28 citations from the Agricola Database
1984 - June 1998

Mary Stevanus
Water Quality Information Center

This electronic bibliography is intended primarily to provide awareness of recent investigations and discussions of a topic and is not intended to be in-depth and exhaustive. The inclusion or omission of a particular publication or citation should not be construed as endorsement or disapproval. Citations are arranged alphabetically by title and abstracts are included where available. All citations are in English unless otherwise noted.

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1. Analytical modelling of pesticide transport from the soil surface to a drinking water well.
   Beltman, W. H. J., Boesten, J. J. T. I., and Zee, S. E. A. T. M. van der.
   J hydrol 169: 1/4 pp. 209-228. (July 1995).
   NAL Call #: 292.8-J82
   Descriptors: pesticides- leaching- water-flow drinking-water wells- water-quality groundwater-pollution mathematical-models
   Abstract: Pesticide transport through the unsaturated zone was modelled with an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation assuming steady water flow, a linear sorption isotherm and first-order transtormation kinetics. Pesticide behaviour in the saturated zone was described with an analytical solution of the mass balance equation for a cylindrical flow system assuming steady flow, no dispersion, linear sorption and first-order transformation. This simplified model for the unsatu rated-saturated soil system was developed to identify the processes and parameters with the greatest impact on the fraction of applied pesticide reaching a drinking water well. Leaching from the unsaturated zone was highly sensitive to the parameters desc ribing travel time and transformation rate. Leaching increased when heterogeneity of the soil was taken into account. Pesticide arrival in the well was only moderately sensitive to the characteristic travel time and transformation rate in the aquifer.

2. Application of the LP-DP approach to Andong and Imha parallel reservoirs, Korea.
   Lee, S. and Marino, M. A.
   Water resour manag 9: 4 pp. 315-333. (Dec 1995).
   NAL Call #: TC401.W27
   Descriptors: water-reservoirs optimization- linear-programming dynamic-programming water-resources water-availability irrigation-water drinking-water hydroelectric-schemes electric-power power-stations korea-republic multioptimization- multipurpos e-reservoirs
   Abstract: This paper presents an application of a previously developed linear programming-dynamic programming (LP-DP) methodology to the operation of Andong and Imha parallel reservoirs in South Korea. The model allows for multioptimization of power generation and municipal, industrial, and irrigation water use. It is shown that the annual average energy and the annual average water supply generated from the joint operation of the two parallel reservoirs by the LD-DP approach is 15.2 and 1.7% more than the contracted power production and water supply respectively.

3. Computer modeling applications in environmental assessments: predicting movement of pesticides into drinking water.
   Gustafson, D. I.
   Rev-pestic-toxicol. Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina State University, c1991-. 1993. v. 2 p. 57-99.
   NAL Call #: RA1270.P4R48
   Descriptors: pesticides- drinking-water groundwater- surface-water movement- persistence- prediction- environmental-factors simulation-models
   

4. A conceptural framework for an integrated operational information and decision-supported system for Thames Water Utilities.
   Jamieson, D. G.
   NATO-ASI-Ser-Ser-G-Ecol-Sci. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag. 1991. v. 26 p. 283-293.
   NAL Call #: DNAL QH540.N3
   Descriptors: water-resources water-management rivers- decision-making drinking-water sewage-effluent waste-water-treatment simulation-models computer-simulation computer-software south-east-england
   

