United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare

Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates Resource Guide January 1992 - February 1999 AWIC Resources Series No. 5 March 1999 Updates Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Nonhuman Primates, 1987-1992 Updated by: Environmental Enrichment For Nonhuman Primates Resource Guide, AWIC Resource Series No. 32, July 2006 Editor: Michael D. Kreger, M.S. Animal Welfare Information Center USDA, ARS, NAL 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 Selected chapters of this document have been updated by Kristina Adams, Animal Welfare Information Center. Contact us : http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php Partial funding for this document comes from National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, Division of Animal Welfare.

Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates
Resource Guide

Contents

Acknowledgements
A Message from OLAW
Introduction
How to Use This Document
U.S. Laws, Regulations, and Policies for Environmental Enhancement for Nonhuman Primates

• Animal Welfare Act as amended (7 U.S.C. §§ 2131 et. seq.)
  
• Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations, Subchapter A, Section 3.81
  
• Sections from The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

Organizations and Websites (Updated November 2003 by Kristina Adams)
Primate Centers and Animal Colonies (Updated September 2003 by Kristina Adams)
Listservs (Updated December 2003 by Kristina Adams)
Products and Suppliers (Updated June 2004 by Kristina Adams)
Audiovisuals
Journals and Newsletters (Updated December 2003 by Kristina Adams)

Bibliography (January 1992 through December 1998):

1. Articles
   • General Environmental Enrichment
     
   • General Primate Enrichment
     
   • Enrichment Plans
     
   • Great Apes and Gibbons
     
   • Macaques
     
   • Marmosets and Tamarins
     
   • New World Monkeys
     
   • Old World Monkeys
     
2. Books and Conference Proceedings

Articles from the Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter
NOTE: The following articles have been approved by USDA for inclusion in the newsletter and are in public domain. Although they have been reviewed editorially, they have not been peer reviewed. The views expressed are those of the authors.

• Using Training to Enhance Animal Care and Welfare
  Gail Laule (1993), Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 4(1): 2, 8-9
  
  
• The Use of Behavioral Management Techniques to Reduce or Eliminate Abnormal Behavior
  Gail Laule (1993), Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 4(4): 1-2, 8-11.
  
  
• Environmental Enrichment for Captive Wildlife Through the Simulation of Gum Feeding
  Kathy Kelly (1993), Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 4(3): 1-2, 5-10
  
  
• Arguments for Single-caging of Rhesus Macaques: Are They Justified?
  Viktor Reinhardt (1993), Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 6(1): 1-2, 7-8
  
  
• Frequently Asked Questions About Safe Pair-housing of Macaques
  Viktor Reinhardt (1996), Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 7(1): 11
  
  
• The Wisconsin Gnawing Stick
  Viktor Reinhardt (1997), Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter 7(3-4): 11-12
  
  

Appendix A: USDA Final Rule on Environment Enhancement to Promote Psychological Well-Being--Section 3.81 (02/15/91 Vol. 56, No. 32, Federal Register, Pages 6426-6505)

National Agricultural Library Document Services

Web Policies and Links

Acknowledgements

The editor acknowledges the assistance of Nelson Garnett and Carol Wigglesworth of the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, Viktor Reinhardt of the Animal Welfare Institute, Joanne Oliva-Purdy of the Baltimore Zoo, and Ray Hamel of the Primate Information Center for their review of this document and useful suggestions. D'Anna Jensen helped with layout. Partial funding for this document comes from National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), Division of Animal Welfare.

A Message from OLAW

The National Institutes of Health has demonstrated a long-standing commitment to support AWIC's development of these resource documents. Earlier versions have proved to be beneficial to researchers and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees as they implement the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and comply with the Animal Welfare Act amendments that require environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates. This updated version will serve as a valuable compilation of literature on environmental enrichment since 1992. The NIH Office for Laboratory Animal Welfare is pleased to have had an opportunity to contribute to the development of this significant resource.

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

Introduction

The Library of Congress defines environmental enrichment as "enhancing the environment of confined animals in order to encourage natural behaviors and improve their quality of life." Environmental enrichment, also called behavioral enrichment, includes increasing the complexity of an otherwise unstimulating animal enclosure. This can include adding manipulable objects such as balls or boards for grooming and foraging, novel odors or food, or housing animals in compatible social groups. Environmental enrichment is a tool that can be used to improve the animal's psychological well-being by stimulating the ability to cope with daily changes in the social and physical environment, engaging the animal in species-typical behaviors, and reducing or eliminating maladaptive or pathological behaviors.

Environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates is not a recent concept. Zoo managers have long known about the benefits of a stimulating environment. In 1906, William Temple Hornaday, Director of the New York Zoological Park, encouraged visitors to come see the gorilla before it dies from "sullenness" and "lack of exercise". He did not expect the gorilla to live more than five months in captivity and relied on regular shipments of wild-caught nonhuman primates to replenish the zoo's stock. Carl Hagenbeck, the animal dealer and zoo director who introduced the world to naturalistic zoo exhibits and positive reinforcement training, wrote in 1910, "In order to keep great apes in sound health, it is necessary to provide them with plenty of society, either of their own or of some other. In the case of all animals in captivity, it is of first importance to take measures for combating the tedium from which they would otherwise suffer." (Beasts and Men, page 287). Zoos have since become acutely aware of the importance of environmental enrichment in terms of exhibiting well-adjusted animals to the public, improving breeding of rare species, and as a tool for preparing captive-reared endangered species for reintroduction to the wild.

As nonhuman primates have become models for human and animal health, researchers have realized that a high quality social and physical environment for primates in the laboratory is essential to research. Pioneers in environmental enrichment for laboratory primates such as Kathryn Bayne, Scott Line, Melinda Novak, and Viktor Reinhardt have demonstrated the value and complexity of enhancing the animal environment given the contexts of biomedical research objectives, species, and individual animal life histories. They have shown that enriched environments can improve data collection as the data are not confounded by hormonal or behavioral indicators of distress. The research is more humane by reducing pain and distress to the animal and it may actually cost less (ie particularly if enriching the environment leads to breeding).

Besides the humane, scientific, and economic reasons to enrich the environment of nonhuman primates, there is now a legal reason. In the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act, the U.S. Congress required that minimum requirements be established "for a physical environment adequate to promote the psychological well-being of primates." The U.S. Department of Agriculture developed regulations to meet that mandate stipulating, "Dealers, exhibitors, and research facilities must develop, document, and follow an appropriate plan for environment enhancement adequate to promote the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates. The plan must be in accordance with the currently accepted professional standards as cited in appropriate professional journals or reference guides, and as directed by the attending veterinarian." (9CFR, Sec. 3.81)

In addition to the Animal Welfare Act, those who receive funding from the Public Health Service or are accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) must also comply with The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, which is based on a performance standards approach. The Guide contains sections related to environmental enrichment.

