2. Agricultural wetlands and waterbirds: A review.
Czech, H. A. and Parsons, K. C.
Waterbirds 25(2 [supplement]): 56-65. (2002)
NAL Call #:   QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695.
Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated Approaches
Descriptors:   wetlands/ agricultural ecosystems/ habitat changes/ habitat utilization/ reviews/ aquatic birds/ habitat/ literature reviews/ agriculture/ breeding sites/ foraging behaviour/ rice fields/ Aves/ birds/ management/ ecology/ community studies/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has increased as natural wetlands continue to decline worldwide. Little information exists on waterbird use of wetland crops such as taro, hasu, and wild rice. Several reports exist on waterbird use of cranberry bog systems. Information exists on waterbird use of rice fields, especially by herons and egrets. Rice fields encompass over 1.5 million km super(2) of land and are found on all continents except Antarctica. Rice fields are seasonally flooded for cultivation and to decoy waterfowl, and drawn down for sowing and harvest. A wide variety of waterbirds including wading birds, shorebirds, waterfowl, marshbirds, and seabirds utilize rice fields for foraging and to a lesser extent as breeding sites. In some areas, especially Asia, waterbirds have come to rely upon rice fields as foraging sites. However, few reports exist on waterbird use of rice ecosystems outside of the Mediterranean Region. Species that are commonly found utilizing agricultural wetlands during the breeding season, migration, and as wintering grounds are listed. General trends and threats to waterbirds utilizing agricultural wetlands, including habitat destruction and degradation, contaminant exposure, and prey fluctuations are presented.
© CSA

3. Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape.
Mensing, D. M.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; and Tester, J. R.
Journal of Environmental Management 53(4): 349-377. (1998)
NAL Call #:   HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:   wetlands/ assessment/ land use/ fish/ aquatic invertebrates/ riparian vegetation/ effects/ biodiversity/ landscape/ land resources/ resource conservation/ resource management/ riparian forests/ biological indicators/ human activity/ forestry practices/ birds/ Amphibia/ Minnesota/ disturbance/ vertebrates/ Chordata/ animals/ west north central states of USA/ north central states of USA/ United States/ North America/ developed countries/ OECD countries/ lake states of USA
Abstract: The present study explores the relationships between riparian wetland communities and anthropogenic disturbances, including urban, forestry and cultivated land. Small stream riparian wetlands in central Minnesota, USA, provided an opportunity to detect these relationships because land use within the region is heterogeneous, resulting in disturbance gradients at the scales of stream reach and landscape. The research tested 2 hypotheses: organismal groups (wet meadow vegetation, shrub carr vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds) respond differently to various types of anthropogenic disturbance; and the observed biological responses are dependent on the spatial scale of the disturbance. It was shown that birds were the best indicators of landscape condition within the near vicinity of small stream riparian wetlands, and fish community composition corresponded to broader landscape land use patterns. It is suggested that the type of anthropogenic disturbance and the spatial scale at which the disturbance occurs will have variable consequences to different organismal groups. If the effectiveness of the proposed indicators is verified, then managers can strategically monitor the biota and accurately interpret the results. The strength and interpretability of bird and fish relationships to land use of riparian wetlands suggest that indicator and criteria development are warranted.
© CAB International/CABI Publishing

4. An approach for assessing wetland functions using hydrogeomorphic classification, reference wetlands, and functional indices.
Smith, R. Daniel. and United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Wetlands Research Program (U.S.).
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research Program technical report  WRP-DE-9. (1995)
Notes: Title from title page. "Final report." "October 1995." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  GB624 .A76 1995
http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/wrpde9.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ ecosystem management---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

5. Assessing wetland functional condition in agricultural landscapes.
Eckles, S. Diane. and United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Series: Wetland technical note 1. (2002)
Notes: Title from web page. "March 2002." Description based on content viewed May 13, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  aQH87.3 .A77 2002
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/directiv%5F%20files/TN%5FECS%5F190%5F2%5Fa.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ environmental impact analysis---United States/ wetland restoration---United States/ wetland ecology---environmental aspects---United States/ wetland agriculture---United States/ ecological assessment---biology---United States/ agricultural landscape management---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

6. Base cation chemistry of storm runoff in a forested headwater wetland.
Hill, A. R.
Water Resources Research 29(8): 2663-2674. (1993)
NAL Call #:   292.8 W295; ISSN: 0043-1397
Descriptors:   wetlands/ storm runoff/ headwaters/ geochemistry/ forest hydrology/ cations/ chemical analysis/ stormwater runoff/ catchment area/ stormwater runoff/ catchment area/ storm runoff/ headwaters/ forest hydrology/ chemical processes/ composition of water
© CSA

7. Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles.
Semlitsch, R. D. and Bodie, J. R.
Conservation Biology 17(5): 1219-1228. (Oct. 2003)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors:   wetlands/ riparian environments/ environment management/ buffers/ conservation/ habitat/ feeding/ life cycle/ water resources/ biodiversity/ nature conservation/ agricultural practices/ overwintering/ ecotones/ silviculture/ breeding/ amphibiotic species/ nesting/ aquatic reptiles/ literature reviews/ habitat selection/ Caudata/ Anura/ salamanders/ frogs/ toads/ conservation/ biodiversity/ habitat community studies/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: Terrestrial habitats surrounding wetlands are critical to the management of natural resources. Although the protection of water resources from human activities such as agriculture, silviculture, and urban development is obvious, it is also apparent that terrestrial areas surrounding wetlands are core habitats for many semiaquatic species that depend on mesic ecotones to complete their life cycle. For purposes of conservation and management, it is important to define core habitats used by local breeding populations surrounding wetlands. Our objective was to provide an estimate of the biologically relevant size of core habitats surrounding wetlands for amphibians and reptiles. We summarize data from the literature on the use of terrestrial habitats by amphibians and reptiles associated with wetlands (19 frog and 13 salamander species representing 1363 individuals; 5 snake and 28 turtle species representing more than 2245 individuals) . Core terrestrial habitat ranged from 159 to 290 m for amphibians and from 127 to 289 m for reptiles from the edge of the aquatic site. Data from these studies also indicated the importance of terrestrial habitats for feeding, overwintering, and nesting, and, thus, the biological interdependence between aquatic and terrestrial habitats that is essential for the persistence of populations. The minimum and maximum values for core habitats, depending on the level of protection needed, can be used to set biologically meaningful buffers for wetland and riparian habitats. These results indicate that large areas of terrestrial habitat surrounding wetlands are critical for maintaining biodiversity.
© CSA

8. Bottom-up control of carabid beetle communities in early successional wetlands: Mediated by vegetation structure or plant diversity?
Brose, U.
Oecologia (Berlin) 135(3): 407-413. (2003)
NAL Call #:   QL750.O3; ISSN: 0029-8549
Descriptors:   terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ cluster analysis/ linear regression analysis/ mathematical and computer techniques/ pitfall trapping/ applied and field techniques/ agricultural landscapes/ biodiversity/ bottom up control/ early successional woodlands: habitat/ enemy free space/ feeding activity/ hunting efficiency/ morphological traits/ plant height/ predation/ spatial heterogeneity/ species diversity/ species richness/ vegetation structure
Abstract: Two hypotheses of bottom-up control that predict that the species richness of Carabidae will depend either on the taxonomic diversity of plants ("taxonomic diversity hypothesis") or on the structural heterogeneity of the vegetation ("structural heterogeneity hypothesis") were tested. Plant species were classified into nine plant structural groups through cluster analysis of morphological traits (e.g. total height) at 30 early successional temporary wetlands in the East-German agricultural landscape. In a linear regression analysis, the heterogeneity of vegetation structures explained 55% of the variation in carabid beetle diversity. According to a partial correlation analysis, plant taxonomic diversity did not have a significant effect, consistent with the "structural heterogeneity hypothesis," and contradicting previous studies which concluded that plant taxonomic diversity would be the most important factor in early successional habitats. An experimental study was used to test hypotheses on the processes underlying this bottom-up control by vegetation structure: the "hunting efficiency hypothesis," the "enemy-free space hypothesis," and the "microhabitat specialization hypothesis." The composition of plant structural groups in 15 vegetation plots (1 m2) was manipulated, creating a gradient from dense vegetation to open plots. Subsequent pitfall catches revealed significant differences in the activity-abundances of the carabid species. Large species preferred dense vegetation plots, consistent with the enemy-free space hypothesis that large species are more vulnerable to predation on the open plots and prefer dense vegetation to escape from natural enemies. The results indicate that bottom-up control is not mediated only by plant taxonomic or functional group diversity and that vegetation structures may be more important than previously suggested.
© The Thomson Corporation