5. Deep nitrate movements in the unsaturated zone of a simulated urban lawn.
   Exner, M. E., Burbach, M. E., Watts, D. G., Shearman, R. C., and Spalding, R. F.
   J Environ Qual 20: 3 pp. 658-662. (July/Sept 1991).
   NAL Call #: QH540.J6
   Descriptors: groundwater-pollution ammonium-nitrate application-rates leaching- lawns-and-turf poa-pratensis festuca-rubra irrigation- downward-movement wells- drinking-water nebraska- sidney,-nebraska
   Abstract: The increasing incidence of NO3, contamination in municipal wells is a growing concern in the Midwest. While leachates from N fertilizers applied to agricultural lands can impact the water quality in municipal wells, there is also th e potential for leachates from turfgrass fertilizers to be groundwater contaminants. In this study, five plots were treated with ammonium nitrate (34-0-0,N-P-K) at rates of 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.4 kg N/100 m2 and irrigated. The turf received approximate ly 640 mm of water during the 34-d study. Analysis of soil water from 15, 6-m continuous cores showed that as much as 95% of the NO3 applied in late August leached below the turfgrass root zone. Average NO3 Concentrations in the pulse ranged from 34 to 70 mg/L NO3-N. Thirty-four days after fertilization the center of the pulse was at approximately 1.2 m with the leading edge at 2 to 2.5 m. This vertical rate of movement is similar to that predicted by the one-dimensional CNLS model. The relatively high un iform NO3 concentrations in the unfertilized plot indicated that with excessive irrigation the water alone supplies NO3 in excess of the turfgrass need.

6. Development of a data base of community water-supply wells in New Jersey and a method of evaluate their sensitivity to contamination.
   Storck, Donald A., Isaacs, Kalman N., Vowinkel, Eric F., and New Jersey. Dept. of Environmental Protection. Geological Survey (U.S.).
   West Trenton, N.J. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO : Branch of Information Services [distributor], 1997. vi, 53 p.
   NAL Call #: GB701.W375--no.96-4132
   Descriptors: New-Jersey-Bureau-of-Safe-Drinking-Water-Databases Water-quality-management-New-Jersey-Databases Water-supply-New-Jersey-Measurement Groundwater-New-Jersey-Quality-Mathematical-models

7. Effects of climatic variations over 11 years on nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the Raccoon River, Iowa.
   Lucey, K. J. and Goolsby, D. A.
   J Environ Qual. 22: 1 pp. 38-46. (Jan/Mar 1993).
   NAL Call #: QH540.J6
   Descriptors: nitrate-nitrogen drinking-water seasonal-variation precipitation- stream-flow water-quality water-pollution nitrogen-fertilizers mathematical-models iowa-
   Abstract: Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations at public water-supply intakes on the Des Moines and Raccoon Rivers in Iowa exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg L-1 for public water supplies established by the USEPA for exte nded periods of time from March through early August 1990. The excessive NO3-N levels followed 2 yr of less than normal precipitation in 1988 and 1989. A multiple linear-regression model was developed to predict NO3-N concentrations in the Raccoon River from readily-obtainable streamflow and climatic data. The four-variable model explained about 70% of the variability in the concentration of NO3-N. The mean streamflow for the previous 7-d period accounted for about 50% of the total variability.

8. Exposure to tetrachloroethylene via contaminated drinking water pipes in Massachusetts: a predictive model.
   Webler, T. and Brown, H. S.
   Arch environ health 48: 5 pp. 293-297. (Sept/Oct 1993).
   NAL Call #: RC963.A1A7
   Descriptors: drinking-water plastic-pipes contaminants- chlorinated-hydrocarbons exposure- prediction- mathematical-models massachusetts-
   

9. Formation, evolution and modeling of thrihalomethanes in the drinking water of a town. I. At the municipal treatment utilities.
   Garcia Villanova, R. J., Garcia, C., Alfonso Gomez, J., Paz Garcia, M., and Ardanuy, R.
   Water res 31: 6 pp. 1299-1308. (June 1997).
   NAL Call #: TD420.W3
   Descriptors: drinking-water disinfection- chlorine- halogenated-hydrocarbons humic-acids organic-matter ph- temperature- correlation- mathematical-models spain- chlorination-byproducts salamanca,-spain
   

10. Formation, evolution and modeling of trihalomethanes in the drinking water of a town. II. In the distribution system.
    Garcia Villanova, R. J., Garcia, C., Alfonso Gomez, J., Paz Garcia, M., and Ardanuy, R.
    Water res 31: 6 pp. 1405-1413. (June 1997).
    NAL Call #: TD420.W3
    Descriptors: drinking-water water-supply water-reservoirs disinfection- halogenated-hydrocarbons chlorine- organic-matter ph- temperature- correlation- mathematical-models spain- chorination-byproducts salamanca,-spain
    