There is still a need for information about environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates. Recently published research, organization contacts, websites provide guidance to those who are familiar with nonhuman primate care and use and to those who wish to develop expertise. The topic is of such importance to the animal research community, that the National Research Council covened the Committee on Well-being of Nonhuman Primates to review the literature and produce guidelines. The resulting publication is The Psychological Well-being of Nonhuman Primates (1998, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C. and available on the web at: http://pompeii.nap.edu/nap-cgi/getrecid.cgi?isbn=0309052335). USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Office of Animal Care is also reviewing the Animal Welfare Act regulations in order to clarify the regulations and provide guidance to the regulated community.

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How to Use This Document

This publication updates and expands Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Nonhuman Primates: 1987-1992. It is current though March 1999 and covers literature published since January 1992. As a resource manual, it is intended to be used for understanding the current regulations, developing ideas for enrichment applicable to laboratory and zoo settings, and introducing the reader to organizations and publications that can help in the design of the enrichment plan or give access to additional resources. This expanded version of the 1992 document contains the full text of relevant sections of the legislation, more organizations, websites and listservs, and a listing of all U.S. primate centers.

This resource guide is not comprehensive. There may be organizations that were not included or references that were not apparent in multidatabase searches. With the exception of the laws and regulations, none of the organizations or products mentioned in the document are endorsed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Bibliographic citations are categorized taxonomically and may be cross-referenced in one of the general sections. It is current through December 1998. Although an effort has been made to ensure that articles are unique to each section, there is considerable overlap due to the scope of the individual articles. Information about specific techniques, such as the use of foraging boards, may be found in several sections.

Call numbers are included for publications contained in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL). While NAL does not sell audiovisuals or publications from its collection, materials may be borrowed by interlibrary loan. Borrowing information can be found on the NAL website http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml

Please note that organizations often relocate and professional society addresses and contacts change following society elections. All websites and contacts are current as of March 1999.

Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter articles have been included which discuss some of the issues mentioned in the bibliography. Although the articles have been approved by USDA for inclusion in the newsletter and have been reviewed editiorially, they have not been peer reviewed. The views expressed are those of the authors of the articles and do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the National Institutes of Health.

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

United States Laws, Regulations, and Policies for Environmental Enhancement for Nonhuman Primates

In the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act (Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act), Congress included mention of "psychological well -being" for nonhuman primates. This phrase appears nowhere else in the Animal Welfare Act. Because of the difficulty in defining the phrase, U.S. Department of Agriculture enforcers of the Act at the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Office of Animal Care were charged with defining the terms and developing regulations that ensure a physical environment that promotes primate well-being. Included below are the text from the Animal Welfare Act and the final version of the regulations as they appear in the Code of Federal Regulations. The published (Federal Register ) USDA response to comments from the public on the proposed regulations can be found in Appendix A of this document.

In addition to the Animal Welfare Act, those who receive funding from the Public Health Service or are accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) must also comply with The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, which is based on a performance standards approach. The 1996 Guide is intended to assist institutions in caring for and using animals in ways judged to be scientifically, technically, and humanely appropriate. The Guide is also intended to assist investigators in fulfilling their obligation to plan and conduct animal experiments in accord with the highest scientific, humane, and ethical principles. The recommendations are based on published data, scientific principles, expert opinion, and experience with methods and practices that have proved to be consistent with high-quality, humane animal care and use. The Guide contains standards related to environmental enrichment in the section "Animal Environment, Housing and Management."

Animal Welfare Act as amended (7 U.S.C. §§ 2131 et. seq.)

Section 13. (a)(1) The Secretary shall promulgate standards to govern the humane handling, care, treatment, and transportation of animals by dealers, research facilities, and exhibitors.
(2) The standards described in paragraph (1) shall include minimum requirements--
(B) for exercise of dogs, as determined by an attending veterinarian in accordance with the general standards promulgated by the Secretary, and for a physical environment adequate to promote the psychological well-being of primates.

Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations, Subchapter A, Section 3.81

§ 3.81 Environment enhancement to promote psychological well-being.

Dealers, exhibitors, and research facilities must develop, document, and follow an appropriate plan for environment enhancement adequate to promote the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates. The plan must be in accordance with the currently accepted professional standards as cited in appropriate professional journals or reference guides, and as directed by the attending veterinarian. This plan must be made available to APHIS upon request, and, in the case of research facilities, to officials of any pertinent funding agency. The plan, at a minimum, must address each of the following:

(a) Social grouping. The environment enhancement plan must include specific provisions to address the social needs of nonhuman primates of species known to exist in social groups in nature. Such specific provisions must be in accordance with currently accepted professional standards, as cited in appropriate professional journals or reference guides, and as directed by the attending veterinarian. The plan may provide for the following exceptions:

(1) If a nonhuman primate exhibits vicious or overly aggressive behavior, or is debilitated as a result of age or other conditions (e.g., arthritis), it should be housed separately;

(2) Nonhuman primates that have or are suspected of having a contagious disease must be isolated from healthy animals in the colony as directed by the attending veterinarian. When an entire group or room of nonhuman primates is known to have or believed to be exposed to an infectious agent, the group may be kept intact during the process of diagnosis, treatment, and control.

(3) Nonhuman primates may not be housed with other species of primates or animals unless they are compatible, do not prevent access to food, water, or shelter by individual animals, and are not known to be hazardous to the health and well-being of each other. Compatibility of nonhuman primates must be determined in accordance with generally accepted professional practices and actual observations, as directed by the attending veterinarian, to ensure that the nonhuman primates are in fact compatible. Individually housed nonhuman primates must be able to see and hear nonhuman primates of their own or compatible species unless the attending veterinarian determines that it would endanger their health, safety, or well-being.

(b) Environmental enrichment. The physical environment in the primary enclosures must be enriched by providing means of expressing noninjurious species-typical activities. Species differences should be considered when determining the type or methods of enrichment. Examples of environmental enrichments include providing perches, swings, mirrors, and other increased cage complexities; providing objects to manipulate; varied food items; using foraging or task-oriented feeding methods; and providing interaction with the care giver or other familiar and knowledgeable person consistent with personnel safety precautions.

(c) Special considerations. Certain nonhuman primates must be provided special attention regarding enhancement of their environment, based on the needs of the individual species and in accordance with the instructions of the attending veterinarian. Nonhuman primates requiring special attention are the following:

(1) Infants and young juveniles;

(2) Those that show signs of being in psychological distress through behavior or appearance;

(3) Those used in research for which the Committee-approved protocol requires restricted activity;

(4) Individually housed nonhuman primates that are unable to see and hear nonhuman primates of their own or compatible species; and

(5) Great apes weighing over 110 lbs. (50 kg). Dealers, exhibitors, and research facilities must include in the environment enhancement plan special provisions for great apes weighing over 110 lbs. (50 kg), including additional opportunities to express species-typical behavior.

(d) Restraint devices. Nonhuman primates must not be maintained in restraint devices unless required for health reasons as determined by the attending veterinarian or by a research proposal approved by the Committee at research facilities. Maintenance under such restraint must be for the shortest period possible. In instances where long-term (more than 12 hours) restraint is required, the nonhuman primate must be provided the opportunity daily for unrestrained activity for at least one continuous hour during the period of restraint, unless continuous restraint is required by the research proposal approved by the Committee at research facilities.