9. Capacity of natural wetlands to remove nutrients from wastewater.
Nichols, D. S.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 55(5): 495-505. (1983)
NAL Call #:   TD419.R47; ISSN: 1047-7624
Abstract: Interest in removing nitrogen and phosphorus from treated wastewater by applying it to wetlands is rapidly increasing. This may be a simple and energy efficient means of removing these nutrients from wastewater. However, the capacities and limitations of wetlands to function in this manner have not been well quantified. This paper reviews the major mechanisms by which wetlands remove N and P from wastewater flows, and develops some approximate relations between the nutrient removal efficiency of wetlands and wastewater N and P loading rates. Wetlands retain P by adsorption and precipitation reactions. This capacity declines with continued P addition, and a wetland eventually can become saturated. Nitrogen removal is mainly by denitrification, which seems not to diminish with time. Plant uptake of N and P can be important during the growing season, but most of these nutrients are quickly returned to the system when the vegetation dies and decays. Wetland removal of wastewater nutrients can be effective at low loading rates, but efficiency decreases rapidly as application rates increase. About 1 ha of wetland area seems to be required to remove 50% of the N and P from the wastewater generated by 60 people.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

10. Carbon distribution of a well- and poorly-drained black spruce fire chronosequence.
Wang, C.; Bond-Lamberty, B.; and Gower, S. T.
Global Change Biology 9(7): 1066-1079. (July 2003)
NAL Call #:   QC981.8.C5G6323; ISSN: 1354-1013
Descriptors:   wetlands/ carbon/ drainage/ methodology/ environmental impact/ forests/ vegetation cover/ plant populations/ biomass/ roots/ ecosystem disturbance/ fire/ biological age/ Picea mariana/ Bryophyta/ Canada, Manitoba/ black spruce/ bryophytes/ hornworts/ mosses/ conifers/ habitat community studies
Abstract: The objective of this study was to quantify carbon (C) distribution for boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands comprising a fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. The experimental design included seven well-drained (dry) and seven poorly-drained (wet) stands that burned between 1998 and 1850. Vegetation C pools (above-ground + below-ground) steadily increased from 1.3 to 83.3 t C ha super(-1) for the dry chronosequence, and from 0.6 to 37.4 t C ha super(-1) for the wet chronosequence. The detritus C pools (woody debris + forest floor) varied from 10.3 to 96.0 t C ha super(-1) and from 12.6 to 77.4 t C ha super(-1) for the dry and wet chronosequence, respectively. Overstorey biomass, mean annual biomass increment (MAI), woody debris mass, and litterfall were significantly greater (alpha = 0.05) for the dry stands than for the wet stands, but the bryophyte, understorey, and forest floor C pools were significantly less for the dry than for the wet stands. The root mass ratio decreased with stand age until 37 years after fire, was fairly constant thereafter, and was not significantly affected by soil drainage. The C pools of the overstorey and bryophyte tended to increase with stand age. Foliage biomass, litterfall, and MAI (for the dry stands) peaked at 71 years after fire and declined in the oldest stands. The results from this study illustrate that the effects of disturbance and edaphic conditions must be accounted for in boreal forest C inventories and C models. The appropriateness of using chronosequences to examine effects of wildfire on ecosystem C distribution is discussed.
© CSA

11. Carrying capacity of wetland habitats used by breeding greater snow geese.
Masse, H.; Rochefort, L.; and Gauthier, G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(2): 271-281. (Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:   410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ carrying capacity/ grazing/ wildlife management/ Canada, Nunavut/ population number/ breeding sites/ herbivores/ food availability/ ecosystem management/ environment management/ Chen caerulescens atlantica/ Canada, Nunavut, Bylot I./ greater snow goose/ management/ population dynamics/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: Because geese can damage their arctic breeding habitats through overgrazing, there is debate about limiting the rapid growth of the greater snow goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica) population and setting a population goal. To answer these questions, we assessed the nutritional carrying capacity of freshwater wetland habitats for breeding greater snow geese at the Bylot Island colony, Nunavut, Canada. Specifically, we (1) mapped the different types of wetlands on the island; (2) estimated net aboveground primary production of these habitats; (3) compared total food availability with predicted total food requirements of the current population; and (4) validated our predictions of plant biomass consumed by comparing them to the intensity of goose grazing measured. Freshwater wetlands represented 173 plus or minus 6 km super(2) or 11% of the total area of the south plain of Bylot Island. Streams and wet polygons were the most important habitats in terms of availability of suitable forage plants for geese. The average net aboveground primary production ranged from 21.0 plus or minus 4.6 along lakes to 46.0 plus or minus 9.8 g/m super(2) in polygon channels. We estimated the total food supply available for geese in wetlands at 2,625 plus or minus 461 tons in 1997 but only 1,247 plus or minus 473 tons in 1996, a year of low plant production. We predicted a summer food requirement for goslings at 8.1 plus or minus 0.6 kg/bird, for breeding adults at 7.9 plus or minus 2.3, and for nonbreeding adults at 4.7 plus or minus 1.5, and we predicted the total summer food requirements of the goose population at 1,201 plus or minus 160 tons. The predicted amount of biomass removed (32 plus or minus 7%) agreed well with the actual amount of biomass removed measured in mid-August (39 plus or minus 11%) in 1997, but not in 1996 (67 plus or minus 27% vs 26 plus or minus 17%, respectively), possibly because the goose population was lower that year due to poor breeding success. In 1997, the goose population was at 46 plus or minus 10% of the theoretical short-term carrying capacity (341,000 geese) of the wetlands of Bylot Island. We recommend keeping the goose population below this theoretical carrying capacity.
© CSA

12. A case for wetland restoration.
Hey, Donald L. and Philippi, Nancy S.
New York: Wiley; x, 215 p.: ill. (some col.), maps. (1999)
Notes: "A Wiley-Interscience publication." Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #:  QH75 .H49 1999; ISBN: 0471176427
Descriptors:   wetland conservation/ restoration ecology/ wetland conservation---United States---case studies
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

13. Classification and inventory of wetlands: A global overview.
Scott, D. A. and Jones, T. A.
Plant Ecology 118(1-2): 3-16. (1995)
NAL Call #:   QK900.P63 ; ISSN: 0042-3106
Descriptors:   conservation/ ecology/ environmental sciences/ freshwater ecology/ ecological change monitoring/ conservation and resource management/ environmental biology/ plants/ limnology
Abstract: Classification of wetlands is extremely problematical, definition of the term wetland being a difficult and controversial starting point. Although considerable effort has gone into the development of national and regional wetland classifications, the only attempt at establishing a global system has been under the auspices of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. In view of the fact that the Ramsar Convention has 70 Contracting Parties world-wide, it is suggested that the Convention's definition and classification system should be adopted generally for international purposes. Much of the world has been covered by preliminary wetland inventories, but there is an urgent need to extend coverage to those areas not yet included. It is essential that all inventory projects give adequate attention to meeting the real information needs of agencies and individuals which have an impact on the conservation and wise use of wetlands. Attention should also be given to providing for wide dissemination and regular updating of information and establishment of procedures for monitoring ecological change at the sites identified.
© The Thomson Corporation

14. Climate change, agriculture and wetlands in eastern Europe: Vulnerability, adaptation and policy.
Hartig, Ellen Kracauer;  Grozev, Ognyan; and Rosenzweig, Cynthia
Climatic Change 36(1-2): 107-121. (1997)
NAL Call #:   QC980; ISSN: 0165-0009
Descriptors:   wetlands/ agronomy: agriculture/ climatology: environmental sciences/ conservation/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ government and law/ agricultural drainage/ agriculture/ climate change/ climatology/ conservation/ evapotranspiration/ policy/ temperature
Abstract: Naturally-occurring wetlands perform such functions as flood control, pollution filtration, nutrient recycling, sediment accretion, groundwater recharge and water supply, erosion control, and plant and wildlife preservation. A large concentration of wetlands is located in Eastern Europe. A significant amount of Eastern European wetlands has been converted to agricultural use in the past, and remaining wetlands are subject to agricultural drainage. Drained wetlands are used as prime agriculture lands for a variety of food crops. Other agricultural uses of wetlands range from growing Phragmites australis (common reed) for thatch and livestock feed, to collecting peat for heating and cooking fuel. Altered hydrologic regimes due to global climate change could further exacerbate encroachment of agricultural land use into wetlands. The vulnerability and adaptation studies of the U.S. Country Studies Program are used to analyze where climate change impacts to agriculture may likewise impact wetland areas. Scenarios indicate higher temperatures and greater evapotranspiration altering the hydrologic regime such that freshwater wetlands are potentially vulnerable in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Russia, and that coastal wetlands are at risk in Estonia. Runoff is identified as a key hydrological parameter affecting wetland function. Since wetland losses may increase as a result of climate-change-induced impacts to agriculture, precautionary management options are reviewed, such as establishing buffer areas, promoting sustainable uses of wetlands, and restoration of farmed or mined wetland areas. These options may reduce the extent of negative agricultural impacts on wetlands due to global climate change.
© The Thomson Corporation

