A

Adams, T. S.; Holt, G. G.; and Sundet, W. D. "Physical and Physiological Effects on the Response of Female Screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae), to Carrion Odors in an Olfactometer." Journal of Medical Entomology 15, no. 2 (1979): 125-131.
An olfactometer was developed to study screwworm attractants under laboratory conditions.

Adams, T.S. "Reproductive Physiology of the Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae). III. Mating." Journal of Medical Entomology 15(5/6) (1979): 488-493.
Male screwworm flies demonstrated maximal mating vigor from 4 to 16 days after emergence. Females had low mating levels until 5 days after emergence. Mating occurred in females with eggs from the 4th to 10th stage of development. However, most mating occurred during the 7th to 10th egg stage of development. However, most mating occurred during the 7th to 10th egg stage.

Adams, T.S. "The Reproductive Physiology of the Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae). II. Effect of Constant Temperature on Oogenesis." Journal of Medical Entomology 15(5/6) (1979): 484-487.
The optimal temperature for ovarian maturation in the screwworm ranged from 21.8 to 37.8 C.

Ahrens, E. H.; Coppedge, J. R.; Guillot, F. S.; and Goodenough, J. L. "Comparison of the Distribution and Daily Activity Periods of Released and Native Screwworm Flies." Environmental Entomology 6, no. 1 (1977): 138-142.
Released and wild screwworm populations were asynchronous based on time of capture within traps. The paper failed to consider reproductive status, sex, or age as contributing factors.

Ahrens, E. H.; Deer, J. A.; and McWhorter, G. M. "Field Evaluation of Insecticide Impregnated Ear Tags and Bands for the Control of the Gulf Coast Tick. (Abstract)." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 39-40 (1978): 197.

Ahrens, E. H.; Gladney, W. J.; McWhorter, G. M.; and Deer, J. A. "Prevention of Screwworm Infection in Cattle by Controlling Gulf Coast Ticks with Slow Release Insecticide Devices." Journal of Economic Entomology 70, no. 5 (1977): 581-585.
Insecticide-impregnated ear tags tested against Gulf Coast ticks were effective controls. The authors speculated that their utilization would reduce the numbers of injuries available for screwworm attack.

Ahrens, E. H.; Hofman, H. C.; Goodenough, J. L.; and Petersen, H. D. "A Field Comparison of Two Strains of Sterilized Screwworm Flies." Journal of Medical Entomology 12, no. 6 (1976): 691-694.

Aldrich, J. M. "New Diptera or Two-Winged Flies in the United States National Museum." Proceedings. U.S. National Museum 66, no. 2555 (1925): 17-19.

Alley, D. A., and Hightower, B. G. "Mating Behavior of the Screw-worm Fly as Affected by Differences in Strain and Size." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 6 (1966): 1499-1502.

Arribalzaga, E. L. "Calliphora anthropophaga Conil." Anales Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 7 (1879): 253-258.
[In Spanish.].

Arribalzaga, E. L. "Compsomyia macellaria (F.). I. Respuesta al Senor Conil. II. Algunos Datos Mas Sobre la Sinonimia Y la Distribucion Geografica de Este Muscide." Anales Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 10 (1880): 248-253.

Arribalzaga, E. L. "Compsomyia macellaria (F.). Observaciones Criticas Sobre los Caractares, la Sinonimia etc. de Esta Muscide." Anales Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 10(2 sem.) (1880): 70-84.

Aubertin, D., and Buxton, P. A. "Cochliomyia and Myiasis in Tropical America." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 28, no. 3 (1934): 245-255.
This article contains excellent data on systematics, biology, geographical distribution, and pathology of the species. The authors report 179 human cases with 15 deaths.

Austen, E. E. "Some Dipterous Insects Which Cause Myiasis in Man." Transactions of the Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 3, no. 5 (1910): 215-242.

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B

Babcock, O. G., and Bennett, D. H. "The Screw Worm and the Wool Maggot." Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 27 (1921).
15 pp.

Ball, C. E. "Atomic War on Insects." Saturday Evening Post 234, no. 36 (1961): 36-37, 51-52.

Ballenger, W. L. "Foreign Bodies in the Ear Ceruminous Plugs in the Meatus." In Diseases of the Nose, Throat, and Ear. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1914.

Ballenger, W. L. "Screw-worms in the Nose." In Diseases of the Nose, Throat, and Ear. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1914.

Barabino-Amadeo, J., and Jaurequi, P. "Sobre Un Caso de Miasis." Revista. Circulo Medicina de Argentina. Centro de Estudios Medicos 154.
Has not been reviewed by authors.

Barnes, C. M., and Cibula, W. G. "Some Implications of Remote Sensing Technology in Insect Control Programs Including Mosquitoes." Mosquito News 39, no. 2 (1979): 271-282.
Satellite remote sensing is used to define temperature, altitude, and vegetative cover for all of Mexico to support studies of the screwworm fly. This information is used with a computer system and fit to an insect model to estimate where screwworm populations can survive and grow based entirely on weather and environmental conditions.

Barrett, W. L., Jr. "Natural Dispersion of Cochliomyia americana." Journal of Economic Entomology 30, no. 6 (1937): 873-876.

Barry, W. B. "Nasal Myiasis." Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 52 (1943): 486-495.
The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of screwworm nasal cases are presented along with a detailed discussion of five specific nasal cases.

Basso, R. "Frequencia Y Naturaleza de las Miasis en Mendoza. In Investigaciones Sobre Dipteros Argentinas. I. Miasis." In Investigaciones Sobre Dipteros Argentinas 41 (1939): 55-65.
A total of 226 human cases of screwworms were reported from 1920 to 1935 in Mendoza, Argentina. Mortality during the 15 years was 4.56%. Of the 226 cases, 127 were observed among rural males. The distribution of the cases was 64.58% nasal, 10.41% in wounds or leg ulcers, 8.33% in the scalp, 5.20% in the ears, 4.17% in the vulva-vaginal area, and 3.12% in the anal area. Those predominantly infected were adults 30 to 46 years of age.

Baumhover, A. H. "Eradication of the Screwworm Fly, an Agent of Myiasis." Journal of the American Medical Association 196, no. 3 (1966): 240-248.
An excellent review of the screwworm program through 1966 with special emphasis on research and the eradication effort.

Baumhover, A. H. "Florida Screwworm Control Program." Veterinary Medicine 53, no. 4 (1958): 216-219.

Baumhover, A. H. "Influence of Aeration During Gamma Irradiation of Screw-worm Pupae." Journal of Economic Entomology 56, no. 5 (1963): 628-631.
A variable response to the standard radiation dosage for sterility was primarily influenced by the availability of oxygen during irradiation. A canister made of 1/8-inch mesh aluminum screen provided sufficient diffusion to eliminate the problem.

Baumhover, A. H. "Sexual Aggressiveness of Male Screw-worm Flies Measured by Effect on Female Mortality." Journal of Economic Entomology 58, no. 3 (1965): 544-548.
Accelerated mortality of caged females caused by male harassment is a method of determining competitiveness of candidate screwworm strains.

Baumhover, A. H. "Susceptibility of Screw-worm Larvae and Prepupae to Desiccation." Journal of Economic Entomology 56, no. 4 (1963): 473-475.

Baumhover, A. H., and Spates, G. E., Jr. "Artificial Selection of Adult Screw-worms for Extended Survival without Food and Water." Journal of Economic Entomology 58, no. 4 (1965): 645-649.

Baumhover, A. H., and Spates, G. E., Jr. "Selection for Extended Survival of Adult Screw-worms Under Starvation." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 7-8 (1964): 68.
(Abstract).

Baumhover, A. H.; Graham, A. J.; Bitter, B. A.; Hopkins, D. E.; New, W. D.; Dudley, F. H.; and Bushland, R. C. "Screw-worm Control through Release of Sterilized Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 48, no. 4 (1955): 462-466.
The screwworm was eradicated from Curacao, N.A., by the release of sterile males. This study represented the first successful use of the sterile-male technique.

Baumhover, A. H.; Husman, C. N.; Skipper. C. C.; and New, W. D. "Field Observations on the Effects of Releasing Sterile Screw-worms in Florida." Journal of Economic Entomology 52, no. 6 (1959): 1202-1206.

Baumhover, A. H.; Husman, C.N.; and Graham, A. J. "Screw-worms." In Insect Colonization and Mass Production. New York: Academic Press, Inc, 1966.
A review of the entire screwworm program through 1966 with special emphasis on mass production.

Beneden, P. J. Van. "Parasites Free During Their Whole Life." In Animal Parasites and Messmates. New York: D. Appleton and Co, 1883.
Citric acid or the juice of lemons was efficacious in destroying screwworm larvae in a human case reported in Mexico. The case occurred between Mexico City and Movelia at an altitude of 1,866m.

Beroza, M., and Bottger, G. T. "The Insecticidal Value of Tripterygium wilfordii." Journal of Economic Entomology 47, no. 1 (1954): 188-189.

Bigot, J. "[Untitled]." Bulletin. Societe Entomologique de France 17 (1883): 154-155.
[In French.] The author takes exception to a paper by F. H. Snow (1883).

Bishopp, F. C. "Flies Which Cause Myiasis in Man and Animals -- Some Aspects of the Problem." Journal of Economic Entomology 8, no. 3 (1915): 317-329.

Bishopp, F. C. "Flytraps and Their Operation." U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 734 (1916).
14 pp.

Bishopp, F. C. "Flytraps and Their Operation." U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 734 (rev.) (1937).
14 pp. Describes the original blowfly trap that was used as the standard survey procedure for over 40 years.

Bishopp, F. C. "Flytraps and Their Operation." U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 734 (rev.).
16 pp.

Bishopp, F. C., and Hixson, H. "Biology and Economic Importance of the Gulf Coast Tick." Journal of Economic Entomology 29, no. 6 (1936): 1068-1076.
The biology, ecology, and distribution of the Gulf Coast tick are presented, and its upsurge is importance because of the screw worm's introduction in to Florida is discussed.

Bishopp, F. C., and Laake, E. W. "Dispersion of Flies by Flight." Journal of Agricultural Research 21, no. 10 (1921): 729-766.

Bishopp, F. C.; Cook, F. C.; Parman, D. C.; and Laake, E. W. "Progress Report of Investigations Relating to Repellents, Attractants, and Larvicides for the Screw-worm and Other Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 16, no. 2 (1923): 222-224.

Bishopp, F. C.; Laake, E. W.; and Parman, D. C. "Screw-worms and Other Maggots Affecting Animals." U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 857 (rev.).
14 pp.

Bishopp, F. C.; Mitchell, J. D.; and Parman, D. C. "Screw-worms and Other Maggots Affecting Animals." U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 857 (1917).
20 pp.

Bishopp, F. C.; Mitchell, J. D.; and Parman, D. C. "Screw-worms and Other Maggots Affecting Animals." U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 857 (rev.) (1923).
16 pp.

Bishopp, F. C.; Roark, R. C.; Parman, D. C.; and Laake, E. W. "Repellents and Larvicides for the Screw Worm and Other Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 18:, no. 16: (1925): 776-778.

Blanchard, R. "Contributions a l'Etude des Dipteres Parasite." Annales. Societe Entomologique de France 65 (1896): 654-668.
[In French].

Boller, E. "Behavioral Aspects of Mass-rearing of Insects." Entomophaga 17, no. 1 (1972): 9-25.

Borgstrom, F. A. "Studies on Experimental Cochliomyia americana Infestations with Special Reference to the Bacterial Flora and the Development of Immunity." American Journal of Tropical Medicine 18, no. 4 (1938): 395-411.
A gram-negative bacillus, Proteus chandleri, was invariably associated with screwworm lesions. An immunity to the effects of larval reinfestation of screwworms was demonstrated in guinea pigs by the fact that animals reinfested after a 20-day interval were able to survive a normally lethal dosage of screwworm larvae.

Borror, D., and Delong, D. "An Introduction to the Study of Insects." . New York: Reinhart and Company, 1965.

Borstel, R. C. Von. "Population Control by Release of Irradiated Males." Science 131 (1960): 878, 880-882.

Boyes, J. W. "Somatic Chromosomes of Higher Diptera. V. Interspecific and Intraspecific Variations in the Calliphoridae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 39 (1961): 549-570.

Brennan, J. M. "The Incidence and Importance of Cochliomyia americana and Other Wound-invading Species." Journal of Economic Entomology 31, no. 6 (1938): 646-649.

Brennan, J. M. "The Incidence of the Screwworms for 1936." Florida Cattleman (Jan. 15, 1937): 12, 16, 21.
Describes the screwworm situation in the United States during 1936. The effect of shipping animals from infested to noninfested areas is documented.

Broce, A. B., and Ideker, J. "Oleander Flowers as Insect Traps." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71, no. 4 (1978): 628-629.
The oleander flower serves as a mechanical trap for screwworm and other species of Diptera. The labellae of the adult flies become lodged between adjacent sagittate anthers when the mouth parts are removed from the flower.

Broce, A. B.; Davey, R. B.; and Snow, J. W. "Plastic Wicks as Dispensers of the Screwworm Attractant, Swormlure-2." Journal of Economic Entomology 72, no. 1 (1979): 115-118.
Polyester fiber wicks with a propylene skin were superior to cotton wicks as carriers of Swormlure-2 for use in SWASS units.

Broce, A. B.; Goodenough, J. L.; and Coppedge, J. R. "A Wind Oriented Trap for Screwworm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 70, no. 4 (1977): 413-416.
A new wind directional trap is described that is up to nine times more effective than the old collapsible blowfly trap. The new trap catches less secondary screwworm flies, which significantly decreases the time required for fly identification.

Broce, A. B.; Goodenough, J. L.; and Coppedge, J. R. "The Development of a New Trap for Screwworms. (Abstract)." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 39-40 (1978): 195.
(Abstract.).

Broce, A. B.; Goodenough, J. L.; and Snow, J. W. "Recovery of Screwworm Flies Released at Various Distances and Directions of the Attractant Swormlure-2." Environmental Entomology 8, no. 5 (1979): 824-828.

Brody, A. L. "Natural Foods of Cochliomyia americana, the True Screwworm." Journal of Economic Entomology 32, no. 2 (1939): 346-347.
This work provided some of the first evidence that feeding solely on animal products was not sufficient for the nutritional needs of the adult fly.

Brody, A. L., and Knipling, E. F. "Can Larvae of Cochliomyia americana C. & P. Mature in Carcasses?." Journal of Parasitology 29, no. 1 (1943): 59-60.
Larvae that were within 3 days of completion of development survived after the death of the host. Younger larvae, however, could not compete with the many carrion-feeding larvae found in carcasses and had little chance of completing development.

Brody, A. L., and Knipling, E. F. "Methods of Destroying Blowfly Larvae and Pupae in Carcasses and in Soil." Journal of Economic Entomology 33, no. 4 (1940): 662-665.

Brody, A. L., and Rogers, E. E. "Winter Activity of Cochliomyia americana in the Southeastern States." Journal of Economic Entomology 38, no. 1 (1945): 85-89.

Brown, E. H. "Screwworm Infestation in the Nasal Passages and Paranasal Sinuses." Laryngoscope 55 (1945): 371-374.

Brown, H. E., and Coppedge, J. R. "Chemical Stability of the Screwworm Attractant, Swormlure-2." [Submitted to Environmental Entomology].
Evaluation showed that the components of swormlure could be premixed and stored for long periods of time with only minor alteration of the mixture. Changes in the composition did occur as a result of field exposure which caused the loss of the more volatile components.

Brown, H. E., and Snow, J. W. "Activity of Alphaglycerophosphate Dehydrogenase in Screwworm Flies as Related to Age, Sex and Irradiation." The Southwestern Entomologist 3, no. 1 (1978): 30-33.

Brown, H. E., and Snow, J. W. "Protein Utilization by Screwworm Larvae (Diptera:Calliphoridae) Reared on Liquid Medium." Journal of Medical Entomology 14, no. 5 (1978): 531-533.
The proportion of protein utilization by larvae reared on liquid medium. Increased to 51% of the available protein at 84 to 88 hours of age or 44 hours after transfer from the starting tray to the rearing vat. The rate of utilization of the medium closely approximated the growth curve of the larvae.

Brown, H. E., and Snow, J. W. "Screwworms (Diptera:Calliphoridae) : A New Liquid Medium for Rearing Screwworm Larvae." Journal of Medical Entomology 16, no. 1 (1979): 29-32.
Dried cottage cheese was replaced in the larval diet by increasing the level of dried whole blood. The chance did not affect size or quality of the larvae and saved approximately $1.2 million annually in production costs.

Brown, H. E., and Snow, J. W. "Use of Dried, Non-fat Milk in Liquid Nutrient Medium for Rearing Screwworm Larvae." [Submitted to Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry].
Surplus dry, nonfat milk ($0.01/lb) in the larval-rearing diet.

Bruce, W. G. "Screwworm Survey of the Southeastern States in 1943." Journal of Economic Entomology 37, no. 5 (1944): 687-689.

Bruce, W. G. "Screwworm Survey of the Southeastern States in 1944." Journal of Economic Entomology 38, no. 3 (1945): 327-329.

Bruce, W. G. "Screwworms." U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture (1952): 666-672.

Bruce, W. G. "Some Observations on Insect Edaphology." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 12, no. 3: 91-93.
This study showed a direct influence of soil moisture on the relative abundance of screwworms. During periods of heavy rainfall, infestations were more abundant on the high, well-drained soils and relatively scarce on the low, wet soils. Conversely, during dry seasons they were abundant on the low, poorly drained soils and comparatively scarce on the uplands.

Bruce, W. G., and Sheely, W. J. "Screwworms in Florida." University of Florida Agricultural Extension Service Bulletin 123 (1944).
28 pp. This excellent summary of the general biology and control of the species in Florida prior to the eradication program is a revision of Bruce and Sheely (1936).

Bruce, W. G., and Sheely, W. J. "Screwworms in Florida." University of Florida Agricultural Extension Service Bulletin 86 (1936).
27 pp. This excellent bulletin discusses the life history, damage, identification, and control of the species.

Bruce, W. G.; Smith, A. L; and Skipper, C. C. "Screwworm Survey of the Southeastern States in 1945." Florida Entomologist 29, no. 1 (1946): 1-4.

Brumpt, E. "Cochliomyia macellaria." In Precis de Parasitologie. Paris: Masson, 1922.
[In French.].