(e) Exemptions. (1) The attending veterinarian may exempt an individual nonhuman primate from participation in the environment enhancement plan because of its health or condition, or in consideration of its well-being. The basis of the exemption must be recorded by the attending veterinarian for each exempted nonhuman primate. Unless the basis for the exemption is a permanent condition, the exemption must be reviewed at least every 30 days by the attending veterinarian.

(2) For a research facility, the Committee may exempt an individual nonhuman primate from participation in some or all of the otherwise required environment enhancement plans for scientific reasons set forth in the research proposal. The basis of the exemption shall be documented in the approved proposal and must be reviewed at appropriate intervals as determined by the Committee, but not less than annually.

(3) Records of any exemptions must be maintained by the dealer, exhibitor, or research facility and must be made available to USDA officials or officials of any pertinent funding Federal agency upon request.

(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 0579-0093)

Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

National Research Council (1996). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C., 127p.

Animal Environment, Housing and Management

Proper housing and management of animal facilities are essential to animal well-being, to the quality of research data and teaching or testing programs in which animals are used, and to the health and safety of personnel. A good management program provides the environment, housing, and care that permit animals to grow, mature, reproduce, and maintain good health; provides for their well-being; and minimizes variations that can affect research results. Specific operating practices depend on many factors that are peculiar to individual institutions and situations. Well-trained and motivated personnel can often ensure high-quality animal care, even in institutions with less than optimal physical plants or equipment.

Many factors should be considered in planning for adequate and appropriate physical and social environment, housing, space, and management. These include

1. The species, strain, and breed of the animal and individual characteristics, such as sex, age, size, behavior, experiences, and health.
2. The ability of the animals to form social groups with conspecifics through sight, smell, and possibly contact, whether the animals are maintained singly or in groups.
3. The design and construction of housing.
4. The availability or suitability of enrichments.
5. The project goals and experimental design (e.g., production, breeding, research, testing, and teaching).
6. The intensity of animal manipulation and invasiveness of the procedures conducted.
7. The presence of hazardous or disease-causing materials.
8. The duration of the holding period.

Animals should be housed with a goal of maximizing species-specific behaviors and minimizing stress-induced behaviors. For social species, this normally requires housing in compatible pairs or groups. A strategy for achieving desired housing should be developed by animal-care personnel with review and approval by the IACUC. Decisions by the IACUC in consultation with the investigator and veterinarian, should be aimed at achieving high standards for professional and husbandry practices considered appropriate for the health and well-being of the species and consistent with the research objectives. After the decision-making process, objective assessments should be made to substantiate the adequacy of animal environment, husbandry, and management.

The environment in which animals are maintained should be appropriate to the species, its life history, and its intended use. For some species, it might be appropriate to approximate the natural environment for breeding and maintenance. (Chapter 2, pages 21-22)

Naturalistic Environments

Areas like pastures and islands afford opportunities to provide a suitable environment for maintaining or producing animals and for some types of research. Their use results in the loss of some control over nutrition, health care and surveillance, and pedigree management. These limitations should be balanced against the benefits of having the animals live in more natural
conditions. Animals should be added to, removed from, and returned to social groups in this setting with appropriate consideration of the effects on the individual animals and on the group. Adequate supplies of food, fresh water, and natural or constructed shelter should be ensured. (Chapter 2, page 25)

Structural Environment

The structural environment consists of components of the primary enclosure-cage furniture, equipment for environmental enrichment, objects for manipulation by the animals, and cage complexities. Depending on the animal species and use, the structural environment should include resting boards, shelves or perches, toys, foraging devices, nesting materials, tunnels,
swings, or other objects that increase opportunities for the expression of species-typical postures and activities and enhance the animals' well-being. Much has been learned in recent years about the natural history and environmental needs of many animals, but continuing research into those environments that enhance the well-being of research animals is encouraged. Selected
publications that describe enrichment strategies for common laboratory animal species are listed in Appendix A and in bibliographies prepared by the Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC 1992; NRC In press).

Social Environment

Consideration should be given to an animal's social needs. The social environment usually involves physical contact and communication among members of the same species (conspecifics), although it can include noncontact communication among individuals through visual, auditory, and olfactory signals. When it is appropriate and compatible with the protocol, social animals should be housed in physical contact with conspecifics. For example, grouping of social primates or canids is often beneficial to them if groups comprise compatible individuals. Appropriate social interactions among conspecifics are essential for normal development in many species. A social companion might buffer the effects of a stressful situation (Gust and others 1994), reduce behavioral abnormality (Reinhardt and others 1988, 1989), increase opportunities for exercise (Whary and others 1993), and expand species-typical behavior and cognitive stimulation. Such factors as population density, ability to disperse, initial familiarity among animals, and social rank should be evaluated when animals are being grouped (Borer and others 1988; Diamond and others 1987; Drickamer 1977; Harvey and Chevins 1987; Ortiz and others 1985; Vandenbergh 1986, 1989). In selecting a suitable social environment, attention should be given to whether the animals are naturally territorial or communal and whether they should be housed singly, in pairs, or in groups. An understanding of species-typical natural social behavior will facilitate successful social housing.

However, not all members of a social species can or should be maintained socially; experimental, health, and behavioral reasons might preclude a successful outcome of this kind of housing. Social housing can increase the likelihood of animal wounds due to fighting (Bayne and others 1995), increase susceptibility to such metabolic disorders as atherosclerosis (Kaplan and others 1982), and alter behavior and physiologic functions (Bernstein 1964; Bernstein and others 1974a,b). In addition, differences between sexes in compatibility have been observed in various species (Crockett and others 1994; Grant and Macintosh 1963; Vandenbergh 1971; vom Saal 1984). These risks of social housing are greatly reduced if the animals are socially compatible and the social unit is stable.

It is desirable that social animals be housed in groups; however, when they must be housed alone, other forms of enrichment should be provided to compensate for the absence of other animals, such as safe and positive interaction with the care staff and enrichment of the structural environment. (Chapter 2, pages 36-38)

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

Organizations and Websites

American Association of Zoo Keepers (AAZK) http://www.aazk.org

AAZK’s Enrichment Committee provides “animal caregivers the means in which to enrich, stimulate, and challenge the lives of the animals in their care." The committee augments the "Enrichment Options" column in the Animal Keepers' Forum and in The Shape of Enrichment newsletter to provide a means for communicating ideas, techniques and information about enrichment. The website provides definitions, health and safety issues, printed resources, the enrichment video library, suggested guidelines for enrichment, and links.

American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) http://www.aza.org
8403 Colesville Rd., Suite 710
Silver Spring, MD 20910-3314
U.S.A.
Tel: (301) 562-0777; Fax: (301) 562-0888

The AZA Office of Conservation and Science coordinates Taxon Advisory Groups (TAG) which monitor the status of particular species in captivity and provide recommendations on species management in captivity and with respect to conservation efforts. Primate TAGs include gibbons, great apes, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and prosimians. Committees, such as the Behavior and Husbandry Advisory Committee, specialize in broad scientific areas and are coordinated to serve in advisory capacities for TAGs. The AZA holds regional and annual conferences at which environmental enrichment at zoos is often discussed. Services are geared towards member institutions, but anyone may contact members of these groups for information. There are fees for AZA membership, published membership directories, reports, and conference proceedings.