15. Coastal management practices for prevention of future impacts on wetlands.
Baca, B. J. and Clark, J. R.
In: Ecology and Management of Wetlands Vol 2: Management, Use and Value of Wetlands/ Hook, D. D.
London: Timber Press, 1988; pp. 28-44
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3E26
Descriptors:   land types/ protection/ coastal wetlands
Abstract:  The world's coastal wetlands are seriously threatened by both man-made and natural factors. These include coastal development and erosion, coastal pollution, natural erosion and sea-level rise. Progress in the developed countries in reducing man-made impacts on wetlands has not reached the developing countries .
© CAB International/CABI Publishing

16. Coastal salt marsh systems in the U.S.: A review of anthropogenic impacts.
Kennish, M. J.
Journal of Coastal Research 17(3): 731-748. (2001); ISSN: 0749-0208
Descriptors:   USA/ coasts/ salt marshes/ reviews/ water level fluctuations/ environmental effects/ dredging/ drainage/ tides/ subsidence/ global warming/ ecosystem disturbance/ coastal morphology/ anthropogenic factors/ coastal engineering/ dredge spoil/ harvesting/ flood control/ tidal effects/ hydrology/ deglaciation/ sea level changes/ eustatic changes/ man-induced effects/ climatic changes/ greenhouse effect
Abstract: During the past century, human modification of environmental systems has greatly accelerated tidal salt marsh deterioration and shoreline retreat in many coastal regions worldwide. As a result, more than 50% of the original tidal salt marsh habitat in the U.S. has been lost. Numerous human activities have contributed directly or indirectly to wetland loss and alteration at local, regional, and global scales. Human impacts at the local scale include those that directly modify or destroy salt marsh habitat such as dredging, spoil dumping, grid ditching, canal cutting, leveeing, and salt hay farming. Indirect impacts, which can be even more significant, typically are those that interfere with normal tidal flooding of the marsh surface, alter wetlands drainage, and reduce mineral sediment inputs and marsh vertical accretion rates. These impacts usually develop over a greater period of time. At the regional scale, subsidence caused by subsurface withdrawal of groundwater, oil, and gas has submerged and eliminated hundreds of square kilometers of salt marsh habitat in the Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, and Gulf of Mexico. At the global scale, atmospheric warming due to increased burden of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulfate aerosols appears to be strongly coupled to glacial melting, thermal expansion of ocean waters, and eustatic sea-level rise. Changes in coastal water levels ascribable to eustatic sea-level rise pose a long-term threat to the stability and viability of these critically important coastal systems.
© CSA

17. Conflicting processes in the wetland plant rhizosphere: Metal retention or mobilization?
Jacob, D. L. and Otte, M. L.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 3(1): 91-104. (2003)
NAL Call #:   TD172 .W36; ISSN: 1567-7230
Descriptors:   bioavailability/ metals/ organic matter/ pH/ redox/ rhizosphere/ wetland
Abstract: Increasingly wetlands are used for treatment of metal-contaminated water or as a cover over metal-enriched mine tailings. Natural wetlands may also be contaminated with metals from anthropogenic sources. While wetland conditions tend to be favorable for immobilization of metals, wetland plants could influence metal mobility through redox and pH processes in the rhizosphere. Our current knowledge of these processes is reviewed, focusing on the question of whether the advantages of growing wetland plants in metal-contaminated sediments outweigh the disadvantages. Wetland plants alter the redox conditions, pH and organic matter content of sediments and so affect the chemical speciation and mobility of metals. Metals may be mobilized or immobilized, depending on the actual combination of factors, and it is extremely difficult to predict which effects plants will actually have on metal mobility under a given set of conditions. However, while the effects of plants can extend several tens of centimeters into the sediments, there are no reports suggesting large-scale mobilization of metals by wetland plants. © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

18. Conservation management of freshwater habitats: Lakes, rivers and wetlands.
Maitland, Peter S. and Morgan, N. C.
London; New York: Chapman & Hall; Series: Conservation Biology Series 9; 233 p. (1997)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-223) and index.
NAL Call #:  QH75.M34 1997; ISBN: 0412594102
Descriptors:   wetland conservation/ fishery conservation/ wildlife conservation/ conservation of natural resources/ freshwater fishes
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

19. Constructed wetlands for pollution control: Processes, performance, design and operation.
International Water Association. IWA Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control.
London: IWA Pub.; Series: Scientific and technical report (International Water Association) no. 8; 156 p. (2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-149) and index.
NAL Call #:  TD756.5 .C76 2000
Descriptors:   constructed wetlands/ sewage---purification---biological treatment
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

20. Constructed wetlands for the treatment of organic pollutants.
Haberl, R.; Langergraber, G.; Grego, S.; Kadlec, R. H.; Cicalini, A.-R.; Dias, S. M.; Novais, J. M.; Aubert, S.; Gerth, A.; Thomas, H.; and Hebner, A.
Journal of Soils and Sediments 3(2): 109-124. (2003); ISSN: 1439-0108
Descriptors:   constructed wetlands/ groundwater/ organic contaminants/ wastewater/ water treatment
Abstract: Background. Constructed wetlands (wetland treatment systems) are wetlands designed to improve water quality. They use the same processes that occur in natural wetlands but have the flexibility of being constructed. As in natural wetlands vegetation, soil and hydrology are the major components. Different soil types and plant species are used in constructed wetlands. Regarding hydrology surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands are the main types. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are further subdivided into horizontal or vertical flow. Many constructed wetlands deal with domestic wastewater where BOD and COD (Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand respectively) are used as a sum parameter for organic matter. However, also special organic compounds can be removed. Objective. The objectives are to summarise the state-of-the-art on constructed wetlands for treatment of specific organic compounds, to the present the lack of knowledge, and to derive future research needs. Methods. Case studies in combination with a literature review are used to summarise the available knowledge on removal processes for specific organic compounds. Results and Discussion. Case studies are presented for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with aromatic organic compounds, and sulphonated anthraquinones, olive mill wastewater, landfill leachare, and groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons, cyanides, chlorinated volatile organics, and explosives. In general the removal efficiency for organic contaminants is high in all presented studies. Conclusion. Constructed wetlands are an effective and low cost way to treat water polluted with organic compounds. There is a lack of knowledge on the detailed removal pathways for most of the contaminants. Removal rates as well as optimal plant species are substance-specific, and also typically not available. If a constructed wetland provides different environmental conditions and uses different plant species the treatment efficiency can be improved. Recommendations and Outlook. There is a great need to lighten the black box 'constructed wetland' to obtain performance data for both microbial activity and the contribution of the plants to the overall removal process. Also genetic modified plants should be considered to enhance the treatment performance of constructed wetlands for specific compounds.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

21. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement.
Moshiri, Gerald A.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; 632 p. (1993)
Notes: Papers presented at the Pensacola conference. Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #:  TD756.5.M67 1993; ISBN: 0873715500 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:   constructed wetlands---congresses/ water quality management---congresses/ constructed wetlands---case studies---congresses
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

22. Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution.
Olson, Richard K.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
Boca Raton, Fla.: C.K. Smoley; 216 p. (1993)
Notes: "U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, and Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  TD223.C73 1993; ISBN: 0873719433 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:   water quality management---United States/ water---pollution---United States/ wetland conservation---United States/ constructed wetlands---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

23. Criteria and procedures to maximize the quality and value of wetlands constructed at surface mines.
Nelson, R. W.
International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 17(2): 77-90. (1991)
NAL Call #:   QH540.I54; ISSN: 0377-015X
Abstract: Provides a synthesis of ideas or principles derived from recent experience, both at mine reclamation sites and with projects designed to replace wetland functions and values lost to agricultural and urban development. -from Author
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

24. Cumulative effects on wetland landscapes: Links to wetland restoration in the United States and southern Canada.
Bedford, B. L.
Wetlands 19(4): 775-788. (1999)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995
Descriptors:   wetlands/ land management/ geohydrology/ biogeochemistry/ land reclamation/ environmental quality/ environmental restoration/ human impact/ regional planning/ hydrology/ biogeochemical cycle/ land use/ restoration/ environment management/ ecosystem management/ USA/ Canada/ land restoration
Abstract: The cumulative effects of human actions on wetland ecosystems motivate current efforts at wetland restoration. They also have created in part the context within which restorations are undertaken. Using modern hydrogeological understanding of wetland-landscape linkages, I argue that restorations should begin with a cumulative impact analysis for the entire region in which the restoration is proposed. The analysis, however, should not focus merely on number of hectares of wetlands lost or degraded. It should be based on the concept of templates for wetland development. These templates are the diversity of settings created in specific landscapes by the complex interactions of hydrogeologic factors and climate. They control key hydrologic variables and hydrologically influenced chemical variables that cause specific wetland types to form and to be maintained through time. They also determine in large part the biogeochemical cycling characteristics specific to different types of wetlands. They thus account for both the biological and functional diversity of wetlands. A cumulative impact assessment for restoration purposes should identify the kinds, numbers, relative abundances, and spatial distribution of wetland templates in a region - both past and present. These past and present profiles of the wetland landscape can be used to make decisions regarding the type and location of restorations. Matching type and location to the appropriate hydrogeologic setting will maximize the probability of success for individual projects. Regional wetland diversity can be restored if individual restoration decisions about wetland type and location are made in light of the diversity of templates in past and present regional profiles.
© CSA