Brundrett, H. M. "A Homemade Fly Trap." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine ET-312 (1953).
[Rep.] 4 pp.

Brundrett, H. M., and Graham, O. H. "Bayer 21/199 as a Deterrent to Screw-worm Attack in Sheep." Journal of Economic Entomology 51, no. 3 (1958): 407-408.

Burlage, G. "FAA/USDA Airdrops Say… "Don't Bug Me!"." FAA Horizons (April 15, 1968).
2 pp.

Bush, G. L. "Genetic Changes Occurring in Flight Muscle Enzymes of the Screwworm Fly During Mass Rearing." New York Entomological Society 83 (1975): 75-76.

Bush, G. L., and Neck, R. W. "Ecological Genetics of the Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae) and its Bearing on the Quality Control of Mass-reared Insects." Environmental Entomology 5, no. 5 (1976): 81-826.

Bush, G. L.; Neck, R. W.; and Kitto, G. B. "Screwworm Eradication: Inadvertent Selection for Non-competitive Ecotypes During Mass Rearing." Science 193 (1976): 491-493.

Bushland, R. C. "Insect Eradication by Release of Sterilized Males." In Large Radiation Sources in Industry. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1960.

Bushland, R. C. "Male Sterilization for the Control of Insect." In Advances in Pest Control Research, R. L. Metcalf (ed.).. New York and London: Interscience Publisher, Inc, 1960.

Bushland, R. C. "New Research Results with Systemic Insecticides." 62d Annual Proceedings of the U.S. Livestock Association (1959): 192-197.

Bushland, R. C. "Screw-worm Control." Cattleman 38, no. 12 (1940): 34-36, 38.

Bushland, R. C. "Screw-worm Research and Eradication." In Advances in Veterinary Science, C.A. Brandly and E. L. Jungherr (eds.).. New York and London: Academic Press, 1960.

Bushland, R. C. "Screwworm Eradication Program." Science 184 (1974): 1010-1011.

Bushland, R. C. "Screwworm Research and Eradication." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 21, no. 1 (1975): 23-26.
Founder's Memorial Lecture Presented at ESA annual meeting, Dec. 2, 1974.

Bushland, R. C. "Sterility Principle for Insect Control, Historical Development and Recent Innovations." . Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1971.

Bushland, R. C. "The Toxicity of Phenothiazine and Certain Related Compounds to Young Screwworms." Journal of Economic Entomology 33, no. 4 (1940): 666-669.

Bushland, R. C. "The Toxicity of Some Organic Compounds to Young Screwworms." Journal of Economic Entomology 33, no. 4 (1940): 669-676.

Bushland, R. C. "Use of Radiation in Insect Control." Proceedings. 10th International Congress on Entomology 3 (1956): 711-715.

Bushland, R. C. "Volatile Oils as Ovicides for the Screwworm, Cochliomyia americana C. & P." Journal of Economic Entomology 32, no. 3 (1939): 430-431.

Bushland, R. C., and Hopkins, D. E. "Experiments with Screwworm Flies Sterilized by X-rays." Journal of Economic Entomology 44, no. 5 (1951): 725-731.
It was found that screwworm adults could be sterilized by irradiation with X-rays. A dosage of 5,000 r sterilized females and rendered them incapable of producing egg masses. Males were sterilized with about 2,500 r and found competitive. with nonirradiated males under laboratory conditions. However, competitiveness of the insects was greatly affected when irradiation was administered to pupae earlier than 2 days before emergence.

Bushland, R. C., and Hopkins, D. E. "Sterilization of Screw-worm Flies with X-rays and Gamma Rays." Journal of Economic Entomology 46, no. 4 (1953): 648-656.
Gamma radiation and X-rays were equally effective in producing sterility. No dosage below 5,000 r could be depended upon to produce total sterility, and it was best to sterilize pupae after completion of 5 days of development.

Bushland, R. C.; Knipling, E. F.; and Lindquist, A. W. "Eradication of the Screw-worm Fly by Releasing Gamma Ray-sterilized Males Among the Natural Population." Proceedings. International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 12 (1956): 216-220.

Bushland, R. C.; Lindquist, A. W.; and Knipling, E. F. "Eradication of Screw-worms through Release of Sterilized Males." Science 122 (1955): 287-288.

Bushland, R. C.; Radeleff, R. D.; and Drummond, R. O. "Development of Systemic Insecticides for Pests of Animals in the United States." Annual Revue of Entomology 8 (1963): 215-238.

Bustos, F. "Dos Casos de Miasis Vulvar." Revista Sociedad Argentina de Patologica, Region Norte (1929): 1149-1152.

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C

Calman, J. "Screwworm Control." Science 182 (1973): 775.
Letter to the editor taking exception to an article by Smith and Borstel (1972). See Smith (1973) which is a reply to this letter.

Cameron. T. W. M. "Arthropods." In The Parasites of Man in Temperate Climates, 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1946.

Canavan, W. P. N. "Occurrence of Intestinal and Nasal Myiasis in Oklahoma." Journal of Parasitology 22 (1936): 228-229.
A case of human myiasis is reported in which 26 larvae and 13 pupae were extracted from the nose of a young girl in Oklahoma.

Causey, O. R. "Notes on Forms of Myiasis." Journal of Economic Entomology 30, no. 1 (1937): 39-40.

Chamberlain, W. F. "Chemical Sterilization of the Screw-worm." Journal of Economic Entomology 55, no. 2 (1962): 240-248.

Chamberlain, W. F. "Copulation of the Secondary Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), with the Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)." The Southwestern Entomologist 3, no. 1 (1978): 59-61.
Male C. macellaria caged with female screwworms were observed in copula, but they were unable to separate. No viable eggs were produced.

Chamberlain, W. F., and Barrett, C. C. "A Comparison of the Amounts of Metepa Required to Sterilize the Screw-worm Fly and the Stable Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 57, no. 2 (1964): 267-269.

Chamberlain, W. F., and Hopkins, D. E. "Effects of Colchicine on Screw-worms." Journal of Economic Entomology 53, no. 6 (1960): 1133-1134.

Chandler, A. C. "Fly Maggots and Myiasis." In Introduction to Human Parasitology, 5th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1936.

Chandler, A. C., and Read, C. P. "Fly Maggots and Myiasis." In Introduction to Parasitology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1961.

Cheng, T. C. "Flies, Gnats and Mosquitoes." In Introduction to Parasitology. New York: Academic Press, Inc, 1973.

Cole, F. R., and Schlinger, E. I. "Tribe Chrysomyini." In The Flies of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.

Comer, M. C. "Report of Six Unusual Cases." Southwestern Medicine 11 (1927): 308-313.
Discusses a human nasal case of screwworms in detail.

Conil, P. A. "Calliphora anthropophaga, M." Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Cordoba) III (1878): 69-81.
[In French.].

Coppedge, J. R, and Snow, J. W. "Seasonal Response of Screwworm Adults to Two Attractants in Subtropical Texas." The Southwestern Entomologist 2, no. 2 (1977): 57-61.

Coppedge, J. R.; Ahrens, E. H.; and Snow, J. W. "Swormlure-2 Baited Traps for Detection of Native Screwworm Files." Journal of Economic Entomology 71, no. 4 (1978): 573-575.
The operation of five swormlure-baited traps per county was as effective as case reports in detecting the first occurrence of screwworms within a country.

Coppedge, J. R.; Ahrens, E.; Goodenough, J. L.; Guillot, F. S.; and Snow, J. W. "Field Comparisons of Liver and a New Chemical Mixture as Attractants for the Screwworm Fly." Environmental Entomology 6, no. 1 (1977): 66-88.
The screwworm attractant was named Swormlure-1, and a new mixture Swormlure-2, was prepared and evaluated under field conditions. Swormlure-2 was as attractive as decomposing liver but was more attractive to unmated females.

Coppedge, J. R.; Broce, A. B.; Goodenough, J. L.; Crystal, M. M.; Tannahill, F. H.; and Snow, J. W. "Preliminary Evaluation of Baits as a Means of Suppressing Screwworm Populations." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 39-40 (1978): 193.
(Abstract).

Coppedge, J. R.; Broce, A. B.; Tannahill, F. H.; Goodenough, J. L.; Snow, J. W.; and Crystal, M. M. "Development of a Bait System for Suppression of Adult Screwworms." Journal of Economic Entomology 71, no. 3 (1978): 483-486.
A control system, SWASS (Screwworm Adult Suppression System), was developed that consisted of a paper cylinder, swormlure, and a feeding bait with 2% DDVP.

Coppedge, J. R.; Goodenough, J. L.; Broce, A. B.; Snow, J. W.; and Graham, O. H. "El Sistema SWASS Y Su Uso en la Reduccion de Poblaciones del Gusano Barrenadel Ganado, Cochliomyia hominivorax." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 42 (1979): 55.
(Abstract).

Coppedge, J. R.; Goodenough, J. L.; Broce, A. B.; Tannahill, F. H.; Snow, J. W.; Crystal, M. M.; and Petersen, H. D. "Evaluation of the Screwworm Adult Suppression System (SWASS) on the Island of Curacao." Journal of Economic Entomology 71, no. 4 (1978): 579-584.
The SWASS system was evaluated on the island of Curacao, N.A. by the dispersal of SWASS units at a rate of 10 to 20 per km³. Results indicated that the wild population was suppressed by 65% to 85% after a 10-week release period. Eradication was completed by the release of sterile males, and the island was declared screwworm free on Oct. 25, 1977.

Coppedge, J. R.; Spencer, J. P.; Brown, H. E.; Whitten, C. J.; Snow, J. W.; and Wright, J. E. "A New Dye Marking Technique for the Screwworm." Journal of Medical Entomology 72, no. 1 (1979): 40-42.
Fluorescein sodium in combination with SWASS units devoid of insecticide was demonstrated as a method of monitoring field populations of adult screwworms. The dye was incorporated into the feeding bait, and 75% of the flies feeding 10 seconds retained detectable amounts of the dye up to 13 days.

Coquerel, C. "Description de la Larve de la Lucilia hominivorax." Societe Entomologique de France 28 (1859): 236-237.

Coquerel, C. "Note Sur des Larves Appartenant a Une Espece Nouvelle de Diptere (Lucilia hominivorax)." Annales. Societe Entomologique de France 27 (1858): 171-176.
The screwworm is described from larvae collected in the frontal sinuses of a convict in Cayenne (Devil's Island), French Guiana. This convict died, and similar human cases with high mortality are also reported. Science is reported as powerless to prevent "these terrible ravages.".

Coquerel, C. "Nouveau Cas de Mort Produit Par la Lucilia hominivorax et Description de la Larve de Ce Diptere." Annales. Societe Entomologique de France 28 (1859): 233-237.

Coquerel, C., and Mondiere, M. "Note Sur les Larves de Dipteres Developpees dans des Tumeurs d'Apparence Furonculeuse au Senegal." Annales. Societe Entomologique de France 31 (1862): 95-103.

Coquillet, D. W. "Report on a Collection of Dipterous Insects from Puerto Rico." Proceedings. U.S. National Museum 22, no. 1198 (1900): 255.

Correa da Costa, L. A. "Sobre Tres Casos de Miase da Vulva." Anais Brasileiros de Ginecologia 12 (1941): 202-204.

Craig, C. F., and Faust, E. C. "Filth Flies and Myiasis-producing Flies." In Clinical Parasitology (1940): 612-613, 624-625.
Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

Crystal, M. M. "Antifertility Effects of Anthelminthics in Insects." Journal of Economic Entomology 57, no. 4 (1964): 606-607.

Crystal, M. M. "Antifertility Effects of Inorganic Iodine in Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 6 (1970): 1851-1853.

Crystal, M. M. "Carbon Dioxide Anesthesia of Untreated and Chemosterilant-treated Screw-worm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 4, no. 4 (1967): 415-418.

Crystal, M. M. "Changes in Susceptibility of Screw-worm Flies to the Chemosterilant N,N' -tetramethylenebis (1-aziridinecarboxamide), with time of Administration." Journal of Economic Entomology 62, no. 1 (1969): 275-276.
Screwworm males were less susceptible to chemosterilants during the forenoon and at midday. Their susceptibility increased during the afternoon.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemical Structure and Sterilizing Activity of N,N' -alkylenebis-(1-aziridinecarboxamides) in Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 60, no. 4 (1967): 1005-1007.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilant Effect of Tretamine Enhanced in Screw-worm Flies Exposed to Extraoptimal Temperatures." Journal of Economic Entomology 60, no. 3 (1967): 880-881.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilant Efficiency of Bis (1-aziridinyl) Phosphinyl Carbamates in Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 57, no. 5 (1964): 726-731.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilant-induced Decrease in Size of Testes of the Adult Screwworm." Journal of Economic Entomology 66, no. 2 (1973): 424-426.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilant-induced Increase in Mating Ability of Male Screw-worm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 6, no. 1 (1969): 90-91.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilization of Male Screwworm Flies by Immersion: Changes in Susceptibility with Time of Treatment, Permanence of Sterility, and Effect of Treatment on Survival." Journal of Medical Entomology 9, no. 6 (1972): 509-510.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilization of Screw-worm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera:Calliphoridae): Influence of Age at Treatment and Mating, Effect on Survival, and Transfer of Chemosterilant by Contamination." Journal of Medical Entomology 5, no. 4 (1968): 439-445.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilization of Screwworm Flies with Negligible Residues for Release in Nature." Journal of Medical Entomology 8, no. 6 (1971): 696-699.

Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilization of Screwworm Flies: Modification of Action by Temperature." Environmental Entomology 2, no. 1 (1973): 145-147.

Crystal, M. M. "Diel Periodicity of Mating in Laboratory-adapted Screwworm Flies Relative to Photoperiod." Journal of Medical Entomology 8, no. 6 (1971): 747-748.

Crystal, M. M. "Diflubenzuron-induced Decrease of Egg Hatch of Screwworms (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 15, no. 1 (1978): 52-56.

Crystal, M. M. "Dose-response Curves for Dominant Lethal Mutations Induced in the Sperm and Oocytes of Screw-worm Flies by N,N' -tetramethylenebis (1-aziridinecarboxamide)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63, no. 5 (1970): 1369-1372.

Crystal, M. M. "Effects of Delayed Fertilization in Screwworm Flies on Induction of Dominant Lethal Mutations by N,N'-tetramethylenebis(1-aziridinecarboxamide)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63, no. 1 (1970): 71-74.

Crystal, M. M. "First Efficient Chemosterilants Against Screw-worm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 2, no. 3 (1965): 317-319.

Crystal, M. M. "Insect Fertility: Inhibition by Folic Acid Derivatives." Science 144 (1964): 308-309.

Crystal, M. M. "Longevity of Screw-worm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera:Calliphoridae): Effect of Sex and Grouping." Journal of Medical Entomology 4, no. 4 (1967): 479-482.

Crystal, M. M. "Observations on the Role of Light, Temperature, Age, and Sex in the Response of Screw-worm Flies to Attractants." Journal of Economic Entomology 57, no. 3 (1964): 324-325.

Crystal, M. M. "Reproductive Behavior of Laboratory-reared Screw-worm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 4, no. 4 (1967): 443-450.

Crystal, M. M. "Screwworm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae): Influence of Sex Ratio on Primiparous Fertility of Caged Populations." Journal of Medical Entomology 15, no. 1 (1978): 85-86.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Insects by Aerosol Administration of Alkylating Agents." Journal of Economic Entomology 58, no. 4 (1965): 678-680.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Screw-worm Flies by N,N'-tetramethylenebis(1-aziridinecarboxamide): Influence of Route of Administration." Journal of Economic Entomology 61, no. 1 (1968): 134-139.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Screw-worm Flies by Orally Administered 1-[bis(1-aziridinyl) Phosphinyl]-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) Urea: Effects of Feeding Times and Concentrations of Vehicle." Journal of Economic Entomology 61, no. 1 (1968): 140-142.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Screw-worm Flies by a Peroral Chemosterilant: Quantitative Aspects and Relation to Pretreatment Starvation." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 3 (1966): 580-585.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Screw-worm Flies by the Biological Alkylating Agents, Tretamine and Thiotepa." Experimental Parasitology 15, no. 3 (1964): 249-259.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Screw-worm Flies: Reliability of the Chemosterilant Technique." Journal of Economic Entomology 62, no. 1 (1969): 136-139.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Screwworm Flies by N,N'-tetramethylenebis(1-aziridinecarboxamide): Further Studies on Influence of Route Administration." Journal of Medical Entomology 8, no. 3 (1971): 304-306.

Crystal, M. M. "Sexual Sterilization of Screwworm Flies: Further Studies of Reliability of the Chemosterilant Technique." Journal of Medical Entomology 8, no. 5 (1971): 549-551.

Crystal, M. M. "Size and Weight of Pupae and Adults of Laboratory-reared Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 2 (1970): 551-554.

Crystal, M. M. "Some Structure-activity Relationships Among Aziridinyl Antifertility Agents in Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 3 (1966): 577-580.

Crystal, M. M. "Sterilization of Screwworm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) with Gamma Rays: Restudy After Two Decades." Journal of Medical Entomology 15, no. 2 (1979): 103-108.
The effects of irradiation on the original research of Bushland et al. A dosage rate of 2,000 rads sterilized males, but a dosage rate of 4,000 rads was necessary to sterilize females.

Crystal, M. M. "Sulfonic Acid Esters as Chemosterilants of Screw-worm Flies with Particular Reference to Methanediol Dimethanesulfonate." Journal of Economic Entomology 61, no. 2 (1968): 446-449.

Crystal, M. M. "Tethered Flight of Screwworm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax: Effect of Age and Sex." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 70, no. 5 (1977): 702-706.

Crystal, M. M. "The Induction of Sexual Sterility in the Screw-worm Fly by Antimetabolites and Alkylating Agents." Journal of Economic Entomology 56, no. 4 (1963): 468-473.

Crystal, M. M. "Thiosemicarbazones, a New Category of Antifertility Compounds for Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 2 (1970): 491-492.

Crystal, M. M. "Toxicity of Some Herbicides to the Screwworm." Journal of Economic Entomology 66, no. 2 (1973): 529.

Crystal, M. M. "Vanadium Compounds as Inhibitors of Reproduction of the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 1 (1970): 321-323.

Crystal, M. M., and Guillot, F. S. "Flight of Tethered Screwworm Flies in Relation to Ovarian Development." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71, no. 2 (1978): 243-246.