11. Formation of POX and NPOX with chlorination of fulvic acid in water: empirical models.
    Zou, H. X., Yang, S., Xu, X., and Su, O. Y.
    Water res 31: 6 pp. 1536-1541. (June 1997).
    NAL Call #: TD420.W3
    Descriptors: drinking-water water-purification disinfection- chlorine- fulvic-acids ph- temperature- ammonium-nitrogen regression-analysis mathematical-models prediction- purgeable-organic-halide nonpurgeable-organic-halide total-organic-halide
    

12. A hydrology-vegetation interaction model for predicting the occurrence of plant species in dune slacks.
    Noest, V.
    J environ manage 40: 2 pp. 119-128. (Feb 1994).
    NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6
    Descriptors: dunes- vegetation- botanical-composition ecosystems- coastal-areas environmental-factors prediction- probability- regression-analysis mosses- climatic-factors liverworts- drinking-water groundwater- urban-areas mathematical-models net herlands- vascular-plants
    

13. Impact of excreted nitrogen by grazing cattle on nitrate leaching.
    Hack ten Broeke, M. J. D., Groot, W. J. M. de., and Dijkstra, J. P.
    Soil use manage 12: 4 pp. 190-198. (Dec 1996).
    NAL Call #: S590.S68
    Descriptors: cattle- grazing- excreta- nitrogen- losses-from-soil nitrate- leaching- risk- nitrate-nitrogen nitrogen-content spatial-distribution soil-water simulation-models grassland-soils sandy-soils soil-water-content soil-variability unsatura ted-flow water-pollution drinking-water health-hazards netherlands-
    Abstract: At De Marke experimental farm, data on water and nitrogen flows in the unsaturated zone were gathered on two grazed pastures on sandy soils during the years 1991 to 1994. These provided a basis for calibration and validation of simul ation models. The different levels of nitrate-N concentrations of the two plots could largely be explained by differences in crop uptake and simulated denitrification as influenced by different groundwater levels. The irregular distribution of excreta was taken into account by a simulation study quantifying the variability of nitrate-N concentrations under a grazed field. The resulting distribution of simulated nitrate-N concentrations explained the average and peak values of the measured concentrations. Temporal variability of weather was used to assess the nitrate leaching risk under urine patches deposited in either July or September. At site A the probability of exceeding the EC-directive by drinking water (11.3 mg/l nitrate-N) under a urination depos ited in either July or September was respectively 10 and 25%. The average field concentration at this site will hardly ever be a high risk for the environment under the current farm management. At site B the EC-directive will be exceeded under any urine p atch in almost 100% of the years, affecting the field average concentration. In field B careful grazing management would result in less nitrate leaching, but the environmental goals would not be reached.

14. A mathematical systems model of nitrate contamination.
    Duckstein, L., Head, K. L., and Bogardi, I.
    NATO-ASI-Ser-Ser-G-Ecol-Sci. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag. 1991. v. 30 p. 455-476.
    NAL Call #: DNAL QH540.N3
    Descriptors: nitrate- nitrate-fertilizers groundwater-pollution drinking-water contamination- carcinoma- risk- mathematical-models epidemiology- simulation-models
    

15. Modeling pH and ionic strength effects on proton and calcium complexation of fulvic acid: a tool for drinking water-NOM studies.
    Bose, P. and Reckhow, D. A.
    Environ sci technol 31: 3 pp. 765-770. (Mar 1997).
    NAL Call #: TD420.A1E5
    Descriptors: drinking-water organic-matter ph- fulvic-acids mathematical-models natural-organic-matter.