25. Cumulative impacts to wetlands.
Johnston, C. A.
Wetlands 14(1): 49-55. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:   wetlands/ United States/ environmental impact/ forest industry/ agriculture/ literature reviews/ geographic information systems/ environmental effects/ forestry/ geographic information systems/ cumulative impact analysis/ m echanical and natural changes/ f reshwater pollution/ e ffects on water of human nonwater activities/ e nvironmental degradation
Abstract: "Cumulative impact," the incremental effect of an impact added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future impacts, was reviewed as it pertains to southern forested wetlands. In the U.S., the largest losses of forested wetlands between the 1970s and 1980s occurred in southeastern states that had the most bottomland hardwood to begin with: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina. These losses were due primarily to forestry and agriculture. Other sources of cumulative impact include decrease in average area of individual wetlands, shift in proportion of wetland types, change in spatial configuration of wetlands, and loss of cumulative wetland function at the landscape scale. For two wetland-related functions, flood flow and loading of suspended solids, watersheds that contained less than 10% wetlands were more sensitive to incremental loss of wetland area than were watersheds with more than 10% wetlands. The relative position of wetlands within a drainage network also influenced their cumulative function. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are becoming an important tool for evaluating cumulative impacts and their effects.
© CSA

26. Denitrification in freshwater wetlands.
Groffman, P. M.
Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 1: 15-35. (1994); ISSN: 1076-4674
Descriptors:   wetlands/ denitrification/ nitrogen fixing bacteria/ energy transfer/ biogeochemistry/ nitrogen cycle/ water quality/ physiological ecology/ cycling nutrients/ bacteria/ nutrient cycles/ nutrient cycles/ nitrogen fixing bacteria/ physiological ecology/ cycling nutrients/ energy transfer
Abstract: In this paper, I first review the physiology and ecology of denitrifying organisms, focusing on how conditions in wetlands influence denitrification at organismal, ecosystem, landscape, and regional scales. My focus is on the role that denitrification plays in wetland processes more than on denitrification per se. As a result, the physiology discussion is oriented more towards how environmental factors regulate physiology than on the specifics of the physiology itself. The review of physiology and ecology is followed by a brief review of methods for study of denitrification. The main section of the paper is a synthesis of existing data to determine general principles of where and when denitrification is likely to be important to energy flow, nutrient cycling and water quality maintenance in wetlands. The final section discusses key questions and issues for future research.
© CSA

27. Designing constructed wetlands for nitrogen removal.
Hammer, D. A. and Knight, R. L.
Water Science and Technology 29(4): 15-27. (1994)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223
Descriptors:   wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ nitrogen removal/ biochemical oxygen demand/ nitrification/ denitrification/ toxicity/ case studies/ design criteria/ artificial wetlands/ case studies/ design criteria
Abstract: Many constructed wetlands adequately treat BOD sub(5), TSS, and bacteria. However, a review of nitrogen (N) data from 52 constructed and natural wetlands in the North American data base confirmed that N removal was variable. Nitrification and denitrification require aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This paper presents case histories of systems that use alternating shallow and deep zones to create both environments. Regression analysis of N removal and N loadings in 18 shallow-deep water systems suggested that NH sub(4) super(+) loading (kg N/ha/day) could be used to predict effluent NH sub(4) super(+) values. Combinations of shallow water-emergent vegetation and deep water-submergent vegetation with low NH sub(4) super(+) (and TKN) loading rates can produce very low levels of discharged NH sub(4) super(+).
© CSA

28. Determining ecological equivalence in service-to-service scaling of salt marsh restoration.
Strange, E.; Galgraith, H.; Bickel, S.; Mills, D.; Beltman, D.; and Lipton, J.
Environmental Management 29(2): 290-300. (Feb. 2002)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ habitat/ environmental restoration/ salt marshes/ environmental policy/ natural resources/ ecology/ habitats/ rehabilitation/ planning/ environmental effects/ nutrient cycles/ policies/ ecosystem management/ environment management/ restoration/ environmental action/ water quality control/ peclamation/ protective measures and control/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: The amount of ecological restoration required to mitigate or compensate for environmental injury or habitat loss is often based on the goal of achieving ecological equivalence. However, few tools are available for estimating the extent of restoration required to achieve habitat services equivalent to those that were lost. This paper describes habitat equivalency analysis (HEA), a habitat-based "service-to-service approach for determining the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural resource losses, and examines issues in its application in the case of salt marsh restoration. The scientific literature indicates that although structural attributes such as vegetation may recover within a few years, there is often a significant lag in the development of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling that are necessary for a fully functioning salt marsh. Moreover, natural variation can make recovery trajectories difficult to define and predict for many habitat services. HEA is an excellent tool for scaling restoration actions because it reflects this ecological variability and complexity. At the same time, practitioners must recognize that conclusions about the amount of restoration needed to provide ecological services equivalent to those that are lost will depend critically on the ecological data and assumptions that are used in the HEA calculation.
© CSA

29. Developing an invertebrate index of biological integrity for wetlands.
Helgen, Judy; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Developing an invertebrate index of biological integrity for wetlands (#9); Title from web page. "March 2002." "EPA-822-R-02-019." Description based on content viewed April 10, 2003. "Prepared jointly by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3 H46 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/9Invertebrate.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ aquatic invertebrates---environmental aspects---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

30. Developing the scientific basis for assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape functions: Status, perspectives, and prospects.
Bedford, B. L. and Preston, E. M.
Environmental Management 12(5): 751-771. (1988)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ comprehensive planning/ reviews/ environmental effects/ cumulative impacts/ landscape functions/ research priorities/ regulations/ synoptic analysis/ data acquisition/ environmental protection
Abstract: The incongruity between the regional and national scales at which wetland losses are occurring, and the project-specific scale at which wetlands are regulated and studied, has become obvious. A synthesis is presented of recent efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Ecosystems Research Center at Cornell University to bring wetland science and regulation into alignment with the reality of the cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on entire landscapes and regions. It summarizes the status of our present scientific understanding, discusses means by which to actualize the existing potential for matching the scales of research and regulation with the scales at which effects are observed, and provides guidelines for building a stronger scientific base for landscape-level assessments of cumulative effects. It also provides the outlines for a synoptic and qualitative approach to cumulative effects assessment based on a reexamination of the generic assessment framework. A sound scientific basis for regulation will not come merely from acquiring more information on more variables. It will come from recognizing that a perceptual shift to larger temporal, spatial, and organizational scales is overdue. The shift in scale will dictate different--not necessarily more--variables to be measured in future wetland research and considered in wetland regulation. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

31. Diel flux of dissolved carbohydrate in a salt marsh and a simulated estuarine ecosystem.
Burney, C. M.; Johnson, K. M.; and Sieburth, J. M.
Marine Biology 63(2):  175-187. (1981)
NAL Call #:   QH91.A1M35; ISSN: 0025-3162
Descriptors:   organic compounds/ salt marshes/ diurnal variations/ carbohydrates/ zooplankton/ nutrient cycles/ bacteria/ Narragansett Bay/ habitat community studies/ ecosystems and energetics
Abstract: The concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrate (TCHO), monosaccharide (MCHO) and polysaccharide (PCHO) were followed over a total of ten diel cycles in a salt marsh and a 13 m super(3) seawater tank simulating an estuarine ecosystem. Their patterns are compared to those for total dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Sigma CO sub(2), pH, O sub(2), chlorophyll a, phaeopigments and solar radiation. During 5 of the 6 marsh studies, PCHO underwent periods of sustained accumulation starting in the late morning or early afternoon and continuing into the early evening. These periods possibly represent release of recently synthesized PCHO from phototrophs. Similar patterns were not found in the tank although direct associations between TCHO and phaeopigment dynamics suggest that zooplankton excretion was an important source of dissolved carbohydrate. The numbers of planktonic bacteria determined in one tank study increased rapidly during a late morning PCHO pulse and varied inversely with PCHO throughout the afternoon and evening, indicating that they were able to respond rapidly and control natural substrate concentrations on a time scale of a few hours.
© CSA