Crystal, M. M., and LaChance, L. E. "The Modification of Reproduction in Insects Treated with Alkylating Agents. I. Inhibition of Ovarian Growth and Egg Production and Hatchability." Biological Bulletin 125, no. 2 (1963): 270-279.

Crystal, M. M., and Meyners, H. H. "Influence of Mating on Oviposition by Screw-worm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 2, no. 3 (1965): 214-216.

Crystal, M. M., and Ramirez, R. "Chemosterilization of Screwworms (Diptera:Calliphoridae): Influence of Age at Time of Treatment on Sterility and Longevity." Journal of Medical Entomology 12, no. 4 (1975): 423-425.

Crystal, M. M., and Ramirez, R. "Screwworm Flies for Sterile-male Release: Laboratory Tests of the Quality of Candidate Strains." Journal of Medical Entomology 12, no. 4 (1975): 418-422.

Crystal, M. M., and Whitten, C. J. "Screwworm Flies for Sterile-male Releases: Laboratory Observations of the Quality of Newer Candidate Strains." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69, no. 4 (1976): 621-624.

Cuellar, C. B., and Brinklow, D. M. "The Screwworm Strikes Back." Nature (London) 242, no. 5399 (1973): 493-494.
In 1972, an outbreak occurred in which 92,198 cases were recorded from the United States. The authors do not give a reason for the outbreak,. but they speculate that there might have been a behavioristic selection for assortative mating which diminished the efficiency of the factory-produced sterile males.

Cushing, E. C. "The Great Insect Imposter." Cattleman 56, no. 6 (1969): 25-28, 158-160.

Cushing, E. C., Parman, D. C. "The Screwworm and Blowfly Problem." U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture (1942): 313-322.

Cushing, E. C., and Hall, D. G. "Some Morphological Differences Between the Screwworm Fly Cochliomyia americana (C. & P.) and Other Closely Allied or Similar Species in North America (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39, no. 7 (1937): 195-200.

Cushing, E. C., and Parish, H. E. "Seasonal Variations in the Abundance of Cochliomyia Spp., Phormia Spp. and Other Flies in Menard County, Tex." Journal of Economic Entomology 31, no. 6 (1938): 764-769.

Cushing, E. C., and Patton, W. S. "Studies on the Higher Diptera of Medical and Veterinary Importance. Cochliomyia americana, Sp. Nov., the Screwworm Fly of the New World." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 27, no. 4 (1933): 539-551.
Prior to this publication, the screwworm's true identity had been obscured by its close resemblance to C. macellaria F. Discovery was made through the examination of. the male and female terminalia and led to the invalidation of most research conducted prior to this time.

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D

Darden, E. B., Jr.; Maeyens, E.; and Bushland, R. C. "A Gamma-ray Source for Sterilizing Insects." Nucleonics 12, no. 10 (1954): 60-62.
Describes the first cobalt 60 irradiation unit designed especially for use in entomology.

Davis, L. L. "Myiasis of the Ear." U.S. Navy Medical Bulletin 19, no. 3 (1923): 345-348.
Two marines stationed in the Dominican Republic contracted screwworm infestations in the ear. Oil, 5% phenol, bichloride solution, and a 10% solution of chloroform failed to kill the larvae. A 50% solution of chloroform was an effective remedy.

Davis, R. B. "Contour Maps of Infestation Incidence Useful in Epizootiology of Screw-worms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)." Ecology 48, no. 6 (1967): 985-991.

Davis, R. B., and Camino, M. "Life Cycle of the Screw-worm Reared in Outdoor Cages Near Veracruz City, Mexico." Journal of Economic Entomology 61, no. 3 (1968): 824-827.

Davis, R. B.; Hightower, B. G.; Alley, D. A.; Turner, J. P.; and Lopez, E. "Releases of Sterile Screw-worm Flies in Northern Veracruz, Mexico, Measured by Recovery of Sterile Egg Masses." Journal of Economic Entomology 61, no. 1 (1968): 96-101.
Sterile flies released on swath widths of 8 and 12 miles were ineffective in reducing the numbers of wild flies in persistent population centers.

Davis, R. B.; O'Grady, J. J., Jr.; and Hightower, B. G. "A Device Providing Continuous Stimulus to Oviposition for Individual Screwworm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 65, no. 4 (1972): 1214-1215.

Davis, R. B.; Pratt, R. W.; Lopez, E.; and Turner, J. P. "Oviposition by Screw-worm Flies in Infested Mexican Burros." Journal of Economic Entomology 60, no. 3 (1967): 690-691.
Mexican burros were poor hosts for screwworms. The rapid proliferation of excessive granulation tissue around the infestations and the persistent hyperactivity of the burros in fighting of flies were cited as the reasons.

DeBord, B. A. "Rapid Extermination of Nasal Myiasis." Laryngoscope 69, no. 5 (1959): 543-544.
Two nasal cases of screwworms in humans were reported in which lindane was the control agent. Lindane was used because one of the patients was a veterinarian familiar with lindane's effectiveness in treating livestock, and he requested its use.

DeBord, B. A. "Rapid Extermination of Nasal Myiasis." Transactions of the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society (1959): 523-525.
This is a duplicate of the above manuscript; however a short discussion has been added.

DeVaney, J. A., and Garcia, J. J. "Longevity, Oviposition, and Fertility of Several Strains of the Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorx (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 12, no. 5 (1975): 511-513.

DeVaney, J. A.; Eddy, G. W.; Ellis, E. M.; and Harrington R., Jr. "Attractancy of Inoculated and Incubated Bovine Blood Fractions to Screwworm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae): Role of Bacteria." Journal of Medical Entomology 10, no. 6 (1973): 591-595.

DeVaney, J. A.; Eddy, G. W.; Handke, B. D.; and Lopez, E. "Olfactory Responses of the Adult Screw-worm After Removal of the Antennae, Mouthparts, Tarsi, and Legs." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 6 (1970): 1816-1819.

DeVaney, J. A.; Eddy, G. W.; Lopez, E.; and Handke, B. D. "Response of Three Colonies of Screwworm Flies to Proteins and Sugars in a Multiple-choice Olfactometer." Journal of Economic Entomology 64, no. 4 (1971): 809-812.

Del Ponte, E. "Familia Calliphoridae." In Manual de Entomologia Medica y Veterinaria Argentinas (1958): 226-236.
Ediciones libreria del colegio, Buenos Aires.

Del Ponte, E. "Las Especies Argentinas del Genero Cochliomyia T. T. (Diptera usc.)." Revista Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro) 8(3-4) (1938): 273-281.

Del Ponte, E. "Nota Sobre Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricus)." Archivos. Sociedad de Biologia de Montevideo, suplemento Fasc 5 (1930): 1299-1301.

Deonier, C. C. "Carcass Temperatures and Their Relation to Winter Blowfly Populations and Activity in the Southwest." Journal of Economic Entomology 33, no. 1 (1940): 166-170.

Deonier, C. C. "Overwintering and Dispersion of Cochliomyia americana in Arizona." Journal of Economic Entomology 38, no. 1 (1945): 90-95.

Deonier, C. C. "Population Studies on Cochliomyia americana in Arizona." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 19, no. 1 (1946): 26-29.
Documents the distribution of the screwworm along streams and open water during hot dry weather.

Deonier, C. C. "Responses of the Blowflies, Cochliomyia americana (C. & P.) and Phormia Regina Meigen, to Stimulations of the Tarsal Chemoreceptors." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 32, no. 3 (1939): 526-532.

Deonier, C. C. "Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Certain Blowflies in Southern Arizona and Their Economic Importance." Journal of Economic Entomology 35, no. 1 (1942): 65-70.
Of the 120 myiasis cases in southern Arizona, the screwworm was involved in 105, and in 80 of these it was the only species. Lucilia sericata was involved in 26 cases, 7 of these in pure culture. Phormia regina was involved in 16 cases, 4 in pure culture. Cochliomyia macellaria was found in 15 cases, 2 in pure culture.

Deterling, D. "Screwworm Eradication Has Changed Southwest's Sheep Industry." National Wool Grower 55, no. 7 (1965): 12-14, 25.

Deterling, D. "Screwworm Program Observes 1st Anniversary." Cattleman 49, no. 9 (1963): 26-27.

Diamant, G. "Screwworm Eradication in Southeastern United States." American Journal of Public Health 53, no. 1 (1963): 22-26.

Diaz, A. "Sobre Myiasis del Ganado Producido Por Mosca Azul." Publicacion. Direccion Gral. Ganad. Folleto (Ovalle, Chile) (1946).
4 pp. Has not been reviewed by authors.

Dixon, E. B. "Wing Variations Found in Screwworm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and Three Other Calliphoridae (Diptera)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55 (1962): 210-212.

Donoso-Barros, R. "Consideraciones Epidemiologicas Sobre las Miasis Humanas." Revista de Estudias Medicas 2, no. 2 (1945): 49.
Has not been reviewed by authors.

Donoso-Barros, R. "Myiasis Humana en Chile - Consideraciones Clinicas Y Epidemiologicas." Revista Chilena de Higiene y Medicina Preventiva 9, no. 1 (1947): 3-40.

Dove, W. E. "Myiasis of Man." Journal of Economic Entomology 30, no. 1 (1937): 29-39.
Fifty-five cases of screwworms in human were reported during 1935, and the estimated total for the U.S. was 100 cases. Only eight human cases were confirmed during 1936. The decrease was credited to the treatment of cases in livestock and the consequent reduction in the fly population.

Dove, W. E. "Screw Worm Control." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine [Rep.] E-356 (1935).
12 pp.

Dove, W. E. "Screwworm Control." Leaflet U.S. Dep. Agriculture, 1938.
6 pp.

Dove, W. E. "Screwworm Control." Leaflet, (rev.) U.S. Dep. Agriculture, 1943.
6 pp.

Dove, W. E. "The Screw Worm Situation in 1935." Journal of Economic Entomology 29, no. 6 (1936): 1076-1085.
An intensive control program was conducted in Florida that utilized screwworm inspectors, exhibits at county fairs, circulars, bulletins, posters, newspaper publicity, and government assistance in building holding pens and chutes. Pine-tar oil and benzyl. were distributed free to farmers. The results were outstanding in counties covered by the control program, with a case incidence of 2.49% and a death rate of 2.15%. This compared with 17.96% and 14.93% respectively in counties outside the control area.

Dove, W. E., and Parman, D. C. "Screw Worms in the Southeastern States." Journal of Economic Entomology 28, no. 5 (1935): 765-772.
Gives an excellent account of the introduction of screwworms into the Southeast and some discussion of the importance of the Gulf Coast tick in the southeastern United States.

Doyle, K. "Screw-worm Control in North America." Animal Quarantine 5 (1976): 8-13.

Drummond, R. O. "Compounds Screened as Animal Systemic Insecticides at Kerrville, Texas, 1953-1959." U.S. Agricultural Research Service ARS 33-64 (1961).
[Rep.] 50 pp.

Drummond, R. O. "Laboratory Screening Tests of Animal Systemic Insecticides." Journal of Economic Entomology 51 (1958): 425-427.

Drummond, R. O. "Materials Screened as Animal Systemic Insecticides at Kerrville, Texas, 1960-1967." U.S. Department of Agriculture Product Research Report 116 (1970).
46 pp.

Drummond, R. O. "Materials Screened as Animal Systemic Insecticides at Kerrville, Texas, 1967-1973." U.S. Agricultural Research Service ARS-S-101 (1976).
57 pp. [Rep.].

Drummond, R. O. "Myiasis-producing Flies." Surveillance and Collection of Arthropods of Veterinary Importance. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, R. A. Bram (ed.). 518 (1978): 89-96.

Drummond, R. O. "Preliminary Evaluation of Animal Systemic Insecticides." Journal of Economic Entomology 53, no. 6 (1960): 1125-1127.

Drummond, R. O.; Ernst, S. E.; Barrett, C. C.; and Graham, O. H. "Sprays and Dips of Shell Compound 4072 to Control Boophilus Ticks and Larvae of the Screw-worm on Cattle." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 2 (1966): 395-400.

Drummond, R. O.; Ernst, S. E.; Trevino, J. L.; and Graham, O. H. "Control of Larvae of the Screw-worm in Cattle with Insecticidal Sprays." Journal of Economic Entomology 60, no. 1 (1967): 199-200.

Dunn, L. H. "Studies on the Screw Worm Fly, Chrysomyia macellaria Fabricius in Panama." Journal of Parasitology 4 (1918): 111-121.
The screwworm was reported to be the insect species causing the greatest amount of damage and suffering to cattle, horses, and other animals in the isthmus of Panama. With the exception of disease-bearing mosquitoes, the same statement was also true for humans.

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E

Eddy, G. W. "Toxicity of Some Organic Insecticides to Screw-worm Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 44, no. 2 (1951): 254.

Eddy, G. W., and Bushland, R. C. "Screwworms That Attack Livestock." U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture (1956): 172-175.

Eddy, G. W., and DeVaney, J. A. "A Brief Statistical Review of the United States-Mexico Screw-worm Eradication Program." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 16, no. 3 (1970): 159-164.

Eddy, G. W., and Graham, O. H. "An Improved Laboratory Method for Testing Materials as Screwworm Larvicides." Journal of Economic Entomology 43, no. 4 (1950): 558.

Eddy, G. W.; DeVaney, J. A.; and Handke, B. D. "Response of the Adult Screwworm (Diptera:Calliphoridae) to Bacteria-inoculated and Incubated Bovine Blood in Olfactometer and Oviposition Tests." Journal of Medical Entomology 12, no. 3 (1975): 379-381.
Olfactometer tests with bacteria-inoculated and incubated defibrinated bovine blood showed that Proteus rettgeri attracted more adult flies than did three other Proteus species and six species of other genera.

Eddy, G. W.; Devaney, J. A.; Handke, B. D.; and Lopez, E. "Attractants for the Screwworm: Irradiation Effects on Bacteria-inoculated Media." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 68, no. 2 (1975): 269-270.

Eddy, G. W.; McGregor, W.S.; Hopkins, D. E.; and Dreiss, J. M. "Effects on Some Insects of the Blood and Manure of Cattle Fed Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides." Journal of Economic Entomology 47, no. 1 (1954): 35-38.

Eden, W. G., and Lincoln, C. "The Southwestern Screwworm Eradication Program." A Review Conducted at the Direction of the Congress of the United States. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1974.
99 pp. The report is one of the most complete and comprehensive evaluations ever written about the program.

Eerde, E. "Checkmate for the Screwworm." Mexican-American Review (later Mex-Am Review) 45, no. 2 (1977): 4-9.

Emmel, M. W. "'Swollen Joints' in Range Calves." Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 407 (1945): 4-23.

Emmel, M. W. "'Swollen Joints' in Range Calves." Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Circular S-23 (1950).
4 pp.

Emmel, M. W. "'Swollen Joints' in Range Calves." Journal of the American Veterinary Association 106, no. 817 (1945): 225-226.

Emmel, M. W. "The Primary Screw-worm Fly, Cochliomyia americana C. & P., as a Vector of Joint Ill in Calves." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 106, no. 817 (1945): 223.
With the introduction of screwworms into Florida, a disease known as joint ill reached alarming proportions with the loss of up to 5% of the calf crop in some herds. The causal organism was identified as Streptococcus pyogenes and was associated with screwworms in about 90% of the cases.

Emmett, J., and Siverly, R.E. "Human Myiasis from the Screwworm Fly in Arizona." Arizona Medicine 8, no. 9 (1951): 57-60.
Thirty-nine human screwworm cases are reported from Arizona. Thirty are nasal infestation, four from superficial wounds, two in the skin, one in a carcinoma of the cheek, one in a "specific sore" ne the cheek, and one in an area of gangrene on the heel. Males over 40 accounted for the majority of cases. There were five deaths, a mortality rate of approximately 13%.

Espinoza-Becerril, A. "Colecta del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), en Diferentes Estados de la Costa del Pacifico de Mexico." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 33 (1975): 65-66.

Espinoza-Becerril, A. "Metodos Para Colectar Gusano Barrenador del Ganado, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) en la Costa del Pacifico de la Republica Mexicana." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 29 (1974).
3 pp.

Esslinger, J. H. "A Clinical Study of the Effects of the American Screw Worm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel) on Guinea Pigs." . Houston: Rice Institute, 1955.
47 pp. M.S. thesis.

Esslinger, J. H. "Effects of the Screw-worm on Guinea Pigs." Journal of Parasitology 44 (1958): 201-209.

Esslinger, J. H. "Host-parasite Relations of the Screw-worm, Callitroga hominivorax." . Houston: Rice Institute, 1958.
126 pp. Ph.D. thesis. Guinea pigs continually reinfected with new infestations of screwworms were able to withstand an otherwise lethal number of larvae with only moderate weight losses, indicating the development of immunity.

Esslinger, J. H. "Studies on the Clinical Effects of the Screw-worm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel) on Guinea Pigs." Journal of Parasitology 41(6, sect. 2) (1955): 33.
(Abstract).

Esslinger, J. H., and Chandler, A. C. "Studies of the Properties and Metabolic Products of the Screwworm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel)." Experimental Parasitology 8, no. 6 (1959): 527-538.
Metabolic products of growing larvae in guinea pigs were collected and injected into uninfested guinea pigs and mice. The result was severe anaphylactoid reactions and sometimes death in the injected guinea pigs.

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Fantham, H. B.; Stephens, J. W. W.; and Theobald, F. V. "Chrysomyia (Compsomyia) macellaria, Fabricus; Lucilia macellaria, Fabricus." In The Animal Parasites of Man. New York: William Wood and Co, 1916.
Out of four human cases reported from St. Lucia, two of the patients occupied the same bed, one after the other, and the third was in the next bed. The fourth was in a more remote part of the hospital.

Faust, E. C., and Russell, P. F. "Filth Flies and Myiasis-producing Flies." In Clinical Parasitology, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1964.

Felch, R. E. "Winter Weather Assists Screwworm Program." U.S. Environmental Data Service Weekly Weather Crop Bulletin Jan. 15 (1973): 12.

Flemings, M. B. "Blowfly Myiasis in Man; Report of Two Cases." U.S. Armed Forces Medical Journal 10, no. 3 (1959): 297-303.
Discusses two human cases caused by Phaenicia sericata (Meigen) and one case caused by Callitroga macellaria (Fabricius).

