paper reports the crop and sheep enterprise results. Higher yields of grain and straw from wheat and barley crops resulted from improved crop management and better varieties although the contribution of these two factors could not be ascertained. Harvest losses from all crops were substantial and represented a significant economic loss. Input of feeds harvested from the farms or purchased doubled from the poorly managed to the well-managed flock and most of them were offered during late pregnancy and early lactation. Substantial responses in ewe fertility, and offtake of cull ewes, lambs and milk were associated with improvements in feeding level.

341 NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
A model-farm approach to research on crop-livestock integration. III. Benefits of crop-livestock integration and a critique of the approach.
Thomson, E. F.; Bahhady, F. A.; Nordblom, T. L.; Harris, H. C. Agric-syst v.49(1): p.31-44. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crop-enterprises; sheep-farming; ewe-lactation; feed-supplements; pregnancy; natural-grasslands; rotations; research-projects; models; linear-programming; metabolizable-energy; stocking-rate; profits; farm-management; syria

Abstract: A six year on-station research project used a model-farm approach to study the benefits of improved crop-livestock integration, achieved through the introduction of leguminous forage species into crop rotations. Previous papers reported the conceptual framework, methods and experimental results. A model farm with integrated crop-sheep enterprises had twice the output of metabolizable energy and a higher stocking rate compared to a model farm with traditional rotations. A linear programming model suggested that integration improved farm profits and stocking rates, but improving the nutritional regime of ewes reduced farm profits. The model-farm approach allows close supervision of animals but otherwise had several weaknesses, in particular the difficulty of mimicking the real farm environment on a research station. If the weaknesses are corrected, the approach could be applied with substantial benefits in national programs that have under-utilized land, animal and staffing resources.

342 NAL Call No.: QD426.A1J6
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequences of cDNA clones of sheep and goat adrenocortical cytochromes P450scc (CYP11A1).
Okuyama E; Okazaki T; Furukawa A; Wu RuFeng; Ichikawa Y; Wu RF Journal-of-Steroid-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology v.57(3-4): p.179-185; 26 ref (1996)
Descriptors: complementary-dna; nucleotide-sequences; cloning; clones; cytochromes; DNA; biotechnology

343 NAL Call No.: 381-B522
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding a sheep arginine vasopressin type 1a receptor.
Hutchins AM; Phillips PA; Venter DJ; Burrell LM; Johnston CI Biochimica-et-Biophysica-Acta,-Gene-Structure-and-Expression v.1263(3): p.266-270; 16 ref (1995)
Descriptors: cloning; arginine; vasopressin; amino-acid-sequences; receptors; nucleotide-sequences; hormones; DNA; biotechnology; G-proteins; homology

344 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Mortality of domestic sheep in free-ranging flocks in southeastern Norway.
Warren, J. T.; Mysterud, I. J-anim-sci v.73(4): p.1012-1018. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; free-range-husbandry; lambs; ewes; mortality; age-differences; predation; ursus-arctos; growth-rate; sex-differences; mountain-grasslands

Abstract: Lamb mortality during three summer grazing seasons (1988 to 1990) among 1,399 lambs in three flocks of free-ranging domestic sheep in southeastern Norway was modeled using logistic regression. Ewe mortality during the same three seasons among the 295 ewes in one of the three flocks was also modeled. During the period, mortality among the 1,399 lambs and 295 ewes was 7.2% and 12.5%, respectively. Other work has shown predation by brown bears to be the single most important mortality factor in all three flocks, especially among ewes. Year, herd, sex, age of dam, and spring growth rate (i.e., from birth to release onto summer range) were statistically significant (P less than or equal to .05) in explaining mortality among lambs. Lamb mortality was higher in 1989 and 1990, higher in Herd(A) (the most isolated herd that grazed adjacent to the Swedish border), higher among lambs of yearlings, among male lambs, and among lambs with low spring growth rate. Ewe mortality increased with age (P = .07). Adjustment of age for weight weakened the statistical association between age and mortality, however (P = .16). The negative association between lamb mortality and age of dam and the positive association between ewe mortality and ewe age may both be related to the quality of maternal care provided by ewes of different ages. Subsequently, attempts to compensate for losses, especially those due to predation by bears, lead to a younger herd that may increase the herd's overall vulnerability.

345 NAL Call No.: QL1.A1N4
Mother-offspring interactions in feral goats a behavioural perspective of maternal investment.
Alley JC; Fordham RA; Minot EO New-Zealand-Journal-of-Zoology v.22(1): p.17-23; 26 ref (1995)
Descriptors: interactions; investment; liveweight-gain; sex-differences; suckling; sucking; behaviour; kids

346 NAL Call No.: 60.18-J82
Mountain big sagebrush browse decreases dry matter intake, digestibility, and nutritive quality of sheep diets.
Ngugi, R. K.; Hinds, F. C.; Powell, J. J-range-manage v.48(6): p.487-492. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; artemisia-tridentata; feed-intake; dry-matter; digestibility; hay; voluntary-intake; feces; chemical-composition; urine; nitrogen-content; nitrogen-balance; wyoming

Abstract: A metabolism study evaluated the influence of increasing quantities (0-30% dry matter basis) of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana Rydb. Beetle) on dry matter intake and in vivo digestibility of wether diets. Diets consisted of hand-harvested, coarse-ground and frozen current year's growth of mountain big sagebrush leaves and twig tips mixed with chopped native grass hay. Dry matter intake decreased from 93 to 23 g dry matter day-1 kg metabolic weight-1 and in vivo dry matter digestibility from 59 to 0% with increasing levels of sagebrush in the diet. With increasing levels of sagebrush in the diet, water, lignin, and nitrogen contents increased in the diet, but decreased in the dung, while fiber components decreased in both the diet and dung. Total nitrogen intake decreased from 1.58+/-0.041 to 0.406+/-0.070 g day-1 kg metabolic weight-1, and nitrogen retention decreased from 0.80 g day-1 kg metabolic weight-1 with no sagebrush to a slight loss of nitrogen with 30% sagebrush in the diet. Mountain big sagebrush was not readily consumed by wethers when fed together with grass; as low as 10% sagebrush in the diet seems to adversely influence intake and digestibility. Therefore, when other more favorable forages are not available, sheep and other ruminants with similar physiological responses to mountain big sagebrush may not meet their nutrient requirements through increased sagebrush consumption.

347 NAL Call No.: QH541.5.D4J6
Native forage shrub species in south-eastern Spain: forage species, forage phytomass, nutritive value and carrying capacity.
Robles, A. B.; Passera, C. B. J-arid-environ. London, New York, Academic Press. June 1995. v. 30 (2) p. 191-196.
Includes references.
Descriptors: shrubs; forage; biomass; plant-density; ground-cover; rangelands; carrying-capacity; goats; stocking-rate; stocking-density; nutritive-value; spain

348 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Neonatal survival: contributions from behavioural studies in sheep.
Nowak R Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.49(1): p.61-72; 45 ref (1996)
Descriptors: research; lambs; neonates; survival; newborn-animals; maternal-behaviour; colostrum; ewes; nutrition; pregnancy; reviews; behaviour; Merino

349 NAL Call No.: SF1.K3
Neural and neurochemical control of olfactory recognition of offspring in sheep.
Ohkura S; Kendrick KM Journal-of-Reproduction-and-Development v.41(6): p.j143-j154; 35 ref (1995)
Descriptors: nitric-oxide; lambs; mechanical-stimulation; neurotransmitters; animal-behaviour; olfactory-stimulation; memory; maternal-behaviour; suckling; ewes

350
The New Zealand sheep and beef farm survey 1994-95: production and financial analysis from a sample of sheep and beef farms for the season July 1st to June 30th.
New Zealand, NZ Meat & Wool Boards' Economic Service. Publication -NZ-Meat-and-Wool-Boards'-Economic-Service. 1996, No. 2109, 71 pp
Descriptors: livestock-farming; beef; wool; production; prices; profitability; returns; farm-income; fertilizers; usage; lambing-rate; calving-rate; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; farm-surveys; farm-results

351 NAL Call No.: 49-N62
A newly isolated Staphylococcus gallinarum from goat rumen and partial characterization of its harbouring plasmids.
Kobayashi Y; Wakita M; Hoshino S Animal-Science-and-Technology v.67(5): p.410-414; 14 ref (1996)
Descriptors: cloning; hybridization; rumen; characterization; plasmid-vectors; biotechnology; genetic-engineering; rumen-bacteria; Staphylococcus-gallinarum

352 NAL Call No.: QK710.P68
A novel Ti-plasmid-convertible lambda phage vector system suitable for gene isolation by genetic complementation of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants.
Fuse T; Kodama H; Hayashida N; Shinozaki K; Nishimura M; Iba K Plant-Journal v.7(5): p.849-856; 37 ref (1995)
Descriptors: complementation; mutants; mutations; genetic-engineering; vectors; biotechnology; gene-cloning

353 NAL Call No.: 442.8-J8222
Nutrient partitioning and fetal growth in rapidly growing adolescent ewes.
Wallace, J. M.; Aitken, R. P.; Cheyne, M. A. J-reprod-fertil v.107(2): p.183-190. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; embryo-transfer; pregnancy; dams-mothers; fetus; growth-rate; nutrition-physiology; nutrient-intake; birth-weight; survival; placenta; weight; liveweight-gain; maternal-nutrition; correlation; adolescent-animals

354 NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Nutrition during fetal life alters annual wool production and quality in young Merino sheep.
Kelly, R. W.; Macleod, I.; Hynd, P.; Greeff, J. Aust-j-exp-agric v.36(3): p.259-267. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; sheep-breeds; pregnancy; maternal-nutrition; undernutrition; progeny; young-animals; clones; birth-weight; wool-production; wool; quality

355 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Nutritional consequences among ingredients of free-choice feeding Awassi lambs.
Gorgulu, M.; Kutlu, H. R.; Demir, E.; Ozturkcan, O.; Forbes, J. M. Small-rumin-res v.20(1): p.23-29. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; awassi; unrestricted-feeding; fattening-performance; feeding-preferences; liveweight-gain; feed-conversion; barley; wheat-bran; cottonseed-oilmeal; alfalfa-hay; feed-intake; feed-formulation; diet; energy-intake; protein-intake

356 NAL Call No.: QH547.I55
Nutritional enhancement of parasite control in small ruminant production systems in developing countries of South-East Asia and the Pacific.
Knox, M.; Steel, J. Int-j-parasitol v.26(8/9): p.963-970. (1996 Aug.-1996 Sept.)
In the special issue: Novel approaches to the control of helminth parasites of livestock / edited by H.S. Gill and L.F. LeJambre. Proceedings of a conference held April 18-21, 1995, Armidale, Australia.
Descriptors: sheep; goats; animal-parasitic-nematodes; nematode-infections; haemonchus-contortus; trichostrongylus; trichostrongylus-colubriformis; nematode-control; feed-supplements; urea; nitrogen-metabolism; protein-supplements; protein-metabolism; cottonseed-oilmeal; south-east-asia; pacific-islands; fiji; urea-molasses-block-supplements

Abstract: Nutritional insufficiency and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism are major constraints to small ruminant production in south-east Asia and the Pacific Islands. Research on the effects of low cost supplements which supply nitrogen and essential minerals on the ability of small ruminants to resist infection is summarised. In controlled pen studies in young Merino sheep offered a low quality roughage diet of oaten chaff and essential minerals, supplementation with urea reduced the effects of parasitic infection by increasing weight gain and wool production and reducing faecal egg output and parasite burden. In Fiji, field studies have shown that supplementation with urea-molasses blocks can result in increased live-weights of lambs at weaning, increased reproduction rates in maiden ewes and reduction in faecal egg output in grazing sheep. Additional benefits were derived from the inclusion of anthelmintic in the blocks in similar groups of sheep particularly during periods of greater susceptibility to parasites. Pen studies with young goats have shown that urea supplements alone gave no production benefits, but when accompanied by 100 g/d of cotton seed meal beneficial responses were observed. It is expected that parasite control in the small ruminant production systems of developing countries in south-east Asia and the Pacific Islands will benefit from the introduction of low cost nitrogen supplements along with anthelmintic therapy delivered strategically by molasses blocks.

357
Nutritional value of dairy products of ewes and goats milk.
Haenlein GFW Sheep-Dairy-News v.13(1): p.10-16; 69 ref (1996)
Descriptors: ewes; lactation; lactation-stage; seasons; ewe-feeding; goat-feeding; physiology; udders; animal-health; milk-processing; milk-products; ewe-milk; goat-milk; nutritive-value; reviews; milk-composition; products; composition

358 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Nutritive evaluation of ammonia treated olive tree leaves for lactating sheep.
Fegeros, K.; Zervas, G.; Apsokardos, F.; Vastardis, J.; Apostolaki, E. Small-rumin-res v.17(1): p.9-15. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; karagouniko; olea-europaea; ammonia-treatment; leaves; ammoniated-feeds; digestibility; fiber-content; crude-protein; alfalfa-hay; wheat-straw; milk-composition; casein; fatty-acids; ewe-milk; chemical-composition; mineral-content; diet; energy-intake; nutrient-intake; milk-yield; greece

359 NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Nutritive value of dried citrus pulp and its effect on milk yield and milk composition of lactating ewes.
Fegeros, K.; Zervas, G.; Stamouli, S.; Apostolaki, E. J-dairy-sci v.78(5): p.1116-1121. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; ewe-feeding; concentrates; citrus-pulp; karagouniko; wethers; digestibility; milk-yield; ewe-milk; milk-fat-percentage; feed-intake; energy-intake; milk-protein-percentage; fatty-acids; lactose; greece

Abstract: In a digestibility experiment, six adult wethers of the Karagouniko breed were used to determine the nutritive value of dried citrus pulp. The rations consisted of 800 g of hay and 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, and 450 g of citrus pulp. The apparent digestibilities of the DM, OM, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, and N-free extract for dried citrus pulp were 78.6, 87.2, 52.7. 82.0, 93.2, and 83.1%, respectively. Energy content was estimated to be 1.66 Mcal of NEL/kg of DM. In a second experiment, 26 lactating ewes of the Karagouniko breed were used to study the nutrient utilization of dried citrus pulp for milk yield when citrus pulp was used as a replacement for cereal grains. The ewes were divided into two groups immediately postweaning and fed daily 700 g of alfalfa hay, 300 g of wheat straw, and 580 or 550 g of concentrates with or without 30% citrus pulp, respectively. The inclusion of citrus pulp in rations for ewes had no significant effect on milk yield and composition but decreased the C4 to C10 fatty acids. Citrus pulp is a valuable, high energy by-product that can partly replace cereal grains in sheep rations without adverse effect on milk yield or composition.

360 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Nutritive value of Kochia scoparia L. and ammoniated barley straw for goats.
Madrid, J.; Hernandez, F.; Pulgar, M. A.; Cid, J. M. Small-rumin-res v.19(3): p.213-218. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; barley-straw; ammonia-treatment; ammoniated-feeds; kochia-scoparia; digestibility; metabolizable-energy; chemical-composition

361 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Observations of sheep foraging in familiar and unfamiliar environments: familiarity with the environment influences diet selection.
Scott CB; Banner RE; Provenza FD Applied-Animal-Behaviour-Science v.49(2): p.165-171; 18 ref (1996)
Descriptors: lambs; grazing; foraging; learning; feeding; environment; diet; selection; wheat; social-behaviour; feeding-behaviour; feeding-preferences; sheep-feeding

362 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Observations on the birth of goats.
Ramirez, A.; Quiles, A.; Hevia, M.; Sotillo, F. Can-j-anim-sci v.75(1): p.165-167. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; kidding; reproductive-physiology; reproductive-behavior; placentophagy

Abstract: The parturient behavior of 90 Murciano-Granadina goats was analyzed. Hourly frequencies of births showed a unimodal distribution with a maximum number of births between 10:00 and 18:00 h (74.45%). Twenty-four births (26.66%) took place with the goat standing, and sixty-six births (73.33%) took place with the goat recumbent. Fetuses were presented head-first (80.95%), breech (14.97%) and forelegs first (4.08%). Length of labor was 19.49 min for single birth and 30.36 min for twins (first born and second born, 14.52 and 15.84 min, respectively). Time for complete expulsion of placental tissue for goats with single and twin births was 86.58 +/- 4.93 and 106.57 +/- 4.80 min, respectively. Finally, placentophagy for goats with single or twin births

363 NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Odorous constituents of ovine milk in relationship to diet.
Moio, L.; Rillo, L.; Ledda, A.; Addeo, F. J-dairy-sci v.79(8): p.1322-1331. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewe-milk; volatile-compounds; pecorino-cheese; aroma; diet; gas-chromatography; sesquiterpenes; grasses; feed-grains

Abstract: The neutral volatile compounds of ovine milk from ewes fed on natural pasture, grass meadow, and on mixed grain rations were isolated by distillation under vacuum and then collected in traps that were cooled with liquid nitrogen. The distillate was extracted with dichloromethane, and the extract obtained was analyzed using high resolution gas chromatography and high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Seventy compounds were identified and quantitatively determined. The volatile compounds obtained were mainly esters, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, and lactones. The olfactometric indices and olfactory properties of 16 compounds were determined by gas chromatography and olfactometry. All of the substances were present in all three milk types with the exception of two sesquiterpenes, which were not detected in the milk from ewes fed the mixed grain ration. The two sesquiterpenes were absent also in ovine cheese obtained from milk from ewes fed the mixed grain ration, but the two sesquiterpenes were identified in cheese produced from milk of sheep fed on natural pasture. The presence of these constituents in the milk can be significant because of their potential role in determining milk and cheese flavor. Accordingly, cheese obtained during summer may be identified using sesquiterpenes as chemical markers of the milk used to make cheese.

364
Olfactory preferences in newborn lambs: possible influence of prenatal experience.
Schaal B; Ogeur P; Arnould C Behaviour v.132(5-6): p.351-365; 33 ref (1995)
Descriptors: lambs; fetus; odours; olfactory-stimulation; animal-behaviour; smell; newborn-animals

365 NAL Call No.: 26-T754
On-farm reproductive performance of the West African Dwarf goat at Ganawuri in the sub-humid zone of Nigeria.
Ikwuegbu, O. A.; Njwe, R. M.; Tarawali, G. Trop-agric v.73(1): p.49-55. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: west-african-dwarf-goat-breed; animal-production; sexual-reproduction; reproductive-performance; mortality; stylosanthes-hamata; fodder; litter-size; birth-weight; growth-rate; seasonal-variation; disease-control; villages; tropics; nigeria

366 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.75
On-farm test of INRA portable electronic jars for automated milk recording of sheep and goats.
Ricard E; Arhainx J; Guillouet P; Bouvier F; Jacquin M; Chastin P; Astruc JM; Lagriffoul G; Manfredi E; Barillet F; Lajoie L (ed.); Lafontaine S (ed.); Doyle P Milk and beef recording: state of the art, 1994. Proceedings of the 29th biennial session of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR). Ottawa, Canada, July 31 - August 5, 1994. 1995, 47-51; 3 ref
Descriptors: ewes; milk; automation; dairy-farms; milk-recording; milking-parlours; milk-meters; ewe-milk; goat-milk; International-Committee-for-Animal-Recording; recorder-jar

367 NAL Call No.: 49-Ar23
On social behaviour of milk goats in large groups. [Zum Sozialverhalten von Milchziegen in grossen Gruppen.]
Keil NM; Sambraus HH Archiv-fur-Tierzucht v.39(4): p.465-473; 16 ref (1996)
Descriptors: behaviour; animal-husbandry; horns; animal-behaviour; dominance; social-behaviour

368 NAL Call No.: QH540.F85
Optimal diet selection by a generalist grazing herbivore.
Newman, J. A.; Parsons, A. J.; Thornley, J. H. M.; Penning, P. D.; Krebs, J. R. Funct-ecol v.9(2): p.255-268. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: herbivores; sheep; grazing-behavior; feeding-preferences; stochastic-programming; dynamic-programming; dynamic-models; stochastic-models; lolium-perenne; trifolium-repens; mixed-pastures

369 NAL Call No.: 49.9-Eu7 no.75
The organisation of data processing and evaluation of the on-farm performance in herds of dairy cows and dairy goats in France. [L'organisation de la saisie et de la valorisation des performances en ferme dans les troupeaux de vaches laitieres et de chevres en France.]
Bazin S; Lecomte C; Rognant R; Sigwald JP; Lajoie L (ed.); Lafontaine S (ed.); Doyle P Milk and beef recording: state of the art, 1994. Proceedings of the 29th biennial session of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR). Ottawa, Canada, July 31 - August 5, 1994. 1995, 81-87
Descriptors: cows; milk; data-collection; herds; data-processing; milk-recording; computer-software; development; goat-milk; dairy-cattle; International-Committee-for-Animal-Recording

370 NAL Call No.: 41.8-So8
Parenteral copper and selenium supplementation of sheep on legume-grass pastures: biochemical and production responses in lambs to maternal treatment.
Van Niekerk, F. E.; Cloete, S. W. P.; Merwe, G. D. v. d.; Heine, E. W. P.; Scholtz, A. J. J-S-Afr-Vet-Assoc v.66(1): p.11-17. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: wethers; sheep-feeding; copper; selenium; liver; kidneys; blood; ewes; supplementary-feeding; fecundity; lambs; maternal-nutrition; survival; pregnancy; body-weight; growth-rate

371 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Performance and blood chemistry in lambs following fasting and transport.
Horton, G. M. J.; Baldwin, J. A.; Emanuele, S. M.; Woht, J. E.; McDowell, L. R. Anim-sci v.62(pt.1): p.49-56. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; starvation; transport-of-animals; weight-losses; water-intake; refeeding; feed-intake; liveweight-gain; blood-sugar; blood-plasma; hydrocortisone; stress-response; compensatory-growth

372 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Performance of and factors affecting the small-holder sheep production system in Egypt.
Galal, E. S. E.; Metawi, H. R. M.; Aboul Naga, A. M.; Abdel Aziz, A. I. Small-rumin-res v.19(2): p.97-102. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; production-costs; small-farms; farm-income; regression-analysis; litter-size; lambing-interval; rams; egypt

373 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
The performance of West African Dwarf does and their kids at various stocking densities on stylo-based pasture in the subhumid zone of Nigeria.
Iji PA; Umunna NN; Alawa JP; Ikwuegbu OA Journal-of-Agricultural-Science v.125(2): p.263-271; 28 ref (1995)
Descriptors: growth; liveweight-gain; botanical-composition; birth-weight; West-African-Dwarf-goat-breed; stocking-rate; reproduction; stocking-density; pastures; female-fertility; nutrition; grazing; management; tropics

374 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Persistence of the effects of early experience on consumption of low-quality roughage by sheep.
Distel, R. A.; Villalba, J. J.; Laborde, H. E.; Burgos, M. A. J-anim-sci v.74(5): p.965-968. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; feeding-behavior; voluntary-intake; hay; eragrostis-curvula; avena-sativa; forage; nitrogen-retention; sorghum

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of experience early in life with cured weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) (low-quality roughage) or fresh oats (Avena sativa) (high-quality roughage) on voluntary intake and nitrogen retention when sheep ate a low-quality roughage 9 mo after initial exposure. From 1 to 5 mo of age, experienced wethers (EW) grazed cured weeping lovegrass, whereas inexperienced wethers (IW) grazed fresh oats (initial exposure). Then both EW and IW were fed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) hay for 45 d, fresh weeping lovegrass for 105 d, and finally alfalfa hay for 120 d. Nine months after completion of the initial exposure EW and IW were offered sorghum hay (low quality roughage), and, in addition, both groups were offered sorghum with ad libitum access simultaneously to alfalfa hay at six levels of availability. Experienced wethers ingested 15% more (P < .02) sorghum than IW. When given sorghum simultaneously with alfalfa at different levels of availability, EW ingested more (P < .10) sorghum than IW when only sorghum was freely available. Nitrogen retention was negative in both groups, but it was less negative in EW than in IW per unit of metabolic weight (P < .09) and per wether (P < .04). The results show that early dietary experience can have profound and persistent effects on consumption of foods low in nutritional quality, apparently through changes in critical physiological mechanisms.