32. Ecoclimatological survey of the wetland biota in the tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone.
Heckman, Charles W.
Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6(2): 97-114. (1997)
NAL Call #:   QH84.G56; ISSN: 0960-7447
Descriptors:   agronomy: agriculture/ climatology: environmental sciences/ ecology: environmental sciences/ aquatic ecosystem/ biodiversity/ climate/ climatology/ floodplains/ Mato grosso/ pantanal/ phylogeny/ recruitment/ rice field/ seasonal changes/ tropical ecology/ wetland biota
Abstract: The distinctness of the conditions in the water bodies of the tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone is demonstrated by a survey of the adaptations employed by the plant and animal species to survive the seasons unfavourable to their activity. The species filling common niches in the water bodies of this zone on different continents are compared. Unmistakable phylogenetic relationships among the species filling common niches in various parts of the world can be recognized. Through comparisons of the activity and distribution of 104 species, the adaptations of the biota to the seasonal changes were found to be generally similar to those of the biota in the temperate zones in that both must produce dormant stages during the same months each year. The inherent instability of the aquatic ecosystem encourages the development of very fast growing organisms with high rates of recruitment and very unstable but resilient populations. As a consequence of their characteristic population dynamics, the impact of intercontinental introductions of aquatic species inhabiting this zone are found to be more likely to cause severe biotic disturbances than similar introductions of species adapted to other climatic zones.
© The Thomson Corporation

33. Ecological issues related to wetland preservation, restoration, creation and assessment.
Whigham, Dennis F
Science of the Total Environment 240(1-3): 31-40. (1999)
NAL Call #:   RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697
Descriptors:   ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic approach/ wetland assessment/ wetland creation/ wetland ecosystem function/ wetland-no-net-loss policy/ wetland preservation/ wetland restoration
Abstract: A wide range of local, state, federal, and private programs are available to support the national (USA) policy of wetland 'No Net Loss'. Implementation of programs, however, has resulted in the continued loss of natural wetlands on the premise that restored or created wetlands will replace the functions and values lost by destruction of natural wetlands. What are the ecological implications and consequences of these programs from a biodiversity and ecosystem perspective? From a biodiversity perspective, ongoing wetland protection policies may not be working because restored or created wetlands are often very different from natural wetlands. Wetland protection policies may also be inadequate to preserve and restore ecological processes such as nutrient cycling because they mostly focus on individual wetlands and ignore the fact that wetlands are integral parts of landscapes. Wetland mitigation projects, for example, often result in the exchange of one type of wetland for another and result in a loss of wetland functions at the landscape level. The most striking weakness in the current national wetlands policy is the lack of protection for 'dry-end' wetlands that are often the focus of debate for what is and what is not a wetland. From an ecological perspective, dry-end wetlands such as isolated seasonal wetlands and riparian wetlands associated with first order streams may be the most important landscape elements. They often support a high biodiversity and they are impacted by human activities more than other types of wetlands. The failings of current wetland protection and mitigation policies are also due, in part, to the lack of ecologically sound wetland assessment methods for guiding decision making processes. The ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach to wetland assessment has the potential to be an effective tool in managing biodiversity and wetland ecosystem function in support of the national 'No Net Loss' policy.
© The Thomson Corporation

34. Ecology of insect communities in nontidal wetlands.
Batzer, D. P. and Wissinger, S. A.
Annual Review of Entomology 41: 75-100. (1996)
NAL Call #:   421 An72; ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:   wetlands/ insects/ community ecology/ habitats/ interactions/ colonization/ nature conservation/ insect communities/ reviews/ freshwater ecology
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

35. Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands: Proceedings from the SETAC Pellston Workshop on Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands.
Lewis, Michael A.
Pensacola, Fla.: SETAC Press, 1999. 375 p. SETAC special publications series.
Notes: ISBN: 1880611163. "Publication sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and the SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education."Includes bibliographical references and index. Venue: Fairmont Hot Springs, Anaconda, Montana.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3 S48 1995
Descriptors:   wetland ecology---congresses/ pollution---environmental aspects---congresses/ ecological risk assessment---congresses
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

36. Ecotoxicology and wetland ecosystems: Current understanding and future needs.
Catallo, W. J.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 2209-2224. (1993)
NAL Call #:   QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:   wetlands/ contaminants/ ecosystem analysis/ toxins/ ecosystems/ pollutants/ aquatic environment/ environmental policy/ literature reviews/ ecotoxicology/ environmental policy/ literature reviews/ contaminants/ ecosystem analysis/ pollutants/ toxins
Abstract: The term wetlands refers to a mosaic of important ecosystems that typically form transition zones between uplands and aquatic environments. These areas provide support functions for natural and living resources and mediate biogeochemical transformations of global significance. It is becoming clear that the introduction of toxic and other contaminants to large wetland areas has contributed to a series of undesirable trends in habitat quality; availability of valuable fish and wildlife; and quality of associated resources, including surface and ground waters. The purpose of this review is to indicate the importance of wetlands to regional and global ecology and discusses research on the effects of contaminants in wetland ecosystems. Areas of needed future research also are suggested.
© CSA

37. The effect of aquatic plant species richness on wetland ecosystem processes.
Engelhardt, K. A. M. and Ritchie, M. E.
Ecology 83(10): 2911-2924. (2002)
NAL Call #:   410 Ec7; ISSN: 0012-9658
Descriptors:   wetlands/ algal colonization/ competitive ability/ diversity/ ecosystem functioning/ indirect sampling effect/ inverse sampling effect/ nutrient retention/ productivity/ sampling effect/ submersed aquatic macrophytes
Abstract: Rapid environmental changes have fostered debates and motivated research on how to effectively preserve or restore ecosystem processes. One such debate deals with the effects of biodiversity, and the loss thereof, on ecosystem processes. Recent studies demonstrate that resource-use complementarity, now known as the "niche-differentiation effect," and the presence of a competitive species with strong effects on ecosystem processes, now known as the "sampling effect," can explain why productivity and nutrient retention are sometimes enhanced with increasing species richness. In a well-replicated outdoor mesocosm experiment, we tested these and other alternative mechanisms that could explain the effects of submersed aquatic plant (macrophyte) diversity on wetland ecosystem processes. Algal biomass increased and phosphorus loss decreased as species richness increased. This result can best be explained by an indirect sampling effect caused by one of the weakest competitors, which appeared to facilitate algal growth and thereby filtering of particles, and thus phosphorus, from the water column. The dominant competitor also appeared to decrease phosphorus loss through direct effects on phosphorus availability in the soil and water. Thus, the effects by one of the weakest and the most dominant competitors combine to produce a diversity effect on phosphorus loss. Macrophyte biomass was not enhanced, but converged toward the intermediate biomass of the most competitive species. Such an "inverse sampling effect" may be produced when the most competitive species is not the most productive species owing to species-specific feedbacks and adaptations to the wetland environment. In summary, we reject the niche-differentiation effect as the dominant mechanism in our macrophyte communities and expand on the role of sampling effects in explaining the relationship between plant communities and ecosystem processes. In particular, indirect and inverse sampling effects combine to drive the relationship between species richness and wetland ecosystem processes. Thus, we demonstrate that plant diversity may affect wetland ecosystem processes when inferior competitors drive system productivity and nutrient retention. To ensure coexistence of such species with superior competitors, wetland systems may need to be maintained in a nonequilibrium state, such as with hydrologic disturbances, which would maintain both higher diversity and enhance ecosystem functioning.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

38. Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services.
Engelhardt, K. A. M. and Ritchie, M. E.
Nature 411(6838): 687-689. (June 2001)
NAL Call #:   472 N21; ISSN: 0028-0836
Descriptors:   wetlands/ species richness/ mesocosms/ phosphorus/ macrophytes/ ecosystems/ biomass/ human impact/ biological diversity/ nutrient retention/ aquatic plants/ phosphorus cycle/ species diversity/ plants/ ecosystem management/ environment management/ plant populations/ suspended particulate matter/ uptake/ man-induced effects/ phytoplankton/ pollution control/ nutrient cycles/ Phytobenthos/ aquatic macrophytes/ algae/ Potamogeton crispus/ Potamogeton pectinatus/ sago pondweed/ biodiversity/ nutrient retention/ human population-biosphere interactions/ physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ protective measures and control/ water resources and supplies
Abstract: Wetlands provide many important ecosystem services to human society, which may depend on how plant diversity influences biomass production and nutrient retention. Vascular aquatic plant diversity may not necessarily enhance wetland ecosystem functioning, however, because competition among these plant species can be strong, often resulting in the local dominance of a single species. Here we have manipulated the species richness of rooted, submerged aquatic plant (macrophyte) communities in experimental wetland mesocosms. We found higher algal and total plant (algal plus macrophyte) biomass, as well as lower loss of total phosphorus, in mesocosms with a greater richness of macrophyte species. Greater plant biomass resulted from a sampling effect; that is, the increased chance in species mixtures that algal production would be facilitated by the presence of a less competitive species--in this case, crisped pondweed. Lower losses of total phosphorus resulted from the greater chance in species mixtures of a high algal biomass and the presence of sago pondweed, which physically filter particulate phosphorus from the water. These indirect and direct effects of macrophyte species richness on algal production, total plant biomass and phosphorus loss suggest that management practices that maintain macrophyte diversity may enhance the functioning and associated services of wetland ecosystems.
© CSA