Fletcher, L. W. "Abdominal and Genitalic Homologies in the Screw-worm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae), Established by a Genetic Marker." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63, no. 2 (1970): 490-495.

Fletcher, L. W. "Tow Genetic Markers for Larvae of the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 4 (1966): 877-880.
Describes a mutation for larvae in which a complete anterior band of spines on the dorsum of segment 11 existed rather than the interrupted band usually found in the wild type fly.

Fletcher, L. W., and Turner, J. P. "Response of Female Screwworm Flies to a Selected Odor." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 66 (1973): 84-85.

Fletcher, L. W., and Turner, J. P. "Selection for Mating Aggressiveness in Female Screw-worm." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 5 (1970): 1611-1612.
Two strains of screwworms were selected based on the female mating aggressiveness. In substrain A, aggressiveness increased from a mean of 3.6 strikes to 30.2 in the F generation. In substrain B, the mean number of strikes increased from 3.0 to 16.8 in the F generation.

Fletcher, L. W.; Claborn, H. V.; Turner, J. P.; and Lopez, E. "Difference in Response of Two Strains of Screw-worm Flies to the Male Pheromone." Journal of Economic Entomology 61, no. 5 (1968): 1386-1388.
Two strains of laboratory-reared female screwworm flies were exposed to the male pheromone of both strains. Florida females, 11 years in colony, responded to the pheromone from both strains. Mexican females did not respond to either.

Fletcher, L. W.; O'Grady, J. J., Jr.; Claborn, H. V.; and Graham, O. H. "A Pheromone from Male Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 1 (1966): 142-143.
A pheromone was collected from male screwworm adults which when presented to female caused a distinctive behavioral response. Wing fluttering and preening activities increased immediately, followed by body contacts resembling those of male mating strikes.

Fletcher, L. W.; Turner, J. P.; and Husman, C. N. "Surface Temperature as a Factor in the Selection of Ovipositional Sites by Three Strains of the Screwworm." Journal of Economic Entomology 66, no. 2 (1973): 442-423.
The researchers used a controlled heat gradient to determine temperature preference for ovipositing females. The greatest number oviposited at 33.3°±3° C. However, some differences were noted based on strain.

Flitters, N. E., and Benschoter, C. A. "Survival of Screw-worm Pupae Exposed to Simulated Winter Temperatures from Selected Sites in Texas." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 61, no. 1 (1968): 65-67.

Florida Livestock Board and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Screwworm Eradication Program. "2 1/2 Billion Sterile Flies Battle Screwworm Menace." Florida Information Office Illustrated Descriptive Bulletin 1 (1958).
8 pp.

Florida Livestock Board and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Screwworm Eradication Program. "Field Reports and Surveys Key to Final S. E. Screwworm Eradication." Florida Information Office Illustrated Bulletin 1 (1958).
6 pp.

Foster. H. "Report of a Case of Two Hundred and Seven Screw-worms Taken from the Nose." Laryngoscope 3, no. 6 (1897): 341-342.
Reports three human cases. One nasal case from Kansas City, Mo., is given in full detail. A high temperature (102 F) was recorded, and formalin, campho-phenique, and chloroform were the best control agents of the time. Farmers and stockmen informed the author that screwworms were quite common in the Indian Territory.

Fox, I., and Galindo, L. "Human Cutaneous Myiasis Due to the Primary Screwworm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel) in Puerto Rico." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 11, no. 1 (1962): 96-97.
Reports the first known case of human cutaneous myiasis in Puerto Rico, a 65-year-old female.

Fox, I.; Hurtado de Mendoza, A.; Ortiz, A.; Belihar, R. P.; and Fox, R. I. "Human hominivorax Myiasis in Puerto Rico." Boletin. Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico 57, no. 8 (1965): 409-416.
Ten screwworm cases are reported from Puerto Rico. The authors consider screwworms a much more serious problem than commonly supposed by physicians.

Fox, I.; Hurtado de Mendoza, A.; Ortiz, A.; Belihar, R. P.; and Lee, C. J., Jr. "Myiasis in Puerto Rico." U.S. Public Health Service Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 14, no. 47 (1965): 402-403, 408.

Francis, M. "The Screw-worm." Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 12 (1890): 21-25.
Given an early account of the screwworm situation in the United States. Apparently, in Mexico the screwworm was recognized as the species described by Coquerel in 1850 while confusion still existed in the United States.

Fuller, G. "How Screwworm Eradication Will Affect Wildlife. The Eradication of the Screwworm in the Southwest Will Result in a Larger Deep Population in This Region." Cattleman 48, no. 12 (1962): 82, 84.

Furman, D. P. "Nasal Myiasis Caused by the Primary Screw-worm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel)." California Medicine 79, no. 3 (1953): 244.

Furtado, A. H. "Myiasis Vulvo-vaginal." Revista de Gynecologia e d'Obstetricia 30, no. 8 (1936): 636-639.
[In Spanish.].

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G

Gajardo-Tobar, R., and Honorato, A. "Anotaciones Acerca de Una Epidemia de Miasis Humana." Hospital del Vina del Mar Mar, 3 (1947): 5-14.
A very good paper covering the screwworm situation in Chile. The screwworm was cited as the cause of myiasis outbreaks and as the most common species involved in myiasis. It had always been recognized as a parasite of animals but only recently reported. as a human parasite. The study was conducted from December 1945 to April 1946 and coincided with an outbreak that killed thousands of animals. Eighty-one human cases were reported, mostly from men over 21 years old.Forty-six of these cases were in the nose, 14 in the ears, 8 in leg ulcers, 7 in the scalp, 3 in infected wounds, and 3 in armpit wounds.

Gall, M. "The Insect Destroyer -- Portrait of a Scientist." U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture (1968): 54-57.
A brief bibliography about E. F. Knipling.

Gaminara, A. "Abscesos Miasicos Subcutaneous." Anales. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de la Republica (Montevideo). Montevideo, 1928.

Gaminara, A. "Clasificacion de Algunos Muscoideos Uruguayos (Muscidae Y Calliphoridae)." Anales. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de la Republica (Montevideo) 14 (1929): 1235-1282.

Gaminara, A. "Miasis Humana en el Uruguay." Boletin. Consejo Nacional Higiene 238 (1926): 538-546.

Giard, A. "La Lucilia macellaria Fabricus. Au Chili." Activite Societe de Science (Chili) 5 (1895): 51-54.

Gibbons, H. L.; Dille, J. R.; and Cowley, R. G. "Inhalant Allergy to the Screwworm Fly." Archives of Environmental Health 10 (1965): 424-430.
Seventy percent of the persons involved in aerial dissemination of screwworms have experienced significant allergic manifestations, with near disastrous results in some cases. Symptoms consist of eye irritation, nasal congestion, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Gibson, M. S., and Phinney, D. E. "Selection Parameters Influencing the Growth and Survival of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)." NASA Technical Memorandum LEC 4090 (1974).
26 pp. Gives a summary of the literature in terms of the effects of temperature, humidity, and rainfall on the development of the screwworm.

Gingrich, R. E. "Nutritional Studies on Screwworm Larvae with Chemically Defined Media." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57, no. 3 (1964): 351-360.
A synthetic medium for larvae was developed that contained casein, yeast extract, cholesterol, inorganic salts, water, and agar.

Gingrich, R. E. "Nutritional Studies: Their Bearing on the Development of Practical Oligidic Diets for Mass Rearing Larvae of the Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax." In Insect and Mite Nutrition. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Gingrich, R. E.; Graham, A. J.; and Hightower, B. G. "Media Containing Liquified Nutrients for Mass-rearing Larvae of the Screw-worm." Journal of Economic Entomology 64, no. 3 (1971): 678-683.
A hydroponic diet for screwworms was developed that consisted of dried whole chicken egg, dried whole bovine blood, calf suckle, formalin, and water.

Gladney, W. J. "Field Trials of Insecticides in Controlled-release Devices for Control of the Gulf Coast Tick and Prevention of Screwworm in Cattle." Journal of Economic Entomology 69, no. 6 (1976): 757-760.
Stirofas and dichlorvos in a small-double or large-single ear tag system gave season-long protection to cattle against the Gulf Coast tick.

Gladney, W. J.; Price, M. A.; and Graham, O. H. "Field Tests of Insecticides for Control of the Gulf Coast Tick on Cattle." Journal of Medical Entomology 13(4-5) (1977): 579-586.
Many insecticides applied as sprays or dusts provided ear tick control for 1 to 14 days, but none gave adequate control for range situations.

Goldstein, M. A. "On the Treatment of Human Patients Affected with Screw Worm." Insect Life 4(7-8) (1891): 275.
The author, a doctor, did not consider any of the controls used with livestock effective for treatment of human cases. He also considered chloroform too severe for use on human tissue and therefore resorted to surgical procedures.

Goldstein, M. A. "The Texas Screw-worm and its Invasion of the Nasal Cavities." Laryngoscope 3, no. 6 (1897): 335-340.
Reports a case from St. Louis, Mo., in a 50-year-old farm laborer. Goldstein did not use chloroform as a control because he felt it was too powerful for use in a human nose. The patient suffered excessive pain when 300 larvae were removed over several days.

Goodenough, J. L. "Adult Screwworms: Comparison of Captures in Wind Oriented and Electrocuter Grid Traps." Journal of Economic Entomology 72 (1979): 419-422.
The electrocuter grid trap was 1.7 and 2.2 times more effective than wind-oriented traps in capturing male and female screwworms. It was 6.3 and 6.2 times more effective in capturing male and female secondary screwworms.

Goodenough, J. L. "Visual Sensitivity of Screwworm Flies from the United States and Mexico as Measured by the Electroretinogram." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 39-40 (1978): 196.
Abstract.

Goodenough, J. L., and Snow, J. W. "Capture of Screwworm and Secondary Screwworm Flies (Diptera:Calliphoridae) in a Time-interval Grid Trap and Correlation with Temperature and Humidity." Journal of Medical Entomology 16, no. 2 (1979): 95-103.

Goodenough, J. L., and Snow, J. W. "Increased Captures of Adults Screwworms and Secondary Screwworms in Electrocuter Grid Traps." Journal of Economic Entomology 70, no. 1 (1977): 70-71.
Describes a battery-powered electrocuter grid trap and presents data that show the new trap is 56 times more effective than the old screen trap in capturing female screwworm flies.

Goodenough, J. L.; Coppedge, J. R.; Broce, A. B.; Petersen, H. D. V.; and Higgins, A. "Screwworm Adult Suppression System Units." Transactions of the A.S.A.E 22, no. 6 (1979): 1260-1263.
A system was developed to bait and distribute SWASS units in a large scale test of the new system on Curacao, N.A.

Goodenough, J. L.; Wilson, D. D.; and Agee, H. R. "Electroretinographic Measurements for Comparison of Visual Sensitivity of Wild and Mass-reared Screwworm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 14, no. 3 (1977): 309-312.
A visual sensitivity test utilizing an electroretinographic technique was developed. Comparisons of wild and mass-reared screwworm flies showed that wild females and. field-captured mass-reared females were visually more sensitive than females taken directly from the mass-rearing facility.

Goodenough, J. L.; Wilson, D. D.; and Whitten, C. J. "Visual Sensitivity of Four Strains of Screwworm Flies." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71, no. 1 (1978): 9-12.
Comparisons of four strains using the visual sensitivity test were conducted, and the test was established as a quality control procedure for the factory.

Gouck, H. K.; Crystal, M. M.; Borkevek, A. B.; and Meifert, D. W. "A Comparison of Techniques for Screening Chemosterilants of House Flies and Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 56, no. 4 (1963): 506-509.

Grabbe, R. R., and Turner, J. P. "Screwworm Attractants: Isolation and Identification of Organic Compounds from Bacterially Inoculated and Incubated Blood." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 25-26 (1973): 120-121.
(Abstract).

Graham, A. J., and Dudley, F. H. "Culture Methods for Mass Rearing of Screw-worm Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 52, no. 5 (1959): 1006-1008.
Discusses procedures utilized in rearing two million flies per week for field tests in Florida. The larvae were reared on ground lean meat, blood, and water.

Graham, O. H. "Problems in Livestock Insect Control of Mutual Interest to Mexico and the United States." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 7-8 (1964): 71.
(Abstract).

Graham, O. H. "The Chemical Control of Screwworms: A Review." The Southwestern Entomologist 4, no. 4 (1979): 258-264.
The use of home remedies and chemicals in the control of screwworms is reviewed.

Graham, O. H., and Hourrigan, J. L. "Eradication Programs for the Arthropod Parasites of Livestock." Journal of Medical Entomology 13, no. 6 (1977): 643-647.
Review article.

Graham, O. H.; Baumhover, A. H.; and Chavarria, M. "Investigaciones Sobre la Erradicacion de la Queresa." Journal de Medecine Veterinaire et de Zootecnie (Lyon) 4, no. 1 (1965): 5-9.

Graham, O. H.; Drummond, R. O.; and Hoffman, R. A. "Possibilities of the Sterile-male Technique for the Control of Livestock Insects in the United States of America." In Control of Livestock Insect Pests by the Sterile-Male Technique (1968): 41-44.
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Graham, O. H.; Moore, B.; Wrich, M. J.; Kunz, S.; Warren, J. W.; and Drummond, R. O. "A Comparison of Ronnel and Co-Ral Sprays for Screw-worm Control." Journal of Economic Entomology 52, no. 6 (1959): 1217-1218.
CO-RAL and ronnel gave good screwworm control when applied as sprays.

Graham, O. H; Corristan, E. C.; and Jones, C. M. "Studies on the Ecology of the Screwworm in Tamaulipas in 1973." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 29 (1974): 73-74.
(Abstract).

Graham-Smith, G. S. "Myiasis." In Flies in Relation to Disease (Non-Blood-Sucking Flies). Cambridge: University Press, 1913.

Greenberg, B. "Flies and Disease." Biology and Disease Transmission. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1973.

Greenberg, B. "Flies and Disease." Ecology, Classification and Biotic Associations. Princeton, N. J: Princeton University Press, 1971.

Greenway, D. "Miasis Humanas de Localization Genital en la Argentina." In Alfaro Aaroz (ed.), Libro de Oro (1929): 266-270.
Has not been reviewed by authors.

Greenway, D., and Marciano, A. "Miasis Vulvar Por Larvas de Cochliomyia macellaria." Prensa Medica Argentina 13, no. 12 (1926): 393.

Guillot, F. S.; Brown, H. E.; and Broce, A. B. "Behavior of Sexually Active Male Screwworm Flies." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71, no. 2 (1978): 199-201.
Screwworm males were observed in "waiting stations" from which they darted at other insects flying into the area. Encounters with receptive female were characterized by vigorous wrestling and then copulation. Males were more likely to set up waiting stations in vegetation where both sexes feed on nectar or honeydew.

Guillot, F. S.; Coppedge, J. R.; Goodenough, J. L.; Adams, T. S.; and Ahrens, E. "Behaviour and Reproductive Status of Native Female Screwworms Attracted to a Host." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 70, no. 4 (1977): 588-590.

Guillot, F. S.; Coppedge, J. R.; Goodenough, J. L.; Ahrens, E.; and Adams, T. S. "Reproductive Status of Female Screwworms Captured from Hosts or in Traps." The Southwestern Entomologist 2, no. 1 (1977): 49-52.
Swormlure was more attractive to young females in the early stages of vitellogenesis. Older females were more attracted to liver and host animals.

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H

Hall, D. G. "Family Calliphoridae." In A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, A. Stone; C. W. Sabrosky; W. W. Worth; R. H. Foote; and J. R. Coulson (eds.). 276 (1965): 922-924.

Hall, D. G. "Tribe Chrysomyini." In The Blowflies of North America, 4 (1948): 102-104, 120-137, 376-377, 406-407, 440-441.
Thomas Say Foundation, Baltimore. A detailed presentation of the synonymy of the species along with descriptions of each stage and a thorough review of life cycle, economic impact, and distribution.

Harris, S. T. "Human Myiasis, Externa." U.S. Veterinary Bureau Medical Bulletin 5 (1929): 412-416.
The author gives histories for six human cases that occurred in the Tigre Mountains, Sonora, Mexico, at altitudes of 2,700 to 6,000 ft. Five of the six cases were nasal infections. Two patient died, giving a mortality rate of 33%. Larvae reportedly exited the nasal passages of one patient immediately after death.

Hegner, R.; Root, F. M.; and Augustine, D. L. "Myiasis and the Identification of Fly Larvae." In Animal Parasitology. New York and London: The Century Co, 1929.

Hightower, B. G, and Alley, D. A. "Local Distribution of Released Laboratory-reared Screw-worm Flies in Relation to Water Sources." Journal of Economic Entomology 56, no. 6 (1963): 798-802.

Hightower, B. G. "Noctural Resting Places of the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 56, no. 4 (1963): 498-500.
Released flies marked with fluorescent powder congregated at night along streams and pens of livestock. More than 90% of the recovered flies were found resting on small leafless twigs in low canopy trees. Some evidence is given for greater male dispersion.

Hightower, B. G. "Population Dynamics of the Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), with Respect to Control by the Sterile-male Technique." In Insect Ecology and the Sterile-Male Technique. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1969.

Hightower, B. G. "Status of Screw-worm Eradication in the Southwest and Mexico." Proceedings. 2nd Annual Texas Conference on Insect Plant Disease and Weed Brush Control. College Station: Texas A&M University, 1970.
A comparison of the 1968 and 1969 eradication programs.

Hightower, B. G., and Adams, A. L. "Dispersal and Local Distribution of Laboratory-reared Sterile Screw-worm Flies Released in Winter." Journal of Economic Entomology 62, no. 1 (1969): 259-261.
Gives evidence to support the practice of releasing sterile flies throughout the winter in areas where temperatures are frequently too low for fly activity but where low-level populations of screwworms are suspected.

Hightower, B. G., and Chavarria, M. "A Survey of Screwworm Habits in Northern Mexico." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 7-8 (1964): 65.
(Abstract).

Hightower, B. G., and Dawkins, C. C. "Use of a Genetically Marked Strain to Evaluate the Retention of Marking Dyes by Released Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 62, no. 4 (1969): 966-967.
A speckled wing mutant strain of screwworms was used to evaluate several dyes as an adult marker.

