NOTE: Information Resources on Swine Housing,
Care and Welfare may be viewed as one complete publication below
or by individual chapters at swinehousing2.htm.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
How to Use This Document
Training Materials
Multimedia
Packages
Audiovisuals
and Kits
Manuals
and Booklets
Books and Proceedings
Website Resources
Bibliography
Behavior
/ Breeding / Feeding / General
/ Swine Health / Farm Worker Health
Housing / Husbandry / Legislation
/ Reproduction / Slaughter
/ Transport
The editor gratefully acknowledges members of
the Animal Well-being Project Team including: Rich Reynnells, United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service (CSREES), Marlene Halverson, Animal Welfare Institute, Anna
Johnson, National Pork Board, Ed Pajor, Purdue University, and Mike Appleby,
Humane Society of the United States, for providing positive feedback and helpful
suggestions during the development of this publication. Special thanks to Julie
Correll, from Purdue University for processing orders and handling shipments
of training materials. Thanks to staff members of the Animal Welfare Information
Center (AWIC), Gregg Goodman, for his assistance in processing literature citations,
and D’Anna Jensen, for her important role in preparing the document for
final printing.
The Animal Welfare Information Center acknowledges
CAB International and CABI
Publishing, a leading international, not-for-profit publisher in applied
life sciences, including animal science, nutrition, integrated crop management,
plant sciences and forestry, for the use of more than sixty abstracts from the
CAB Abstracts database. More information on CABI Publishing and CAB International
is available at http://www.cabi.org
Stockperson training
represents an integral component of any successful farm operation. Recent studies
conducted by Coleman et al. (2000), have demonstrated that training programs
aimed at modifying stockperson attitudes and behaviors have led to a number
of positive benefits for pigs. These include a reduction of fearful behaviors
displayed by pigs and an improvement in their reproductive performance. English
et al. (1992), have defined a number of desirable characteristics in good stockpeople
which include: a sound knowledge of the pigs and their requirements, patience,
empathy, effective animal handling skills, recognition of individual pigs, an
understanding of normal behavior and possess the ability to recognize and treat
pigs that are ill or injured. Training programs and educational materials, that
support knowledge in these areas, should be easily available to producers, extension
swine specialists, animal scientists, veterinarians, truckers, and others involved
in the swine industry.
In
an effort to supply these materials the following resource guide was developed
through a collaborative effort with representatives from government, academia,
and nonprofit organizations. The resource guide contains a detailed listing
of training materials, books, selected web pages, research papers, and more.
Funding was made available through the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
and administered through Purdue University to assist with the purchasing of
training materials in a variety of forms (videocassettes, training kits, and
CD-ROMs). These materials
have been added to the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL)
and are listed in the following document in the Training Materials section.
Documents in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) are assigned
an NAL Call Number. Information on how to request materials at NAL may be found at:
http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml.
An
effort has been made to include training materials that appeal to all learning
styles and program sizes. Farm managers, extension agents, and others, are encouraged
to be creative with the resources listed and integrate their use into their
regular training programs. Sponsoring a video session night, featuring a training
CD at a farm meeting, or conducting a book review, are just a few ideas of how
the resources listed could be used to facilitate discussion and learning. It
is hoped that producers and other swine professionals will find this resource
an excellent tool for exploring and locating information regarding the care
and welfare of pigs.
This
publication is divided into four major sections: Training Materials, Books and
Proceedings, Website Resources, and a comprehensive Bibliography. Documents in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) are assigned an NAL Call Number. Information on how to request materials at NAL may be found at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml
Training
Materials
This
section includes a listing of swine training materials divided into three different
media types: Multimedia Training Packages, Audiovisuals and Kits, and Manuals
and Booklets. All entries in this section are annotated, contain keywords, and
NAL call numbers if available at the National Agricultural Library (NAL). Materials
cover stockmanship, handling, housing, health, reproduction, and husbandry.
Books
and Proceedings
A
bibliographic listing of books and proceedings covering swine welfare, biology,
genetics, nutrition, production, housing, handling, and pork quality is included
here. Each citation is arranged alphabetically according to the last name of
the primary author. Citations include a listing of keywords and a NAL call number
if available at the National Agricultural Library (NAL). Entries were included
with publication dates ranging from 1999-2003.
Web
Site Resources
More
than fifty annotated web site resources relating to the care, welfare, and housing
of swine have been selected and listed alphabetically for convenience. Resources
selected cover: codes of practice, animal welfare requirements, housing, disease,
nutrition, and general husbandry information. All resources are accessible through
the internet and are current as of July 2003.
Bibliography
An
extensive bibliography categorized into eleven subject subsections covering
all aspects of swine husbandry comprise this section of the publication. Records
in this section were retrieved primarily from the AGRICOLA, Medline, CAB International,
and BIOSIS databases. Each citation is arranged alphabetically according to
the last name of the primary author. Citations include a listing of keywords
and a NAL call number if available at the National Agricultural Library (NAL).
Entries were included with publications dates ranging from 1999-2003. Please
note that citations with a copyright notice are protected by U.S. and/or international
copyright laws and are used by special permission.
Training Materials
This listing includes multimedia training packages, audiovisuals, kits, manuals, and educational
booklets. With the exception of the Pig ProHand program the following materials are available
for a loan through the National Agricultural Library (NAL).
Patrons
interested in obtaining these materials are encouraged to initiate interlibrary
loans through their local libraries. Information on how to request materials at NAL may be found at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml.
Commerical Endorsement
Disclaimer
The inclusion of
trade, firm, or corporation names in this section is for the information
and convenience of the reader. Listing of a product does not constitute
an official endorsement or approval by the USDA, Agricultural Research
Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may
be suitable.
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Multimedia Packages
Pig Enterprise CD ROM Multimedia Training Package
http://www.thepigsite.com/backroom/166/pig-enterprise-training-cds
An
interactive CD-ROM jointly developed by the University of Aberdeen, Garth Veterinary
Group, the Meat and Livestock Commission, the National Pig Association and the
University of Newcastle, with additional assistance from the Agskills training
group. There are three main elements to the training package: stockmanship and
husbandry, health management, and cost effective feeding strategies. Photos
and video clips of a variety of outdoor pig production systems are reviewed.
Practical hints for managing pigs in cold, hot, and wet weather conditions are
included. A comprehensive and high quality training tool.
A second CD is available that is more advanced and is targeted at unit managers and includes:
staff management, financial planning, food safety, biosecurity, legislation, and product quality.
The CD-ROM format consists of self assessments, skills exercises, questionnaires, feedback,
video footage, pictorials and guidelines. All exercises are self-paced and require only basic
computer skills.
NAL Call No.: SF395 P544 2000.
Keywords: multimedia, instructional materials, self paced, housing, health, stockmanship,
husbandry.
Pig ProHand Training Program
http://www.monashcommercial.com
Monash Commercial PTY LTD, PO Box 3B, Monash University,Victoria 3800, Australia
Tel: +613 9905 9910, Fax: +613 9905 9911, E-mail:
inquires@monashcommercial.com
This program is presented as a multimedia package with an interactive CD ROM, videos, and
group discussions facilitated by a trainer. Stockpeople can individually undertake the program
in a non-threatening setting and progress through the modules at their individual paces with
review and checks on progress. The CD ROM includes a series of reviews and discussions on
experimental and field-based research with video footage that identifies both appropriate and
inappropriate behaviours by stockpeople towards pigs, and fear responses in pigs.
The program is normally facilitated by a qualified trainer to about 6 stockpeople per session,
but it is also suitable in a smaller group setting. The program takes about 9 hours to complete.
It is structured around a first session of 6 hours and a revision session several weeks later to
reinforce the principles learned in the first session. Video and written material summarizing the
key concepts together with posters, promotional material, and a newsletter are provided for
revision and reinforcement of the key messages.
Pig
ProHand is not currently a stand alone self-study program. It is currently offered
by licensed trainers who are themselves trained by the inventors. The trainers
then offer it to small groups of trainees in a group training session. A follow-up
session is then re-convened some time later for reinforcement to ensure that
the lessons have been absorbed into the behavioral patterns of the stockpeople.
Pig ProHand is suitable for offer by a training center to maximize its benefits.
Pre-Slaughter
Handling of Pigs
SLU,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Box
234, S-53223
Skara,
Sweden
Tel:
+46-511-67000, Fax: +46-511-67268, E-mail:
Anne.Algers@lmv.slu.se
A
multi-media teaching program developed through collaboration between the Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Cornell University and University of Guelph.
The program addresses three major concerns: increasing public concern related
with animal welfare; meat quality concerns as a result of poor pre-slaughter
handling; and the importance of food safety.
The program should be of interest to students as well as professionals dealing with the handling
procedure of slaughter animals and meat quality. It is designed for use in formal educational
settings, in distance learning programs and in training programs for professionals. Seven
modules cover the following disciplines: legislation, behavior, stress, physiology, handling,
animal welfare, meat quality, and meat microbiology/ hygiene.
NAL Call No.: SF395 P74 2001.
Keywords: training materials, animal welfare, meat quality, hygiene, legislation, literature
review.
Reproductive Management of Pigs: Guides and Problem Solving
http://www.susmultimedia.com/
SUS Multimedia Publications
P.O.
Box 5332, Fargo, ND 58105-5332, USA
E-mail: support@susmultimedia.com
This
CD-ROM can be used as a self paced on-farm training tool for breeding herd managers
and others. It is organized into two main parts: the problem solving area and
guides to breeding herd management. The solving known problems section of the
CD allows users to select a problem from a categorized list and then investigate
its most likely causes and solutions. If a user cannot identify a problem within
their herd, they can enter the identifying and solving problems section of the
CD, which will lead them through a decision-tree. Lists of likely causes and
solutions are then provided.
To improve specific management practices throughout the reproductive cycle, to solve longer-term problems, to aid strategic planning, and
to
facilitate training of personnel, users can enter
the guides to breeding herd management. These guides offer best-practice management advice
for each stage of the pig’s life.
NAL Call No.: SF396.9 R47 2000.
Keywords: reproductive management, decision making tool, problem solving, breeding, herd
management.
Audiovisuals and Kits
Alternative Housing for Gestating Sows [videocassette]. Guelph, Ontario, Canada: Ontario
Pork; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
(OMAFRA); Guelph, Ontario, Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agricultural
Adaptation Council; Fergus, Ontario, Canada: LP Production Audio Video Services; 2002;
1/2", 40 min.; Includes one handout.
Farm managers at three different farms using loose housing for dry sows discuss feeding
methods, use of straw for bedding and/or enrichment, vaccinating sows, estrus detection,
pregnancy checking, labor, muck handling, and building design. Managers share what they like
about their current housing systems and what they would change in the future.
The video concludes with a segment comparing costs of the three farm systems featured with a
traditional stall barn. A handout is included that provides design layouts for sow barns at the
three farms and adjustments for barn sizes containing 100, 300, and 1000 sows.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3260.
Keywords: sows, loose housing, husbandry, straw, enrichment, partially slatted flooring, pens,
space allowance, feeding systems, watering systems, ventilation, labor, cost comparison.
Artificial
Insemination: Striving for Perfection [videocassette]. Lubbock, TX: CEV
Multimedia, Ltd.; 199?; 1/2" VHS, 17 min.
Produced by National Pork Producers, this videotape details information presented during their
artificial insemination training seminars. Vital factors discussed include proper procedures,
safety, hygiene, temperature control and contamination control. A video quiz is included.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3210.
Keywords: boars, sows, artificial insemination, semen evaluation, collection methods.
Caring for Pigs: Stockperson Training [videocassette] Victoria, Australia: Victorian
Department of Agriculture, 1992, 9 min, 1/2", VHS. (available from AITEX International PTY
LTD)
Caring for pigs requires special attention to their welfare. Examples are given of good
stockmanship and welfare during routine maintenance, with indicators to assess welfare and
guidelines for appropriate action.
NAL
Call No.: Videocassette no. 3221.
Keywords: welfare, stockmanship, human animal relationships, moving pigs, loading pigs.
Dry Sow Housing: Alternative Systems [videocassette]. London, United Kingdom:
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (formerly MAFF); 1996; 1/2" VHS, 21
min.
The use of close confinement stalls and tether systems to house sows were banned in the UK in
1999. In an effort to meet sow welfare requirements a number of alternative housing options
have been implemented. This video highlights some of the main features of straw based loose
housing systems for small and large sow groupings. In addition a number of feeding systems
are reviewed including manual, floor dump, trickle, and spin. Labor requirements and manure
handling methods are also discussed.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3220.
Keywords: sows, housing, alternatives, loose housing, straw based, large groups, small groups,
mixing, aggression, flooring, concrete, feeding systems, labor, waste removal.
Field Trip: Swine Production [videocassette]. Lubbock, TX: CEV Multimedia, Ltd.; 1994;
1/2" VHS, 47 min.
Visit the Texas division of National Hog Farms, whose state-of-the-art facilities house more
than 17,000 sows, yielding 350,000 marketable pigs per year. Three phases of production
including breeding, farrowing, and finishing are featured. Housing, handling, disease control,
ventilation, immunization and waste management are reviewed. A quiz is included.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3214.
Keywords: large farm, intensive production, confinement operation, tour of farm, breeding,
farrowing, finishing, facility design, herd health management.
Good Health Manual for Pigs [kit]. Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and Development
Corporation; 1995, 1/2", VHS, 20 min, 10 min, 6 min. Includes two manuals and two
videocassettes. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD)
This kit contains three video segments and two manuals that enable producers, with the aid of
their veterinarians, to learn how to identify health problems, determine probable causes,
administer treatment, and take steps to prevent recurrence. Common diseases are reviewed as
well as procedures for administering medicines including proper injection techniques.
NAL Call No.: SF971 G67 1995.
Keywords: training kit, disease identification, post mortem exams, administering medications,
proper injection techniques.
How
to Decrease Piglet Mortality [videocassette]. Victoria, Australia: Victorian
Department of Agriculture, 1990?, 19 min, 1/2", VHS. (available from PigWorld,
Inc.).
This
video reviews the care of sows before, during and after farrowing. Practical
descriptions on saving piglets with splay legs, managing weak piglets, milking
colostrum from sows, fostering piglets, and controlling diseases such as scours
and arthritis are presented.
NAL
Call No.: Videocassette no. 3222.
Keywords:
farrowing, preparation, assisting with births, sow health, piglet health, disease
prevention.
Human/Pig Behaviour [videocassette]. Victoria, Australia: Victorian Department of
Agriculture, 199?, 13 min, 1/2", VHS. (available from PigWorld, Inc.).
The importance of human/pig interactions is reviewed. Examples of positive and negative
handling techniques are presented. The importance of proper facility design and understanding
the perception and behavior of pigs is discussed.
NAL
Call No.: Videocassette no. 2601.
Keywords: pig behavior, visual perception, stockmanship, human animal relationships,
handling methods.
Injection
Techniques for Swine [videocassette]. Des Moines, IA: National Pork Producers
Council; Pork Quality Assurance Video Series - #1; 1996; 1/2" VHS, 17 min. Includes
booklet, guide, and quiz.
Covers medication types, injection sites, routes of administration, restraint methods, and needle
size and gauge.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 2359.
Keywords:
techniques, injection, restraint.
Low Stress Handling of Pigs [videocassette]. Fort Collins, Colorado: Grandin Livestock
Handling System, Inc.; 1998, 1/2" VHS, 30min.
Dr. Temple Grandin, livestock handling expert, discusses behavioral principles which will help
improve swine productivity and preserve meat quality. Moving pigs, loading pigs, reducing
heat stress, PSE, and safe boar handling are topics covered. Ideal tool for training employees on
pig farms and for teaching in swine production classes.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3218.
Keywords: moving, loading, transport of pigs, stress, boar handling.
Mating [videocassette]. Victoria, Australia: Victorian Department of Agriculture, 199?, 20
min, 1/2", VHS. (available from PigWorld, Inc.).
Estrus detection methods are demonstrated using the boar and/or back-pressure test. A new
approach to the housing of gilts and sows to improve mating management is presented. Proper
technique for hand mating pigs is demonstrated.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3223.
Keywords: reproduction, mating, estrus detection, housing.
Mating and Reproduction [kit]. Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and Development
Corporation; 1994, 1/2", VHS, 7.5 min. Includes manual, guide, and worksheets. (available
from AITEX International PTY LTD)
Practical information on the 10 Must Do’s of swine mating and reproduction is presented in an
educational kit. Kit comes with a manual, laminated pocket size quick reference guide, training
guide, and a 7.5-minute video with tutorial. Full of proven information on “best practices” to
improve the reproduction rate of the herd.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3212.
Keywords: training kit, reproductive performance, evaluation, estrus detection, artificial
insemination.
Piglet Techniques: Weaner Diseases [videocassette]. Victoria, Australia: Victorian
Department of Agriculture, 199?, 14 min, 1/2", VHS. (available from PigWorld, Inc.).
This video describes teeth-clipping, tail docking, iron injections, ear notching, treatment of
splaylegs, and cross-fostering management techniques for piglets. A second section of the
video reviews treatment and prevention of weaner scours, Strep. suis and arthritis.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3224.
Keywords: nursery pigs, weaner pigs, management practices, disease prevention.
Pork Quality Assurance [kit]. National Pork Producers Council: Des Moines, Iowa; 1994.
Includes 1 videocassette, 2 booklets, 1 set of self-assessment materials, 1 calendar.
A learning program designed to teach hog farmers the proper use of veterinary drugs. Two
booklets contain the texts of the three learning modules. A videotape is used with learning
module three. Issues discussed include: food safety, illegal drug residues, HACCP, drug
regulators such as the FDA, EPA and FSIS, medicated feeds, mixing guidelines, and GMP
(Good Management Practices).
NAL
Call No.: Kit no. 278.
Keywords: pork quality assurance, FDA, veterinary drug residues, law and legislation, United
States.
Practical
Outdoor Pig Production [videocassette]. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press Videos.
Distributed in N. America by Diamond Farm Enterprises, Alexandria Bay, NY; 1993;
1/2" VHS, 40 min.
This video features examples of breeding units. Basic requirements, essential services, housing,
equipment, record keeping, and integration with other farming enterprises are covered.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 1912.
Keywords: breeding, housing, record keeping.
Proper
Pig Handling for Markets and Packers [videocassette]. Bowling Green,
KY: Livestock Conservation Institute; 1997; 1/2" VHS
This video demonstrates how to handle pigs at livestock markets and at the packing plant in
order to increase pork quality. Provides information on product consistency, understanding and
concern for animals, stress reduction, flight zone, range of vision, point of balance, handling
equipment maintenance, loading and unloading, lighting, handling stressed pigs, and handling
prior to stunning. The video is bilingual (English and Spanish).
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 2673.
Keywords:
handling, livestock markets, packing plants, loading.
Stimulus Response [videocassette]. Cambridge, UK: The Association for the Study of Animal
Behavior, Department of Biological Sciences, Homerton College; 1996; 1/2" VHS, 33 min.
Using a variety of farm animal species, the teaching video examines the five steps of stimulus
response. Steps include stimulus perception, the response of physiological receptors,
coordination of the response, effector response, and behavioral response. The video is geared
toward high school and undergraduate college levels and is a collaborative effort between the
Universities of Bristol and Cambridge.
NAL
Call No.: Videocassette no. 2350.
Keywords: behavior, welfare, learning principles, nervous system, psychology, teaching tool.
Stockperson Training Course: Trainers Manual [kit]. Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and
Development Corporation; 1997, 1/2", VHS, 1 hr.,17 min. Includes notebook. (available from
AITEX International PTY LTD)
Video contains live footage of swine being handled on the farm in both positive and negative
ways. Handling of pigs when moving from place to place as well as handling during mating is
presented. Video comes with a notebook for Trainers and Trainees that contains six training
modules: stock sense and welfare; handling pigs, farrowing management and preweaming
mortality; estrus detection and mating management; weaner health, and grower/finisher
management.
NAL Call No.: SF395 S65 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, welfare, handling, stockmanship, human animal
relationship.
Swine
Abnormalities [videocassette]. Lubbock, TX: CEV Multimedia, Ltd.; 1987;
1/2" VHS, 26 min.
Extensive abnormalities in swine are provided using live examples. Examples of pigs with skin
and hair abnormalities (sarctopic mange, wrinkling, swirls), skeletal structure abnormalities
(weak pasterns, sickle hocked, missing vertebrae), reproductive abnormalities (vaginal
prolapse, infantile genitalia, cryptorchidism), and digestive system abnormalities (rectal
prolapse, artresia ani), are presented. A video quiz is included.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3217.
Keywords: disease, genetic defects, system disorders, skeletal disorders, evaluation.
Swine Breeds ID [videocassette]. Lubbock, TX: CEV Multimedia, Ltd.; 1995; 1/2" VHS, 21
min.
Swine Breeds is a visually-packed presentation detailing 16 breeds of swine: Berkshire,
Hampshire, Poland China, Spotted Poland China, Duroc, Chester White, Yorkshire, Landrace,
Hereford, Pietrain, Red Waddle, Mulefoot, Yucatan, Ossabaw Island, Tamworth and
Gloucester Old Spot. The history of these breeds, their specific traits and origin is presented. In
addition important terminology (such as barrow, carcass merit, growth rate, insular dwarfism)
is reviewed. A supplement is included.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3213.
Keywords: swine breeds, characteristics, history, recognition of.
Swine Handling for Pork Producers [videocassette]. Des Moines, IA: National Pork
Producers Council; Pork Quality Assurance Video Series - #3; 1996; 1/2" VHS, 15 min.
Includes a manual and quiz. Available online at
http://www.pork.org
The effect of proper handling on meat quality, methods of handling pigs based on pig behavior,
facility design, and loading for transport are reviewed in this video.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 2332.
Keywords:
handling, behavior, loading, meat quality, facility design.
Swine
Handling and Transportation [videocassette]. Madison, WI: Livestock Conservation
Institute; 1989?; 1/2" VHS, 21 min.
Dr. Temple Grandin describes basic principles of pig behavior. Swine vision, flight zones,
reactions to noise, and following behavior, are reviewed. Handling and transportation practices
that reduce bruising, decrease injury, and increase efficiency are also discussed.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 1593.
Keywords:
handling, transport, behavior, injury prevention.
Swine
Handling and Transportation: Video Training Kit [kit]. Bowling Green,
KY: National Institute for Animal Agriculture; 2001; 1/2" VHS, 20 min. Includes
booklet.
This video training kit presents information on proper swine handling and transportation. Video
contains both English and Spanish versions and is accompanied by a bilingual facilitator guide.
The booklet and video are designed to show and explain proper pig handling techniques. Video
contains live footage of swine being loaded and transported from the farm.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 3211.
Keywords: training kit, handling, moving pigs, loading, proper facilities, behavior, visual
perception.
Swine
Handling for Transporters [videocassette]. Des Moines, IA: National Pork
Producers Council; Pork Quality Assurance Video Series - #4; 1996; 1/2" VHS,
17 min. Includes manual, guide, quiz, and laminated adverse weather chart. Available
online at
http://www.pork.org
The effect of proper handling during loading and transport on meat quality is explored.
Transport guidelines for adverse weather conditions included.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 2333.
Keywords:
handling, meat quality, loading, transport, weather.
Swine Housing and Well-being [videocassette] Des Moines, IA: National Pork Board;
co-sponsored by the U.S.Dept. of Agriculture, The Cooperative State Research Education
Extension Service; 2002; 1/2" VHS. Includes a series of three videocassettes.
Video recordings from meeting sessions held during P.O.R.K. Academy 2002, an educational
workshop intended for swine producers. Presentations from researchers, government, and
industry representatives covering stockmanship and training, practical sow housing and system
design, and consumer perspectives are presented.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette No. 3259.
Keywords: ethics, stockmanship, welfare, training, resources, housing.
Swine Housing and Well-being [sound recording]. Des Moines, IA: National Pork Board;
co-sponsored by the U.S.Dept. of Agriculture, The Cooperative State Research Education
Extension Service; 2002. Includes a series of three audiotapes.
Audio tape recordings from meeting sessions held during P.O.R.K. Academy 2002, an
educational workshop intended for swine producers. Presentations from researchers,
government, and industry representatives covering stockmanship and training, practical sow
housing and system design, and consumer perspectives are presented.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette No. 403.
Keywords: ethics, stockmanship, welfare, training, resources, housing.
Swine Learning Laboratory Kit [kit]. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University; Curriculum
Materials Service; 1994. Includes 1/2" VHS videocassette, guide, charts, diagrams, posters,
duffle bag.
This resource kit contains: situation/ task statements, charts and diagrams, identification tags
and instructions, Educators’ Curriculum Guide, Critical Points of Quality Assurance and
Animal Care video, animal medication product label and insert posters, color retail meat
identification photos, color breed identification prints with name tags and trait descriptions;
animal skeleton structure poster, ear notching pig head diagram, wholesale meat cut poster,
animal handling and management poster. All printed materials are laminated for durability. A
duffle bag is included for easy transport of learning materials to offsite locations such as farms,
fair grounds, or class rooms. Suitable teaching aid for use with 4-H, FFA, and other youth
agricultural organizations.
NAL Call No.: Kit no. 404.
Keywords: instructional materials, youth, breed identification, quality assurance, retail meat
cuts, pig identification, handling.
Swine Management Practices I [videocassette]. Lubbock, TX: CEV Multimedia, Ltd.; 1995;
1/2" VHS, 18 min.
This video reviews swine characteristics, housing, and management of sows and piglets during
farrowing. Includes a summary, quizzes, and answers on a supplemental CD.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette no. 2578.
Keywords: management practices, farrowing, housing.
Swine
Management Practices II [videocassette]. Lubbock, TX: CEV Multimedia,
Ltd.; 1995; 1/2" VHS, 19 min.
Techniques for processing baby pigs including tooth clipping, tail docking, iron injections, ear
notching, and castration are presented. Segments on weaning, feeding, finishing, and paint
branding are included. Includes summary, quizzes, and answers.
NAL Call No.: Videocassette No. 2579.
Keywords: management practices, processing litters, identification.
Manuals and Booklets
Artificial Insemination of Pigs: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig
Research and Development Corporation; 1997, (available from AITEX International PTY
LTD).
Knowledge of swine physiology and the use of proper techniques are necessary for a successful
on farm artificial insemination program. This notebook contains training manuals for Trainers
and Trainees with modules on advantages of artificial insemination, perceived disadvantages of
artificial insemination, other technologies, reproductive tract of the sow, and physiology of
reproduction in the sow. Estrus detections methods and techniques used to inseminate sows are
reviewed.
NAL Call No.: SF396.9 L96 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, reproductive physiology, breeding, artificial insemination,
estrus detection.
Effluent
and Housing: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research
and
Development Corporation; 1997. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD).
This training manual for Trainers only, covers the following modules: housing design
principles, water and cooling, building components, pen design, handling and PSE, effluent
planning and pre-treatment of, and effluent treatment and land application. Standard
commercial housing designs are used.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 T39 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, housing, design, heating,, cooling, waste management.
Farrowing: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and Development
Corporation; 1997. Slide set included. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD).
Performance benchmarks are set to measure progress and identify problems that arise in
production. Record keeping provides information required to set or change benchmarks. This
notebook contains training manuals for Trainers and Trainees with modules on farrowing house
targets, pre farrowing management, sow and environment, farrowing management and
preweaning mortality, and post farrowing management. A slide set is included of various types
of farrowing crate designs and farrowing huts.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 P66 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, sows, gilts, farrowing, management, housing.
Health: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and Development
Corporation; 1997. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD).
Keeping good records, recording diseases, and setting realistic targets are important in any
swine herd health program. This notebook contains training manuals for Trainers and Trainees
with modules on the cost of disease, herd health, medication and hygiene, grower/finisher
health, respiratory disease complex, reproductive failure, destruction, disposal, and post
mortems.
NAL Call No.: SF971 C37 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, herd health, disease, mortality, post mortem exams.
Herd Manager: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and
Development Corporation; 1997. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD).
This notebook was developed for swine managers. It contains training manuals for Trainers and
Trainees with modules on decision making, cost of production, stockmanship and animal
welfare, matings and farrowing, nutrition and feeding, herd health, cost of disease, genetics,
and emerging technologies.
NAL Call No.: SF395 S642 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, production costs, stockmanship, breeding, farrowing,
feeding, herd health.
Human Resources: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and
Development Corporation; 1997. Includes slide set. (available from AITEX International PTY
LTD).
Consideration of procedures to induct new employees to work on the swine farm is important
but often overlooked. Few trained pig specialists are available in the current labor market. New
workers need to be provided with opportunities to develop husbandry and management skills.
This notebook contains training manuals for Trainers and Trainees with modules on induction
programs and coaching, occupational health and safety, self image, and working in teams. A
series of slides covering occupational health and safety risks in the piggery are included.
NAL Call No.: HD9435 A2 S56 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, labor, husbandry skills, occupational health, safety.
Mating and Reproduction: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research
and Development Corporation; 1997. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD).
The purpose of this course is to evaluate and set performance targets for the mating shed. This
notebook contains training manuals for Trainers and Trainees with modules on mating
management objectives, estrus detecion and mating, gilt pool management, boar management,
weaned sow management, and pregnancy.
NAL Call No.: SF396.9 T74 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, sows, gilts, reproductive performance, record keeping,
management.
Nutrition: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research and Development
Corporation; 1997. Slide set included. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD).
Feed costs represent a high proportion of total feed costs (more than 55%) for the Australian
swine producer. It is vital for producers to have an understanding of swine nutrition and how it
can affect herd performance. This notebook contains training manuals for Trainers and
Trainees with modules on basic pig nutrition, measuring nutritional performance of the herd,
optimizing feed intake and feed quality, and feeding programs. More than forty slides covering
nutritional issues on the farm included.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 V37 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, feeding, nutrition, feed intake, quality, feed costs.