375 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Physical structure of twelve forage species in relation to rate of intake by sheep.
Wilman, D.; Mtengeti, E. J.; Moseley, G. J-agric-sci v.126(pt.3): p.277-285. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; forage; feed-evaluation; feed-intake; quantitative-analysis; digestibility; trifolium-repens; medicago-sativa; onobrychis-viciifolia; desmodium-intortum; brassica-napus; spergula-arvensis; lolium-perenne; lolium-multiflorum; festuca-arundinacea; chloris-gayana; cenchrus-ciliaris; zea-mays; plant-composition; physicochemical-properties; plant-morphology

376 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Physical structure of white clover, rape, spurrey and perennial ryegrass in relation to rate of intake by sheep, chewing activity and particle breakdown.
Mtengeti, E. J.; Wilman, D.; Moseley, G. J-agric-sci v.125(pt.1): p.43-50. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lolium-perenne; trifolium-repens; brassica-napus; spergula-arvensis; physicochemical-properties; plant-morphology; plant-anatomy; chemical-composition; sheep; mastication; digestibility; feed-intake; uk

377
Plant form selection and dietary overlap of cattle and goats on a continuously grazed rangeland.
Joshi M; Rawat YS; Singh SP Journal-of-Tropical-Forest-Science v.8(3): p.300-309; 36 ref (1996)
Descriptors: botanical-composition; feeding-preferences; selection; overlap; seasonal-variation; rangelands; mountain-grasslands; woody-plants; forage; dry-season; wet-season; grasses; forest-trees; continuous-grazing

378 NAL Call No.: SF85.A1R32
Plant preference of sheep grazing in the Mojave desert.
Phillips RL; McDougald NK; Sullins J Rangelands v.18(4): p.141-144; 6 ref (1996)
Descriptors: seasonal-variation; grasses; forbs; shrubs; diet; grazing; grasslands; deserts; selective-grazing; feeding-preferences; weeds; cultural-control; control; gopherus-agassizi; brassica-tectorum; grazing-behaviour

379 NAL Call No.: SF756.7.I57 1995
Polymorphism of domestic behaviour and its adaptive significance in sheep.
Lankin VS; Rutter SM (ed.); Rushen J (ed.); Randle HD (ed.); Eddison JC Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied
Descriptors: fearfulness; animal-behaviour

380
Possibilities and prospects for sheep breeding in Germany. [Moglichkeiten und Chancen fur die Schafhaltung in Deutschland.]
Jurkschat M; Brantsch H Neue-Landwirtschaft. 1995, No. 12, 66-69
Descriptors: ewes; lambs; housing; sheepmeat; extensive-husbandry; landscape-conservation; animal-health; flocks; nutrition; flushing; female-fertility; meat-production; management; sheep-farming; production-possibilities

381 NAL Call No.: 45.9-Sv2
Potatoes for goats?. [Potatis till getter ?!]
Bernes G Farskotsel v.75(7-8): p.27-28 (1995)
Descriptors: milk; lactation; concentrates; barley; oats; peas; rapeseed-oilmeal; molasses; feed-intake; cheeses; bacterial-count; feed-formulation; hay; liveweight-gain; milk-yield; goat-feeding; supplements; potatoes; milk-composition; goat-m i lk; tubers; nutrition

382
Potential for goat production in the oasis system: the case of Jerid. [ Potentialites de l'elevage de la chevre dans le systeme oasien, le cas du Jerid.]
Rekik M; Gharbi M; Dhib C Medit v.7(1): p.39-42; 6 ref (1996)
Descriptors: goat-meat; goat-milk; productivity; farm-income; goat-keeping; oases; milk-production; milk-yield

383 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
The potential of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of sheep feces to determine diet botanical composition.
Anderson, D. M.; Nachman, P.; Estell, R. E.; Ruekgauer, T.; Havstad, K. M.; Fredrickson, E. L.; Murray, L. W. Small-rumin-res v.21(1): p.1-10. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; feces-composition; hilaria-mutica; hay; flourensia; fluorescence; lasers; diet; ratios; wavelengths; flourensia-cerna

384 NAL Call No.: QP1.A2
The preference for warm drinking water induces hyperhydration in heat-stressed lactating goats.
Olsson K; Hydbring E Acta-Physiologica-Scandinavica v.157(1): p.109-114; 23 ref (1996)
Descriptors: lactation; thirst; water-temperature; hydrocortisone; drinking-water; overhydration; heat-stress; water; water-intake; temperature; blood-composition; environmental-temperature; intake; goat-lactation

385 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Preferences of Angora goats for eight selections of grasses used for reclamation of Great Basin rangelands.
Ganskopp, D.; Richman, L.; Johnson, D.; Angell, R.; Cruz, R. Small-rumin-res v.19(2): p.103-112. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; angora; grazing-behavior; feeding-preferences; grasses; arid-regions; leymus; elymus-lanceolatus; psathyrostachys-juncea; agropyron-desertorum; maturity-stage; in-vitro-digestibility; crude-protein; selective-grazing; oregon; pseudoroegneria-spicata

386 NAL Call No.: SF756.7.I57 1995
Preliminary results on the maternal and neonatal behaviour of the "Altamurana" thoroughbred sheep.
Cagnetta P; Vonghia G; Dario C; Rutter SM (ed.); Rushen J (ed.); Randle HD (ed.); Eddison JC Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied
Descriptors: lambs; maternal-behaviour; newborn-animals; sheep-breeds

387 NAL Call No.: HD1401.A47
Price expectations of sheep and goats by producers and intermediaries in Quetta market, Pakistan.
Rodriguez, A.; Ali, I.; Afzal, M.; Shah, N. A.; Mustafa, U. Agric-econ v.12(1): p.79-90. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; goats; producer-prices; merchants; middlemen; price-formation; farmers'-attitudes; seasonality; rain; carcass-quality; sex; age; breeds; liveweight; customary-law; economic-evaluation; mathematical-models; body-condition; pakistan; balochistan-province; pakistan; meatless-days; meat-days

Abstract: Analysis of producers' and intermediaries' livestock price expectations was used to describe the market in Quetta, the largest livestock market in the highlands of Balochistan Province, Pakistan, and to identify factors that determine price expectations of small ruminants. A total of 4800 expected prices for sheep and goats were collected from producers and market intermediaries at monthly intervals between January 1991 and December 1992. In addition to the expected price of the animal, liveweight, species, sex, breed, body condition (fatness), calendar day and month were recorded, and whether data were collected on a meat or meatless day. Monthly rainfall data were also collected. Models of goat and sheep price expectations were built to compare the similarity of the behaviour of producers and intermediaries. Results indicated that producers and intermediaries expected high prices from November to January and during religious holidays. They expected premiums and discounts related to animals' attributes. Liveweight and seasonality had the strongest effect on prices. Rainfall in the current and previous month was positively related to seller's expected prices suggesting that livestock are retained to take advantage of favourable grazing conditions. The models of price expectations showed that producers adjusted expected goat prices (P less than or equal to 0.10) for seasonality, liveweight, body condition, age, sex and breed, while they adjusted sheep prices for seasonality and liveweight only. High pay-offs could be expected if extension efforts focused on factors that determine sheep meat quality; however, the retail ceiling price of meat and the lack of grading are a disincentive to work in this direction. Seasonality of supply and demand is important in determining prices and this study provides baseline information for market scheduling; however, scheduling of sales of transhumant pastoralists may be difficult to achieve. Further investigation is justified to understand the gap in marketing knowledge between producers who sell in the villages and those who sell in Quetta.

388 NAL Call No.: SF756.7.I57 1995
Principal component analysis (PCA) of behavioural reactions of sheep submitted to three different fear-eliciting situations.
Vandenheede M; Bouissou MF; Picard M; Rutter SM (ed.); Rushen J (ed.); Randle HD(ed.); Eddison JC Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied
Descriptors: fearfulness; animal-behaviour; fright

389 NAL Call No.: SF601.I4
Problems of extensive sheep farming systems.
Winter, A. In-pract v.17(5): p.217-220. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep-farming; large-scale-husbandry; animal-nutrition; sheep-housing; age; lambing; sheep-diseases; mortality; euthanasia; uk

390 NAL Call No.: SF604.P82
Proceedings of the 25th sheep and beef cattle seminar, New Zealand Veterinary Association, June 1995.
Budge G Publication -Veterinary-Continuing-Education,-Massey-University. 1995, No. 165, 1
Descriptors: beef-cattle; helminths; anthelmintics; drug-resistance; drug-therapy; disease-control; control-programmes; mineral-deficiencies; cobalt; toxicity; copper; selenium; tuberculosis; pneumonia; animal-husbandry; diseases; parasites; sheep-diseases; cattle-diseases; food-animals

391 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Production by ewes rearing single or twin lambs: effects of dietary crude protein percentage and supplemental zinc methionine.
Hatfield, P. G.; Snowder, G. D.; Head, W. A. Jr.; Glimp, H. A.; Stobart, R. H.; Besser, T. J-anim-sci v.73(5): p.1227-1238. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; targhee; lambs; litter-size; dietary-protein; crude-protein; zinc; methionine; feed-intake; dry-matter; milk-yield; ewe-milk; liveweight-gain; weaning-weight; feed-supplements; body-weight; milk-fat-percentage; milk-protein-percentage; lactose; colostrum; solids-not-fat; whey-protein; somatic-cell-count; wool; tensile-strength; diameter; fiber-quality

Abstract: Eighty Targhee ewes with single or twin lambs were used to investigate the effects of chelated zinc methionine and level of dietary CP on milk and wool production, DMI, and ewe and lamb BW change. Treatments were arranged as a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial. Dietary treatments started 30 d prepartum and continued until 42 d postpartum. Milk production was estimated at 4, 10, 18, and 28 d postpartum. During gestation, DMI by ewes receiving zinc methionine and the 14.9% CP diet was greater (P < .10) than DMI by ewes not supplemented with zinc methionine and ewes fed the 11.3% CP diet. Ewes fed the 14.9% CP diet tended (P < .14) to gain more BW from 30 d prepartum to 4 d postpartum and lose more BW from 4 to 42 d postpartum than ewes fed the 11.3% CP diet. Ewes fed zinc methionine and the 14.9% CP diet produced more (P < .10) milk on d 28 than their counterparts. Ewes rearing twins produced more (P < .05) milk on d 4, 10, and 18 than ewes rearing single lambs. However, milk production on d 28 was not affected by number of lambs reared ( P = .68). Lamb ADG at 28, 42, and 59 d postpartum was greater (P < .05) for both the zinc methionine treatment and the 14.9% CP diet. Zinc methionine (P = .11) and the 14.9% CP diet (P = .02) increased weaning weights by 6 and 9%, respectively. We conclude that both the zinc methionine supplement and the 14.9% CP diet resulted in more persistent milk production. In addition, when ewes and lambs were fed for an average of 42 d during early lactation, a 14.9% CP diet, and to a lesser degree, a chelated zinc methionine supplement, lamb weaning weights were improved.

392 NAL Call No.: S539.5.A32--no.32
Production of fine wool in northern China : effect of nutrition and helminth infections.
Anderson, N.; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. ACIAR technical reports ; 32. Canberra, ACT : Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 1995. 80 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Sheep-China-Nutrition; Sheep-Parasites-China; Wool-China-Growth

393
A productive relationship between tourism and livestock farming: an example of local development in the small mountain town of Metsovo (Greece). [Un rapport fecond entre le tourisme et le milieu des eleveurs: l'exemple du developpement local de la petite ville montagnarde de Metsovo (Grece).]
Goussios D; Flamant JC (ed.); Portugal AV (ed.); Costa JP (ed.); Nunes AF (ed.); Boyazoglu J Animal production and rural tourism in Mediterranean regions. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Production and Rural Tourism in Mediterranean Regions organized by EAAP, FAO, CIHEAM and SNFEZ of Portugal, Evora, Portugal, 10-13 October 1993. 1995, 243-250; EAAP Publication No. 74
Descriptors: meat; cheeses; wool; textiles; demand; seasonality; diversification; livestock-farming; ancillary-enterprises; tourism-development; tourist-expenditure; ewe-milk; goat-milk; production; marketing; Animal-production-and-rural-tourism

394 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
Productivity and cold resistance in ewes pre-lamb shorn by standard or cover comb.
Dabiri, N.; Morris, S. T.; Parker, W. J.; McCutcheon, S. N.; Wickham, G. A. Aust-j-agric-res v.46(4): p.721-732. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; lambs; shearing; lamb-production; cold-resistance; cold-stress; feed-intake; new-zealand; cover-comb-shearing; standard-comb-shearing

395 NAL Call No.: HD2151.A64
Productivity growth: total factor productivity on Australian broadacre farms.
Knopke P; Strappazzon L; Mullen J Australian-Commodities v.2(4): p.486-497; 14 ref (1995)
Descriptors: crops; livestock; dairy-farming; beef; sheep-farming; farm-size; regions; farm-sector; productivity; trends

396 NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Profitable goat keeping: the basics.
Anderson, L. Small-farm-today v.13(3): p.52-53. (1996 June)
Descriptors: goats; goat-keeping; small-farms

397 NAL Call No.: HV4701 .A557
A questionnaire survey of the correction methods for vaginal prolapse in ewes.
Scott PR; Sargison ND; Penny CD; Strachan WD Animal-Welfare v.4(3): p.251-254; 3 ref (1995)
Descriptors: animal-welfare; sutures; ewes; female-genitalia; surveys; vaginal-prolapse; surgery

398 NAL Call No.: 41.8-M463
Radon and its importance in animal husbandry. [Radon i jego zoohigieniczne znaczenie.]
Janowski TM; Tombarkiewicz B Medycyna-Weterynaryjna v.51(5): p.274-275; 9 ref (1995)
Descriptors: pig-housing; cattle-housing; poultry-housing; sheep-housing; radionuclides; radon; animal-housing

399 NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Raising Angora goats.
Amato, D. Small-farm-today v.13(1): p.36-38. (1996 Feb.)
Descriptors: angora; characterization; history; animal-husbandry; small-farms

400 NAL Call No.: 275.29-IO9PA
Recommendations for sheep selection programs.
Morrical, D. PM-Iowa-State-Univ-Coop-Ext-Serv. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service. June 1995. (989-1,rev.) 4 p.
In the subseries: Sheep management.
Descriptors: sheep; sheep-farming; selection-program; record-keeping; performance-indexes; correction-factors

401
Reference points for goat production systems in the Ardeche. [En Ardeche des references sur les systemes caprins.]
Hanus G Chevre. 1995, No. 206, 31-33
Descriptors: professional-services; dairy-farms; animal-production; systems; models; farm-dairies; cheesemaking; goat-milk; cheeses; manufacture

402 NAL Call No.: QP251.A5
Regulation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor expression in the ewe.
Brooks J; McNeilly AS Animal-Reproduction-Science v.42(1-4): p.89-98; 29 ref (1996)
Descriptors: regulation; messenger-rna; cloning; GnRH; receptors; DNA; nucleotide-sequences

403
The relationship between cortical structure and fibre diameter in primary and secondary wool fibres of yearling Perendale sheep.
Dick JL; Sumner RMW Proceedings-of-the-New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production. 1995, 55: 31-34; 13 ref
Descriptors: structure; fibre; diameter; wool; fibres; cortex; skin; histology; Perendale; New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production

404 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Relationship between rank order and productive parameters in Verata goats during milking.
Paton, D.; Martin, L.; Cereijo, M.; Rota, A.; Rojas, A.; Tovar, J. Anim-sci v.61(pt.3): p.545-551. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; verata; social-dominance; goat-milk; milk-yield; milk-fat-percentage; canonical-analysis; equations; agonistic-behavior; spain

405 NAL Call No.: 60.19-B773
Relationship between vegetation state and bite dimensions of sheep grazing contrasting plant species and its implications for intake rate and diet selection.
Edwards GR; Parsons AJ; Penning PD; Newman JA Grass-and-Forage-Science v.50(4): p.378-388; 40 ref (1995)
Descriptors: simulation-models; vegetation; dimensions; grazing; plant; species; feed-intake; diets; selection; selective-grazing; models; intake; grasses; legumes

406 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Relationships between deuterium dilution space and estimated energy balance in lactating goats.
Schiavon, S.; Ramanzin, M.; Reniero, F.; Bailoni, L.; Bittante, G. Small-rumin-res v.19(1): p.15-22. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; energy-balance; pregnancy; lactation-stage; diet; fiber-content; feed-intake; goat-milk; milk-yield; feces; urine; energy-retention; deuterium-oxide

407
Report on farming in the Eastern counties of England 1994/95.
Murphy MC 1995, 236 pp
Descriptors: farm-income; gross-margins; fixed-costs; variable-costs; yields; economies-of-scale; crops; cereals; wheat; barley; rape; beans; peas; linseed; potatoes; sugarbeet; arable-farming; dairy-farming; pig-farming; poultry-farming; lives t ock-farming; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; agricultural-manpower; non-farm-income; farm-surveys; farm-results; dairy-farms; economics

408
Reproductive efficiency and milk production: a simulation model for sheep farms. [Efficienza riproduttiva e produzione di latte: un modello di simulazione per le aziende ovine.]
Pulina G; Cappio Borlino A; Rossi G Informatore-Agrario v.51(12): p.55-57 (1995)
Descriptors: ewe-milk; milk-production; lactation-curve; milk-yield; reproduction; reproductive-performance; ewes; simulation-models; models

409 NAL Call No.: QP1.C6
Reproductive period affects water intake in heat-stressed dehydrated goats.
Olsson K; Josater Hermelin M; Hossaini Hilali J; Cvek K; Hydbring E; Dahlborn K Comparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology.-A,-Physiology v.113(4): p.323-331; 36 ref (1996)
Descriptors: heat-stress; lactation; pregnancy; water-intake; hydrocortisone; osmotic-pressure; drinking; dehydration; water; intake; goat-lactation

410 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Resistance to cold stress in sheep shorn by cover comb or standard comb.
Dabiri, N.; Holmes, C. W.; McCutcheon, S. N.; Parker, W. J.; Morris, S. T. Anim-sci v.60(pt.3): p.451-456. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; cold-stress; shearing; shearing-machines; fleece; heat-production; environmental-temperature; rain; wind; blood-plasma; fatty-acids; weight-losses; blood-sugar; liveweight-gain; new-zealand

411 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
The response of lactating and dry ewes to energy intake and protein source in the diet.
Purroy, A.; Jaime, C. Small-rumin-res v.17(1): p.17-24. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; lactation; dry-period; restricted-feeding; aragonese; dietary-protein; fish-meal; soybean-oilmeal; barley; milk-protein-percentage; protein-concentrates; feed-intake; dry-matter; fiber-content; crude-protein; milk-yield; orga n ic-matter; body-weight; body-condition; body-fat; body-protein; lambs; liveweight-gain; spain

412 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Response of sheep to annual cycles in nutrition. 2. Effects of diet and endogenous growth hormone during replenishment.
Adams, N. R.; Sanders, M. R.; Briegel, J. R.; Peter, J. R.; Peter, D. W.; Rigby, R. D. G. Anim-sci v.62(pt.2): p.287-292. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; somatotropin; refeeding; body-weight; immunization; somatoliberin; feed-supplements; protein-concentrates; barley; fish-meal; grazing; blood-plasma; insulin; prolactin; wool; liveweight-gain; insulin-like-growth-factor; skin; liver; carcass-weight; depot-fat; nutritive-ratio

413 NAL Call No.: QP141.A1N88
Response to high dietary copper and duration of feeding time on tissue copper concentration of sheep.
Ledoux, D. R.; Henry, P. R.; Ammerman, C. B. Nutr-res v.16(1): p.69-78. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: diet; copper; dietary-minerals; nutrient-intake; feeding; duration; mineral-content; liver; kidneys; spleen; bones; blood-serum; nutrient-reserves; mineral-supplements; reference-standards; equations; dosage-effects; bioassays; wethers; sheep

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of high dietary Cu and duration of feeding time on tissue mineral composition of sheep to establish a standard curve for future bioassay of supplemental Cu sources. In Experiment 1, 24 crossbred wethers were fed a basal diet (9.24 mg/kg Cu) supplemented with 15, 30 or 45 mg/kg added Cu as cupric acetate for 15 or 30 days. An additional four sheep were killed at day 0 to serve as controls. In Experiment 2, 30 crossbred wethers were injected i.v. with 50 mg ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATM) twice weekly for 3 weeks to reduce body Cu stores, then fed the basal diet (7.29 mg/kg Cu) or the basal plus 20, 40, 60 or 80 mg/kg added Cu as cupric acetate for 10 or 20 days. Treatment with ATM reduced liver Cu stores by 52%. In Experiment 1, liver and bone Cu concentrations were greater in sheep supplemented with Cu compared with controls, but there was no difference among sheep fed various added Cu concentrations. In Experiment 2, liver Cu concentration increased linearly in sheep fed 10 days and quadratically in sheep fed 20 days, but serum, spleen and kidney Cu concentrations were not affected by treatment. A bioassay for Cu bioavailability based on liver Cu uptake with a 10-day supplementation period appeared feasable.

414 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Responses in wool and live weight when different sources of dietary protein are given to pregnant and lactating ewes.
Masters, D. G.; Stewart, C. A.; Mata, G.; Adams, N. R. Anim-sci v.62(pt.3): p.497-506. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; dietary-protein; pregnancy; ewe-lactation; protein-requirement; wool; body-weight; lambs; birth-weight; lupins; egg-albumen; fish-meal; urea; amino-acids; insulin; glucose-tolerance-test; lactation-stage; protected-protein; s u lfur; chemical-composition

415 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Responses of sheep to annual cycles in nutrition. 1. Role of endogenous growth hormone during undernutrition.
Adams, N. R.; Briegel, J. R.; Rigby, R. D. G.; Sanders, M. R.; Hoskinson, R. M. Anim-sci v.62(pt.2): p.279-286. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; underfeeding; somatotropin; blood-plasma; somatoliberin; immunization; hormone-secretion; weight-losses; wool-production; lh; fsh; insulin; ovariectomy; follicles

416
Results from the sheepmeat project. Part 3. [Resultate aus dem Projekt Lammfleisch. 3. Teil.]
Luchinger R Kleinviehzuchter v.43(21): p.1045-1048 (1995)
Descriptors: Swiss-White-Alpine; Swiss-Brownheaded-Mutton; Swiss-Black-Brown-Mountain; Valais-Blacknose; lambs; growth; body-weight; intensive-husbandry; breed-differences; crossbreeding; crosses; Charollais; Ile-de-France; suffolk-sheep-breed; sheep-breeds

417 NAL Call No.: SF371.R47
A review of Montana winter range ewe nutrition research.
Thomas VM; Kott RW Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal v.11(1): p.17-24; 18 ref (1995)
Descriptors: research; reproduction; wool-production; protein-supplements; protein-sources; nutrient-requirements; winter; ewes; reviews

418
Rigotte de Condrieu cheese. [La Rigotte de Condrieu.]
Delorme Y Chevre. 1995, No. 208, 37-39
Descriptors: ancillary-enterprises; farm-enterprises; demonstration-farms; cheesemaking; cheeses; goat-milk; manufacture; farm-dairies; marketing; Rigotte-de-Condrieu-cheese

419
Role of a major scheme in the dynamic organization of a pastoral community. [Le role d'une macro-technique dans la dynamique d'organisation d'une societe pastorale.]
Choisis JP; Bouche R; Gambotti JY; Zervas NP (ed.); Hatziminaoglou J The optimal exploitation of marginal Mediterranean areas by extensive ruminant production systems. Proceedings Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-20 June 1994. 1996, 74-78; 8 ref
Descriptors: dairy-industry; breeding; ewes; ewe-milk; milk-production; artificial-insemination; technology-transfer; Corsican; dairy-farming; innovation-adoption; communication- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system s

420 NAL Call No.: S472.A357L58 1994 v.2
The role of forage legume fallows in supplying improved feed and recycling nitrogen in subhumid Nigeria.
Tarawali G; Mohamed Saleem MA; Powell JM (ed.); Fernandez Rivera S (ed.); Williams TO (ed.); Renard C Livestock and sustainable nutrient cycling in mixed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volume 2: Technical papers. Proceedings, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 22-26 November 1993. 1995, 263-276; 39 ref
Descriptors: residual-effects; goat-feeding; mixed-farming; cattle-feeding; cycling; nitrogen; farming-systems; liveweight-gain; milk-yield; legumes; cereals; fertilizers; green-manures; feeding; reviews- ID: Livestock-and-sustainable-nutrient-cycling-in-mixed-farming-systems-of-sub-Saharan-Africa

421
The role of goat raising in income and employment on small farms. [Place de l'elevage caprin dans la formation du revenu et l'occupation des petites exploitations agricoles.]
Salem HB; Hamouda MB Medit v.7(3): p.31-33; 6 ref (1996)
Descriptors: marginal-land; employment; women; goat-keeping; small-farms; classification

422 NAL Call No.: SF756.7.I57 1995
The role of selection for domestic behaviour in the alteration of physiological and productive characteristics in meat-wool sheep.
Lankin VS; Rutter SM (ed.); Rushen J (ed.); Randle HD (ed.); Eddison JC Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied
Descriptors: selection; animal-behaviour

423 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Rumen-undegradable dry matter and neutral detergent fibre as ratio indicators of digestibility in sheep given cereal straw-based diets.
Fondevila, M.; Castrillo, C.; Gasa, J.; Guada, J. A. J-agric-sci v.125(pt.1): p.145-151. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; feed-intake; barley-straw; hay; beet-pulp; diets; digestibility; fiber-content; dry-matter; rumen-digestion

424 NAL Call No.: 60.18-J82
Seasonal diets of sheep in the steppe region of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.
Posse, G.; Anchorena, J.; Collantes, M. B. J-range-manage v.49(1): p.24-30. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; steppes; festuca; woody-plants; diet; seasonal-fluctuations; steppe-soils; tertiary-deposits; species-diversity; forage; tussock-grasslands; canopy; argentina; festuca-gracillima

Abstract: Sheep diets were determined seasonally for large flocks grazing year-round in 2 landscape types of the Magellanic steppe of Argentina. A tussock-grass steppe of Festuca gracillima Hooker f. dominates the uplands of the whole area. On acid soils (Quaternary landscape), woody variants of the steppe prevail; on neutral soils (Tertiary landscape), woody plants are almost absent and short grasses and fortes are abundant. Principal taxa consumed throughout the year

425 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Seasonal patterns of secondary fibre growth, moulting and hair follicle activity in Siberian and Icelandic X Scottish feral goats offered high and low levels of dietary protein.
Rhind, S. M.; McMillen, S. R. Small-rumin-res v.16(1): p.69-72. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; cashmere; hair-follicles; s-p-ratio; growth-rate; dietary-protein; seasonal-fluctuations; molting; breed-differences; fleece-weight