Hightower, B. G., and Garcia, J. J. "Longevity and Sexual Activity of Newly Eclosed Irradiated Screwworm Flies Held at Immobilizing Low Temperatures." Journal of Economic Entomology 65, no. 3 (1972): 877-878.
Demonstrates the feasibility of releasing chilled flies in the screwworm eradication program.

Hightower, B. G., and Graham, O. H. "Current Status of Screw-worm Eradication in the Southwestern United States of America and the Supporting Research Programme." In Control of Livestock Insect Pests by the Sterile-Male Technique (1968): 51-54.
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Hightower, B. G.; Adams, A. L.; and Alley, D. A. "Dispersal of Released Irradiated Laboratory-reared Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 58, no. 2 (1965): 373-374.
Trapping records on marked irradiated laboratory-reared screwworm flies indicated a maximum dispersal range of 180 miles for individual flies.

Hightower, B. G.; Alley, D. A.; and Edde, J. C. "Observation of the Effects of Releasing Sterile Screw-worm Flies in Northern Veracruz, Mexico." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 17 (1968): 1-16.
Promising results were obtained when an 8-mi swath width and a release rate of 400 flies per mi ² per week were used in an area of low screwworm populations partially isolated from areas with large populations.

Hightower, B. G.; Davis, R. B.; Baumhover, A. H.; and Graham, O. H. "Seasonal Abundance of the Screw-worm in Northern Mexico." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 2 (1966): 416-420.
Activity patterns of screwworms in northern Mexico fell within five provisional zones.

Hightower, B. G.; O'Grady, J. J., Jr.; and Garcia, J. J. "Ovipositional Behavior of Wild-type and Laboratory-adapted Strains of Screwworm Flies." Environmental Entomology 1, no. 2 (1972): 227-229.
The numbers of females failing to oviposit, the time of first oviposition, and the number of eggs per mass differed significantly between a wild and a laboratory-adapted strain.

Hightower, B. G.; Spates, G. E., Jr.; and Baumhover, A. H. "Emergence Rhythms of Adult Screwworms." Journal of Economic Entomology 64, no. 6 (1971): 1474-1477.
Emergence of screwworms from pupae was entrained within the larval stage of each generation if the larvae were reared in a 12:12 light-dark cycle. However, the early morning peak of emergence could be shifted to late afternoon by rearing for a single generation in a 4:20 light-dark cycle.

Hightower, B. G.; Spates, G. E., Jr.; and Garcia, J. J. "Growth and Critical Size at Pupation for Larvae of the Screwworm Developing in Fresh Wounds." Journal of Economic Entomology 65, no. 5 (1972): 1349-1352.
The authors characterize the growth stages of screwworm larvae in sheep sounds.

Hightower, B. G.; Spates, G. E., Jr.; and Garcia, J. J. "Relationship Between Weight of Mature Larvae, Size of Adults, and Mating Capability of Medium-reared Male Screwworms." Journal of Economic Entomology 65, no. 5 (1972): 1527-1528.
Sixty mg was established as the minimum acceptable weight for factory-produced larvae.

Holt, G. G.; Adams, T. S.; and Sundet, W. D. "Attraction and Ovipositional Response of Screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax ( Diptera:Calliphoridae), to Simulated Bovine Wounds." Journal of Medical Entomology 16, no. 3 (1979): 248-253.
The attraction and ovipositional responses of screwworms to simulated bovine wounds was studied by means of an olfactometer oviposition bioassay. Contact with all test materials was necessary to stimulate oviposition and temperature and concentration of stimulants affected both the attractancy of the test material and oviposition in the screwworm fly.

Hooker, W. A.; Bishopp, F. C.; and Wood, H. P. "The Gulf Coast Tick." In The Life History and Bionomics of Some North American Ticks. U.S. Bureau of Entomology Bulletin (N.S.) 106 (1912): 141.
Gulf Coast tick injury furnished the wounds necessary for later infestation by screwworms.

Hope, F. W. "On Insects and Their Larvae Occasionally Found in the Human Body." Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 2, no. 4 (1840): 256-271.

Hough, G. N. "Synopsis of the Calliphorinae of the United States." Zoological Bulletin 11, no. 6 (1889): 283-290.

Howard, L. O. "Annotated Catalogue of the Insects Collected in 1887-88." In Scientific Results of Explorations by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Proceedings. U.S. National Museum 12, no. 5 (1889): 203-204.
Lists the synonymy of the species as of 1889.

Huber, G. U., and Flack, F. L. "An Unusual Case of Screw-worms in the Nose and Nasal Accessory Sinuses." Journal of the American Medical Association 63, no. 26 (1914): 2288-2289.
Describes the diagnosis and treatment of a nasal case in a 66-year-old Kansas man.

Humphrey, D. "The Screwworm Is Being Whipped." Progressive Farmer 74, no. 10 (1961): 52, 57.

Hunter, G. W., III, and Berrocal, C. M. "A Case of Human Myiasis in Texas Caused by the Primary Screw Worm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel)." Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 15, no. 3 (1957): 378-380.
Reports a human case of myiasis in a San Antonio, Tex., woman.

Hunter, G. W., III; Frye, W. W.; and Swartzwelder, J. C. "Family Calliphoridae (Blowflies and Others)." A Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3d ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co, 1960.
A good description of a treatment technique for nasal myiasis.

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J

James, M. T. "Family Calliphoridae." A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, fasc 102 (1970): 102.1-102.28.
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Lists the synonymy for the species.

James, M. T. "The Flies That Cause Myiasis in Man." U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 631 (1947).
175 pp. A comprehensive publication that discusses myiasis in man caused by screwworms and other dipterous insects. The screwworm is cited as the most important myiasis-producing calliphorid in the New World.

James, M. T., and Harwood, R. F. "Myiasis." In Herms's Medical Entomology, 6th ed. London: Collier-Macmillan Ltd, 1970.
A textbook version of the screwworm's importance, biology and distribution.

Jefferson, M. E. "Irradiated Males Eliminate Screwworm Flies." Nucleonics 18, no. 2 (1960): 74-76.

Jelski, M. "Lucilia hominivorax." Petites Nouvelle Entomologique 65 (1872): 260.
[In French.].

Johnson, C. G. "Calliphoridae and Muscidae." In Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd, 1969.

Johnson, C. W. "List of the Diptera of Jamaica with Descriptions of New Species." Proceedings. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1894): 271-281.

Johnson, C. W. "Revised List of Diptera of Jamaica." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 41 (1919): 439-440.

Johow, A. "Discusion de Casos de Miasis Presentados a la Sociedad Medica." Revista Medica de Chile 51, no. 11 (1923): 828.

Jones, C. M.; Oehler, D. D.; Snow, J. W.; and Grabbe, R. R. A Chemical Attractant for Screwworm Flies 69, no. 3 (1976): 389-391.
A habit composed of 10 chemical compounds was more attractive to adult screwworms than the standard liver bait.

Jones, C. M.; Snow, J. W.; and Villaseñor, M. A. "Screwworm Flies: Seasonal Occurrence in Central Tamaulipas, Mexico, 1973-1974." Journal of Economic Entomology 69, no. 6 (1976): 761-762.
Peak activity for the screwworm in Tamaulipas, Mexico, occurred during the 10-week period of August 17 through October 24. The lowest population occurred in April, May, and June.

Jordan, G. J. "Section 18. Livestock Raising. In W. Steinert's View of Texas in 1849." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 81, no. 1 (1977): 49.
An apparent reference was made to the presence of screwworms in Texas during 1849. Cattle were dying on the open range with a "certain kind of fly" involved.

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Kaplanis, J. N.; Hopkins, D. E.; and Treiber, G. H. "Dermal and Oral Treatments of Cattle with Phosphorus-32-labeled Co-Ral." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 7, no. 7 (1959): 483-486.
CO-RAL was ineffective as a systemic insecticide, but it was highly effective as a contact pesticide.

Kaufman, G.; and Wasserman, M. "Effects of Irradiation on the Screw-worm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel)." University of Texas Publications 5721 (1957): 246-259.
A radiation dosage of 7,500 r produced total sterility and did not result in a decrease in competitiveness as measured by insemination rates.

Kilpatrick, A. R. "The Screw Worm." American Entomologist 3 (1880): 275.
A brief assessment of the screwworm situation in Texas is given for 1880. The species is reported as unusually destructive. Cases are reported in stock and humans around the state. Specific details of four human cases (one death) are given.

King, W. V., and Bradley, G. H. "The Screw Worm Outbreak in Florida." Journal of Economic Entomology 28, no. 5 (1935): 772-777.
Reports the introduction of screwworms into Florida and gives economic statistics and control recommendations.

Kitto, G. B.; Neck, R.; and Bush, G. L. "Genetic Effects of the Mass Rearing of Screwworm Flies." Proceedings. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 35, no. 7 (1976): 1658.
(Abstract).

Knipling, E. F. "A Key for Blowfly Larvae Concerned in Wound and Cutaneous Myiasis." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 32, no. 2 (1939): 376-383.

Knipling, E. F. "A Preliminary Report on a Treatment for Fleece-worm Infestations in Sheep." Journal of Economic Entomology 35, no. 6 (1942): 896-898.

Knipling, E. F. "Acquired Resistance to Phenothiazine by Larvae of the Primary Screwworm." Journal of Economic Entomology 35, no. 1 (1942): 63-64.
Larvae repeatedly reared on media containing phenothiazine developed a tolerance to the chemical that was approximately 18 times greater than that shown by larvae grown on untreated meat.

Knipling, E. F. "Control of the Screw-worm Fly by Atomic Radiation." Scientific Monthly 85, no. 4 (1957): 195-202.

Knipling, E. F. "Control of the Screwworm Fly by Atomic Radiation." In Symposium on Biological and Chemical Control of Plant and Animal Pests. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1960.

Knipling, E. F. "Early Developments in the Sterile-male Technique." In Advances in Insect Population Control by the Sterile-Male Technique. I.A.E.A. Tech. Rep, G. C. LaBrecque and J. C. Keller (eds.). Series 44 (1965): 1-3.

Knipling, E. F. "Factors to Consider in Appraising the Feasibility of Employing Sterile Insects for Population Control. In The Potential Role of the Sterility Method for Insect Population Control With Special Reference to Combining This Method With Conventional Methods." U.S. Agricultural Research Service ARS 33-98 (1964): 12-24.
[Rep.].

Knipling, E. F. "Possibilities of Insect Control or Eradication through the Use of Sexually Sterile Males." Journal of Economic Entomology 48, no. 4 (1955): 459-462.
Proposes the possible control of insects by releasing sexually sterile males.

Knipling, E. F. "Screwworm Eradication: Concepts and Research Leading to the Sterile-male Method." In Smithsonian Report for 1958. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1959.

Knipling, E. F. "Some Basic Principles in Insect Population Suppression." Entomological Society of America 12, no. 1 (1965): 7-15.
Founder's Memorial Award Lecture, New Orleans, La., Nov. 9, 1965.

Knipling, E. F. "Sterile Technique -- Principles Involved, Current Application, Limitations, and Future Application." Genetics of Insect Vectors of Disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Co, 1967.

Knipling, E. F. "The Eradication of the Screw-worm Fly." Scientific American 203, no. 4 (1960): 54-61.
An excellent review of the screwworm program through 1960.

Knipling, E. F. "Use of Insects for Their Own Destruction." Journal of Economic Entomology 53, no. 3 (1960): 415-420.

Knipling, E. F. "Use of Organisms to Control Insect Pests." Journal of Environmental Quality 1, no. 1 (1972): 34-40.

Knipling, E. F., and Rainwater, H. T. "Species and Incidence of Dipterous Larvae Concerned in Wound Myiasis." Journal of Parasitology 23, no. 5 (1937): 451-455.
The screwworm was involved in approximately 90% of the total number of cases of myiasis. Secondary species, as a group, were involved in approximately 13% of the total number of cases.

Knipling, E. F., and Tate, H. D. "An Outbreak of The Screw Worm, Cochliomyia americana Cushing and Patton, in Northwestern Iowa." Journal of Economic Entomology 28, no. 2 (1935): 472-475.
The first authentic record of screwworm occurrence in Iowa.

Knipling, E. F., and Travis, B. V. "Relative Importance and Seasonal Activity of Cochliomyia americana (C. & P.) and Other Wound-infesting Blowflies, Valdosta, Ga., 1935-1936." Journal of Economic Entomology 30, no. 5 (1937): 727-735.
In all types of uninfested wounds, maximum attractiveness was reached on the fifth to seventh day. Activity around wounds was greatly reduced on days that the temperature dropped below 70° F.

Koutz, F. R. "The Screw-worm Fly, Cochliomyia americana, in Ohio." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 110, no. 843 (1947): 385.
A screwworm infestation was reported in Ohio during 1946. The outbreak could not be tied to the importation of cattle from southern States.

Krafsur, E. S. "Aggregations of Male Screwworm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) in South Texas (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 80, no. 2 (1978): 164-170.
Aggregations of male screwworms were noted in two locations in South Texas. The behavior of the male included vigorous conspecific and interspecific interaction. There was evidence of territoriality and competition for favorable perching sites.

Krafsur, E. S., and Garcia, L. "Responses of the Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, to two Sterile Male Release Methods in South Texas, 1975-1976." Journal of Medical Entomology 14, no. 6 (1978): 687-697.
Two rates of sterile flies were tested on a large scale in South Texas. An experimental treatment of 477-681 flies per km ² per week distributed in units of 400 flies per box from parallel flight lanes set 2 km apart were compared to the standard. treatment of 858-2,574 flies per km ² per week distributed in units of 2,000 flies per box from parallel flight lanes 8 km apart. The results showed higher levels of sterility in the experimental area and fewer reported screwworm cases.The results of the paper demonstrate dramatically the relationship between program effectiveness and execution.

Kunz, S. E. "Highlights of Veterinary Entomology - 1952-1977." Entomological Society of America Bulletin 24, no. 4 (1978): 401-406.

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LaChance, L. E. "Effects of Radiations on Insects." Proceedings of the North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America 17 (1962): 11-14.

LaChance, L. E. "Enhancement of Radiation-induced Sterility in Insects by Pretreatment in CO + Air." International Journal of Radiation Biology 7, no. 4 (1963): 321-331.
When the pupae of the screwworm fly were irradiated in an atmosphere of CO and air (50-50 mixture), damage to the reproductive system measured in the adult female was greater than that induced by a similar radiation treatment delivered in air.

LaChance, L. E. "Radiosensitivity of the Various Stages of Oogenesis in Callitroga hominivorax." Genetics 46, no. 8 (1961): 877.
A high radiosensitivity was shown during the first day of the adult female's life, and this corresponded to changes taking place in nurse cell nuclei during the first 24 hours of ovarian growth.

LaChance, L. E., and Bruns, S. B. "Oogenesis and Radiosensitivity in Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Biological Bulletin 124, no. 1 (1963): 65-83.
Describes ovarian growth in normal and irradiated females.

LaChance, L. E., and Crystal, M. M. "Induction of Dominant Lethal Mutations in Insect Oocytes and Sperm by Gamma Rays and an Alkylating Agent: Dose-response and Joint Action Studies." Genetics 51, no. 5 (1965): 699-708.
Similar dosage response curves were obtained for irradiated and chemosterilized screwworms.

LaChance, L. E., and Crystal, M. M. "The Modification of Reproduction in Insects Treated with Alkylating Agents. II. Differential Sensitivity of Oocyte Meiotic Stages to the Induction of Dominant Lethals." Biological Bulletin 125, no. 2 (1963): 280-288.

LaChance, L. E., and Hopkins, D. E. "Mutations in the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 55, no. 5 (1962): 733-737.

LaChance, L. E., and Hopkins. D. E. "Effect of Selection on WHAXY: an Autosomal Dominant Mutation in the Screw-worm Fly with Recessive Lethal Effects." American Naturalist 99, no. 904 (1965): 47-57.
The mutant WHAXY was retained for 30 generations and is discussed in detail.

LaChance, L. E., and Leverich, A. P. "Cytology of Oögenesis in Chemosterilized Screw-worm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax, as Related to Endomitosis in Nurse Cells." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 61, no. 5 (1968): 1188-1197.

LaChance, L. E., and Leverich, A. P. "Radiosensitivity of Developing Reproductive Cells in Female Cochliomyia hominivorax." Genetics 47, no. 6 (1962): 721-735.
The sensitivity of pupae and adult females to 2,625 r of radiation varied greatly as the germ cell progressed from an oogonial cell to a mature oocyte. In general, the pupal stage was resistant to radiation, and egg production was eliminated in females less than 7 hours old. After 24 hours, normal eggs were produced, but the sensitivity continued to vary based on maturation.

LaChance, L. E., and Riemann, J. G. "Cytogenetic Investigations on Radiation and Chemically Induced Dominant Lethal Mutations in Oocytes and Sperm of the Screw-worm Fly." Mutation Research 1 (1964): 318-333.

LaChance, L. E., and Ruud, R. L. "Cytological Identification of Native and Irradiated Released Screwworm Flies in Trap Catches." Journal of Economic Entomology 70, no. 4 (1977): 504-504.
Gives an accurate method to differentiate wild and released males by cytological examination of the testis.

LaChance, L. E.; Dawkins, C.; and Hopkins, D. E. "Mutants and Linkage Groups of the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 59, no. 6 (1966): 1493-1499.

LaChance, L. E.; Riemann, J. G.; and Hopkins, D. E. "A Reciprocal Translocation in Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae) : Genetic and Cytological Evidence for Preferential Segregation in Males." Genetics 49, no. 6 (1964): 959-972.
The authors found that the mutant phenotype for the condition known as Brc (black R-cell) was associated with a reciprocal translocation and that the homozygous condition was lethal.

LaChance, L. E.; Schmidt, C. H.; and Bushland, R. C. "Radiation-induced Sterilization (The Applications. VII. Screwworm Eradication Programs)." In Pest Control -- Biological, Physical, and Selected Chemical Methods. New York: Academic Press, 1967.
An excellent review of the screwworm program from its conception through 1967.