On
Farm Euthanasia of Swine Options for the Producer [booklet]. Des Moines,
Iowa: American Association of Swine Practitioners; National Pork Producers Council
in cooperation with the National Pork Board; revised 2001; 5 p. Available online
at
http://www.pork.org
Because it is usually impossible or impractical for the veterinarian to be available for all
euthanasia on-farm, producers themselves often need to perform humane euthanasia of pigs.
Five methods are described with consideration of human safety, pig welfare, skill required,
cost, aesthetics, and limitations.
NAL Call No.: HV4731 O5 2001.
Keywords: euthanasia, welfare, humane, methods.
Pig
Welfare Advisory Group [booklets]. London, United Kingdom: Department
for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (formerly MAFF); 1997. 9 booklets.
Available online at
http://www.defra.gov.uk
In the United Kingdom the Welfare of Livestock Regulations of 1994 required that the use of
tethers and confinement stalls for pigs be phased out by January 1999. The Pig Welfare
Advisory Group represents organizations involved in pig production concerned with the need
for guidance on alternatives systems to sow stalls and tethers. The Pig Welfare Advisory Group
is credited with the development of a series of booklets which provide information on
alternative dry sow housing systems. The following booklets are included in the series:
Introduction of sows into groups.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 I58 1997
Non-straw or low straw systems for housing dry sows.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 N66 1997
Cubicles and free-access stalls.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 C83 1997
Yards and individual feeders.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 Y37 1997
Yards or kennels with floor feeding.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 Y371 1997
Outdoor sows.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 O98 1997
Electronic sow feeders (ESF).
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 E44 1997
Keywords: sows, housing, alternative production systems, electronic feeding systems, stalls,
cubicles, outdoor housing.
Profitable Pork: Strategies for Hog Producers [bulletin]. Washington, D.C.: Sustainable
Agriculture Network; 2001; 15 p. Available online at
http://www.sare.org/publications/hogs.htm
An informative bulletin exploring successful alternative hog production systems in the United
States. Methods for determining the right system appropriate for each farm are discussed.
Descriptions of deep straw systems, farrowing in deep straw, hoop structures, and pigs on
pasture, are reviewed. Environmental concerns and organic pork are also covered. A listing of
organizations, additional publications, Websites, and listservs are included.
NAL Call No.: SF395.8 A1 P76 2001.
Keywords: sows, finishing pigs, housing, alternative production systems.
Pork Industry Handbook [notebook] West Lafayette, Ind.: Cooperative Extension Service,
Purdue University; 1978?-present.
Periodically updated looseleaf notebook containing educational extension service fact sheets
and bulletins divided into ten major subject areas: swine production systems, breeding and
genetics, reproduction, nutrition, management, housing, waste management, herd health,
marketing, and pork quality.
NAL Call No.: SF395 P62.
Keywords: feeding, housing, production systems, waste management, health.
Swine
Care Handbook [booklet] Des Moines, Iowa: National Pork Board; revised
2002; 34 p. Available online at
http://www.pork.org
The purpose of this handbook is to provide pork producers with current information on swine
care practices that are recommended for safe, humane, and efficient pork production. Subjects
covered include: husbandry, handling, breeding herd management, environmental management,
facilities and equipment, feeding and nutrition, and herd health management.
NAL Cal No.: IPM030304216.
Keywords: feeding, health, husbandry, breeding, housing, ventilation, waste management.
Swine Management Manual [notebook] Honolulu, Hawaii: Agriculture Development in the
American Pacific (ADAP) Project; 1996.
An instruction manual developed for swine educators located in the Pacific islands. Modules on
health programs, vaccination and parasite control, nutrition, reproductive health, and baby pig
management are included.
NAL Call No.: SF395 S94 1996.
Keywords: instructional materials, swine producers, feeding, herd health, husbandry, Hawaii.
Swine Welfare Fact Sheets [fact sheet series]. Des Moines, Iowa: National Pork Board in
cooperation with the American Association of Swine Practitioners; Four fact sheets. Available
online at http://www.pork.org
A series of fact sheets focusing on swine welfare. Fact sheets on U.S. Pork Producer Code of
Practice, ethics, transport, and stress available online and in print. Emphasis on science based
information.
Keywords: welfare, code of practice, transport, stress.
Weaners Growers Finishers: Trainers Manual [notebook] Kingston, Australia: Pig Research
and Development Corporation; 1997. (available from AITEX International PTY LTD).
Profitability and sustainability are the ultimate tests of a successful piggery. This notebook
contains training manuals for Trainers and Trainees with modules on production costs in
Australia, health, grower herd performance, and emerging technologies and industry changes.
NAL Call No.: SF395 S643 1997.
Keywords: instructional materials, cost of production, herd health, performance, technology.
Return to Table of Contents
Books
and Proceedings
This section contains a listing of books and proceedings published from 1999-2003 relating to
swine care and welfare.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers (2000). Swine Housing: Proceedings of the First
International Conference: October 9-11, 2000, Des Moines, Iowa. American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, ASAE publication 701P0001, 401 p., ISBN: 1-892769-10-7.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 S952 2000.
Keywords: swine housing, production, new and traditional systems for farrowing, wean-to-finish, finishing facilities, animal welfare,
environment.
Cowart, R.P.; Casteel, S.W. (2001). An Outline of Swine Diseases: A Handbook, 2nd ed.,
Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 191 p.
NAL Call No.: SF971 C695 2001.
Keywords: swine medicine, veterinarian’s role in swine production, health management
techniques, etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, disease
control, toxic agents, North America.
Cranwell, P.D. (2001). Manipulating pig production VIII. Proceedings of the Eighth
Biennial Conference of the Australian Pig Science Association, Adelaide, Australia,
November 25-28, 2001, 281 p., Australasian Pig Science Association: Werribee, Australia,
ISBN: 0-957-7226-1-3.
Keywords: breeding, husbandry, nutrition, health, production, feeds, food safety, meat quality,
meat hygiene, Australia.
Dohner, J.V. ( 2001). The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry
Breeds Yale University Press: New Haven, USA, 514 p., ISBN: 0-300-08880-9.
NAL Call No.: SF105.275 U6 D65 2001.
Keywords: goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, equines, poultry, humans and animals, natural history,
domestication, husbandry, breed profiles, conservation, endangered species.
EMBRAPA
(2001). Proceedings of the 1st International
Virtual Conference on Pork Quality: Welfare, Transport, Slaughter and Consumer,
November 16- December 16, 2000, Concordia, Brazil, EMBRAPA Suinos
e Aves, 251 p.,
Keywords:
animal welfare, boars, carcass quality, food consumption, meat quality, handling,
slaughter.
English, P. (1992). Stockmanship: Improving the Care of the Pig and Other Livestock
Ipswich, Farming Press: U.K., 190p.
NAL Call No.: SF71.2 S76 1992.
Keywords: human-animal relationships, livestock workers, handling, production.
Ewing, S.A.; Lay, D.C.; Borell, E. von (1999). Farm Animal Well-being: Stress Physiology,
Animal Behavior, and Environmental Design Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 357 p.,
ISBN: 0-13-660200-2.
NAL Call No.: SF756.7 E94 1999.
Keywords: behavior, stress, housing, design, biology of the stress response, stressors, control,
physical environment, diet, social environment.
Federation of Animal Science Societies (1999). Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural
Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching Federation of Animal Science Societies:
Savoy, IL, 1st rev. ed., 120p.
NAL Call No.: QL55 G8 1999.
Keywords: laboratory animals, guidelines, husbandry, teaching, testing, animal welfare,
humane education.
Gordon, I.R. (1997). Controlled Reproduction in Pigs CAB International: Wallingford, Oxon,
UK; New York, 247 p., ISBN: 0851991165.
NAL Call No.: SF768.2 S95G67 1997.
Keywords: reproduction, breeding, review of literature, reproduction control and manipulation,
controlled breeding, sows, estrous cycle, associated events, artificial control of estrus and
ovulation, pregnancy testing, control of farrowing, more frequent farrowing in pigs, increasing
litter size, embryo transfer, breeding pigs at younger ages.
Graeme, T.; Kruger, I.; Ferrier, M.(1994). Plan It, Build It NSW Agriculture: Tamworth,
N.S.W., 331 p.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 P54 1994.
Keywords: pig housing, farm buildings, design, construction, Australia.
Grandin, T. (2000). Livestock Handling and Transport, 2nd ed., CAB International:
Wallingford, UK; New York, 449 p., ISBN: 0-85199-409-01.
NAL Call No.: SF88 L58 2000.
Keywords: cattle, swine, sheep, handling, fear, human animal relationships, stock person
training, manager training, stress, welfare, assessment, transport, thermoregulation, meat
quality, loading, unloading, slaughter.
Harmon, J.(2001). Swine Breeding and Gestation Facilities Handbook MidWest Plan Service:
Ames, Iowa, 103 p.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3 S89 2000.
Keywords: breeding and gestation facilities, housing, management options, building layouts,
equipment needs, manure handling options, environmental control systems, utility
requirements.
Hemsworth, P.H.; Coleman, G.J. (1998). Human-livestock Interactions: the Stockperson and
the Productivity and Welfare of Intensively Farmed Animals CAB International: New York,
NY, 152p.
NAL Call No.: HV4757 H46 1998.
Keywords: animal welfare, moral and ethical aspects, stockperson, skills, knowledge, status,
attitudes, stockperson behavior, animal behavior, future opportunities.
Hovi,
M.; Garcia Trujillo, R.
(2000). Diversity of Livestock Systems and
Definition of Animal Welfare. Proceedings of the Second NAHWOA
Workshop, Cordoba, Spain, 8-11 January 2000, University of Reading
Library (RUL): Reading, UK, 165p., ISBN: 0-7049-1092-6. Available online at
http://www.veeru.reading.ac.uk/organic/proceedings.htm
Keywords: farming, research methodologies, diversity, organic livestock systems,
Austria, Spain.
Kyriazakis, I. (1999). A Quantitative Biology of the Pig
C.A.B. International: Wallingford,
Oxon, UK ; New York, 408p., ISBN: 0-85199-273-0.
Keywords: genetics, growth, physiology, welfare, quantitative models, production,
mathematical models, physiological processes, feedstuffs, analysis, environment, thermal,
social environment, food intake, mating, pregnancy, lactation, body composition, endocrine,
voluntary food intake, diet selection, digestion, absorption, excretion, macroelements,
carbohydrate, lipid metabolism.
Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture (1999). Swine System Options for Iowa,
Proceedings of a Conference Held February17, 1999, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa,
Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture: Ames, Iowa, 78 p.
NAL Call No.: SF396.3.S954 1999.
Keywords: housing, hoop structures, outdoor pig production, health, feeding, bedding,
management.
McGlone, J.; Pond, W.G. (2003). Pig Production: Biological Principles and Applications
Delmar Publishers: USA 480p., ISBN: 0-8273-8484-X.
NAL Call No.: SF395 M37 2003.
Keywords: genetics, reproduction, nutrition, growth, resource management, social farming
issues, economics, handling, animal welfare, environmental concerns, modern farming.
National Research Council (1998). Nutrient Requirements of Swine Subcommittee on Swine
Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council
10th ed., National Academy Press: Washington, D.C., 189p. + 1 computer laser optical disc.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 N87 1998.
Keywords: nutrition, requirements, growth, physiology, water requirements, energy, proteins,
amino acids, feed intake, minerals, vitamins, sex and age differences.
Pond, W.G.; Mersmann H.J. (2001). Biology of the Domestic Pig, Comstock Pub. Associates,
Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY, 745 p.
NAL Call No.: SF768.2 S95 B56 2001.
Keywords: physiology, ethology, psychology, husbandry, anesthesia, surgery, genetics,
reproduction, growth, body composition, nutrient requirements, digestive system, skeletal and
muscular system, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, hematology, excretory system,
integument, endocrinology, immunology, xenotransplantation.
Rothschild, M.F.; Ruvinsky, A. (1998). The Genetics of the Pig C.A.B. International:
Wallingford, Oxon, UK ; New York, 622 p., ISBN: 0851992293,
NAL Call No.: SF396.9.G45.
Keywords: genetics, management, production, technology, improvement in performance,
phylogeny, morphological traits, diseases, behavior, transgenics, performance traits, genetic
conservation, genome mapping, linkage maps, domestication, breeds, origin, color variation,
morphological traits, inherited disorders, reproduction, meat and carcass traits.
Sims,
L.D.;
Glastonbury, J.R.W. (1996). Pathology of the Pig: A Diagnostic Guide Barton,
A.C.T.: Pig Research and Development Corporation; Bendigo Mail Centre, Victoria, Australia,
456 p.
NAL Call No.: SF971 P382 1996.
Keywords: oral cavity, oesophagus and stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver,
pancreas, peritoneal cavity, cardiovascular system, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, nasal
passages, larynx and trachea, lungs, endocrine glands, bones, joints, skeletal muscle, nervous
system, eye, ear, skin, urinary tract, female reproductive tract, mammary gland, male
reproductive tract, semen, neonatal mortality, health monitoring, slaughter, diseases, diagnosis,
anatomy, veterinary pathology.
Smith, P. (2001). Practical Pig Keeping Crowood Press: Marlborough, UK, 208 p., ISBN:
1-86126-388-0.
Keywords: piglets, husbandry, feeding, health, breeding, marketing, practical manual.
Straw, B.E. (1999). Diseases of Swine Iowa State University Press: Ames, Iowa, 8th ed., 1209
p.
NAL Call No.: SF971 D57 1999.
Keywords: physical examination, diagnosis, interpretation of laboratory results, differential
diagnosis, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, behavioral problems, coccidia, protozoa, external
parasites, gastric ulcers, genetic diseases, developmental diseases, neoplastic diseases, internal
parasites, mycotoxins, nutrient deficiencies and excesses, porcine stress syndrome, prolapses,
toxic minerals, chemicals, plants, and gases, veterinary practice, immune system, digestive
system, mammary gland and lactation problems, nervous system diseases, locomotor diseases,
animal welfare, methods of disease control, disease surveillance at slaughter, anesthesia and
surgical procedures in swine, therapeutic, veterinary services.
Taylor, D.J.(1999). Pig Diseases Iowa State Press, Blackwell Publishing: Glasgow, Scotland,
7th ed., 412 p., ISBN:095069326X,
NAL Call No.: SF971 T39 1999.
Keywords: animal welfare, veterinary profession, meat quality, food safety, humane endpoint
for slaughter, risks to man, disease therapy.
Varley, M.A. (1995). The Neonatal Pig: Development and Survival CAB International:
Wallingford, 342 p., ISBN: 085198925X.
NAL Call No.: SF395 N46 1995.
Keywords: neonatal pig, piglets, mortality, review, genetics, physiology, gut and nutrition,
probiotics, diseases, immunology, behavior, thermoregulation, environment, husbandry, human
animal interactions.
Varley, M.A.; Wiseman, J. (2001). The Weaner Pig: Nutrition and Management CABI
Publishing: Wallingford, UK; New York, 336 p., ISBN: 0-85199-532-2.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 W43 2001.
Keywords: piglets, weaning, transition, liquid diet, dry feed, digestive physiology, immune
status, social, physical environments, growth, feed efficiency, development, nutrition,
immunology, health, ethology, physical environment.
Whittemoore, C.T. (1998). The Science and Practice
of Pig Production Blackwell Science:
Oxford; Malden, Mass, 2nd ed., 624 p., ISBN: 0-632-05086-1.
NAL Call No.: SF395 W48 1998.
Keywords: carcass quality, growth, reproduction, genetics, welfare, behavior, codes of practice,
disease prevention, energy value of feedstuffs, nutritional value of proteins and amino acids,
energy and protein requirements, water, mineral, vitamin, requirements, appetite, feed intake,
diet formulation, product marketing, environmental requirements, production performance
monitoring, simulation modeling, housing diagrams, photographs, charts, tables, extensive
resource.
Wiseman, J.; Varley, M.A.; Chadwick, J.P. (1998). Progress in Pig Science Nottingham
University Press: Thrumpton, Nottingham, 472 p.
NAL Call No.: SF395 P76 1998.
Keywords: comprehensive overview, genetics, neonate, weaning, growing pig, reproduction,
marketing, meat quality, environmental aspects, management, health, welfare, marker assisted
selection, immunological development, gut regulation, post weaning enteric and respiratory
syndromes, crop biotechnology, feed improvement, embryo survival, nutrition-endocrine
interaction in the female pig, GATT, meat assessment, aroma, flavor, robots for meat
assessment, pollutants.
Return to Table of Contents
Website
Resources
Website
addresses change periodically. The sites listed are current as of July 2003.
Emphasis was placed on selecting resources relevant to the care, welfare, and
housing of swine.
AgNIC Swine Page
http://www.lib.iastate.edu/services1/ref/agnic/aboutpage_txt.html
This site provides links to notable World Wide Web resources that deal with the production,
marketing, and research aspects of swine and pork. Agricultural, marketing, and statistical
sites; databases, library and publisher catalogs, and other reference sources are also listed.
Agriculture and Agri-food Canada
http://www.agr.gc.ca/index_e.phtml
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada provides information, research and technology, and policies
and programs to achieve security of the food system, health of the environment and innovation
for growth. Abstracts available from “The Lennoxville Symposium on Farm Animal Welfare in
Canada: New technologies, research and world trade.”
AITEX
http://www.aitex.com.au/aitexpig/edm_index.html
Quality educational materials for producers and swine educators can be found here. Training
modules, audiovisuals, and books, covering swine health, breeding, stockmanship, and farm
management can be ordered through this site.
Alberta Farm Animal Care (AFAC) Association
http://afac.ab.ca
AFAC is an association started by farmers. AFAC’s goal is to promote responsible animal care
and enhance public understanding of Alberta’s animal agriculture. AFAC participates in issues
and legislation that encourage research into relevant to animal care. Website contains Farm
Animal Welfare News, a publication that contains current information on farm animal welfare
initiatives, relevant issues, and research conducted in Canada. Links to reports, codes of
practice, legislative information, and information on training courses for swine handling and
transport, are included.
Alternatives to Intensive Confinement Systems for Farm Animals: An Annotated
Bibliography
http://www.awionline.org/www.awionline.org/farm/alt-farming.html#pigs
Full text links to articles on alternative hog production systems. Hoop structures, Swedish
deep-
bedded systems, huts, pasture raising, and other alternative housing systems are reviewed.
Information on sustainable methods that allow the expression of species typical behaviors such
as nesting and rooting is included.
American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV)
http://www.aasv.org/
The AASV is an educational professional society organized to increase the knowledge of
veterinarians in the field of swine medicine and practice.
Animal Well-Being and Stress Control Systems
http://www.nps.ars.usda.gov/programs/105s2.htm
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal research agency of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture. ARS is charged with extending the Nation’s scientific knowledge
across a broad range of program areas. This Website describes ARS research initiatives in the
area of farm animal well-being and stress.
Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC)
http://awic.nal.usda.gov
National Agricultural Library
10301
Baltimore Ave.
Beltsville, MD 20705
Tel: (301) 504-6212, Fax: (301) 504-7125, Contact us: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php
The Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) located at the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's National Agricultural Library provides reference services primarily for patrons
using animals covered by the Animal Welfare Act. Farm animals used in teaching, testing, and
non production oriented research, are covered by the Act. AWIC produces bibliographies on
the welfare and husbandry of swine, cattle, horses, sheep, poultry, dogs, cats, rabbits, and
rodents. The Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin contains several articles on
agricultural animal care and use including anesthesia, analgesia, animal transport, and animal
welfare issues. The AWIC Website includes these documents. The site also contains links to
US farm animal policies, guidelines, and congressional activity.
Animal Welfare Issues: Swine
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v9n3/9n3holde.htm#toc1
An overview of current welfare issues facing the swine industry today, including animal
welfare assessment, current practices, and alternative production systems are briefly reviewed.
Full text Codes of Recommendations and Minimum Standards for swine and other species are
available at this site. Humane treatment of swine during transport, slaughter, and sale yards
covered.
Animal Well-Being and Stress Control Systems
http://www.nps.ars.usda.gov/programs/105s2.htm
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal research agency of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture. ARS is charged with extending the Nation’s scientific knowledge
across a broad range of program areas. This Website describes ARS research initiatives in the
area of farm animal well-being and stress.
Animal
Welfare and Behavior Group at Michigan State
http://www.msu.edu/~zanella/current.html
Description
of current research projects of the Animal Welfare and Behavior Group at Michigan
State. Projects include studies on memory and learning in pigs, and a novel animal welfare
training program patterned after traditional animal judging teams. The program offers students
the opportunity to assess the welfare of animals maintained under different housing, husbandry
and environmental conditions.
Animal Health and Welfare
http://www.defra.gov.uk
The health and welfare of animals are central to Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affair's (DEFRA) work of protecting and improving livestock and controlling and eradicating
disease. The Animal Health and Welfare pages are divided into various subject areas including:
BSE, Tuberculosis, Identification, Animal Welfare, International Trade, Disease surveillance
and control. The Animal Welfare page for swine includes codes of practice, a series of online
booklets on alternative sow housing, outdoor pig production, stress, lameness, and condition
scoring.
Annotated Database on Refinement of Housing and Handling Conditions and
Environmental Enrichment for Laboratory Animals. Part II: Cattle, Calves, Chickens,
Goats, Horses, Quails, Pigs, Sheep
http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/refine.htm
An annotated database of articles, abstracts, book chapters, and books, on all aspects of
refinement and environmental enrichment are available at this site. Housing and handling of
farm animals is included. The database is regularly updated
ARS News and Information “New Feeder Curbs Pregnant Sows’ Hoggish Ways”
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/020715.htm
This article describes an automated feeding system that is currently being tested at Texas Tech
University. The feeding system eliminates the need for crating sows during their four-month
pregnancies.
Combined Livestock Issues Database Information
http://www.liru.asft.ttu.edu/refman/index.htm
A reference database compiled for farm animal researchers and educators. The database
provides references on contemporary issues in animal agriculture.
Companion Animals and Livestock
http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/138
This site is provided by New South Wales Department of Agriculture. Swine pages contain
information on swine breeding, selection, health, nutrition, and housing. Low cost straw-based
housing is reviewed.
Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service (CSREES) Home Page
http://www.csrees.usda.gov/
CSREES
link the research and education programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
and works with land-grant institutions in each state, territory and the District
of Columbia. The mission of CSREES is in cooperation with partners and customers,
to advance a global system of research, extension and higher education in the
food and agricultural sciences and related environmental and human sciences
to benefit people, communities, and the Nation. A clickable map of extension
programs by state is also available. Swine producers are encouraged to use this
site to locate extension materials that are specific to their state’s
climatic conditions, types of housing, feed resources, etc.
Danish National Committee for Pig Production
http://www.danskeslagterier.dk/smcms/LU_engelsk/Index.htm?ID=357
This site contains English translations of annual reports and other important documents
prepared by the Danish National Committee for Pig Production. The Annual Report 2002
contains information summarizing current research findings and developments on swine
housing, feeding, health, and welfare in Denmark.
Dr. Temple Grandin's Web Page
http://www.grandin.com/
Full text, abstracts, reviews, and general information based on or related to the work of applied
ethologist Temple Grandin. Topics include livestock behavior, design of stockyards and
restraining systems, humane and ritual slaughter, stress and meat quality, current research,
animal welfare/rights, and books.
Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Behavior (EFAB)
http://www.liru.asft.ttu.edu/EFAB/default.asp
This online encyclopedia containing audio and video clips of farm animals exhibiting various
behaviors, is intended for research and teaching purposes. The encyclopedia is provided by the
USDA, ARS, Southern Plains Area, Livestock Issues Research Unit, and Multimedia Division.
European Commission on Animal Welfare
http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/index_en.htm
The European Commission’s activities on animal welfare recognize that animals are sentient
beings. The Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection is responsible for setting
standards for the welfare of animals on the farm, during transport and at slaughter. Links are
available to animal welfare policy objectives, legislative action, ongoing initiatives, and
international animal welfare issues.
Healthy Animals
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/ha/
The Healthy Animals Website offers an online compilation of animal health related research
news. The site is maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s chief scientific agency,
the Agricultural Research Service.
Humane Hogs
http://www.newfarm.org/features/0103/wilson_hogs/index.shtml
An article describing the experiences of an Iowa farm family that uses pasture farrowing and
Swedish deep-bedded systems to raise hogs.
International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS)
http://www.ivis.org
A
not-for-profit organization created to provide clinically relevant, up-to-date
information to veterinary practitioners, veterinary students, clinicians and
researchers worldwide using the internet. The IVIS Website allows users free
access to original, electronic textbooks, reviews, updates, and other resources
on a wide variety of veterinary topics. All publications are original contributions
written specifically for the IVIS Website and reviewed by the editor(s) of the
book. Each book includes links to information about relevant medications. Book
chapters can be printed on a desktop printer for easy reading. Veterinary related
information available for farm, laboratory, companion, and exotic animal species.
Is Outdoor Housing an Enriched Environment for Pigs?
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v7n3/7n3morro.htm
Segment of an article entitled Environmental Enrichment for Dairy Calves and Pigs, written by
Julie Morrow-Tesch, Ph.D. Discussion of the effects of environmental enrichment on the brain
development in pigs.
National Pork Board
www.porkboard.org
Many swine related resources available online including brochures, fact sheets, video clips,
handbooks, and conference listings. Subject coverage includes, health, biosecurity, genetics,
animal care, environmental issues, and quality assurance. Emphasis on swine production issues
that are of relevance to U.S. producers.
National
Institute for Animal Agriculture (NIAA)
http://www.animalagriculture.org
The National Institute for Animal Agriculture (NIAA) is an umbrella organization of
producers, veterinarians, processors, corporations, and commodity organizations that advocate
programs that improve animal health, care, and food safety. NIAA produces educational videos
and pamphlets on animal care, behavior, handling, transportation, and disease. Authors include
animal scientists working in academic research institutions and commercial production
facilities. Videos, pamphlets, and meeting proceedings may be ordered directly from NIAA.
NetVet
http://netvet.wustl.edu/vet.htm
NetVet focuses on veterinary resources with links to veterinary education, listservs,
organizations, publications, and images. This award-winning site is an excellent starting point
for looking for materials for training personnel in care and use of agricultural animals. A useful
feature of NetVet is the Electronic Zoo. Among the Electronic Zoo animal group icons are
horses, cows, pigs, small ruminants, and birds. Each icon contains a list of Websites related to
these species.
Ohio Agricultural Education WWW Server
http://www-cms.ag.ohio-state.edu/Home.html
This server provides ordering and pricing information for Learning Laboratory Kits, interactive
CDs, books, videos, and brochures. Subject coverage includes quality assurance, animal care,
welfare, and handling, of beef, dairy, swine, goats, sheep, rabbits, and dogs. Teaching materials
for FFA projects are listed as well.
Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science Web Page
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu
This is a quality Website containing sections covering breeds of livestock, free ration
formulation software, extension publications, youth instructional materials, and more.
Ontario Pork
http://www.ontariopork.on.ca/
Information on animal welfare standards, codes of practice, guidelines, humane pig transport,
and current Canadian animal welfare legislation are available.
Ontario, Canada, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Livestock
Web Page
http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/
Web pages are available for dairy, beef, swine, goats, and alternative livestock. The swine page
includes information on animal welfare, housing, health, genetics, reproduction, and more.
Pasture Based Swine Management
http://www.clt.astate.edu/dkennedy/index.htm
The purpose of this site is to provide a description of a project funded by USDA, Sustainable
Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) to support the development of sustainable swine
enterprises for limited-resource farmers in the Mississippi Delta. General and technical
information about alternative methods of producing pork are presented.
Pig Health Website
http://www.PIGHEALTH.COM/
A searchable Website which includes information on pig health, swine welfare, hog
management, pork safety, and new books in print.
ThePigSite
http://www.thepigsite.com
A Website devoted to pig health and welfare. Information on disease descriptions, clinical
signs, diagnosis, treatment, management, and disease control are covered.
Pork Industry Institute Texas Tech University
http://www.depts.ttu.edu/porkindustryinstitute/index.htm
Well maintained site featuring research papers, presentations, and lectures from swine expert
John McGlone, PhD. Current information on alternative housing systems for sows including
many photos of outdoor pig production systems is included. Discussion of EU legislation and
current trends in the US.
PORK@PURDUE
http://www.ces.purdue.edu/pork/
Full text fact sheets, bulletins, slide presentations, and conference proceedings covering swine
care, behavior, welfare, stress, housing, and management. Recent research report comparing
two different types of housing for pregnant gilts are included.
Prairie Swine Centre
http://www.prairieswine.com/
Center
for research excellence in research, technology transfer and education all directed
at efficient, sustainable pork production in Canada. Scope includes nutrition,
behavior, welfare, housing, environment, management, and training programs.
Profitable Pork: Strategies for Hog Producers
http://www.sare.org/publications/hogs.htm
An informative full text bulletin exploring successful alternative hog production systems in the
United States is presented. Methods for determining the right system appropriate for each farm
are discussed. Descriptions of deep straw systems, farrowing in deep straw, hoop structures,
and pigs on pasture, are reviewed. Environmental concerns and organic pork are also covered.
A listing of organizations, additional publications, Websites, and listservs are included.
Recognition of Pain in Farm Animals
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n1.htm
An article written by James E. Breazile, M.A., D.V.M., Ph.D., in the Animal Welfare
Information Center’s Newsletter, that discusses pain perception in farm animals.
Review of Swine Genetics in the U.S.
http://www.nsif.com/Conferences/1995/review.htm
Author Larry D. Young, USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center,
Nebraska, reviews the history of swine genetics in the United States.
Stotfold
Pig Development Unit
http://www.stotfoldpigs.co.uk/
The Stotfold Pig Development Unit is one of the British pig industry’s centers of excellence for
practical research and communication of technical information. This
informative web page
contains booklets on sow feeding, sow welfare, tail docking, tooth clipping, and environmental
issues.
