• Chapter 1: Introduction
  • The New World Screwworm
    • Slide of infested cow by Animal and Plant Health Inspection...
    • Slide of treating ear of infested pig by Animal and...
    • Slide of infested lamb by Animal and Plant Health Inspection...
    • Slide of infested back wound on horse by Animal and...
  • The Story of Screwworm Eradication
  • The Impact of Screwworm Eradication
  • The Life Cycle of the Screwworm
    • Slide of fly laying eggs in animal wound by Animal...
  • The Larval Stage
    • Slide of infested wound with larvae by Animal and Plant...
    • Slide of larvae living in wound by Animal and Plant...
  • The Pupal Stage
    • Slide of pupae burrowing into ground by Animal and Plant...
  • Adult Flies
    • Slide of adult screwworm fly by Animal and Plant Health...
    • Film "The Screwworm," Excerpt 1, by United States Department of...
  • Theory and Research Leads to Eradication Techniques
  • The Discovery of Cochliomyia hominivorax, Mass Rearing, and the Sterile Insect Technique
    • Photograph of Dr. Emory Cushing, portrait by Agricultural Research Service,...
    • Photograph of Dr. Edward F. Knipling (seated) and Dr. Raymond...
  • Dealing With Screwworms on Ranches and Farms
  • Nearing a Solution
  • Sterilization by Radiation
    • Photograph "Loading an Irradiation Chamber with Screw-Worm Pupae" by Entomology...
  • Field Testing the Sterile Insect Technique: Sanibel Island
    • Photograph of researchers inspecting airplane chute for fly release by...
  • The Curaçao Experiment: Eradication
    • Letter copy from B. A. Bitter to Bureau of Entomology...
  • Eradication in the Southeastern United States
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling with colleagues inspecting ground meat...
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling with colleagues inspecting larvae trays...
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling with colleagues inspecting pupae on...
  • Eradication in Florida and the Southeast
  • Eradication Efforts in the Southwest: Rancher Support a Key
    • Brochure. 1966 July. "With Sterility Technique Screwworms Eradicated from U....
  • Obstacles to Continued Eradication
    • Brochure by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
  • Eradication Efforts Move to Mexico
    • Map. [1984]. "Avances en la Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador del...
  • Success Against the Screwworm in Central America
    
    
• Chapter 2: Basic research & theory, 1930s
  • Public Education
    • Film "Screw Worms— How to Fight Them" by United States...
  • Was the Blowfly the Real Livestock Killer?
    • Report by Entomology Research Branch, Insects Affecting Man and Animals...
  • Migration of the Screwworm Plague
    • Letter copy from D. C. Parman to Bishopp. 1934 October...
  • Civilian Conservation Corps Joins the Fight
    • Photograph "Cutting Out and Roping". Photograph Collection, Special Collections, National...
  • Screwworm Fly Identified as Separate Species
    • Article by E. W. Laake, Emory C. Cushing and H....
  • New Information for Ranchers and Farmers
    • Film "Screw Worms" by United States Department of Agriculture. [ca....
  • Discovery Ignites USDA Research on Screwworms
    • Report copy to E. W. Laake. 1936 May 21. "Statement...
  • Better Wound Treatments Sought for Livestock
    • Report copy by Edward F. Knipling and Bureau of Entomology...
  • Preventing Infestation
    
    
• Chapter 3: World War II provided a sterilization method, 1940-1950
  • World War II Slows Screwworm Research
    • Report by Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States...
  • Screwworm Research Continues During World War II
    • Survey with map. 1944. "Screw-worm Survey - 1944." Southeastern Eradication...
  • Screwworms Spread to the Northern Plains
    • Memorandum from Raymond C. Bushland to E. W. Laake. 1949...
  • Smear 62
    • Report by Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States...
  • A Method to Sterilize Masses of Screwworms
    • Photograph "Edward F. Knipling, In Charge, Orlando, Fla., Field Station,...
    • Letter draft from Edward F. Knipling to Emory Cushing. 1946...
  • Sterilization of Screwworms by Radiation?
    • Letter copy from Edward F. Knipling to H. J. Muller....
    • Letter from H. J. Muller to Edward F. Knipling. 1950...
  • Bushland Shows Radiation Works
    