Laake, E. W. "Economic Studies of Screw Worm Flies, Cochliomyia Species (Diptera, Calliphorinae), with Special Reference to the Prevention of Myiasis of Domestic Animals." Iowa State College Journal of Science 10, no. 4 (1936): 345-360.
The feasibility of reducing infestations by trapping was tried over an area of approximately 155,000 acres of ranch land in Menard County, Tex. The apparent reduction of infestation compared with that on a similar area of about equal size in the vicinity. was from 2.92% to 1.58% in 1931, from 5.86% to 3.40% in 1932, and from 3.39% to 1.36% in 1933. The data should be valid since cases, not adult flies, were used as the criterion of population reduction.In addition, of 20962 screwworm cases in which the cause of the wound was established, branding, castrating, dehorning, docking, marking, and shearing were responsible for about 31%.

Laake, E. W. "Myiasis in Domestic Animals." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 95, no. 748 (1939): 47-49.
A survey in four Texas counties showed that a large portion of the cases of myiasis in domestic animals was due to manmade wounds and poor livestock management.

Laake, E. W. "On the Hydrogen-ion Concentration of Myiotic Wounds and its Relation to the Oviposition Stimulus in Cochliomyia americana (C. and P.)." American Journal of Tropical Medicine 19, no. 2 (1939): 193-197.

Laake, E. W. "Screw-worm Survey in Western United States, 1949." Journal of Economic Entomology 43, no. 3 (1950): 387-389.
The 1949 screwworm situation in Texas was one of the heaviest and most destructive on record. Similar favorable weather conditions in Arizona and New Mexico resulted in heavy populations in those States. As a result, infestations were also noted in. Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and South Dakota.The situation was so serious in the North Central States that livestock organizations met to discuss ways and means to stop the interstate transportation of animals from the screwworm areas.

Laake, E. W. "The Incidence of Screw Worms in Southern Texas and Louisiana in 1934." Journal of Economic Entomology 28, no. 4 (1935): 648-649.
A survey from Corpus Christi, Tex., eastward along the Gulf Coast and extending through Louisiana showed that the heavy outbreak of screwworms in Louisiana and other southern States was continuous and definitely connected with a heavy incidence along. the Texas coast. The average infestation rate in Louisiana was 10.4%.

Laake, E. W., and Cushing, E. C. "Fly Trapping on the Ranges of the Southwest." Journal of Economic Entomology 23, no. 6 (1930): 966-972.
The screwworm population was reduced 36.2% through the operation of 313 traps in a 200 mi ² area. However, the work was conducted before the true identity of the screwworm was known, and no reference was made to case reports within the area.

Laake, E. W., and Smith, C. L. "The Development of Immunity in Cavies to the Larvae of Cochliomyia americana (C. & P.)." Journal of Economic Entomology 32, no. 2 (1939): 339-342.
The number of screwworm larvae constituting a maximum sublethal and a minimum lethal infestation in the average guinea pig was two and three larvae, respectively, per hg of body weight. An immunity or tolerance was developed in guinea pigs infested two or three times with screwworms. The level of immunity was 50% to 100% over uninfested animals.

Laake, E. W., and Smith, C. L. "The Hydrogen-ion Concentration of Myiotic Wounds in Sheep and Goats." Journal of Economic Entomology 31, no. 3 (1938): 441-442.

Laake, E. W.; Cushing, E. C.; and Parish, H. E. "Biology of the Primary Screw Worm Fly, Cochliomyia americana, and a Comparison of its Stages with Those of C. macellaria." U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 500 (1936).
24 pp. This study was conducted because the screwworm and C. macellaria had been confused for many years in the United States. The report establishes the screwworm as an obligate parasite responsible for the vast majority of all cases of myiasis. The earliest authenticated record of its occurrence in the United States dates back to 1882.

Laake, E. W.; Hixson, E.; and Severin, H. C. "Screwworms -- How to Recognize and Control Infestations in Livestock." U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1950.
7 pp.

Laake, E. W.; Parman, D. C.; Bishopp, F. C.; and Roark, R. C. "Field Tests with Repellents for the Screw Worm Fly, Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricus, Upon Domestic Animals." Journal of Economic Entomology 19, no. 3 (1926): 536-539.

Lahille, F. "Nota Sobre la "ura" Y Otras Larvas Dañinas de Dipteros." Boletin. Ministerio de Agricultura de Argentina (1915).
18 pp.

Lamb, K. P.; Sands, D. P. A.; and Spradbery, J. P. "Assay of Old-world Screw-worm Fly, Chrysomya Bezziana, Labelled with ³²P." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 23 (1978): 55-65.
Techniques for phosphorus-32 labeling of larvae and adults of the screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, are described and compared to those used on Cochliomyia hominivorax.

Lapage, G. "Phylum Arthropoda." In Veterinary Parasitology. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1956.

Laurence, S. M. "Dipterous Larvae Infection." British Medical Journal 1 (1909): 88.
Two human cases of myiasis are reported from Trinidad, B.W.I. In the first case, between 100 and 150 larvae completed larval development within the patient's nasal cavity, cheek, and lower eyelid. The second case was probably due to houseflies.

Lawton, A. H.; Dexter, M. W.; and Warren, L. O. "Double Infestation of a Varicose Ulcer with Screw-worm and House Fly Maggots." American Journal of Tropical Medicine 6, no. 2 (1957): 336-338.
Summarizes an individual human case in which the patient had a necrotic varicose ulcer of the leg infested with maggots of the screwworm and housefly.

Le Dantec and Boye. "Note Sur Une Myase Observée Chez L'homme en Guinée Francaise." Reun. Biol. Bord. Caducée 1 (1905): 9.

Lindquist, A. W. "A Study of the Incidence and Habits of Cochliomyia americana by Means of Flytraps." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 11, no. 3 (1938): 97-104.
Showed an activity curve for the species in the Uvalde, Tex., area. In addition, trap-captured females lived an average of 3.4 days after capture and deposited viable eggs on animals. The majority of the flies caught with liver bait were in the preoviposition stage; those caught on wounds were ready for oviposition.

Lindquist, A. W. "Ants as Predators of Cochliomyia americana C. & P." Journal of Economic Entomology 35, no. 6 (1942): 850-852.
Describes ants as valuable predators of third instar larvae of screwworms infesting fresh carcasses. Ants are abundant and come to a carcass before other blowfly larvae become numerous. An emergence of 4.1% was recorded for screwworms in 26 carcasses exposed to ants, but where the carcasses were protected from ants, 93.1% emergence resulted.

Lindquist, A. W. "Chemicals to Sterilize Insects." Journal of the Washington Academy of Science 51 (1961): 109-114.

Lindquist, A. W. "Entomological Uses of Radioisotopes." Radiation Biology and Medicine. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc, 1958.

Lindquist, A. W. "Flies Attracted to Decomposing Liver in Lake County, California." The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 30, no. 2 (1954): 147-152.
From 1938 through 1941, a study was conducted on the seasonal and relative abundance of the flies caught in a liver-baited trap in Lake County, Calif. Neither the screwworm nor C. macellaria is indigenous to the area, but C. macellaria was caught every summer while the screwworm was captured in only 1 year of the 4-year study.

Lindquist, A. W. "Myiasis in Wild Animals in Southwestern Texas." Journal of Economic Entomology 30, no. 5 (1937): 735-740.
Cottontail, jackrabbit, opossum, and deer were found to harbor natural infestations of the screwworm.

Lindquist, A. W. "New Ways to Control Insects." Pest Control 29, no. 6 (1961).
6 pp.

Lindquist, A. W. "The Introduction of an Indigenous Blowfly Parasite, Alysia ridibunda Say, into Uvalde County, Texas." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 33, no. 1 (1940): 103-112.
The blowfly parasite, Alysia ridibunda Say, was introduced into Uvalde from southern Arizona and New Mexico. In 1935, the parasite emerged from 80.9% of the collected Sarcophaga larvae and 10.4% of the Lucilia larvae. In subsequent years, smaller number were obtained. The examination of 300 screwworm cases in the field failed to reveal the parasite working on larvae in wounds.Adults oviposited in larvae of screwworms in wounds on guinea pigs in the laboratory, but both host and parasite died.

Lindquist, A. W. "The Use of Gamma Radiation for Control or Eradication of the Screw-worm." Journal of Economic Entomology 48, no. 4 (1955): 467-469.

Lindquist, A. W. "Use of Sexually Sterile Males for Eradication of Screw-worms." Proceedings. 2nd Inter-American Symposium on Peaceful Application of Nuclear Energy (1960): 229-235.

Lindquist, A. W., and Barrett, W. L., Jr. "Overwintering of Cochliomyia americana at Uvalde, Texas." Journal of Economic Entomology 38, no. 1 (1945): 77-83.
The screwworm survived the winters of 1935-36, 1936-37, and 1937-38 in the Uvalde, Tex., area mainly because of mid-winter warm periods. Oviposition occurred in the field at 61° F, but this was preceded by several days with much higher temperatures.

Lindsay, J. "Myiasis -- the Lucilia macellaria -- the Screw Worm." Journal of Tropical Medicine, July 15 (1902): 220.
This paper reports three human cases of which two are probably screwworm.

Linduska, J. P., and Lindquist, A. W. "Some Insect Pests of Wildlife." U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture (1952): 708-724.

Little, V. A. "Order Diptera." In General and Applied Entomology. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963.

Long, G. L. "Flowering Vegetation of South Texas as an Aggregation Site for Screwworm Flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)." (1979).
75 pp. M.S. thesis, Pan American University, Edinburg, Tex.

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Macias, E. G.; Graham, A. J.; Green, M.; and Pierce, A. W., Jr. "Cutaneous Myiasis in South Texas." New England Journal of Medicine 289 (1973): 1239-1241.
Listed the clinical features and epidemiological factors in eight human cases of furuncular myiasis reported during 1972 around San Antonio, Tex. Various treatments were used, but the authors concluded that the topical application of 5% chloroform in olive oil in quantities sufficient to produce sublethal larval hypoxia facilitated effective wound debridement.

Manson, P. "Flesh Flies." In Manson's Tropical Diseases. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1954.

Manson, P. "Myiasis and Leech Infection." In Manson's Tropical Diseases. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1954.

Marshall, H. L., and Jones, D. T. "The Screwworm Fly in Utah." Rocky Mountain Medical Journal 41 (1944): 478-480.
Two adult specimens of screwworm feeding on a deer head were collected in Salt Lake City, Oct. 26, 1943. Myiasis occurred frequently in the southern part of the State, but this was the only known report from the northern part of the State.

Masters, W. E. "Diseases of the Skin." In Essentials of Tropical Medicine. London: John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd, 1920.

Mazza, S., and Basso, R. "Miasis de Ulcera Cronica de Pierna Por Sarcophaga barbata Y Cochliomyia hominivorax." In Investigaciones Sobre Dipteros Argentinas. I. Miasis. Misión Estudios Patol. Reg. Argentinas 41 (1939): 47-54.
Reports a human case from the leg of a 39-year-old man in Las Heras County, Argentina.

Mazza, S., and Cornejo, A. "Consideraciones Sobre Miasis Observadas en la Provincia de Salta. In Investigaciones Sobre Dipteros Argentinas. I. Miasis. Misión Estudios." In Investigaciones Sobre Dipteros Argentinas. I. Miasis. Misión Estudios Patol. Reg. Argentinas 41 (1939): 78-86.
Human myiasis in the province of Salta, Argentina, from 1928 to 1938 is presented. Of the 44 cases reported, the area of the body infested was given in only 21 cases. Of these, nasal cases were the most common with 11 reports. The cases were most common in December, January, and February, and most were in men over 20 years old. Three died, a mortality rate of 6.8%.

Mazza, S., and Jorg, M. "Cochliomyia hominivorax-americana (C. & P.), Estudio de Sus Larvas Y Consideraciones Sobre Miasis." In Investigaciones Sobre Dipteros Argentinas. I. Miasis. Misión Estudios Patol. Reg. Argentinas 41 (1939): 3-46.
A very good Spanish review of the screwworm's biology, ecology, distribution, synonymy, control, and morphology.

Mazza, S., and Reyes, H. "Miasis Forunculosa Por Cochliomyia hominivorax." In Investigaciones Sobre Dipteros Argentinas. I. Miasis. Misión Estudios Patol. Reg. Argentinas 41 (1939): 70-75.

McConal, J. "Do Factory Screwworm Flies Lack Libido?." Cattleman 62, no. 11 (1976): 58, 154.

McCuistion, C. H.; Schoch, E. P., Jr.; McKee, R.; Wiseman, J. S.; and Eads, R. B. "Human Myiasis." Texas State Journal of Medicine 54, no. 11 (1958): 796-799.
Three human cases (documented by photographs) are reported in detail. Lindane is used as the control in two of the cases.

McGovran, E. R. "Insecticides to Control Blowfly Larvae in Wounds." Journal of Economic Entomology 30, no. 6 (1937): 876-878.

McGovran, E. R., and Ellisor, L. O. "Repellency of Pine-tar Oil to Wound-infesting Blowflies." Journal of Economic Entomology 29, no. 5 (1936): 980-983.

McGregor, W. S., and Bushland, R. C. "Research on the Use of Systemic Insecticides for the Control of Livestock Pests." Journal of Economic Entomology 49, no. 1 (1956): 86-88.

McGregor, W. S., and Bushland, R. C. "Tests with Dow ET-57 Against Two Species of Cattle Grubs." Journal of Economic Entomology 50, no. 3 (1957): 246-249.

McGregor, W. S.; Radeleff, R. D.; Claborn, H. V.; and Bushland, R. C. "Dieldrin, Aldrin and Lindane: Systemic Insecticides Against Livestock Pests." Agricultural Chemicals 10, no. 1 (1955).
4 pp.

McGregor, W. S.; Radeleff, R. D.; and Bushland, R. C. "Some Phosphorus Compounds as Systemic Insecticides Against Cattle Grubs." Journal of Economic Entomology 47, no. 3 (1954): 465-467.

McLean, D. D. "The Screw-worm Fly." California Conservationist 6, no. 2 (1941): 11, 20-21.
During 1940, 190 deer were recorded as probably killed by screwworms in southern California. At least that many more showed visible evidence of infection. In addition, jackrabbits cottontails, bush rabbits, and a kangaroo rat were infested.

Melton, R. R., and King, F. W. "'Screw Worm' Infestation of the Ear." Journal of the Kansas Medical Society 44 (1943): 404-402, 407.
Reports a human screwworm case in the ear of a 58-year-old female from Marion, Kans. Only one larva was collected.

Melvin, R. "Family Calliphoridae. Cochliomyia americana and C. macellaria." Culture Methods for Invertebrate Animals. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Co, 1937.
Gives rearing methods using rabbits, including the "tub" procedure used in early screwworm research.

Melvin, R., and Bushland, R. C. "A Method of Rearing Cochliomyia americana C. & P. on Artificial Media." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine ET-88 (1936).
[Rep.] 2 pp. Described an artificial diet for screwworms consisting of 750 cm ³ milk, 250 cm ³ citrated calf blood, 0.5 cm ³ formaldehyde, and 500 g ground lean beef. Pupae obtained from this medium weighed from 40 to 60 mg,. which compared well to those reared on living animals. A diet of hard-boiled eggs produced small, but otherwise normal flies.

Melvin, R., and Bushland, R. C. "Effects of Acidity, Alkalinity and Moisture Content of the Soil on Emergence of Cochliomyia americana (C. & P.)." Journal of Economic Entomology 31, no. 5 (1938): 611-612.
Screwworm larvae can withstand greater concentrations of potassium hydroxide than of sulfuric acid. Their great tolerance to both chemicals, however, indicates that in nature the alkalinity and acidity of the soil are negligible factors in the emergence of adults.

Melvin, R., and Bushland, R. C. "The Nutritional Requirements of Screwworm Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 33, no. 6 (1940): 850-852.
The rearing medium for screwworms was refined to 1 l water, 6 cm³ citrated beef blood. Except for the formalin, variations of the formula were possible. Larvae were also reared satisfactorily on ground muscle of sheep, hogs, chickens, rabbits, sparrows, doves, and catfish.When larvae were introduced into fresh wounds in crown English sparrow, and garden toad, larvae completed their development. Several attempts to rear screwworms on horned toads were unsuccessful.

Melvin, R.; Bushland, R. C.; and Smith, C. L. "The Toxicity of Certain Organic Compounds to Young Screwworm Larvae." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine E-586 (1943).
[Rep.] 21pp.

Melvin, R.; Parish, H. E.; Knipling, E. F.; and Bushland, R. C. "Diphenylamine as a Wound Protector Against the Screwworm, Cochliomyia americana C. & P." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine E-481 (1939).
[Rep.] 4 pp.

Melvin, R.; Parish, H. E.; Knipling, E. F.; and Bushland, R. C. "Results of Studies on Diphenylamine as a Wound Protector Against the Screwworm, Cochliomyia americana (C. & P.)." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine E-480 (1939).
[Rep.] 4 pp. Diphenylamine is listed as a good control for screwworm larvae, and application is recommended at 3-day intervals.

Melvin, R.; Smith, C. L.; Parish, H. E.; and Barrett, W. L., Jr. "A New Remedy for the Prevention and Treatment of Screwworm Infestations of Livestock." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine E-540 (1941).
[Rep.] 4 pp. Smear 62 is offered as a new remedy for the prevention and treatment of screwworms. It is composed of diphenylamine, benzol, Turkey red oil, and lamp black.

Micks, D. W., and Calma, V. C. "Nasal Myiasis of Man Due to the Screwworm Fly (Callitroga americana, C. & P.)." Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 10, no. 4 (1952): 855-865.
Reports three cases of nasal myiasis in Texas.

Morales, V. "Presentacion de Casos de Miasis Cutanea." Revista Medica de Chile 51, no. 11 (1923): 824-825.

Morgan, H. A. "Texas Screw-worm (Compsomyia (Lucilia) macellaria)." Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin # 2 2d ser (1890): 29-39.
An excellent account of the screwworm during its early years in Louisiana. This is the first time the screwworm is reported causing a problem outside of Texas. The complete eradication of the pest from Louisiana was discussed because of the severity of the problem.The author states that livestock practices in the State must be changed if the pest remains in the State and producers wish to make money. Early control procedures are given.

Mulhern, F. J., and Diamant, G. "Infections of Domestic Animals in the United States." In Infectious Diseases. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas, 1967.

Munro, J. A., and Bruce, W. G. "I. Fly Trapping and its Application to Human Welfare. II. Seasonal Appearance and Relative Abundance of Flies Caught in a Baited Trap at Fargo." North Dakota Experiment Station Circular 60 (1936).
12 pp.