Stress Assessment for Pigs
http://www.stress-counselling.co.uk/pigs.htm
Information on a new product developed to monitor sounds occurring in pig buildings or
transport vehicles that may indicate distress. The device detects and warns of a specific
frequency spectrum associated with distress vocalization of hogs. The system is intended to
give hog producers an early warning of stressful experiences occurring to the pigs, so that
action can be taken before the welfare of the pigs and the economic viability of the swine farm
enterprise is unduly compromised.
Sustainable Hog Production Overview
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/Hogs.html
This publication discusses various aspects of sustainable hog production including: breed
selection, feed alternatives, odor and dust problems, waste and crop nutrient management,
health, humane concerns, vertical integration, and methods for identifying alternative markets.
Information on hooped shelters for finishing hogs and gestating sows, pasture production and
farrowing, Swedish deep-bedded group nursing system, and alternative marketing of pork is
available. Links for sources of additional information are also provided.
Swine Care Handbook
http://www.pork.org
The purpose of this handbook is to provide pork producers with current information on
practices that are recommended for safe, humane, and efficient pork production. Subjects
covered include: husbandry, handling, breeding herd management, environmental management,
facilities and equipment, feeding and nutrition, and herd health management. The handbook is
produced by the National Pork Board and was revised in 2002.
Swine Breeds
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/swine/
This site provides educational and informational resources on breeds of swine throughout the
world, provided by the Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal Science.
Swine Health and Production
http://www.aasv.org/shap.html
A refereed journal published bimonthly by the American Association of Swine Practitioners.
Swine Resources
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/library/swine.htm
This site is provided by the Oklahoma State University, Animal Science Department Virtual
Library. It contains links to many swine related resources including extension materials,
teaching materials, software information, and more.
University of Minnesota Extension Service: Swine Production
http://www.extension.umn.edu/topics.html?topic=4&subtopic=87
This educational Website contains swine extension publications on natural and organic pork
production, niche marketing, alternative hog production systems, and more.
US Pig Gene Mapping Coordination Program
http://www.animalgenome.org/pig/
Links provided to swine gene databases, swine gene maps, and species comparative gene maps.
USDA
APHIS Veterinary Services (VS) Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (CEAH)
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cahm/
Information on bio security strategies for swine farms. E coli, Salmonella other disease
pathogens covered.
Walking
Farrowing Pen: New Welfare Solution for Nursing Sows
http://nationalhogfarmer.com/mag/farming_unique_design_gives/
http://www.mardar.pl/pobieranie/swob_utrzymanie_loch_rus.pdf
Description and design photos of a farrowing pen that allows the sow freedom to move around
are found here. The “Walking Farrowing Pen” was developed in Poland through research
carried out at the University of Agriculture in Lublin and IBMER in Poznan.
Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs: Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee, 1997
http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/oldcomm4/out17_en.html
A comprehensive report on swine management and housing options that ensure good health and welfare.
The contents include a review of the concepts and measurement of animal welfare; biology and behavior of
pigs in natural and semi-natural conditions; husbandry; production system comparisons, economics, and
future research.
Worldcat
http://www.worldcat.org/
This is a great way to locate library resources near your home or farm. Your local librarian can assist you in borrowing training materials from state libraries and/or the National Agricultural Library (NAL). However, not all local libraries have web pages. For libraries not listed check your local telephone directly.
XPLOR,
University of Missouri, Cooperative Extension Swine Publications
http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/ansci/swine.htm
This
site contains fact sheets and abstracts relating to swine feeding, management,
breeding, housing, and waste management. Hoop structures for gestating sows
are included.
Return to Table of Contents
Bibliography
This section should be of interest to researchers, graduate students, extension specialists, and
veterinarians. Citations were selected from scientific journals and proceedings from 1999-2003.
Behavior
Ahlstrom, S.; Jarvis, S.; Lawrence, A.B. (2002). Savaging gilts are more restless and more
responsive to piglets during the expulsive phase of parturition. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 76 (1): 83-91, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, piglets, maternal behavior, aggressive behavior, savaging, restlessness,
responsiveness to piglets, farrowing, restrictive environments.
Amory, J.R.; Pearce, G.P. (2000). Alarm pheromones in urine modify the behaviour of
weaner pigs. Animal Welfare 9 (2):167-175, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701 A557.
Keywords: restraint of animals, urine, escape responses, alarm pheromones, animal behavior,
feeding behavior, vocalization, alert behavior, exploratory behavior.
Anil, L.; Anil, S; Deen, J. (2002). Relationship between postural behaviour and gestation
stall dimensions in relation to sow size. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 77 (3): 173-181,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: The extent to which the size of the gestation stall, relative to the size of the sow,
affects the normal basic postural behavioural needs of sows like standing, sitting and lying was
assessed using 25 sows randomly selected from four farms. The postural behaviour of the
animals was recorded using a time-lapse video recorder. The relationships of duration of
postures, time taken for various postural changes and frequency of postural changes with stall
measurements in relation to sow measurements were analysed. Negative correlations (P<0.01)
were found between stall length relative to sow length and the duration of time for which the
sows were standing. The relationships between the duration of postures and stall width relative
to animal breadth were not different (P>0.05). The time taken to change from a standing to
lying posture was negatively correlated (P<0.05) with stall length relative to animal length.
Similar correlations (P<0.05) were noted between stall width relative animal breadth and the
duration of postural change from standing to sitting and from sitting to standing. Stall width
relative to animal breadth was negatively related to the frequency of postural change from
standing to sitting (P<0.05). The results suggested that the freedom of movement of pregnant
sows in stalls could be improved by a little increase in the space allowance within the stall.
Keywords: gestation, housing, movement, postural behavior, pregnancy, stall dimensions.
Beattie, V.E.; O'Connell, N.E. (2002). Relationship between rooting behaviour and foraging
in growing pigs. Animal Welfare 11 (3): 295-303, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701 A557.
Keywords: unrestricted feeding, foraging, physical activity, restricted feeding, diurnal
variation, diurnal activity, animal welfare.
Beattie, V.E.; Sneddon, I.A.; Walker, N.; Weatherup, R.N. (2001). Environmental
enrichment of intensive pig housing using spent mushroom compost. Animal Science: an
International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 72 (1): 35-42, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Abstract: In a comparative study which examined the effect of having access to mushroom
compost in an otherwise barren environment there were three treatments and six replicates. The
three treatments were (T1) control barren pen providing 0.7 m2 per pig with fully slatted floor,
(T2) empty horizontal rack suspended above the pigs' heads and (T3) mushroom compost on
rack as in treatment 2. Pigs released particles of compost from the rack by nosing the metal
grid from below. Almost twice as many pigs with access to mushroom compost (T3) nosed the
rack (P < 0.001) and the ground below the rack (P < 0.001) as pigs which had a rack with no
mushroom compost (T2). Fewer pigs with mushroom compost were involved in behaviours
directed at penmates such as nosing, biting and chewing penmates than pigs in treatments 1 and
2 (P < 0.001). In addition fewer pigs in T3 were involved in feeding behaviour than in T1 and
T2 (P < 0.05). Percentages of tail-bitten animals which had to be removed were 11 and 24 for
T1 and T2 respectively while T3 had < 1% removed because of tail biting (P < 0.05). Apparent
food intake was higher (P < 0.05) and food conversion ratio tended to be poorer in T1 (P = 0.1).
It is suggested that pigs will redirect rooting behaviour towards penmates and the feeder in the
absence of any rooting substrate. Adding substrate to commercial finishing pens reduces this
redirection of behaviour and improves welfare by minimizing injury through tail biting.
Keywords: housing, enrichment, mushroom compost, physical activity, aggressive behavior,
tail biting, animal behavior, feed intake, feed conversion, animal welfare, rooting behavior.
Bornett, H.L.I.; Morgan, C.A.; Lawrence, A.B.; Mann, J. (2000). The effect of group housing
on feeding patterns and social behaviour of previously individually housed growing pigs.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 70 (2):127-141. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: housing, group effect, feeding behavior, feeding frequency, eating rates, time
budgets, feed intake, social behavior, aggressive behavior, liveweight gain, feed conversion
efficiency, individual housing.
Bornett, H.L.I.; Morgan, C.A.; Lawrence, A.B.; Mann, J. (2000). The flexibility of feeding
patterns in individually housed pigs. Animal Science: an International Journal of
Fundamental and Applied Research 70 (3): 457-469. ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Keywords: feeding, unrestricted feeding, restricted feeding, feeding frequency, feeding
habits,
feed intake, liveweight gain, behavior, feed conversion, meal patterns, eating patterns,
individual characteristics.
Boyle, L.A.; Leonard, F.C.; Lynch, P.B.; Brophy, P. (2000). Influence of housing system
during gestation on the behaviour and welfare of gilts in farrowing crates. Animal Science:
an International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 71 (3): 561-570, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Keywords: gilts, pig housing, farrowing pens, stalls, loose housing, litter, European Union,
group size, animal welfare, physical activity, posture, skin lesions, heart rate, litter size, piglets,
birth weight, fetal death, floor type.
Bracke, M.B.M.; Metz, J.H.M.; Spruijt, B.M.; Schouten, W.G.P. (2002). Decision support
system for overall welfare assessment in pregnant sows B: validation by expert opinion.
Journal of Animal Science 80 (7):1835-1845, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: This paper examines the validity of a model that is embedded in a computer-based
decision support system to assess the welfare status of pregnant sows in housing and
management systems. The so-called SOWEL (SOw WELfare) model was constructed using a
formalized procedure to identify and weight welfare-relevant attributes of housing systems in
relation to the animal's needs, and evidenced by scientific statements collected in a database.
The model's predictions about welfare scores for 15 different housing systems and weighting
factors for 20 attributes were compared with expert opinion, which was solicited using a
written questionnaire for pig-welfare scientists. The experts identified tethering and individual
housing in stalls as low welfare systems. The group of mid-welfare systems contained indoor
group-housing systems and an individual-housing system with additional space and substrate.
The five best systems were all systems with outdoor access and the provision of some kind of
substrate such as straw. The highest weighting factors were given for the attributes “social
contact,” “health and hygiene status,” “water availability,” “space per pen,” “foraging and
bulk,” “food agonism,” “rooting substrate,” “social stability,” and “movement comfort.” The
degree of concordance among the experts was reasonable for welfare scores of housing
systems, but low for weighting factors of attributes. Both for welfare scores and weighting
factors the model correlated significantly with expert opinion (Spearman's Rho: 0.92, P<0.001,
and 0.72, P<0.01, respectively). The results support the validity of the model and its underlying
procedure to assess farm animal welfare in an explicit and systematic way based on available
scientific knowledge.
Keywords: sows, pregnant, behavior, health, housing, husbandry, animal welfare, computer
techniques, foraging, hygiene, prediction, water availability.
Copyright© 2003, CAB International
Bradshaw, R.H.; Skyrme, J.; Brenninkmeijer, E.E.; Broom, D.M. (2000). Consistency of
measurement of social status in dry-sows group-housed in indoor and outdoor systems.
Animal Welfare 9(1):75-79, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: dominance, gilts, sows, social behavior, animal behavior, animal welfare, housing.
Bremermann, N. (2001). Comparing studies in regard of health, fattening efficiency and
meat quality of pigs in the indoor and outdoor keeping respectively. [Vergleichende
Untersuchungen zur Gesundheit, Mastleistung und Fleischqualitat von Schweinen in der
Stall- bzw. Freilandhaltung.] Klinik fur Klauentiere des Fachbereiches Veterinarmedizin der
Freien Universitat Berlin: Berlin, Germany,116 p.
Abstract:
The aim of the study is to examine indoor, outdoor and mixed kinds of keeping
pigs and their influences on animal health, fattening efficiency and meat quality.
Considering prevention of cruelty to animals and from a veterinarian and ethological
point of view, exclusive outdoor keeping is the most profitable for pig health
and well being. However, the outdoor keeping of pigs has its drawbacks such
as the need for much space, a high expenditure of work, a high feed consumption
and a low level of lean meat.
Keywords: crossbreds, thesis, animal health, animal welfare, feed conversion efficiency, feed
intake, finishing, meat quality, morbidity, piglets, seasons, Germany, German language.
Copyright© 2003, CAB International
Burne, T.H.J.; Murfitt, P.J.E.; Johnston, A.N.B. (2001). PGF2 alpha, induced nest building
and choice behaviour in female domestic pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73 (4):
267-279, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: The domestic pig, Sus scrofa, builds a maternal nest in the day before parturition. A
model for porcine nest building has been established, in which exogenously administered
prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha is used to induce nesting behaviour in cyclic, pseudopregnant and
pregnant pigs. This experiment was designed to examine the effect of PGF2 alpha on the
preferences of non-pregnant gilts for pens bedded with straw compared with bare pens. Ten 6-month-old nulliparous female pigs (gilts) were tested in an arena, which consisted of four pens
(1.8 m x 1.7 m), a neutral area (1.5 m x 3.4 m) and a start area (1.5 m x 3.4 m). Two of the pens
contained 2 kg of fresh straw and the remainder of the testing arena was devoid of straw. On
the first day of testing half of the pigs were given a control intramuscular injection of 3 ml
0.9% saline and the remainder were given an intramuscular injection of 15 mg PGF2 alpha and
their behaviour scored for 1 h after treatment. On the following day the treatments were
reversed, such that each pig was given both treatments (saline or PGF2 alpha ). There was no
significant effect of the order of treatment on behaviour. After saline-treatment the pigs spent
most of their time in the pens containing straw (59%) and the least amount of time in bare pens
(5%). In the straw pens, saline-treatment induced bouts of oronasal contact with straw of a
relatively long duration (11-100 s), which we interpret as foraging. In the hour after PGF2
alpha, treatment the pigs also spent most of their time in the pens containing straw (44%) and
the least amount of time in bare pens (10%), but they interacted with the straw in a markedly
different way. PGF2 alpha, treated pigs displayed bouts of oronasal contact with straw of a
relatively short duration (2-10 s) which, together with high frequencies of pawing at straw,
lifting and carrying straw in the mouth, we interpret as nest building behaviour. Superimposed
on this is the finding that gilts spend more time in the neutral areas after PGF2 alpha, treatment
than they did after saline-treatment. PGF2 alpha, treated pigs spent most of their time engaged
in nesting behaviour within the straw pens but they also gathered and deposited straw in
different areas of the test arena (neutral and start areas); behaviours not seen after saline-treatment. We conclude that pigs generally prefer a pen containing straw bedding to a bare pen
but that PGF2 alpha alters the way they interact with straw, inducing behaviour similar to
prepartum nest building.
Keywords: behavior, gilts, litter, nesting, pregnancy, prostaglandins.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Coleman, G.J.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Hay, M.; Cox, M. (2000). Modifying stockperson attitudes
and behaviour towards pigs at a large commercial farm. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
66(1-2):11-20, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: behavioral method, animal behavior, animal welfare, commercial pig farm, human-animal relationship, productivity, stockperson
attitude, stockperson behavior, stockperson
swine training program, productivity, animal welfare, fear in pigs, reproductive performance
improvement, small, medium, and large commercial farms, Australia.
Cox, L.N.; Cooper, J.J. (2001). Observations on the pre-and post-weaning behaviour of
piglets reared in commercial indoor and outdoor environments. Animal Science: an
International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 72 (1): 75-86, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Abstract: A number of behavioural problems are associated with weaning piglets including
belly nosing, ear and tail biting, and low intake of solid food. These appear to be less
pronounced in piglets reared on outdoor systems, which initially consume more solid food and
show less belly nosing and aggression than comparable indoor-reared piglets. The objective of
this study was to investigate how these differences in post-weaning behaviour relate to the
piglets’ pre-weaning behaviour in the two rearing environments. The study was carried out at a
commercial pig unit, where piglets of the same genotype are born into conventional indoor or
outdoor farrowing systems. In the intensive system, sows were singly housed prior to farrowing
in crates and their piglets received a solid “creep” food prior to weaning. On the outdoor
system, sows were allowed to build straw nests in arks for farrowing and both sow and piglets
had access to pasture. Indoor and outdoor piglets were weaned at 24 (+/-3) days of age and
mixed in straw-yard housing with access to a solid food. Prior to weaning, teat-directed activity
was more common in indoor piglets than outdoor piglets. Outdoor piglets performed more
rooting, standing and locomotion and were seen chewing the sows’ roll-nuts. Following
weaning, outdoor-reared piglets performed more feeding and rooting, and less fighting than
indoor-reared piglets. This study supports previous findings that undesirable activities such as
fighting are less common in piglets weaned from outdoor systems, even when mixed with
indoor piglets. In addition, outdoor-reared piglets were more likely to exploit solid food even
though they did not have access to creep food prior to weaning.
Keywords: piglets, weaning, pig housing, farrowing pens, creep feeding, animal behavior, floor
pens, agonistic behavior, tail biting, physical activity, age differences, teats, animal welfare,
farrowing crates, farrowing arks.
Croney, C. (2001). Methods of assessing cognitive abilities of farm animals. Journal of
Animal Science 79 (Supplement 2): 32, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: behavior, cognition, production, animal well-being, olfactory learning, video task
acquisition, meeting abstract.
Damm, B.I.; Bildsoe, M.; Gilbert, C.; Ladewig, J.; Vestergaard, K.S. (2002). The effects of
confinement on periparturient behaviour and circulating prolactin, prostaglandin F2
alpha and oxytocin in gilts with access to a variety of nest materials. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 76(2): 135-156, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: In a 2x2 factorial experiment, the effects of gestation and farrowing housing on: (1)
periparturient behaviour and circulating prolactin, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha ) and
oxytocin in gilts with access to peat, straw and branches, and (2) correlational relationships
between the periparturient behaviour and hormones were studied. The treatments consisted of
housing in stalls or pens from mating to day 110 of gestation followed by housing in farrowing
crates or pens until after parturition. Landrace x Yorkshire gilts were observed from video
recordings (n=25) from 20 h prepartum and blood sampled via jugular catheters (n=16) from
24 h prepartum until 2 h after the birth of the first piglet. There was an interaction between
gestation and farrowing housing affecting the start of nest-building (P=0.03). Gilts that
experienced a change in type of housing accommodation commenced nest-building closer to
parturition than gilts that were penned both during gestation and at farrowing (both P<0.05).
The housing environment did not affect the timing of termination of nest-building, behaviour
during parturition, or the course of parturition. However, relative to base level, crated gilts sat
more from 16 to 6 h prepartum, whereas this was the case for penned gilts only from 9 to 7 h
prepartum. Crated gilts also tended to change posture more often (P=0.07) and to lay more in
sternal recumbency (P=0.095). This suggests that familiarity with the environment in
combination with space to move about and/or availability of materials is important in the
timing of nest-building. Confinement during farrowing did not appear to impair feedback from
the materials and the nest, although increased number of postural changes may reflect the
motivation but inability to nest-build, or general discomfort in the crate. There was a
development over time in postural and nest-building behaviours as well as in plasma
concentrations of prolactin, PGF2 alpha (measured by the metabolite PGFM) and oxytocin, but
there were only few effects of housing treatments on hormones or associations between
behaviour and hormones. The results suggest that nest- building occurs independently of a
prepartum rise in prolactin, but that oxytocin may be associated with the termination of nest-building as there was a negative correlation with nosing (P<0.01) and arranging of nest-building materials (P<0.001). Farrowing crate housing appeared to
have fewer effects on
periparturient behaviour and course of parturition than reported in previous studies where
effects of confinement and provision of nest-building materials may have been confounded.
Thus, provision of nest-building materials to crated sows may have beneficial effects on sow
behaviour and welfare.
Keywords: behavior, farrowing houses, farrowing pens, gilts, hormone secretion, nesting,
nests, oxytocin, parturition, prolactin, prostaglandin F2alpha.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Davies, Z.E.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C.; Sibly, R.M. (2001). Effects of stone chewing by
outdoor sows on their teeth and stomachs. The Veterinary Record: Journal of the British
Veterinary Association 149 (1): 9-11, ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641.
Keywords: sows, stones, animal behavior, teeth, stomach, disorders, injury, England.
Day, J.E.L.; Spoolder, H.A.M.; Burfoot, A.; Chamberlain, H.L.; Edwards, S.A. (2002). The
separate and interactive effects of handling and environmental enrichment on the
behaviour and welfare of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75 (3):177-192,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: The aim of this experiment was to determine the interactive effects of handling and
environmental enrichment on the behaviour, performance and welfare of the growing/finishing
pigs. Groups of pigs were exposed to one of eight treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial
design with two levels of handling (M: minimal and P: pleasant), and four levels of
environmental enrichment (B: barren, C: chain, S: chopped straw, or T: destructible toy). Daily
food intake was significantly affected by handling during 1-6 weeks with the P groups eating
slightly more food than the M groups (1.88 vs. 1.75 kg/day; S.E.D.=0.077; P<0.05), however,
this increased intake was not reflected in daily liveweight gain or food conversion ratio during
the same period. The time taken for a group of pigs to exit their pen during a routine handling
test was significantly affected by the handling treatments (46.2 vs. 37.8 s for P and M groups,
respectively; S.E.D.=3.38; P<0.05). Behavioural time budgets, and postmortem muscle pH and
stomach lesion scores were unaffected by treatment. These results suggest that pleasantly
handled pigs are more difficult to move during routine husbandry tasks which may be mediated
through their reduced fear of humans. 27 ref.
Keywords: behavior, animal welfare, environmental impact, feed conversion efficiency, feed
intake, finishing, live weight gain.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Day, J.E.L.; Burfoot, A.; Docking, C.M.; Whittaker, X.; Spoolder, H.A.M.; Edwards, S.A.
(2002). The effects of prior experience of straw and the level of straw provision on the
behaviour of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76 (3): 189-202, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: breed, Large White x Landrace, behavior, aggression, housing, animal welfare,
belly nosing, biting, ear chewing, finishing period, growing period, licking, pen mate directed
behavior, play fighting, ploughing, prior straw experience, rooting, straw bed depth, straw
directed behavior, tail biting.
Day, J.E.L.; Spoolder, H.A.M.; Burfoot, A.; Whittaker, X.; Edwards, S.A. (2001). The
development and validation of a complex ethogram to investigate the straw directed
behaviour of growing pigs. Pig News and Information 22 (2): 49N-54N, ISSN: 0143-9014.
NAL Call No.: SF391.P55.
Keywords: behavior, animal welfare, experimental design, methodology, reliability, reviews,
straw, United Kingdom.
Dybkjaer, L.; Olsen, A.N.W.; Moller, F.; Jensen, K.H. (2001). Effects of farrowing
conditions on behaviour in multi-suckling pens for pigs. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica.
Section A, Animal Science 51 (2):134-141, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of housing farrowing sows in either crates (C-sows) or a get-away system (G-sows) until day
11
after farrowing on the subsequent behaviour
in multi-suckling pens. Emphases were placed on nursing behaviour patterns of relevance for
the piglets’ growth and survival in the multi-suckling pens. Ten groups of six sows were used.
Behaviour was recorded for 24 h on days 1, 8 and 15 after the introduction to the multi-suckling pen. When the sows had farrowed in the get-away system, significantly more nursings
were initiated in the multi-suckling pen. Furthermore, the G-sows terminated a significantly
smaller percentage of the nursings in the multi-suckling pens and there was significantly less
cross-suckling compared with pens with C-sows. G- sows also tended (P=0.08) to lose fewer
piglets in the multi-suckling pens than C-sows. In conclusion, these results suggest that nursing
behaviour in multi- suckling pens may be improved when the sows farrow in get-away systems
as compared with crates.
Keywords: farrowing pens, growth, maternal behaviour, pig housing, piglets, preweaning
period, sows, suckling, survival.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ebenezer, I.S.; Vellucci, S.V.; Parrott, R.F. (2001). The differential effects of intravenously
administered 8 OH DPAT on operant food intake in satiated and food deprived pigs are
mediated by central 5 HT1A receptors. Physiology and Behavior 73 (1 2): 223-227, ISSN:
0031-9384.
NAL Call No.: QP1 P4.
Keywords: satiated pigs, fasted pigs, intravenous administration, 5 HT1A receptor agonist, 8
hydroxy 2 (di n propylamino) tetralin (8 OH DPAT), food intake, operant food intake, central 5
HT1A receptors.
Ekkel, E.D.; Spoolder, H.A.M.; Hulsegge, B. (2001). The lying behavior of pigs; a basic
study. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 15, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy
Science Association, American Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal
Science and the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: behavior, lying behavior, posture, space requirements, meeting abstract.
English, P.R.; Grant, S.A.; McPherson, O.; Edwards, S.A.(1999). Evaluation of the effects of
the positive “befriending” of sows and gilts (“pleasant” treatment) prior to parturition
and in early lactation on sow behaviour, the process of parturition and piglet survival. In:
Farm Animal Welfare, Who Writes the Rules? Proceedings of an International Symposium
Organized by the British Society of Animal Science, Edinburgh, UK, 1999, A.J.F. Russel, C.A.
Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and T.L.J. Lawrence (eds.), British Society of Animal
Science (No. 23): UK, pp.132-136.
NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23.
Keywords: gilts, lactation, parturition, piglets, young animals, sows, survival, animal welfare,
livestock, legislation, handling, stockmen, pregnancy.
Erhard, H.W., M. Mendl, and D.D. Ashley (1999). Aggression in pigs: an example of using
basic research in an applied context. In: Farm Animal Welfare, Who Writes the Rules?
Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Society of Animal
Science, Edinburgh, UK, 1999, A.J.F. Russel, C.A. Morgan, C.J. Savory, M.C. Appleby, and
T.L.J. Lawrence (eds.), British Society of Animal Science (No. 23): UK, pp.163-164.
NAL Call No.: SF5 B74 no. 23.
Keywords: animal welfare, livestock, legislation, aggressive behavior.
Erp-van der Kooij, E. van; Kuijpers, A. H.; Schrama, J. W.; Eerdenburg, F. J. C. M. van;
Schouten, W. G. P.; Tielen, M. J. M. (2002). Can we predict behaviour in pigs? Searching
for consistency in behaviour over time and across situations. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 75 (4): 293-305, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: Individual differences in animal behaviour could elucidate the differences in stress
coping style, which have consequences for production, health and welfare. Therefore,
individual behavioural differences in pigs and consistency of responses in different test
situations were studied. If differences in behaviour reflect coping characteristics, then
behaviour in one situation should predict behavioural reactions in other situations and at other
times. In this study, a backtest was performed on 315 Great Yorkshire Dutch Landrace piglets
at 3, 10 and 17 days of age. On day 3, groups of approximately 10 piglets per sow were formed,
based on escape behaviour in the first backtest (backtest score): high resisting (HR, all scores
>3), low resisting (LR, all scores <3), miscellaneous (MISC, various scores between 0 and 10)
or original (OR) litters to determine if group composition would influence coping behaviour. In
weeks 5-7 and/or 10-12, a human approach test (HAT), a novel object test (NOT), and an open
door test (ODT) were performed with all pigs simultaneously, in the home pen. Pearson
correlation coefficients were calculated between the test results and a factor analysis was
performed. Furthermore, data were analysed on pen level, and within MISC- and OR-pens on
animal level, using multivariate linear models. Significant correlations were found between the
backtests and between HAT, NOT and ODT. Backtest results on three ages loaded on the same
factor, and HAT, NOT and ODT at one age also loaded on one factor. No differences were
found in HAT, NOT and ODT for the different pens (HR, LR, MISC and OR). On animal level,
animals with higher backtest scores also had higher HAT scores at 5-7 weeks (P<0.05) within
the MISC-pens. At 10-12 weeks, no differences were found. This study suggests that there are
consistencies in behaviour of pigs over time and across situations, so coping can be regarded as
a trait variable. However, since correlations are well below one, we suggest that other factors
such as time (development) and (test) situation may also play an important role in determining
an individual's behavioural reaction. The absence of correlations between backtest and the
group tests is explained by the theory that these different tests measure different aspects of the
coping style.
Keywords: piglets, Landrace, Yorkshire, breed, behavior, breed differences, stress, stress
response.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Farmer, C.; Palin, M.F.; Sorensen M.T.; Robert, S. (2001). Lactation performance and
behaviour of Upton Meishan and Large White sows and litters. Livestock Production
Science 70 (1-2): 179, ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: sows, Upton Meishan, Large White, breed, lactation performance, litter behavior,
milk energy content, nursing frequency, sow behavior, meeting abstract.
Gallagher, N.L.; Giles, L.R.; Wynn, P.C. (2002). The development of a circadian pattern of
salivary cortisol secretion in the neonatal piglet. Biology of the Neonate 81 (2): 113-118,
ISSN: 0006-3126.
NAL Call No.: QH301.B46.
Keywords: neonatal piglets, saliva, cortisol, glucocorticoid, secretion, circadian rhythm,
behavior, escape attempts, vocalization, intensity, alternative to blood sampling.
Gardner, J.M.; Lange, C.F.M. de.; Widowski, T.M. (2001). Belly-nosing in early-weaned
piglets is not influenced by diet quality or the presence of milk in the diet. Journal of
Animal Science 79 (1): 73-80, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: piglets, early weaning, animal behavior, feed intake, liveweight, liveweight gain,
diets, dried whey, milk substitutes, blood plasma, soybean oilmeal, fish meal, stereotyped
behavior.
Gardner, J. M.; Duncan, I.J.H.; Widowski, T.M. (2001). Effects of social “stressors” on
belly-nosing
behaviour in early-weaned piglets: is belly-nosing an indicator of stress? Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 74 (2): 135-152, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: Belly-nosing is a behaviour pattern commonly observed in early-weaned piglets.