American Society of Primatologists http://www.asp.org/

The American Society of Primatologists is an educational and scientific organization whose purpose is to promote the discovery and exchange of information regarding primates, including all aspects of their anatomy, behavior, development, ecology, evolution, genetics, nutrition, physiology, reproduction, systematics, conservation, husbandry, and use in biomedical research. The society publishes the American Journal of Primatology, a quarterly bulletin for members, and the book Primate Conservation: The Role of Zoological Parks (J. Wallis, ed., 1997).

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Office of Animal Care (APHIS/AC) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ac/
4700 River Rd., Unit 85
Riverdale, MD 20737-1234
USA
Tel: (301) 734-5240; Fax: (301) 734-4978; E-mail: ace@aphis.usda.gov

The U.S. Department of Agriculture office that enforces the Animal Welfare Act and develops regulations for animal care by exhibitors, researchers, and animal dealers. APHIS/AC answers questions regarding the regulations including those about the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates. The staff also refers patrons to regional offices where they can communicate directly with Animal Care inspectors and veterinary medical officers. APHIS/AC provides information on its activities and legislative updates in a free newsletter.

Animal Welfare Information Center http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Ave.
Beltsville, MD 20705
USA
Tel: (301) 504-6212; Fax: (301) 504-7125; E-mail: awic@nal.usda.gov

A U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service information provider that assists researchers, educators, and exhibitors who must comply with the Animal Welfare Act. Provides reference and referral services including multi-database literature searches, publication of animal care and use resource guides, bibliographies, and Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin, and offering the workshop "Meeting the Information Requirements of the Animal Welfare Act". Some publications include sections or articles relevant to environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates. All services are free except for extended online literature searches.

Animal Welfare Institute
Laboratory Animals Section http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/
PO Box 3650
Washington, DC 20027
USA
Tel: (703) 836-4300; Fax: (703) 836-0400; E-mail: awi@awionline.org

The lab animals section of the AWI website contains full-text articles about primate cage space, lighting, manipulanda, and social housing largely written by primatologist Viktor Reinhardt. The site includes a number of reference publications by Victor and Annie Reinhardt including Environmental Enhancement for Caged Rhesus Macaques: A Photographic Documentation and Literature Review; Annotated Bibliography on Refinement and Environmental Enrichment for Primates Kept in Laboratories; and Environmental Enrichment for Primates: Annotated Database on Environmental Enrichment and Refinement for Nonhuman Primates. The database contains over 1500 entries and 400 full-text articles available online. It includes theoretical, philosophical, practical, and technical citations from journal articles, books, and chapters. The database is regularly updated and is easily searched by the search engine on its home page. The "Special Features" button lists search topics and suggests keywords.

The Association of British Wild Animal Keepers (ABWAK) http://www.abwak.co.uk

Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Limited (ANZCCART)

NEW ZEALAND http://www.rsnz.org/advisory/anzccart/
The Executive Officer
C/- The Royal Society of New Zealand
P.O. Box 598
Wellington
Tel: 64-4-472 7421; Fax: 64-4-473 1841; E-mail: anzccart@rsnz.org

Through its varied activities, ANZCCART seeks to promote effective communication and cooperation between all those concerned with the care and use of animals in research and teaching. It publishes a quarterly newsletter and other publications on topics such as euthanasia, animal care and use committees, humane care and use of animals in research, and pain. Articles sometimes address environmental enrichment issues. The newsletter is free of charge.

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) http://www.ccac.ca/
315-350 Albert Street
Ottawa ON K1R 1B1
Canada
Tel: 613-238-4031; Fax: 613-238-2837; E-mail: pjohnson@ccac.ca

CCAC establishes and enforces standards and guidelines (in Canada) concerning the use of animals in research, testing and teaching. Maintains active, expert committees on all aspects of animal care and use. The Council's program is based on its major publication "Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals," Volume 1, 2nd Edition (1993) and Volume 2 (1984). Both documents address environmental enrichment. CCAC conducts workshops and training courses on various aspects of the care and use of experimental animals, as well as the training of personnel working with these animals. Semi-annually publishes the newsletter, Resource.

Environmental Enhancement for Caged Rhesus Macaques: A Photographic Documentation http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/pef/slide/intro.html

A walk-through electronic slideshow developed by Viktor Reinhardt and David Seelig containing 60 photographs of enrichment techniques for laboratory rhesus macaques. Sections are divided into Animate Environmental Enrichment and Inanimate Environmental Enrichment.

European Federation for Primatology http://www.unipv.it/webbio/efp/efp.htm

The EFP brings together national primatological societies as well as groups of primatologists in those countries of Europe where societies could not yet be founded. It coordinates activities between different European societies and promotes the management and study of nonhuman primates. The EFP newsletter is published in the journal Folia Primatologica.

European Marmoset Research Group (EMRG) http://www.emrg.org
Christopher Pryce
Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
Schorenstr. 16
CH-8603 Schwerzenbach
Switzerland
Tel: +41 (0) 1 655 7386; Fax: +41 (0) 1 655 7203; E-mail: pryce@behav.biol.ethz.ch

The EMRG is a nonprofit organization that aims to facilitate communication exchange between academic and industrial institutions conducting biological and/or biomedical research using nonhuman primates with a specific goal of optimizing the use of marmosets and tamarins. The group publishes a biannual newsletter and organizes workshops. It also published the 1997 Handbook of Marmosets and Tamarins in Biological and Biomedical Research.

European Primate Resources Network http://www.dpz.gwdg.de/eupren/eupren.htm

EUPREN is an initiative of European institutes that perform research on nonhuman primates. The objectives of EUPREN are to ensure ethical and controlled use of primates, to secure availability of high quality primates for research, and to establish an information network for those interested or working in research. The website contains bylaws; a census of primates in Europe and North Africa; abstracts from meetings on remote monitoring, housing, husbandry, and well-being, and marmoset and tamarin research; and a discussion paper on cage sizes for primates.

International Directory of Primatology http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/idp
Wisconsin Primate Research Center
University of Wisconsin-Madison
1220 Capitol Court
Madison, WI 53715
USA
Tel: (608) 263-3512; Fax: (608) 263-4031; E-mail: hamel@primate.wisc.edu

A directory of the field of primatology including detailed information about organizations, field studies, population management, people active in primatology, and information resources. The online directory is searchable and available at the above website.

Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) http://dels.nas.edu/ilar/
The Keck Center of the National Academies
500 5^th Street, NW, Keck 687
Washington, DC 20001
USA
Tel: (202) 334-2590; Fax: (202) 334-1687; E-mail: ILAR@nas.edu

ILAR is a division of the Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. It develops guidelines and disseminates information on the scientific, technological, and ethical use of animals and related biological resources in research, testing, and education. ILAR promotes high-quality, humane care of animals and the appropriate use of animals and alternatives. ILAR functions within the mission of the National Academy of Sciences as an advisor to the federal government, the biomedical research community, and the public. ILAR spearheaded the committee which produced the 1998 book The Psychological Well-being of Nonhuman Primates.

International Primatological Society (IPS) http://www.internationalprimatologicalsociety.org/index.cfm
Richard Wrangham, President
Harvard University
Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
USA
Tel: (617) 495-5948; Fax: (617) 496-8041; Email: wrangham@fas.harvard.edu

The society facilitates cooperation among primatologists and fosters conservation and the judicious use of primates in research. Environmental enrichment issues are addressed by the Captive Care and Breeding Committee. IPS operates a small grants program for education and enrichment studies that have broad implications. The grants program is open to all applicants. IPS publishes a biannual newsletter and maintains a page for Educational Resources About Primates on the Web.

Laboratory Primate Newsletter http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate
Psychology Department
Box 1853
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island 02912
USA
Tel: (401) 863-2511; Fax: (401) 863-1300; E-mail: primate@brown.edu

The quarterly newsletter provides information of interest to people involved in nonhuman primate research. A Directory of Graduate Programs in Primatology and Primate Research is issued periodically. The newsletter is available by e-mail or on the web. To subscribe, send the message: Subscribe LPN-L your-own-name to listserv@listserv.brown.edu. The website contains all issues of Laboratory Primate Newsletter, policies, graduate programs, and related links. The site also contains a very useful environmental enrichment section called Articles on Environmental Enrichment and Psychological Well-being which contains all articles on environmental enrichment and psychological well-being that were printed in the newsletter from 1984-2003. The site topics are social enrichment, environmental enrichment, training, physiological and other measures of stress and psychological well-being, rearing and social development, colony management, editorials, and information resources. Articles are available full text and free of charge.

Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) http://www.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm
National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research
OLAW, Division of Animal Welfare
6100 Executive Blvd., Suite B01
Rockville, MD 20892-7507
USA
Tel: (301) 496-7163; Fax: (301) 402-2803; E-mail: olaw@od.nih.gov

OLAW enforces the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for researchers who receive Public Health Service funding. Produces conferences and workshops relating to responsible animal care and use in biomedical research. OLAW can provide guidance on the development of plans to enhance psychological well-being of nonhuman primates. The PHS Policy requires adherence to the Animal Welfare Act regulations and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

PrimateLit http://primatelit.library.wisc.edu
Library and Information Service
Wisconsin Primate Research Center
University of Wisconsin
1220 Capitol Court
Madison, WI 53715
Tel: (608) 263-3512; E-mail: library@primate.wisc.edu

PrimateLit is a bibliographical database for primatology and exists through a cooperative agreement between the Washington (WaNRPC) and Wisconsin (WRPC) National Primate Research Centers. The WPRC coordinates the project with technical support from the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Library Technology Group. Literature acquisition, analysis, and indexing are carried out by the Primate Information Center at the WaNRPC, University of Washington. The database, comprising over 165,000 records dating from 1940, allows primate researchers to do their bibliographic research on their home or office computers.

Primate Info Net (PIN) http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/
Primate Center Library
Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center
1220 Capitol Court
Madison, WI 53715-1299
USA
Tel: (608) 263-3512; Fax: (608) 263-4031; E-mail: library@primate.wisc.edu

PIN is a comprehensive website relating to all aspects of primatology maintained by the Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) Library (http://library.primate.wisc.edu/) at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. The website includes information services, organizations and programs, information resources, products and services for primates, and related sites.

The WPRC Library is available to the public and is used for computerized database searches; document delivery; and contains 6,000 books; 10,000 volumes of journals; 300 active journal subscriptions; and 7,000 slides, videotapes, and other audiovisual materials. This is a major international resource. Other library services include:

ASKPRIMATE: A cooperative Internet reference service available to the public. To ask a question or for referral, send e-mail to: askprimate@primate.wisc.edu.

PRIMATE-JOBS: A job listing service on the World Wide Web. Includes paid and volunteer positions wanted and available.

Audiovisual Services: An archival collection of primate-related videotapes, slides, and audiotapes may be borrowed for research or education. For more information, contact Ray Hamel, Special Collections Librarian, via e-mail at: hamel@primate.wisc.edu.

International Directory of Primatology: A directory of the field of primatology that includes (1) detailed entries for major primate centers, laboratories, educational programs, foundations, conservation agencies, societies, and sanctuaries, (2) a listing of field studies and (3) information about primate specialist group members, studbook keepers and others who work with primates in captive settings.

World Directory of Primatologists. A list of over 3000 people in the field of primatology with contact and e-mail information.

Primate Products and Services http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/prodser.html
Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center
University of Wisconsin, Madison
1220 Capitol Court
Madison, WI 53715-1299
USA
Tel: (608) 263-3512; Fax: (608) 263-4031; E-mail: library@primate.wisc.edu

A directory of companies that support of Primate Info Net and other Internet-based services of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center Library and Information Service. These services provide for communication, referral, and access to information about nonhuman primates for primatologists worldwide. Listings include a brief description of each company's products or services, e-mail address and a link to the company web page.

Primate Society of Great Britain http://www.psgb.org/
Dr H. C. McKiggan-Fee
Staff Development
St. Andrews University
St. Andrews
Fife
Scotland KY16 9AJ
Tel: 01334 467174; E-mail: info@psgb.org

PSGB is a membership organization affiliated with the International Primatological Society. It has a Conservation Working Party and Captive Care Working Party to provide advice and coordinate action. Sponsors annual meeting. Publishes triennial Primate Eye.

Primate Resource Referral Service (PRRS) http://www.wanprc.org/prrs/
Washington Regional Primate Research Center
Box 357330, University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-7330
USA
Tel: (206) 543-5178; Fax: (206) 616-1710; E-mail: prrs@bart.rprc.washington.edu

The PRRS (formerly the Primate Supply Information Clearinghouse, PSIC) is a NIH-supported conservation program that provides communication between research institutions to facilitate exchanges of nonhuman primates or their tissues. The goal of the PRRS is to increase sharing of these animals, thereby decreasing the need to import animals for research, and to ultimately decrease the number of animals needed. The PRRS maintains a database of information about programs, sources, services, available/wanted animals, tissues, and primate equipment. PRRS publishes two bulletins that serve as a reference and resource guides.

Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) http://www.scaw.com/
7833 Walker Drive
Suite 410
Greenbelt, MD 20770
USA
Tel: (301) 345-3500; Fax: (301) 345-3503; E-mail: info@scaw.com

A professional, non-profit organization that sponsors conferences addressing contemporary animal care and use issues in research. Publishes conference proceedings, training manuals, newsletters. Publications include Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates in Research and other SCAW-sponsored conference proceedings. Anyone may request membership, attend conferences, or purchase publications.