16. A multiple logistic model for predicting the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in water.
    Skjerve, E. and Brennhovd, O.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 73: 1 pp. 94-98. (July 1992).
    NAL Call #: 448.39-SO12
    Descriptors: drinking-water campylobacter-jejuni campylobacter-coli fecal-coliforms streptococcus- clostridium- prediction- mathematical-models norway- fecal-streptococci sulfite-reducing-clostridia
    Abstract: A multiple logistic regression model was established to predict the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni/coli, related to index bacteria such as faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, and sulphite-reducing clostridia, in a water source in southern Norway. The fitted model indicated that faecal coliforms were strong predictors for C. jejuni/coli, although the water temperature also had a strong influence on results. Sulphite-reducing clostridia, faecal streptococci, and season of the ye ar had no significant influence on the results, in spite of their apparent predictor value as separate variables. The model employed offers a new approach to the relationship between index bacteria and the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in water. Simil ar models can also be established in general food microbiology.

17. Occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid in Swiss waters.
    Muller, S. R., Zweifel, H. R., Kinnison, D. J., Jacobsen, J. A., Meier, M. A., Ulrich, M. M., and Schwarzenbach, R. P.
    Environ toxicol chem 15: 9 pp. 1470-1478. (Sept 1996).
    NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58
    Descriptors: tca- contaminants- concentration- spatial-variation temporal-variation surface-water groundwater- drinking-water waste-water rain- lakes- water-quality water-pollution switzerland-
    Abstract: The occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has been investigated in surface waters, ground waters, drinking waters, wastewaters, and rainwater in Switzerland. The concentrations found in surface waters varied bet ween less than 27 ng/L (limit of quantification) and 340 ng/L, whereas the concentrations in ground water were always below 27 ng/L. It was found that the main sources of TCA in surface waters were the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (average con centration, 430 ng/L; range, 40-1060 ng/L). The average TCA concentration in rainwater was 300 ng/L range, (< 27-900 ng/L). A dynamic mathematical model revealed that TCA is not significantly degraded in a lake (half-life > 230 d). A detailed mass b alance in the catchment area of a small lake (Greifensee) and a very rough mass balance over Switzerland indicate that rain is the major source of TCA in Switzerland (> 90%), but they also show that about 60 to 80% of the TCA deposited by rain is elimi nated, most probably in the soil.

18. On the performance of computational methods for the assessment of risk from ground-water contamination.
    Hamed, M. M. and Bedient, P. B.
    Ground-water. Westerville, Ohio : Ground Water Pub. Co. July/Aug 1997. v. 35 (4) p. 638-646.
    NAL Call #: TD403.G7
    Descriptors: groundwater-pollution polluted-water groundwater- risk- risk-assessment neoplasms- man- benzene- tetrachloroethylene- probability-analysis drinking-water contamination- probability- california- reliability-methods
    Abstract: The effect of parameter uncertainty and overly conservative measures on risk assessment has been addressed in numerous researches. Most of the work conducted to date is based on the use of the classic Monte Carlo simulation method (M CS) as a probabilistic modeling tool. Although the MCS is robust and asymptotically convergent, it lacks computational efficiency when the simulated probability is small. Furthermore, the sensitivity information can only be obtained with additional comput ational effort. First- and second-order reliability methods (FORM and SORM) have been developed in the structural analysis field and have been recently applied to ground-water contaminant transport and remediation problems. In this work, we extend the app lication of the reliability methods to the probabilistic assessment of cancer risk due to ground-water contamination. Results of the reliability methods compared well with a published case study of PCE contamination of a ground-water supply in California. The target risk level is extended over a larger range, and the sensitivity of the probability of failure to the relevant random variables is analyzed. The application of the methods to another case study, cancer risk due to the ingestion of benzene conta minated water, further illustrates a systematic way of directly accounting for the intrinsic uncertainty of the transport and fate model parameters involved in the risk assessment procedure. The probability of exceeding the target risk level in this case was found to be most sensitive to the uncertainty in the parameters describing the ground-water transport process.