Although belly-nosing has been referred to as an indicator of stress, the factors involved in its
causation are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if the differences in stress
at weaning influence the development of belly-nosing behaviour in piglets weaned at 12-14
days of age. To test this, we attempted to create varying degrees of stress at weaning, by
subjecting piglets to different combinations of social stressors. The experimental design was a
2 x 2 factorial, with group composition (mixed litters versus littermates) and density (0.15 m2
per pig (HD) versus 0.4 m2 per pig (LD)) as the main factors. Six replicates per treatment, of
six piglets/replicate were used in three, 3-week trials (n = 144). Behaviour was recorded every
5 min during one 4 h period on day 1 and during two 4 h periods on days 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and
21 post-weaning. Feed intake, water intake and growth rate were determined weekly. Blood
was collected, from half of the piglets, on day 2 pre-weaning and days 3 and 10 post-weaning
for neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios (N:L) and plasma cortisol concentrations. During the first
week post-weaning, feed intake was higher for piglets housed at HD (P<0.05) but no other
differences in performance were observed. Contrary to what was expected, aggression was
greater for piglets housed at LD than those housed at HD overall, and on days 10 (P<0.05) and
17 (P<0.05) post-weaning. On day 3 post-weaning, variation in N:L was greater for piglets
weaned with littermates (P< 0.05) and piglets housed at LD (P<0.05). On day 10 post-weaning,
both mean plasma cortisol (P<0.05) and variation in N:L (P<0.05) were higher for piglets
housed at LD. Although plasma cortisol, N:L and aggression were all suggestive of a greater
stress response in piglets housed at LD, there were no differences in belly-nosing for any
treatment (P>0.10). Belly- nosing did develop across all treatments by day 7 post-weaning.
Belly-nosing does not appear to be a general behavioural indicator of stress.
Keywords: behavior, blood picture, feed intake, growth rate, hydrocortisone, lymphocytes,
neutrophils, piglets, stress, water intake, weaning.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Gilbert, C.L.; Murfitt, P.J.; Burne, T.H. (2001). Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha treatment
of pseudopregnant pigs on nest building and interactions with newborn piglets. Hormones
and Behavior 39 (3): 206-215, ISSN: 0018-506X.
NAL Call No.: QP801.H7H64.
Keywords: gilts, prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha treatment, stimulates nest building, behavior,
pseudopregnant nulliparous gilts, pseudopregnancy, exposure to newborn piglets, standing,
pawing, rooting, lifting, carrying straw, scratching, savaging of piglets.
Glatz, P.C. (2001). Effect of different lighting sources on behavior and growth of weanling
pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (2): 280-287, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7.
Keywords: behavior, growth, illumination, artificial lighting, wavelengths, feed intake,
aggressive behavior, performance, body condition, red light, feed conversion efficiency,
animal welfare.
Gonyou, H.W. (2001). The social behaviour of pigs. In: Social Behaviour in Farm Animals
Keeling, L.J.; Gonyou, H.W. (Eds.), CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK, pp.147-176, ISBN: 0-85199-397-4.
Keywords: abnormal behavior, husbandry, animal welfare, communication between animals,
group interaction, group size, social behavior, social structure, social systems, space
requirements.
Grandin, T. (2003). Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve
animal welfare on the farm, ranch and the slaughter plant. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 81(3): 215-228, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: cattle, pigs, slaughter, restraint, handling, welfare, auditing, technology transfer.
Gregory, S.A.; Friend, T.H.; Piedrahitab, J.; Nevilla, C.H.; Walker, S. (2003). Behavioral
variation among cloned pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(4): 321-331, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: genetics, clone, behavior, variation, resting, play, food preferences.
Groot, J. de; Ruis, M.A.W.; Scholten, J.W.; Koolhaas, J.M.; Boersma, W.J.A. (2001). Long-term effects of
social stress on
antiviral immunity in pigs. Physiology and Behavior 73
(1/2): 145-158, ISSN: 0031-9384.
NAL Call No.: QP1.P4.
Abstract: Mixing of unfamiliar pigs is common practice in intensive pig husbandry. Since pigs
maintain a dominance hierarchy, mixing often leads to vigorous fighting. Apart from the
negative impact that fighting has on welfare, there is evidence that the social stress associated
with fighting suppresses immune function. In the present experiment, we investigated the
impact of mixing on specific long- term immune responses and protection against challenge
infection after vaccination with pseudorabies virus (PRV). Specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs
were mixed pairwise with an unfamiliar same-gender conspecific or left undisturbed with a
same-gender littermate at 3 days after vaccination with PRV. Half of the pigs were females
(gilts) and half were castrated males (barrows). Mixing increased agonistic behaviour to the
same degree in gilts and barrows. Cortisol concentrations in saliva and catecholamine excretion
in urine were increased in mixed pigs, and these effects were independent of dominance status
and gender. Subsequently, the effects of mixing, gender, dominance status and interactions
between these factors on immune response parameters were studied. The main result was that
mixed barrows showed suppressed immune responses after vaccination and increased clinical
symptoms after challenge infection compared to control barrows. Mixed gilts however did not
differ from control gilts. It also appeared that mixed dominants were more seriously affected
than mixed subordinates were. We conclude that, in some pigs, social stress after mixing
suppresses the immune response to a viral vaccine and consequently impairs protection against
challenge infection. 59 ref.
Keywords: agonistic behavior, antiviral properties, catecholamines, gender relations, gilts,
hydrocortisone, immune response, immunity, stress, vaccination, vaccines, Aujeszky virus,
porcine herpesvirus.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Guy, J.H.; Rowlinson, P.; Chadwick, J.P.; Ellis, M.(2002). Behaviour of two genotypes of
growing-finishing pig in three different housing systems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science
75 (3):193-206, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: This trial compared the behaviour of 720 growing-finishing pigs, progeny of either
indoor (Large White x Landrace) or outdoor (part-Meishan or part-Duroc) sows mated to Large
White boars, when housed in either outdoor paddocks, straw yards or fully-slatted pens. Space
allowance per pig in outdoor paddocks, straw yards and fully-slatted pens was 19.98, 1.63 and
0.55 m2, respectively with a group size of 20. Pigs were fed ad libitum from an average of 30-80 kg liveweight. Pig behaviour was observed during daylight for a total of 6 h, using both
individual (focal) and group (scan) sampling. There were relatively few differences in
behaviour between genotypes, although the outdoor genotype spent a higher proportion of
observations in straw yards and fully-slatted pens engaged in social activity (P<0.05) compared
to the indoor genotype. Pigs housed in straw yards spent significantly more time examining the
floor and moving (P< 0.001), and significantly less time tail-biting (P<0.01) compared to those
housed in fully-slatted pens, where a larger proportion of observation time was spent lying
inactive (P<0.001). Pigs in outdoor paddocks spent a large proportion of observation time
inside the shelter hut (0.69), where it was not possible to determine their behaviour, although
rooting and exploring the floor was the most frequently observed behaviour when the pigs were
outside. Interaction between genotype and housing system did not occur to any major degree. It
is concluded that, for the housing systems used in this study, pig behaviour was enriched and
welfare enhanced in straw yards compared to fully- slatted pens. Further research is needed,
however, before any conclusions can be made regarding the behaviour of pigs in outdoor
paddocks. 13 ref.
Keywords: Duroc, Landrace, Large White, Meishan, pig breeds, progeny animal behavior,
housing, finishing, genotypes, slatted floors, tail biting.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Harris, M.J.; Li, Y.; Gonyou, H.W. (2001). Savaging in gilts and second parity sows: A
study of seven commercial farms. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 15, Joint
Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Meat Science Association,
American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis,
Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: sows, gilts, piglets, farrowing date, fear response, parity, piglet mortality, piglet
savaging, vocalization, meeting abstract
Hay, M.; Orgeur, P.; Levy, F.; Le Dividich, J.; Concordet, D.; Nowak, R.; Schaal, B.;
Mormede, P. (2001). Neuroendocrine consequences of very early weaning in swine.
Physiology and Behavior 72 (1-2): 263-9, ISSN:0031-9384.
NAL Call No.: QP1.P4.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate the consequences of very early weaning
of piglets on neuroendocrine variables and growth. Sixty piglets from eight litters were either
weaned on Postnatal Day 6 (early weaning, or EW piglets) or left with their dam until normal
weaning at Day 28 (control piglets, or C). At Days 5, 7, 11, 14, and 19, urine was collected
between 7:00 and 8:00 a.m. for the measurement of catecholamines, glucocorticoids, and
creatinine. Compared with C, EW piglets displayed a transient increase in urinary cortisol on
the day following separation from their dam (Day 7) (P<.05). Urinary norepinephrine (NE) was
three times lower in EW compared to C piglets from Day 7 until Day 14 (P<.01) but there was
no difference between the two groups on Day 19. Urinary epinephrine (EPI) did not differ
between C and EW piglets on the day after weaning. Thereafter, EW piglets displayed a three
times drop in urinary EPI as compared to C piglets until the end of the period (P<.01). Weaning
induced an immediate reduction in food intake and growth rate and at Day 28, the body weight
of EW piglets was 1.60 kg lower than that of C piglets (P<.0001). In conclusion, weaning of 6-day-old piglets results in a marked and prolonged suppression of the release of catecholamines.
This result likely reflects physiological responses to insufficient energy intake after weaning, as
reflected also by changes in thermoregulatory behavior. The transient increase in cortisol
excretion in weanlings may be caused by both emotional distress and acute food deprivation.
Keywords: neurosecretory systems, physiology, weaning, aging, behavior, body weight,
catecholamines, urine, chromatography, high pressure liquid, ion exchange, cortisone,
hormones, hydrocortisone.
Held, S.; Mendl, M. (2001). Behaviour of the young weaner pig. In: The Weaner Pig:
Nutrition and Management Varley, M.A.; Wiseman, J. (Eds.), CABI Publishing: Wallingford,
UK, pp.273-297, ISBN: 0-85199-532-2.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 W43 2001.
Keywords: age at weaning, aggressive behavior, husbandry, feeding behavior, housing, piglets,
social behavior, stress, stress response, vocalization.
Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R. (2001). Behaviour of domestic pigs in a visual
perspective taking task. Behaviour 138 (11/12): 1337-1354, ISSN: 0005-7959.
Keywords: visual perspective, training, learning, food reward, problem solving, psychology.
Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W. (2001). Studies in social cognition: from
primates to pigs. Animal Welfare 10 (Suppl.): S209-S217, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: learning ability, foraging, food source, social dominance, experimental design,
visual perspective, subordinate behavior, animal welfare.
Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W. (2001). Testing social cognitive abilities of
domestic pigs: Why and how. Advances in Ethology (36): 78, ISSN: 0931-4202.
Keywords: competitive foraging task, analytical method, animal welfare, cognitive ability,
social behavior, social status, stress, visual perspective, meeting abstract.
Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Laughlin, K.; Burman, O. (2001). Cognition studies with pigs:
Livestock cognition and its implication for production. Journal of Animal Science 79
(Supplement 2): 32-33, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: behavior, cognition, production, animal well-being, meeting abstract.
Hemsworth, P.H. (2003). Human animal interactions in livestock production. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 81(3):185-198, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: dairy cattle, pigs, human-animal relationships, stockperson attitude, behavior, fear,
productivity, welfare.
Herskin, M.S.; Jensen, K.H. (2000). Effects of different degrees of social isolation on the
behaviour of weaned piglets for experimental purposes. Animal Welfare 9 (3): 237-249,
ISSN: 0962-7286,
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: piglets, weaning, group size, metabolism cages, animal behavior, fearfulness,
escape responses, mental stress, housing, animal experiments, experimental design, animal
welfare, Denmark.
Hillmann, E.; von Hollen, F.; Bunger, B.; Todt, D.; Schrader, L. (2003). Farrowing conditions
affect the reaction of piglets toward novel environment and social confrontation at
weaning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(2): 99-109, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: piglets, rearing, enrichment, weaning, behavior, novel environment, social
encounter.
Holden,
P.J.; McGlone, J.J. (1999). Animal welfare issues:
swine. Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin 9(3/4): 9-11,
ISSN: 1522-7553. Available
online at
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v9n3/9n3holde.htm
NAL
Call No.: aHV4701.A952
Keywords:
pigs, animal welfare, pig housing, floor space, social dominance, stress factors,
extensive livestock farming.
Horrell, R.I.; A’Ness, P.J.; Edwards, S.A.; Eddison, J.C. (2001). The use of nose-rings in pigs:
consequences for rooting, other functional activities, and welfare. Animal Welfare 10 (1):
3-22, ISSN: 0962-7286,
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: sows, nose, extensive livestock farming, animal behavior, paddocks, damage,
grazing, physical activity, mastication, animal welfare, frustration, stone chewing, bull rings,
clip rings.
Hunter, E.J.; Jones, T.A.; Guise, H.J.; Penny, R.H.C.; Hoste, S. (2001). The relationship
between tail biting in pigs, docking procedure and other management practices. The
Veterinary Journal 161 (1): 72-79, ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call No.: SF601.V484.
Abstract: The tail length (docked, tipped or undocked) and tail status (bitten or unbitten) of
27,870 pigs from 450 units was recorded at six UK abattoirs. A farm survey of the final
finishing stage was used to investigate the relationship between management practice and tail
biting. This showed that docking was the most important factor influencing the probability of
being not bitten, with 2.4% of docked and 8.5% of long-tailed pigs being tail-bitten. The
following factors reduced the probability of long-tailed pigs being tail-bitten; light straw
provision, use of natural ventilation or artificially controlled natural ventilation (ACNV),
mixed sex grouping, meal or liquid feeding, and use of double or multi-space feeders. Docked
and long-tailed pigs provided with light straw and natural ventilation/ACNV had levels of tail
biting of 1.2% and 4.3% respectively; 3.9% of docked pigs with artificial ventilation and no
straw were tail-bitten. Long-tailed pigs fed via double or multi-space feeders also had 3.9% of
tails bitten.
Keywords: behavior, animal, bites and stings, injuries, tail, surgery, husbandry, methods,
epidemiology, questionnaires, England.
Hutson, G.D.; Ambrose, T.J.; Barnett, J.L.; Tilbrook, A.J. (2000). Development of a
behavioural test of sensory responsiveness in the growing pig. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 66(3):187-202, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: handling, animal behaviour, animal welfare, tests, sounds, vision, stress.
Jarvis, S.; Calvert, S.K.; Stevenson, J.; vanLeeuwen, N.; Lawrence, A.B. (2002). Pituitary
adrenal activation in pre-parturient pigs (Sus scrofa) is associated with behavioural
restriction due to lack of space rather than nesting substrate. Animal Welfare 1(4): 371-384, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557.
Abstract:
Previous research has shown that pre-parturient primiparous pigs (gilts) housed
in behaviourally restrictive farrowing crates without straw redirect their nest-building
behaviour to non-manipulable substrates such as the bars of the crate. These
gilts also show elevated plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol
levels, particularly around the peak of nest-building activity, when compared
to gilts in larger pens that have been provided with a manipulable substrate
(straw). It remains unclear whether these behavioural and physiological responses
to crating result from the lack of a suitable nesting substrate or from the
restricted space. This study investigated the effects of space (crate [C] versus
pen [P]) and straw (straw [S] versus no straw [NS]) using a 2 x 2 factorial
design. Thirty-four gilts were implanted with an indwelling jugular catheter
at around 12 days before parturition. They were moved to one of the four environments
five days before parturition, and blood sampling and recording of behaviour
were carried out during the pre-parturient period. Penned gilts (P), irrespective
of straw availability, spent more time standing and walking and performed more
total substrate-directed behaviour than crated (C) gilts. When straw was not
available to
penned gilts, a large proportion of their substrate-directed behaviour was redirected to the floor.
Space also had an effect on ACTH and cortisol levels across the entire pre-parturient phase,
with C gilts having higher levels than P gilts irrespective of straw availability, but particularly
so at the peak of nest-building activity. There was no effect of straw on ACTH or cortisol
levels. Overall, it appears that increased space, perhaps through allowing locomotion, increases
substrate-directed behaviour of pre-parturient gilts. When space is available but straw is absent,
pre-parturient gilts redirect their nest-building behaviourto the floor. The ability to express
substrate-directed behaviour as a result of increased space is reflected in lower levels of
indicators of physiological stress.
Keywords: sow, piglets, piglets, ACTH, animal welfare, cortisol, farrowing, gilt, nest building,
environmental stimuli, prepartum behavior, straw, progesterone, stress.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International.
Jarvis, S.; Vegt, B.J. van der.; Lawrence, A.B.; McLean, K.A.; Deans, L.A.; Chirnside, J.;
Calvert, S.K. (2001). The effect of parity and environmental restriction on behavioural
and physiological responses of pre-parturient pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71
(3): 203-216, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, sows, farrowing, farrowing pens, litter, posture, maternal behavior, nesting,
behavior patterns, behavior change, blood plasma, hydrocortisone, stress response, farrowing
crates, periparturient behavior, restricted nest building.
Jensen, M.B.; Pedersen, L.J.; Hansen, S.W.; Munksgaard, L.; Ladewig, J.; Matthews, L.
(2001). Effects of interrupted social contact on the social behaviour of calves and piglets.
Behavioural Processes 56 (1): 23-9, ISSN: 0376-6357.
Keywords: calves, piglets, operant conditioning techniques, assessment, behavioral needs,
social contact, social behavior, aggression, flank pushing.
Johnson, A.K.; Morrow, J.L.; Dailey, J.W.; McGlone, J.J. (2001). Behavior of outdoor sows
72 h after parturition: Relation to piglet mortality. Journal of Dairy Science 84
(Supplement 1): 15, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Meat
Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science
Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: outdoor farrowing, parturition, piglet mortality, sow, posture, lying, sitting,
standing, meeting abstract.
Johnson, A.K.; Morrow-Tesch, J.L.; McGlone, J.J. (2001). Behavior and performance of
lactating sows and piglets reared indoors or outdoors. Journal of Animal Science 79(10):
2571-2579, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: Two hundred eighty-seven lactating Newsham sows and their litters were used to
determine the effects of intensive indoor (n = 147) and intensive outdoor (n = 140) production
systems on sow and litter productivity and behavior. All sows were of contemporary age and
fed a completely balanced sorghum-based diet. Behavior data were collected by live
observation on 40 sows and litters (20 indoor and 20 outdoor) using a 5-min scan sample over a
4-h period in the afternoon (1400 to 1800). The durations of lying (90.0 vs 72.1 +/- 2.76% of
time observed) and drinking (4.42 vs 1.41 +/- 0.6% of time observed) were higher (P < 0.01)
among indoor than among outdoor lactating sows. Nursing interval and feeding and sitting
behaviors were not different (P > 0.05) between production systems. Piglets spent more (P <
0.05) time walking (10.1 vs 5.2 +/- 1.72% of time observed) and engaged in play activity (5.0
vs 1.7 +/- 1.26% of time observed) when housed outdoors than indoors. Outdoor piglets had
more (P < 0.05) nursing behaviors directed toward the sow (27.5 vs 20.3 +/- 2.02% of time
observed) but time spent in contact with the sow did not differ between environments (38.8 vs
39.2 +/- 2.78% of time observed). Treatments did not influence (P > 0.05) any of the sow or
piglet production parameters. In conclusion, outdoor-kept Newsham sows and their piglets
showed a richer behavioral repertoire, but the diverse environments did not influence
production parameters.
Keywords: sows, piglets, performance, animal behavior, animal housing, intensive production,
duration, nursing, growth.
Jones, R.B.; Schofield, C.P.; White, R.P.; Wathes, C.M; Kristensen, H.H. (2001). The use of
olfactory and other cues for social recognition by juvenile pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 72 (4): 321-333, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: young animals, social behavior, discrimination, stimuli, smell, olfactory
stimulation, ammonia, animal welfare, social discrimination, social preferences.
Jong, I.C. de; Lambooij, E.; Korte, S.M.; Blokhuis, H.J.; Koolhaas, J.M. (1999). Mixing
induces long-term hyperthermia in growing pigs. Animal Science: an International Journal
of Fundamental and Applied Research 69(3):601-605, ISSN: 0003-3561.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A56.
Keywords: hyperthermia, body temperature, heart rate, stress, animal welfare, physiology,
animal behaviour, pig housing, aggression.
Jungbluth, T.; Stubbe, A. (1999). A new technique for the ethological improvement of
intensive housing systems for pigs. In: ASAE/CSAE-SCGR Annual International Meeting,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 18-21 July, 1999, American Society of Agricultural Engineers
(ASAE): St Joseph, USA, 14 p.
Keywords: animal behavior, chains, performance, straw, pig housing, animal welfare,
equipment, housing, toys.
Karman, A.G.; Jousma, E.; Wiegant, V.M.; Van der Beek, E.M. (2001). Effect of housing
conditions on vasopressin (VP) expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in pigs.
Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 27 (1): 462, ISSN: 0190-5295.
Keywords: male, castrated, pigs, housing, concrete floor versus concrete with straw, stress
response, autonomic, endocrine, cortisol, saliva, vasopressin, expression, slaughter, brain
removal, formalin fixed, paraventricular nucleus, immunocytochemistry, image analysis,
meeting abstract.
Kasanen, S.; Algers, B. (2002). A note on the effects of additional sow gruntings on
suckling behaviour in piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75(2): 93-101, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: Yorkshire-Swedish Landrace, piglets, sows, behavior, suckling, vocalization,
recorded sow grunts, playback, video recordings.
Klont,
R.E.; Hulsegge, B.; Hoving-Bolink, A.H.; Gerritzen, M.A.; Kurt, E.; Winkelman-Goedhart,
H.A.; de Jong, I.C. (2001).
Relationships between behavioral and meat quality characteristics
of pigs raised under barren and enriched housing conditions. Journal
of Animal Science 79 (11): 2835-43, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82
Abstract: In this study the effects of barren vs enriched housing conditions of pigs on their
behavior during the lairage period (2-h holding period before slaughter), carcass characteristics,
postmortem muscle metabolism, and meat quality were studied. The barren housing system
was defined by common intensive housing conditions (i.e., with slatted floors and
recommended space allowances), whereas the enriched environment incorporated extra space
and straw for manipulation. Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured before transport
and at the end of the lairage period. During the lairage period the percentage of time spent
walking and fighting by the pigs was registered. Carcass characteristics such as weight, meat
percentage, and backfat thickness were determined. At 5 min, 45 min, 4 h, and 24 h
postmortem, pH, temperature, and lactate concentrations were determined in the longissimus
lumborum (LL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. Capillarization of the muscle, mean muscle
fiber area, and color and drip loss after 2 and 5 d of storage were determined for both muscle
types. Pigs from the barren environment had a significantly higher increase in cortisol from
farm to slaughter, but no differences in behavior were observed during the lairage period.
Carcass characteristics did not differ between pigs from barren and those from enriched
housing conditions. Postmortem lactate formation was significantly lower in LL muscles of
enriched pigs at 4 and 24 h postmortem. Capillary density and mean muscle fiber area did not
differ between the groups of pigs. The percentage of drip loss at 2 and 5 d after storage of LL
muscle samples from enriched-housed pigs was significantly lower than that of the barren-housed pigs. Similar tendencies were found for the BF muscle from pigs kept in an enriched
environment, but these were not statistically significant. The housing system did not affect
meat color. It is concluded that on-farm improvement of animal welfare by environmental
enrichment can also lead to beneficial economic effects after slaughter by improving the water-holding capacity of pork.
Keywords: husbandry, handling, housing, meat standards, physiology, abattoirs, animal
welfare, behavior, psychology, hydrocortisone, blood, hydrogen-ion concentration, lactic acid,
metabolism, skeletal muscle chemistry.
Koba, Y.; Tanida, H. (1999). How do miniature pigs discriminate between people? The
effect of exchanging cues between a non-handler and their familiar handler on
discrimination. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61(3):239-252, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: animal welfare, animal behaviour, perception, vision, colour, smell, odors, senses.
Larsen, V.A.; Kongsted, A.G. (2001). Outdoor pig production: production, feeding,
reflections on grass cover. [Frilandssohold: produktion, foderforbrug, udsaetningsarsager
og graesdaekke.] DJF Rapport, Husdyrbrug (No.30), Danmarks JordbrugsForskning: Tjele,
Denmark, 46p., ISSN: 1397-9892.
Abstract:
In 1996, the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences initiated the project
“Outdoor pig production.” The project included identification and
evaluation of different outdoor production systems on pig farms in Denmark and
the implications for animal health and welfare, as well as environmental impact.
In addition, the project focused on specific subjects such as piglet mortality,
maintenance of pasture, feed consumption and requirements, nutrient balances,
reproduction and management of the production in a broad sense. This report
is based on the production results obtained in the 3rd year (1999), and also
describes feed intake, health and culling of sows, and the level of grass cover.
The production systems included single and group farrowing
paddocks, dynamic and stable groups, natural service and artificial insemination,
as well as outdoor and indoor facilities for serving and gestation. Arable land
varied from 56 to 100 ha, and herd size varied from 117 to 391 sows. Three farms
kept some weaned pigs for finishing. Production results varied considerably
(8.3-10.3 weaned piglets/litter), and so did feed consumption (1542-1800 SFU/sow/year).
Differences in production systems, stocking rates, and production levels resulted
in significant variation in the nutrient surplus for nitrogen (114-306 kg N/ha)
and phosphorus (9-60 kg P/ha). Outdoor piglet production required special attention
with regard to feeding and grass maintenance in order to obtain an acceptable
level of environmental pollution. During periods with unfavourable climatic
conditions for grass growth, a higher level of grass cover can be maintained
by increasing the area available per sow or moving sows to well-established
pasture. Experiences with different grass mixtures indicated that a mixture
of miniturf and white clover (Trifolium repens) was very suitable, providing
a low dense cover. Feed intake was on average 20% higher than theoretical requirements
of sows. Possible explanations include the waste of or the fact that feeds are
supplied to groups of animals. It is important to consider the requirements
of nutrients/energy unit to limit feed costs and environmental impact. In addition,
the potential development of individual feeding systems should be considered.
31 ref.
Keywords: health, housing, production, animal welfare, environmental impact, feed intake,
grassland management, grasslands, nutrient requirements, pastures, pig farming, feeding, piglet
feeding, production costs, sows, Poaceae, Trifolium repens, Denmark, Danish language.
Copyright© 2003, CAB International
Maletinska, J.; Spinka, M. (2001). Cross-suckling and nursing synchronisation in group
housed lactating sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75(1): 17-32., ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: sows, pig housing, group size, suckling, synchronization, litter size, age differences,
lactation number, lactation stage, sow lactation, fostering, piglets.
Maletinska, J.; Spinka, M. (2001). Occurrence of allosucking in group housed lactating
sows. Advances in Ethology (36): 210, ISSN: 0931-4202.
NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B.
Keywords: behavior, allosucking, lactation, litter age, litter size, nursing synchronization,
meeting abstract.
Marchant, J.N.; Broom, D.M.; Corning, S. (2001). The influence of sow behaviour on piglet
mortality due to crushing in an open farrowing system. Animal Science: an International
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research. 72 (1): 19-28, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to establish what changes in posture by sows
carried a high risk of piglet crushing in a group farrowing system during early lactation and
also to determine what factors influenced the risk of crushing during lying down. A total of 24
Large White X Landrace sows were studied during the first 7 days of lactation in a group
farrowing system. Cross-fostering was not carried out so as not to influence behaviour. Dead
piglets were removed and cause of death ascertained from external observation and post-mortem examination. Sow and piglet behaviour was video-recorded continuously. A total of
268 piglets were born alive, with 67 liveborn piglets subsequently dying during the 7-day
experimental period, 50 as a result of crushing. A total of 7425 posture changes were analysed
and 11 types of posture change were identified, the most dangerous being lying down from
standing and those involving swapping sides, or rolling over, whilst lying. Dangerous events
during lying down were more likely to occur (1) in the first 24 h after farrowing, (2) when the
sow lay down in the middle of the pen, (3) when the sow lay down without carrying out much
piglet-directed pre-lying behaviour and (4) when the piglets were spread out but near to the
sow. The amount of pre-lying behaviour decreased over time and crushing mortality also
decreased. The results confirm that the piglets are most vulnerable to crushing during the first
24 h of life, when they are spending much of their time near the udder and have relatively poor
mobility. Co-ordination of behaviour between the sow and her litter is important to reduce the
risk of crushing. It is also important that the design of open farrowing systems incorporates
knowledge about how crushing deaths occur in order to improve piglet welfare.
Keywords: sows, maternal behavior, posture, behavior patterns, perinatal mortality, age
differences, puerperium, farrowing houses, farrowing pens, piglets.
Marchant, F.J.N. (2002). Piglet and stockperson directed sow aggression after farrowing
and the relationship with a pre farrowing, human approach test. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 75 (2): 115-132, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, sow, piglets, stockperson, aggression by sow, savaging, farrowing,
conventional versus open system, human approach test, touching of snout, familiar, unfamiliar,
heart rate, social rank, lactation, litter size, mortality, growth rate, survival.
Marchant, J.N.; Whittaker, X.; Broom, D.M. (2001). Vocalisations of the adult female
domestic pig during a standard human approach test and their relationships with
behavioural and heart rate measures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.72 (1): 23-39,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, vocalization, animal behavior, locomotion, heart rate, interactions, human
animal interactions
McGlone, J.J.; Fullwood, S.D. (2001). Behavior, reproduction, and immunity of crated
pregnant gilts: effects of high dietary fiber and rearing environment. Journal of Animal
Science 79 (6): 1466-1474, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine effects of increased gut fill and diverse
developing environments on pregnant gilts’ behavior and physiology. Gilts were cross-fostered
at 1 d of age and transferred to either an indoor or outdoor production unit. Littermate gilts
remained in their different environments during development and were moved into individual
gestation crates in an indoor gestation unit. Of the 42 gilts, 19 were fed a control diet of
fortified sorghum-soybean meal and 23 were fed the same diet with 25% beet pulp (high fiber).