426 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
Seasonal variation in the morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) plants and populations in pastures under intensive sheep grazing.
Brock, J. L.; Hume, D. E.; Fletcher, R. H. J-agric-sci v.126(pt.1): p.37-51. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lolium-perenne; dactylis-glomerata; tillers; stems; flowers; stolons; leaves; roots; plant-morphology; size; length; leaf-age; branching; seasonal-variation; cultivars; phenotypes; genetic-variation; crop-production; crop-yield; plant-density; biomass-production; pastures; grassland-management; sheep; grazing; intensive-husbandry; new-zealand

427 NAL Call No.: SF371.R47
Seasonality in budgeted lamb feeding returns.
Ward CE Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal v.11(2): p.45-50; 6 ref (1995)
Descriptors: farm-budgeting; lambs; feeding; returns; seasonal-fluctuations

428 NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
The secretion of gonadotrophins, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 by Merino rams supplemented with different legume seeds.
Blache, D.; Miller, D. W.; Milton, J. T. B.; Martin, G. B. Aust-j-agric-res v.47(6): p.843-852. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; rams; feed-supplements; lupins; cowpeas; soybeans; protein-intake; energy-intake; lh; fsh; insulin; insulin-like-growth-factor; blood-plasma; concentration; hormone-secretion; supplementary-feeding; animal-nutrition

429 NAL Call No.: SF601.T7
Sedentarisation of cattle farmers in the derived Savannah region of south-west Nigeria: results of a survey.
Jabbar, M. A.; Reynolds, L.; Francis, P. A. Trop-anim-health-prod v.27(1): p.55-64. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cattle-farming; settlement; white-fulani; crops; tribes; keteku; cattle-breeds; sheep; goats; livestock-numbers; nigeria; yoruba; wordura; muturu

430 NAL Call No.: 41.8-M463
Selected of goat meat husbandry. [Wybrane zagadnienia miesnego uzytkowania koz.]
Piotrowski J Medycyna-Weterynaryjna v.51(2): p.71-75; 41 ref (1995)
Descriptors: animal-production; meat; composition; animal-husbandry

431
Self-service device for continuous distribution of a heated fermentable liquid. [Dispositif de libre service pour la distribution en permanence d'un liquide chaud fermentescible.]
Legrain M French-Patent-Application. 1995, FR 2 717 347 A1, 6 pp
Descriptors: calves; kids; lambs; piglets; dispensers; beverages; animal-production; young-animals; drinking; nipple-drinkers; troughs; bowl-drinkers; design; automatic-feed-dispensers; liquid-diets

432 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Seroepidemiological survey of Border Disease (BD) in Syrian Awassi sheep.
Tabbaa, D.; Giangaspero, M.; Nishikawa, H. Small-rumin-res v.15(3): p.273-277. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; serological-surveys; border-disease-virus; antibody-formation; geographical-variation; epidemiology; lambs; mortality; abortion; rain; transhumance; pens; ventilation; stocking-rate; syria

433
Setting up in an Appellation d'Origine Controlee (AOC) area. [S'installer en zone AOC.]
Toussaint G Chevre. 1995, No. 206, 29-30
Descriptors: goat-milk; cheesemaking; milk-processing; quality-standards; dairy-farms; milk-production

434 NAL Call No.: QP1.P4
Sexual play behavior in lambs androgenized in utero.
Orgeur P Physiology-and-Behavior v.57(1): p.185-187; 26 ref (1995)
Descriptors: lambs; puerperium; play; uterus; pregnancy; sexual-behaviour; progeny; androgens; testosterone; dams; effects; behavior

435
Sheep breeding in arid and semi-arid regions. Proceedings of an ATA-IAMZ seminar, Kairouan, Tunisia, 18-19 November 1992. [L'Elevage ovin en zones arides et semi-arides. Actes du Seminaire de l'Association Tunisienne des Anciens de l'Institut Agronomique Mediterraneen de Zaragoza (ATA-IAMZ), Kairouan (Tunisie), 18-19 novembre 1992.]
Caja G (ed.); Djemali M (ed.); Gabina D (ed.); Nefzaoui A Cahiers-Options-Mediterraneennes. 1995, 6: 123 pp
Descriptors: ewes; rams; lambs; reproduction; growth; selection; dairy-performance; animal-nutrition; Sheep-breeding-in-arid-and-semi-arid-regions

436
Sheep breeding in Tunisia. Current position and future prospects. [ L'elevage ovin en Tunisie. Situation actuelle et perspectives d'avenir.]
Ben Dhia M Cahiers-Options-Mediterraneennes. 1995, 6: 9-20
Descriptors: arid-zones; sheep-farming; meat-production; animal-production; tropics; Sheep-breeding-in-arid-and-semi-arid-regions

437
Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line.
Campbell KHS; McWhir J; Ritchie WA; Wilmut I Nature-London v.380(6569): p.64-66; 18 ref (1996)
Descriptors: nuclei; cell-lines; oocytes; techniques; lambing; enucleation; cloning; embryos; transfer; biotechnology; nuclear-transfer

438 NAL Call No.: 472-N21
Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line.
Campbell, K. H. S.; McWhir, J.; Ritchie, W. A.; Wilmut, I. Nature v.380(6569): p.64-66. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; cloning; embryos; embryonic-development; cell-lines; embryo-transfer

Abstract: Nuclear transfer has been used in mammals as both a valuable tool in embryological studies and as a method for the multiplication of 'elite' embryos. Offspring have only been reported when early embryos, or embryo-derived cells during primary culture, were used as nuclear donors. Here we provide the first report, to our knowledge, of live mammalian offspring following nuclear transfer from an established cell line. Lambs were born after cells derived from sheep embryos, which had been cultured for 6 to 13 passages, were induced to quiesce by serum starvation before transfer of their nuclei into enucleated oocytes. Induction of quiescence in the donor cells may modify the donor chromatin structure to help nuclear reprogramming and allow development. This approach will provide the same powerful opportunities for analysis and modification of gene function in livestock species that are available in the mouse through the use of embryonic stem cells.

439 NAL Call No.: QP901.A33-v.395
The sheep endometrial oxytocin receptor.
Flint, A. P. F.; Riley, P. R.; Kaluz, S.; Stewart, H. J.; Abayasekara, D. R. E. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, v. 395. Oxytocin cellular and molecular approaches in medicine and research /. New York : Plenum Press, c1995.. p. 281-294.
Proceedings of a Hanseatic Endocrine Conference on Oxytocin: Cellular and Molecular Approaches in Medicine and Research, April 30-May 4, 1995, Stade, Germany.
Descriptors: ewes; endometrium; oxytocin; hormone-receptors; gene-expression; complementary-dna; clones; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid-sequences; comparisons; protein-kinase; interferon; protein-kinase-c; trophoblast-interferon; second-messenger-systems; molecular-sequence-data

440 NAL Call No.: HD319.B8L34
Sheep grazing guidelines for managing vegetation of forest plantations in British Columbia.
Newsome T; Wikeem B; Sutherland C Land-Management-Handbook -Ministry-of-Forests,-British-Columbia. 1995, No. 34, vi + 47 pp.; 39 ref
Descriptors: understorey; management; sheep-farming; animal-husbandry; forest-plantations; grazing; agroforestry; weed-control; silvopastoral-systems; cultural-control; weeds; forests; forest-trees

441
Sheep husbandry.
Smeets R Dairy-Technology-Paper v.6(2): p.12-21 (1996)
Descriptors: wool-production; breeding; sheep-feeding; grazing; ewes; sheep-housing; meat-production; cheeses; butter; yoghurt; acidified-milk; animal-husbandry; tropics; milk-production; ewe-milk; milk-products; sheep-farming; trends; animal-production; production; sheep-breeds

442 NAL Call No.: SF371.52.F8R53--1995
Sheep husbandry in France. [L'elevage ovin en France : espaces fragiles et dynamique des systemes agricoles.]
Rieutort, L. CERAMAC ; 7. Clermont-Ferrand : CERAMAC, 1995. 511 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references (p. 494-503).
Descriptors: Sheep-France; Animal-culture-France

443
Sheep husbandry in Poland-an outline.
Martyniuk E; Rzepecki R Cahiers-Options-Mediterraneennes. 1995, 11: 121-131; 10 ref
Descriptors: ewes; meat-production; flocks; selection; breeding; genetic-improvement; litter-size; growth; Breeding-of-sheep-and-goats

444
Sheep husbandry practices in Somadi and Malpura breeding tract.
Mehta SC; Vij PK; Nivsarkar AE; Sahai R Indian-Journal-of-Small-Ruminants v.1(1): p.1-7; 3 ref (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; stillbirths; placental-retention; abortion; oestrus; oestrous-cycle; age-at-first-lambing; age-at-first-mating; litter-size; lactation-duration; economics; profitability; socioeconomic-status; female-fertility; lambing-season; mortality; wool-production; Sonadi; Malpura; sheep-breeds; Rajasthan,-India

445
Sheep on pasture. Ewes and lambs need more than pennies. [Weidehaltung von Schafen. Mutterschafen und Lammern reichen Pfennige nicht.]
Jurkschat M Neue-Landwirtschaft. 1995, No. 5, 51-53
Descriptors: reproduction; growth; finishing; management; plant-height; carcass-quality; economics; pastures; nutritive-value; ewes; lambs

446 NAL Call No.: S542.A8A34 no.64
Sheep production by transmigrant farmers in a plantation area of North Sumatra.
Sinulinga SE; Doloksaribu M; Batubara LP; Ibrahim TM; Sihite E; Mullen BF (ed.); Shelton HM Integration of ruminants into plantation systems in southeast Asia: Proceedings of a workshop at Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 9-13 September 1994. 1995, 55-57; ACIAR Proceedings No. 64; 4 ref
Descriptors: fodder-plants; silvopastoral-systems; plantations; fodder; research-projects; migrant-farm-workers; agroforestry-systems; Integration-of-ruminants-into-plantation-systems-in-southeast-Asia

447 NAL Call No.: S542.A8A34 no.64
Sheep production under conventional rubber systems in Malaysia.
Chong DaiThai; Tajuddin I; Stur WW; Chong DT; Mullen BF (ed.); Shelton HM Integration of ruminants into plantation systems in southeast Asia: Proceedings of a workshop at Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 9-13 September 1994. 1995, 65-67; ACIAR Proceedings No. 64; 4 ref
Descriptors: weed-control; agroforestry-systems; grasses; legumes; mixtures; cover-crops; liveweight-gain; crop-yield; production; animal-production; pastures; cultural-control; rubber-plants; silvopastoral-systems; fodder-plants; farming-systems; agroforestry; responses; tropical-crops; Integration-of-ruminants-into-plantation-systems-in-sou t heast-Asia

448 NAL Call No.: S542.A8A34 no.64
Sheep under rubber: prospects and research priorities in Indonesia.
Horne PM; Pond KR; Batubara LP; Mullen BF (ed.); Shelton HM Integration of ruminants into plantation systems in southeast Asia: Proceedings of a workshop at Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 9-13 September 1994. 1995, 58-64; ACIAR Proceedings No. 64; 25 ref
Descriptors: animal-nutrition; feeds; resources; fodder-plants; forage; genetic-improvement; feed-supplements; minerals; byproducts; plant-residues; waste-utilization; animal-breeding; animal-health; socioeconomics; silvopastoral-systems; research; rubber-plants; agroforestry-systems; farming-systems; agroforestry; Integration-of-ruminants-into-plantation-systems-in-southeast-Asia

449 NAL Call No.: 23-N4892
Short-term ingestive behaviour of sheep and goats grazing grasses and legumes. 1. Comparison of bite weight, bite rate, and bite dimensions for forages at two stages of maturity.
Gong Y; Hodgson J; Lambert MG; Gordon IL New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research v.39(1): p.63-73; 31 ref (1996)
Descriptors: feeding-behaviour; browsing; grazing; selective-grazing; intake; growth-stages; grasses; legumes; palatability

450 NAL Call No.: 23-N4892
Short-term ingestive behaviour of sheep and goats grazing grasses and legumes. 2. Quantitative relationships between sets of sward and ingestive behaviour variables.
Gong Y; Hodgson J; Lambert MG; Gordon IL New-Zealand-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research v.39(1): p.75-82; 22 ref (1996)
Descriptors: feeding-behaviour; browsing; grazing; plant-height; plant-density; intake; growth-stages; grasses; legumes

451
SHS annual statistics 1994-95. [Arsstatistik, SHS, 1994/95.]
Sweden, Svensk Husdjursskotsel. Meddelande -Svensk-Husdjursskotsel. 1995, No. 176, 50 pp
Descriptors: growth; progeny-testing; feed-conversion-efficiency; fattening-performance; animal-nutrition; milk-quality; statistics; livestock-numbers; animal-health; reproduction; performance-recording; dairy-performance; milk-recording; female-fertility; performance-testing; meat-production; artificial-insemination; goat-milk; milk-recording-results; Svensk-Husdjursskotsel

452 NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
A simulation model of grazing sheep. I. Animal growth and intake.
Finlayson, J. D.; Cacho, O. J.; Bywater, A. C. Agric-syst v.48(1): p.1-25. (1995)
First in a series.
Descriptors: sheep; grazing-systems; growth-models; simulation-models; energy-intake; wool; liveweight; lactation; pregnancy; animal-nutrition; new-zealand

Abstract: This paper is the first in a series that presents the development and use of a quantitative model of a sheep grazing system. The animal growth model presented here draws from a range of sources reported in the literature, and accounts for interactions between an animal's physiological state and herbage quality on diet selection and levels of feed intake. The model estimates partition of energy between maintenance, pregnancy, lactation, wool growth and fat and protein accretion. The model was tested against a range of published data and was found to be acceptable for its intended use as a research tool to evaluate animal performance and the physical and economic consequences of alternative technologies and management strategies.

453 NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
A simulation model of grazing sheep. II. Whole farm model.
Cacho, O. J.; Finlayson, J. D.; Bywater, A. C. Agric-syst v.48(1): p.27-50. (1995)
Second in a series.
Descriptors: sheep; grassland-management; animal-production; reproduction; farm-management; growth-models; new-zealand; pasture-growth

Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of a farm management model of sheep grazing systems and demonstrates how the model can be used to gain incremental information about the system being investigated. The structure of the model is presented in detail, including a description of the data structures used to represent paddocks, mobs, pasture and animal production, and a flexible management component which controls the operation of the model. An experiment is presented that explores potential carrying capacities, requirements for pasture conservation, and appropriate levels of winter feeding for dryland and irrigated properties in the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand. The results of this experiment are then used as inputs to a second experiment that evaluates the effects of stocking rate on animal performance, meat and wool production and profitability.

454 NAL Call No.: SF15.S7A52
Simulation of livestock farming systems: a review of sheep models at animal, herd and farm levels. [El estudio de los sistemas ganaderos mediante simulacion: una revision de los modelos de ovino a nivel del animal individual, del rebano y de la explotacion.]
Bernues A; Herrero M; Dent JB Investigacion-Agraria,-Produccion-y-Sanidad-Animales v.10(3): p.243-272; 64 ref (1995)
Descriptors: farming-systems; simulation-models; extensive-production; grazing-systems; reproduction; models; production; reviews; extensive-livestock-farming; intake; simulation; sheep-farming

455
Size and number variation of adipocytes during the growth of Rasa Aragonesa lambs.
Purroy A; Mendizabal JA; Soret B; Horcada A; Lizaso G; Mendizabal FJ; Arana A Options-Mediterraneennes.-Serie-A,-Seminaires-Mediterraneens. 1995, No. 27, 179-184; 11 ref
Descriptors: Aragonese; rams; body-fat; adipocytes; nutrition; age; body-weight; slaughter; carcasses; fat; Body-condition-of-sheep-and-goats

456 NAL Call No.: 410-B77
Social dominance in adult female mountain goats.
Fournier F; Festa Bianchet M Animal-Behaviour v.49(6): p.1449-1459; 53 ref (1995)
Descriptors: female-animals; behaviour; social-dominance; wild-animals

457
Socioeconomic analysis of goat and sheep production in Piaui State, Brazil. [Analise socioeconomica da exploracao de caprinos e ovinos no estado do Piaui.]
Souza Neto J de; Baker GA; Sousa FB de; De Souza Neto J; De Sousa FB Pesquisa-Agropecuaria-Brasileira v.30(8): p.1017-1030; 20 ref (1995)
Descriptors: technical-progress; research; extension; credit; farm-size; education; innovation-adoption; production; farming-systems

458 NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557
Some factors affecting resting behaviour of sheep in slaughterhouse lairages after transport from farms.
Jarvis AM; Cockram MS Animal-Welfare v.4(1): p.53-60; 16 ref (1995)
Descriptors: transport-of-animals; animal-welfare; animal-behaviour; rest; abattoirs

459
Some possible futures of cattle and sheep farms of Auvergne and Limousin.
Bousset JP; Copus AK (ed.); Marr PJ Rural realities: trends and choices. Proceedings of the 35th Seminar of the European Association of Agricultural Economists, Aberdeen, Scotland, 27-29 June 1994. 1995, 113-126; 2 ref
Descriptors: cattle-farming; sheep-farming; livestock-farming; adjustment-of-production; models; Rural-realities

460 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
Spatial structure and activity in groups of Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini): a comparative study.
Le Pendu, Y.; Maublanc, M. L.; Briedermann, L.; Dubois, M. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.46(3/4): p.201-216. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mouflon; ewes; lambs; animal-behavior; rams; peer-relationships; spatial-distribution; proximity

Abstract: The spatial structure of groups of Mediterranean mouflon was compared during spring/summer in a small population living on a sandy terrace in eastern Germany and within part of a large population inhabiting a low mountain in southern France. A similar comparison was also conducted throughout the year in the French population. The aim of the study was to define proximate mechanisms participating in the spatial structure of the groups. We measured the proximities in the group, distances to nearest neighbours and activity of the individuals according to their sex and age. Lambs and females were closer to each other than to the other individuals on average at both sites and throughout the year (closer in 55-57% of the couples). Lambs tended to be central to the groups and females peripheral (19 groups with central lambs vs. eight groups with peripheral lambs in Niederfinow in spring/summer, P = 0.04). Lambs, yearling males and adult males were closer to peers but some variations were found between sites and periods. The distance to the nearest neighbour was not clearly correlated with the frequency of association. The proportion of individuals behaving like their nearest neighbour was higher when the distance between them was short (Niederfinow, spring/summer: N = 8, p = -0.857; Vialais, autumn/winter N = 8, p = 0.976). This was no longer true when lambs were excluded from the analyses. Nearest neighbours were close when both were engaged in the same activity other than feeding, they kept a medium distance when both were feeding and they were more distant when only one of them was feeding. The differences between the two populations did not affect the spatial behaviour of the individuals in the groups except for a slight tendency of the animals to be closer in the German population. We propose an explanation of the spatial structure of the groups based on the behavioural characteristics of the different sex and age classes and we discuss the concordance of our results with those found in domestic species.

461
Specialities in the energy supply of ruminants.
Husveth F; Babinszky L Energy and protein supply and their effects on the production of monogastric and ruminant animals. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Animal Nutrition, Kaposvar, Hungary, 17 October, 1995. 1995, 125-143; 52 ref
Descriptors: cows; dairy-cattle; ewes; pregnancy; lactation; rumen-metabolism; volatile-fatty-acids; metabolic-disorders; nutritional-disorders; energy-metabolism; reviews; 4th-International-symposium-on-animal-nutrition

462
Specialized cheesemaking systems. [ Des systemes fromagers specialises.]
FRECAP-CAPSUD. Chevre. 1995, No. 211, 26-29
Descriptors: goat-feeding; systems; milk-yield; cheesemaking; Provence-Alpes-Cote-d`Azur; farm-dairies; cheeses; goat-milk; manufacture

463
Specific features of products, small dairy ruminants and help in development of these sectors. [Specificite des produits, petits ruminants laitiers et aide au developpement de ces filieres.]
Vallerand F; Zervas NP (ed.); Hatziminaoglou J The optimal exploitation of marginal Mediterranean areas by extensive ruminant production systems. Proceedings Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-20 June 1994. 1996, 67-73; 11 ref
Descriptors: milk-products; cheeses; structure; economics; ewes; ewe-milk; goat-milk; milk-production; milk-marketing; production; marketing- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system

464 NAL Call No.: 41.8-N483
Specification of pen rail spacing and trough heights to prevent escape and enable good access to feed by sheep during sea shipments from New Zealand.
Waghorn GC; Davis GB; Harcombe MJ New-Zealand-Veterinary-Journal v.43(6): p.219-224; 8 ref (1995)
Descriptors: feeds; feeding; access; pens; spacing; transport-of-animals; feed-troughs; sea-transport; rails

465
Statistical review of Northern Ireland agriculture 1994.
UK, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. 1995, vii + 67 pp
Descriptors: farmers'-income; agricultural-structure; employment; agricultural-manpower; poultry; livestock-numbers; crops; production; acreage; agricultural-censuses; dairy-farming; livestock-farming; arable-farming; pig-farming; poultry-farming; sheep-farming; agricultural-situation; farm-income; dairy-farms; cows

466 NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7
Status and scope of small ruminant production in dry areas of Pakistan. Review.
Rafiq M Asian-Australasian-Journal-of-Animal-Sciences v.8(3): p.205-212; 4 ref (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; lambs; body-weight; milk-yield; meat-production; wool-production; hides-and-skins; animal-nutrition; marketing; exports; arid-regions; management; socioeconomics; animal-production; reviews; tropics

467 NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Steroid production and LH receptor concentrations of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea and associated rates of ova wastage in ewes given high and low levels of food intake before and after mating.
Abecia, J. A.; Rhind, S. M.; Bramley, T. A.; McMillen, S. R. Anim-sci v.61(pt.1): p.57-62. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; plane-of-nutrition; flushing; hormone-receptors; lh; hormone-secretion; follicles; corpus-luteum; granulosa-cells; thecal-cells; embryo-mortality; blood-plasma; fsh; progesterone; natural-mating; embryos; testosterone; estradiol; protein-content; wastage

468 NAL Call No.: S522.U5H37
Stocking the barnyard ark.
Chapline, J. Harrowsmith-ctry-life v.10(60): p.16-21. (1995 Dec.)
Descriptors: shetland-sheep-breed; rare-breeds; sheep-farming; family-farms; vermont

469
Strategies for management of suckling goats on grasslands and rangelands. [Elements pour raisonner la conduite des chevres allaitantes sur prairie et sur parcours.]
Morand Fehr P Capricorne v.8(3): p.13-16 (1995)
Descriptors: nutrition; management; grazing; grasslands; reviews; rangelands; lactation; feeding; goat-lactation

470 NAL Call No.: HV4701 .A557
Stress hormone responses of sheep to food and water deprivation at high and low ambient temperatures.
Parrott RF; Lloyd DM; Goode JA Animal-Welfare v.5(1): p.45-56; 30 ref (1996)
Descriptors: temperature; food-deprivation; water-deprivation; dehydration; somatotropin; osmotic-pressure; blood-plasma; animal-welfare; stress; glucocorticoids; prolactin; restricted-feeding; blood; starvation; environmental-temperature

471 NAL Call No.: QL1.Z769
Stridulation in the adult dung beetle Aphodius ater (Col., Aphodiidae).
Hirschberger P; Rohrseitz K Zoology v.99(2): p.97-102; 21 ref (1995)
Descriptors: dung-beetles; sheep-dung; sound-production; morphology; scanning-electron-microscopy; sounds; physiology; behaviour; stridulation; Aphodius-ater

472
Structure and viability of sheep farming in relation to socioeconomic stability in Pogoni area of Epirus-Greece.
Zioganas C; Kazakopoulos L; Koutsotolis K; Zervas NP (ed.); Hatziminaoglou J The optimal exploitation of marginal Mediterranean areas by extensive ruminant production systems. Proceedings of an international symposium organized by HSAP and EAAP and sponsored by EU(DGVI), FAO and CIHEAM, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-20 June, 1994. 1996, 33-46; EAAP Publication No. 83; 13 ref
Descriptors: farm-size; sheep-farming; production-structure; efficiency; adjustment-of-production; optimization- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system

473
Studies on some behavioural aspects, body performance, wool and carcass traits of Ossimi ram lambs raised under closed stable or open shed.
Houria MA Egyptian-Journal-of-Animal-Production v.32(1): p.33-49; 14 ref (1995)
Descriptors: housing; wool-production; growth; carcasses; tropics

474 NAL Call No.: QL750.J68
Studies on the visual acuity of sheep using shape discrimination learning.
Tanaka T; Hashimoto A; Tanida H; Yoshimoto T Journal-of-Ethology v.13(1): p.69-75; 20 ref (1995)
Descriptors: animal-experiments; animal-behaviour; vision; learning

475 NAL Call No.: 22.5-P352
Study of the skin follicle structure and selection methods in cashmere goats.
Jin H; Zhang B Acta-Agriculturae-Universitatis-Pekinensis v.21(1): p.94-99; 5 ref (1995)
Descriptors: cashmere; traits; heritability; genetic-correlation; selection-index; body-weight