    
• Chapter 4: Sanibel Island: Early Florida experiments, 1951-1953
  • Sanibel, Florida: The First Test Site
    • Photograph of raccoon by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department...
  • Goats Used to Track Screwworm Population
    • Photograph of map. 1953 January 29. "Sanibel Screw-worm Release Area...
    • Photograph of scientist inspecting fly trap. Edward F. Knipling Papers,...
  • Sterile Flies Released
    • Memorandum from Alfred H. Baumhover to Raymond C. Bushland. 1951...
  • Fly-Rearing Facility Erected in Orlando, Florida
    • Photograph of researchers inspecting airplane chute for fly release by...
  • The Screwworm Research Team on Sanibel
    • Photograph of group of Sanibel scientists in front of living...
    • Photograph of Sanibel researchers eating dinner together by Agricultural Research...
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling and researchers seated at table...
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling and his staff at dining...
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling conferring with research team on...
  • Sanibel: An Impetus for Further Screwworm Research
    • Memorandum copy from Alfred H. Baumhover to Gaines W. Eddy....
    • Report by Alfred H. Baumhover, A. J. Graham, D. E....
    
    
• Chapter 5: Curaçao: First complete eradication, 1953-1955
  • Curaçao Infestation
    • Letter copy from B. A. Bitter to Bureau of Entomology...
  • Curaçao as a Test Site
    • Letter copy from Edward F. Knipling to B. A. Bitter....
  • Curaçao: An Ideal Test Site
    • Letter copy from B. A. Bitter to Edward F. Knipling....
  • Work Begins in Curaçao
    • Telegram from A. A. M. Struykyen to A. H. Moseman....
  • Orlando, Florida, and Curaçao Scientists Coordinate Efforts
    • Memorandum from Alfred H. Baumhover to Raymond C. Bushland. 1954...
  • Flies Released in Curaçao
    • Letter from A. J. Graham to Raymond C. Bushland. 1954...
    • Photograph "Dr. William H. Cross (left), Entomologist in Charge of...
    • Photograph "Cobalt 60 Source Employed in Irradiating Pupae of the...
    • Photograph "Flies From Irradiated Pupae Were Permitted to Emerge in...
    • Photograph of sterile flies packaged in paper bags for aerial...
  • Screwworms Eradicated in Curaçao
    • Telegram from Alfred H. Baumhover to Raymond C. Bushland. 1955...
    • Memorandum from Alfred H. Baumhover to Raymond C. Bushland. 1955...
    