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) http://www.ufaw.org.uk
The Old School
Brewhouse Hill
Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire
AL4 8AN 
U.K.
Tel: +44 (0)1582 831818; Fax: +44 (0)1582 831414; E-mail: ufaw@ufaw.org.uk

UFAW is a scientific and technical animal welfare organization. It uses scientific knowledge and established expertise to improve the welfare of animals as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and in the wild. UFAW does not campaign but funds research, holds symposia, gives advice to Government and others and produces publications on animal welfare.

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

Primate Centers and Animal Colonies

National Primate Research Centers

National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) are a group of eight highly specialized facilities for research using nonhuman primates (NHP). The centers are funded by grants through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), Division of Comparative Medicine (DCM). Staffed with experienced research and support personnel, each center provides the appropriate research environment to foster the development of NHP models of human health and disease for biomedical investigations. The NPRCs are affiliated with academic institutions and are accessible to eligible biomedical and behavioral investigators supported by research project grants from the NIH and other sources. The National Primate Research Centers were formerly called Regional Primate Research Centers. The name was changed in April 2002 to reflect the expanded role of the centers. For more information, visit http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/compmed/cm_nprc.asp.

California National Primate Research Center http://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu
University of California, Davis
One Shields Avenue
Davis, CA 95616
U.S.A.
Tel: (530) 752-0447, Fax: (530) 752-2880, Email: reception@primate.ucdavis.edu
Research emphasizes the effects of environmental influences on human health and basic biological approaches. Resources provided include medicine, pathology and clinical laboratory services, electron microscopy, inhalation toxicology chambers, colony database, animals from breeding and research colonies, research facilities and pathalogical specimens for collaborators.

New England Primate Research Center http://www.hms.harvard.edu/nerprc
One Pine Hill Dr.
PO Box 9102
Southborough, MA 01772
U.S.A.
Tel: (508) 524-8002, Fax: (508) 460-0612, Email: neprc@hms.harvard.edu
Research emphasis is on infectious diseases, immunology, ocological herpesviruses, pathology, behavioral biology, and cardiovascular disease. Provides tissues and other specimens for approved research projects as well as animals from breeding colonies.

Oregon National Primate Research Center http://onprc.ohsu.edu/
505 N.W. 185th Ave.
Beaverton, OR 97006-3448
U.S.A.
Tel: (503) 645-1141, Fax: (503) 690-5569, Email: smithsu@ohsu.edu
Scientists at the Oregon National Primate Research Center conduct basic and applied biomedical research in three priority areas identified for improving human health and well-being: (1) fertility control, early embryo development and women’s health; (2) brain development and degeneration; and (3) newly emerging viruses, especially AIDS-related agents.

Southwest National Primate Research Center http://www.sfbr.org/
P.O. Box 760549
San Antonio, TX 78245-0549
U.S.A.
Tel: (210) 258-9400, E-mail: stardif@icarus.sfbr.org
“At SNPRC, the primary research focus is on nonhuman primate models of human diseases, including common chronic diseases and infectious diseases, genetic and environmental effects on physiological processes, and susceptibility to specific diseases.” The center is located on the campus of the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (http://www.sfbr.org).

Tulane National Primate Research Center http://www.tnprc.tulane.edu/index.shtml
18703 Three Rivers Road
Covington, LA 70433
U.S.A.
Tel: (504) 892-2040, Fax: (504) 893-1352, E-mail: info@tpc.tulane.edu
Specializes in research in microbiology, parasitology, urology, gene therapy, and behavior. Provides laparoscopy, ultrasound, and specimens. Collaborating scientists receive animal care, pathology services, parasitology services, science information ser vices, medical illustration services, and animals.

Wisconsin Primate Research Center http://www.primate.wisc.edu/
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Graduate School
1220 Capital Court
Madison, WI 53715-1299
U.S.A.
Tel: (608) 263-3500, Fax: (608) 263-4031, E-mail: jlenon@primate.wisc.edu
Research emphasizes reproduction and development, neurobiology, physiological ethology, psychobiology, aging and metabolic disease, and immunology and virology. Outside investigators may request biological materials. Collaborating scientists receive many bioservices, computer services, and animals.

The WPRC library is available to the public and is used for computerized database searches; document delivery; and contains 6,000 books; 10,000 volumes of journals; 300 active journal sub-scriptions; and 7,000 slides, videotapes, and other audiovisual materials. This is a major international resource.

Yerkes National Primate Research Center http://www.emory.edu/YERKES/
Emory University
Office of Public Affairs
954 Gatewood Road
Atlanta, GA 30322
U.S.A.
Tel: (404) 727-7732, Fax: (404) 727-3108, E-mail: yerkes-information@rmy.emory.edu
Research emphasis is on biomedical and biobehavioral research to improve the health and well-being of human and nonhuman primates. Animals, veterinary medicine, pathology, and biomedical engineering are provided to investigators.

Additional Primate Centers and Animal Colonies

Caribbean Primate Research Center http://cprc.rcm.upr.edu/
University of Puerto Rico
Medical Sciences Campus
P.O. Box 1053
Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico 00952-1053
Tel: (809) 784-6619, Fax: (809) 795-6700, Email: mkessler@coqui.net
“The CPRC currently consists of three facilities: (1) the unique free-ranging island colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago which is used primarily for behavioral, demographic, genetics and noninvasive types of biomedical research, (2) the Sabana Seca Field Station, an NIH-owned facility, which houses rhesus monkeys derived from the Cayo Santiago colony in various outdoor configurations for behavioral and biomedical studies, and (3) the CPRC Museum, located at the School of Medicine on the Medical Sciences Campus, which contains the CPRC Skeletal Collection, one of the world's largest collections of complete nonhuman primate skeletons for anatomical, anthropological and biomedical research. The CPRC also supports a field study site for investigations on introduced, unprovisioned, free-ranging populations of patas and rhesus monkeys located in the Sierra Bermeja of southwestern Puerto Rico.”

Duke University Primate Center http://www.duke.edu/web/primate/
3705 Erwin Road
Durham, NC 27705
U.S.A.
Tel: (919) 489-3364, Fax: (919) 490-5394, E-mail: primate@duke.edu
“Research at the Primate Center focuses on several major areas: the systematics, behavior, physiology, biomechanics and anatomy of living lemurs; husbandry practices necessary for keeping and breeding prosimians; field research involving the distribution, behavior, ecology, and conservation needs of lemurs in Madagascar; field research on habitat conservation, reintroduction of lemurs into the wild, and effectiveness of conservation education programs; and evolution of primates through the discovery, description, and analysis of living and fossil primates.” Researchers from outside the university are welcome and should contact the center to discuss their project.

Living Links Center http://www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS/
Emory University
954 N. Gatewood Road
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
U.S.A.
Tel: (404) 727-0915, Fax: (404) 727-3270, Email: LIVING_LINKS@emory.edu
The Living Links Center for the Advanced Study of Ape and Human Evolution specializes in comparisons of the social life, ecology, cognition, neurology, and molecular genetics of four extant great apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) and humans. The Center was established in 1997 at Emory University and is an integrated part of Yerkes Primate Center. The institute conducts all of its work with noninvasive techniques that they would not hesitate to apply to human volunteers. Their goals are 1) to reconstruct human evolution, 2) pinpoint the differences and similarities between humans and apes, and 3) educate the public about apes, and promote their well-being and conservation.