476 NAL Call No.: 41.8-C475
Study on grazing behaviour of Angora goat on the loess Plateau of China.
Jin ZhuLi; Li MouZhao; Ai LaiZeng; Wang YinKui; Jin ZL; Li MZ; Ai LZ; Wang YK Chinese-Journal-of-Animal-Science v.31(4): p.25-26 (1995)
Descriptors: grasslands; chemical-composition; dry-matter; crude-protein; digestible-energy; selective-grazing; diets; botanical-composition; grazing; intake; forbs; nutrients; Ziziphus-jujuba; Arundinella-hirta; Lespedeza-hedysaroides

477
Succession status as a variable in a sheep production system of Greece: the case of Pogoni Eparchy-Epirus.
Kazakopoulos I; Alexandridis C; Zioganas C; Zervas NP (ed.); Hatziminaoglou J The optimal exploitation of marginal Mediterranean areas by extensive ruminant production systems. Proceedings of an international symposium organized by HSAP and EAAP and sponsored by EU(DGVI), FAO and CIHEAM, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-20 June, 1994. 1996, 54-57; EAAP Publication No. 83
Descriptors: farm-size; livestock-numbers; intensification; sheep-farming; farm-management; succession- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system

478
Suitability of aerially sown artificial baits as a technique for poisoning feral goats.
Forsyth DM; Parkes JP New-Zealand-Journal-of-Ecology v.19(1): p.73-76; 15 ref (1995)
Descriptors: baits; palatability; control; poisoning; grazing; grazing-behaviour

479 NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Supplementation of high fecundity Border Leicester X Merino ewes with a high protein
Hinch GN; Lynch JJ; Nolan JV; Leng RA; Bindon BM; Piper LR Australian-Journal-of-Experimental-Agriculture v.36(2): p.129-136; 31 ref (1996)
Descriptors: lambs; border-leicester; fecundity; ewes; protein; survival; crosses; birth-weight; protein-supplements; protein-concentrates; feed-supplements; nutrition; supplements; reproduction; lamb-production

480 NAL Call No.: SF371.R47
Supplementing ewe diets with the calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids during lactation.
Appeddu LA; Ely DG; Aaron DK; Deweese WP; Fink E Sheep-and-Goat-Research-Journal v.11(3): p.132-139; 45 ref (1995)
Descriptors: fats; energy-sources; protected-fat; supplements; ewe-lactation; ewe-milk; composition; yields; calcium; soaps; sheep-feeding; ewes; milk-yield; milk-composition; body-weight; lambs; ewe-feeding

481 NAL Call No.: 41.8-B45
Supporting Moroccan national agricultural research on sheep production - a German development cooperation project. [Forderung der nationalen Agrarforschung Marokkos im Sektor Schafproduktion - ein Projekt der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.]
Morkramer G Berliner-und-Munchener-Tierarztliche-Wochenschrift v.108(12): p.451-456; 6 ref (1995)
Descriptors: agricultural-research; production; development-aid; sheep-farming; research; development-projects; animal-production

482
Systems of production in the Italian beef and sheep industry: prospects for extensive systems.
Malorgio GA Medit v.7(2): p.9-15; 6 ref (1996)
Descriptors: beef; sheepmeat; production; land-use; extensive-livestock-farming; consumption; trends; livestock-farming; farming-systems

483 NAL Call No.: SF99.A5T34--1995
Tagasaste and lucerne as fodders for breeding prime lambs or growing steers : field day notes 11th April 1995 : held at the University of Melbourne "Strathfieldsaye Estate" research farm.
Barton, N. J.; Victoria. Agriculture Victoria. [Melbourne] : Agriculture Victoria, [1995] 19, [10] p. : ill., Cover title.
Descriptors: Alfalfa-as-feed-Australia-Victoria-Congresses; Tagasaste-Australia-Victoria-Congresses; Sheep-Feeding-and-feeds-Australia-Victoria-Congresses; Sheep-Breeding-Australia-Victoria-Congresses; Beef-cattle-Feeding-and-feeds-Australia-Vi c toria-Congresses

484 NAL Call No.: Videocassette--no.2502
Take time? : training your dog from farm work to trialling.
Jones, H. G. & Farming Press Videos (Firm). Ipswich, U.K. : Farming Press Videos ; Alexandria Bay, N.Y. : Distributed in N. America by Diamond Farm Enterprises, c1995. 1 videocassette (ca. 56 min.) : sd., col..
Descriptors: Sheep-dogs-Training

Abstract: Glyn Jones demonstrates how a working sheep dog can become a competent trials competitor.

485 NAL Call No.: QH442.B5
Targeting gene expression to the wool follicle in transgenic sheep.
Damak S; Jay NP; Barrell GK; Bullock DW Bio-Technology v.14(2): p.181-184; 32 ref (1996)
Descriptors: gene-expression; wool; gene-transfer; inheritance; skin; growth; zygotes; DNA; injection; chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase; diet; seasons; reporter-genes; follicles; keratin; promoters; transgenics; biotechnology; tissue-specificity; microinjection

486 NAL Call No.: 10-J822
The thermal response of sheep to a hot environment in different years.
McCrabb, G. J.; Bortolussi, G.; Hennoste, L. M.; McDonald, B. J. J-agric-sci v.125(pt.1): p.153-158. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep-farming; temperature; heat-stress; stress-response; seasonal-variation; australia

487 NAL Call No.: 23-W52J
Today's woolgrowers: a profile.
McFarland, I. J-agric. South Perth, W.A. : Dept. of Agriculture, 1972-. 1996. v. 37 (1) p. 30-34.
Descriptors: wool-production; sheep; animal-husbandry; western-australia

488
Top quality management of goats in the Netherlands. [Holland-Ziegenzucht mit Spitzenmanagement.]
Muggli J Kleinviehzuchter v.44(9): p.425-427 (1996)
Descriptors: lactation-duration; dairy-performance; animal-nutrition; conformation; milk-protein-percentage; milk-fat-percentage; cheesemaking; animal-production; breeds; milk-yield; management; selection; goat-milk; milk-production; milk-composition

489
Transport of sheep.
Hall SJG; Clarkson M Proceedings of the Sheep Veterinary Society 1993-1994: Volume 18. 1995, 117-119; 3 ref
Descriptors: animal-behaviour; stress; transport-of-animals; animal-welfare; transport

490
The tropical agriculturalist: goats.
Steele M 1996, viii +152 pp.; 10 ref
Descriptors: nutrition; milk-production; meat-production; animal-production; tropics; goat-milk; production

491
Tunisia: commencement of collection and processing of goat milk by agricultural service cooperatives. [Tunisie: demarrage de la collecte et de la transformation du lait de chevre par les cooperatives de services agricoles.]
Capricorne v.8(3): p.11-12 (1995)
Descriptors: cheeses; marketing; tourism; dairy-farms; animal-production; development; international-cooperation; oases; goat-milk; milk-processing; milk-marketing; cheesemaking

492 NAL Call No.: 286.8-Ag3Ae
UK farmers facing less profitable year.
Agra-Europe-British-edition. 1996, No. 1688, N-3-N-4
Descriptors: dairy-farming; pig-farming; cattle-farming; sheep-farming; arable-farming; poultry-farming; mixed-farming; farm-income; trends; farm-results; profitability; dairy-farms

493 NAL Call No.: 44.8-M736
Uniform quality is also important for farmhouse cheesemaking. Second cheese test of the Association for Craft Milk Processing in Organic Farming eV. [Gleichmassige Qualitat auch fur handwerkliche Herstellung wichtig. Zweite Kaseprufung des Verbandes fur handwerkliche Milchverarbeitung im okologischen Landbau eV.]
Bienerth M Deutsche-Milchwirtschaft v.46(11): p.569, 572 (1995)
Descriptors: cows; goat-milk; ewe-milk; organic-foods; Soft-cheese; cheeses; milk-processing; dairy-farms; organic-farming; cheesemaking; milk-production; cheese-quality; sensory-evaluation; farm-dairies; fresh-cheese

494 NAL Call No.: SF601.T7
Use of dried poultry litter in the diet of pregnant and lactating Awassi ewes.
Muwalla, M. M.; Abo Shehada, M. N.; Tawfeek, F.; Abuirmeileh, N. M.; Hill, R. Trop-anim-health-prod v.27(2): p.106-112. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ewes; poultry-manure; ewe-feeding; lambing-rate; pregnancy; lactation; lambs; performance; milk-yield; body-weight; weaning-weight; ewe-milk; milk-flavor; jordan

495
Use of graded levels of rumen-protected fats in sheep feeding: effects on milk composition in Comisana ewes. [Effetto dell'impiego di livelli crescenti di grassi rumino-protetti sulla qualita del latte di pecore di razza Comisana.]
Dell' Aquila S; Sevi A; Rotunno T; Taibi L; Muscio A Archivio-Veterinario-Italiano v.46(2): p.38-50; 31 ref (1995)
Descriptors: fats; ewes; milk-composition; ewe-milk; milk; nutrition; lipids; ewe-feeding; protected-fat

496
Use of melatonin implants and daylength treatments to control seasonal reproduction in sheep and goats. [Emploi des implants de melatonine et des traitements photoperiodiques pour maitriser la reproduction saisonniere chez les ovins et les caprins.]
Chemineau P; Malpaux B; Pelletier J; Leboeuf B; Delgadillo JA; Deletang F; Pobel T; Brice G Productions-Animales v.9(1): p.45-60; 41 ref (1996)
Descriptors: spermatozoa; reproduction; implantation; fertility; ewes; sexual-behaviour; photoperiodism; testes; growth; mating; artificial-insemination; rams; melatonin; effects; breeding-season; light-regime; estrus

497 NAL Call No.: QK900.J67
Use of paired plots and multivariate analysis for the determination of goat grazing preference.
Leps J; Michalek J; Kulisek P; Uhlik P Journal-of-Vegetation-Science v.6(1): p.37-42; 30 ref (1995)
Descriptors: multivariate-analysis; diets; selection; grasslands; abandoned-land; grazing; selective-grazing; grazing-behaviour; Galium-harcynicum

498 NAL Call No.: QL750.A6
The usefulness of grazing tests for studying the ability of sheep and cattle to exploit reproductive patches of pastures.
Dumont, B.; D'Hour, P.; Petit, M. Appl-anim-behav-sci v.45(1/2): p.79-88. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; cattle; grazing-behavior; tests; feeding-preferences; pastures; growth-stages; vegetative-period; grazing-time; dactylis-glomerata

499 NAL Call No.: TD930.A32
Utilization of recovered solids from tequila industry vinasse as fodder feed.
Iniguez Covarrubias, G.; Franco Gomez, M. d. J.; Lopez Ortiz, G. Bioresour-technol v.55(2): p.151-158. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agave-tequilana; vinasse; distillery-effluent; waste-water; pollutants; sheep; feeds; nutritive-value; digestibility; fattening-performance; waste-utilization; efficacy; fermented-solids

Abstract: Digestibility and sheep feeding trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of using fermented solids (FS) collected by centrifugation from tequila distillery wastewater. In the digestibility trial, 12 growing Pelibuey crossbred male sheep weighing 30 kg on average were randomly assigned to one of the following four dietary treatments (dry basis) in three replicates: (1) basal diet (BD); (2) DB + 15% fermented solids (FS); (3) BD + 30% FS and (4) BD + 45% FS. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and organic matter for these diets were determined. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for FS were also determined. The feeding trial was conducted with 36 sheep (average initial weight 19 kg). Animals were randomly assigned to one of 12 pens (three sheep per pen). Each pen was randomly assigned to one of the four diets used in the digestibility trial, so that each dietary treatment was fed to three pens of sheep. Average daily gain and feed intake were measured over a 56 day period with subsequent calculations of the feed:gain ratio. It seems that fermented solids can be utilized successfully by sheep which consequently can contribute to feed cost savings and to solve environmental problems of the tequila industry.

500 NAL Call No.: TD930.A32
The value of cowpea husk to the goat.
Adeloye, A. A. Bioresour-technol v.52(3): p.281-282. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cowpeas; husks; goats; goat-feeding; fattening; nutritive-value; acceptability; liveweight-gain; feed-conversion; fattening-performance

Abstract: Eight Sokoto red grower goats weighing 10-12 kg, in a randomized complete block design, were used in growth and digestion studies to determine the value of cowpea husk to the goat. The experimental diet was milled cowpea husk, providing an all-concentrate diet. The control diet was a 40:60 concentrate:grass mixture. The concentrate was made up of 3 parts of ground maize to 2 parts of soybean cake. The grass forage was Pennisetum purpureum. Parameters for assessment were dry matter feed intake, live weight changes, feed conversion and nitrogen utilization. The experiment lasted 65 days, comprising 60 days of growth study and 5 days digestion trial. The performances of the goats on cowpea husk were superior (P < 0.05) to the control, with growth rate of 110 g/day, dry matter feed intake of 4.03% BW and feed conversion of 225.2 g gain/kg feed intake. The cowpea husk was well accepted by the goats, as indicated by its dry matter intake and conversion. Nitrogen utilization tests indicated a high nutritive value of the protein from the crop waste. The energy utilization was suggested to be due to the crude fibre content of the diet. These observations indicate the suitability of cowpea husk feed properties and nutrient utilization for the goat. Cowpea husk could serve as an efficient fattening ration and dry-season feed for the ruminants.

501 NAL Call No.: 49-J82
The value of soybean hulls as a replacement for corn in beef cattle diets formulated with or without added fat.
Ludden, P. A.; Cecava, M. J.; Hendrix, K. S. J-anim-sci v.73(9): p.2706-2711. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; soybean-husks; steers; dietary-fat; maize; protein-supplements; maize-cobs; liveweight-gain; feed-intake; dry-matter; feed-conversion; sheep; nutritive-value; lard; energy-intake; fattening-performance; steers; fiber-content; digestibility

Abstract: One hundred twenty crossbred yearling steers (average weight = 445 +/- 32 kg) were used in an 84-d randomized complete block design experiment to determine the value of soybean hulls (SH) as a replacement for corn in concentrate diets formulated with or without added fat (lard). The steers were blocked by weight and allotted to one of eight treatments in a 4 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The main factors were amount of SH (0, 20, 40, or 60% of diet DM) and amount of added fat (0 or 5% of diet DM). The basal diet without added fat or SH contained cracked corn (80%), a urea-based protein supplement (15%), and ground corn cobs (5%). Replacing corn with SH linearly (P = .03) decreased ADG, increased DMI (linear, P = .003; quadratic, P = .06), and linearly (P < .001) decreased gain efficiency. Fat addition tended (P = .08) to improve efficiency; ADG and DMI were unaffected (P > .05) by fat addition. Similar diets were fed to 16 wethers (average weight = 47 +/- 2.3 kg) in a randomized complete block design experiment to determine digestibility of NDF and dietary concentration of DE. Replacing corn with SH linearly increased DMI (P = .001) and NDF (P < .001) and linearly decreased (P < .001) the digestibility of DM. The digestibility of NDF tended to increase with increased SH. The digestibility of energy linearly (P = .0001) decreased with increased SH. The amount of fat had no effect (P > .05) on DMI or intake of NDF or digestibilities of these nutrients. The addition of fat tended (P = .07) to improve the intake of DE. For the conditions of this study, addition of fat to diets had similar effects on performance regardless of the dietary amount of SH. The feed value of SH was estimated as 74 to 80% of that of corn. The use of SH in concentrate diets should be dictated by the cost of SH relative to cereal grains within the context of reduced gain and efficiency, particularly when SH are fed at high concentrations of diet DM.

502 NAL Call No.: SF1.L5
Variation between Merino ewes in pasture intake. 2. Within-flock genetic parameters for intake and some production traits.
Lee GJ; Atkins KD; Mortimer SI Livestock-Production-Science v.41(2): p.143-150; 24 ref (1995)
Descriptors: ewes; genotype-nutrition-interaction; production; wool; quality; heritability; selection; feed-intake; body-weight; wool-production; genotypes; Merino

503 NAL Call No.: 389.8-B773
The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk.
Kyriazakis I; Emmans GC British-Journal-of-Nutrition v.73(2): p.191-207; 21 ref (1995)
Descriptors: diets; composition; feeds; bulk; volume; feed-intake; grass-meal; citrus-pulp; wheat-bran; water-holding-capacity; sheep-feeding; wheat

504 NAL Call No.: SD387.M8A3
Voluntary intake by sheep and goats of Gliricidia sepium fed in three states and at three levels of supplementation to a basal diet of Panicum maximum.
Smith JW; Larbi A; Jabbar MA; Akinlade J Agroforestry-Systems v.32(3): p.287-295; 25 ref (1995)
Descriptors: dry-matter; feed-intake; voluntary-intake; feed-supplements; browse-plants; multipurpose-trees; crude-protein; nutritive-value; fodder

505 NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Walton Farms Ltd: a marketing success.
Beetler, D. L. Small-farm-today v.12(3): p.41-42. (1995 June)
Descriptors: sheep; sheep-farming; sheepmeat; marketing

506 NAL Call No.: S397.M57--no.95/13
WASP : a virtual farm with wheat and sheep pasture.
Trenbath, B. R. Miscellaneous publication (Western Australia. Dept. of Agriculture) ; 95/13. [Perth?] : Dept. of Agriculture, Western Australia, [1995] 146 p. : ill., "September 1995"--Cover.

507 NAL Call No.: SF1.S6
Water intake and consumption in sheep differing in growth potential and adaptability.
Schoeman, S. J.; Visser, J. A. S-Afr-j-anim-sci v.25(3): p.75-79. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; blackhead-persian; dorper; south-african-merino; lambs; water-intake; water-use-efficiency; liveweight-gain; feed-intake; environmental-factors; breed-differences; feeding-behavior

508 NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Women's tasks in the management of goats in Southern Nigeria.
Ajala, A. A. Small-rumin-res v.15(3): p.203-208. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goat-keeping; rural-women; household-surveys; age; education; livestock-numbers; ownership; marketing; selling-prices; extension; nigeria

509
Wool growth responses in Drysdale and high and low staple tenacity Romney sheep to nutrient supplementation in autumn.
Bray AR; Merrick NC; Smith MC; Scobie DR Proceedings-of-the-New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production. 1995, 55: 54-57; 14 ref
Descriptors: wool; growth; Drysdale; staple; Romney; autumn; energy-intake; protein-intake; fibres; diameter; wool-production; protein-supplements; breed-differences; quality; nutrition; New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production