39. Effects of open marsh water management on selected tidal marsh resources: A review.
Wolfe, R. J.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12(4): 701-712. (1996)
NAL Call #:   QL536.J686; ISSN: 8756-971X
Descriptors:   pest control/ marshes/ water management/ reviews/ literature reviews/ aquatic insects/ literature review/ ecological effects/ resources management/ Culicidae/ Diptera/ Diptera/ literature reviews/ aquatic insects/ literature review/ mosquito control/ ecological effects/ resources management/ reviews/ pest control/ Culicidae
Abstract: Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) is a method of salt-marsh mosquito control that advocates source reduction and biological control through selective pond creation and ditching in mosquito breeding areas. This method has been used as an alternative to chemical insecticides in coastal wetlands for 30 years. This paper reviews the effects of OMWM on hydrology, topography, vegetation, mosquitoes, invertebrates, fishes, birds, mammals, and water quality. Other source reduction techniques and the economics of OMWM are also discussed.
© CSA

40. The end of a tradition: 1000 years of embankment and reclamation of wetlands in the Netherlands.
Wolff, W. J.
Ambio 21(4): 287-291. (1992)
NAL Call #:   QH540.A52 ; ISSN: 0044-7447
Descriptors:   wetlands/ land reclamation/ historical account/ marshes/ salt marshes/ environment management/ agriculture/ embankments/ Netherlands/ embankments/ reclamation/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ conservation and environmental protection/ environmental action
Abstract: Embankment and subsequent reclamation of coastal salt marshes in The Netherlands started about 1000 years ago. Thousands of km super(2) of salt marshes have been reclaimed since that time. In about the same period, reclamation of inland peat moors and swamp forests by improving drainage started, again resulting in the reclamation of thousands of km super(2) mainly in the center of the present-day Netherlands. A few centuries later, another technology was applied to pump dry lakes to gain new agricultural land at the former lake bottom. The embankment and reclamation of wetlands culminated in the 20th century Zuiderzee and Delta projects. However, since the 1960s opposition to the loss of wetlands gradually mounted and finally resulted in changing the nature of some major projects under way and the abandonment of several other projects.
© CSA

41. EPW: A procedure for the functional assessment of planned wetlands.
Bartoldus, C. C.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 533-541. (1994)
NAL Call #:   TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979
Abstract: The practice of compensating wetland losses through wetland construction, restoration, or enhancement has become more commonplace; however, an appropriate method for assessing replacement of wetland function has been lacking. The Evaluation for Planned Wetlands (EPW) was developed to meet this need. It is a rapid assessment procedure which documents and highlights differences between a wetland assessment area and planned wetland based on their capacity to provide six functions: shoreline bank erosion control, sediment stabilization, water quality, wildlife, fish (tidal, non-tidal stream/river, and non-tidal pond/lake), and uniqueness/heritage. The differences between wetlands are expressed in terms of individual elements, Functional Capacity Indices, and Functional Capacity Units. The results provide information on individual design elements and measures of functional capacity which are a necessity under current regulatory programs that require tangible goals and a method for calculating planned wetland size. EPW includes functional assessment models, a procedure for using these models during the planning/mitigation process, and guidelines for functional design.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

42. Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires.
Siegel, D. I.
Environmental Management 12(5): 621-626. (1988)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Abstract: Any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses. It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact. This article reviews current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances. -from Author
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

43. Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: A conceptual overview and generic framework.
Preston, E. M. and Bedford, B. L.
Environmental Management 12(5): 565-583. (1988)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ management planning/ environmental effects/ research priorities/ landscape functions/ flood-control storage/ water quality/ sediments/ hydrological regime
Abstract: Issues that must be confronted in developing a sound scientific basis for investigating cumulative effects on freshwater wetlands are outlined. The foundation is laid for a research program to develop methods to quantify cumulative effects of wetland loss or degradation on the functioning of interacting systems of wetlands: (1) the concept of cumulative effects is defined in terms that permit scientific investigation of effects; (2) the scientific component of cumulative impact analysis is distinguished from other aspects of the assessment process; (3) critical scientific issues in assessing cumulative effects on wetlands are defined; and (4) a hypothetical and generic structure is set up for measuring cumulative effects on the functioning of wetlands as landscape systems. A generic framework is provided for evaluating cumulative effects on three basic wetland landscape functions: flood storage, water quality, and life support. The contribution of a particular wetland to landscape function within watersheds or regions will be determined by its intrinsic characteristics, e.g., size, morphometry, type, percent organic matter in the sediments, and hydrologic regime, and by extrinsic factors, i.e., the wetland 's context in the landscape mosaic. The time scales of recovery for processes controlling particular wetland functions determine temporal boundaries. Landscape-level measures are proposed for each function. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

44. Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands.
Carleton, J. N.; Grizzard, T. J.; Godrej, A. N.; and Post, H. E.
Water Research 35(6):  1552-1562. (2001)
NAL Call #:   TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354
Descriptors:   ammonia: pollutant/ nitrate: pollutant/ phosphorus: pollutant/ hydraulic loading rate/ pollutant input/ pollutant removal/ stormwater runoff/ stormwater treatment wetlands/ wastewater treatment
Abstract: Data from 35 studies on 49 wetland systems used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface waters were examined and compared in order to identify any obvious trends that may aid future stormwater treatment wetland design efforts. Despite the intermittent nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs from stormwater runoff, our analysis demonstrates that steady-state first-order plug-flow models commonly used to analyze wastewater treatment wetlands can be adapted for use with stormwater wetlands. Long-term pollutant removals are analyzed as functions of long-term mean hydraulic loading rate and nominal detention time. First-order removal rate constants for total phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrate generated in this fashion are demonstrated to be similar to values reported in the literature for wastewater treatment wetlands. Constituent removals are also demonstrated via regression analyses to be functions of the ratio of wetland area to watershed area. Resulting equations between these variables can be used as preliminary design tools in the absence of more site-specific details, with the understanding that they should be employed cautiously.
© The Thomson Corporation

45. Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and fire-wildlife relations: An annotated bibliography.
Kirby, R. E.; Lewis, S. J.; and Sexson, T. N.
Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988. 146 p. Biological Report .
NAL Call #:  QH540.U562 no.88(1)
Abstract:  Provides an annotated bibliography of 319 citations that provide specific research data, summaries of existing knowledge, or site-specific management advice for North America. To this bibliography is appended a supplemental bibliography of all articles cited in the US Fish & Wildlife Service publication series, Wildlife Review, years 1935 through the September 1987 issue (Number 206) that discussed any aspect of wildlife management and ecology related to fire management, fire behaviour, or fire effects in North America. The 942 citations in the supplemental bibliography are intended to provide a ready reference to the fire-wildlife literature that can be used to evaluate past, current or proposed use of fire in wildlife habitat management. -from Authors
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

46. Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural hydrological balance.
Middleton, Beth
New York: Wiley; 308 p. (2002)
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.V3 F46 2002; ISBN: 0471418072
Descriptors:   floodplain ecology---North America/ wetland restoration---North America
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

47. Foreign plant stock: Concerns for wetland mitigation.
Padgett, D. J. and Crow, G. E.
Restoration & Management Notes 12(2): 168-171. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH76.R47; ISSN: 0733-0707
Descriptors:   wetlands/ introduced species/ horticulture/ genetic variance/ aquatic plants/ transplantation/ hybridization/ ecosystem disturbance/ genomes/ artificial wetlands/ planning/ flora/ USA, New Hampshire/ constructed wetlands/ genetics/ horticulture/ genetic variance
Abstract: While analyzing the floristic composition and plant species richness of created wetland ecosystems of southeastern New Hampshire, we made several observations on the methodology of vegetation composition planning, and how particular plant species are selected and become incorporated into mitigation projects. The outcome of this investigation along with a review of the subsequent literature, has evoked questions concerning the revegetation strategies, vegetation sources, and resultant floristic compositions of created wetland ecosystems.
© CSA

48. Forested wetlands in freshwater and salt-water environments.
Lugo, A. E.; Brown, S.; and Brinson, M. M.
Limnology and Oceanography 33(4): 894-909. (1988)
NAL Call #:   GC1 .L5; ISSN: 0024-3590
Descriptors:   wetlands/ lakes/ seawater/ reviews/ limnology/ forest hydrology/ forests/ forest watersheds/ ecosystems/ productivity
Abstract: A review of data from over 50 freshwater and about 50 salt-water sites revealed that freshwater and salt-water forested wetlands exhibit parallel responses to hydrologic factors. Greater ecosystem complexity and productivity are associated with higher hydrologic energy and more fertile conditions. However, structural complexity is greater in freshwater forested wetlands than in salt-water wetlands. Net primary productivity, litter fall, and export of organic matter are higher in salt-water forested wetlands. These differences raise questions about the efficiency with which nutrients are used in forested wetlands. Available data suggest that nutrient-use efficiency by litter fall and litter turnover are higher in tidal salt-water wetlands than in freshwater wetlands. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