Murray, V. I. E., and Thompson, K. "Myiasis in Man and Other Animals in Trinidad and Tobago (1972-73)." Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 53, no. 3 (1976): 263-266.
The screwworm occurs in Trinidad and Tobago on a wide range of hosts and is of economic and Veterinary significance. The authors consider the sterile-male technique uneconomical for these islands.

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Nauss, R. W. "Flies and Disease Transmission." In Medical Parasitology and Zoology. New York: Paul B. Hoeber. Inc, 1944.

Neghme, A. "Eliminacion de Mosca Productura de Miasis, Mediante Un Metodo Biologico de Irradiacion Atomica." Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 12, no. 4 (1957): 79-80.
This is a review of Knipling (1957).

Neghme, A., and Donoso-Barros, R. "Miasis Humana en Chile." Revista Medica de Chile 72 (1944): 973-981.

Nellis, D. W. "Screwworm Fly Transmission by Wind." Journal of Parasitology 63, no. 1 (1977): 178-179.
Presents a scheme for the infestation of Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola through wind-borne screwworms.

Nelson, D. R.; Adams, T.S.; and Pomonis, J. G. "Initial Studies on the Extraction of the Active Substance Inducing Monocoitic Behavior in House Flies, Black Blow Flies, and Screw-worm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 62, no. 3 (1969): 634-639.
A monocoitic substance extracted from male house flies, black blowflies, and screwworms preventing mating when it was injected into virgin female house flies.

Newman, L. H. "Insects in a Changing World." In Man and Insects. New York: Natural History Press, Garden City, 1965.

Newton, W. H. "The New Screwworm Threat." Texas Agricultural Extension Service L-1089 (1973): 2 pp.
[Rep.].

Niño, F. "Miasis Por Larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax Coq." Prensa Medica Argentina 28 (1939): 29.

Niño, F., and Rivas, C. "Miasis Cutanea." Prensa Medica Argentina 27 (1940): 1594.
[In Spanish.] Has not been reviewed by authors.

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Oliver, J. E., and Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilants Against Screwworm Flies (1)." Journal of Economic Entomology 65, no. 1 (1972): 303-306.
See Terry and Crystal (1972) for part 2 of this paper.

Olser, W., and McCrae, T. "Diseases Caused by Animal Parasites." In Modern Medicine. Philadelphia and New York: Lea and Febiger, 1914.

Osborn, H. "Insects Affecting Domestic Animals: An Account of the Species of Importance in North America, with Mention of Related Forms Occurring on Other Animals." Entomology Bulletin. U.S. Bureau of Entomology (N.S.) 5 (1896): 123-133.
Gives an excellent account of the screwworm in early America. A letter from a Mr. Curtis is quoted as ". . .the man who can find a cheap, expeditious, and effective preventive or remedy of the screw-worm will confer a blessing fitly measured by the enormous financial benefit which would accrue.".

Osuna, F. A. V. "Efectividad de Algunos Insecticidas Contra el Gusano Barrenador del Ganado Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 23-24 (1972): 89.
(Abstract).

Otto. "Parasitare Und Hautkrankheiten." Archiv fuer Schiffs-und Tropen-Hygiene 10 (1906): 71.
A German abstract of Le Dantec and Boye (1905).

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Parish, H. E. "Factors Predisposing Animals to Screwworm Infestation in Texas." Journal of Economic Entomology 35, no. 6 (1942): 899-903.
Studies of more than 6,000 screwworm-infested wounds showed 43 predisposing factors in 8 classes of livestock. The most frequently infested manmade wound was shear cuts, which were responsible for 48% of the infestations in goats. In calves, 63% of the infestations were birth related. Needle grass was responsible for 35% and 27% of the cases, respectively, in lambs and sheep.

Parish, H. E. "Flight Tests on Screwworm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 30, no. 5 (1937): 740-743.
Adults of the screwworm are reported capable of flying 9 miles. Necrotic wounds in yearling steers infested with larvae were more attractive to released adult screw-worms than were meat-baited flytraps.

Parish, H. E. "Overwintering of Cochliomyia americana and C. macellaria at Menard, Texas." Journal of Economic Entomology 38, no. 1 (1945): 83-84.
Data collected on 62,000 exposed larvae and pupae in the Menard, Tex., area showed no winter survival during 1935 to 1939.

Parish, H. E., and Cushing, E. C. "Locations for Blowfly Traps: Abundance and Activity of Blowflies and Other Flies in Menard County, Texas." Journal of Economic Entomology 31, no. 6 (1938): 750-763.
Traps located in very light shade near a running stream or large pond, protected from direct wind, and surrounded with timber and under brush of medium density caught more adult flies than traps in other locations.

Parish, H. E., and Knipling, E. F. "Field Studies of Certain Benzene Derivatives as Larvicides and Wound Protectors Against the Screwworm." Journal of Economic Entomology 35, no. 1 (1942): 70-73.

Parish, H. E., and Laake, E. W. "Species of Calliphoridae Concerned in the Production of Myiasis in Domestic Animals, Menard County, Texas." Journal of Parasitology 21 (1935): 264-266.

Parman, D. C. "Benzene as a Larvicide for Screw Worms." Journal of Agricultural Research 31, no. 9 (1925): 885-888.
Reports that benzene is an effective larvicide for the screwworm.

Parman, D. C. "Effect of Weather on Cochliomyia americana and a Review of Methods and Economic Applications of the Study." Journal of Economic Entomology 38, no. 1 (1945): 66-76.
The average daily temperature for 3- and 5-month periods determined whether flies could overwinter in an area. The minimum temperature limit was near 49° F for the 3-month period and was 53° F for the 5-month period. Most adult screwworm flies were killed when minimum temperatures fell below 20° F. Practically all pupae were destroyed when minimum temperatures went below 15 F.

Parman, D. C. "The Development of Research in Preventative Entomology." Journal of Economic Entomology 33, no. 5 (1940): 749-754.

Parman, D. C., and Barrett, W. L., Jr. "Ranch Management for Screwworm Prevention and Eradication in Texas and Adjoining States." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine E-520 (1941).
[Rep.] 10 pp.

Parman, D. C.; Bishopp, F. C.; Laake, E. W.; Cook, F. C.; and Roark, R. C. "Chemotropic Tests with the Screwworm Fly." U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1472 (1927).
32 pp.

Parman, D. C.; Laake, E. W.; Bishopp, F. C.; and Roark, R. C. "Tests of Blowfly Baits and Repellents During 1926." U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 80 (1928).
14 pp.

Patton, W. S. "Notes on the Myiasis-producing Diptera of Man and Animals." Bulletin of Entomologoical Research 12 (1921): 239-261.

Patton, W. S., and Evan, A. M. "Sixteenth Meeting: Study of Demonstration Specimens Illustrating the Early Stages and Adults of the Subfamilies Calliphorinae, Cutiteribrinae, Hypodermatinae, Cestrinae, and Sarcophaginae." In Insects, Ticks, Mites and Venomous Animals of Medical and Veterinary Importance. Croydon, England, 1929.
Some taxonomy and biology prior to the separation of species.

Patton, W. S., and Evans, A. M. "Seventeenth Meeting: The Myiasis-producing Diptera of Man." In Insects, Ticks, Mites, and Venomous Animals of Medical and Veterinary Importance. Croydon, England, 1929.

Pearman, R. O., and Haseman, L. "Cochliomyia americana Infestation in Man." Annals of Surgery 117, no. 3 (1943): 468-472.
Gives details of a case in a 58-year-old woman from St. Joseph, Mo. The species is also reported as becoming more important recently as a livestock pest in the Midwest.

Pearse, A. S. "Order Dipterida, Flies." In Introduction to Parasitology. Springfield, III: Thomas Co, 1942.

Perez, M. L., and Arenas, N. "Miasis de la Vulva." Revista Medica de Latino-America 21, no. 250 (1936): 1125-1129.

Phillis, W. A., and Agee, H. R. "Spectral Sensitivity and Variations in Visual Sensitivity of the Colonized Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) as Measured with Electroretinogram." Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 11, no. 3 (1976): 243-246.
The electroretinogram (ERG) was used to determine the spectral sensitivity of the eye of irradiated colonized screwworm flies. The eye was maximally sensitive at 490 nm with secondary peak of sensitivity near 350 nm. A small tertiary peak was reported at 625 nm.

Phinney, D. E., and Gibson, M. S. "Weather and the Screwworm." U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weekly Weather Crop Bulletin Feb. 4 (1975): 14-15.
Discusses the role of weather in screwworm outbreaks.

Pierret, M. "Contribucion al Estudio de la Cochliomyia macellaria." (1926).
Tesis de Medico, Santiago.

Pieter, H. "Un Cas de Myase Vulvo-vaginale." Revue Medecine Hygiene Tropicale 9, no. 3 (1912): 176-177.

Pinto, C. "Miiases Cutaneas." In Profilaxia Das Doencas Infeccionas e Parasitaris Dos Animais Domesticos de Brasil (1933): 293-294.
Rio de Janeiro.

Pinto, C. "Muscideos." Bibl. Sci. Bras. Tratado Parasitol 2 (1930): 430-436.
[In Spanish.].

Piraja da Silva, M. "Nouveaux Cas de Myase Dus a Chrysomyia macellaria, Fabricius, a Bahia." Archives of Parasitology 15 (1912): 425-430.

Popov, N. P. "Myiasis of the Nose." Archives of Otolaryngology 45 (1947): 112-116.
Reports three human nasal screwworm cases. Two patients recovered, and one died 5 hours after admission to the hospital. Ten percent chloroform in milk was the standard treatment.

Progressive Farmer. "50 Million Screwworm Flies." 74, no. 10 (1961): 6.

Progressive Farmer. "Tags for Ear Ticks." 93, no. 5 (1978): 52.
Ear tags impregnated with DURSBAN or RABON provided 3 months protection from the Gulf Coast tick.

Prunes, L. "Discusion en la Presentacion de Casos de Miasis." Revista Medica de Chile 51, no. 11 (1923): 826.

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Radeleff, R. D.; Bushland, R. C.; and Hopkins, D. E. "Phosphorus-32 Labeling of the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 45, no. 3 (1952): 509-514.
Experiments are described in which the screwworm was labeled with phosphorus-32 by rearing in artificial medium containing phosphorus-32 and in natural hosts by injecting the phosphorus-32 into the animals.

Rahn, J. J., and Barger, G. L. "Weather Conditions and Screwworm Activity." Agricultural Meteorology 11 (1973): 197-211.
Periods of moderate or heavy precipitation were often followed within several weeks by an increase in reported cases of screwworm activity. Some of the variability in this relationship was temperature-related since activity appeared to be diminished by high temperature (90° F threshold). The Palmer Crop Moisture Index values were also a useful indicator of screwworm activity.

Rawlins, S. C.; Jurd, L.; and Snow, J. W. "Antifertility Effects of Benzylphenols and Benzyl-1,3-benzodioxoles on Screwworm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 72, no. 5 (1979): 674-677.
The antifertility effects of five compounds derived from structurally-modified, biologically active plant materials were evaluated. The benzylphenols J2419, J2644, and J2706 showed excellent potential for possible field use against the screwworm based on. their low toxicity to males and females, the absence of negative effects on male aggressiveness, and the high degree of infertility of eggs oviposited by treated females.

Reed, E. P. "Larvas de Dipteros Encontradas en las Fosas Nasales de Un Enfermo, en el Hospital Van Buren, de Valparaiso." Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 36 (1932): 143-144.
Reports a human nasal case from Valparaiso, Chile.

Richardson, R. H. "The Screwworm Problem, Evolution of Resistance to Biological Control." . Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1978.
151 pp. This book contains the proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Texas Academy of Science. Most papers deal with fruit flies.

Riemann, J. G. "A Cytological Study of Radiation Effects in Testes of the Screw-worm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 60, no. 2 (1967): 308-320.
When pupae were irradiated with cobalt 60, wide differences were found in the radio sensitivity of different cell types in screwworm testes.

Riemann, J. G. "The Development of Eggs of the Screw-worm Fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera:Calliphoridae) to the Blastoderm Stage as Seen in Whole Mount Preparations." Biological Bulletin 129, no. 2 (1965): 329-339.
Many screwworm eggs contained only a single sperm, but most frequently they had two or more sperm.

Riley, C. V. "Abnormal Prevalence of Blow-Flies." American Entomologist 3 (1880): 21-22.
An account by a writer for De Bow's Industrial Resources of the Southern and Western States, vol.1, 1852, is given. It reads in part: "About eighteen years ago the green or blow-fly became so numerous that thousands of animals perished by them,. as also some human beings. The least spot of blood, the moisture of the mouth, eyes or nose, was sufficient to cause a deposit of eggs. Sick persons, particularly those who had not proper attention, suffered.Several Negro children who came under my notice, fell a sacrifice to them, and it was with difficulty that many others were saved.".

Riley, C. V. "Prevalence of the Screw-worm in Central America." American Naturalist 17 (1883): 423.
Gives a brief report on screwworm in the coastal region of Costa Rica.

Riley, C. V. "Screw Worm: Its Parentage in Doubt." American Entomologist 3 (1880): 203.

Riley, W. A. "Cochliomyia hominivorax. (C. americana, C. macellaria Pro Parte)." In Introduction to the Study of Animal Parasites and Parasitism. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Co, 1942.

Rivas, D. "Class Insecta." In Human Parasitology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1920.

Roark, R. C.; Parman, D. C.; Bishopp, F. C.; and Laake, E. W. "Repellents for Blowflies." Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 19, no. 8 (1927): 942-943.

Roberts, R. A. "Additional Notes on Myiasis in Rabbits (Diptera:Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae)." Entomological News 44 (1933): 157-159.
Discusses two additional cases of screwworms in rabbits.

Roberts, R. A. "Myiasis in Jack Rabbits, Lepus californicus texianus." Journal of Parasitology 18 (1931): 102-104.
Sixty-eight percent of flies bred from rabbit wounds were screwworms.

Roberts, R. A. "Some North American Parasites of Blowflies." Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 6 (1935): 479-494.

Robertson, C. M. "The Texas Screw-worm -- Report of a Fatal Case." Laryngoscope 4 (1898): 150-155.
Describes a fatal case in a 54-year-old male in Genesco, Ill., and references the first utilization of chloroform and water as a control.

Robinson, J. M. "The Screw Worm Situation in Alabama." Journal of Economic Entomology 28, no. 5 (1935): 777-779.
Discusses the screwworm situation in Alabama during the summers of 1933 and 1934 during which 26 human cases were reported.

Rosenberg, F. "Unusual Foreign Body of the Ear -- Case Report." Rocky Mountain Medical Journal 52, no. 12 (1955): 1118.

Roveda, R. R., and Ringuelet, R. "Lista de los Parasitos de los Animales Domesticos en la Argentina." Gaceta Veterinaria (Buenos Aires) 9, no. 46 (1947): 73.

Rude, C. S., and Graham, O. H. "A New Treatment for Screwworms in Livestock." U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, (rev.) E-708 (1947).
[Rep.] 3 pp.

Ruffier, F. "A Varejeira." In Manual Practico de Criação de Gado no Brazil (1918): 269-272.
Empreza editora de "Chacaras e quintaes," São Paulo.

Röder, V. von. "Dipteren Von der Insel Portorico." Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung (1885): 337-349.

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Sabrosky, C. W. "The Scientific Name of the Screwworm, with Note on Paralucilia fulvicrura." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 55, no. 1 (1953): 36-38.

Schreiber, M. M.; Schuckmell, N.; and Sampsel, J. "Human Myiasis." Journal of the American Medical Association 188, no. 9 (1964): 828-829.
Reports three human cases of myiasis in Arizona during 1964. Two cases caused by the screwworm and one by Phormia regina.

Scott, H. G. "Human Myiasis in North America (1952-1962 Inclusive)." Florida Entomologist 47, no. 4 (1964): 255-261.
A restatement of the previous paper.

Scott, H. G. "Myiasis: Epidemiologic Data on Human Cases (North America North of Mexico: 1952-1962 Inclusive)." U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare CDC Information Sheet (1963): 14 pp.
The author estimates that about 7,000 cases of human myiasis occur each year in North America. Of 102 documented U.S. cases from 1952 to 1962, 17 were caused by the screwworm. Six of these were nasal, three were traumatic, and seven were furuncular.

Scruggs, C. G. "The Peaceful Atom and the Deadly Fly." . Austin, Tex: Jenkins Publishing Co, 1975.
311 pp. An excellent book written in layman's terms about the development and application of the sterile-male technique in the southeastern and southwestern United States. Particular attention is given to the role of the Southwest Animal Health Research Foundation and the livestock producers in the campaigns.

Settepani, J. A.; Crystal, M. M.; and Borkovec, A. B. "Boron Chemosterilants Against Screw-worm Flies: Structure-activity Relationship." Journal of Economic Entomology 62, no. 2 (1969): 375-383.

Shannon, R. C. "Genera of Nearctic Calliphoridae, Blowflies, with Revision of the Calliphorini." Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 11(7-9) (1923): 101-118.

Shannon, R. C. "Synopsis of the American Calliphoridae (Diptera)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 28, no. 6 (1926): 127-128.

Sharman, R. S. "Screwworm Eradication in the Southeast." Cattleman 46, no. 11 (1960): 25-28.

Shattuck, G. C. "Various Noxious Arthropods." In Diseases of the Tropics. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc, 1951.

Shillinger, J. E. "Diseases of Wildlife and Their Relationship to Domestic Livestock." U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture (1942): 1222-1223.
The loss of deer to screwworms was widespread throughout the South. Infestations usually followed skin wounds, many of which were caused by ticks.

Shira, R. B. "Report of a Case of Oral Myiasis." Military Surgeon 92 (1943): 57-58.
Reports an oral screwworm case in a male soldier in the Canal Zone, Panama.

Smith, A. L., and Skipper, C. C. "Screw-worm Surveys in the Southeastern States 1944-1951." Florida Entomologist 35, no. 1 (1952): 10-13.
Reports the screwworm situation in the Southeast from 1944 to 1951. The situation was particularly bad throughout the Southeast during 1949, especially in North Carolina, where a plane was chartered to fly in a cargo of Smear 62.

Smith, C. L. "Mass Production of Screw-worms Callitroga hominivorax for the Eradication Program in the Southeastern States." Journal of Economic Entomology 53, no. 6 (1960): 1110-1116.
Describes the screwworm production procedures utilized for the Florida eradication program.