Go to: Author Index | Subject Index | Top of Document

Author Index

Aaron DK 79, 480
Abadi Ghadim, A.K. 309
Abayasekara, D.R.E. 238, 439
Abayasekara DRE 237
Abdel Aziz, A.I. 372
Abdel Rahman, K.M. 294
Abdellatif, A.M. 123
Abdouli, H. 133
Abecia, J.A. 128, 283, 467
Abilova GM 241
Abo Shehada, M.N. 494
Abouheif, M.A. 291
Aboul Naga, A.M. 372
Abuirmeileh, N.M. 494
Adams, N.R. 412, 414, 415
Addeo, F. 363
Adejumo, J.O. 135
Adeloye, A.A. 500
Ademosun, A.A. 246
Afzal, M. 387
Agrawal, D.K. 47, 225
Aherne, F.X. 327
Ahmed, M.M.M. 123
Ai LaiZeng 476
Ai LZ 476
Aitken, R.P. 353
Ajala, A.A. 508
Akinlade J 504
Al Habsi, R.S. 68
Al Hanai, S.S.S. 69
Al Nabhani, S.A.M. 69
Al Nakib, F.M.S. 69
Al Shukaily, E.S.S. 69
Alados CL 232
Alawa JP 373
Albisu LM (ed.) 45
Aldrich, C.G. 141
Alexandridis C 477
Ali, I. 387
Allan, B. 22
Allan, C.J. 202
Allen, J.G. 77
Alley JC 345
Amato, D. 399
American Dairy Goat Association. 334
Ammerman, C.B. 413
Anchorena, J. 424
Anderson, D.M. 383
Anderson DM 103
Anderson, L. 396
Anderson, N. 392
Andrews, A.E. 52, 55
Angell, R. 385
Anke M 80
Anke M (ed.) 80
Apostolaki, E. 358, 359
Apostolopoulos C 44
Appaji Rao N 39
Appeddu LA 79, 480
Apple, J.K. 179
Apsokardos, F. 358
Arai, T. 88
Arana A 455
Araujo C de 155
Arhainx J 366
Armstrong RH 29
Arnould C 364
Arora LK 250
Astruc JM 366
Atkins KD 502
Australia, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 216
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. 91, 392
Avondo M 184, 185
Ayeni, A.O. 217
Azam, A.H. 68
Ba, S.B. 278
Babinszky L 461
Babula, R.A. 193
Bae, H.D. 306
Baek IC 176
Bahhady, F.A. 339, 340, 341
Bailey TJ 60
Bailoni, L. 406
Bairden, K. 299
Baker GA 457
Balcells, J. 134
Baldwin, C.L. 61
Baldwin, J.A. 371
Baldwin, R.L. 274
Baldwin, R.L. VI. 314
Bancroft, D.R. 230
Banner, R.E. 100
Banner RE 361
Baran, M. 304
Barber, M.C. 53
Barcham, G.J. 55
Bargain V 315
Barillet F 366
Barrell GK 485
Barrett, R.H. 85
Barroso FG 232
Barry, T.N. 121
Bartetzko, Bernhard. 157
Barton, N. J. 483
Baruah, K.K. 222
Bassett, J.M. 10
Batubara LP 446, 448
Baumont, R. 92, 140
Bazer, F.W. 198
Bazin S 369
Beauchemin, K.A. 153
Becker, K. 3
Beetler, D.L. 505
Bell, C.E. 73
Belyea, R.L. 168
Ben Dhia M 436
Ben Ghedalia, D. 17
Ben Salem, H. 133
Ben Youcef MT 252
Bendotti, S. 277
Bennett GL 142
Berger, L.L. 141
Bergmann H (ed.) 80
Bernes G 104, 381
Bernier, J.F. 154, 156
Bernues A 45, 112, 454
Besser, T. 391
Bidner, T.D. 289
Bienerth M 493
Bindon BM 479
Biondi L 167
Bird, P.R. 14
Bitsch R (ed.) 80
Bittante, G. 406
Blache, D. 428
Black H 28
Blackall, L.L. 227
Blackmore, D.K. 42
Blackmore DK 192
Blackshaw JK 148
Blom CD 97, 98
Boer J de 308
Bognanno M 184, 185
Boivin X 170
Bony J 76
Boon, W.C. 54
Bootle, B.W. 307
Bora JR 137
Bordi A 288
Bordonaro S 185
Borgida LP 155
Borgwardt, R. 110, 268
Borowy, N. 3
Borrett, R.A. 10
Bortolussi, G. 486
Bosman, H.G. 119, 217, 246
Bouche R 419
Bouissou MF 150, 220, 388
Boukila, B. 156
Bourbouze A 251, 254
Bourbouze A (ed.) 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255
Bousses P 127
Bousset JP 459
Bouvier F 366
Bowman, P.J. 200
Boyazoglu J 107, 255, 393
Boza J 50, 232
Braastad BO 170
Bradshaw, R.H. 30
Bramley, T.A. 467
Brandt, M. 66
Brantsch H 380
Bray AR 509
Brice G 496
Briedermann, L. 460
Briegel, J.R. 412, 415
Britton, R.A. 105
Brock, J.L. 426
Brooker, J.D. 227
Brooks J 402
Broom, D.M. 30, 271
Broqua CB 155
Brown, D.S. 190
Brown, S.N. 169, 188
Brownlee, A.G. 57
Bruce, L.A. 190
Budge G 390
Budhi, S.P.S. 159
Bullock DW 485
Bunderson, F.B. 165
Bunting, L.D. 289, 297
Buragohain, S.C. 222
Burgos, M.A. 374
Burrell LM 343
Burritt EA 9
Burton, J.H. 161
Bush, R.S. 77
Buttery, P.J. 182
Bywater, A.C. 452, 453
Cacho, O.J. 452, 453
Cagnetta P 295, 386
Caja G 260
Caja G (ed.) 435
Campanaro G 146
Campbell, K.H.S. 438
Campbell KHS 437
Campion, C.E. 239
Capparelli R 288
Cappio Borlino A 408
Caramelle Holtz E 336
Carasso Y 247
Castrillo, C. 423
Cecava, M.J. 501
Cereijo, M. 404
Ceron, J.J. 46
Chamba JN 38
Champion, R.A. 305
Chapline, J. 468
Charleston, W.A.G. 265
Charon KM 136
Chastin P 366
Chemineau P 496
Chen HH 86
Chen HsinHao 86
Cheng, K.J. 306
Cheyne, M.A. 353
Chifamba IK 250
Chimera C 95
Choate, J.V.A. 194
Choisis JP 419
Choldumrongkul, S. 40
Chong DaiThai 263, 447
Chong DT 263, 447
Christen, S.D. 189
Christensen, J.H. 115
Cid, J.M. 360
Claps S 248
Clarke IJ 325
Clarke JL 302, 303
Clarkson M 489
Clay, C.M. 239
Clemens, J. 280
Clevenger, D.D. 164
Clevenger, T.E. 168
Clevers, H. 61
Cloete, S.W.P. 370
Cockram, M.S. 143, 266
Cockram MS 75, 458
Coghlan, J.P. 54
Coleman MC 95
Coleman, S.W. 196
Collantes, M.B. 424
Combs, D.K. 320
Connolly L 117
Conway MLT 148
Cook, C.J. 42
Cook CJ 24, 192
Coop, R.L. 124, 125
Cooper, S.D.B. 99, 177
Copus AK (ed.) 459
Costa JP (ed.) 107, 393
Crawford, R.J. 54
Creely DP 209
Cremin, J.D. Jr. 141
Croft, D.B. 101
Crosby, T.F. 122
Cruz, L.C. 102
Cruz, R. 385
Cumming, K.N. 14
Curtis CF 16
Cvek K 409
D'Hour, P. 49, 498
D' Urso G 184, 185
Dabiri, N. 394, 410
Dahlborn K 409
Dally, M.R. 110, 268
Daly CC 192
Damak S 485
Daniel GJ 13
Daniel RCW 148
Dario C 386
Datta A 39
David, M.J. 208
Davies DA 13
Davis Dentici, K. 189
Davis GB 207, 464
Davis, W.C. 61
Davison RM 215
Dawson, L. 298
Dawson, T.J. 101
Day, M.L. 172
De Araujo C 155
De Boer J 308
De Koning K 262
De Nigris F 337
De Paz M 204
De Rosa G 288
De Sousa FB 457
De Souza J 337
De Souza Neto J 457
De Young DW 180
Degen, A.A. 3
Deletang F 496
Delgadillo JA 496
Dell' Aquila S 495
Delorme Y 328, 418
Demarquilly C 260
Demir, E. 355
Demjanec, B. 141
Dent JB 454
Devine, C.E. 42
Deweese WP 79, 480
Dharma SC 199
Dhib C 382
Di Florio J 36
Dick JL 403
Dikeman, M.E. 179
Distel, R.A. 374
Djemali M (ed.) 435
Dobbelaere, D.A.E. 61
Dobbie JL 142
Dohi H 175
Dolan, S.K. 188
Doloksaribu M 446
Domingo, I.J. 102
Doreau, M. 186
Dorn W (ed.) 80
Douglas, G.B. 121
Dove, H. 82
Doyle P 366, 369
Drozdz A 89
Du Toit PCV 97, 98
Dubois, M. 460
Duesterberg, K. 206
Duganzich DM 142
Dulphy JP 140
Dumont, B. 49, 106, 286, 498
Duncan, J.L. 299
Eddison JC 6, 31, 295, 379, 386, 388, 422
Edwards, G.P. 101
Edwards GR 405
Edwards, J.E. 169, 188
El Aich A 244, 254
El Aich A (ed.) 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255
El Hag, M.G. 68
El Kholy A 56
Ely DG 79, 480
Emanuele, S.M. 371
Emmans GC 503
Eng, K. 264
Engstrom, W. 58
Enne G 11
Escobar, E.N. 210
Escott Watson, P.L. 5
Espejo M 201
Espinasse S 319
Estell, R.E. 383
Estell RE 103
Estevez, O.R. 115
Falagan A 242
Farce MH (ed.) 260
Farming Press Videos (Firm). 484
Farrar J 116
Fauchon, C. 154
Faverdin, P. 92
Fedde, M.R. 179
Fegeros, K. 226, 358, 359
Fernandez, J.M. 160, 289
Fernandez Rivera S (ed.) 420
Ferrell, C.L. 158
Festa Bianchet M 456
Ficco C 295
Figenschou, D.L. 5
Fink E 79, 480
Finke PA (ed.) 262
Finlayson, J.D. 452, 453
Fishwick, G. 299
Fitzgerald, J.A. 194
Fiume G 20
Flachowsky G (ed.) 80
Flamant JC (ed.) 107, 393
Fletcher, R.H. 426
Flint, A.P.F. 238, 439
Flint APF 237
Florio J di 36
Fluharty, F.L. 164
Fogerty M 324
Fondevila, M. 423
Foote, A.G. 121
Foran, B. 22
Forbes, J.M. 355
Forcada, F. 128, 283
Ford, J.E. 188
Fordham RA 345
Forsyth DM 478
Fothergill M 13
Fourie LJ 23
Fournier F 456
France, Institut de l'Elevage. 276
Francis, P.A. 429
Franco Gomez, M. de J. 499
FRECAP-CAPSUD. 462
Fredrickson, E.L. 383
Friggens NC 331
Fry, J.M. 72
Fujihara, T. 102, 187, 338
Fukukawa T 175
Furukawa A 342
Fuse T 352
Fyksen, J. 51
Gabel, G. 2
Gabina D (ed.) 435
Galal, E.S.E. 372
Galal ESE 253
Galanopoulos K 313
Galley, Y. 61
Galloway DB 325
Gambotti JY 419
Ganesan K 39
Ganskopp, D. 235, 385
Garcia E 204
Garcia Elizondo, R. 33
Garillo, E.P. 147
Garnsworthy, P.C. 182
Gasa, J. 423
Gaya P 204
George, M.R. 7
Georgiev I 21
Gertler A 209
Gessbo, A. 58
Gharbi M 382
Gherardi SG 224
Giangaspero, M. 432
Gieseke, L. 168
Gil DW 60
Gil F 50
Gilbert, K.V. 42
Gill, M. 299
Gipson, T. 298
Glaser, I. 61
Glei M (ed.) 80
Glenn, W. 205
Glimp, H.A. 391
Goddard, P.J. 143
Godfrey SI 275
Goetsch, A.L. 158
Goetsch, B.C. 145
Gong Y 152, 449, 450
Goode, J.A. 271
Goode JA 470
Gordon GDH 75
Gordon IJ 302, 303
Gordon IL 449, 450
Gorgulu, M. 355
Goussios D 393
Granados, E.Y. 73
Graves PE 60
Greaves, L.A. 74
Greeff, J. 354
Gregory NG 15
Grenet E (ed.) 260
Grieve, D.G. 161
Griffith, G.R. 307
Groppel B (ed.) 80
Grumbach S 219
Grun M (ed.) 80
Guada, J.A. 423
Guerrero, J.N. 73
Guerrero JE 242
Guevara, J.C. 115
Guillouet P 366
Gunn, R.G. 174
Gurtler, H. 2, 80
Gurtler H (ed.) 80
Gutierrez, C. 46
Hacker, R.R. 161
Hadjipanayiotou, M. 178
Haenlein GFW 357
Hafley, J.L. 297
Hagens, G. 61
Hall, D.G. 197, 202
Hall, S.J.G. 30, 271
Hall SJG 489
Ham, G.A. 105
Hammond, V.E. 54
Hammouda MB 256
Hamouda MB 421
Han ZhaoMing 218
Han ZM 218
Hanson, C. 10
Hanson, T. 83
Hanus G 401
Haque, N. 129
Harcombe MJ 464
Hardy MB 300
Harris, H.C. 341
Hart, S.P. 160, 298
Hartwig, N.R. 64
Harvey, A. 305
Hashimoto A 474
Hatch GP 300
Hatfield, P.G. 391
Hatziminaoglou J 44, 112, 255, 419, 463, 472, 477
Havinga H 262
Havstad, K.M. 383
Havstad KM 103
Hayashida N 352
Hays, S.M. 233
Head, W.A. Jr. 391
Heine, E.W.P. 370
Heiser, C. 83
Hendrix, K.S. 501
Hendy, C.R.C. 183
Hennoste, L.M. 486
Henry, P.R. 413
Hernandez, F. 46, 360
Herold, D. 323
Herrero M 454
Hevia, M. 25, 362
Hevia Mendez ML 272
Hevia ML 171
Hickok, D.T. 105
Hiemstra SJ 262
Hill, R. 494
Hill, T.M. 189
Hinch GN 479
Hinds, F.C. 296, 346
Hirota H 111
Hirschberger P 471
Hodgson J 152, 261, 449, 450
Holm P 282
Holmes, C.W. 410
Holmes JHG 325
Holmes, P.H. 299
Holst, P.J. 197, 202
Holt C 270
Horcada A 455
Hori E 181
Horne PM 448
Horton, G.M.J. 371
Hoshino, S. 304, 351
Hoskinson, R.M. 415
Hosoda, C. 338
Hosoi E 67
Hossaini Hilali J 409
Houria MA 473
Houwelingen KM van 308
Hoyer PB 60
Huang HM 218
Huang HuanMin 218
Hume, D.E. 426
Hunt, P. 188
Hunter, E.A. 151, 174
Huntley, J.F. 125
Husveth F 461
Hutchins AM 343
Hydbring E 384, 409
Hynd, P. 354
Iba K 352
Ibrahim TM 446
Ichikawa Y 342
Ichinohe, T. 187
Iji PA 373
Ikwuegbu, O.A. 365
Ikwuegbu OA 373
Ilett, K.F. 72
Illig Gunther H 80
Iman, N.Y. 321, 322
Immelman WF 97
Ing, N.H. 198
Iniguez Covarrubias, G. 499
Ismail TM 56
Israf, D.A. 124
Jabbar, M.A. 429
Jabbar MA 504
Jackson, E. 124
Jackson, F. 124
Jackson, R.E. 143
Jacob U 249
Jacquin M 366
Jaeger, M.M. 85
Jagath Reddy J 39
Jaime, C. 411
Jan, E.Z. 173
Janowski TM 398
Jaouen JC le 236
Jarvis, A.M. 266
Jarvis AM 458
Jarvis, R.J. 277
Jay NP 485
Jenkins, T.C. 37
Jeon BT 111, 176
Jesse, B.W. 274, 314
Jessop, N.S. 94
Jeyaseelan, K. 54
Jia, Z. 298
Jia, Z.H. 160
Jin H 475
Jin ZhuLi 476
Jin ZL 476
Johnson, D. 385
Johnson, D.E. 96
Johnson, P.W. 132
Johnson TJ 224
Johnston CI 343
Jones, H. Glyn. 484
Jones, S.D.M. 153
Josater Hermelin M 409
Joshi M 234, 377
Journet M (ed.) 260
Jurkschat M 90, 380, 445
Kabre, P. 186
Kaiser D 4
Kaluz, S. 439
Kappel, L.C. 297
Karim SA 78
Katunguka Rwakishaya, E. 139
Kaur, H. 292
Kazakopoulos I 477
Kazakopoulos L 472
Kearney, G.A. 14
Keil NM 367
Kellas, J.D. 14
Kelly, R.W. 354
Kendrick KM 349
Kent, J.E. 143
Keshtkaran AN 167, 184
Kessler, J.J. 326
Kestin, S.C. 169
Khan, M.F. 8
Khan, M.Y. 129
Khemici E 252
Khound S 137
Kikusui T 41
Kilgour RJ 19
Kingwell, R.S. 309
Kirton AH 142
Kitchalong, L. 289
Klemesrud, M. 323
Klinge E 4
Klopfenstein, T. 323
Klopfenstein, T.J. 105
Knight TW 261
Knopke P 395
Knowles, T.G. 169, 188
Knox, M. 356
Kobayashi, Y. 304, 351
Kochapakdee, S. 40, 131
Kodama H 352
Kok DJ 23
Koning K de 262
Koper Limbourg, H.A.G. 217, 246
Kott RW 417
Koutsotolis K 472
Kozub, G.C. 153
Kramer, T. 2
Krausman PR 180
Krebs, J.R. 368
Krehbiel, C.R. 105
Krivi GG 209
Kugler WG 337
Kulisek P 497
Kutlu, H.R. 355
Kutsuli P 240
Kyriazakis, I. 99, 177, 503
Laborde, H.E. 374
Lacey, J.R. 113
Laconde C 319
Laes Fettback C 70
Lafontaine S (ed.) 366, 369
Lagriffoul G 366
Laignel G 76
Lajoie L (ed.) 366, 369
Lal, M. 129
Lal RC 332
Lambert MG 152, 449, 450
Lana K 130
Landau S 247, 254
Landau S (ed.) 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255
Lankin VS 379, 422
Lanza A 167
Lanza M 167
Lapeyronie P 32
Larbi A 504
Lardon S 107
Lawoko CRO 126
Le Jaouen JC 236
Le Pendu, Y. 460
Le Trong, T. 298
Leboeuf B 496
Lecomte C 369
Ledda, A. 363
Ledoux, D.R. 413
Lee GJ 502
Lee SM 176
Legrain M 431
Leite, E.R. 221
Leith, D.E. 179
Leng RA 479
Leps J 497
Levy F 312
Lewis, A. 323
Lhuillier C 107
Li MouZhao 476
Li MZ 476
Libeau R 103
Licitra G 184
Lienard G 76
Lizaso G 455
Lloyd, D.M. 271
Lloyd DM 470
Locatelli A 312
Loerch, S.C. 166, 172
Lombeck I (ed.) 80
London JC 311
Lopez F 201
Lopez Ortiz, G. 499
Lopez Trujillo, R. 33
Lowe, G.D. 164
Lowry, J.B. 48
Lozano, J.M. 283
Luchinger R 416
Luckas B (ed.) 80
Ludden, P.A. 501
Lutge BU 300
Lynch JJ 479
Lysyk, T.J. 306
Ma H 59
Maasland, S.A. 42
Mackinlay, A. 205
Macleod, I. 354
MacRae, J.C. 190
Madrid, J. 46, 360
Madsen, L. 203
Makkar, H.P.S. 3
Malorgio GA 482
Malpaux B 496
Manda M 181
Manfredi E 366
Manrique E 45, 112
Marais, J.P. 5
Marie, S. 151
Marino V 288
Marletta D 184, 185
Marr PJ 459
Marshall, J.T.A. 57
Martin, G.B. 428
Martin GB 275
Martin, H.M. 52
Martin, L. 404
Martyniuk E 443
Masala G 11
Masters, D.G. 414
Masters, D. G. (David G.) 91
Mata, G. 414
Matsui, T. 338
Matsumoto, H. 88
Matsuzawa, Y. 12
Mattas K (ed.) 313
Maublanc, M.L. 460
Maughan OE 180
Mayer, L. 93
Mayes, R.W. 183
McAllister, T.A. 306
McAndrews K 6
McCartney, D.H. 173
McClelland, L.A. 153
McClure, K.E. 164, 166, 172
McCrabb, G.J. 486
McCutcheon, S.N. 394, 410
McDonald, B.J. 486
McDougald NK 378
McDowell, L.R. 371
McFarland, I. 487
McGilp, I.M. 143
McKellar, Q.A. 299
McKeon, G.M. 200
McMahon, L.R. 306
McMillen, S.R. 425, 467
McMurphy, R.M. 179
McNeilly AS 402
McQueen, R.E. 77
McWhir, J. 437, 438
Mebus C 56
Medina M 204
Mehaia, M.A. 294
Mehta SC 444
Meissner D (ed.) 80
Mendizabal FJ 455
Mendizabal JA 455
Merbach W (ed.) 80
Mercer GJK 142
Merchen, N.R. 141
Merrick NC 509
Merwe, G.D. van der. 370
Metawi, H.R.M. 372
Meuret, M. 106
Michalek J 497
Michalet Doreau, B. 186
Michelberger, T. 2
Miller, D.W. 428
Miller, S.M. 227
Mills O 1, 34
Milton, J.T.B. 428
Minot EO 345
Minton, J.E. 179
Mir, P.S. 173
Mir, Z. 173
Miron, J. 17
Mishra, S. 163, 301
Mitcham, S. 108
Mnzava AEP 16
Mohamed Saleem MA 420
Mohapatra PS 329
Moio, L. 363
Molenat G 32
Moon SH 111, 176
Morand Fehr P 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 317, 469
Morchoine C 319
Morgan CT 13
Morgan, J.B. 162
Mori Y 41
Morkramer G 481
Morrical, D. 64, 330, 400
Morris, S.T. 394, 410
Mortimer SI 502
Moseley, G. 375, 376
Mtenga, L.A. 183
Mtengeti, E.J. 375, 376
Muggli J 488
Mugnozza GS 20
Mullen BF (ed.) 263, 446, 447, 448
Mullen J 395
Muller J 262
Muller M 80
Muller M(ed.) 80
Murphy MC 407
Murray, L.W. 383
Murray LW 103
Murray, M. 299
Muscio A 146, 495
Mustafa, U. 387
Muwalla, M.M. 494
Muwanga, G.M. 143
Mysterud, I. 344
Nachman, P. 383
Nagamine S 43
Nagashima H 282
Nakanishi Y 181
Nakao, T. 187
Nancarrow, C.D. 57
Napoleone M 254
Napolitano F 288
Nash, A.D. 52, 55
Nasholm A 87
Nastis, A.S. 290
Nathanielsz, P.W. 26
Nayak MP 329
Ndlovu, L.R. 223
Nefzaoui, A. 133, 435
New Zealand. Animal Welfare Advisory Committee. 63
New Zealand, NZ Meat & Wool Boards' Economic Service. 228, 279, 350
Newbold, J.R. 182
Newman, J.A. 368
Newman JA 405
Newsome T 440
Ngugi, K.R. 296
Ngugi, R.K. 346
Nguyen Quang Suc 267
Nguyen The Hung 267
Nicholson, J.W.G. 77
Niezen, J.H. 265
Nigi, H. 88
Nigris F de 337
Nippo MM 6
Nishikawa, H. 432
Nishimura M 352
Nitis IM 130
Nivsarkar AE 444
Njwe, R.M. 365
Nolan, J.V. 99, 197
Nolan JV 479
Nordblom, T.L. 341
Norton, B.W. 131
Nowak, R. 287, 348
Nsahlai, I.V. 71
Nunes AF (ed.) 107, 393
Nunez M 204
Nurnberg K 219
Nusser, M. 280
Nwe TM 181
Nyamangara, M.E. 223
O'Doherty, J.V. 122
O'Donnell, C.J. 195
O'Reagain, P.J. 144, 145
Ochilov KD 241
Odagiri, K. 12
Odeyinka, S.M. 119
Ogeur P 364
Ohkura S 349
Okazaki T 342
Okuyama E 342
Olaizola A 45, 112
Oldham, J.D. 177
Olson, B.E. 113
Olsson K 384, 409
Oosting, S.J. 306
Orgeur, P. 287, 434
Orr, R.J. 305
Orskov, E.R. 133
Os M van 140
Osty PL 107
Otte, K. 58
Owen, E. 183
Owen Smith, R.N. 144, 145
Oxfam. 281
Ozturkcan, O. 355
Padbury JF 62
Paez, J.A. 115
Page CR 333
Pailan, G.H. 292
Paliwal VK 84
Panopulu E 240
Papachristou, T.G. 290
Papadopoulos, G. 226
Papanagiotou E (ed.) 313
Parker, D.S. 134
Parker, W.J. 394, 410
Parkes JP 95, 478
Parkins, J.J. 299
Parrott, R.F. 271
Parrott RF 470
Parsons, A.J. 305, 368
Parsons AJ 405
Parsons, R. 10
Parthasarathy S 285
Passera, C.B. 347
Passey, R. 205
Pathak, N.N. 222
Patnayak BC 78
Paton, D. 404
Paz M de 204
Peacock, C. P. 281
Pelletier J 496
Penning, P.D. 183, 305, 368
Penning PD 405
Pennisi P 167
Penny CD 397
Pepin, M. 208
Perevolotsky A 247
Perkins, A. 194
Perrachon J 337
Perry, A.M. 169
Peter, D.W. 412
Peter, J.R. 412
Peters KJ 70
Pethick, D.W. 138
Petit, M. 49, 286, 498
Petrie N 126
Pflueger, B. 203
Phillips, A.J. 169, 188
Phillips PA 343
Phillips RL 378
Photiou, A. 178
Picard M 388
Pickles G 270
Pierce KL 60
Piggott, N.E. 18
Piggott, R.R. 18
Piketty V 312
Piotrowski J 430
Piper LR 479
Pluske, J.R. 327
Pobel T 496
Poindron P 312
Polachic, D. 229
Pomares CC 325
Pond KR 448
Porter, R.H. 287
Portugal AV (ed.) 107, 393
Posse, G. 424
Powell, J. 296, 346
Powell JM (ed.) 420
Prabaharan R 284
Pradhan, R. 147
Pralomkarn, W. 40, 131
Prasad VL 250
Price, E.O. 110, 268
Proffitt, A.P.B. 277
Provenza, F.D. 100, 165, 231
Provenza FD 9, 361
Prud'hon, M. 106
Prytherch, S. 143
Pulgar, M.A. 360
Pulina G 11, 408
Purchas, R.W. 121
Purroy, A. 411, 455
Putra S 130
Quiles, A. 25, 171, 362
Rafiq M 466
Rai, S.N. 163, 301
Ralphs, M.H. 165
Ramanzin, M. 406
Ramirez, A. 25, 171, 362
Ramirez de la Fe AR 272
Ramirez MC 171
Randle HD(ed.) 6, 31, 295, 379, 386, 388, 422
Rankins, D.L. Jr. 8
Rattner D 247
Rave, G. 66
Rawat PS 199
Rawat YS 234, 377
Reale D 127
Reddy SJ 81
Reed, J.D. 320
Regan JW 60
Rekik M 382
Renard C 420
Reniero, F. 406
Resko, J.A. 194
Revilla R 112
Reynolds, L. 429
Rhind, S.M. 425, 467
Rhodes RC 6
Ricard E 366
Richards RW 67
Richardson, G.M. 257
Richman, L. 385
Richman, L.M. 96
Rieutort, Laurent. 442
Rigby, R.D.G. 412, 415
Riley, P.R. 238, 439
Riley PR 237
Rillo, L. 363
Ritchie, W.A. 438
Ritchie WA 437
Rittenhouse LR 67
Riyazuddin 199
Robbins K 212
Robertson, J.A. 173
Robertson, S.S. 26
Robinson, S.D. 309
Robinson, S.R. 26
Robles, A.B. 347
Roche, R.J. 54
Rodriguez, A. 93, 387
Rodriguez JL 204
Rogalski M 29
Rogdakis E 44, 240
Rognant R 369
Roh, H. 66
Rohrseitz K 471
Rojas, A. 404
Romero C 45
Romney, D.L. 183
Rosa G de 288
Roselli, C.E. 194
Rossi G 408
Rota, A. 404
Rothel, J.S. 208
Rotunno T 495
Rouel J 76
Rousselot MC 155
Rowe, J.B. 138
Roy SP 109
Rozell, B. 58
Rubino R 248
Rubino R (ed.) 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255
Rueda BR 60
Ruekgauer, T. 383
Ruiz I 50
Rushen J (ed.) 6, 31, 295, 379, 386, 388, 422
Russo G 20
Rutter SM (ed.) 6, 31, 295, 379, 386, 388, 422
Rwegoshora RT 16
Ryniewicz Z 258
Rzepecki R 443
Sagara, M. 88
Sahai R 444
Sahlu, T. 160, 298
Said, A.N. 320
Saikia, B.N. 222
Saikia, G. 222
Saikia S 137
Saithanoo, S. 40, 131
Sako, T. 88
Salem HB 256, 421
Saliki JT 56
Samanta AK 109
Sambraus HH 367
Sanders, M.R. 412, 415
Sanders, S.K. 162
Sankhyan SK 78
Santucci PM 245
Sanz MR 50
Sargison ND 397
Sasaki, M. 88
Sastry, V.R.B. 47, 225
Sato S 31
Sauvant, D. 92
Savithri HS 39
Schaal B 364
Schiavon, S. 406
Schlink, A.C. 48
Schneider HJ 80
Schoeman, S.J. 507
Scholtz, A.J. 370
Schoute JFT(ed.) 262
Scobie DR 509
Scollan, N.D. 94
Scott, C.B. 100
Scott CB 361
Scott PR 397
Seal, C.J. 134
Seamark RF 282
Sedivec, K. 83
Selinger, L.B. 306
Senapati PK 109
Sendalo, D.S.C. 183
Seoane, J.R. 154, 156
Seow, H.F. 208
Serra, A.B. 102
Serra, F.B. 102
Serra, S.D. 102
Serrano A 242
Sevi A 146, 495
Shah, N.A. 387
Shain, D. 323
Sharp P 261
Sheath GW 260
Shelton HM 263, 446, 447, 448
Shelton, I.D. 120
Shiga A 43
Shinde AK 78
Shinozaki K 352
Shivik, J.A. 85
Shupe WL 103
Siddiqui 273
Sigwald JP 369
Sihite E 446
Sikkema K 308
Sim, D.A. 174
Sinclair, L.A. 182
Singh BP 332
Singh MR 332
Singh SP 234, 377
Sinulinga SE 446
Sivanaryana G 81
Skolasinski W 136
Slavov R 21, 269
Slyter, A.L. 321, 322
Smeets R 441
Smith, G.C. 162
Smith, G.M. 72
Smith, G.S. 8
Smith JW 504
Smith KE 65
Smith MC 509
Smith, W.D. 125
Smotherman, W.P. 26
Snowder, G.D. 391
Soden D 310
Solter D 318
Sommer JM 59
Sommer M 337
Soret B 455
Sotillo, F. 25, 171, 362
Sousa FB de 457
Southern, L.L. 289
Souza J de 337
Souza Neto J de 457
Speijers EJ 275
Spencer, T.E. 198
Spoorenberg J 126
Stafford KJ 126, 191
Stamouli, S. 359
Stangassinger, M. 66
Staten NR 209
Stear, M.J. 299
Steel, J. 356
Steele M 490
Stephens, M. 259
Stern, M.D. 293
Stevenson, I.R. 230
Stewart, C.A. 414
Stewart, H.J. 238, 439
Stewart HJ 237
Stobart, R.H. 391
Stormshak, F. 194
Strachan WD 397
Strappazzon L 395
Stur WW 263, 447
Stuth, J.W. 221
Suda, K. 304
Sudekum, K.H. 66
Sukanten IW 130
Sullins J 378
Sumner RMW 403
Sun FJ 282
Surdis I 240
Susin, I. 166, 172
Sutherland C 440
Sweden, Svensk Husdjursskotsel. 451
Swiderek WP 136
Swift DM 67
Szantar Coddington MR 19
Szovatay G 335
Tabbaa, D. 432
Taferrant H 252
Taibi L 495
Tajuddin I 263, 447
Takeuchi Y 41
Tanaka T 474
Tanida H 474
Tanner M 16
Tarawali, G. 365, 420
Tatum, J.D. 162
Tawfeek, F. 494
Tchelet A 209
Teh, T.H. 160, 298
Ternouth, J.H. 159
Teruel A 45
Tewatia BS 84
Teyssier J 32
Theriez M 76, 260
Theriez M (ed.) 260
Thirunavukkarasu M 284
Thomas T 243
Thomas VM 417
Thomson, E.F. 339, 340, 341
Thomson RD 333
Thornley, J.H.M. 368
Tilbrook AJ 325
Tillet Y 312
Tobioka, H. 147
Toit PCV du 97, 98
Tolkamp, B.J. 119
Tombarkiewicz B 398
Tomoda, I. 88
Toussaint G 433
Tovar, J. 404
Travers, M.T. 53
Trenbath, B. R. 506
Tseng YT 62
Tsuchiya Y 43
Tumbleson, M.E. 168
Turner M 212, 324
Turzillo, A.M. 239
Uchida S 130
Udo, H.M.J. 278
Uemo N 31
Uhlik P 497
UK, British Society of Animal Science. 35
UK, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. 465
UK, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 213
UK, Scottish Office, Agriculture and Fisheries Department. 114
UK, University of Exeter, Agricultural Economics Unit. 214
UK, University of Wales, Welsh Institute of Rural Studies. 211
Umunna, N.N. 71
Umunna NN 373
Unruh, J.A. 179
Upton J 310
Urbaniak, M. 149
Vallerand F 463
Van Houwelingen KM 308
Van Niekerk, F.E. 370
Van Os M 140
Vandenheede M 150, 220, 388
Varshney, V.P. 129
Vastardis, J. 358
Veeneklaas FR (ed.) 262
Venter DJ 343
Vere, D.T. 307
Verma, A.K. 47, 225
Vermunt JJ 126
Versteegden, C.J.G.M. 119
Victoria. Agriculture Victoria. 483
Vidal D de L 45
Videv V 21
Vij PK 444
Villalba, J.J. 374
Villalobos, G. 323
Villar A 201
Vincent M 32
Vipond, J.E. 151
Vipond JE 331
Visser, J.A. 507
Vlacil R 118
Volesky, J.D. 196
Vonghia G 295, 386
Waghorn, G.C. 120, 121, 265
Waghorn GC 464
Waghorn, T.S. 265
Wakita, M. 304, 351
Walkden Brown SW 275
Wall R 65
Wallace, D.S. 299
Wallace, J.M. 353
Wallace MC 180
Wang CC 59
Wang, J. 231
Wang, L. 274
Wang, L.Q. 314
Wang XueZhong 218
Wang XZ 218
Wang, Y. 121
Wang YinKui 476
Wang YK 476
Waran, N.K. 143
Ward CE 427
Warren, J.T. 344
Warriss, P.D. 169, 188
Waschek JA 62
Washizu, T. 88
Watanabe S 181
Watkins, P.E. 169, 188
Webber, L.N. 5
Webby RW 333
Wedderburn, M.E. 74
Weisenberger ME 180
Welch D 302, 303
Weniger JH 311
West DM 126
Wester, T.J. 105
Wever C 262
White, C. L. (Colin L.). 1949 91
White, D.H. 200
Whitney, J.B.R. 257
Wickham, G.A. 394
Wiedmeier, R.D. 165
Wiegand, R.O. 320
Wikeem B 440
Wilkes TJ 16
Williams, I.H. 327
Williams, J.E. 168
Williams, K.E. 113
Williams, S. 162
Williams TO (ed.) 420
Wilman, D. 375, 376
Wilmut, I. 437, 438
Winter, A. 389
Woht, J.E. 371
Wolfensohn, S.E. 10
Wolfert HP 262
Wong, C.H. 26
Wood, P.R. 208
Woodland, A.D. 195
Woodward DF 60
Wright, V.E. 18
Wu RF 342
Wu RuFeng 342
Wulf, D.M. 162
Yadav BL 273
Yamada A 175
Yamanaka MK 56
Yarkova Yu 21
Yee WL 27
Yilma T 56
Yool AJ 60
Yoon, I.K. 293
Yosef, E. 17
Yoshikawa, Y. 12
Yoshimoto T 474
Young DW de 180
Youngs, C. 64
Zanda A 11
Zarazaga, L. 128, 283
Zeng, S.S. 210
Zervas, G. 226, 358, 359
Zervas NP 255
Zervas NP (ed.) 44, 112, 419, 463, 472, 477
Zhang B 475
Zhang, J. 161
Zhang RL 218
Zhang RuLei 218
Zhang, Y. 297
Zioganas C 472, 477
Zioganas CM 313
Zwart, D. 278