49. Freshwater wetlands, urban stormwater, and nonpoint pollution control: A literature review and annotated bibliography.
Stockdale, E. C.
Olympia, Wash.: Washington Department of Ecology, 1991. 273 p.
NAL Call #:  Z6004.S94S76 1991
Descriptors:   wetlands/ bibliographies/ literature review/ nonpoint pollution sources/ storm runoff/ storm water management/ urban runoff/ wastewater treatment/ water pollution control/ wastewater disposal/ water pollution effects
Abstract:  It is well established that wetlands under certain circumstances improve water quality. There is a limited body of literature on the long-term effects of using freshwater wetlands for stormwater storage and nonpoint pollution control. A much larger body of literature pertains to the use of wetlands for sewage effluent treatment. Some work has been done utilizing natural as well as artificial wetlands for flood control and/or water quality management, but their direct application to this region is limited. Some researchers believe the characteristics of wastewater and urban runoff are similar enough that some findings in the wastewater literature may be applied to stormwater systems. These findings can be confirmed by careful studies in the Northwest to help fill the gaps in present knowledge. The literature strongly indicates that caution should be taken when natural wetlands are modified for use in stormwater management. Short-term water quality benefits are often realized, but long-term ecological impacts to the wetland system itself are likely and poorly understood. Constructed wetlands can be valuable tools for managing the effects of stormwater impacts on natural systems, particularly if they are built as part of basin-wide stormwater plans. The literature review summarizes wetland water quality improvement principles, case studies, and areas of greatest uncertainty regarding the use of wetlands for urban stormwater management. A comprehensive glossary is provided for use as a reference with definitions to terms contained in the review and bibliography, as well as the general literature. (Author's abstract)
© CSA

50. From wastelands to wetlands.
Patrick, W. H.
Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 892-896. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425.
Notes: Conference: Symposium on Wetland Processes and Water Quality, Minneapolis, MN (USA), 3-4 Nov 1992
Descriptors:   wetlands/ water quality/ flood control/ land use/ agriculture/ environmental protection/ water quality acts/ federal regulations/ ecosystem disturbance/ waste disposal sites/ historical account/ environmental legislation/ North America/ Clean Water Act/ water quality acts/ effects on water of human nonwater activities/ environmental action/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ environmental degradation
Abstract: When the Europeans first came to North America, they discovered vast expanses of fertile land in forests and prairies that would support the production of agricultural crops. Along with the upland fertile soils that lent themselves to clearing and farming, these settlers also encountered large areas of water-dominated lands that we now call wetlands. To the early settlers these wetland areas were for the most part wastelands and were generally considered to be unpleasant and unhealthy environments. We have learned in recent decades that the extensive wetland areas of this country have many beneficial uses. Improvement in water quality, flood control, storm abatement, protection of unique species of plants and animals, and food chain support are some of the important functions that wetlands perform. Before and during the same time that the value of natural wetlands was slowly being recognized, extensive drainage and conversion of wetlands to other uses were taking place, resulting in conversion of approximately half of the country's wetlands to nonwetland uses. Most drainage of wetlands, both past and present, is for agricultural use. There is now considerable interest country-wide in slowing this wetland conversion. Conversion of wetlands to agricultural, urban, and industrial uses is now regulated under Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act. The present level of regulation is not without problems, especially in regions with extensive areas of wetlands where there might be insufficient upland area for development, and in regions where the few areas that have wetland characteristics do not quality for 404 protection.
© CSA

51. Functional assessment of a reference wetland set as a tool for science, management and restoration.
Findlay, S. E. G.; Kiviat, E.; Nieder, W. C.; and Blair, E. A.
Aquatic Sciences 64(2): 107-117. (2002); ISSN: 1015-1621
Descriptors:   wetlands/ tidal marshes/ education/ environmental protection/ hydrology/ geomorphology/ analysis/ variability/ restoration/ inland water environment/ USA, New York, Hudson R./ habitat community studies/ protective measures and control/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: Wetlands are increasingly becoming the target of efforts to restore or mitigate past and current loss of area and other impacts on their function. Tidal wetlands serve an array of functions deemed beneficial (ecosystem services) but there are relatively few efforts to provide verified indicators of these functions or assess variability in function among wetlands. We assessed twelve functions ranging from wave energy dissipation to fish species richness in tidal freshwater wetlands on the Hudson River. These functions were assessed along with potential "indicators" of function at fifteen marshes selected to span hydrogeomorphic classes as well as expected level of function. Functions varied dramatically among wetland sites, with scores summed across functions ranging from 16% to 70% of the maximum possible. Some of the functions were positively associated such that improvement in one would probably be accompanied by improvements in others. Some functions (e.g., surface water exchange and breeding bird habitat) were negatively correlated indicating that one site cannot maximize all potential functions. A verified reference data set allows more objective selection of targets and sites for restoration as well as establishing realistic goals for what might be achieved. The validated indicators of function are valuable tools for extrapolating from a few intensively studied sites to the larger, unsampled, population of wetland sites in a region.
© CSA

52. Genetic issues for the restoration of seagrass populations.
Williams, S. L. and California Sea Grant.
In: Restoration Genetics Workshop. (Held 4 Dec 1997-5 Dec 1997 at St. Petersburg, FL (USA).); pp. 53-60; 1997.
Notes: Conference: Workshop on the Restoration Genetics of Wetland Plants
Descriptors:   wetlands/ sea grass/ genetic diversity/ bioturbation/ ecosystem disturbance/ habitat improvement (biological)/ restoration/ nature conservation/ environment management/ coastal zone management/ genetics and evolution/ protective measures and control
Abstract:  This paper explores the relationships between genetic variation and seagrass restoration. The author discusses some topics restorationists must address such as temporal scale, evolutionary potential, bioturbation, and habitat fragmentation.
© CSA

53. Geochemical processes and nutrient uptake by plants in hydric soils.
McKee, W. H. and McKevlin, M. R.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 2197-2207. (Dec. 1993)
NAL Call #:   QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268
Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and Chemistry. Includes references.
Descriptors:   wetland soils/ flooding/ biological production/ plant water relations/ plant nutrition/ metabolism/ mineral nutrition/ nutrient uptake/ soil physical properties/ reduction
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

54. Geographically isolated wetlands: A preliminary assessment of their characteristics and status in selected areas of the United States.
Tiner, Ralph W. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 5.
Hadley, Mass.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region. (2002)
Notes: Title from web page. "June 2002." Description based on content viewed July 3, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH87.3 .G64 2002
http://wetlands.fws.gov/Pubs%5FReports/isolated/report.htm
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ wetland ecology---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

55. Grazing management for riparian wetland areas.
Leonard, S. G.; National Applied Resource Sciences Center (U.S.); and United States. Forest Service.
Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Applied Resource Sciences Center; Series: Riparian area management. Technical reference (United States. Bureau of Land Management) 1737-14; 63 p. (1997)
Notes: "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service"--Cover. Shipping list no.: 98-0126-P. "BLM/RS/ST-97/002+1737"--P. [2] of cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-63). SUDOCS: I 53.35:1737-14.
NAL Call #:  SF85.3.G75 1997
Descriptors:   range management---United States/ grazing---environmental aspects---United States/ riparian ecology---United States/ wetland conservation---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

56. Groundwater-surface water interactions in headwater forested wetlands of the Canadian Shield.
Devito, K. J.; Hill, A. R.; and Roulet, N.
Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 181(1-4): 127-147. (1996)
NAL Call #:   292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694
Descriptors:   wetlands/ surface-groundwater relations/ forest hydrology/ swamps/ headwaters/ runoff/ catchment areas/ hydrological regime/ hydrology/ catchment area/ vegetation cover/ stormwater runoff/ ground water/ catchment area/ vegetation cover/ stormwater runoff/ ground water/ surface-groundwater relations/ forest hydrology/ headwaters/ catchment areas/ hydrological regime/ dynamics of lakes and rivers
Abstract: Groundwater and surface water interaction in two conifer swamps located in headwater catchments with contrasting till depth, typical of the southern Canadian Shield, were studied from June 1990 to August 1992. Both swamps had little influence on the regulation or attenuation of seasonal runoff response in the catchment. The two valley bottom swamps were connected to local aquifers but the upland-wetland connection was continuous in the catchment with deeper till and ephemeral in the catchment with thin till-rock ridges. Groundwater movement through the wetlands was restricted mainly to the surface peat layer in both wetlands, because a large portion of inputs from shallow soil layers and stream inflows enter near the peat surface. However, differences in upland-wetland connections resulted in contrasting hydrologic regimes in the two swamps. During seasons with larger inputs, both swamps were hydrologically connected to uplands and had a similar hydrology characterized by a high water table, rapid storm response, and predominance of saturated overland flow. In summer, upland inputs were absent in the catchment with thin till-rock ridges, resulting in cessation of baseflow and a lower water table that varied in response to variations in rainfall. Continuous upland inputs throughout the summer in the catchment with deeper tills (1-3 m) sustained baseflow and kept the water table near the peat surface. This study demonstrates the control of morphology and shallow subsurface geology on the hydrology of valley bottom swamps influenced by local aquifers.
© CSA