19. Physiographic and land use characteristics associated with nitrate-nitrogen in Montana groundwater.
    Bauder, J. W., Sinclair, K. N., and Lund, R. E.
    J environ qual 22: 2 pp. 255-262. (Apr/June 1993).
    NAL Call #: QH540.J6
    Descriptors: drinking-water wells- water-quality nitrate-nitrogen geographical-distribution dry-farming rotations- site-factors climatic-factors groundwater-pollution montana-
    Abstract: Occurrence of NO3(-)-N in drinking water at concentrations > 10 mg L-1 is being reported in the literature with increasing frequency. Some occurrences of high NO3(-)-N concentrations have been attributed to irrigation and fertiliz ation practices. A private well water testing program in Montana, involving nearly 3400 well owners, found NO3-(-)N concentrations > 10 mg L-1 in nearly 6% of all tested wells. Most of the agricultural land in Montana is nonirrigated and is not subject to high rates of N fertilization. Dryland crop/fallow cereal grain rotations are the main practices. Well water test results were combined with MAPS, a geographic information system (GIS), to identify correlations between county average NO3(-)-N concentr ation in groundwater, well water sample probability of exceeding 10 mg L-1 NO3(-)-N, geographic, climatic, and geologic conditions, and land-use practices. From a list of 67 independent variables, county average well water NO3(-)-N concentration and perce ntage of tested wells in each county with NO3(-)-N concentration > 10 mg L-1 were correlated (P < 0.10) with 16 independent variables, most of which were associated with precipitation, soil properties, and land-use practices.

20. Potential contribution of ploughed grassland to nitrate leaching.
    Whitmore, A. P., Bradbury, N. J., and Johnson, P. A.
    Agric Ecosyst Environ 39: 3/4 pp. 221-233. (Apr 1992).
    NAL Call #: S601.A34
    Descriptors: leaching- nitrate-nitrogen nitrogen- plowing- grassland-soils soil-organic-matter losses-from-soil-systems runoff-water drinking-water mathematical-models england- wales-
    

21. Regulating environmental health risks under uncertainty: groundwater contamination in California.
    Lichtenberg, E., Zilberman, D., and Bogen, K. T.
    J Environ Econ Manage 17: 1 pp. 22-34. (July 1989).
    NAL Call #: HC79.P55J6
    Descriptors: dbcp- groundwater-pollution drinking-water health-hazards risk- uncertainty- regulations- decision-making probabilistic-models costs- marginal-analysis environmental-policy california- fresno-county,-california
    Abstract: Our method for incorporating uncertainty into environmental health risk policy determination corresponds closely to the legal and political strictures governing these policies. An application to a case of groundwater contamination de monstrates that (1) the desirability of developing new water supplies versus cleaning up existing ones varies across locations; (2) the stringency of any given policy varies inversely with the margin of safety required; (3) the cost premiums imposed by gr eater aversion to uncertainty may be quite large; and (4) the marginal cost of risk reduction decreases significantly as aversion to uncertainty grows, implying that assessments of policies based on average risk will tend to overestimate allowable risk. C omparing an efficient program to the current inefficient approach to risk management indicates that the cost of inefficiency is not great.

22. The regulation of agricultural practices to protect groundwater quality: the Nebraska model for controlling nitrate contamination.
    Schneider, S. A.
    Articles and publications by NCALRI staff. 1988-[199-?]. Fall 1990. [5] p. 1-44.
    NAL Call #: DNAL KF1682.A45A77
    Descriptors: groundwater- nitrate- nitrogen-fertilizers water-quality environmental-protection models- contamination- drinking-water water-management regulations- agricultural-chemicals nebraska-
    