Go to: Author Index | Subject Index | Top of Document


Subject Index

17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 194
2,4-d 83
2,4-db 73
2-oxoglutarate 304
2emes-rencontres-autour-des-recherches-sur-les-ruminants 155
4th-International-symposium-on-animal-nutrition 461
4th-International-symposium-on-the-nutrition-of-herbivores 260
5'-untranslated-region 239
abandoned-land 497
abattoirs 458
abortion 148, 432, 444
acacia-aneura 227
acacia-saligna 3
acceleration 30
acceptability 500
access 464
accuracy 221
acetates 94
acetyl-coa-carboxylase 53
acid-base-equilibrium 154, 156
acid-treatment 99
acidified-milk 441
acreage 465
activated-carbon 147
adaptation 217, 220
adipocytes 455
adipose-tissue 53, 94
adjustment-of-production 459, 472
adolescent-animals 353
adoption 217
adrenal-cortex 54, 181
adrenal-medulla 181
adults 58
advertising 18
agave-tequilana 499
age 127, 219, 288, 311, 387, 389, 455, 508
age-at-first-conception 68
age-at-first-kidding 68
age-at-first-lambing 68, 172, 444
age-at-first-mating 68, 110, 444
age-at-weaning 172
age-differences 10, 96, 268, 278, 321, 322, 344
aggression 148, 275
agonistic-behavior 404
agonistic-behaviour 148, 275
agricultural-censuses 114, 465
agricultural-credit 93
agricultural-households 216
agricultural-land 7
agricultural-manpower 114, 407, 465
agricultural-regions 309
agricultural-research 233, 481
agricultural-situation 114, 465
agricultural-structure 213, 465
agroforestry 4, 263, 440, 447, 448
agroforestry-systems 4, 14, 86, 263, 446, 447, 448
agropastoral-systems 93
agropyron-desertorum 385
agrosilvopastoral-systems 4
aircraft 180
albania 7
alfalfa 158, 173, 294
Alfalfa-as-feed-Australia-Victoria-Congresses 483
alfalfa-hay 92, 166, 172, 177, 320, 355, 358
alfalfa-meal 231
alfalfa-pellets 177
alfalfa-silage 173
alkali-treatment 99
alkanes 5
alpha-tocopherol 72
alphas-casein 205
alpine-vegetation 280
aluminium 80
American-Dairy-Goat-Association-Directories 334
amides 37
amines 140
amino-acid-sequences 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 198, 239, 274, 314, 343, 439
amino-acids 134, 141, 149, 190, 304, 414
ammonia 123, 140, 149, 297, 304
ammonia-treatment 358, 360
ammoniated-feeds 8, 358, 360
ammonium-nitrogen 133, 141, 158, 178, 304
anaesthesia 191
ancillary-enterprises 393, 418
androgens 150, 275, 434
andropogon-gerardii 196
androstenedione 194
anemia 10, 139
anestrus 283
anglo-nubian 40, 131
angora 148, 160, 236, 385, 399
animal-behavior 26, 30, 74, 143, 188, 460
animal-behaviour 6, 24, 28, 31, 35, 41, 75, 103, 126, 150, 170, 180, 181, 220, 272, 286, 288, 349, 364, 367, 379, 388, 422, 458, 474, 489
animal-breeding 249, 330, 448
animal-competition 101
Animal-culture-France 442
animal-diseases 250
animal-experiments 24, 474
animal-health 1, 21, 217, 247, 263, 357, 380, 448, 451
animal-housing 20, 335, 398
animal-husbandry 4, 35, 69, 136, 170, 200, 242, 248, 252, 254, 257, 258, 273, 333, 339, 367, 390, 399, 430, 440, 441, 487
animal-nutrition 48, 50, 71, 90, 186, 197, 199, 217, 242, 264, 317, 332, 389, 428, 435, 448, 451, 452, 466, 488
animal-parasitic-nematodes 356
animal-physiology 20
animal-production 21, 118, 217, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 263, 264, 285, 320, 333, 336, 365, 401, 430, 431, 436, 441, 447, 453, 466, 481, 488, 490, 491
Animal-production-and-rural-tourism 107, 393
animal-proteins 274
animal-tissues 58, 274
animal-welfare 15, 28, 30, 42, 75, 126, 143, 146, 169, 170, 180, 191, 192, 207, 271, 287, 335, 397, 458, 470, 489
anion-exchange 2
anions 2, 154
Anisotome-antipode; Durvillea-antarctica 95
anorexia 207
anosmia 312
anthelmintics 40, 278, 390
anthocyanidins 320
anthrax 278
antibodies 288
antibody-formation 432
antinutritional-factors 84
anus 23
Aphodius-ater 471
aquatic-insects 27
arable-farming 114, 116, 212, 213, 214, 407, 465, 492
aragonese 283, 411, 455
argentina 115, 424
arginine 343
arid-climate 232
arid-grasslands 97
arid-regions 101, 385, 466
arid-zones 252, 436
arkansas 210, 233
Arles-Merino 32
aroma 363
aromatase 194
artemisia-tridentata 96, 296, 346
arteries 158
artificial-insemination 90, 419, 451, 496
artificial-rearing 146, 288
aspartate-aminotransferase 143
aspartic-acid 42, 304
aspergillus-oryzae 293
attachment; Merino 23
australia 18, 48, 82, 132, 195, 307, 486
automatic-feed-dispensers 431
automation 366
autoregulation 198
autumn 290, 509
availability 232
avena-sativa 374
aversions 231
avoidance-conditioning 24, 100
awassi 309, 339, 355
bach-thao-goats 267
bacterial-count 381
bacterial-protein 168
bags 71
baits 478
balance-sheets 213
balance-studies 154
balochistan-province 387
bananas 4
barley 134, 153, 156, 177, 190, 231, 292, 294, 340, 355, 381, 407, 411, 412
barley-hay 178
barley-pulp 94
barley-silage 306
barley-straw 159, 178, 360, 423
barns 273
batinah-goats 69
beans 407
beef 15, 18, 215, 216, 228, 262, 350, 395, 482
beef-cattle 215, 228, 279, 333, 390, 501
Beef-cattle-Feeding-and-feeds-Australia-Victoria-Congresses 483
beef-production 333
beet-pulp 122, 423
beetal 222, 292, 301
behavior 165, 434
behavior-patterns 12, 25, 85, 202, 235
behaviour 9, 19, 27, 41, 65, 137, 146, 148, 150, 170, 180, 181, 220, 261, 275, 288, 345, 348, 367, 456, 471
Berber 252
beta-adrenergic-agonists 161
beta-galactosidase 327
Bethmale-cheese; Garbet-cheese 315
beverages 431
bicarbonate 2
biceps-femoralis 291
bioassays 413
bioavailability 17
biochemical-polymorphism 240, 241
biochemical-techniques 61
biochemistry 59, 237
biodegradation 182
biological-control 83
biological-development 58
biomass 96, 144, 145, 347
biomass-production 426
biotechnology 39, 56, 60, 237, 282, 318, 342, 343, 351, 352, 437, 485
birth-weight 4, 32, 68, 70, 104, 172, 202, 311, 353, 354, 365, 373, 414, 479
biting-rates 92, 106, 305
bitterness 47, 225
blackhead-persian 507
blastomere 282
Bleu-du-Maine 219
blood 43, 123, 148, 158, 181, 275, 325, 370, 470
blood-chemistry 8, 94, 147, 154, 181, 225, 298
blood-composition 40, 169, 188, 384
blood-flow 134, 158
blood-lipids 37
blood-meal 149, 189
blood-picture 147, 168
blood-plasma 24, 37, 72, 94, 105, 128, 134, 143, 159, 160, 161, 166, 172, 289, 292, 327, 338, 371, 410, 412, 415, 428, 467, 470
blood-protein 40, 143, 292, 299
blood-proteins 241
blood-sampling 143
blood-serum 8, 40, 105, 122, 179, 194, 226, 413
blood-sugar 8, 88, 134, 166, 172, 292, 371, 410
Body-composition-of-sheep-and-goats; Body-condition-of-sheep-and-goats 50
body-condition 32, 128, 166, 172, 174, 201, 325, 387, 411
Body-condition-of-sheep-and-goats 32, 455
body-fat 131, 219, 411, 455
body-protein 411
body-temperature 123, 202, 335
body-weight 8, 66, 68, 70, 87, 105, 128, 129, 137, 139, 143, 148, 162, 163, 166, 168, 174, 178, 222, 247, 268, 271, 278, 292, 294, 298, 311, 370, 391, 411, 412, 414, 416, 455, 466, 475, 480, 494, 502
boer-goats 264
bonding 103
bone-weight 131
bones 80, 159, 413
border-disease-virus 432
border-leicester 479
botanical-composition 33, 78, 82, 95, 96, 106, 151, 176, 185, 196, 223, 261, 290, 326, 373, 377, 476
bowl-drinkers 431
brachiaria 183
brachiaria-mutica 222
brain 42, 194
branching 426
brassica-napus 375, 376
breadfruits 246
break-even-point 115
breed-differences 69, 70, 172, 218, 219, 240, 321, 322, 331, 416, 425, 507, 509
breeding 20, 89, 310, 337, 419, 441, 443
breeding-efficiency 69
Breeding-of-sheep-and-goats 443
breeding-season 172, 247, 275, 290, 496
breeding-value 87
breeds 240, 247, 258, 387, 488
British-Society-of-Animal-Science 35
browse 95, 176, 234, 246, 296, 302
browse-plants 82, 106, 232, 290, 504
browsing 96, 106, 247, 449, 450
browsing-damage 14
bruises 266
brush-control 96
bucks 50, 275
bulk 503
bulls 191, 293
butter 316, 441
butylamine 37
byproducts 448
calcium 17, 43, 159, 480
calcium-hydroxide 156
california 73, 85
calves 42, 77, 234, 293, 323, 431
calving-rate 350
canonical-analysis 404
canopy 424
CAP 276, 319
capital 214
carbohydrate-metabolism 182
carbohydrates 94, 184
carbon 2
carbon-dioxide 94, 129
carbonate-dehydratase 314
carcass-composition 50, 139, 142, 153, 219, 299, 308
carcass-grading 50
carcass-quality 130, 138, 266, 387, 445
carcass-weight 131, 138, 162, 219, 289, 291, 412
carcass-yield 47, 121, 219
carcasses 50, 87, 218, 219, 266, 455, 473
carissa 320
carissa-edulis 320
carpinus-orientalis 290
carrying-capacity 113, 339, 347
case-studies 307
casein 125, 149, 304, 358
cashmere 160, 425, 475
cassava-peel 135, 246
castration 150, 275, 329
catecholamines 181
cation-exchange 2
cations 154
cats 88
cattle 61, 82, 83, 88, 115, 196, 498
cattle-breeds 429
cattle-diseases 390
cattle-farming 7, 113, 114, 116, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 276, 279, 319, 350, 407, 429, 459, 492
cattle-feeding 144, 145, 420
cattle-housing 398
cattle-husbandry 115
cell-lines 56, 208, 318, 437, 438
cell-walls 92
cells 237
cellulose-digestion 133
cenchrus-ciliaris 375
censuses 118
central-nervous-system 192
centrifugation 71
cereal-byproducts 93
cereals 114, 213, 407, 420
chaff 224
characterization 39, 209, 229, 351, 399
Charollais 416
cheese-quality 493
cheesemaking 34, 36, 38, 89, 236, 244, 248, 255, 315, 401, 418, 433, 462, 488, 491, 493
cheeses 34, 36, 38, 89, 118, 244, 248, 255, 315, 316, 336, 381, 393, 401, 418, 441, 462, 463, 491, 493
chemical-composition 17, 33, 46, 47, 66, 69, 71, 77, 94, 119, 121, 168, 176, 178, 222, 223, 225, 226, 296, 297, 306, 346, 358, 360, 376, 414, 476
chemical-control 16
chemical-vs 73
chios 68
chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase 485
chloride 2
chloris-gayana 375
chlorophyll 48
chop-length 177
chromatography 209
chromium 289
chromogen 48
chromosome-inversion 16
citrus-pulp 359, 503
classification 45, 112, 421
climate 267
clones 58, 238, 342, 354, 439
cloning 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 198, 205, 208, 209, 237, 239, 274, 282, 318, 342, 343, 351, 402, 437, 438
clover-silage 187
clovers 13
cobalt 390
cocoa 4
cofactors 304
coffee 4
cold-resistance 394
cold-stress 394, 410
collagen 291
color 162
colostral-immunity 64
colostrum 64, 122, 202, 348, 391
colour 65, 241
comisana; delle-langhe 1
communication- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system s 419
comparisons 58, 67, 239, 302, 319, 439
compensatory-growth 70, 371
complementary-dna 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 61, 198, 205, 208, 209, 237, 238, 239, 274, 342, 439
complementation 352
complete-feeds 167
composition 79, 104, 155, 167, 232, 357, 430, 480, 503
computer-software 369
concentrates 93, 104, 147, 161, 163, 185, 201, 218, 222, 226, 294, 304, 332, 359, 381
concentration 72, 159, 428
conduction-anesthesia 179
conformation 488
consciousness 42
conservation 95
constraints 81, 86
consumption 482
continuous-grazing 377
control 16, 270, 378, 478
control-programmes 390
controlled-grazing 22
controlled-release 128
cooking-losses 151, 179
cooperation 270
cooperative-credit 93
cooperative-farm-enterprises 93, 203
copper 370, 390, 413
coppice 7
copulation 268
corpus-luteum 60, 467
correction-factors 400
correlation 353
Corriedale 337
Corsican 419
cortex 403
cost-benefit-analysis 113, 115
cost-functions 195
costs 116, 117, 212, 216, 324
cottonseed 84
cottonseed-oilmeal 163, 292, 301, 355, 356
cover-comb-shearing 394
cover-crops 447
cowpeas 325, 428, 500
cows 35, 84, 89, 114, 209, 262, 316, 369, 461, 465, 493
coyotes 85
crab-waste 77
creatine-kinase 143, 271
credit 457
creep-feeding 166
crop-density 73
crop-enterprises 339, 340, 341
crop-management 339, 340
crop-production 426
crop-quality 73, 144, 145
crop-residues 4, 226
crop-yield 73, 263, 339, 340, 426, 447
crops 212, 214, 216, 395, 407, 429, 465
cross-commodity-impacts 18
crossbreds 40, 131, 222, 249, 292, 301, 321, 322
crossbreeding 87, 142, 199, 218, 219, 245, 249, 269, 337, 416
crosses 218, 219, 249, 269, 337, 416, 479
crossing 233
crude-fiber 46, 102, 294
crude-protein 46, 66, 102, 122, 123, 133, 160, 163, 166, 176, 178, 189, 221, 225, 246, 290, 298, 301, 358, 385, 391, 411, 476, 504
cryptorchidism 142
cultivars 13, 426
cultural-control 378, 440, 447
-cultural-weed-control 73
customary-law 387
cutting 13, 42
cycling 420
cynodon-dactylon 158
cytochrome-p-450 54
cytochromes 342
cytogenetics 16
cytosol 39
cytotoxicity 208
dactylis-glomerata 49, 426, 498
dairy-cattle 369, 461
dairy-cows 17, 293
dairy-farming 34, 38, 86, 114, 116, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 236, 243, 262, 276, 319, 336, 337, 395, 407, 419, 465, 492
dairy-farms 1, 21, 38, 76, 86, 114, 116, 204, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 236, 254, 262, 308, 315, 316, 317, 328, 336, 366, 401, 407, 433, 465, 491, 492, 493
dairy-goats; meat-goats 258
dairy-industry 316, 419
dairy-performance 89, 90, 244, 245, 435, 451, 488
dairy-research 89
dairy-wastes 168
damage 132
damascus 68, 178
dams 32, 70, 311, 434
dams-mothers 353
dark-cutting-meat 179
data-collection 369
data-processing 369
DDT 16
deamination 304
decision-analysis 92
decision-making 18
deep-litter-housing 109
deer-farming 86
deficiency 80
defoliation 297
dehydration 409, 470
demand 107, 393
demonstration-farms 418
depot-fat 161, 289, 291, 412
deserts 3, 378
design 431
desmodium-intortum 375
destruction-of-animals 192
deuterium-oxide 406
development 125, 282, 369, 491
development-aid 481
development-projects 4, 93, 481
dhofari-goats 69
diagnosis 56
diameter 391, 403, 509
dianthus-caryophyllus 46
diarrhoea 207
dichrostachys-cinerea 320
diet 33, 68, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 129, 132, 139, 141, 147, 153, 168, 196, 221, 222, 293, 294, 297, 304, 323, 355, 358, 361, 363, 378, 383, 406, 413, 424, 485
dietary-fat 37, 501
dietary-minerals 17, 168, 226, 338, 413
dietary-protein 105, 123, 124, 129, 149, 160, 161, 163, 178, 290, 292, 298, 301, 391, 411, 414, 425
diets 69, 95, 97, 98, 320, 405, 423, 476, 497, 503
digesta 92, 196
digestibility 8, 17, 33, 37, 46, 48, 66, 71, 77, 82, 119, 120, 121, 133, 141, 147, 154, 156, 158, 172, 173, 177, 178, 183, 185, 186, 190, 221, 222, 225, 296, 306, 320, 346, 358, 359, 360, 375, 376, 423, 499, 501
digestible-energy 94, 476
digestion 71
digestive-absorption 2
digestive-tract 99, 105
dihydrotestosterone 194
dimensions 275, 405
discrimination 65
disease-control 365, 390
disease-prevention 10
disease-resistance 265, 299
disease-vectors 16
diseases 267, 390
dispensers 431
distillery-effluent 499
distribution 274
diurnal-variation 133, 261
diversification 107, 393
dna 60, 62, 161, 237, 342, 343, 402, 485
docking 6
dogs 88
domestic-markets 18, 193
domestic-production 193
dominance 367
dormancy 144
dorper 23, 108, 507
Dorset 218
dorset-horn 321
dosage-effects 5, 94, 99, 320, 413
dressing-percentage 47, 131, 162, 219, 289
drinking 409, 431
drinking-water 17, 384
drought 200, 216
drug-resistance 285, 390
drug-therapy 390
dry-farming 309
dry-feeding 327
dry-matter 5, 8, 37, 46, 71, 79, 92, 105, 106, 119, 120, 123, 129, 133, 147, 149, 160, 163, 166, 172, 173, 222, 246, 265, 289, 291, 292, 296, 301, 346, 391, 411, 423, 476, 501, 504
dry-period 411
dry-season 33, 48, 290, 326, 338, 377
Drysdale 509
dung-beetles 471
dung-patches 300
duodenum 141, 149
duration 141, 187, 413
dwellings 16
dynamic-models 368
dynamic-programming 368
early-weaning 170
east-friesian-sheep-breed 337
econometric-models 193, 195, 307
economic-analysis 21
economic-evaluation 115, 387
economic-impact 18, 193, 276, 307, 324
economic-situation 215
economics 4, 21, 76, 199, 243, 244, 247, 249, 252, 276, 332, 407, 444, 445, 463
economies-of-scale 407
ectoparasites 23
education 457, 508
effects 150, 170, 171, 180, 181, 434, 496
efficacy 499
efficiency 189, 313, 472
egg-albumen 414
egypt 372
ejaculation 110
elasticities 18
electric-current 191
electrical-stimulation 291
electroejaculation 126, 191
electroencephalography 192
ELISA 56
elymus-lanceolatus 385
elymus-smithii 8
embl 54
embryo-mortality 174, 467
embryo-transfer 282, 353, 438
embryonic-development 282, 438
embryos 282, 318, 437, 438, 467
employment 107, 114, 284, 421, 465
endometrium 198, 237, 238, 439
energy 218
energy-balance 92, 406
energy-content 99, 153
energy-intake 50, 105, 122, 158, 165, 166, 177, 291, 298, 355, 358, 359, 428, 452, 501, 509
energy-metabolism 461
energy-retention 406
energy-sources 480
energy-value 222
england 169
enteritis 267
entomopathogenic-protozoa 27
enucleation 437
environment 204, 361
Environmental-and-land-use-issues 45
environmental-degradation 11
environmental-factors 251, 507
environmental-impact 11
environmental-temperature 109, 123, 169, 384, 410, 470
enzyme-activity 8, 88, 133, 143, 194, 327
enzymes 8, 39, 59, 241
eosinophils 181
epidemiology 432
epinephrine 179
eptc 73
equations 92, 221, 404, 413
eragrostis-curvula 374
eragrostis-tef 320
eroded-soils 74
erosion 11, 74
errors 195
erythrocytes 88, 299
esophagus 196
estimation 195, 286
estradiol 194, 198, 272, 467
estrogen-receptors 198
estrogens 272
estrone 194
estrous-cycle 128
estrus 268, 496
ether-extracts 46
ethiopia 71
EU 15
EU-regulations 319
euphorbia-esula 83, 113
European-Association-of-Agricultural-Economists 313
european-union 15
euthanasia 192, 389
evaluation 110, 251
evolution 58
ewe-feeding 79, 167, 172, 174, 330, 357, 359, 480, 494, 495
ewe-lactation 43, 159, 166, 185, 226, 337, 341, 414, 480
ewe-milk 1, 21, 34, 43, 68, 79, 89, 118, 161, 166, 167, 185, 204, 226, 260, 294, 327, 357, 358, 359, 363, 366, 391, 393, 408, 419, 441, 463, 480, 493, 494, 495
ewes 1, 19, 21, 24, 32, 34, 35, 43, 49, 68, 74, 76, 79, 84, 87, 89, 103, 122, 127, 128, 136, 159, 161, 166, 167, 168, 172, 174, 184, 185, 197, 198, 201, 202, 204, 209, 226, 238, 240, 262, 268, 272, 294, 312, 321, 322, 330, 337, 344, 348, 349, 353, 357, 358, 359, 366, 370, 380, 391, 394, 397, 408, 411, 412, 414, 415, 417, 419, 435, 439, 441, 443, 444, 445, 460, 461, 463, 466, 467, 479, 480, 494, 495, 496, 502
exercise 138
exon-intron-boundaries 239
exons 205, 239
expenditure 18
experimental-diets 99, 154
experimental-infections 124, 139
export-markets 18
exports 316, 466
extension 86, 457, 508
extensive-farming 219
extensive-husbandry 32, 70, 242, 245, 253, 255, 380
extensive-livestock-farming 44, 226, 321, 322, 454, 482
extensive-production 454
extracts 175
fabaceae 48
factor-analysis 21
faeces 204
faidherbia-albida 320
family-farms 313, 468
family-labour 284
farm-budgeting 113, 427
farm-comparisons 249
farm-dairies 36, 236, 401, 418, 462, 493
farm-enterprises 418
farm-families 216
farm-income 107, 114, 116, 203, 211, 212, 213, 216, 313, 324, 350, 372, 382, 407, 465, 492
farm-indebtedness 279
farm-inputs 195
farm-management 210, 214, 324, 333, 341, 453, 477
farm-planning 214
farm-results 116, 117, 211, 212, 215, 216, 228, 249, 279, 324, 350, 407, 492
farm-sector 395
farm-size 279, 395, 457, 472, 477
farm-surveys 114, 116, 211, 212, 213, 216, 246, 324, 350, 407
farmers 18
farmers'-attitudes 387
farmers'-income 114, 213, 465
farming 329
farming-systems 1, 112, 242, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 263, 309, 339, 420, 447, 448, 454, 457, 482
farming-systems-research 206
farms 4, 260, 321, 322
fasting 49, 129
fat 455
fat-percentage 289
fat-thickness 138, 162, 291
fats 155, 480, 495
fattening 500
fattening-performance 50, 93, 218, 219, 355, 451, 499, 500, 501
fatty-acids 79, 166, 179, 358, 359, 410
fearfulness 150, 220, 379, 388
feasibility-studies 256
feather-meal 189
feces 40, 48, 221, 299, 346, 406
feces-collection 33
feces-composition 5, 48, 71, 383