    
• Chapter 6: Eradication in Florida, 1956-1959
  • Success in Curaçao Attracts Attention
    • Photograph "Purebred Brahma Cattle on a Pangola Grass Pasture". Photograph...
    • Memorandum from Alfred W. Lindquist to Raymond C. Bushland. 1955...
  • Florida's Campaign to Fund Eradication
    • Letter copy from J. O. Pearce, Jr to Edward F....
    • Report with map by W. G. Bruce and T. W....
  • Matching Funds for Florida Program
    • Testimony with tables by Edward F. Knipling. 1956 June 5....
  • Florida Eradication Key to the Southeast
    • Press release. 1957 October 9. "Preparation Started for Eradication of...
    • Photograph "View of Herd of Cattle on Roosevelt Farm [Georgia]"....
  • Mainland Florida Used as a Program Test Site
    • Report copy. [1957]. "1957 Fiscal Year: Expenditures on the Florida...
  • New Fly-Rearing Facility at Bithlo, Florida
    • Memorandum from C. L. Smith to Raymond C. Bushland. 1956...
    • Floor plans of Bithlo. [1955]. Southeastern Eradication Records, Screwworm Eradication...
  • Constant Efforts to Improve Fly Rearing
    • Memorandum copy from C. L. Smith to Alfred W. Lindquist....
    • Report by Raymond C. Bushland. 1958 July 22. "Screw-Worm Research...
  • Raymond C. Bushland Urges "Spent" Screwworm Media Be Used as Hog Feed
    • Letter copy from R. D. Radeleff to Raymond C. Bushland....
  • The Southeast Eradication Project
    • Speech (transcript). 1958 July 24. "Science Pays Off." Thermofax. Southeastern...
  • Sebring Plant Produces 50 Million Flies Per Week
    • Photograph "Exterior View of Fly-Rearing Plant After Completion of Construction"...
    • Photograph "Removing Eggs from Oviposition Vat" by O. G. Babcock....
    • Photograph "Larvae Discharge Hopper on Separator Conveyor" by O. G....
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling with colleagues inspecting ground meat...
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling with colleagues inspecting larvae trays...
    • Photograph of Edward F. Knipling with colleagues inspecting pupae on...
    • Photograph "Interior of Cobalt Building" by O. G. Babcock. ca....
    • Photograph "Whiz-Packer for Filling Boxes" by O. G. Babcock. ca....
    • Photograph "Loading Fly Cartons in Automatic Fly Dispenser Unit in...
    • Photograph of plane releasing boxes by Agricultural Research Service, United...
  • Combined Efforts Essential to Eradication in Florida
    • Photograph "C. C. Skipper, Entomologist in Charge of Fly Trapping...
    • Bulletin by Florida Livestock Board Information Office. 1958 November. "Screwworm...
  • Southeast Free of Screwworms
    • Report. 1959 August 20. "Screwworm Infestations Found in Mississippi and...
    
    
• Chapter 7: Overwintering screwworms eliminated from Southwest, 1958-1969
  • Southwestern Ranchers Press for Action
    • Letter from Edward F. Knipling to Charles A. Stewart. 1958...
  • Survey of Screwworm Flies in Mexico and the United States
    • Press release by United States Department of Agriculture. 1959 April...
  • Southwest Animal Health Research Foundation Joins the Fight
    • Brochure by Southwest Animal Health Research Foundation (SWAHRF). 1963. "The...
  • Rancher Participation Needed
    • Report by William B. Rogers. 1962 August 6. "Southwest Screwworm...
    • Film "Look Out for Screwworms" by United States Department of...
  • Mission, Texas: Construction of a New Fly-Rearing Facility
    • Photograph of Mission, Texas plant. 1962 September-October. "These converted aircraft...
    • Pamphlet by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
  • The United States and Mexico Agree to Fight the Screwworm Together
    • Report by Del Deterling, V. G. Young, and Weldon Newton....
  • The United States Officially Declared Free of Screwworms
    • Brochure. 1966 July. "With Sterility Technique Screwworms Eradicated from U....
  • The Barrier Zone Between the United States and Mexico
    • Pamphlet with map by Animal Health Division, Agricultural Research, United...
  • Nearer the Goal
    • Report by V. G. Young, John Thomas, and Mary K....
    
    
• Chapter 8: Setbacks in the 1970s: Reinfestation from Mexico, 1970-1975
  • Keeping the United States Free from Screwworms Proves Impossible
    • Photograph of cattle in Feed Lots. Photograph Collection, Special Collections,...
  • 1972: Worst U.S. Outbreak
    • Map copy by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of...
  • Warm Weather, Screwworm Migration from Mexico Cause of Outbreak
    • Conference minutes. 1972 December 6. "Summary of Technical Conference Proceedings."...
  • Public Education Increased
    • Brochure by Weldon H. Newton. 1972 December. "The New Screwworm...
    • Film "Fight Against Screwworm" by United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Brochure by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
  • Joint Mexico-United States Screwworm Eradication Commission Established
    • International agreement. 1972 August 28. "Screwworm Eradication Program: Agreement Between...
    • Chart and map by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,...
  • Remote Sensing
    • Memorandum copy with map and charts by L. E. Giddings....
    • Letter copy from E. E. Saulman to Clifford E. Charlesworth....
  • Mexico-United States Commission in Peril of Losing Funding
    • Report with letter copy from W. G. Eden and Charles...
  • Mating Incompatibility Between Lab and Wild Flies?
    • Memorandum copy from Victor C. Beal, Jr to F. W....
  • New Fly-Rearing Facility in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico
    • Film "The Screwworm," Excerpt 2, by United States Department of...
    • Map copy by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of...
    • Report. [ca. 1976]. "Sterile Flies Released [1962-1975]." O.H. Graham Collection,...
  • Eradication in Puerto Rico
    • Memorandum copy from Alfred H. Baumhover to A. W. Cooper....
  • Curaçao Reinfested and Re-Eradicated
    • Memorandum copy from J. Wendell Snow to E. A. Taylor....
    