Control sows ate 2.0 kg/d and high-fiber sows ate 2.67 kg/d in a large pellet (thus resulting in
approximately equal energy intake and differing total dietary intakes). Pregnant gilts had
behavior and immune measures sampled at 30, 60, and 90 d of gestation. The day x diet
interaction was significant (P = 0.01) for duration of standing: sows fed high-fiber diets stood
less on d 30, but on d 60 and 90 they and the control sows stood for a similar duration. Sham
chewing duration and frequency showed significant (P < 0.05) effects of gestation stage x diet
x environment. Gilts reared outdoors and fed high fiber increased sham chewing over gestation,
whereas all other treatment groups decreased this behavior over time. Outdoor-reared gilts had
greater (P < 0.05) frequency and duration of drinking behavior than indoor-reared gilts. White
blood cell numbers were higher (P < 0.05) for gilts fed high-fiber diets than for gilts fed the
control diet. Immune (humoral and cellular systems) and reproductive measures (farrowing rate
and litter size) and plasma cortisol concentrations were generally not influenced (P > 0.10) by
diets and rearing environments, suggesting that in spite of significant changes in behavior and
feed intake gilts’ immune systems were not suppressed or enhanced. Behavioral data alone
suggested that indoor-reared gilts showed fewer behavioral adaptations to the crates than
outdoor-reared gilts. However, immune measures did not indicate that any treatments resulted
in physiological effects indicative of stress.
Keywords: gilts, pregnancy, animal behavior, sexual reproduction, fiber, digesta, litters, feed
rations, feeds, feed intake, duration, stress, animal welfare.
Meers, L.; Chedad, A.; Odberg, F.O.; Berckmans, D. (2001). The effect of a new foraging
device on food related aggression in fattening pigs. Advances in Ethology (36): 216, ISSN:
0931-4202.
NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B.
Keywords: fattening pigs, behavior, foraging device, equipment, food related aggression,
spatial distribution, meeting abstract.
Mendl, M.; Young, S.; Lawrence, A.B. (2001). A note on the effect of handling quality prior
to mixing on behaviour at mixing in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71 (1): 81-86,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: animal behavior, aggressive behavior, handling, social behavior, social interaction,
arousal, familiarity.
Meunier-Salaun, M.C. (2001). Fibre in diets of sows. In: Recent Developments in Pig
Nutrition No.3, Garnsworthy, P.C.; Wiseman, J.(Eds.), Nottingham University Press:
Nottingham, UK, pp.323-339, ISBN: 1-897676-44-1.
Keywords: sows, behavior, feeding behavior, stereotypic, operant conditioning, motivation,
diets, fiber, performance, physiological functions, reviews.
Meunier-Salaun, M.C. Edwards, S.A.; Robert, S. (2001). Effect of dietary fibre on the
behaviour and health of the restricted fed sow. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90
(1/2): 53-69, ISSN: 0377-8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55.
Keywords: sows, food restriction, feed rations, fiber, animal behavior, health, nutritional state,
pregnancy, performance, hunger, aggressive behavior, feeding, energy intake, nutrient intake,
glucose, insulin, volatile fatty acids, fermentation, stress, animal welfare, literature reviews.
Moinard, C.; Mendl, M.; Nicol, C.J.; Green, L.E. (2003). A case control study of on-farm
risk factors for tail biting in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(4): 333-355, ISSN:
0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: pig production, growing/finishing pigs, epidemiology, behavior, tail biting, tail
docking, effects, welfare, stocking density, post-weaning mortality, England.
Morgan, C.A.; Lawrence, A.B.; Chirnside, J.; Deans, L.A. (2001). Can information about
solid food be transmitted from one piglet to another? Animal Science: an International
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 73 (3): 471-478, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Abstract: When weaned early, piglets commonly take some time to accept solid food, resulting
in a growth check and reduced welfare. The transmission of information about food between
animals has been demonstrated in other species and it would be advantageous if this occurred
in piglets. This experiment investigated the effects of pairing piglets that were consuming solid
food with newly weaned piglets. Six litters of piglets did not receive solid food until weaning.
In each litter four piglets (3 plus 1 spare) were weaned at 21 days of age and housed together
for 7 days and offered one of two foods (3 litters per food). At 28 days of age the remaining
piglets were weaned and four pairs of piglets were formed, such that there were three
experienced animals paired with three inexperienced observers, each pair having visual contact
and varying degrees of physical contact (1: none, 2: through wire mesh, 3: housed together),
and a pair of inexperienced piglets (4: housed together) to act as controls. Food intake and
weight gain were recorded over a period of 7 days. There was no effect of food type on food
intake or live-weight gain of the pairs but the inexperienced pigs had higher gains on food 1
than food 2. The inexperienced pairs ate less food than the other pairs and the
experienced/observer pairs that were housed together had the greatest weight gain. The level of
variation between piglets was such that there were no significant effects of pairing treatment on
the weight gain of the inexperienced animals. Total time spent feeding increased with time
from pair formation. The number of simultaneous feeding events was higher for the
experienced/observer pairs housed together than for the inexperienced pairs. This experiment
has indicated that food intake is stimulated when an inexperienced piglet is housed with an
experienced piglet and, with further work, this could be exploited to alleviate the weaning
check. 16 ref.
Keywords: piglets, feeding, pair feeding, feed intake, food type, liveweight gain.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Morgan, C.A.; Nielsen, B.L.; Lawrence, A.B.; Mendl, M.T.(1999). Describing the social
environment and its effects on food intake and growth. In: A Quantitative Biology of the Pig
I. Kyriazakis (ed.), CAB International Wallingford, UK, ISBN: 0-85199-273-0, pp. 99-125.
NAL Call No.: IPM990717336.
Keywords: reviews, animal welfare, feeding behavior, group effect, stress, performance,
growth, feed intake, environmental factors, pig feeding, housing.
O’Connell, N.E.; Beattie, V.E.; Weatherup, R.N. (2002). Influence of feeder type on the
performance and behaviour of weaned pigs. Livestock Production Science 74(1): 13-17,
ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: pigs, weaning, performance, animal behavior, feed dispensers, water, feed intake,
feed conversion efficiency, growth rate, aggressive behavior, welfare.
O’Connell, N.E; Beattie, V.E. (1999). Influence of environmental enrichment on aggressive
behaviour and dominance relationships in growing pigs. Animal Welfare 8(3): 269-279,
ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: aggressive behavior, animal behavior, dominance, environment, aggression, pig
housing, suckling, body weight, social behaviour, animal welfare, age differences, husbandry.
Olsen, A.W.; Simonsen, H.B.; Dybkjaer, L. (2002). Effect of access to roughage and shelter
on selected behavioural indicators of welfare in pigs housed in a complex environment.
Animal Welfare 11(1): 75-87, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557
Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of roughage and shelter on certain
welfare indicators in growing pigs that have access to ample straw and space. The effects of the
two treatments were evaluated both by recording the pigs’ use of the various areas of the pen
and by measuring the frequency of two specific behaviours, “aggression” and “play” that are
considered to be significant indicators of welfare in pigs. Seven replicates were used, each
involving 96 pigs. The pigs were randomly allocated to eight experimental pens at 10 weeks of
age and were observed from 13 to 22 weeks of age. The two treatments, roughage and shelter,
were distributed according to a 2x2 design in the pigs’ outdoor runs, four of which were
located on each side of the barn (north side versus south side). The pigs spent most of their
time in the straw- provided areas and the frequency of their aggressive behaviour was also the
highest in these areas, suggesting that these locations were the most attractive to the pigs. The
pigs with access to roughage showed a lower frequency of aggression (P<0.05) and spent more
time in the outdoor area where the roughage was placed than those pigs with no access to
roughage (P<0.05). No other effects of treatment were found on the length of time spent in the
different pen locations. Play frequency decreased with age (P<0.05) and with increasing
temperature (P<0.01). Moreover, when housed on the south side of the building, the pigs with
access to shelter played more than those without (2.0 versus 1.0 events per hour (E=0.3);
P<0.05); this suggests that the opportunity to regulate the body temperature by use of shade
results in improved welfare. In conclusion, the pigs' behaviour indicated that their welfare was
improved by free access to roughage and shelter.
Keywords: growing pigs, age differences, aggression, behavior, play, animal welfare,
environmental temperature, physical activity, housing, roughage, straw, shelters.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Olsen, A.W. (2001). Behaviour of growing pigs kept in pens with outdoor runs. I. Effect of
access to roughage and shelter on oral activities. Livestock Production Science 69 (3): 255-264, ISSN: 0301-6226,
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: behavior, pig housing, straw, shelter, aggressive behavior, roughage, silage, lesions,
animal welfare.
Olsen, A.W.; Dybkjaer, L.; Simonsen, H.B. (2001). Behaviour of growing pigs kept in pens
with outdoor runs. II. Temperature regulatory behaviour, comfort behaviour and
dunging preferences. Livestock Production Science 69 (3): 265-278, ISSN: 0301-6226,
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: housing, animal behavior, body temperature, thermoregulation, shelter, excretion,
orientation, roughage, duration, air temperature.
Olsson, I.A.S.; de Jonge, F.H.; Schuurman, T.; Helmond, F.A. (1999). Poor rearing
conditions and social stress in pigs: repeated social challenge and the effect on
behavioural and physiological responses to stressors. Behavioural Processes 46(3):201-215,
ISSN: 0376-6357.
NAL Call No.: QL750 B4.
Keywords: stress, aggressive behavior, dominance, piglets, sows, aggression, pig housing,
animal welfare.
Orgeur, P.; Hay, M.; Mormede, P.; Salmon, H.; Le Dividich, J.; Nowak, R.; Schaal, B.; Levy,
F. (2001). Behavioural, growth and immune consequences of early weaning in one week
old Large-White piglets. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 41 (4): 321-32, ISSN: 0926-5287.
NAL Call No.: QL1 R35
Abstract: Genetic improvement in sows’ prolificity is limited by their milk capacities, which do
not allow all piglets to survive or grow normally. This experiment compared the behaviour,
growth and immune responses of piglets that were weaned early at 6 days of age (EW) vs.
control Large White piglets’ (C) suckled by their mothers. Behaviour of 9 litters of 5 to 8
piglets in each group were observed from d5 to d20. All piglets were weighed from birth to
d74. Three piglets from each group were slaughtered on d36 for immunological analysis. Until
they began to eat dry food, EW piglets walked and vocalised more than C piglets. After that
time, when resting, they were less often lying down and more frequently in contact with
littermates under the heater. Aggressive behaviour and belly-nosing were more frequent. They
displayed a more marked growth check after weaning than did C piglets until 28 days of age. In
EW piglets, at 36 days of age, there was a higher density of T- and B-lymphocytes in the gut
epithelium and lamina propria, fespectively, in relation to the size of lymphoid follicles of
Peyer's patches. The results indicate great behavioural adaptation capacities of very early-weaned piglets, together with earlier maturation of their gut immune system.
Keywords: physiology, aging, drinking behavior, feeding behavior, intestinal mucosa,
immunology, growth and development, weaning, adaptation, newborn, growth and
development, suckling, b-lymphocytes, t-lymphocytes, body weight, litter size, motor activity.
Otten, W.; Kanitz, E.; Tuchscherer, M. (2001). Prenatal stress in pigs: effects on growth,
physiological stress reactions and immune function. Archiv fur Tierzucht 43 (Special): 159-164, ISSN: 0003-9438.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23.
Abstract: The effects of a daily restraint of sows during the last third of pregnancy on endocrine
stress reactions, immune responses and growth of offspring were examined. Stress and immune
reactions of piglets were tested using an immobilization and ACTH test at 3, 7, 21 and 35 days
of age. Lower basal plasma cortisol and increased basal cortisol binding globulin
concentrations at 3 days of age were found in piglets exposed to prenatal stress compared with
the control piglets. Prenatal stress caused a decrease in the number of glucocorticoid receptors
in the hypothalamus, enlargement of adrenal cortex and reduction in thymus weight one day
after birth. Prenatal stress also suppressed immune functions on day 1 of life as shown by lower
IgG levels and decreased in vitro lymphocyte response to T and B cell mitogens. In addition,
piglets that were exposed to prenatal stress had a higher mortality after birth and a tendency for
lower birth weights. Morphological, endocrine and immune effects of prenatal stress were
observed only on the first days after birth. It is suggested that prenatal stress during late
pregnancy in pigs affects the ontogeny of fetal neuroendocrine system via increased maternal
stress hormone concentrations.
Keywords: piglets, fetal development, growth, immune response, mortality, pregnancy, stress.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Pageat, P. (2001). Pig appeasing pheromones to decrease stress, anxiety and
aggressiveness. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents
1242 (1): No Pagination, ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL Call No.: T223 A21.
Keywords: patents, mammary gland secretions, fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, reduction
in stress, anxiety, aggressiveness.
Pajor, E.A.; Weary, D.M., Fraser, D., Kramer D.L. (1999). Alternative housing for sows and
litters. 1. Effects of sow-controlled housing on responses to weaning. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 65(2):105-121, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: sows, piglets, weaning, pig housing, piglet feeding, floor pens, animal behavior,
vocalization, responses, weight losses, bites, liveweight gain, feed intake, litter weight,
temperament, maternal behavior, animal welfare.
Puppe, B. (1996). Social dominance and rank relationships in domestic pigs: a critical
review. [Soziale Dominanz- und Rangbeziehungen beim Hausschwein: eine kritische
Ubersicht.] Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift 109 (11-12): 457-64, ISSN:
0005-9366.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 B45.
Abstract: Viewing dominance as an attribute of repeated agonistic interactions between two
individuals, the present paper reviews theoretical approaches towards concepts of dominance,
methods of measurement, and basic principles and problems connected with social dominance
in domestic pigs. Domestic pigs are able to establish social organization structures during all
stages of their ontogeny. According to definition, dominance relationships occur when a
consistent asymmetry of the result of dyadic agonistic interactions can be assessed. This must
not necessarily be connected immediately with a better availability of resources, or a high
stability of existing dominance relationships, or a functional definition of dominance. When
sociometric characteristics are calculated, it seems to be appropriate to use them for different
levels of a biological system (individual, individual pair, group). Investigations of social
behaviour and dominance in farm animals should take into account that mechanisms of social
behaviour in confined environments are often carried out in parts only. Connections of the
dominance concept with other concepts of behavioural regulation should be theoretically
considered and further investigated by experimental studies. (91 Refs.).
Keywords: social behavior, social dominance, psychology.
Putten,
G. van. (2000). An ethological definition of
animal welfare with special emphasis on pig behaviour. In: Diversity
of Livestock Systems and Definition of Animal Welfare, Proceedings of the Second
NAHWOA Workshop, Cordoba, Spain, 8-11 January 2000, Hovi, M.; Garcia Trujillo,
R. (Eds.), University of Reading Library (RUL): Reading, UK, pp.120-134, ISBN:
0-7049-1092-6. Available online at
http://www.veeru.reading.ac.uk/organic/proceedings.htm
Keywords: animal welfare, organic farming, animal behavior, disease prevention.
Ramonet, Y.; Meunier-Salaun M.C.; Dourmad J.Y. (1999). High-fiber diets in pregnant
sows: digestive utilization and effects on the behavior of the animals. Journal of Animal
Science 77(3):591-599, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: fiber, pregnancy, sows, crude fiber, energy intake, mastication, behavior, appetite,
feeding behavior, animal welfare.
Rand, J.S.; Noonan, G.J.; Priest, J.; Ainscow, J.; Blackshaw, J.K. (2002). Oral administration
of a 12% sucrose solution did not decrease behavioural indicators of distress in piglets
undergoing tail docking, teeth clipping and ear notching. Animal Welfare 11(4):395-404,
ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: breed, Large White x Landrace, newborn, piglets, analgesia, animal
welfare,
sucrose, tail docking, teeth clipping, pain, human infants, distress, management procedures.
Rizvi, S.; Nicol, C.J.; Green, L.E. (2000). A descriptive survey of the range of injuries
sustained and farmers’ attitudes to vulva biting in breeding sows in south-west England.
Animal Welfare 9(3): 273-280, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: sows, vices, pig farmers, farm surveys, farmers’ attitudes,
bites,
vulva, incidence,
dry period, aggressive behavior, floor pens, competition for food.
Robert,
S.; Bergeron, R.; Farmer, C.; Meunier-Salaun, M.C. (2002). Does
the number of daily meals affect feeding motivation and behaviour of gilts fed
high-fibre diets? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76 (2): 105-117,
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL
Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords:
gilts, feeding behavior, motivation, operant conditioning tests, pushing a button,
food reward, stereotypy, vacuum chewing, chain manipulation, nutrition, diets,
feed intake, feeding frequency, number of meals, fiber.
Robert, S.; Martineau, G.P. (2001). Effects of repeated cross-fosterings on preweaning
behavior and growth performance of piglets and on maternal behavior of sows. Journal of
Animal Science 79 (1): 88-93, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: piglets, fostering, fighting, sows, skin lesions, maternal behavior, litter size,
sucking, body weight, stress, animal welfare.
Rousing, T.; Bonde, M.; Sorensen, J.T. (2001). Aggregating welfare indicators into an
operational welfare assessment system: A bottom up approach. Acta Agriculturae
Scandinavica Section A Animal Science (Supplementum 30): 53-57, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27.
Keywords: sows, pregnant, animal welfare, assessment, definition, indicators, protocol,
decision support, human animal relationships, loose housing.
Ruis, M.A.W.; Brake, J.H.A. te; Engel, B.; Buist, W.G.; Blokhuis, H.J.; Koolhaas, J.M. (2002).
Implications of coping characteristics and social status for welfare and production of
paired growing gilts. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75 (3): 207-231, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Abstract: This paper considers the question whether knowledge on individual coping
characteristics of growing pigs may be used to improve welfare and production after mixing.
Gilts with either reactive or proactive coping characteristics were identified according to
behavioural resistance in a backtest, respectively, being low (LR) and high resistant (HR) in
this test. At 7 weeks of age, several pairs of unfamiliar gilts were formed, and pairs and
dominance relationships were studied over a 3-week period. The following pairs
(combinations) were established: two LR gilts (LR/LR; n=12), two HR gilts (HR/HR; n=12),
one LR and one HR gilt (LR gilt dominant: LR(d)/HR; n=11), and one LR and one HR gilt (HR
gilt dominant: LR/HR(d); n=12). Results showed that on the day of mixing, aggression
subsided less quickly and increases in body temperature were higher in LR/HR(d) and HR/HR
pairs. Also, during the first week post-mixing, feed efficiency was lower and skin damage was
higher in LR/HR(d) and HR/HR pairs. Mixing of two HR gilts caused highest levels of stress,
indicated by greater catecholamine concentrations in urine following the day of mixing, and
higher baseline levels of plasma ACTH at 1 week post-mixing. The lower tendency of gilts
within HR/HR pairs to contact a novel object may present higher fearfulness. In contrast to
those of LR/HR(d) pairs, responses of LR(d)/HR pairs revealed much lower levels of stress,
which emphasized the importance of dominance relationships, being independent of coping
characteristics of individual gilts. We speculate that in LR/HR pairs, dominant LR gilts were
able to suppress aggressiveness of HR subordinates. HR or proactive gilts, however, may
become aggressive when being dominant. General effects of social status, independent of
combination, were also found. Compared to dominants, subordinates showed higher acute
cortisol, body temperature and vocal responses to mixing. In the longer term, they showed a
higher vocal and parasympathetic responsitivity towards the novel object, and their body
growth was impaired. Measures not influenced by combination and social status included those
of leukocyte subsets, prolactin, and average heart rates during novelty tests. To conclude,
aggressive conditions in newly formed groups, and consequently welfare and production, may
largely depend on coping characteristics of individual pigs, but also on dominance
relationships. Accordingly, the practical value of the backtest is being discussed.
Keywords: gilts, animal welfare, feed conversion efficiency, group behavior, social status,
mixing, aggression, dominants, subordinates, stress, stress response.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Ruis, M.A.; Brake, J.H.; Engel, B.; Buist, W.G.; Blokhuis, H.J.; Koolhaas, J.M. (2001).
Adaptation to social isolation. Acute and long-term stress responses of growing gilts with
different coping characteristics. Physiology and Behavior 73 (4): 541-51, ISSN: 0031-9384.
NAL Call No.: QP1.P4.
Abstract: The present experiment studied the acute and long term stress responses of reactive
and proactive prepubertal gilts to social isolation. Gilts with either reactive or proactive
features were identified according to behavioral resistance in a backtest at a young age (2-4
days), respectively being low (LR) and high resistant (HR) in this test. At 7 weeks of age, 12
gilts of each type were socially isolated. Initially, isolation was stressful for both types of gilts,
as shown by increased cortisol concentrations and decreased body temperatures. Moreover,
both types reacted with increases in exploration and vocalizations. Stress responses to isolation,
however, differed in magnitude and/or duration between LR and HR gilts, which was in line
with expected reaction patterns on the basis of preferred ways of coping. The cortisol response
to isolation was higher in LR gilts, and they generally showed more explorative behavior. HR
gilts seemed to be more engaged in walking/running behavior in the first hour after isolation,
they generally vocalized more and their noradrenaline excretion in urine was higher at 3 weeks
after the start of isolation. Several responses to isolation in the longer term pointed to a
prolonged higher general state of stress of HR gilts. Body temperature in HR gilts, for instance,
did not recover during 3 weeks of isolation, but values returned to “normal” within 1 day in LR
gilts. At 1 week of isolation, relatively high parasympathetic responsivity to novelty was
observed in HR gilts, probably due to stress-related high sympathetic reactivity. A shift in
percentages of leucocyte subsets, typically occurring under conditions of stress, only developed
in HR gilts during isolation. Finally, gastric ulceration was found in one HR gilt, but did not
occur in LR gilts. To conclude, LR and HR gilts differed in their strategies to adapt to social
isolation, and especially for HR gilts, this procedure seemed to become a chronic stressor.
Keywords: adaptation, psychological physiology, social isolation, stress, acute disease, body
temperature, chronic disease, fear, heart rate, hormones, blood, hydrocortisone, hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, organ weight, pituitary-adrenal system, stomach ulcer, pathology.
Ruis, M.A.W.; Groot, J. de., Brake, J.H.A. te.; Ekkel, E.D.; Burgwal, J.A. van de.; Erkens,
J.H.F.; Engel, B.; Buist, W.G.; Blokhuis, H.J.; Koolhaas, J.M. (2001). Behavioural and
physiological consequences of acute social defeat in growing gilts: effects of the social
environment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 70 (3): 201-225, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, animal behavior, social interaction, stress, social environment, pig housing,
isolation, stress response, hydrocortisone, corticotropin, prolactin, epinephrine, norepinephrine,
blood plasma, saliva, leukocyte count, granulocytes, heart rate, growth, social stress, social
isolation, litter-mate pair housing, social support, habituation.
Schon, P.C.; Puppe, B.; Manteuffel, G. (2001). Classification of stress calls of the domestic
pig (Sus scrofa) using LPC- analysis and a self organizing neuronal network. Archiv fur
Tierzucht 43 (Special): 177-183, ISSN: 0003-9438.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23.
Abstract: A procedure for characterization, classification and visualization of stress calls in
domestic pigs is described. Starting from the acoustic model of sound production features were
extracted from calls using the linear prediction method. This procedure, linear prediction
coding (LPC), delivered an extremely compact short time representation of the call with a
relatively low effort of calculation and a low number of features. A neuronal network was
trained so that topological relations of the neurons represented the input vector space of the
determined LPC-coefficients. This resulted in a feature map, where the positions of neurons
allowed conclusions about the structure of input data. Visualizations of the clustering structure
of calls were performed using various types of representations. It is concluded that this
procedure allows the development of online monitoring stress calls in farm environments.
Keywords: monitoring, farm environment, stress calls, linear prediction coding, neuronal
network.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Schonreiter, S.; Zanella, A.J. (2001). Assessment of cortisol in swine by saliva: new
methodological approaches. Archiv fur Tierzucht 43 (Special): 165-170, ISSN: 0003-9438.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23.
Abstract: The common method of saliva sampling with cotton buds was compared with a new
Oral Diffusion Sink (ODS) method. ODS method allowed continuous measuring without any
manipulation of animals. Steroids from saliva were accumulated for 8 h with a defined flow
rate through the ODS. After alcohol extraction all samples were analysed using a
radioimmunoassay. Daily profile of cortisol concentration, as well as the effects of 2 stressors,
social isolation and a 2-h transportation, were assessed in 10 German Landrace pigs. The
concentration of cortisol in cotton buds was significantly higher in the morning than in the
evening. During social isolation, significantly higher cortisol concentrations and disintegration
of the circadian rhythm were observed in cotton buds, but not in ODS. Highest cortisol
concentrations were found during transportation 60 min after loading (18.9 plus or minus 3.9
nmol/litre). It is suggested that the ODS may be suitable for continuous monitoring of acute
stress.
Keywords: German Landrace, breed, diagnostic techniques, hydrocortisone, saliva, sampling,
stress, transportation, social isolation.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Schulze, V.; Roehe, R.; Looft, H.; Kalm, E. (2001). Effects of continuous and periodic
feeding by electronic feeders on accuracy of measuring feed intake information and their
genetic association with growth performances. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
118 (6): 403-416, ISSN: 0931-2668.
NAL Call No.: 442.8 Z35.
Keywords: electronic feeding stations, equipment, continuous feeding regime, periodic feeding
regime, growth rate, backfat thickness, feed intake, estimation accuracy, measurement
accuracy, feed intake behavior, feeder visits per day, time per day, time per visit.
Sneddon, I.A.; Beattie, V.E.; Dunne, L.; Neil, W. (2000). The effect of environmental
enrichment on learning in pigs. Animal Welfare 9 (4): 373-383, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: pigs, learning ability, enrichment, housing, litter, straw, peat, stimuli responses, test
rigs, animal welfare.
Spinka, M.; Stehulova, I.; Zacharova, J.; Illmann, G. (2001). Repeatability and laterality in
pig maternal behaviour. Advances in Ethology (36): 266, ISSN: 0931-4202.
NAL Call No.: 410 Z35B.
Keywords: sows, piglets, distress calls, growth rate, lactation, laterality, maternal behavior,
nursing behavior, nursing frequency, meeting abstract.
Straw,
B.E.; Bartlett, P.; Perry, IA (2001). Flank
or belly nosing in weaned pigs. Journal of Swine Health and Production
9 (1): 19-23. Available
online at
http://www.aasv.org/shap.html
NAL
Call No.: SF971.N472.
Keywords: growth rate, animal behavior, behavior disorders, belly, body regions, sex
differences, skin lesions, weaning weight, liveweight gain, nosing behavior.
Studnitz, M.; Jensen, K.H. (2002). Expression of rooting motivation in gilts following
different lengths of deprivation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76 (3): 203-213, ISSN:
0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: Landrace x Yorkshire, breed, female, gilt, behavior, video recording, nose ring,
rooting, animal welfare, concrete floor, peat covered floor, rooting, deprivation, duration,
motivation, expression.
Sustr, P.; Spinka, M; Cloutier, S; Newberry, R.C. (2001). Computer-aided method for
calculating animal configurations during social interactions from two-dimensional
coordinates of color-marked body parts. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and
Computers 33 (3): 364-70, ISSN: 0743-3808.
Abstract: In an experiment investigating the impact of preweaning social experience on later
social behavior in pigs, we were interested in the mutual spatial positions of pigs during paired
social interactions. To obtain these data, we applied a different colored mark to the head and
back of each of 2 pigs per group and videotaped the pigs’ interactions. We used the EthoVision
tracking system to provide x,y coordinates of the four colored marks every 0.2 sec. This paper
describes the structure and functioning of a FoxPro program designed to clean the raw data and
use it to identify the mutual body positions of the 2 animals at 0.2-sec intervals. Cleaning the
data was achieved by identifying invalid data points and replacing them by interpolations. An
algorithm was then applied to extract three variables from the coordinates: (1) whether the two
pigs were in body contact; (2) the mutual orientation (parallel, antiparallel, or perpendicular) of
the two pigs; and (3) whether the pig in the "active" position made snout contact in front of, or
behind, the ear base of the other pig. Using these variables, we were able to identify five
interaction types: Pig A attacks, Pig B attacks, undecided head-to-head position, "clinch"
resting position, or no contact. To assess the reliability of the automatic system, a randomly
chosen 5-min videotaped interaction was scored for mutual positions both visually (by 2
independent observers) and automatically. Good agreement was found between the data from
the 2 observers and between each observer’s data and the data from the automated system, as
assessed using Cohen’s kappa coefficients.
Keywords: behavior, computing methodologies, observation methods, social behavior, spatial
behavior, observer variation, reproducibility of results, software, videotape recording.
Taylor, A.A.; Weary, D.M.; Lessard, M.; Braithwaite, L. (2001). Behavioural responses of
piglets to castration: the effect of piglet age. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73 (1): 35-43, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: piglets, castration, age, animal behavior, vocalization, pain, suckling, age
differences, animal welfare, Netherlands.
Torrey, S.; Pajor, E.; Weaver, S.; Kuhlers, D.; Stewart, T. (2001). Effect of genetic selection
for loin-eye area on belly-nosing and plasma cortisol in weanling Landrace pigs. Journal
of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 14-15, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science
Association, American Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and
the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: weanling pigs, Landrace, breed, plasma, cortisol, serotonin, gamma-coat-radioimmunoassay, detection method, farrowing date,
genetic
selection, belly-nosing, loin-eye
area, handling, stress, lean growth, meeting abstract.
Turner, S.P., Edwards, S.A.; Bland, V.C. (June 1999). The influence of drinker allocation
and group size on the drinking behaviour, welfare and production of growing pigs. Animal
Science: an International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 68(4):617-624, ISSN:
1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Keywords: pigs, nipple drinkers, ratios, drinking, water intake, aggressive behavior, group size,
lesions, liveweight gain, diurnal variation, feed intake, feed conversion, animal welfare.