23. Standard setting processes and regulations for environmental contaminants in drinking water: state versus federal needs and viewpoints.
    Sidhu, K. S.
    Regul Toxicol Pharmacol R T P 13: 3 pp. 293-308. (June 1991).
    NAL Call #: RA1190.R42
    Descriptors: drinking-water contaminants- carcinogens- standards- public-health state-government federal-government usa- risk-assessment noncarcinogens- environmental-protection-agency-epa
    Abstract: The primary objective of a standard setting process is to arrive at a drinking water concentration at which exposure to a contaminant would result in no known or potential adverse health effect on human health. The drinking water sta ndards also serve as guidelines to prevent pollution of water sources and may be applicable in some cases as regulatory remediation levels. The risk assessment methods along with various decision making parameters are used to establish drinking water stan dards. For carcinogens classified in Groups A and B by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) the standards are set by using nonthreshold cancer risk models. The linearized multistage model is commonly used for computation of potency fa ctors for carcinogenic contaminants. The acceptable excess risk level may vary from 10(-6) to 10(-4). For noncarcinogens, a threshold model approach based on application of an uncertainty factor is used to arrive at a reference dose (RfD). The RfD approac h may also be used for carcinogens classified in Group C by the USEPA. The RfD approach with an additional uncertainty factor of 10 for carcinogenicity has been applied in the formulation of risk assessment for Group C carcinogens. The assumptions commonl y used in arriving at drinking water standards are human life expectancy, 70 years; average human body weight, 70 kg; human daily drinking water consumption, 2 liters; and contribution of exposure to the contaminant from drinking water (expressed as a par t of the total environmental exposure), 20%. Currently, there are over 80 USEPA existing or proposed primary standards for organic and inorganic contaminants in drinking water. Some of the state versus federal needs and viewpoints are discussed.

24. A statistician's view of the U.S. primary drinking water regulation on coliform contamination.
    Hamilton, M. A.
    Environ sci technol 28: 11 pp. 1808-1811. (Oct 1994).
    NAL Call #: TD420.A1E5
    Descriptors: drinking-water coliform-count contamination- regulations- statistical-analysis probabilistic-models government-organizations usa- u s -environmental-protection-agency
    

25. Toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystisaeruginosa in drinking water to growing pigs, as an animal model for human injury and risk assessment.
    Falconer, I. R., Burch, M. D., Steffensen, D. A., Choice, M., and Coverdale, O. R.
    Environ toxicol water qual 9: 2 pp. 131-139. (May 1994).
    NAL Call #: RA1221.T69
    Descriptors: microcystis-aeruginosa hepatotoxins- drinking-water toxicity- risk- animal-models pigs- man-
    Abstract: Hepatotoxins from blue-green algae are increasingly recognized as a potential hazard in drinking water supplies. The clinical consequences of ingestion include acute or chronic liver injury, with the possibility of enhanced suscepti bility to, and growth of, liver tumors. To establish guidelines for water safety requires the demonstration of dose-dependent effects of toxicity and experimental determination of maximum "no-adverse-effect levels." This paper describes the use of growing pigs as a model for human injury resulting from Microcystis toxins in drinking water. Risk assessment calculations using a series of safety factors are carried out, resulting in a guideline level after incorporating an additional safety facto r for tumor promotion of approximately 1.0 microgram toxins/L. With the Microcystis used for this trial, that concentration corresponds to 5000 cells/mL.

26. Use of modeling in developing label restrictions for agricultural chemicals.
    Jones, R. L.
    Weed Technol J Weed Sci Soc Am 6: 3 pp. 683-687. (July/Sept 1992).
    NAL Call #: SB610.W39
    Descriptors: agricultural-chemicals pesticides- simulation-models regulations- labeling- groundwater- drinking-water water-quality
    

27. Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards.
    Rose, J. B. and Gerba, C. P.
    Water Sci Technol J Int Assoc Water Pollut Res Control 24: 2 pp. 29-34. (1991).
    NAL Call #: DNAL TD420.A1P7
    Descriptors: drinking-water microbial-contamination health-hazards assessment- viruses- protozoa- cysts- risk- models- quality-standards acceptability- safety- infection- probability-
    

28. Water quality model of the lower bay of Sebago Lake. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - 1992.
    Monasky, George A. 1966
    Orono, Me., 1992. viii, 173 leaves : ill.: Includes vita. Thesis (M.S.) in Chemical Engineering--University of Maine, 1992. Bibliography: leaves 133-136.
    NAL Call #: MeU Univ.-1992-M66
    Descriptors: Water-quality-Maine-Sebago-Lake Drinking-water-Maine-Analysis
    

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