    
• Chapter 9: Eradication in southern Mexico, 1976-1980
  • Mission '77: "Stamp Out Screwworms"
    • News release copy with map by John G. Thomas. 1978...
  • Public Education Contributes to Mission '77's Success
    • Bumper sticker by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United...
    • Brochure by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
    • Brochure by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
    • Pin by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Sticker. "Only You Can Stop Screwworms." Screwworm Eradication Records, Screwworm...
    • Brochure by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
  • Public Relations Campaign in Mexico
    • Folder. [n.d.]. "Comision Mexico-Americana Para la Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
  • Heightened Spirit of Cooperation Between the United States and Mexico
    • Report copy. [1977]. "Memorandum of Understanding between Comision Mexico-Americana Para...
  • Fly Release in 1977
    • Map. 1977 July. Screwworm Eradication Records, Screwworm Eradication Collection, Special...
  • Swormlure Fly Attractant and Screwworm Adult Suppression System (SWASS)
    • Film "Swormlure" by United States Department of Agriculture. [ca. 1978]....
    • Report by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
  • Research and Development: Building on Past Success
    • Report by Raymond C. Bushland, Edward F. Knipling, and D.A....
  • Overall U.S. Progress
    • Map. 1962. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1962." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1964. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1964." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1967. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1967." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1970. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1970." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1972. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1972." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1974. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1974." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1976. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1976." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1977. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1977." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1979. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1979." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    
    
• Chapter 10: Eradication achieved in Mexico, 1980s
  • Northern Mexico Declared Free of Self-Sustaining Screwworms
    • Report copy. [ca. 1981]. "Sterile Flies Released in United States...
    • Conference minutes. 1980 October 22. "Joint Technical Conference." Conference held...
  • United States Continues to Monitor Livestock
    • Case report copy by Donald R. Mitchell. 1980 April 28....
  • Mission Plant Closes, Tuxtla Plant at Full Production
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
  • Reproductive Isolation
    • Memorandum copy with letter draft by Leo E. LaChance. 1982...
    • Report by James Kitzmiller, Therese Markow, and Bruce Wallace. 1982...
  • United States Declares Its Last Positive Case of Screwworm Infestation
    • Report copy. [1983]. "Positive Screwworm Cases: U.S. and Mexico, 1962-1983."...
  • Mexico-United States Commission Efforts for More Rancher Awareness
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Pamphlet by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Tee shirt by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of...
  • Screwworms Eradicated North and West of the 93rd Meridian in Mexico
    • Report by Teofilo Ozuna, Jr., Ernest E. Davis, Lonnie L....
    
    
• Chapter 11: Expansion into Central America, 1980s-1990s
  • Extending Eradication
    • Report. 1987 October. "Mexico-United States Commission for Screwworm Eradication." O.H....
  • Beyond Mexico
    • Memorandum from William H. Fuhrman to Merle Kuns. 1989 October...
  • New Goal: As Far as the Panama Canal
    • Report with charts by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,...
  • Technical Challenges of Expansion Met
    • Meeting minutes. 1991 May 15. "Minutes, Annual Research and Methods...
  • Eradication Continues in Central America
    • Tote by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
    • News release by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United...
  • Permanent Barrier at the Darien Gap
    • News release by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United...
    • Web page by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United...
    