Turner, S.P.; Horgan, G.W.; Edwards, S.A. (2001). Effect of social group size on aggressive
behaviour between unacquainted domestic pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 74 (3):
203-215, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: pigs, aggressive behavior, social behavior, discrimination, group size, group effect,
animal recognition.
Valros, A.E.; Rundgren, M.; Spinka, M.; Saloniemi, H.; Rydhmer, L.; Algers, B. (2002).
Nursing behaviour of sows during 5 weeks lactation and effects on piglet growth. Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 76 ( 2 ): 93-104, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: sows, piglets, Yorkshire, breed, behavior, growth, lactation, litter performance, live
weight gain, maternal behavior, repeatability, suckling, successful nursings.
Van Erp, V.K.; Kuijpers, A.H.; Van Eerdenburg, F.J.; Tielen, M.J. (2001). A note on the
influence of starting position, time of testing and test order on the backtest in pigs.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73 (4): 263-266, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: piglet, sow, behavior, coping behavior, stress, immune response.
Weary, D.M.; Pajor, E.A.; Bonenfant, M.; Ross, S.K.; Fraser, D.; Kramer, D.L. (1999).
Alternative housing for sows and litters. 2. Effects of a communal piglet area on pre- and
post-weaning behaviour and performance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 65(2):123-135, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: sows, piglets, housing, farrowing pens, floor pens, weaning, aggressive behavior,
sow lactation, feeding frequency, suckling, creeps, creep feeding, liveweight gain, animal
welfare, feed intake, animal behavior.
Weary, D.M.; Appleby, M.C.; Fraser, D. (1999). Responses of piglets to early separation
from the sow. Applied Animal B ehaviour Science 63(4):289-300, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: piglets, sows, behavior, diets, age, age at weaning, separation, animal welfare.
Wechsler, B.; Frohlich, E.; Oester, H.; Oswald, T.; Troxler, J.; Weber, R.; Schmid, H. (1997).
The contribution of applied ethology in judging animal welfare in farm animal housing
systems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 53 (1/2): 33-43, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: pigs, cattle, poultry, farm animal housing systems, Swiss animal welfare legislation,
veterinary, physiological and behavioural tests, animal welfare problems, housing systems,
group cages for laying hens, electric cow- trainers, farrowing crates for sows, alternative
housing systems, Switzerland.
Wemelsfelder, F.; Hunter, T.E.; Mendl, M.T.; Lawrence, A.B. (2001). Assessing the “whole
animal”: A free choice profiling approach. Animal Behaviour 62 (2): 209-220, ISSN: 0003-3472.
Keywords: animal behavior, assessment, interaction with the environment, use of terms, animal
personality, temperament, anthropomorphism, animal welfare, qualitative behaviour
assessment, behavioral expression, animal welfare, inter and intraobserver reliability, testing.
Wemelsfelder, F. (2001). Qualitative welfare assessment: reading the behavioural
expressions of pigs. In: Human-animal relationship: stockmanship and housing in organic
livestock systems. Proceedings of the Third NAHWOA Workshop, Clermont-Ferrand, France,
October 21-24, 2000, Hovi, M.; Bouilhol, M. (Eds.), Network for Animal Health and Welfare
in Organic Agriculture, University of Reading: Reading, UK, pp.16-22, ISBN: 0-7049-1094-2.
Keywords: behavior, animal welfare, organic farming, stockmen.
Whittaker, X.; Edwards, S.A.; Spoolder H.A.M.; Lawrence, A.B.;Corning, S. (1999). Effects
of straw bedding and high fibre diets on the behaviour of floor fed group-housed sows.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 63(1):25-39, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: behaviour, aggression, pens, feeds, litter, housing, management, feeding, social
behavior, fiber, straw, sows, molasses, beet pulp, housing, animal welfare.
Whittemoore, C.T. (1998). Pig behaviour and welfare. In: The Science and Practice of Pig
Production, Blackwell Science: Oxford; Malden, Mass, 2nd ed., pp.131-166, ISBN: 0-632-05086-1.
NAL Call No.: SF395 W48 1998.
Keywords: welfare, behavior, codes of practice, self-choice feeding, reproductive behavior,
mating, parturition, nest building, nursing behavior, aggressive behavior, mixing, housing
designs, feeding stations, locomotion, ingestion, elimination, injury, fighting, stress, pale soft
exudative (PSE) meat, stereotypic behaviors, transportation, review.
Worobec, E.K.; Duncan, I.J.H.; Widowski, T.M. (1999). The effects of weaning at 7, 14, and
28 days on piglet behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62(2/3):173-182, ISSN:0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: animal welfare, behavior, piglets, weaning, age differences, husbandry, animal
production, abnormal behaviour, aggressive behavior.
Xin, H. (1999). Assessing swine thermal comfort by image analysis of postural behaviors.
Journal of Animal Science 77(Suppl. 2):1-9, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: image analysis, imagery, image processing, heat stress, animal behavior, cold
stress, heat adaptation, animal welfare, physiology, posture.
Return to Table of Contents
Breeding
Andersson, L.; Moller, M.J.; Wales, R.; Siggens, K.W.; Plastow, G.S. (2001). Methods for
determining the coat color genotype of a pig. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and
Trademark Office Patents 1243 (1): No Pagination, ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL Call No.: T223 A21.
Keywords: breeding, coat color genotype, KIT gene, I and IP alleles, determination method.
Beja, P.A., Bento, P., Ferrand, N., Brenig, B. (2001). Genetic polymorphism of the 17th exon
at porcine RYR1 locus: A new variant in a local Portuguese pig breed demonstrated by
SSCP analysis. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 118 (4): 271-274, ISSN: 0931-2668.
NAL
Call No.: 442.8 Z35.
Keywords:
malignant hyperthermia, recessive autosomal disorder, local pig breeds, rare
breeds, Bisaro, out crossing, controlled breeding, restriction fragment length
polymorphism analysis, analytical method, single strand conformational polymorphism
analysis, Portugal, Alentejano, Bisaro.
Chang, H.; Mimachiren, Li, X.Y.; Ren, Z.J.; Dongwang, Dejiyangzhong, Chang, G.B. (2001).
Linzhi Native Pig: An investigation report on new genetic resource of livestock. Asian
Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (9): 1203-1208, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7.
Keywords: breed, local breed, Linzhi Native Pig, biogenetic techniques, genetic resource,
contour features, size, weight, reproductive performances, carcass characters, meat quality,
fresh keeping features, geological distribution, Tibet, China.
Chen, P.; Baas, T.J.; Dekkers, J.C.; Christian, L.L. (2001). Selection for lean growth rate and
correlated responses in litter traits in a synthetic line of Yorkshire Meishan pigs.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81 (2): 205-214, ISSN: 0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163.
Keywords: breed, Yorkshire Meishan, longissimus muscle, backfat thickness, lean growth rate,
litter weight, selection response, survival.
Ciobanu, D.C.; Day, A.E.; Nagy, A.; Wales, R.; Rothschild, M.F.; Plastow, G.S. (2001).
Genetic variation in two conserved local Romanian pig breeds using type 1 DNA markers.
Genetics Selection Evolution Paris 33 (4): 417-432, ISSN: 0999-193X.
Keywords: genetic variation, endangered population, conservation, local Romanian pig breeds,
Bazna, Red Mangalitsa, type 1 DNA markers, coat color, disease resistance, genetic variation,
growth, meat quality, prolificacy, Romania.
Costa, L.N.; Fiego, D.P.L.; Dall, O.S.; Davoli, R.; Russo, V. (2002). Combined effects of pre-slaughter
treatments
and lairage time on carcass and meat quality in pigs of different
halothane genotype. Meat Science 61 (1): 41-47, ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call No.: TX373.M4.
Keywords: breed, Italian, heavy meat hogs, pre-slaughter treatment, stocking density, skin
damage, fighting, carcass quality, evaluation, halothane, genotype, lairage time, meat quality.
Emmans, G.; Kyriazakis, I. (2001). Consequences of genetic change in farm animals on
food intake and feeding behaviour. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60 (1): 115-125,
ISSN: 0029-6651.
NAL Call No.: 389.9 N953.
Abstract: Selection in commercial populations on aspects of output, such as for growth rate in
poultry, against fatness and for growth rate in pigs, and for milk yield in cows, has had very
large effects on such outputs over the past 50 years. Partly because of the cost of recording
intake, there has been little or no selection for food intake or feeding behaviour. In order to
predict the effects of such past, and future, selection on intake it is necessary to have some
suitable theoretical framework. Intake needs to be predicted in order to make rational feeding
and environmental decisions. The idea that an animal will eat 'to meet its requirements' has
proved useful and continues to be fruitful. An important part of the idea is that the animal
(genotype) can be described in a way that is sufficient for the accurate prediction of its outputs
over time. Such keywords can be combined with a set of nutritional constants to calculate
requirements. There appears to have been no change in the nutritional constants under selection
for output. Under such selection it is simplest to assume that changes in intake follow from the
changes in output rates, so that intake changes become entirely predictable. It is suggested that
other ways that have been proposed for predicting intake cannot be successful in predicting the
effects of selection. Feeding behaviour is seen as being the means that the animal uses to attain
its intake rather than being the means by which that intake can be predicted. Thus, the
organisation of feeding behaviour can be used to predict neither intake nor the effects of
selection on it.
Keywords: livestock, feeding behavior, feeding, selection program, feed intake, prediction,
genotype nutrition interaction, performance, nutrient requirements, energy requirements,
efficiency, growth, lactation, body fat, animal production, literature reviews.
Fabrega, E.; Diestre, A.; Carrion, D.; Font, J.; Manteca, X. (2002). Effect of the halothane
gene on pre-slaughter mortality in two Spanish commercial pig abattoirs. Animal Welfare
11(4): 449-452, ISSN: 0962-7286.
NAL Call No.: HV4701.A557.
Keywords: animal welfare, halothane gene, lairage, preslaughter, mortality rate, transport,
quality.
Fabrega, E.; Manteca, X.; Font, J.; Gispert, M.; Carrion, D.; Velarde, A.; Ruiz-de-la-Torre,
J.L.; Diestre, A. (2002). Effects of halothane gene and pre-slaughter treatment on meat
quality and welfare from two pig crosses. Meat Science 62(4): 463-472, ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call No.: TX373.M4.
Keywords:
breed, Pietrain, Large White x Pietrain, gilts, halothane genotype, pre-slaughter,
meat quality, animal welfare, carcass quality, stress susceptibility, growth
performance, feed withdrawal, muscle quality, pork quality, lean growth, genotype,
transport, sensitivity.
Fukawa, K.; Sugiyama, T.; Kusuhara, S.; Kudoh, O.; Kameyama, K. (2001). Model selection
and genetic parameter estimation for performance traits, body measurement traits and
leg score traits in a closed population of Duroc pigs. Animal Science Journal 72 (2): 97-106,
ISSN: 1344-3941.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A542.
Keywords: breed, Duroc, growth rate, body weight, back fat depth, eye muscle area, leg score
traits, sex differences, closed population, genetic parameter estimation, model selection,
performance traits.
Gregory, S.A.; Friend, T.H.; Piedrahitab, J.; Nevilla, C.H.; Walker, S. (2003). Behavioral
variation among cloned pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81(4): 321-331, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords:
genetics, clone, behavior, variation, resting, play, food preferences.
Hamilton, D.N.; Ellis, M.; Wolter, B.F.; McKeith, F.K.; Wilson, E.R. (2003). Carcass and
meat quality characteristics of the progeny of two swine sire lines reared under differing
environmental conditions. Meat Science 63 (2): 257-263, ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call No.: TX373.M4.
Keywords: barrow, breed, Duroc, Landrace, Large White, Pietrain, gilt, sire lines, longissimus
muscle, slaughter, production method, carcass quality, crowded environment, dressing
percentage, environmental conditions, genetic differences, pork meat, drip loss, marbling fat
content, meat product, pH, paleness, quality, softness, progeny, rearing environment, spacious
environment.
Hamilton, D.N.; Wolter, B.F.; Beverly, J.L.; Wilson, E.R; Augspurger, N.R.; Ellis, M. (2002).
The effect of sire line on the feeding patterns of grow-finish pigs. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 75 (2):103-114, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, Large White, Landrace, Duroc and Pietrain, breeds, sires, genetic lines, line
differences, body weight, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake, number of feeder visits,
feeder occupation, growth rate, lines, liveweight gain, longissimus dorsi, feeding.
Hanenberg, E.H.; Knol, E.F.; Merks, J.W. (2001). Estimates of genetic parameters for
reproduction traits at different parities in Dutch Landrace pigs. Livestock Production
Science 69 (2): 179-186, ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: sows, breed, Dutch Landrace, genetic parameters, reproduction traits, farrowing
after first insemination, mothering ability, still born piglets, number of piglets born, interval
from weaning to first insemination, gestation length, age at first insemination, parity number.
Henryon, M.; Berg, P.; Jensen, J.; Andersen, S. (2001). Genetic variation for resistance to
clinical and subclinical diseases exists in growing pigs. Animal Science: an International
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 73 (3): 375-387. ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A56.
Keywords: selective breeding, breeding value, disease resistance, genetic variation, heritability
diarrhea, digestive system disease, lameness, bone disease, muscle disease, respiratory
diseases.
Kahn, J. (2001). Food production and biotechnology. In: Concepts in Pig Science, Lyons,
T.P.; Cole, D.J.A. (Eds.), Nottingham University Press: Nottingham, UK, pp.33-37, ISBN: 1-897676-33-6.
NAL Call No.: SF391.3.C66.
Keywords: biotechnology, consumer attitudes, consumer behaviour, consumer education,
economic impact, environmental impact, food production, food products, food safety, risk
factors, transgenics.
Kennes, Y.M.; Murphy, B.D.; Pothier, F.; Palin, M.F. (2001). Characterization of swine
leptin (LEP) polymorphisms and their association with production traits. Animal Genetics
32 (4): 215-218, ISSN: 0268-9146.
NAL Call No.: QP98 A1A5.
Keywords: breed, Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, polymorphisms, swine leptin gene, production
traits in pigs.
Kmiec, M.; Dybus, A.; Terman, A. (2001). Prolactin receptor gene polymorphism and its
association with litter size in Polish Landrace. Archiv fuer Tierzucht 44 (5): 547-551, ISSN:
0003-9438.
NAL Call No.: 49 AR23.
Keywords: boars, sows, Polish Landrace, breed, prolactin receptor gene, gene marker,
reproductive traits, total number of teats, number of piglets in first litter, age at first parity.
Knol, E.F.; Ducro, B.J.; Van Arendonk, J.A.M.; Van der Lende, T. (2002). Direct, maternal
and nurse sow genetic effects on farrowing, pre-weaning and total piglet survival.
Livestock Production Science 73 (2-3): 153-164, ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: genetic effects, combination models, mathematical method, birth weight, cross
foster information, genetic effects, direct maternal, mothering ability, survival, farrowing, pre
weaning, survival characteristics, heritability.
Korwin, K.A.; Pierzchala, M.; Cymerowska, P.I.; Szydlowski, M.; Kuryl, J.; Zurkowski, M.;
Kamyczek, M.; Janik, A. (2001). The Polish “Pig Genome Mapping” project. XIII.
Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass fat deposition. Animal Science
Papers and Reports 19 (1): 27-42, ISSN: 0860-4037.
NAL Call No.: SF1 P67.
Keywords: boars, sows, breed, Zlotnicka Spotted, Polish Large White, F1 generation, F2
generation, chromosome 12, chromosome 4, chromosome 7, microsatellites, linkage analysis,
pig genome mapping project, molecular genetic method, carcass fat deposition, ham,
polymorphism, quantitative traits, loci identification.
Leenhouwers, J.I.; Almeida Junior, C.A. de.; Knol, E.F.; Lende, T. Van der (2001). Progress
of farrowing and early postnatal pig behavior in relation to genetic merit for pig survival.
Journal of Animal Science 79 (6): 1416-1422, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate whether pigs with different genetic
merit for survival differed in birth weight, progress of farrowing, early postnatal behavior, or
rectal temperature within 24 h after birth. On a nucleus farm in Rio Verde, Brazil, information
was collected on 280 pigs, originating from 25 litters with known estimated breeding values for
pig survival (EBVps). Litters were selected in such a way that a continuous range of EBVps
with a maximum genetic contrast was achieved. Birth weight was recorded for all pigs.
Indicators for progress of farrowing were birth intervals and duration of farrowing. Behavioral
indicators of pig vitality were time until first upright standing (FUS), time until first udder
contact (FUC), time until first teat in mouth (FTM), and time until first colostrum uptake
(FCU). Rectal temperature was measured within 24 h after birth. Farrowing survival and early
postnatal survival (within 3 d after farrowing) were registered. Farrowing survival and early
postnatal survival both increased with increasing EBVps (farrowing survival: P = 0.007; early
postnatal survival: P = 0.027). Birth weight decreased with increasing EBVps (P = 0.01). Birth
intervals tended to increase with increasing EBVps (P = 0.10) and duration of farrowing was
not related to EBVps. Time until first teat in mouth increased with increasing EBVps (P =
0.05), but the other behavioral indicators of pig vitality were not related to EBVps. Rectal
temperature within 24 h after birth was not related to EBVps. Pigs with a higher genetic merit
for survival have a lower birth weight but nevertheless have an increased farrowing survival
and early postnatal survival. Their increased survival cannot be explained by differences in
progress of farrowing, early postnatal behavior, or rectal temperature within 24 h after birth.
Keywords: behavior, survival, genetic variation, farrowing, body temperature, litters, breeding
value, duration, time, vigor, Brazil.
Li, N.; Wu, C.; Zhao, Y. (2001). DNA markers for pig litter size. Official Gazette of the
United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1250 (3): No Pagination, ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL Call No.: T223 A21.
Keywords: patent, DNA markers, nucleic acid analysis, analytical method, screening method,
litter size.
Lonergan, S.M.; Huff Lonergan, E.; Rowe, L.J.; Kuhlers, D.L.; Jungst, S.B. (2001). Selection
for lean growth efficiency in Duroc pigs influences pork quality. Journal of Animal Science
79 (8): 2075-2085, ISSN: 0021- 8812.
Keywords: finishing pigs, breed, Duroc, intensive selection, lean growth efficiency, tested
negative for halothane gene, fresh pork, meat quality traits, quality, tenderness, water holding
capacity, soft, exudative.
Schulze, V.; Roehe, R.; Looft, H.; Kalm, E. (2001). Effects of continuous and periodic
feeding by electronic feeders on accuracy of measuring feed intake information and their
genetic association with growth performances. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
118 (6): 403-416, ISSN: 0931-2668.
NAL Call No.: 442.8 Z35.
Keywords: electronic feeding stations, equipment, continuous feeding regime, periodic feeding
regime, growth rate, backfat thickness, feed intake, estimation accuracy, measurement
accuracy, feed intake behavior, feeder visits per day, time per day, time per visit.
Serenius, T.; Sevon, A.M.; Mantysaari, E.A. (2001). The genetics of leg weakness in Finnish
Large White and Landrace populations. Livestock Production Science 69 (2): 101-111,
ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: breed, Finnish Large White, Lancrace, performance testing stations, genetic
parameters, leg action, buck kneed, small inner claws, turned out fore legs, small inner claws,
upright pasterns on the hind legs, scoring system, progeny testing, genetic correlations with fat
and lean percentages.
Sterle, J.A.; Skaggs, C.L.; Griffin, D.B. (2001). Frequency of the porcine stress gene in show
pigs and its effects on meat quality. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 73, Joint
Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Meat Science Association,
American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis,
Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: breed, Berkshire, Chester White/Landrace, Duroc, Hampshire, Poland-China/Spot,
Yorkshire, crossbreds, carcass quality, meat product, meat quality, meeting abstract.
Suzuki, K. (2001). Breed characteristic of the pig. Journal of Reproduction and Development
47 (Suppl. 1): S19-S26, ISSN: 0916-8818.
NAL Call No.: SF1 K3.
Keywords: blood components, breed classification, feed restriction, growth performance, organ
weights, domestication.
Tantasuparuk, W.; Lundeheim, N.; Dalin, A.M.; Kunavongkrit, A.; Einarsson, S. (2001).
Weaning to service interval in primiparous sows and its relationship with longevity and
piglet production. Livestock Production Science 69 (2): 155-162, ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: sows, Landrace, Yorkshire, weaning to service interval, lifetime piglet production,
total born piglets, live born piglets, pigs weaned, litter weaning weight.
Torrey, S.; Pajor, E.; Weaver, S.; Kuhlers, D.; Stewart, T. (2001). Effect of genetic selection
for loin-eye area on belly-nosing and plasma cortisol in weanling Landrace pigs. Journal
of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 14-15, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science
Association, American Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and
the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: weanling pigs, Landrace, breed, plasma, cortisol, serotonin, gamma-coat-radioimmunoassay, detection method, farrowing date,
genetic
selection, belly-nosing, loin-eye
area, handling, stress, lean growth, meeting abstract.
Tummaruk, P.; Lundeheim, N.; Einarsson, S.; Dalin, A.M. (2001). Repeat breeding and
subsequent reproductive performance in Swedish Landrace and Swedish Yorkshire sows.
Animal Reproduction Science 67 (3 4): 267-280, ISSN: 0378- 4320.
NAL Call No.: QP251 A5.
Keywords: gilts, sows, breed, Swedish Landrace, Swedish Yorkshire, repeat breeding,
reproductive performance, parity number, boar breed, season, mating type, return to estrus,
litter size.
Visscher, A.H.; Janss, L.L.G; Niewold, T.A.; de Greef, K.H. (2002). Disease incidence and
immunological traits for the selection of healthy pigs. A review. Veterinary Quarterly
(Netherlands) 24 (1): 29-34, ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call No.: SF601.V46.
Abstract: Disease is a major issue in animal production systems and society demands that the
use of medicines and vaccines be reduced. This review describes the breeding approaches that
could be used to improve disease resistance and focuses especially on their application to pigs.
Disease reduction by genetic means has certain advantages through cumulative and permanent
effects, and direct and indirect selection methods are available. Direct selection for disease
incidence requires, besides a unique pig identification and disease registration system,
challenge routines that are inconvenient in intensive pig production. Indirect selection for the
expression of immune capacity may be an alternative but requires detailed knowledge of the
different components of the immune system. There is ample opportunity for genetic
improvement of the immune capacity because immune traits show substantial genetic variation
between pigs. We therefore conclude that indirect selection via immune traits is very
interesting, also for practical implementation, and that there is an urgent need for knowledge,
within lines, about the genetic relationships between immune capacity traits and resistance to
specific diseases or to disease incidence in general. Furthermore, knowledge about the
relationship between immune system traits and production traits is needed as well as
knowledge about the effect of selection on the epidemiology of disease at a farm/population
level and on the host-pathogen interaction and coevolution.
Keywords: genetic selection, disease resistance, immune capacity traits, direct and indirect
selection, variation.
Wolf, J.; Peskovicova, D.; Groeneveld, E. (2001). Stability of genetic parameter estimates
for production traits in pigs. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 118 (3): 161-172,
ISSN: 0931-2668.
NAL Call No.: 442.8 Z35.
Keywords: breed, Czech Landrace, Slovakian breed, White Meaty swine, lean meat content,
average daily gain, weight of valuable cuts, backfat thickness, genetic variance.
Return to Table of Contents
Feeding
Almeida,
F.R.; Mao, J.; Novak, S.; Cosgrove, J.R.; Foxcroft,
G.R. (2001). Effects of different patterns of
feed restriction and insulin treatment during the luteal phase on reproductive,
metabolic, and endocrine parameters in cyclic gilts. Journal of Animal
Science 79 (1): 200-212, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: gilts, litter mates, nutrition, reproduction, oocyte, follicle stimulating hormone,
insulin like growth factor I, estradiol, insulin, hormone drug, leptin, luteinizing hormone,
progesterone, triiodothyronine [T3], feed restriction, transcutaneous ultrasonography, estrus
cycle, fertility, ovulation.
Andersen, I.L.; Boe K.E; Kristiansen, A.L. (1999). The influence of different feeding
arrangements and food type on competition at feeding in pregnant sows. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 65(2):91-104, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: feeding, sows, aggression, bites, animal behaviour, animal welfare, animal
experiments, animal housing, feed intake, dry feeding, dry feeds, wet feeding.
Anderson, B.K.; Augspurger, N.R.; Ellis, M.; Nuzback, D.E. (2001). Effect of iron
supplementation and dietary iron source and level on bioavailability of iron in weanling
pigs. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 455, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy
Science Association, American Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal
Science and the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001,
ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: piglet, weaning, blood, hemoglobin, iron, bioavailability, dietary source, effect,
supplement, meeting abstract.
Aumaitre, A.L.; Fernandez, J.A.; Wiseman, J. (2001). Special issue: The role of dietary fibre
in pig production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90 (1/2): 1-115, ISSN: 0377-8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95 A55.
Keywords: sows, amino acids, carcass composition, carcass quality, chemical composition,
energy value, feeding behavior, feeds, nitrogen balance, nutrition physiology, feeding,
pregnancy, production, protein digestibility, reproductive performance, ileal digestibility.
Austin, J.L.; Southern L.L. (2001). Swine Nutrition, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida,1009 p., ISBN: 0849306965.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 S95 2001.
Keywords: piglets, gilts, sows, boars, nutritional requirements, development, growth, genetics,
feed additives, reproductive efficiency, environmental impacts, gastrointestinal tract, nutrient
metabolism, feed types.
Bassaganya-Riera, J.; Hontecillsa-Magarzo, R.; Bregendahl, K.; Wannemuehler, M.J.;
Zimmerman, D.R. (2001). Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in nursery pigs of
dirty and clean environments on growth, empty body composition, and immune
competence. Journal of Animal Science 79 (3) 714-721, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: Early-weaned pigs (n = 64) averaging 5.3 +/- 0.3 kg and distributed into two
environments (dirty and clean) were used to evaluate effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
on growth performance, immune competence, and empty body composition. A factorial (2 x 4)
arrangement within a split-plot design, with four littermate pigs as the experimental unit for the
environment, pig within litter as the experimental unit for dietary treatment, and d-0 body
weight used as covariate, were used in data analysis. Diets were formulated to contain CLA at
0, 0.67, 1.33, or 2% and to exceed the NRC (1988) nutrient needs of pigs. Animals were given
ad libitum access to feed for 7 wk in three phases (I, 1 to 2; II, 3 to 5; and III, 6 to 7 wk).
Within phases, diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. In Phase I, as dietary CLA
concentration increased, ADG and ADFI decreased linearly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02,
respectively). In Phase II, upon adaptation to dietary CLA supplementation, ADG increased
quadratically (603, 623, 622, and 548 g/d; P < 0.01), ADFI decreased linearly (873, 840, 867,
and 717 g/d; P < 0.02) and gain:feed ratio tended to increase linearly (691, 742, 715, and 763; P
< 0.07). In Phase III, no differences in growth performance were attributed to either dietary or
environmental treatments. The poor health status associated with the dirty environment induced
a growth suppression; pigs in the clean room had a greater cumulative ADG (P < 0.01) and
ADFI (P < 0.01) than pigs in the dirty room. In Phase I, lower plasma urea nitrogen levels
observed in pigs found in the dirty room (P < 0.03) indicated a lower protein intake caused by a
lower ADFI. The effects of dietary CLA on peripheral phenotypic profiles of lymphocytes did
not appear until d 42. However, as indicated by the growth suppression of pigs in the dirty
room, the negative effects of the environmental challenge on pig health and growth had already
appeared during phase I. On d 42, CLA induced a linear increase in percentages of CD8+
lymphocytes (21.7, 22.3, 28.0, and 32.7%, P < 0.001). These data suggest that a 42-d dietary
CLA supplementation preceding a disease challenge could have prevented disease-associated
growth suppression. Also, CLA-mediated amelioration of particular infectious diseases will
depend on which CD8+ T cell subset (i.e., CD8alphaalpha immunoregulatory or
CD8alphabeta-cytotoxic) is most influenced by dietary CLA supplementation.
Keywords: piglets, linoleic acid, isomers, early weaning, hygiene, body weight, cd8+
lymphocytes, cell mediated immunity, unrestricted feeding, liveweight gain, feed conversion,
health, cd4+ lymphocytes, lymphocyte transformation, leukocyte count, body composition,
blood plasma, urea, blood composition, glycoproteins.
Baynes, P.; Varley, M. (2001). Gut health: practical considerations. In: The Weaner Pig:
Nutrition and Management, Varley, M.A.; Wiseman, J. (Eds.), CABI Publishing: Wallingford,
UK, pp.249-257, ISBN: 0-85199-532-2.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 W43 2001.
Keywords: piglets, antibiotic digestive enhancers, antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs), gut
health, antibiotic withdrawal, husbandry, hygiene, vaccination, in-feed enzymes, nutrition,
increased nutrient and energy retention, organic acids, herb and spice formulations, probiotics,
lactobacillus cultures, microflora, vitamin E, health, antibiotic residues, digestive tract mucosa,
drug residues, growth promoters, immunity, piglets, public health, weaning, United Kingdom.
Blum, S.A.; Owen, K.Q.; Nelssen, J.L.; Goodband, R.D.; Tokach, M.D.; Blum, R.A.; Musser,
R.E. (2001). Carnitine supplemented diets for gestating and lactating swine. Official
Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1247 (1): No Pagination,
ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL Call No.: T223 A21.
Keywords: patent, carnitine, diet supplementation, supplementation method, food supplement,
gestation, lactation.