fecundity 370, 479
feed-additives 293
feed-conversion 68, 105, 119, 147, 160, 163, 173, 177, 178, 190, 222, 225, 292, 294, 301, 355, 500, 501
feed-conversion-efficiency 99, 130, 135, 146, 189, 244, 451
feed-deprivation 143
feed-evaluation 120, 121, 144, 145, 265, 375
feed-formulation 35, 99, 355, 381
feed-grains 363
feed-intake 5, 8, 9, 37, 46, 48, 49, 66, 68, 71, 77, 82, 93, 99, 105, 106, 109, 119, 121, 123, 125, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140, 145, 147, 149, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 166, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 183, 186, 189, 197, 223, 224, 227, 231, 234, 246, 261, 286, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 301, 305, 320, 346, 355, 359, 371, 375, 376, 381, 391, 394, 405, 406, 411, 423, 501, 502, 503, 504, 507
feed-requirements 330
feed-supplements 40, 76, 122, 133, 197, 201, 219, 341, 356, 391, 412, 428, 448, 479, 504
feed-troughs 464
feeding 9, 21, 35, 84, 164, 201, 224, 254, 260, 361, 413, 420, 427, 464, 469
feeding-behavior 92, 187, 223, 305, 374, 507
feeding-behaviour 9, 16, 23, 67, 109, 111, 140, 152, 224, 232, 286, 361, 449, 450
feeding-habits 78, 97
feeding-preferences 5, 9, 48, 49, 73, 78, 82, 96, 99, 100, 101, 106, 165, 177, 231, 232, 286, 355, 361, 368, 377, 378, 385, 498
feedlots 218, 224
feeds 21, 204, 226, 246, 330, 448, 464, 499, 503
feet 23
female-animals 74, 456
female-fertility 68, 69, 87, 308, 373, 380, 444, 451
female-genitalia 397
female-labour 284
fencing 113
fermented-solids 499
ferry-transport 169
fertility 285, 339, 496
fertilizers 350, 420
festuca 424
festuca-arundinacea 375
festuca-gracillima 424
fetus 26, 58, 353, 364
fiber 3
fiber-content 8, 66, 92, 133, 294, 358, 406, 411, 423, 501
fiber-quality 391
fibre 155, 176, 403
fibres 403, 509
fiji 356
filtration 71
finishing 219, 445
finnish-landrace-sheep-breed 321, 322
Fiore-Sardo-cheese; Pecorino-Romano-cheese; Pecorino-Sardo-cheese 89
fire-effects 144
fiscal-policy 215
fish-meal 149, 153, 186, 189, 411, 412, 414
fistulation 99
fixed-costs 407
flavor 151, 165, 231
fleece 132, 410
fleece-weight 132, 160, 321, 425
flockbooks 90
flocks 332, 380, 443
floor-area 143
floor-space 273
floors 75
flourensia 383
flourensia-cerna 383
flow 141, 149
flowers 426
fluctuations 93
fluorescence 383
flushing 380, 467
fodder 3, 7, 163, 365, 446, 504
fodder-legumes 13, 48
fodder-plants 263, 446, 447, 448
folic-acid 39
follicles 415, 467, 485
food-animals 215, 390
food-composition 94
food-consumption 107
food-deprivation 169, 470
food-intake 9, 332
food-preferences 100
forage 7, 92, 111, 172, 186, 190, 221, 222, 260, 320, 326, 338, 347, 374, 375, 377, 424, 448
foraging 67, 100, 235, 361
forbs 95, 196, 378, 476
forecasts 262
foreign-exchange 228
forest-plantations 440
forest-trees 377, 440
forests 86, 234, 440
formaldehyde 178, 187
formic-acid 187
formulations 72
france 49, 106, 169
fraxinus-ornus 290
free-range-husbandry 115, 221, 344
French-Alpine 90
French-Saanen 90
frequency 201
fresh-cheese 493
fresh-cheese; Brousse-du-Rove 36
fright 150, 388
fsh 275, 325, 415, 428, 467
fuelwood 7
fungi 8
G-proteins; homology 343
garrigue 106
gas-chromatography 363
gas-production 296
gastrointestinal-diseases 265
gatt 15
genbank 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 198, 239, 274, 314
gene-cloning 352
gene-expression 39, 53, 56, 58, 61, 198, 208, 209, 314, 439, 485
gene-frequency 240, 241
gene-transfer 485
genes 59
genetic-correlation 475
genetic-distance 240
genetic-engineering 351, 352
genetic-equilibrium 240
genetic-improvement 87, 443, 448
genetic-polymorphism 240, 241
genetic-variation 426
genetic-vectors 208
genetics 16
genitalia 23
genotype-nutrition-interaction 502
genotypes 502
geographical-variation 432
German-Blackheaded-Mutton 219
gliricidia-sepium 119, 135, 246
globulins 40
glucagon 289
glucocorticoids 191, 470
glucose 94, 134, 148, 165, 181
glucose-tolerance-test 289, 414
glutamic-acid 42
glutamine 327
glycine 39
glycine-hydroxymethyltransferase 39
glycogen 138
glycogenolysis 179
gnrh 239, 275, 402
gnrhr-gene 239
goat-breeds 40, 69, 70, 131, 210, 222, 249, 252, 264
goat-diseases 250, 267
Goat-farmers-United-States-Directories 334
goat-feeding 80, 119, 135, 155, 178, 222, 246, 285, 298, 317, 357, 381, 420, 462, 500
goat-housing 273
goat-keeping 81, 86, 217, 247, 249, 256, 273, 284, 382, 396, 421, 508
goat-lactation 384, 409, 469
goat-meat 47, 244, 252, 254, 382
goat-milk 36, 38, 68, 104, 155, 163, 178, 210, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 254, 255, 258, 298, 301, 315, 316, 317, 328, 336, 357, 366, 369, 381, 382, 393, 401, 404, 406, 418, 433, 451, 462, 463, 488, 490, 491, 493
goats 3, 25, 33, 40, 46, 68, 69, 74, 83, 96, 102, 106, 115, 119, 129, 131, 160, 163, 178, 183, 210, 217, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227, 235, 246, 257, 278, 280, 290, 292, 298, 301, 347, 356, 360, 362, 385, 387, 396, 404, 406, 425, 429, 500
Goats-Breeding-Tropics 281
Goats-Health-Tropics 281
Goats-Nutrition-Tropics 281
gonadotropins 325
gopherus-agassizi; brassica-tectorum; grazing-behaviour 378
gossypol 84
grain 340
granulosa-cells 467
grass-meal 503
grass-silage 122, 140
grass-sward 144, 145
grasses 95, 101, 151, 152, 175, 176, 196, 234, 263, 296, 302, 363, 377, 378, 385, 405, 447, 449, 450
grassland-improvement 263
grassland-management 11, 97, 98, 144, 145, 426, 453
grasslands 4, 11, 13, 78, 97, 144, 145, 260, 270, 300, 302, 378, 469, 476, 497
grazfeed-simulation-model 82
grazing 4, 11, 14, 29, 40, 73, 74, 78, 82, 97, 98, 103, 108, 121, 144, 145, 152, 167, 174, 176, 183, 184, 185, 218, 223, 226, 234, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 261, 265, 270, 286, 295, 300, 302, 303, 337, 338, 361, 373, 378, 405, 412, 426, 440, 441, 449, 450, 469, 476, 478, 497
grazing-behavior 49, 106, 235, 368, 385, 498
grazing-behaviour 29, 185, 270, 302, 303, 478
grazing-behaviour; Galium-harcynicum 497
grazing-behaviour; Rhododendron-mucronulatum; Rhododendron-schlippenbachii 176
grazing-effects 73, 277
grazing-experiments 101
grazing-systems 86, 97, 326, 337, 452, 454
grazing-time 49, 302, 305, 498
greece 226, 290, 358, 359
greek 240
green-manures 420
grooming 41
gross-margins 116, 211, 213, 214, 407
ground-cover 347
group-size 130
groups 333
growth 32, 50, 70, 87, 120, 121, 137, 142, 176, 218, 219, 227, 242, 263, 265, 288, 311, 325, 331, 373, 416, 435, 443, 445, 451, 473, 485, 496, 509
growth-models 452, 453
growth-rate 10, 40, 68, 125, 135, 139, 153, 164, 344, 353, 365, 370, 425
growth-stages 449, 450, 498
guanine 59
guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase 59
gustatory-stimulation 26
haemoglobin 241
haemonchus-contortus 299, 356
hair 244, 247, 254
hair-follicles 425
handbooks 214
handling 170, 266
harvesting-date 297
harvesting-losses 340
hay 5, 8, 111, 158, 166, 175, 224, 246, 286, 346, 374, 381, 383, 423
heart 105
heart-rate 143, 180, 188, 271
heat-production 129, 410
heat-stress 207, 384, 409, 486
heathlands 302
hedysarum-coronarium 265
heifers 49
helminth-ova 40
helminthoses 267
helminths 278, 390
hematocrit 10, 40, 134, 139, 271
hemicelluloses 66
hepatic-artery 158
hepatic-vein 158
herbage 13, 82, 175
herbivores 368
herds 369
heritability 475, 502
hexokinase 88
hides-and-skins 252, 254, 466
highlands 226
hilaria-mutica 383
hill-grasslands 74, 174
histochemistry 274
histology 132, 325, 403
history 247, 399
homosexuality 194
hormone-receptors 62, 198, 238, 239, 439, 467
hormone-secretion 105, 128, 194, 271, 283, 415, 428, 467
hormones 62, 150, 209, 272, 343
horns 367
horses 58, 88
horticulture 213
host-parasite-relationships 27
host-seeking-behaviour 65
hosts 27
household-surveys 257, 508
households 284
housing 109, 146, 329, 380, 473
husbandry 170, 244
husks 500
hybridization 351
hybrids 233
hydrocortisone 24, 30, 126, 143, 148, 181, 271, 288, 371, 384, 409
hydrogen-ions 2
hydroxides 156
hygiene 136
hypomagnesaemia 43
hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase 59
igg 122
Ile-de-France 416
immune-response 55, 288
immunity 124, 125
immunization 275, 412, 415
implantation 496
imported-breeds 309
imports 193
improvement 115
in-vitro 2, 282, 304
in-vitro-digestibility 71, 144, 385
in-vivo-maturation; in-vitro-maturation; fusion; in-vitro-development 282
incidence 204, 266
income 284
india 163, 222, 225, 292, 301
Indian-Journal-of-Small-Ruminants 285
infection 41
infestation 132
infiltration 277
inflation 215, 228
infrared-spectroscopy 196, 221
infusion 99, 134
inheritance 485
injection 485
innovation-adoption 81, 307, 419, 457
innovations 217
inoculum 71, 227
input-cost-share 195
insecticides 16
insulin 88, 94, 105, 134, 161, 166, 172, 179, 289, 412, 414, 415, 428
insulin-like-growth-factor 58, 105, 161, 412, 428
intake 17, 78, 104, 152, 184, 185, 218, 234, 261, 384, 405, 409, 449, 450, 454, 476
integrated-crop-and-sheep-enterprises 339
Integration-of-ruminants-into-plantation-systems-in-southeast-Asia 263, 446, 447, 448
intensification 477
intensive-husbandry 70, 201, 219, 255, 416, 426
intensive-livestock-farming 108, 253
interactions 345
interest-rates 215, 228
interferon 439
interleukins 52, 55
International-Committee-for-Animal-Recording 369
International-Committee-for-Animal-Recording; recorder-jar 366
international-comparisons 319
international-cooperation 491
international-trade 15
interspecific-competition 101
intestinal-absorption 134, 190
intestinal-mucosa 327
intramuscular-injection 10
intraperitoneal-injection 72
introduction 309
introns 239
inversion-polymorphism 16
investment 345
ion-balance 154
iron 10
irrigated-farming 216
irrigated-stands 73
irrigation 280
isoenzymes 271
isolation 170
israel 17
jabal-akhdar-goats 69
jordan 494
karagouniko 358, 359
Karakul 241
keeping-quality 162
keratin 485
keteku 429
kid-feeding 47
kidding 25, 362
kidding-rate 69, 298
kidneys 8, 164, 370, 413
kids 47, 68, 70, 74, 96, 104, 146, 170, 278, 345, 431
kinetics 159, 208, 237
kochia-scoparia 360
korean-native 176
l34337 54
l42178 314
l42937 239
l43841 239
l43842 239
l77967 274
l77968 274
laboratory-diagnosis 56
labour-productivity 332
labour-requirements 214, 255
lactate-dehydrogenase 271
lactating-females 305
lactation 43, 84, 185, 293, 298, 301, 337, 357, 381, 384, 409, 411, 452, 461, 469, 494
lactation-curve 408
lactation-duration 68, 337, 444, 488
lactation-stage 43, 174, 226, 357, 406, 414
lactic-acid 179
lactic-acid-bacteria 293
lactobacillus-plantarum 173, 306
lactose 359, 391
lairage 75
lamb-fattening 93
lamb-feeding 64, 153, 189, 190, 206, 291, 306, 330
lamb-meat 18, 94, 107, 151, 162, 179, 193, 291, 307
lamb-production 13, 76, 195, 206, 307, 308, 311, 321, 322, 394, 479
lambda-cyhalothrin 16
lambing 122, 201, 318, 321, 389, 437
lambing-interval 372
lambing-rate 4, 69, 172, 308, 321, 322, 350, 494
lambing-season 331, 444
lambs 6, 9, 10, 15, 20, 28, 64, 68, 74, 79, 87, 94, 100, 105, 121, 124, 125, 127, 142, 143, 149, 151, 153, 154, 159, 162, 164, 166, 168, 169, 179, 189, 190, 202, 219, 231, 265, 287, 288, 289, 291, 293, 295, 297, 299, 306, 308, 311, 323, 330, 335, 339, 344, 348, 349, 355, 361, 364, 370, 371, 380, 383, 386, 391, 394, 411, 414, 416, 427, 431, 432, 434, 435, 445, 460, 466, 479, 480, 494, 507
land-diversion 114
land-management 7, 319
land-use 7, 45, 326, 482
landscape-conservation 380
lard 501
large-scale-husbandry 389
lasers 383
Launea 232
leaf-age 426
leaf-meal 135
learning 9, 361, 474
learning-ability 9, 67
leases 83
leaves 119, 121, 227, 320, 358, 426
legislation 15, 89, 319
legumes 13, 29, 152, 263, 405, 420, 447, 449, 450
length 426
less-favoured-areas 107, 313
leucaena-leaf-meal 135
leucaena-leucocephala 119, 129, 246, 320
leukemia 208
leymus 385
lh 128, 275, 325, 415, 428, 467
lidocaine 179
life-history 230
light-regime 496
lighting 20
limbs 24
limiting-amino-acids 323
linear-models 257
linear-programming 341
linseed 407
lipid-peroxidation 162
lipids 94, 155, 495
lipopolysaccharides 41
liquid-diets 431
literature-reviews 293
lithium-chloride 9
litter 75, 204
litter-size 68, 70, 174, 197, 247, 294, 308, 321, 322, 365, 372, 391, 443, 444
litter-weight 68, 298, 322
liver 8, 39, 65, 72, 105, 158, 164, 370, 412, 413
livestock 86, 242, 395
livestock-farming 3, 11, 86, 116, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 276, 307, 313, 319, 350, 393, 407, 459, 465, 482
livestock-numbers 114, 215, 228, 262, 429, 451, 465, 477, 508
liveweight 159, 169, 184, 188, 227, 299, 387, 452
liveweight-gain 13, 14, 40, 77, 93, 99, 105, 119, 120, 123, 125, 130, 135, 147, 154, 160, 162, 166, 168, 172, 173, 176, 177, 222, 223, 225, 263, 289, 291, 323, 327, 345, 353, 355, 371, 373, 381, 391, 410, 411, 412, 420, 447, 500, 501, 507
living-standards 313
llamas 106
loading 266
localization 274
logit-models 257
loglinear 257
lolium-multiflorum 297, 375
lolium-perenne 120, 305, 368, 375, 376, 426
longissimus-dorsi 289
loose-housing 273
lorries 169
lotus-corniculatus 121
lotus-uliginosus 120
louisiana 297
lowland-areas 102
lucerne 167
lucerne-hay 79
lungs 105
lupins 197, 325, 414, 428
lying 143
lymphocyte-antigens 61
lymphocyte-transformation 208
macrophages 52, 208
macropus-rufus 101
magnesium 17, 43
magnesium-hydroxide 156
maintenance 171, 325
maize 79, 129, 158, 166, 172, 292, 301, 320, 501
maize-byproducts 246
maize-cobs 501
Major-and-trace-elements 80
male-animals 230
males 219, 275
mali 278
Malpura 444
Maltese 252
mammary-gland-fat-pad 161
mammary-glands 161, 209
man 58, 239
management 4, 76, 90, 109, 137, 201, 216, 219, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 253, 255, 267, 308, 310, 329, 373, 380, 440, 445, 466, 469, 488
manufacture 36, 315, 336, 401, 418, 462
marginal-land 421
markers 5
market-prices 193
marketing 36, 244, 247, 252, 254, 307, 315, 324, 393, 418, 466, 491, 505, 508
marketing- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system 463
markets 206, 266, 331
mass 105
massese 1
mastication 111, 187, 376
mastitis 136, 267
maternal-behaviour 87, 171, 272, 295, 312, 348, 349, 386
maternal-nutrition 353, 354, 370
mathematical-models 18, 71, 387
mating 496
mating-behavior 110
mating-preferences 194
maturity-stage 66, 111, 385
meal 77
meat 331, 393, 430
meat-and-bone-meal 323
meat-and-livestock-industry 18, 193, 307
meat-cuts 47, 162
meat-days 387
meat-hygiene 15
meat-production 87, 118, 201, 242, 245, 247, 248, 253, 260, 331, 336, 380, 436, 441, 443, 451, 466, 490
meat-quality 151, 179, 219, 291
meat-yield 47
meatless-days 387
mechanical-stimulation 349
medicago-sativa 73, 121, 265, 375
Mediterranean-grasslands 11
melatonin 128, 496
memory 349
merchants 387
Merino 348, 502
Merino; Body-condition-of-sheep-and-goats 201
Merino-Longwool 219
messenger-rna 53, 61, 198, 205, 208, 314, 402
metabolic-disorders 461
metabolic-inhibitors 2
metabolism 94, 181
metabolites 120, 121, 123, 134, 156, 179, 289, 298, 327
metabolizable-energy 46, 99, 182, 298, 341, 360
methane-production 129
methionine 187, 391
methodology 220, 286
mexico 33
mice 239
microbial-contamination 204
microbial-proteins 182
middlemen 387
migrant-farm-workers 446
milk 34, 43, 79, 159, 315, 366, 369, 381, 495
milk-composition 43, 79, 84, 167, 178, 247, 248, 255, 292, 293, 294, 298, 357, 358, 381, 480, 488, 495
milk-fat 79, 316
milk-fat-percentage 68, 163, 166, 298, 301, 359, 391, 404, 488
milk-fat-yield 80, 90, 155, 166
milk-flavor 494
milk-marketing 247, 463, 491
milk-meters 366
milk-processing 89, 357, 433, 491, 493
milk-production 21, 34, 89, 159, 184, 204, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 254, 255, 260, 262, 316, 317, 328, 339, 382, 408, 419, 433, 441, 463, 488, 490, 493
milk-products 247, 357, 441, 463
milk-protein-percentage 163, 166, 301, 359, 391, 411, 488
milk-protein-yield 80, 90, 155, 166
milk-quality 89, 451
milk-recording 90, 366, 369, 451
milk-recording-results 451
milk-yield 35, 68, 79, 80, 84, 90, 155, 161, 163, 166, 167, 178, 184, 185, 201, 226, 240, 242, 247, 255, 292, 293, 294, 298, 301, 317, 337, 358, 359, 381, 382, 391, 404, 406, 408, 411, 420, 462, 466, 480, 488, 494
milk-yielding-animals 226
milking 201
milking-machines 204
milking-parlours 366
mineral-content 102, 338, 358, 413
mineral-deficiencies 390
mineral-metabolism 43
mineral-nutrition 289
mineral-supplements 10, 413
minerals 43, 80, 176, 448
Minerals-in-animal-nutrition-Congresses 91
mixed-farming 76, 114, 213, 280, 420, 492
mixed-grazing 83, 97, 103, 280
mixed-pastures 368
mixtures 189, 197, 263, 447
mode-of-action 293
model-validation 82
models 11, 41, 92, 309, 340, 341, 401, 405, 408, 454, 459
moisture-content 173
molasses 381
molecular-conformation 205
molecular-genetics 59
molecular-sequence-data 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 198, 205, 239, 274, 314, 439
molting 425
monetary-parity 215
monetary-situation 228
monitoring 333
montana 113
moorlands 302
morphology 471
mortality 68, 80, 199, 224, 230, 244, 278, 308, 339, 344, 365, 389, 432, 444
mothering-ability 19
mouflon 460
mountain-areas 236, 249, 280
mountain-areas ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system 112
mountain-grasslands 22, 344, 377
movement 12, 85, 266
mowing 73
multipurpose-trees 504
multivariate-analysis 195, 497
multivariate-error-components-model 195
municipal-refuse-disposal 257
muscle-contraction 179
muscle-weight 131
muscles 291
mustard-oilmeal 225
mustard-protein-concentrate 47
mutants 352
mutations 352
muturu 429
nad 304
nadh 304
natural-grasslands 338, 339, 341
natural-mating 467
near-infrared-reflectance-spectroscopy 221
neem-seed-cake 47, 225
nematode-control 124, 356
nematode-infections 265, 299, 356
nematode-larvae 124
nematodirus-battus 124
neonates 348
net-present-value 115
neuroleptics 191
neurotransmitters 349
new-journals 285
new-south-wales 101, 197
new-zealand 22, 74, 121, 265, 394, 410, 426, 452, 453
New-Zealand-Grassland-Association 333
New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production 509
New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production; grazing-behaviour 261
newborn-animals 10, 202, 348, 364, 386
nigeria 119, 217, 246, 365, 429, 508
ningxia 338
nipple-drinkers 431
nitrate 2
nitric-oxide 349
nitrogen 3, 420
nitrogen-balance 8, 123, 227, 301, 320, 346
nitrogen-content 8, 120, 134, 346
nitrogen-cycle 182
nitrogen-fertilizers 297
nitrogen-metabolism 141, 227, 356
nitrogen-retention 160, 172, 290, 306, 374
noise 180
non-farm-income 213, 407
nonspecific-immunostimulation 288
norepinephrine 179
novel-foods 100, 165, 231
nuclear-transfer 318, 437
nuclei 318, 437
nucleic-acids 209
nucleoproteins 56
nucleotide-sequences 39, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 198, 205, 237, 239, 274, 314, 342, 343, 402, 439
nucleotides 237
nutrient-balance 94, 225
nutrient-deficiencies 159
nutrient-density 177
nutrient-intake 33, 353, 358, 413
nutrient-loading 165
nutrient-requirements 68, 231, 338, 417
nutrient-reserves 413
nutrient-transport 2, 88
nutrient-uptake 158
nutrients 154, 476
nutrition 142, 148, 267, 285, 310, 317, 325, 331, 348, 373, 380, 381, 455, 469, 479, 490, 495, 509
nutrition-physiology 135, 353
nutritional-disorders 84, 461
nutritional-state 43, 82, 124, 132
nutritive-ratio 177, 412
nutritive-value 8, 13, 73, 77, 83, 120, 121, 135, 173, 222, 265, 296, 306, 325, 326, 347, 357, 445, 499, 500, 501, 504
nylon 71
oases 382, 491
oat-hay 47, 129
oats 9, 197, 381
odours 364
oestrous-cycle 444
oestrus 444
off-farm-employment 280