New Iberia Research Center http://nirc.louisiana.edu
The University of Louisiana at Lafayette
4401 W. Admiral Doyle Drive
New Iberia, LA 70560
U.S.A.
Tel: (337) 482-2411, Fax: , E-mail: NIRCadmin@louisiana.edu
“The University of Louisiana at Lafayette New Iberia Research Center specializes in the breeding, management, and importation of a diverse range of nonhuman primate species and offers a broad range of diagnostic, laboratory, and human resources for the development and characterization of nonhuman primate models for applied and basic research aimed at promoting human quality of life.”

Squirrel Monkey Breeding and Research Resource http://www.smbrr.org
Primate Research Laboratory
Department of Comparative Medicine
University of South Alabama
Mobile, AL 36688
U.S.A.
Tel: (334) 460-6238, Fax: (334) 460-7783, Email: cabee@usouthal.edu
Research emphasizes multidisciplinary studies of reproduction in captive Bolivian squirrel monkeys and providing a resource of laboratory born and reared animals for NIH-sponsored research programs. Outside investigators may request tissue or body fluid specimens. Collaborating investigators are provided animal husbandry, medical care, pathology services, and colony animals.

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

Listservs

Alloprimate

A moderated general primatology site that focuses on primate conservation, ecology, research, environmental enrichment, health and disease, ethology/behavior, and sanctuary/zoo operations. The group may be joined either by sending a blank e-mail message to alloprimate-subscribe@egroups.com or by going through Yahoo!Groups at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/alloprimate.

Primate Enrichment Forum (PEF)

An email list designed to facilitate communication between professionals working at primate biomedical research facilities on environment enrichment topics, stress, well-being, and husbandry. The list is open to animal caretakers, veterinary, research, and behavioral technicians, veterinarians, colony managers, research scientists, and behaviorists/enrichment coordinators. In order to be added to the list, you must submit an application online by going to the following website: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/pef/pefentry.html . If you have any questions, contact David Seelig at dseelig@vet.upenn.edu.

Primate-Science

An e-mail list managed by the Wisconsin Primate Research Center. It is open worldwide to staff at nonhuman primate centers and laboratories and those conducting primate research in academic institutions or zoos. The purpose of this forum is the factual, science-based exchange of ideas and information about nonhuman primates and is intended to serve the international primatological research community. In order to be added to the list, you must submit an application online by going to the following website: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/ps/. If you have any questions, contact Matthew Hoffman at mhoffman@primate.wisc.edu.

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

Products and Suppliers

This Products and Suppliers list has not been updated since 2004 – and it was competely replaced in 2006 by the new Products and Suppliers list.

The following is a partial listing of companies that manufacture and/or supply nonhuman primate enrichment products.

Animal Management Resources, Inc. 141 S. Waiola Avenue, LaGrange, Illinois 60525, USA

Suppliers of training supplies such as clickers, whistles, and lanyards, and exclusive distributor of Active Minds Enrichment Gear, manufactured by Desert Plastics (2401A Phoenix, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87107, USA; Phone: 505-884-3889 OR 1-866-793-0376; Fax: 505-884-3932; E-mail: JoeBarr@desertplastics-abq.com; Internet: http://desertplastics-abq.com/). The toys are durable enough for all types of animals and come in unique colors and shapes. They can customize each shape according to your needs.

Bio- Serv. One 8th Street, Suite 1, Frenchtown, New Jersey 08825, USA.

            Phone: 908-996-2155 OR 1-800-996-9908
            Fax: 908-996-4123
            E-mail: sales@bio-serv.com (Sales); vetserv@bio-serv.com (Veterinary Assistance);
            techserv@bio-serv.com (Technical Assistance)
            Internet: http://www.bio-serv.com

Produces and distributes food treats, foraging and grooming boards, challenger balls, toys, and mirrors for nonhuman primates.

Britz-Heidbrink, Inc. 1302 9th Street, Wheatland, Wyoming 82201, USA

            Phone: 307-322-4040
            Fax: 307-322-4141
            Internet: http://www.bhenrich.com/

Produces nonhuman primate caging that comes with Environ-Richment® Entertainment Panels that provide increased possibilities for manipulation, novel visual stimulation and foraging opportunities. 

Lomir Primate Enrichment Technologies. 99 East Main Street, Malone, New York 12953, USA OR
            95 Hout Notre-Dame-de-I’lle-Perrot, Quebec, Canada, J7V 7M4, CANADA

            Phone: 518-483-7697 or 1-877-425-3604 (USA) OR 514-425-3604 (CANADA)
            Fax: 518-483-8195 (USA) OR 518-425-3605 (CANADA)
            E-mail: info@lomir.com
            Internet: http://www.lomir.com/pet

Producers of unique primate enrichment devices made of durable opaque polypropylene. Devices are designed to increase foraging time.

Nylabone Products. 1 TFH Plaza, 3rd and Union Avenues, Neptune City, New Jersey 07753, USA

Manufacturer of Nylabone, Nylaballs, Gumabone Plaque Attacker, Gumabone tugs, and Gumadisc Flying Disc chew toys for dogs and other animals, including nonhuman primates

Otto Environmental, LLC. 6914 N. 124^th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53224, USA

Supplier and manufacturer of enrichment products, foraging devices, caging, transport boxes, and other equipment for all species. Products manufactured by Otto Environmental include the Zoy^TM, Bingo Ball^TM, and the Hammock^TM. The company works closely with laboratory and zoo facilities.

Primate Products, Inc. PO Box 620415, Woodside, California 94062, USA.

Supplier of "Kong Toys" which are autoclavable hollow toys that are durable enough to withstand rough handling and biting. They can also be filled with treats. Also manufactures mirrors, puzzle and nutra-toss foraging devices, and primahedrons.

Steiner Enterprises, Inc. 2780 Conservation Club Road, Lafayette, Indiana 47905, USA

Manufactures enrichment products for nonhuman primates including foraging balls, foraging ball loaders, tube style foraging feeders, primate perches, biscuit feeders, and rattles. Custom designs are also accepted and manufactured.

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

Audiovisuals

Audiovisuals available for loan from the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center are marked with their call numbers. NAL call numbers are included for audiovisuals contained in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL). While NAL does not sell audiovisuals or publications from its collection, materials may be borrowed by interlibrary loan. Borrowing information can be found on the NAL website http://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/

Audiovisual Archives http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/av.html
Lists slides and videotapes related to nonhuman primates that are available from the Primate Information Center at University of Wisconsin-Madison. For more information, contact Ray Hamel, Special Collections Librarian, via e-mail at: hamel@primate.wisc.edu

Benevolent Primate Husbandry (1990). Produced by Ross Barker, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center.
WRPCRC call number: VT0329
This program is designed to give caretakers an understanding of primate behaviors and develop a kind and respectful philosophy of care. Macaque behaviors shown include social interactions (grooming, play, aggression) and methods of communication (facial expressions such as open mouth threat, closed mouth threat, fear grin and lipsmacking). Also shown are a variety of examples of abnormal behavior developed when animals become stressful that caretakers should learn to identify. VHS, 25 min.