Bornett, H.L.I.; Morgan, C.A.; Lawrence, A.B.; Mann, J. (2000). The effect of group housing
on feeding patterns and social behaviour of previously individually housed growing pigs.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 70 (2):127-141. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: housing, group effect, feeding behavior, feeding frequency, eating rates, time
budgets, feed intake, social behavior, aggressive behavior, liveweight gain, feed conversion
efficiency, individual housing.
Bornett, H.L.I.; Morgan, C.A.; Lawrence, A.B.; Mann, J. (2000). The flexibility of feeding
patterns in individually housed pigs. Animal Science: an International Journal of
Fundamental and Applied Research 70 (3): 457-469. ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Keywords: feeding, unrestricted feeding, restricted feeding, feeding frequency, feeding
habits,
feed intake, liveweight gain, behavior, feed conversion, meal patterns, eating patterns,
individual characteristics.
Borysenko, M.; Fan, M.Z.; Archbold, T.; Atkinson, J.L.; Dewey,C.; Engelhardt, H. (2001).
Dietary supplementation of different organic acids as an alternative to the use of
antibiotics in the diets of early-weaned piglets. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1):
23, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Meat Science
Association, American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science Association,
Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: breed, Yorkshire, piglet, early weaned, digestive system, Lincomix, antiinfective
drug, antibiotics, formic acid, dietary, fumaric acid, organic acids, dietary supplementation,
diarrhea, average daily gain, blood urea nitrogen, feed efficiency, growth performance, low
cost diet, organ weight gain, meeting abstract.
Bosi, P.; Han, I.K.; Jung, H.J.; Heo, K.N.; Perini, S.; Castellazzi, A.M.; Casini, L.; Creston, D.;
Gremokolini, C. (2001). Effect of different spray dried plasmas on growth, lleal
digestibility, nutrient deposition, immunity and health of early-weaned pigs challenged
with E. coli K88. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (8): 1138-1143, ISSN:
1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7.
Keywords: ileum, blood plasma, blood meal, digestibility, growth, nutrient availability,
immune response, early weaning, escherichia coli, health, casein, protein hydrolysates,
immunoglobulins, feed rations, performance, mortality, nitrogen, adhesion, intestinal mucosa,
IgA, South Korea.
Bote, C.J.; Rey, A.I. (2001). Susceptibility of hepatic tissue of Iberian pigs is enhanced by
free range feeding and reduced by vitamin E supplementation. Nutrition Research 21 (3):
541-549, ISSN: 0271-5317.
Keywords: breed, Iberian, dietary supplement, copper, vitamin E, confinement feeding system,
free range feeding system, lipid oxidation, liver samples.
Brooks, P. H.; Moran, C. A.; Beal, J. D.; Demeckova, V.; Campbell, A. (2001). Liquid feeding
for the young piglet. In: The Weaner Pig: Nutrition and Management Varley, M. A.;
Wiseman, J. (Eds.), CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK, pp.153-178, ISBN: 0-85199-532-2.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 W43 2001.
Keywords: piglets, diets, feed intake, fermentation, liquid diets, nutrition, feeding, water intake,
weaning.
Bruininx, E.M.; van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.; Schrama, J.W.; den Hartog, L.A.; Everts, H.;
Beynen, A.C. (2001). The IVOG feeding station: a tool for monitoring the individual feed
intake of group-housed weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
85 (3-4): 81-7, ISSN: 0931-2439.
NAL Call No.: 389.78 Z3.
Abstract: Three batches of weanling pigs (total n=310 pigs) were used in a 34-day experiment
to validate the use of an IVOG feeding station as a tool for monitoring individual feed intake of
group-housed weanling pigs. An IVOG feeding station for weanling pigs consists of a single-space dry feeder placed on a load cell in combination with electronic identification. Data of 192
weanling pigs (18 pens) fed by IVOG feeding stations were used to develop a protocol for the
screening of IVOG data. To assess the quality of the IVOG data, the feed intake per pen
computed from the screened IVOG data was compared with the feed intake calculated from
feed weighing. To assess the suitability of the use of IVOG feeding stations under practical pig
husbandry conditions, performance of 96 weanling pigs fed by the IVOG feeding stations was
compared with that of 118 weanling pigs that were fed using commercial single-space dry
feeders (11 pens). Feed intake per pen computed from the IVOG data was similar to the feed
intake calculated from feed weighing (average recovery 101.1%) for all test periods (p > 0.1).
Furthermore, feed recovery did not differ among feeding stations (p > 0.1). During the first 13
days after weaning, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of weanling pigs fed by the single-space dry feeders was higher (p < 0.05) than that of weanling pigs fed by the feeding stations.
Average daily gain and gain to feed ratios did not differ (p > 0.1) between both feeding
systems. During the remaining 21 days and averaged over the entire experimental period,
performance did not differ between the feeding systems (p > 0.1). It can be concluded that
IVOG feeding stations for weanling pigs are a suitable tool to monitor individual feed intake of
group-housed weanling pigs.
Keywords: husbandry, instrumentation, body weight, physiology, energy intake, growth and
development, animal feed, feeding behavior, reproducibility of results, sensitivity and
specificity, time factors, weaning record.
Cho, W.T.; Kim, Y.G.; Kim, J.D.; Chae, B.J.; Han, I.K. (2001). Effects of feeding extruded
corn and wheat grain on growth performance and digestibility of amino acids in early-weaned pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (2): 224-230, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7.
Keywords: pigs, growth, performance, maize, extrusion, wheat, amino acids, digestibility, early
weaning, feces, feed intake, ingredients, liveweight gain, feed conversion.
Coffey, R.D.; Cromwell, G.L. (2001). Use of spray-dried animal plasma in diets for
weanling pigs. Pig News and Information 22 (2): 39N-48N, ISSN: 0143-9014.
NAL Call No.: SF391.P55.
Abstract: Spray-dried animal plasma is a byproduct of the meat packing industry and is
considered by many to be an essential ingredient in the initial nursery diet for early-weaned
pigs. With the exception of methionine, this protein source has a high concentration of amino
acids. Also, spray-dried animal plasma contains a substantial amount of immunoglobulins, the
most predominant being immunoglobulin G. Numerous studies have been conducted with
weanling pigs to compare spray- dried animal plasma to various plant and animal protein
sources. These comparative experiments have been conducted in a variety of housing
environments, and represent a diversity of pig genetics, a broad range of plasma protein
inclusion rates, and various plasma protein sources. In a vast majority of these studies, feeding
spray-dried animal plasma has resulted in improved growth rate and feed intake. Studies
conducted to determine the optimum inclusion rate of spray-dried animal plasma have been
inconclusive, with the reported optimum dietary level ranging from 6 to 15%. The optimum
inclusion rate of spray-dried animal plasma is likely dependent on many factors including age
at weaning, level of environmental stress, health status, and complexity of the diet. Despite
considerable research efforts, the specific mechanism(s) by which spray-dried animal plasma
improves weanling pig performance remains unclear. Some have suggested that spray-dried
animal plasma acts as a flavour or palatability enhancer, and elicits its effects solely through
increasing feed intake. However, results from several different researchers have provided
substantial evidence that plasma acts to improve the immunocompetence of the weaned pig,
most likely mediated by the immunoglobulins found in spray-dried animal plasma.
Keywords: blood products, blood proteins, diets, feed additives, feed intake, growth, immune
competence, reviews.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Collin, A.; Milgen, J. van.; Dubois, S.; Noblet, J. (2001). Effect of high temperature on
feeding behaviour and heat production in group-housed young pigs. The British Journal of
Nutrition 86(1): 63-70, ISSN: 0007-1145.
NAL Call No.: 389.8 B773.
Abstract: To assess the acclimation of pigs to heat stress, the effects of high (33 degrees C) or
thermoneutral (23 degrees C) constant temperatures on feeding behaviour and components of
energy balance were studied in group-housed young pigs. Three groups of five pigs were used
at each temperature. After 1 week of adaptation, voluntary feed intake (VFI) and heat
production (HP) were recorded for thirteen consecutive days. Animals were fed ad libitum.
Fasting HP was measured on the last day. Average initial body weights (BW) were 21.4 and
20.9 kg at 23 and 33 degrees C respectively. Feeding behaviour was measured individually and
rate of feed intake and characteristics of feeding behaviour were calculated. The O2
consumption, CO2 production and physical activity of the group were used to calculate total
HP (HP(tot)) and its components, i.e. fasting HP (HP(fas)), HP due to physical activity
(HP(act)) and thermic effect of feed (TEF). The BW gain and VFI were reduced by 37 and
30% respectively at 33 degrees C. The decrease in VFI corresponded to reduced consumption
time (-34%) and size of the meals (-32%). Feeding behaviour was mostly diurnal (66% of the
VFI), and the rate of feed intake (28 g/min) was not affected by temperature. Daily HP(tot),
HP(fas) and TEF, expressed per kg metabolic weight (BW(0.60)), were significantly decreased
at 33 degrees C by 22, 18 and 35% respectively, whereas HP(act) was not affected; TEF
expressed per g feed was not affected (2 kJ/g). The decrease in HP(tot) at 33 degrees C was
caused by a reduction in TEF and HP(fas) (kJ/d per/kg BW(0.60)), which are both related to
reduction in VFI.
Keywords: environmental temperature, time, feeding behavior, heat production, housing, heat
stress, feed intake, liveweight gain, water intake, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, gas
production, physical activity, energy balance, feeding.
Cooper, D.R.; Patience, J.F.; Zijlstra, R.T.; Rademacher, M. (2001). Effect of nutrient intake
in lactation on sow performance: Determining the threonine requirement of the high
producing lactating sow. Journal of Animal Science 79 (9): 2378-2387, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: sows, large litters, reproductive performance, amino acid requirements, lysine, high
production, lactation, lactation effects, nutrient intake, sow performance, threonine
requirements.
Corrigan, B.P.; Wolter, B.F.; Ellis, M.; Moreland, S. (2001). Effect of three dietary growth
promoting additives on performance of nursery pigs. Journal of Dairy Science 84
(Supplement 1): 455, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American
Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science
Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: dietary additive, growth promoting additive, plant extract blend, CSP 250,
antibiotic, zinc oxide, meeting abstract.
Cronin, G.M.; Leeson, E.; Cronin, J.G.; Barnett, J.L. (2001). The effect of broadcasting sow
suckling grunts in the lactation shed on piglet growth. Asian-Australasian Journal of
Animal Sciences 14 (7): 1019-1023, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55.A78A7.
Keywords: sows, suckling, sounds, lactation, piglets, growth, farms, housing, efficacy, growth
rate, animal husbandry, creep feeding, liveweight gain
Danielsen, V.; Vestergaard, E.M. (2001). Dietary fibre for pregnant sows: effect on
performance and behaviour. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90 (1/2): 71-80, ISSN:
0377-8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55.
Keywords: sows, pregnancy, fiber, feeds, reproductive performance, animal behavior, barley,
soybean oilmeal, ingredients, beet pulp, wheat bran, husks, oats, grass meal, solubility, energy
intake, appetite, lactation, liveweight gain, farrowing, litter weight, weaning weight, eating,
duration.
Dijk, A.J. van; Niewold, T.A.; Nabuurs, M.J.A.; Hees, J. van; Bot, P. de; Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N.; Ubbink-Blanksma, M.; Beynen, A.C. (2002)
.
Small intestinal morphology
and disaccharidase activities in early-weaned piglets fed a diet containing spray-dried
porcine plasma. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A 49 (2): 81-86, ISSN: 0931-184X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z5.
Keywords: casein, diet, disaccharidases, feed intake, intestinal mucosa, liveweight gain,
morphology, piglets, small intestine, villi.
Dijk, A.J. van; Everts, H.; Nabuurs, M.J.A.; Margry, R.J.C.F.; Beynen, A.C. (2001). Growth
performance of weanling pigs fed spray-dried animal plasma: a review. Livestock
Production Science 68 (2/3): 263-274, ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Abstract: Spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), mostly of porcine origin, is frequently used as an
ingredient of weanling piglets diets in order to improve feed intake and to reduce post-weaning
diarrhoea. On the basis of 15 published studies it is concluded that dietary SDAP levels up to
6% increase both average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) in the first 2 weeks after
weaning in a dose- dependent fashion. Up to 6% SDAP also reduces feed conversion ratio
(FCR). The positive effect of SDAP on ADG and ADFI is much more pronounced in the first
than the second week after weaning. There is no positive carry-over effect of SDAP feeding
during the period of 2 weeks after weaning on growth performance thereafter. SDAP is an
expensive protein source and an economic evaluation should be made before including SDAP
in weanling piglets diets. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, apart from SDAP dose,
baseline growth rate is an important determinant of the effect of SDAP on ADG, with high
baseline growth rate being associated with small effects of SDAP. It should be stressed that
SDAP is a non-sterilised product that might spread certain diseases after feeding it to pigs.
Porcine plasma has more beneficial effects than bovine plasma. Possible modes of action are
discussed. It is suggested that, in addition to improving feed palatability, SDAP reduces post-weaning intestinal disease by preventing attachment of pathogens.
Keywords: feed additives, feed intake, growth, liveweight gain, piglets, weaning.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Docic, A.; Bilkei, G. (2001). The effect of short term high feed intake on the onset of
puberty in transported gilts. Swine Health and Production 9 (1): 25-27, ISSN: 1066-4963.
NAL Call No.: SF971 N472.
Abstract: A trial, involving 320 incoming gilts (approximately 160 days of age) was conducted
to determine whether energy flushing combined with transport, regrouping, and exposure to
boars influences the onset of puberty. The gilts were randomly divided into 2 groups. The
flushed group (166 gilts) were both transported and energy flushed, and the transported group
(154 gilts) were transported only. After transport, gilts were housed in small groups exposed to
boars across an aisle. The onset of puberty was determined at slaughter one week after
transport. Examination of the reproductive organs revealed that there were more follicles >4
mm and uterine mass was larger (P>.05) in the flushed group than in the transported group.
Adrenal gland weight, ovarian weight, and uterine length did not differ between treatment
groups. It is concluded that energy flushing increases follicular growth and uterine weight,
which are indicators of puberty in gilts.
Keywords: gilts, feed intake, female animals, flushing, ovarian follicles, puberty, transport of
animals.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Domacinovic, M.; Steiner, Z.; Bogut, I.; Mijic, P.; Kralik, D. (2001). Effect of different ways
of improvement of feeding rations for piglets. Czech Journal of Animal Science 46 (10):
454-459, ISSN: 1212-1819.
NAL Call No.: 49.9 C33.
Keywords: piglets, enzymes, feed additives, feed conversion, feeds, liveweight gain,
micronization, pig feeding.
Edmonds, M.S.; Baker, D.H. (2001). Effect of protein fluctuations and space allocation on
performance of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 475,
Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Meat Science
Association, American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science Association,
Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: finishing, growing, protein, feed content, housing, space allocation, meeting
abstract.
Estrada, A.; Drew, M.D.; Van Kessel, A. (2001). Effect of the dietary supplementation of
fructooligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium longum to early-weaned pigs on performance
and fecal bacterial populations. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81 (1): 141-148, ISSN:
0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163.
Keywords: piglets, oligosaccharides, bifidobacterium longum, supplementary feeding, early
weaning, growth rate, postweaning interval, feces, fecal flora, liveweight gain, feed conversion,
feed conversion efficiency, insulin-like growth factor.
Ferguson, N.S.; Lavers, G.; Gous, R.M. (2001). The effect of stocking density on the
responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine. Animal Science: an International Journal of
Fundamental and Applied Research 73 (3): 459-469, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A56.
Keywords: body protein, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake, floor space, single feeder bin,
growth, lipids, live weight gain, lysine, nutrient requirements, protein retention, stocking
density.
Gardner, J.M. Lange, C.F.M. de.; Widowski, T.M. (2001). Belly-nosing in early-weaned
piglets is not influenced by diet quality or the presence of milk in the diet. Journal of
Animal Science 79 (1): 73-80, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: piglets, early weaning, animal behavior, feed intake, liveweight, liveweight gain,
diets, dried whey, milk substitutes, blood plasma, soybean oilmeal, fish meal, stereotyped
behavior.
Georgsson, L.; Svendsen, J. (2001). One or two feeders for groups of 16 growing-finishing
pigs: Effects on health and production. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal
Science 51 (4): 257-264, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27.
Keywords: finishing pigs, single-space feeders, multiple feeders, feeder access, health, skin
lesions, daily weight gain, feed intake,
Gimenez-Rico, R.D. (2001). Formulating feeds for sows, feeding gestating sows with high
fibre diets. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition Garnsworthy, P.C.; Wiseman, J. (Eds.),
Nottingham University Press: Nottingham, UK, pp. 67-85, ISBN: 1-897676-08-5.
Keywords: sows, welfare, energy consumption, energy value, feed formulation, feed intake,
adlibitum feed intake, fiber, net energy, pregnancy, reproductive performance.
Hamilton, D.N.; Wolter, B.F.; Beverly, J.L.; Wilson, E.R Augspurger, N.R.; Ellis, M.; (2002).
The effect of sire line on the feeding patterns of grow-finish pigs. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 75 (2):103-114, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, Large White, Landrace, Duroc and Pietrain, breeds, sires, genetic lines, line
differences, body weight, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake, number of feeder visits,
feeder occupation, growth rate, lines, liveweight gain, longissimus dorsi, feeding.
Hamman, L.L.; Gentry, J.G.; Ramsey, C.B.; McGlone, J.J.; Miller, M.F. (2001). The effect of
vitamin-mineral nutritional modulation on the pork quality of halothane carriers. Journal
of Muscle Foods 12 (1): 37-51, ISSN: 1046-0756.
NAL Call No.: TX556 M4J68.
Keywords: feed supplements, genes, genetics, halothane, preslaughter stress, meat quality,
minerals, muscles, nutrition, storage quality, vitamins, water holding capacity, meat color.
Han, I.K.; Lee, J.H.; Piao, X.S.; Li, D. (2001). Feeding and management system to reduce
environmental pollution in swine production: Review. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal
Sciences 14 (3): 432-444, ISSN: 1011- 2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7.
Keywords: production, feeding systems, management systems, pollution, manure, nutrient
excretion, feed additives, nitrogen and phosphorus reduction, enzymes, phytase, antibiotics,
probiotics, organic acids, growth hormones, beta agonists, porcine somatotropin, synthetic
amino acids in feed manufacturing, feed utilization, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion,
phase feeding regimen, swine production.
Hay, M.; Orgeur, P.; Levy, F.; Le Dividich, J.; Concordet, D.; Nowak, R.; Schaal, B.;
Mormede, P. (2001). Neuroendocrine consequences of very early weaning in swine.
Physiology and Behavior 72 (1-2): 263-9, ISSN: 0031-9384.NAL Cal No.: QP1 P4.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate the consequences of very early weaning
of piglets on neuroendocrine variables and growth. Sixty piglets from eight litters were either
weaned on Postnatal Day 6 (early weaning, or EW piglets) or left with their dam until normal
weaning at Day 28 (control piglets, or C). At Days 5, 7, 11, 14, and 19, urine was collected
between 7:00 and 8:00 a.m. for the measurement of catecholamines, glucocorticoids, and
creatinine. Compared with C, EW piglets displayed a transient increase in urinary cortisol on
the day following separation from their dam (Day 7) (P<.05). Urinary norepinephrine (NE) was
three times lower in EW compared to C piglets from Day 7 until Day 14 (P<.01) but there was
no difference between the two groups on Day 19. Urinary epinephrine (EPI) did not differ
between C and EW piglets on the day after weaning. Thereafter, EW piglets displayed a three
times drop in urinary EPI as compared to C piglets until the end of the period (P<.01). Weaning
induced an immediate reduction in food intake and growth rate and at Day 28, the body weight
of EW piglets was 1.60 kg lower than that of C piglets (P<.0001). In conclusion, weaning of 6-day-old piglets results in a marked and prolonged suppression of the release of catecholamines.
This result likely reflects physiological responses to insufficient energy intake after weaning, as
reflected also by changes in thermoregulatory behavior. The transient increase in cortisol
excretion in weanlings may be caused by both emotional distress and acute food deprivation.
Keywords: neurosecretory systems, physiology, weaning, aging, behavior, body weight,
catecholamines, urine, chromatography, high pressure liquid, ion exchange, cortisone,
hormones, hydrocortisone.
Hayes, D.J.; Jensen, H.H.; Fabiosa, J. (2002). Technology choice and the economic effects of
a ban on the use of antimicrobial feed additives in swine rations. Food Control 13 (2): 97-101. ISSN: 0956-7135.
NAL Call No.: TP372.7 F66.
Keywords: antimicrobial feed additives, bans, regulations, animal rations, analysis, feed,
preparation, economics, food safety, pork production, management, technology choices, swine
industry, Europe, USA.
He, M.L.; Ranz, D.; Rambeck, W.A. (2001). Study on the performance enhancing effect of
rare earth elements in growing and fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and
Animal Nutrition 85 (7-8): 263-270, ISSN: 0931-2439.
NAL Call No.: 389.78 Z3.
Keywords: crossbred piglets, Deutsche Landrace X Pietrain, feeding study, increased
performance, dietary supplements, rare earth elements, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino
transferase, calcium, cerium, chlorine, glucose, lanthanum, phosphorus, potassium,
praseodymium, dietary supplement, sodium, thyroxine, total cholesterol, total protein,
triglyceride, triiodothyronine, daily body weight gain.
Held, S.; Mendl, M.. (2001). Behaviour of the young weaner pig. In: The Weaner Pig:
Nutrition and Management Varley, M.A.; Wiseman, J. (Eds.), CABI Publishing: Wallingford,
UK, pp.273-297, ISBN: 0-85199-532-2.
NAL Call No.: SF396.5 W43 2001.
Keywords: age at weaning, aggressive behavior, husbandry, feeding behavior, housing, piglets,
social behavior, stress, stress response, vocalization.
Hill, G.M.; Mahan, D.C.; Carter, S.D.; Cromwell, G.L.; Ewan, R.C.; Harrold, R.L.; Lewis,
A.J.; Miller, P.S.; Shurson, G.C.; Veum, T.L. (2001). Effect of pharmacological
concentrations of zinc oxide with or without the inclusion of an antibacterial agent on
nursery pig performance. Journal of Animal Science 79 (4): 934-941, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: piglets, zinc oxide, postweaning interval, early weaning, liveweight gain, feed
intake, feed conversion, blood plasma, zinc, copper, antibacterial agent, carbadox, drug effects.
Honeyman, M.S.; Roush, W.B (1999). Supplementation of mid-gestation swine grazing
alfalfa. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture14 (3): 103-108, ISSN: 0889-1893,
NAL Call No.: S605.5.A43.
Abstract: For four years (1991-1994), gestating gilts rotationally grazing alfalfa were compared
to gilts in a drylot fed 1,800 g/d of a corn-soy diet (control). The dietary supplementation
treatments for the grazing gilts were 1,260 g, 720 g, and 180 g of ground corn (70, 40, and 10%
of the gilts' energy needs) plus 45 g of monosodium phosphate and 9 g of salt (sodium
chloride) per day. All gilts were fed individually. In 1991 and 1992, the gilts were fed daily. In
1993 and 1994, the gilts were fed their weekly feed ration in three equal feedings on Monday,
Wednesday, and Friday. Alfalfa paddocks were grazed for one week with a stocking rate of 62
gilts/ha/wk. All gilts had rings in their noses to minimize rooting. For the 42-d mid-gestation
trial, the weight gain of the control gilts did not differ from the gain of the grazing gilts daily
fed 720 g corn (40%) (P <.05). The interval feeding reduced gains compared to the daily
feeding. Gilts daily fed 1,260 g corn/d (70%) gained more than the other grazing treatments (P
<.05). The gilts daily fed 180 g corn/d (10%) gained less than all other treatments (P <.05)
and had the greatest backfat loss (P <.05) for the 42-d trial. No major trends were noted in
number of pigs born per litter or pig birth weight. After one week of grazing, alfalfa height
decreased 14.7 cm and DM content of the remaining alfalfa increased 9%. Each grazing
season, the alfalfa stand decreased 3.8 plants/m(2). Daily alfalfa intakes per gilt were
calculated at 11.5 kg (3.2 kg DM) for 1991 and 1992, and increased to 16.3 kg (4.2 kg DM) for
1993 and 1994. These are composite intakes because all grazing gilts were commingled. Mid-gestation gilts rotationally grazing alfalfa need 720 g of corn per day plus phosphorus and salt
to match weight gains of gestating gilts in a drylot fed 1,800 g/d of a corn-soy diet. Daily
feeding, rather than interval feeding, resulted in greater weight gains and lower alfalfa intakes.
The practice of grazing gestating sows has the advantages of no manure to haul, reduced
purchased feed inputs, and inclusion of a soil-building crop like alfalfa in the crop rotation.
Keywords: sows, grazing, medicago sativa, feed supplements, rotational grazing, pregnancy,
feed rations, stocking rate, liveweight gain, backfat, fat thickness, litter size, birth weight, plant
height, dry matter, persistence, plant density, feed intake, Iowa.
Hong, J.W.; Kim, I.H.; Kwon, O.S.; Lee, S.H.; Bae, H.D.; Kang, S.J.; Yang, U.M. (2001).
Effects of phytezyme supplementation on the growth performance and nutrient
digestibility in growing pigs. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (10): 1440-1443, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7.
Keywords: breed, Duroc X Yorkshire X Landrace, growing pigs, phytase, dietary supplement,
average daily gain, gain/feed, growth performance, nutrient digestibility.
Hong, J.W.; Kim, I.H.; Moon, T.H.; Kwon, O.S.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, Y.G. (2001). Effects of
yucca extract and (or) far infrared emitted materials supplementation on the growth
performance, serum characteristics and ammonia production of growing and finishing
pigs. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (9): 1299-1303, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7.
Keywords: breed, Duroc x Yorkshire x Landrace, finishing, growing pigs, ammonia, blood urea
nitrogen, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, yucca
extract, dietary supplement, average daily gain, far IR radiological materials, growth
performance, nutrient digestibility.
Hyun, Y.; Ellis, M. (2001). Effect of group size and feeder type on growth performance
and feeding patterns in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 79 (4): 803-810, ISSN:
0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: The effects of four group sizes (2, 4, 8, and 12 pigs per pen) and two single-space
feeder types (conventional and electronic feed intake recording equipment [FIRE]) on feed
intake, growth performance, and feeding patterns were determined in growing pigs over a 4-wk
period. A total of 416 hybrid pigs (barrows and gilts) were grown from 26.5 (SD = 1.6) to 47.8
(SD = 2.7) kg BW and given ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal-based diet (17.4% CP,
0.9% lysine; 3,298 kcal ME/kg). The floor space allowance was 0.9 m2/pig for all treatments.
Pigs using the electronic feeders had similar growth rates but lower feed intakes (P < 0.01) and
higher gain:feed ratios (P < 0.01) compared to those using the conventional feeders. Barrows
compared to gilts had higher growth rates (P < 0.05), numerically higher (P > 0.05) ADFI, and
similar feed efficiency and feeding pattern. Feed intakes and growth rates were lowest (P <
0.05) for groups of 12 pigs but gain:feed ratio was not affected by group size. Daily feeder
occupation time per pig was lower (P < 0.01) for groups of 12 than for groups of 2 or 4 pigs,
and feed consumption rate was higher (P < 0.01) for groups of 12 than for groups of 4 pigs.
The proportion of time spent eating was lower (P < 0.01) and the proportion of time spent
standing was higher (P < 0.01) for pigs in groups of 12 compared to groups of 2. Correlations
between ADG and ADFI and feed intake per visit were 0.29 and 0.30, respectively (P < 0.01),
between ADG and ADFI and feed consumption rate were 0.27 and 0.31, respectively (P <
0.01), and between ADFI and feeder occupation time per day were 0.33 (P < 0.01). This study
suggests that, in growing pigs given access to a single feeder, changes in feeding behavior with
increasing group size were not sufficient to maintain feed intake and growth rate.
Keywords: pigs, group size, pig feeders, automatic feed dispensers, feed intake, feeding habits,
floor space, feed conversion, body weight, liveweight gain, eating patterns, eating rates.
Jakobsen, K.; Hermansen, J.E. (2001). Organic farming, a challenge to nutritionists. Journal
of Animal and Feed Sciences 10 (Supplement 1): 29-42, ISSN: 1230-1388.
NAL Call No.: SF1 J68.
Keywords: cattle, pigs, poultry, disease resistance, energy requirements, essential amino acids,
livestock farming, minerals, organic farming, reviews, vitamins, Denmark.
Jefferson, W.A.; Kapp, A.M. (2001). Piglet milk feed delivery system. Official Gazette of the
United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1244 (2): No Pagination, ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL Call No.: T223 A21.
Keywords: patent, orally administered, feed supplements, feeding stations, feed reservoir, spray
nozzles, milk feed delivery system, disinfection, farm equipment
Kerth, C.R.; Carr, M.A.; Ramsey, C.B.; Brooks, J.C.; Johnson, R.C.; Cannon, J.E.; Miller, M.F.
(2001). Vitamin mineral supplementation and accelerated chilling effects on quality of
pork from pigs that are monomutant or noncarriers of the halothane gene. Journal of
Animal Science 79 (9): 2346-2355, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: barrows, gilts, vitamin and mineral supplementation, finishing diet, growth,
accelerated chilling of carcasses, carcass and muscle traits, halothane gene carrier versus
noncarrier pigs, vitamin E, exudative meat, meat quality, pork quality.
Kim, I.B.; Allee, G.L. (2001). Effect of carbohydrate sources in phase I and phase II pig
starter diets. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (10): 1419-1424, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7.
Keywords: weaned pigs, starter diets, carbohydrate by product, lactose, phase I starter diet,
nutritional method, phase II starter diet, average daily gain, corn, animal feed, gain/feed ratio.