    
• Chapter 12: International Cooperation
  • Eradication of New World Screwworm
    • Pamphlet by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • International agreement. 1972 August 28. "Screwworm Eradication Program: Agreement Between...
    • Slide of aerial photograph of Tuxtla Gutierrez by Animal and...
  • Broadened Scope of Eradication
    • Memorandum copy from O. H. Graham to James R. Coppedge....
    • Conference minutes. 1989 August 24. "54th Annual Commissioners' Meeting." Screwworm...
    • Report with charts by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,...
    • Report by J. Wendell Snow, H. C. Hofmann, and A....
  • Cooperation in North Africa
    • Report to FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food...
    • Report by Screwworm Emergency Centre for North Africa. 1990 June-July....
  • Benefits Beyond Screwworm Control
    • Brochure by . 1992. "The World Food Prize." Edward F....
    • Brochure by . 1995. "Japan Prize Presentation Ceremony." Edward F....
    
    
• Chapter 13: Rancher Participation
  • Livestock Producers Provide Essential Information
    • Letter with map from H. C. Severin to E. W....
    • Case report copy by Donald R. Mitchell. 1980 April 28....
    • Map. 1962. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1962." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1964. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1964." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1967. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1967." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1970. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1970." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1972. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1972." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1974. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1974." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1976. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1976." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1977. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1977." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
    • Map. 1979. "Confirmed Screwworm Cases: 1979." O.H. Graham Collection, Screwworm...
  • Florida Cattlemen Vigorously Support Eradication
    • Speech (transcript). 1958 July 24. "Science Pays Off." Thermofax. Southeastern...
  • SWAHRF Raises Millions
    • Brochure by Southwest Animal Health Research Foundation (SWAHRF). 1963. "The...
    • Report by William B. Rogers. 1962 August 6. "Southwest Screwworm...
  • Participation in Mexico and Central America
    • Film "The Screwworm," Excerpt 3, by United States Department of...
    
    
• Chapter 14: Public Information
  • Knowledgeable Public Advances Agriculture
    • Report by Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States...
    • News release by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United...
  • Regionwide Information Efforts
    • Proposal copy by Darel McConkey. 1957 September. "Information Program for...
  • Articles, Bulletins, and Reports
    • Bulletin by Florida Livestock Board Information Office. 1958 November. "Screwworm...
    • Pamphlet by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Pamphlet by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Pamphlet with map by Animal Health Division, Agricultural Research, United...
    • Brochure by Weldon H. Newton. 1972 December. "The New Screwworm...
    • Brochure by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
  • Mission '77
    • Brochure by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
    • Pin by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Bumper sticker by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United...
    • News release copy with map by John G. Thomas. 1978...
  • Mexico-U.S. Commission
    • Folder. [n.d.]. "Comision Mexico-Americana Para la Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Bulletin by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Brochure by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Pamphlet by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Pamphlet by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Pamphlet by Comision Mexico/Americana Para La Erradicacion del Gusano Barrenador...
    • Tee shirt by Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of...
    • Tote by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States...
    • Photograph by Paul T. Stanford. "Sign Outside Tuxtla Gutierrez Fly...
  • Movies, Television, and Radio
    • Film "Screw Worms— How to Fight Them" by United States...
    • Film "Screw Worms" by United States Department of Agriculture. [ca....
    • Proposal copy (transcript) by Darel McConkey. 1957 November 25. "Screwworm...
    • Film "Look Out for Screwworms" by United States Department of...
    • Film "Fight Against Screwworm" by United States Department of Agriculture....
    • Film "Swormlure" by United States Department of Agriculture. [ca. 1978]....
    • Film "The Screwworm," Excerpt 1, by United States Department of...
    • Film "The Screwworm," Excerpt 2, by United States Department of...
    • Film "The Screwworm," Excerpt 3, by United States Department of...
  • Web Sites Help Combat Screwworms
    • Web page by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United...
    
    
• Bibliographies of Screwworm Publications
  • Screwworm Publications, 1830-1981
  • Screwworm Publications, 1981-1999
  • Writings of Edward F. Knipling, 1934-1999
  
  
  
• Comments by Dr. Edward F. Knipling, January 2000
  • From Oral History Interview

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