Environmental Enrichment: Advancing Animal Care (1990). Produced by Countrywise Communication. Distributed by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.
NAL call number: Videocassette no. 1327
WRPCRC call number: VT0273
This videotape (presented in three titled sections) is designed to provide instruction and promote discussion of environmental enrichment procedures for animals in zoos, laboratories, farms, and pets. Common marmosets are shown in a specific example in which they are provided with hidden food to encourage foraging behavior in order to reduce cage circling behavior. VHS, 37 min.

Environmental Enrichment Devices and Procedures for Captive Non-human Primates (1989). Produced by Lyna Watson, Primate Ethology Unit, New England Regional Primate Research Center.
WRPCRC call number: VT0117
Describes and demonstrates the environmental enrichment devices and procedures for singly housed and group-housed species of macaques and New World monkeys at the New England Regional Primate Research Center. Some of the devices shown include hanging feeders, puzzle feeders, and PVC pipes. Procedures include the training of animals for blood sample collection for insulin readings. VHS, 30 min.

Environmental Enrichment For Individually Caged Rhesus Macaques (1988). Photography by Bob Dodsworth and Viktor Reinhardt, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center.
WRPCRC call number: SS034
Environment enrichment for caged rhesus macaques is shown through the introduction of branches or compatible companions. 78 slides.

Granby's Primates: A Captive Life (1983). Produced by Steve Holloway. Distributed by Filmakers Library.
WRPCRC call number: VT0129
A study was conducted on 5 primate species at the Granby Zoo in Montreal to compare the behaviors of primates in the wild and in captivity, to provide for better environmental enrichment in zoo exhibit design. Species studies were the gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), and white-handed gibbon. Some abnormal behaviors shown include aggression, stereotypic pacing, obesity, and smoking a cigarette. VHS, 28 min.

Metro Washington Park Zoo : Environmental Enrichment Program (1992). Metro Washington Park Zoo: Portland, OR
NAL call number: Videocassette no. 1532
This video shows how the Metro Washington Park Zoo introduces experiences to the animals that are functionally similar to those they would encounter in their natural habitat. 15 min.
Descriptors: zoo animals, behavior, environmental enrichment.

New Frontiers in Animal Behavior Management (1997). Produced and distributed by Gary Priest, San Diego Zoo, PO Box 551, San Diego, CA 92112
WRPCRC call number: VT0619
Demonstration of several management techniques using positive reinforcement, on subjects ranging from siamangs to tigers to human teenagers. VHS, 35 min.

Nonhuman Primates: Environmental Enrichment (1992). Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources, University of Washington: Seattle, WA.
NAL call number: Slide No. 435
Covers psychological well-being by social, non-social, contact, and non-contact approaches. 61 slides, 25 min. audiocassette, guide.
Descriptors: laboratory animals, behavior, enrichment.

Primate Enrichment (1996?). Produced and distributed by Kelley Bollen, Burnet Park Zoo, Syracuse, NY 13204, Tel: 315-435-8512
WRPCRC call number: VT0487
Primate enrichment at the Burnet Park Zoo through the use of food presentation devices and toys. Food presentation devices include plastic containers, PVC tubing, logs, puzzle boxes, cloth bags, milk crates, coconut feeders and frozen milk carton treats . Toys include burlap, cloth and paper bags; a boomer ball; a wicker basket and t-shirt; a cotton mop; and a burlap hammock. Species seen interacting with these objects include white-handed gibbons, ruffed lemurs, tamarins, vervets, mandrills, siamangs, ring-tailed lemurs, slow lorisess coucang), and bushbabies. VHS

Training Corral-Living Rhesus Monkeys for Fecal and Blood Sample Collection (1990). Produced by M. R. Clarke, K. M. Phillippi, J. A. Falkenstein, E. A. Moran, Tulane Regional Primate Research Center and S. J. Suomi, Laboratory Comparative Ethology, NICHD. Jeff Falkenstein Productions. Distributed by the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center.
WRPCRC call number: VT0217
Shows the acclimation techniques employed to reduce stress for corral-living rhesus monkeys when collecting fecal and blood samples. The monkeys are given food rewards in return for defecation in single holding cages. They are also trained to extend their leg through a modified squeeze cage for unanesthetized bleeding from the saphenous vein. Once the acclimation is completed, the animals are shown to be relaxed during the procedure. One adult female continued to nurse her neonate infant through the venipuncture. This behavior modification is intended to reduce stress and increase safety for the animals and the technicians. VHS, 27 min. This tape also provides a look at the corral facility at the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center at Tulane University.

Training Medical Behaviors in Orang-utans at Brookfield Zoo (1989). Produced by the Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society. Distributed by Ceil Wilson, Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Gold Road, Chicago, IL 60513
WRPCRC call number: VT0299
Positive reinforcement is used to train diabetic orang utans to voluntarily submit a limb for venipucture. VHS, 10 min.

To: Top of Document | Contents | Introduction | Using this Document | U.S. Laws, Regulations, & Policies | Organizations & Websites | Primate Centers & Animal Colonies | Listservs | Products and Suppliers | Audiovisuals | Journals & Newsletters | Bibliography | AWIC Newsletter Articles | Appendix A

Journals and Newsletters

NOTE: Call numbers are included for publications contained in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL). While NAL does not sell audiovisuals or publications from its collection, materials may be borrowed by interlibrary loan. Borrowing information can be found on the NAL website http://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.

American Journal of Primatology
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/34629
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
Phone: 201-748-6645
E-mail: subinfo@wiley.com
NAL call number: QL737 P9A5

The official journal of the American Society of Primatologists that contains research papers on all primate-related subjects including wild and captive animal studies, conservation, and enriching the captive environment.

Animal Keepers' Forum
http://www.aazk.org/
American Association of Zoo Keepers AAZK, Inc.
3601 SW 29th Street, Suite 133
Topeka, KS 66614-2054
USA
NAL call number: QL77.5 A54

This monthly journal of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. (AAZK) contains regular features such as "Enrichment Options" which highlights psychological stimulation, behavioral enrichment, activity manipulation, and occupational husbandry in zoo and aquarium environments. AAZK is the professional organization for zookeepers in America (primarily in the USA) and holds annual conferences, publishes proceedings, and sponsors special projects that improve animal care.

Animal Technology
http://www.iat.org.uk/
The Institute of Animal Technology
5 South Parade
Summertown, Oxford OX2 7JL
UK
E-mail: journal@iat.org.uk
NAL call number: QL55 I5

This journal is published three times a year by the Institute of Animal Technology. Originally entitled Animal Technology, the journal began including the term welfare in its title in 2002. The journal routinely features short articles, technical notes, or reviews pertaining to enriched housing/caging options or enrichment strategies for various laboratory and farm animals.