Kim, S.W.; Baker, D.H.; Easter, R.A. (2001). Dynamic ideal protein and limiting amino
acids for lactating sows: The impact of amino acid mobilization. Journal of Animal Science
79 (9): ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: primiparous sows, experimental diets, underfed both energy and protein during
lactation, threonine, lysine, valine, tissue mobilization, occurs during lactation, amino acids,
dynamic ideal protein, body energetics.
Kim. S.W.; Easter, R.A. (2001). Nutritional value of fish meals in the diet for young pigs.
Journal of Animal Science 79 (7): 1829-1839, ISSN: 0021- 8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: menhaden fish meal, mackerel herring fish meal, threonine, serine, alanine, valine,
histidine, lysine, arginine, average daily gain, replacement of spray dried porcine plasma,
nutritional value evaluations.
Kim, J.H.; Heo, K.N.; Odle, J.; Han, I.K.; Harrell, R.J. (2001). Liquid diets accelerate in
growth of early-weaned pigs and the effects are maintained to market weight. Journal of
Animal Science 79 (2): 427-434, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: Piglets (n = 240, 11.0 +/- 0.1 d old, 3.93 +/- 0.05 kg) were allotted to one of four
treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to examine the effects of diet physical form and
nursery environment during the first 14 d after weaning on growth to market weight. During
the treatment period, pigs were housed (10 pigs/pen) in either a conventional hot nursery (30
degrees C) or a segregated-temperature nursery (cool ambient temp. of 24 degrees C, with
enclosed hot-box hovers at 32 degrees C). Pigs in each environment were fed nutritionally
identical diets in either liquid or dry-pellet form for 14 d. Subsequently, all pigs were fed
identical dry diets and were housed in common grower-finisher facilities (penned by sex, five
pigs/pen). At the end of the treatment period (d 14), pigs fed the liquid diet were 21% heavier
than pigs fed the dry pellet diet (9.22 vs 7.60 kg; P < 0.001). Similarly, gain, feed intake, and
gain/feed of liquid-fed pigs were 44%, 18%, and 22% greater, respectively, than observed for
pigs fed the dry pellet diet. No main effect of environment was observed (P > 0.10); however,
an interaction with diet physical form occurred during the early-nursery period (P < 0.01). Pigs
fed the liquid diet showed better performance in the conventional nursery, whereas pigs fed the
dry pellet diet were favored in the segregated temperature nursery. No major differences in
growth performance or in ultrasound carcass measurements were detected during the growing-finishing period; however, the advantage in body weight of liquid-fed pigs gained during the
first 2 wk postweaning was maintained to the end of the trial (113.9 vs 110.6 kg; P < 0.05).
Pigs that were fed the early-nursery diet in liquid form reached market weight (110 kg) 3.7 d
sooner than the dry-fed controls (P < 0.01). Estimates of lean gain (calculated from live
ultrasound data) were unaffected, suggesting that composition of growth was not altered.
Collectively, these results show that liquid feeding during early life can markedly accelerate
piglet growth performance and that the growth advantage is maintained to market weight, with
no evidence of compensatory gain in the dry-fed control pigs.
Keywords: piglets, early weaning, liquid diets, milk substitutes, pelleted feeds, environmental
temperature, body weight, liveweight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, pigs, slaughter weight,
age, backfat, fat thickness, muscles, area, lean.
King, R.H.; Eason, P.E.; Kerton, D.K.; Dunshea, F.R. (2001). Evaluation of solvent extracted
canola meal for growing pigs and lactating sows. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research 52 (10): 1033-1041, ISSN: 0004-9409.
NAL Call No.: 23 Au783.
Keywords: growing finishing pigs, lactating sows, weanling pigs, animal feed, canola meal,
solvent extracted, animal performance, carcass quality, feed efficiency, growth, lactation.
Klindt, J.; Yen, J.T.; Christenson, R.K. (1999). Effect of prepubertal feeding regimen on
reproductive development of gilts. Journal of Animal Science 77 (8): 1968-1976, ISSN:
0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: The effect of prepubertal feed level on growth and reproductive development of gilts
was investigated. At 13 wk of age, white crossbred gilts were penned individually and assigned
to the following treatments: Ad lib, ad libitum intake from 13 to 25 wk of age (n = 64);
Control, ad libitum intake from 13 wk of age until 100 kg BW and then 90% of ad libitum
intake until 25 wk of age (n = 65); and Restricted, 74% of ad libitum intake from 13 wk to 25
wk of age (n = 64). Feed was formulated to primarily restrict energy intake. The study was
replicated in two seasons. At 25 wk of age, gilts were moved to group pens, approximately 16
gilts/pen, allowed ad libitum access to feed, and estrus detection was initiated. Gilts were
mated at first estrus and those recycling were remated. After mating, gilts were moved to
gestation stalls and fed 1.5x maintenance. At 30 d of gestation, reproductive tracts were
harvested, and numbers of corpora lutea (CL) and live embryos were recorded. From 13 to 25
wk of age, feed consumption was 258 for Ad lib, 251 for Control, and 189 kg/gilt for
Restricted, and, from 13 wk of age until 30 d of gestation, total feed consumption was 367 for
Ad lib, 356 for Control, and 299 kg/gilt for Restricted gilts. Age at puberty (196 d) and
pregnancy (200 d) was not affected (P >.18) by treatment. However, the rate at which gilts
attained puberty (e.g., percentage pubertal at 28 d) was greatest in Ad lib (75) and least in
Control (61) gilts. Number of CL and live embryos at 30 d of gestation/gilt assigned to the
study was unaffected (P >.21) by treatment. Quantity of feed consumed from 13 wk of age to
30 d of gestation per live embryo in gilts assigned to the study was 40.0 for Ad lib, 39.8 for
Control, and 30.6 kg/gilt for Restricted gilts. These results indicate that moderate feed
restriction of gilts during prepubertal development may increase efficiency of swine production
without negative impact on reproductive performance through 30 d of gestation.
Keywords: gilts, pig feeding, puberty, plane of nutrition, energy intake, unrestricted feeding,
restricted feeding, age differences, backfat, liveweight gain, estrus, detection, fat thickness,
body weight, pregnancy rate, corpus luteum, litter size, feed conversion.
Knudsen, K.E.B. (2001). Development of antibiotic resistance and options to replace
antimicrobials in animal diets. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60 (3): 291-299, ISSN:
0029-6651.
NAL Call No.: 389.9 N953.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial growth promoters, ban, enteric bacterial
infections Oesophagostumum dentatum, Brachyspira hyodesenteriae, nematode infection,
parasitic disease, dysentery, gut health, carbohydrates, dietary intake, feed structure, United
Kingdom.
Kotara, D.; Fuchs, B. (2001). The effect of gelatinization degree and source of starch on the
ileal and faecal digestibility of nutrients and growth performance of early-weaned piglets.
Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 10 (Supplement 2): 163-170, ISSN: 1230-1388.
NAL Call No.: SF1 J68.
Keywords: piglets, cereal grains, diet, feces, starch gelatinization, ileum, nutrients, ontogeny,
starch, ileal digestibility.
Kouba, M.; Hermier, D.; Le Dividich, J. (2001). Influence of a high ambient temperature on
lipid metabolism in the growing pig. Journal of Animal Science 79 (1): 81-7, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: Large White x Landrace, breed, castrated male pigs, ad libitum fed, restricted fed,
heat, housing, lipids, metabolism, growth and development, adipose tissue, anatomy, histology,
analysis of variance, castration, chylomicrons, blood, lipids, blood, lipoprotein lipase.
Kuehne, M.; Koerner, U.; Wenzel, S. (2001). Tetracycline residues in meat and bone meals.
Part 2: The effect of heat treatments on bound tetracycline residues. Food Additives and
Contaminants 18 (7): 593-600, ISSN: 0265-203X.
NAL Call No.: TX553 A3F65.
Keywords: tetracycline residues, rendering plant, animal feed, meat meal, bone meal,
preparation, heating, quantitative analysis, toxic food residue.
Kyriakis, S.C.; Giannakopoulos, C.G.; Alexopoulos, C.; Boscos, C.; Spais, A.; Saoulidis, K.
(2001). The effect of salinomycin on certain blood parameters and milk quality of
lactating sows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 48 (6): 321-329, ISSN: 0931-184X.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 Z5.
Keywords: gilts, lactating sows, salinomycin, antibiotic, dosage, feed additive, sow diet, total
solids, ash, cholesterol, fat, lactose, lipids, protein, ultrasound, blood parameters, gestation,
pregnancy, lactation, milk quality, chemical composition, increased piglet weight gain, piglet
survival.
Laitat, M.; Vandenheede, M.; Desiron, A.; Canart, B.; Nicks, B. (1999). Comparison of
feeding behaviour and performance of weaned pigs given food in two types of dry feeders
with integrated drinkers. Animal Science: An International Journal of Fundamental and
Applied Research 68(1):35-42, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Keywords: pigs, dry feeding, water intake, body weight, liveweight gain, pig feeders, feed
intake, feed conversion, animal welfare.
Laspiur, J.P.; Trottier, N.L. (2001). Effect of dietary arginine supplementation and
environmental temperature on sow lactation performance. Livestock Production Science 70
(1/2):159-165, ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: sows, arginine, body temperature, environmental temperature, feed conversion
efficiency, feed intake, feed supplements, heart rate, heat stress, lactation, litter performance,
litter weight, liveweight gain, lysine, pregnancy, respiration rate, weaning.
Lawlor, P.G.; Lynch, P.B.; O’ Doherty, J.V.; Caffrey, P.J. (2001). The effect of choice feeding
complete diets on the performance of weaned pigs. Journal of Dairy Science 84
(Supplement 1): 400, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American
Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science
Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: body weight, choice feeding, daily gain, growth performance, phase feeding, starter
diet, weaner diet, meeting abstract.
Lawlor, P.G.; Lynch, P.B.; O'Doherty, J.V.; Caffrey, P.J. (2001). Effect of pre-weaning
management and post-weaning nutrition on the performance of weaned pigs. Journal of
Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 400, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science
Association, American Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and
the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: creep feed, feed, daily gain, feed intake, growth performance, litter size, post
weaning nutrition, pre weaning management, meeting abstract.
Lawrence, B.; Hahn, J. (2001). Feeding swine without antibiotics requires broad approach.
Feedstuffs 73 (44): 12-15, ISSN: 0014-9624.
NAL Call No.: 286.81 F322.
Keywords: antibiotics, pig feeding, animal husbandry, animal nutrition, feed additives, feed
composition.
Lee, C.Y.; Lee, H.P.; Jeong, J.H.; Baik, K.H.; Jin, S.K.; Lee, J.H.; Sohn, S.H. (2002). Effects
of restricted feeding, low-energy diet, and implantation of trenbolone acetate plus
estradiol on growth, carcass traits, and circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth
factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in finishing barrows. Journal of Animal Science
80 (1): 84-93, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: finishing pigs, barrow, breed, Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc, estradiol-17-beta,
hormone, drug, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, insulin-like growth factor I,
circulating concentration, trenbolone acetate, anabolic drug, implantation, carcass traits,
growth, low energy diet, restricted feeding.
Leser, T.D.; Amenuvor, J.Z.; Jensen, T.K.; Lindecrona, R.H.; Boye, M.; Moller, K. (2002).
Culture independent analysis of gut bacteria: The pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota
revisited. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 (2): 673 690, ISSN: 0099-2240.
NAL Call No.: 448.3 Ap5.
Keywords: intestinal bacteria, diet, variety, age, herd health status, microbial analysis,
ribosomal DNA sequencing, phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic linkages, phylotypes.
Lien, T.F.; Wu, C.P.; Wang, B.J.; Shiao, M.S.; Shiao, T.Y.; Lin, B.H.; Lu, J.J.; Hu, C.Y.
(2001). Effect of supplemental levels of chromium picolinate on the growth performance,
serum traits, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism of growing finishing pigs.
Animal Science: an International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 72 (2): 289-296, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1 A56.
Keywords: growing finishing, chromium picolinate, mechanism of action, supplemental diet
levels, carcass characteristics, growth performance, lipid metabolism, serum traits.
Liu, H.; Kim, I.B.; Touchette, K.J.; Newcomb, M.D.; Allee, G.L. (2001). The effect of spray
dried plasma, lactose and soybean protein sources on the performance of weaned pigs.
Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (9): 1290-1298, ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7.
Keywords: weanling pigs, spray dried plasma, average daily feed intake, average daily gain,
extruded soybean protein concentrate, feed supplement, growth performance.
Llata, M. de la; Dritz, S.S.; Tokach, M.D.; Goodband, R.D.; Nelssen, J.L.; Loughin, T.M.
(2001). Effects of dietary fat on growth performance and carcass characteristics of
growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment. Journal of Animal Science 79
(10): 2643-2650, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: barrows, gilts, backfat, carcass quality, dietary fat, diets, finishing, growth rate,
lean, liveweight, liveweight gain, lysine.
Martinez, G.R.; Pradal, R.P.; Castrejon, F.P.; Herradora, M.; Galvan, E.; Mercado, C. (2001).
Persistence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Aujeszky’s Disease virus and
Blue Eye Disease virus in ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces. Journal of
Applied Microbiology 91 (4): 750-758, ISSN: 1364-5072.
NAL Call No.: QR1 J687.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Aujeszky’s Disease, Blue Eye Disease,
ensilages based on solid fraction of pig feces, disease transmission mechanisms, analysis,
preparation, microbial persistence studies, microsilos.
Mavromichalis, I.; Webel, D.M.; Parr, E.N.; Baker, D.H. (2001). Growth promoting efficacy
of pharmacological doses of tetrabasic zinc chloride in diets for nursery pigs. Canadian
Journal of Animal Science 81 (3): 387-391, ISSN: 0008-3984.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 C163.
Keywords: nursery pigs, zinc oxide, tetrabasic zinc chloride, dietary supplement, growth
promoting agent, pharmacologic levels, weight gain, feed efficiency.
McGlone, J.J.; Fullwood, S.D. (2001). Behavior, reproduction, and immunity of crated
pregnant gilts: effects of high dietary fiber and rearing environment. Journal of Animal
Science 79(6): 1466-1474, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine effects of increased gut fill and diverse
developing environments on pregnant gilts’ behavior and physiology. Gilts were cross-fostered
at 1 d of age and transferred to either an indoor or outdoor production unit. Littermate gilts
remained in their different environments during development and were moved into individual
gestation crates in an indoor gestation unit. Of the 42 gilts, 19 were fed a control diet of
fortified sorghum-soybean meal and 23 were fed the same diet with 25% beet pulp (high fiber).
Control sows ate 2.0 kg/d and high-fiber sows ate 2.67 kg/d in a large pellet (thus resulting in
approximately equal energy intake and differing total dietary intakes). Pregnant gilts had
behavior and immune measures sampled at 30, 60, and 90 d of gestation. The day x diet
interaction was significant (P = 0.01) for duration of standing: sows fed high-fiber diets stood
less on d 30, but on d 60 and 90 they and the control sows stood for a similar duration. Sham
chewing duration and frequency showed significant (P < 0.05) effects of gestation stage x diet
x environment. Gilts reared outdoors and fed high fiber increased sham chewing over gestation,
whereas all other treatment groups decreased this behavior over time. Outdoor-reared gilts had
greater (P < 0.05) frequency and duration of drinking behavior than indoor-reared gilts. White
blood cell numbers were higher (P < 0.05) for gilts fed high-fiber diets than for gilts fed the
control diet. Immune (humoral and cellular systems) and reproductive measures (farrowing rate
and litter size) and plasma cortisol concentrations were generally not influenced (P >0.10) by
diets and rearing environments, suggesting that in spite of significant changes in behavior and
feed intake gilts’ immune systems were not suppressed or enhanced. Behavioral data alone
suggested that indoor-reared gilts showed fewer behavioral adaptations to the crates than
outdoor-reared gilts. However, immune measures did not indicate that any treatments resulted
in physiological effects indicative of stress.
Keywords: gilts, pregnancy, behavior, housing, indoor versus outdoor production, sexual
reproduction, fiber, digesta, litters, feed rations, feeds, feed intake, duration, stress, animal
welfare.
Meulen, J. van der; Graaf, G.J. de; Nabuurs, M.J.A.; Niewold, T.A. (2001). Effect of
transportation stress on intramucosal pH and intestinal permeability. In: Digestive
Physiology in Pigs. Proceedings of the 8th Symposium, Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, June 20-22, 2000, Lindberg, J.E.; Ogle, B. (Eds.), CABI
Publishing: Wallingford, UK, pp.329-331, ISBN: 0-85199-517-9.
NAL Call No.: SF768.2 S95 S96 2000.
Keywords: blood flow, intestinal mucosa, permeability, pH, stress, transport of animals.
Meunier-Salaun, M.C. (2001). Fibre in diets of sows. In: Recent Developments in Pig
Nutrition No.3, Garnsworthy, P.C.; Wiseman, J.(Eds.), Nottingham University Press:
Nottingham, UK, pp.323-339, ISBN: 1-897676-44-1.
Keywords: sows, behavior, feeding behavior, stereotypic, operant conditioning, motivation,
diets, fiber, performance, physiological functions, reviews.
Meunier-Salaun, M.C.; Edwards, S.A.; Robert, S. (2001). Effect of dietary fibre on the
behaviour and health of the restricted fed sow. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90
(1/2): 53-69, ISSN: 0377-8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55.
Keywords: sows, food restriction, feed rations, fiber, animal behavior, health, nutritional state,
pregnancy, performance, hunger, aggressive behavior, feeding, energy intake, nutrient intake,
glucose, insulin, volatile fatty acids, fermentation, stress, animal welfare, literature reviews.
Min, T.S.; Kim, J.D.; Hyun, Y.; Sohn, K.S.; Heo, K.N.; Han, I.K. (2001). Effects of
environmentally friendly agents on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient
excretion and carcass characteristics in growing finishing pigs. Asian Australasian Journal
of Animal Sciences 14 (4): 540-547, ISSN: 1011- 2367.
NAL Call No.: SF55 A78A7.
Keywords: growing finishing pigs, yucca extract, mineral feed additive, acidifier, nonspecific
immunostimulating anionic alkali solution, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient
excretion, carcass characteristics, costs, effects on environment.
Morgan, C.A.; Nielsen, B.L.; Lawrence, A.B.; Mendl, M.T.(1999). Describing the social
environment and its effects on food intake and growth. In: A Quantitative Biology of the Pig
I. Kyriazakis (ed.), CAB International Wallingford, UK, ISBN: 0-85199-273-0, pp. 99-125.
NAL Call No.: IPM990717336.
Keywords: reviews, animal welfare, feeding behavior, group effect, stress, performance,
growth, feed intake, environmental factors, pig feeding, housing.
Morgan, C.A.; Lawrence, A.B.; Chirnside, J.; Deans, L.A. (2001). Can information about
solid food be transmitted from one piglet to another? Animal Science: an International
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research 73 (3): 471-478, ISSN: 1357-7298.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56.
Abstract: When weaned early, piglets commonly take some time to accept solid food, resulting
in a growth check and reduced welfare. The transmission of information about food between
animals has been demonstrated in other species and it would be advantageous if this occurred
in piglets. This experiment investigated the effects of pairing piglets that were consuming solid
food with newly weaned piglets. Six litters of piglets did not receive solid food until weaning.
In each litter four piglets (3 plus 1 spare) were weaned at 21 days of age and housed together
for 7 days and offered one of two foods (3 litters per food). At 28 days of age the remaining
piglets were weaned and four pairs of piglets were formed, such that there were three
experienced animals paired with three inexperienced observers, each pair having visual contact
and varying degrees of physical contact (1: none, 2: through wire mesh, 3: housed together),
and a pair of inexperienced piglets (4: housed together) to act as controls. Food intake and
weight gain were recorded over a period of 7 days. There was no effect of food type on food
intake or live-weight gain of the pairs but the inexperienced pigs had higher gains on food 1
than food 2. The inexperienced pairs ate less food than the other pairs and the
experienced/observer pairs that were housed together had the greatest weight gain. The level of
variation between piglets was such that there were no significant effects of pairing treatment on
the weight gain of the inexperienced animals. Total time spent feeding increased with time
from pair formation. The number of simultaneous feeding events was higher for the
experienced/observer pairs housed together than for the inexperienced pairs. This experiment
has indicated that food intake is stimulated when an inexperienced piglet is housed with an
experienced piglet and, with further work, this could be exploited to alleviate the weaning
check.
Keywords: piglets, feeding, pair feeding, feed intake, food type, liveweight gain.
Copyright© 2002, CAB International
Noblet, J.; Le Goff, G. (2001). Effect of dietary fibre on the energy value of feeds for pigs.
Animal Feed Science and Technology 90 (1/2): 35-52, ISSN: 0377-8401.
NAL Call No.: SF95.A55.
Keywords: energy value, feeds, fiber content, fiber, nutritive value, ingredients, byproducts,
digestibility, lignin, wheat straw, pectins, liveweight, age, methane, digestion, metabolizable
energy, energy balance, climatic factors, animal behavior, literature reviews.
Noblet, J.; Le Bellego, L.; Van Milgen, J.; Dubois, S. (2001). Effects of reduced dietary
protein level and fat addition on heat production and nitrogen and energy balance in
growing pigs. Animal Research 50 (3): 227- 238.
Keywords: growing pigs, crude fat, dietary, crude protein, dietary, nitrogen, diet, energy
balance, feed utilization, heat production.
O’Connell, N.E. Beattie, V.E.; Weatherup, R.N. (2002). Influence of feeder type on the
performance and behaviour of weaned pigs. Livestock Production Science 74(1): 13-17,
ISSN: 0301-6226.
NAL Call No.: SF1.L5.
Keywords: pigs, weaning, performance, animal behavior, feed dispensers, water, feed intake,
feed conversion efficiency, growth rate, aggressive behavior, welfare.
Olesen, C.S.; Jorgensen, H.; Danielsen, V. (2001). Effect of dietary fibre on digestibility and
energy metabolism in pregnant sows. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A Animal
Science 51 (3): 200-207, ISSN: 0906-4702.
NAL Call No.: S3.A27.
Keywords: sows, dietary supplement, animal feed, digestibility, dried sugar beet pulp, energy
metabolism, grass pellets, heat production, oats, wheat bran, pregnancy.
Partridge, G.G.; Gill, B.P. (2001). New approaches with pig weaner diets. In: Recent
Developments in Pig Nutrition No. 3, Garnsworthy, P.C.; Wiseman, J. (Eds.), Nottingham
University Press: Nottingham, UK, pp.205-237, ISBN: 1-897676-44-1.
Keywords: piglets, colostrum, diets, nutrition physiology, feeding, weaning, transition to post-weaning diet, animal welfare, health,
review.
Penny, P.C.; Tibble, S. (2001). Response of weaned pigs housed in large groups to
alternative feeding strategies. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement 1): 453, Joint
Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Meat Science Association,
American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science Association, Indianapolis,
Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: piglet, weaned, feeding systems, housing, large groups, meeting abstract.
Pinelli, S.A.; Scaife, J.R.; Calderon de la Barca, A.M.; Valenzuela, J.R.; Celaya, H. (2001).
Effect of supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C on immune response of sows and
their litters in hot environments. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60 (OCA): 25A, ISSN:
0029-6651.
NAL Call No.: 389.9 N953.
Keywords: sow, piglets, litter, piglet, lymphocyte, immunoglobulin G, vitamin C, vitamin E,
effect, supplementation, heat stress, hot environment, immune response, immunosuppression,
lactation, meeting abstract.
Pollock, E.B.; Hopley, H.V. (2001). Hog feeder with adjustable feed control gates. Official
Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1248 (1): No Pagination,
ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL Call No.: T223 A21.
Keywords: patent, hog feeder, adjustable gate mechanism, feed hopper, dry hog feed, gravity
dispensed, sliding cam arrangement, farm equipment.
Quiniou, N.; Noblet, J.; Milgen, J. van; Dubois, S. (2001). Influence of low ambient
temperatures on heat production and energy balance of single-housed growing pigs fed ad
libitum: a comparison with group-housed pigs. Animal Research 50 (4): 325-333, ISSN:
1627-3583.
Keywords: adaptation, housing, individual versus group, body weight, energy balance, energy
consumption, energy intake, environmental temperature, heat production, physical activity,
stocking rate, unrestricted feeding, feed intake, cold exposure.
Rachuonyo, H.A.; Allen,V.G.; Morrow-Tesch, J.L.; Dailey, J.W.; McGlone, J.J. (2001).
Evaluation of forages for outdoor gestating sows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement
1): 276, Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Meat Science
Association, American Society of Animal Science and the Poultry Science Association,
Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, July 24-28, 2001, ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call No.: 44.8 J822.
Keywords: behavior, nutrition, forage crops, buffalo grass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover,
gestation, grazing, ground cover, manure, rooting, soil erosion, sustainable outdoor pig
production, meeting abstract.
Ramonet, Y.; Meunier-Salaun M.C.; Dourmad J.Y. (1999). High-fiber diets in pregnant
sows: digestive utilization and effects on the behavior of the animals. Journal of Animal
Science 77(3):591-599, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Keywords: fiber, pregnancy, sows, crude fiber, energy intake, mastication, behavior, appetite,
feeding behavior, animal welfare.
Rasmussen, H. (2001). Feeding device for feeding animals. Official Gazette of the United
States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1253 (3): No Pagination, ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL Call No.: T223 A21.
Keywords: piglets, feeding device, patent, design, pipe mounted on a frame, control bar,
flexible material, slide bushing, adjusts to animals of different sizes.
Ratcliff, J. (2001). Genetically modified organisms in animal feed, a European perspective.
In: Concepts in Pig Science Lyons, T.P.; Cole, D.J.A. (Eds.), Nottingham University Press:
Nottingham, UK, pp.39-45, ISBN: 1-897676-33-6.
Keywords: animal welfare, consumer attitudes, consumer behavior, consumer protection, feed
additives, food safety, genetically engineered microorganisms, reviews, world markets,
international trade, Europe.
Renaudeau, D.; Noblet, J. (2001). Effects of exposure to high ambient temperature and
dietary protein level on sow milk production and performance of piglets. Journal of
Animal Science 79 (6): 1540-1548, ISSN: 0021-8812.
NAL Call No.: 49 J82.
Abstract: The effects of high ambient temperature and level of dietary heat increment on sow
milk production and piglet performance over a 28-d lactation were determined in 59
multiparous crossbred Large White x Landrace pigs kept at a thermoneutral (20 degrees C) or
in a hot (29 degrees C) constant ambient temperature. Experimental diets fed during lactation
were a control diet (NP; 17.6% CP) and two low-protein diets obtained by reduction of CP
level (LP; 14.2% CP) or both reduction of CP and addition of fat (LPF; 15.2% CP); the NE:ME
ratio was 74.3, 75.6, and 75.8% for NP, LP, and LPF diets, respectively. All diets provided
0.82 g of digestible lysine/MJ of NE, and ratios between essential AA and lysine were above
recommendations. Creep feed was provided after d 21 of lactation. Reduction of CP level did
not influence (P > 0.10) milk production, milk composition, or piglet performance. Despite
higher nursing frequency (39 vs 34 sucklings per day), milk production decreased (P < 0.01)
from 10.43 to 7.35 kg/d when temperature increased from 20 to 29 degrees C. At d 14, DM
(18.6 vs 18.1%) and energy (4.96 vs 4.75 MJ/kg) contents in milk tended (P = 0.09) to be
higher in sows kept at 29 degrees C. Over the 28-d lactation, piglet BW gain and BW at
weaning decreased (P < 0.01) from 272 to 203 g/d and 9.51 to 7.52 kg, respectively, when
temperature increased from 20 to 29 degrees C. Daily creep feed intake over the 4th wk of
lactation was higher (P < 0.01) at 29 degrees C than at 20 degrees C (388 vs 232 g/litter,
respectively), which was reflected in a greater increase in BW gain between wk 1 to 3 and wk 4
at the higher temperature (147 vs 130%); BW gain between weaning and d 14 postweaning was
higher (P < 0.05) for piglets originating from sows kept at 29 degrees C (280 vs 218 g/d). In
connection with their lower growth rate, DM (31.2 vs 33.0%), protein (15.5 vs 16.0%), lipid
(12.3 vs 13.9%), and energy (8.39 vs 9.09 kJ/g) contents in weaned, slaughtered piglets were
lower (P < 0.01) at 29 than at 20 degrees C. In conclusion, modification in the CP:NE ratio in
order to decrease dietary heat increment did not affect milk production and piglet performance
in thermoneutral or hot climatic conditions. Our results confirm the negative effect of high
ambient temperatures on milk yield and emphasize the importance of creep feed supply to
improve pre- and postweaning growth of piglets in these conditions, especially when weaning
occurs after 3 wk of age.
Keywords: piglets, sows, milk yield, lactation, dietary protein, feeds, air temperature,
performance, growth, heat stress, creep feeding, milk composition, energy content, liveweight
gain, liveweight, weaning weight, pig feeding.
Robert, S.; Bergeron, R.; Farmer, C.; Meunier-Salaun, M.C. (2002). Does the number of daily
meals affect feeding motivation and behaviour of gilts fed high-fibre diets? Applied Animal
Behaviour Science 76 (2): 105-117, ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call No.: QL750.A6.
Keywords: gilts, feeding behavior, motivation, operant conditioning tests, pushing a button,
food reward, stereotypy, vacuum chewing, chain manipulation, nutrition, diets, feed intake,
feeding frequency, number of meals, fiber.
Rosenvold, K.; Andersen, H. J. (2003). The significance of pre-slaughter
stress and diet on
colour and colour stability of pork. Meat Science 63 (2): 199-209, ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call No.: TX373.M4.
Abstract: The influence of pre-slaughter stress and a diet known to affect post mortem muscle
metabolism or a standard diet (co