Smith, R. H. "Screwworm Control." Science 182 (1973): 775.
Letter to the editor replying to a letter by Calman (1973) which takes exception to an article by Smith and Borstel (1972). Smith cites the lack of genetic monitoring as a major defect in the screwworm program and most other sterile-male programs in operation.

Smith, R. H., and Borstel, R. C. von. "Genetic Control of Insect Populations." Science 178 (1972): 1164-1174.
See Calman (1973) and Smith (1973) which were in response to this article.

Snow, F. H. "Hominovorous Habits of Lucilia macellaria, 'The Screw-worm'." Psyche 4 (1883): 27-30.
See Bigot (1883) for an exception to this paper.

Snow, J. W. "The Screwworm Situation in Texas and Mexico, 1976." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 39-40 (1978): 193.
(Abstract).

Snow, J. W., and Coppedge, J. R. "The Screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae) Reinfests the Island of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles." Journal of Medical Entomology 14, no. 5 (1978): 592-593.
Reports the reinfestation of Curaçao, more than 20 years after the first demonstration of the sterile-male technique by Baumhover in 1954. The paper discusses the impact of reinfestation.

Snow, J. W., and Meadows, M. E. "Sterile Screwworms Have Libido." Cattleman 64, no. 10 (1978): 137-138.

Snow, J. W., and Whitten, C. J. "Status of the Screwworm (Diptera:Calliphoridae) Control Program in the Southwestern United States During 1977." Journal of Medical Entomology 15(5-6) (1979): 518-520.
Discusses the screwworm situation for 1977. Only 39 cases are reported from Texas, the best record for the State since the program began in 1962.

Snow, J. W.; Hofmann, H. C.; and Baumhover, A. H. "The Screwworm as a Pest on the Island of Jamaica and the Feasibility of Eradication by the Sterile Insect Method." The Southwestern Entomologist 2, no. 4 (1977): 202-206.
Shows the screwworm as a serious pest of livestock throughout Jamaica regardless of the terrain type, ecological community, or altitude.

Snow, J. W.; Raulston, J. R.; and Guillot, F. S. "Mating Tables: a Method of Studying the Mating and the Competitive Behavior of Lepidoptera and Diptera in the Field." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69, no. 4 (1976): 751-752.
Mating tables with clipped-winged screwworm females and Swormlure-attracted males, with up to 50% mating within an hour.

Spates, G. E., Jr., and Hightower, B. G. "Sexual Aggressiveness of Male Screw-worm Flies Affected by Laboratory Rearing." Journal of Economic Entomology 60, no. 3 (1967): 752-755.
Wild populations are less sexually aggressive under laboratory conditions than strains that have been colonized for many generations.

Spates, G. E., Jr., and Hightower, B. G. "Variations in the Size and Reproductive Capacity of Wild-type and Laboratory-adapted Populations of the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 5 (1970): 1381-1385.
Wild fly strains differ from laboratory strains in larval weight, adult body size, adult longevity, and reproductive capacity.

Spencer, J. P.; Coppedge, J. R.; and Brown, H. E. "Un Método Para la Marcación de Moscas del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado." Folia Entomologia Mexicana 42 (1979): 55-56.
(Abstract).

Spencer, J. P.; Snow, J. W.; Mackley, J. W.; and Smith, F. E. "[In Press.] Effectiveness of the Screwworm (Diptera:Calliphoridae). Eradication Program During 1978 in the United States and Mexico." [Submitted to APHIS Series.] (1978).
In 1978, a total of 7,230 screwworm cases were reported in the United States with the majority of these cases occurring in Arizona. Numerous cases were also reported in New Mexico and Western Texas, and the screwworm threatened to invade the area of. southern Texas where they are able to overwinter.and 1978 was considered a relatively successful year for the program.

Spicer, W. J., and Dove, W. E. "The Screwworm and the Gulf Coast Tick in Southern Texas." Journal of Economic Entomology 31, no. 6 (1938): 642-646.
Discusses the importance and relationship of the Gulf Coast tick and screwworm.

Spradbery, J. P. "The Reproductive Status of Chrysomya Species (Diptera:Calliphoridae) Attracted to Liver-baited Blowfly Traps in Papua New Guinea." Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 18 (1979): 57-61.
Determined the reproductive status of five species of Chrysomya caught in liver-baited traps in Papua New Guinea.

Stabile, A. "Sobre Miasis de la Vulva." Archivos Uruguayos de Medicina, Cirujia, y Especialidades 21 (1942): 187-198.

Stewart, M. A., and Boyd, A. N. "A New Treatment of Traumatic Dermal Myiasis." Journal of the American Medical Association 103 (1934): 402.
The use of 15% chloroform in light vegetable oil was an effective control for screwworms in 17 human cases.

Stewart, M. A., and Roessler, E. B. "The Seasonal Distribution of Myiasis-producing Diptera." Journal of Economic Entomology 35, no. 3 (1942): 408-411.
The screwworm is reported in California only in exceptional years.

Stone, W. M. "Rate of Survival in Guinea Pigs Following Infestation by Screw-worm Larvae." Journal of Parasitology 50, no. 1 (1964): 152-154.
Reports an LD for guinea pigs of 10 larvae/100 g body weight.

Strong, R. P. "Arthropods in the Transmission of Disease." In Stitt's Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, 6th ed. Philadelphia: The Blakiston Co.

Stroud, R. J. "Myiasis in the Southwest, with Particular Reference to the Species Chrysomyia macellaria." Southwestern Medicine 11 (1927): 313-317.
Gives an account of 16 human screwworm cases recorded over 13 years by a general practitioner in Arizona. Cowhands on the range are credited with discovering the chloroform treatment that is the most common cure used in human cases.

Swanson, L. E., and Goen, O. F. "Screwworms and Their Control." University of Florida Agricultural Extension Service Circular 107 (1952).
4 pp.

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Talice, R. V., and Ilaria, H. "Un Nuevo Caso de Miasis Forunculosa Primitiva Por Larvas de Cochliomyia macellaria." Archivos Uruguayos de Medicina, Cirirujia, y Especialidades 5 (1934): 296-298.
Describes a human case in a 67-year-old male. The infestation was located in two small abscesses under the arm.

Tannahill, F. H. "Development of an Adult Suppression System for the Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel)." . Edinburg, Tex: Pan American University, 1978.
44 pp. M.S. thesis.

Tannahill, F. H.; Coppedge, J. R.; and Snow, J. W. "Screwworm (Diptera:Calliphoridae) Myiasis on Curacao: Reinvasion After 20 Years." Journal of Medical Entomology 17, no. 3 (1980): 265-267.

Tate, H. D. "The Screw Worm (Cochliomyia americana C. & P.) Failed to Survive the Winter of 1934-1935 in Iowa." Journal of Economic Entomology 28, no. 5 (1935): 835-837.
Gives the first authenticated record of screwworms in Iowa.

Taylor, H. M. "Screwworm (Cochliomyia americana) Infestation in Man." Annal of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 59 (1950): 531-540.
The principal predisposing factor in human nasal myiasis was a preexisting pathological condition of the nose. The usual symptoms, differential diagnosis complications, prognosis, and treatment were discussed. Eight cases were observed; one death (12%) occurred.

Taylor, H. M. "Screwworm Infestation of Man." Bulletin of Riverside Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida 2 (1938): 33.

Terranova, A. C., and Crystal, M. M. "The Fate of N,N' -tetramethylenebis(1-aziridinecarboxamide) in the Black Blow Fly and the Screw-worm Fly." Journal of Economic Entomology 63, no. 2 (1970): 455-458.

Terry, P. H., and Crystal, M. M. "Chemosterilants Against Screwworm Flies (2)." Journal of Economic Entomology 65, no. 1 (1972): 307-310.
See Oliver and Crystal (1972) for part 1 of this paper.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and Texas A&M Extension Service. "Between Atoms and Computers -- the Screwworm's Days Are Numbered." Texas Agricultural Progress 11, no. 4 (1965): 4-6.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and Texas A&M Extension Service. "Producing Sterile Screwworm Flies." Texas Agricultural Progress 8, no. 5 (1962): 3-6.

Texas Medicine. "Screwworms Strike Ten Humans in 1972." Texas Medicine 68, no. 12 (1972): 21.
Reports 10 human cases of screwworm during the outbreak of 1972. Six were associated with impetigo lesions in the head. A 3-year-old girl in Hermosillo, Mexico, died from a sinus infestation.

Thom, P. J. P. "Fluctuacion de Poblacion de Mosca Tornillo Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) en El Cañon de Rayones, N.L." (1977).
84 pp. M.S. thesis. Instituto Tecnologico y Estudios Superiores de Monterrey. Division de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Martimas. Monterrey, Mexico. Discusses the seasonal occurrence of screwworms in a canyon near Monterrey, Mexico.

Townsend, C. H. T. "Chrysomyini." In Manual of Myiology. Part 2. Muscoid Classification and Habits (1935): 159-163.

Townsend, C. H. T. "Malefactors." In Manual of Myiology. Part 12. General Consideration of the Oestromuscaria. Itaquaquecetuba, Brasil: C. Townsend and Filhos, 1942.

Townsend, C. H. T. "New Generic Name for the Screw-worm Fly." Journal. Washington Academy of Sciences 5 (1915): 646.

Townsend, C. H. T. "On Cochliomyia hominivorax Coquerel (Diptera)." Review of Entomology 6(3-4) (1936): 485-487.
Gives evidence supporting the separation of the screwworm from macellaria in Cushing and Patton (1933).

Travis, B. V.; Knipling, E. F.; and Brody, A. L. "Lateral Migration and Depth of Pupation of the Larvae of the Primary Screwworm Cochliomyia americana (C. & P.)." Journal of Economic Entomology 33, no. 6 (1940): 847-850.
Ninety percent of the larvae from a wound pupated within a radius of 18 inches from where they dropped, and practically all pupated within 1/2 inch of the surface in a vertical position.

Turnbull, F. M., and Franklin, L. B. "Aural Infestation with Screw Worms." Journal of the American Medical Association 120, no. 2 (1942): 117-119.
Reports a human case in the ear of a 60-year-old woman from Bryce Canyon, Utah.

Turnley, W. H. "Screwworm Infestation in Humans." Journal of the Florida Medical Association 40, no. 10 (1954): 733-736.
Discusses the general situation of screwworms in humans with no reference to specific cases.

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U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Facts About Screwworm Eradication." ARS 91-39 (1963).
[Rep.] 11 pp.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Facts About the Screwworm Barrier Program." ARS 91-64-1 (1969).
[Rep.] 15 pp.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Progress in the Fight Against Screwworms." Agricultural Research -- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 26, no. 4 (1978): 13.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Questions and Answers on Keeping Screwworms Out of the United States." ARS [Rep.] 91-61-1.
8 pp.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Screwworm (Callitroga hominivorax)." Cooperative Economic Insect Report 9 (1959): 922.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Screwworm Flies, Take Warning." Agricultural Research -- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 26, no. 7 (1978): 5.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Screwworm Stronghold Attacked. Goal Eradication of Costly Southwestern Livestock Pest." U.S. Department of Agriculture Picture Story 151 (1963).
6 pp.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Screwworms Eradicated from U.S." Agricultural Research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 15, no. 1 (1966): 7.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Screwworms." In A Guide for Accredited Veterinarians ARS [Rep.] 91-66-2 (1970): 18-19.

U.S. Agricultural Research Service. "Status of the Screwworm in the United States." Special Report ARS 22-79 (1962).
13 pp.

U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. "Progress in Screwworm Eradication." APHIS [Ser.] 91-25 (1974): 13 pp.

U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. "Progress in Screwworm Eradication." APHIS [Ser.], (rev.) 91-25 (1976).
6 pp.

U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. "Progress in Screwworm Eradication." APHIS [Ser.], (rev.) 91-25.
12 pp.

U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. "Screwworm." The Service. Washington.
6 pp.

U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. "Summary of Insect Conditions in the United States -- 1972." Cooperative Economic Insect Report 23 (1973): 155-157.

U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. "EQ 335 and Other Wound Treatments for Screw-worm Control." E-813 (1951).
6 pp. A new treatment, EQ 335, containing lindane and pine oil is released to replace Smear 62 and EQ Smear 82 for screwworm control.

U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. "Insects in Relation to National Defense." Screwworm Circular 18 (1941).
15 pp.

U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. "Save Grain by Controlling Livestock Pests." OFFC 4 (1948).
3 pp.

U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. "Screw-worm (Callitroga americana)." Georgia Cooperative Economic Insect Report 2 (1952): 389.
Four human cases are reported from Georgia.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. "Atoms Vs. the Screwworm." U.S. Department of Agriculture Picture Story 108 (1958).
4 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. "Smear 62 Curbs Spread of Screwworm and Livestock Losses." Research Achievement Sheet RAS 15, no. E (1945).
2 pp.

U.S. Science and Education Administration and U.S. Forest Service. "Livestock Pests." In Guidelines for the Control of Insect and Mite Pests of Foods, Fiber, Feeds, Ornamentals, Livestock, Household, Forests, and Forest Products. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 571 (1980): 545, 560, 564, 571-572, 576.

Umbarger, C. J., and Malanify, J. J. "Insect Tagging: Natural Versus Laboratory-grown Screwworm Flies." International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 23 (1972): 381-382.
The authors use X-ray fluorescence techniques to show a large amount of bromine in the natural fly and its complete absence in the laboratory-grown fly. They suggest using the presence or absence of bromine as a biological "tag.".

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Vargas, L. "Myiasis." Clinical Tropical Medicine, R. B. H. Gradwohl; L. B. Soto; and O. Felsenfield.. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co.

Villaseñor, M. A.; Luna, S.; Goodrich, K.; Sanchez, E.; Cedillo, J.; and Ugalde, E. "La Planta." . Mexico City: Comision Mexico Americana para la Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador del Ganado, 1976.
20 pp.

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Wallace, W. R. "Screw Worm Infestation." Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association 32 (1936): 213-215.
Gives an excellent review of screwworms in humans along with complete details of a nasal case in a 72-year-old farmer.

Ward, H. B. "A Nebraska Case of the Screw Worm." Western Medical Review 12 (1907): 483-485.
Report a fatal case from Nebraska. This is the first recorded case in Nebraska.

Waterhouse, D. F.; LaChance, L. E.; and Whitten, M. J. "Use of Autocidal Methods." Theory and Practice of Biological Control, C. Huffaker; P. Debach; and P. S. Messenger. (eds.).. New York: Academic Press, 1976.

Weed, H. E. "The Screw Worm (Compsomayia macellaria)." Mississippi Experiment Station Bulletin 14 (1891): 3-12.
Lists early control methods and reports that the screwworm was first observed in Texas in 1834. Wilbarger (1890), however, references an apparent human case of screwworms as early as 1832.

Whitten, C. J. "Use of the Isozyme Technique to Assess the Quality of Mass-reared Sterile Screwworm Flies." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 73, no. 1 (1980): 7-10.
The use of the isozyme technique to assess the quality of mass-reared screwworm flies released in the screwworm eradication program during 1975 and 1976 was evaluated. Through the use of this technique, differences in the genotypic frequencies of the -GDH allelles of native and mass-reared screwworm flies were found.

Wiedemann, C. R. "Musca." Aussereuropaische Zweiflugelige Insekten 2 (1830): 405-406.

Wilbarger, J. W. "Josiah Wilbarger." In Indian Depredations in Texas, 2d ed. Austin, Tex: Hutchings Printing House, 1890.
An account of early Texas which reference an apparent human case of screwworms. Josiah Wilbarger, a surveyor, was wounded in 1832 by Indians. The book quotes, "Green flies had blown his wounds while he slept, and the maggots were at work, which pained and gave him fresh alarm.".

Williams, D. L.; Gartman, S. C.; and Hourrigan, J. L. "Screwworm Eradication in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands." FAO World Animal Review 21, no. 1 (1977): 31-35.
Discusses the eradication of the screwworm from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

Williston, S. W. "Flies." Standard Natural History 2 ([n.d.]): 429-430.

Williston, S. W. "The Screw-worm Fly, Compsomyia macellaria." Psyche 4 (1883): 112-114.
Gives a brief synopsis of paper by E. L. Arribalzaga.

Wolcott, G. N. "The Insects of Puerto Rico -- Diptera." Journal of Agriculture, University of Puerto Rico 32, no. 3 (1948): 489-490.
The screwworm is reported in Puerto Rico.

Woodruff, B.; Bell, A.; Culnane, J.; Hindmarsh, K.; Lee, B.; Lehane, R.; and Lumbers, J. "The Screw-worm Threat." Rural Research 102 (1979): 4-8.
Although this paper is a popularized account of the old world screwworm situation, it presents an excellent summary of the U.S. program, along with comparisons between the two species.

Wrich, M. J. "A Comparison of Co-Ral, Ronnel, and Ruelene Dusts for Screw-worm Control." Journal of Economic Entomology 54, no. 5 (1961): 941-945.

Wrich, M. J., and Bushland, R. C. "Screw-worm Control With Insecticide Sprays." Journal of Economic Entomology 53, no. 6 (1960): 1058-1061.

Wrich, M. J.; Chamberlain, W. F.; and Smith, C. L. "Toxicity of General Chemical Compounds 3582, 3583, and 4072 to Screw-worms in Laboratory and Field Tests." Journal of Economic Entomology 54, no. 5 (1961): 1049-1050.

Wright, J. E.; Smalley, H. E.; Younger, R. L.; and Crookshank, H. R. "Hormones for the Control of Livestock Arthropods. Effects of 2 Juvenile Hormone Analogues Against the Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), in Vitro and in Infested Bovine Hosts." Journal of Medical Entomology 11, no. 4 (1974): 385-389.
Two juvenile hormone analogues inhibited the emergence of adults when applied topically to full-grown larvae and pupae or incorporated into diet.

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Yount, C. E., and Sudler, M. T. "Human Myiasis from the Screw-worm Fly (Compsomyia macellaria -- Fabricus)." Journal of the American Medical Association 49, no. 23 (1907): 1912-1916.
An excellent paper that gives early accounts of human myiasis in Arizona. Twenty-three cases are reported, 18 showing nasal myiasis. Four cases were fatal, two directly from screwworms, and two related to screwworms. The mortality for all cases was 15%. Reinfestation of several patients within the hospital is reported and reflect medical facilities of the time.