offal 47
oilseeds 114
oklahoma 196, 210
olea-europaea 358
olfactory-organs 272, 312
olfactory-stimulation 349, 364
oman 68, 69
onobrychis-viciifolia 375
oocytes 282, 437
open-reading-frames 53
operant-conditioning 165
optimization- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system 472
opuntia-ficus-indica 133
oral-administration 72
oregon 96, 385
organic-farming 493
organic-foods 493
organic-matter 8, 46, 82, 411
organochlorine-insecticides 16
organs 164, 289
osmotic-pressure 99, 271, 409, 470
outturn 195
ovariectomized-females 198
ovariectomy 415
overgrazing 11
overhydration 384
overlap 377
oviducts 282
ovil-10-gene 52
oviposition 27
ovulation 283
ovulation-rate 128, 174
ownership 508
oxidation 94
oxygen-consumption 105, 129, 158
oxygenases 194
oxytocin 237, 238, 439
pacific-islands 356
paddocks 101
pakistan 280, 387
palatability 92, 165, 176, 286, 449, 478
palm-oils 79
pancreas 325
panicum-maximum 246
parasites 27, 59, 331, 390
parasitism 27
parasitoses 331
parental-behaviour 171
parity 311
particle-size 5, 92, 111
parturition 43
pasteurellosis 278
pastoralism 280
pasture-finished-lambs 206
pasture-growth 453
pasture-plants 326
pastures 7, 14, 83, 176, 185, 197, 206, 261, 263, 373, 426, 445, 447, 498
pathogens 27
pathology 27
patterns 263
pawpaws 4
peanut-oilmeal 129, 292
peas 381, 407
peasantry 4
pecorino-cheese 363
peer-relationships 460
pelleted-feeds 134, 177, 231
pellets 224
pelts 87, 241
pennisetum-clandestinum 5
pens 432, 464
Perendale; New-Zealand-Society-of-Animal-Production 403
performance 70, 86, 137, 146, 249, 264, 293, 494
performance-indexes 400
performance-recording 451
performance-testing 87, 110, 451
periodicals 285
permanent-grasslands 176
persistence 13
pest-control 270
pest-of-small-ruminants-virus 278
ph 2, 99, 123, 133, 138, 141, 147, 165, 172, 178, 179, 182, 291
pharmacokinetics 72
phenotypes 426
pheromones 275
philippines 102
phosphorus 17, 43, 159
photoperiodism 496
physical-activity 223
physicochemical-properties 375, 376
physiology 31, 35, 357, 471
picolinic-acid 289
pig-farming 407, 465, 492
pig-housing 398
piglet-feeding 327
piglets 327, 431
pigmeat 18
pigs 30, 88
pinus-radiata 14
placenta 353
placental-retention 444
placentophagy 362
plane-of-nutrition 70, 104, 105, 119, 122, 131, 139, 174, 190, 218, 219, 222, 225, 467
plant 405
plant-anatomy 376
plant-composition 49, 121, 320, 375
plant-density 14, 73, 347, 426, 450
plant-height 49, 144, 145, 152, 305, 445, 450
plant-morphology 375, 376, 426
plant-residues 320, 448
plantations 4, 446
planting 263
plasmid-vectors 351
play 434
pneumonia 207, 390
poaceae 48
poisoning 8, 478
pollutants 499
polymerase-chain-reaction 55, 61
polypay 166, 172
polyphenols 320
population-density 132
population-pressure 280
population-structure 230
portal-circulation 158
portal-vein 158
postmortem-changes 179
postpartum-period 122, 202
posture 143
postweaning-period 311
potassium 17
potatoes 381, 407
poultry 35, 204, 465
poultry-farming 407, 465, 492
poultry-housing 398
poultry-manure 17, 494
poultry-offal-meal 291, 323
predation 103, 344
predator-prey-relationships 85
prediction 71
pregnancy 43, 104, 122, 148, 159, 174, 197, 298, 341, 348, 353, 354, 370, 406, 409, 414, 434, 452, 461, 494
pregnancy-rate 282
pregnancy-toxaemia 148
prenatal-period 26
prepartum-period 25, 197
preservation 173
preweaning-period 311
price-formation 387
prices 114, 118, 350
private-ownership 7
probiotics 293
processing 111
producer-prices 387
production 38, 56, 107, 118, 215, 216, 228, 244, 255, 260, 263, 308, 310, 311, 317, 350, 393, 441, 447, 454, 457, 463, 465, 481, 482, 490, 502
production-costs 18, 22, 163, 195, 203, 214, 255, 284, 292, 372
production-functions 195
production-possibilities 380
production-structure 44, 262, 472
productive-life 321
productivity 70, 216, 332, 382, 395
productivity- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system 44
products 357
professional-services 401
profitability 18, 76, 116, 117, 118, 199, 206, 212, 215, 216, 228, 236, 307, 309, 324, 350, 444, 492
profits 113, 255, 341
progeny 32, 70, 311, 354, 434
progeny-testing 87, 451
progesterone 122, 194, 283, 467
progesterone-receptors 198
progestesterone 198
progestogens 272
projections 262
projects 249
prolactin 209, 271, 272, 412, 470
promoters 239, 485
properties 238
propionates 165
propionic-acid 2
prostaglandins 60
protected-fat 37, 79, 155, 480, 495
protected-protein 141, 163, 178, 225, 292, 301, 414
protein 218, 479
protein-concentrates 178, 292, 411, 412, 479
protein-content 94, 133, 139, 153, 225, 265, 292, 327, 467
protein-degradation 77, 140
protein-digestibility 149, 189, 227, 301
protein-efficiency-ratio 164, 323
protein-intake 105, 122, 166, 172, 292, 301, 355, 428, 509
protein-kinase 439
protein-kinase-c 439
protein-metabolism 356
protein-quality 323
protein-requirement 414
protein-sources 301, 323, 417
protein-supplements 124, 125, 135, 153, 186, 189, 299, 320, 356, 417, 479, 501, 509
protein-synthesis 182
protein-utilization 189
proteins 209
proteolysis 304
Provence-Alpes-Cote-d`Azur 36, 462
proximate-analysis 102, 173
proximity 460
psathyrostachys-juncea 385
pseudoroegneria-spicata 385
psorobia-ovis 132
puberty 161, 172, 268
puerperium 434
pulps 94
purification 39, 209
pyrethroids 16
pyridoxine 304
pyruvate-kinase 88
quality 107, 167, 286, 325, 354, 502, 509
quality-standards 433
quantitative-analysis 71, 94, 375
quercus 7
quotas 262, 319, 324
rabbit-pellets 231
radionuclides 398
radon 398
rails 464
rain 33, 387, 410, 432
rain-forests 4
rainy-season 338
Rajasthan,-India 444
rambouillet 296
rams 12, 87, 110, 126, 150, 191, 194, 268, 325, 372, 428, 435, 455, 460, 496
ranching 113
range-management 96, 115, 326
range-pastures 321, 322, 326
rangelands 7, 78, 96, 101, 115, 184, 234, 270, 326, 347, 377, 469
rape 77, 407
rapeseed-oilmeal 153, 381
rapid-amplification-of-the-ends 61
rare-breeds 468
ratios 135, 383
rats 58
receptors 60, 61, 62, 209, 237, 343, 402
recombinant-tumor-necrosis-factor 208
recombination 56
record-keeping 400
red-soils 277
refeeding 105, 371, 412
reference-standards 413
reflectance 221
refusal-rate 119
regions 45, 395
regression-analysis 372
regulation 402
relative-humidity 169
release 42
removal 287
renal-function 94
replacement 330
replacement-rate 324
reporter-genes 485
reproduction 27, 35, 49, 76, 104, 201, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 253, 255, 272, 308, 311, 325, 373, 408, 417, 435, 445, 451, 453, 454, 479, 496
reproductive-behavior 25, 362
reproductive-performance 110, 230, 365, 408
reproductive-physiology 362
research 89, 256, 348, 417, 448, 457, 481
research-institutes 89, 243
research-projects 339, 340, 341, 446
reserved-areas 326
residual-effects 420
resources 448
respiration-rate 123
respiratory-quotient 129
responses 26, 165, 447
rest 169, 458
resting-places 16
restraint-of-animals 179
restricted-feeding 143, 148, 172, 411, 470
retention 190
returns 18, 115, 116, 117, 212, 214, 215, 216, 256, 284, 332, 350, 427
reverse-transcription 205
reviews 84, 260, 317, 348, 357, 417, 454, 461, 466, 469
reviews- ID: Livestock-and-sustainable-nutrient-cycling-in-mixed-farming-systems-of-sub-Saharan-Africa 420
rice 9
Rigotte-de-Condrieu-cheese 418
risk 195
rna 161
rna-conformation 205
road-transport 30, 169, 188, 271
roads 30
roasting 141
romanov 51
Romney 509
roots 426
rotations 339, 341
roughage 71, 147, 226
round-bales 173
rubber-plants 263, 447, 448
rumen 71, 77, 147, 274, 351
rumen-bacteria 165, 293, 304, 351
rumen-contents 99, 123
rumen-development 314
rumen-digestion 5, 37, 92, 94, 120, 121, 149, 178, 323, 423
rumen-epithelium 2, 274, 314
rumen-fermentation 133, 134, 156, 165, 172, 177, 182, 186, 225, 293, 297
rumen-fluid 134, 182, 227, 304
rumen-gases 71
rumen-metabolism 120, 141, 178, 461
rumen-microorganisms 296
rumen-protozoa 133, 147
ruminants 264
rumination 111
rural-development 313
Rural-realities 459
rural-women 508
rye 111
ryegrass-hay 158, 304
s-p-ratio 425
saccharomyces-cerevisiae 293
salinomycin 304
saliva 30
sampling 102, 196
saskatchewan 229
saturated-fatty-acids 79
savanna-woodlands 246
scanning-electron-microscopy 471
Scenario-studies-for-the-rural-environment 262
scottish-blackface 174
scrublands 176
SDS-PAGE 209
sea-transport 464
seasonal-fluctuations 33, 96, 424, 425, 427
seasonal-variation 97, 98, 144, 280, 365, 377, 378, 426, 486
seasonality 387, 393
seasons 357, 485
second-messenger-systems 439
secondary-structure 205
seedlings 73
selection 19, 87, 361, 377, 405, 422, 435, 443, 488, 497, 502
selection-index 475
selection-program 400
selective-grazing 29, 78, 97, 98, 102, 113, 176, 184, 234, 261, 290, 300, 302, 303, 378, 385, 405, 449, 476, 497
selenium 370, 390
selling-prices 93, 508
semen 325
semen-production 275, 325
semiarid-climate 78
semiarid-grasslands 33
semiarid-zones 242, 252, 278
sense-organs 272
sensory-evaluation 47, 151, 493
separation 171
sequence-alignment 58
sequence-homology 58
serine 39
serological-surveys 432
serum 43
serum-albumin 299
sesbania-sesban 320
sesquiterpenes 363
sethoxydim 73
settlement 429
sex 142, 387
sex-differences 68, 70, 142, 150, 278, 311, 321, 344, 345
sexual-behavior 12, 283
sexual-behaviour 434, 496
sexual-development 110
sexual-maturity 230
sexual-reproduction 69, 365
shear-strength 179, 291
shearing 126, 394, 410
shearing-machines 410
sheep 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 17, 26, 30, 37, 42, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 61, 66, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 82, 83, 85, 88, 92, 93, 99, 101, 102, 108, 110, 113, 115, 123, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139, 141, 147, 158, 159, 165, 177, 182, 186, 187, 188, 196, 197, 203, 205, 208, 227, 230, 233, 239, 259, 266, 271, 274, 277, 280, 283, 304, 305, 314, 320, 326, 338, 344, 346, 354, 356, 368, 372, 374, 375, 376, 387, 400, 410, 413, 423, 424, 426, 428, 429, 432, 438, 452, 453, 487, 498, 499, 501, 505, 507
Sheep-Breeding-Australia-Victoria-Congresses 483
Sheep-breeding-in-arid-and-semi-arid-regions 435, 436
sheep-breeds 1, 23, 34, 166, 172, 218, 219, 233, 240, 259, 269, 337, 354, 386, 416, 441, 444
Sheep-China-Nutrition 392
sheep-diseases 23, 56, 207, 285, 310, 389, 390
Sheep-dogs-Training 484
sheep-dung 296, 471
sheep-farming 1, 7, 14, 22, 44, 45, 51, 64, 81, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 200, 203, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 228, 233, 259, 262, 276, 279, 313, 319, 324, 330, 333, 339, 340, 341, 350, 380, 389, 395, 400, 407, 436, 440, 441, 454, 459, 465, 468, 472, 477, 481, 486, 492, 505
sheep-feeding 4, 13, 120, 144, 145, 156, 182, 218, 260, 285, 310, 320, 325, 361, 370, 441, 480, 503
Sheep-Feeding-and-feeds-Australia-Victoria-Congresses 483
Sheep-France 442
sheep-housing 75, 136, 389, 398, 441
Sheep-Nutrition-Congresses 91
Sheep-Parasites-China 392
sheep-rumination 92, 143, 187
sheepmeat 76, 118, 260, 380, 482, 505
shetland-sheep-breed 229, 468
shock-waves 24
short-chain-fatty-acids 2
shrubs 33, 101, 232, 347, 378
silage 46, 122, 135
silage-fermentation 173
silage-making 306
silage-quality 140, 306
silvopastoral-systems 86, 263, 440, 446, 447, 448
simulation 181, 454
simulation-models 82, 193, 200, 230, 405, 408, 452, 454
size 25, 332, 426
skeletal-muscle 138
skin 132, 269, 335, 403, 412, 485
skin-diseases 267
skin-scurf 132
slatted-floors 75
slaughter 94, 455
slaughter-weight 47, 164, 291
sloping-land 86
Small-East-African 249
small-farms 51, 81, 229, 249, 256, 313, 372, 396, 399, 421
small-intestine 141, 327
smell 65, 272, 364
soaps 480
social-behaviour 103, 361, 367
social-change 280
social-dominance 404, 456
socioeconomic-status 199, 444
socioeconomics 252, 448, 466
sodium 2
sodium-bicarbonate 177
sodium-sulfide 65
Soft-cheese 493
soil 204
soil-compaction 277
soil-conservation 86
soil-degradation 11
soil-structure 277
soil-water 144
soil-water-content 277
solids-not-fat 301, 391
solubility 141, 291
somatic-cell-count 210, 391
somatoliberin 412, 415
somatotropin 105, 161, 209, 412, 415, 470
somatotype 176
Sonadi 444
sorghum 100, 374
sound-production 471
sounds 471
sources 184, 189
south-africa 144, 145
south-african-merino 507
south-dakota 321
south-east-asia 356
southdown 142
Soviet-Mutton-Wool 269
sown-grasslands 33, 151
sows 35
soyabean-oilmeal 79
soybean-husks 501
soybean-oil 37
soybean-oilmeal 77, 122, 134, 141, 149, 161, 166, 172, 178, 189, 299, 411
soybeans 428
space-requirements 143
spacing 263, 464
spain 46, 128, 347, 404, 411
spanish-goats 264
Spanish-Merino 201
spatial-distribution 85, 100, 460
species 405
species-differences 30, 61, 66, 67, 68, 102, 239, 314
species-diversity 144, 145, 234, 424
spergula-arvensis 375, 376
spermatozoa 496
spinal-cord 192
spleen 413
spring 74, 106
stability 306
stand-structure 144, 145
standard-comb-shearing 394
Staphylococcus-gallinarum 351
staple 509
starch 66
starvation 286, 371, 470
statistical-analysis 18
statistical-data 296
statistics 451
steers 66, 173, 293, 501
stems 121, 426
steppe-soils 424
steppes 424
stereotypies 41
steroidogenesis 194
stillbirths 444
stimulation 26, 268
stimuli 26
stochastic-models 368
stochastic-processes 195
stochastic-programming 368
stocking-density 146, 347, 373
stocking-rate 11, 83, 113, 200, 277, 341, 347, 373, 432
stolons 426
storage 331
storage-life 162
storage-quality 173
straw 75, 134, 320, 340
streptococcus-faecium 306
stress 24, 31, 126, 148, 180, 188, 191, 207, 267, 288, 470, 489
stress-factors 179, 287
stress-response 24, 143, 371, 486
stridulation 471
structural-change 276
structural-genes 52, 198, 239
structure 205, 240, 403, 463
stunning 42, 192
stylosanthes-hamata 365
subcutaneous-injection 72
subsidies 117
subsistence-farming 280
succession- ID: optimal-exploitation-of-marginal-Mediterranean-areas-by-extensive-ruminant-production-system 477
sucking 202, 345
suckling 127, 345, 349
sucrose-alpha-glucosidase 327
sudan 123, 257
suffolk-sheep-breed 142, 416
sugarbeet 407
sugarbeet-pulp 94, 177
sulfur 414
summer 74, 106, 290
supplemental-feeding-programs 64
supplementary-feeding 72, 125, 197, 218, 370, 428
supplements 79, 155, 184, 325, 381, 479, 480
supply 118
support-measures 117, 324
surgery 397
surveys 397
survival 168, 230, 321, 348, 353, 370, 479
survival-cost 230
susceptibility 124
suspensions 5
sustainability 22
sutures 397
Svensk-Husdjursskotsel 451
Swiss-Black-Brown-Mountain 416
Swiss-Brownheaded-Mutton 416
Swiss-White-Alpine 416
sympathetic-nervous-system 181
synergism 42
syria 339, 341, 432
systems 137, 251, 260, 263, 401, 462
t-lymphocytes 61
Tagasaste-Australia-Victoria-Congresses 483
tail 6, 291
tannins 3, 120, 121, 265
tanzania 183
targhee 172, 321, 322, 391
taste 26
tata-box 239
taxes 215
technical-progress 107, 457
techniques 437
technology 195, 307
technology-transfer 419
teladorsagia-circumcincta 125
temperature 291, 384, 470, 486
tensile-strength 391
terms-of-trade 215
tertiary-deposits 424
testes 194, 275, 325, 496
testosterone 194, 275, 434, 467
tests 498
tethered-housing 31
tethering 183
texas 221
Texel 219
textiles 393
thailand 40
thecal-cells 467
thirst 384
throat 42
thymocytes 55
thyroid-function 129
thyroxine 105, 129, 160
tillers 426
tissue-specificity; microinjection 485
tissues 80, 161
topsoil 277
total-solids 301
tourism 491
tourism-development 107, 393
tourist-expenditure 393
toxic-substances 9
toxicity 84, 390
trace-elements 17, 80
trade-in-animals 15, 207
traditional-farming 246, 278, 311
traits 230, 475
trampling 277
transcription 58, 198
transcription-start-points 239
transfer 318, 437
transgenics 485
transhumance 32, 112, 253, 255, 432
transit-time 92, 188
transitional-farming 22
transport 169, 181, 489
transport-of-animals 28, 30, 143, 169, 181, 188, 207, 224, 271, 371, 458, 464, 489
treatment 178
trends 276, 395, 441, 482, 492
triacylglycerols 37
trials 164
tribes 429
trichostrongylus 356
trichostrongylus-colubriformis 265, 356
trickle-infection 299
trifolium-repens 151, 305, 368, 375, 376
triiodothyronine 105, 129, 160
triterpenoids 47, 225
triterpenol-derivatives 225
trophoblast-interferon 439
tropical-crops 263, 447
tropical-forests 4
tropical-grasslands 48
tropical-rain-forests 4, 246
tropics 70, 137, 244, 250, 252, 253, 320, 329, 365, 373, 436, 441, 466, 473, 490
troughs 431
trypanosoma-congolense 139
trypanosomiasis 139
Tsigai 269
tube-feeding 64
tuberculosis 390
tubers 246, 381
tumor-necrosis-factor 208
tunisia 133
tussock-grasslands 424
twinning 25, 32, 68, 197
twins 202, 287
u10089 55
u11421 52
u17988 57
u25687 61
u25688 61
u28070 58
u30299 198
u30300 198
udders 25, 357
uk 266, 376, 389
uncertainty 18, 195
undegradable-protein-supplements 153
underfeeding 186, 415
undernutrition 105, 354
understorey 440
ungulates 180
unloading 266
unrestricted-feeding 66, 158, 159, 231, 291, 355
unsaturated-fatty-acids 79
untranslated-region 53
upland-areas 86, 102, 117, 174
urban-areas 257
urea 133, 158, 160, 189, 292, 356, 414
urea-molasses-block-supplements 356
urine 43, 154, 346, 406
urine-patches; grazing-behaviour 300
ursus-arctos 344
usa 193, 264, 296
usage 350
uterus 434
utilization 258
vaccination 278
vaginal-prolapse 397
Valais-Blacknose 416
value-added 215
variable-costs 407
vasopressin 343
vector-autoregressive-model 193
vector-control 16
vectors 352
vegetation 302, 303, 405
vegetative-period 49, 498
veins 158
veld 300
ventilation 432
verata 404
vermont 206, 468
victoria 14, 200
villages 365
villi 327
vinasse 499
viral-diseases 56, 285
vision 65, 474
vitamin-e 162
vitamin-supplements 162
vocalization 287
volatile-compounds 296, 363
volatile-fatty-acids 37, 123, 133, 134, 141, 165, 172, 178, 225, 461
volume 503
voluntary-intake 92, 119, 133, 163, 346, 374, 504
vomeronasal-organ 312
washing 47, 225
wastage 467
waste-utilization 448, 499
waste-water 499
water 204, 384, 409
water-balance 123
water-deprivation 143, 169, 470
water-erosion 7
water-holding-capacity 503
water-intake 123, 133, 143, 371, 384, 409, 507
water-temperature 384
water-use-efficiency 507
wavelengths 383
weaning 128, 151, 170, 327
weaning-weight 68, 172, 321, 322, 391, 494
weather-forecasting 200
weed-control 440, 447
weed-density 73
weed-management 73
weed-yield 73
weeds 73, 378, 440
weight 161, 289, 325, 353
weight-gain 320
weight-losses 178, 271, 371, 410, 415
west-african-dwarf 119
west-african-dwarf-goat-breed 135, 365, 373
western-australia 277, 309, 487
wet-feeding 327
wet-season 33, 78, 377
wethers 103, 150, 156, 173, 296, 359, 370, 413
wheat 9, 100, 134, 216, 231, 340, 361, 407, 503
wheat-bran 292, 355, 503
wheat-silage 66
wheat-straw 133, 358
whey-protein 391
white-fulani 429
wild-animals 95, 127, 180, 270, 302, 303, 456
wild-goats 227
wild-sheep 180
wind 410
winter 417
women 421
woody-plants 290, 377, 424
wool 118, 120, 227, 228, 325, 339, 350, 354, 391, 393, 403, 412, 414, 452, 485, 502, 509
Wool-China-Growth 392
wool-production 14, 118, 121, 193, 195, 199, 229, 233, 269, 322, 325, 354, 415, 417, 441, 444, 466, 473, 487, 502, 509
wordura 429
wyoming 296, 346
x80045 53
xanthan 5
xanthine 59
xerophytes 33
yeasts 293
yemen 326
yields 21, 73, 104, 122, 155, 167, 185, 278, 407, 480
yoghurt 441
yoruba 429
young-animal-diseases 250
young-animals 354, 431
zea-mays 375
zero-grazing 166, 246
zimbabwe 223
zinc 391
Ziziphus-jujuba; Arundinella-hirta; Lespedeza-hedysaroides 476
zygotes 485


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