57. How 'green' are aquaculture, constructed wetlands and conventional wastewater treatment systems?
Brix, H.
Water Science and Technology 40(3): 45-50. (1999)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: 6. International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Aguas de Sao Pedro, SP (Brazil), 27 Sep-2 Oct 1998; Issue editor: Cooper, P.
Descriptors:   aquaculture development/ environmental impact/ environment management/ eutrophication/ pollution control/ energy/ aquaculture/ wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ water quality/ nutrients/ biomass/ tropical regions/ productivity/ comparison studies/ technology/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ mechanical and natural changes/ wastewater treatment processes
Abstract: The term 'green' is nowadays widely used (and misused) in connection with many types of technologies. If a technology is 'green' it usually means that the technology requires less non-renewable energy sources than other alternatives. However, other parameters need to be considered as well, such as sustainability, recycling potential, treatment capacity and potential, conservation of ecosystems, etc. In this paper the energy requirements and nutrient recycling potential of constructed wetlands and wastewater aquaculture facilities are compared with that of conventional wastewater treatment technologies. The energy requirements of constructed wetlands are very low, but if significant reuse of nutrients is included (aquaculture), the energy requirements increase significantly and usually beyond the energy equivalent of the biomass produced. This is especially true in cold temperate climates where the aquaculture systems need to be housed in heated greenhouses and artificial light must be provided to secure operation throughout the year. In countries where fresh water itself is a limiting resource and where the economic capability may limit the use of artificial fertilisers, the reuse potential of wastewater may be more important. The potential for sustainable cropping of the plant biomass is excellent in tropical wetlands as the plants have a high productivity and a continuous growing season. In order to evaluate in more detail the 'greenness' of the different wastewater treatment technologies, the life-cycle approach might be applied. However, because constructed wetlands, besides the water quality improvement function, perform a multitude of other functions such as biodiversity, habitat, climatic, hydrological and public use functions, methodologies need to be developed to evaluate these functions and to weigh them in relation to the water quality issues.
© CSA

58. Hydrological modelling and the sustainable development of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria.
Thompson, J. R. and Hollis, G. E.
Hydrological Sciences Journal 40(1): 97-116. (1995)
NAL Call #:   292.9 As7 ; ISSN: 0262-6667
Descriptors:   productivity/ irrigation/ groundwater recharge/ flooding/ hydrologic budget/ model studies/ water storage/ water use/ hydrology/ water resources/ water management/ biological production/ water budget/ resource development/ ground water/ Nigeria, Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands/ sustainable development/ biological production/ water budget/ resource development/ ground water/ productivity/ groundwater recharge/ hydrologic budget/ model studies/ water storage/ general papers on resources/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: The Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands produce agricultural, fishing and fuelwood benefits of upto 1277 Naira/ha (N1 = US$22, October 1994), over five times the productivity of formal irrigation schemes. The wetlands play a vital role in aquifer recharge. The key is the annual wet season flooding of over 2000 km super(2) in the 1960s and around 1500 km super(2) in the 1970s. A water balance model, utilizing monthly hydrological and meteorological data simulates flood extent and groundwater storage within the wetlands. The model was operated between 1964 and 1987 and was calibrated using observed flood extents ranging from 50 to 3265 km super(2). Subsequently elements were added for dams and irrigation schemes. Results indicate that full implementation of all the schemes constructed or planned would cause flooding to be less than 375 km super(2) for 60% of the time and groundwater storage to fall by over 5500 10 super(6) m super(3). It is possible to define an operating regime for the basin's hydraulic structures which could provide artificial floods and enable a distribution of water between formal irrigation, small scale irrigators, the wetlands and downstream users. This regime would provide assured flooding, of around 1000 km super(2) each year and a reduced loss of groundwater storage. Such a sustainable development scheme could offset decades of piecemeal development.
© CSA

59. Hydrology of natural wetlands and wet nature reserves.
Van Der Molen, W. H.
Agricultural Water Management 14(1-4): 357-364. (1988)
NAL Call #:   S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:   wetlands/ hydrology/ ecosystems/ ecological effects/ reviews/ salt marshes/ swamps/ marshes/ hydrologic systems/ bogs
Abstract: This review considers wetlands as they occur in nature, first discussing common properties, and then distinguishing different varieties. Wetlands discussed lack extensive open water spaces or large areas of bare sands and mudflats, and are mostly vegetated. The water logged wetland environment severely limits the number of plant species. Other factors, like high salinity, abundant or very poor supply of plant nutrients, may further reduce the possibilities. Often the vegetation is dominated by only a few but highly typical species. The following main types of wetlands are considered: swamp forests; reedlands and wet grasslands; highmoor bogs; and salt marshes. The general features of wetlands, and their botanical and zoological aspects have been extensively studied. The knowledge about the hydrology of wetlands, however, is scanty. More studies have been made on the hydrology of nature reserves. Interest in wetland hydrology is obviously rising as such areas become scarcer. Our present knowledge of the hydrology of wetlands is insufficient as a base to make the right decisions on how to preserve threatened wetlands. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

60. Identifying vulnerable wetland systems: Modelling the impact of sea-level rise on large-scale wetland response.
McFadden, L.; Spencer, T.; and Nicholls, R. J.
In: Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2005 - Proceedings of the Conference.; pp. 453-465; 2005.
Descriptors:   coastal forest/ ecological sensitivity/ tidal flats, saltmarsh/ wetland loss/ wetland transition
Abstract:  A broad-scale Wetland Change Model has been developed to identify the vulnerability of coastal wetlands at the large-scale. The model provides a dynamic and integrated assessment of regional to global patterns of wetland loss, and a means of estimating the transitions between different vegetated wetland types and open water under a range of scenarios of sea-level rise and changes in accommodation space from human intervention. This paper discusses key concepts raised in the process of quantifying the vulnerability of coastal wetlands to forcing from sea-level rise.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

61. The impact of a riparian wetland on streamwater quality in a recently afforested upland catchment.
Emmett, B. A.; Hudson, J. A.; Coward, P. A.; and Reynolds, B.
Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 162(3-4): 337-353. (1994)
NAL Call #:   292.8 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-1694
Descriptors:   wetlands/ water quality/ streams/ geochemistry/ stream pollution/ sinks/ nutrients/ water treatment/ agricultural runoff/ aquaculture effluents/ nutrients (mineral)/ aquaculture effluents/ nutrients (mineral)/ streams/ stream pollution/ sinks/ nutrients/ sources and fate of pollution/ mechanical and natural changes/ freshwater pollution
Abstract: The influence of a small remant wetland on streamwater chemistry at the outflow of an afforested catchment has been investigated. The wetland reduced the volume weighted mean concentrations of a number of solutes. Stream solute loadings were calculated from chemical and flow data from two flumes situated above and below the wetland at the catchment outlet. The flow contribution from the wetland itself was estimated on an areal basis and combined with sampled chemistry to estimate solute fluxes. Streamwater dissolved nitrogen loading equivalent to an input of 55 kg N/ha/year, was reduced by 38% after flowing through the wetland. Reductions in streamwater loadings were also observed for phosphate (94%), total dissolved-P (42%), total monometric aluminium (39%), total filtrable aluminium (21%), iron (54%), DOC (34%) and silica (21%). All other retention rates were within the original streamwater loading estimate errors. Retention of nitrogen was lower than expected, perhaps due to exhaustion of the wetland's immobilisation capacity by the large nitrogen loading in the streamwater entering the wetland from the surrounding land in combination with atmospheric loadings. Retention of nitrogen and other solutes was also reduced due to a prolonged period of low rainfall during the summer of 1989 which resulted in high concentration events of various elements from the wetland relative to concentrations at the wetland inflow.
© CSA

62. The impact of federal programs on wetlands: A report to Congress.
United States. Dept. of the Interior
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1988.  
Notes: v. 1. The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain and the Prairie Pothole Region -- v. 2. The Everglades, coastal Louisiana, Galveston Bay, Puerto Rico, California's Central Valley, western riparian areas, southeastern and western Alaska, the Delmarva Peninsula, North Carolina, northeastern New Jersey, Michigan, and Nebraska.
NAL Call #:  QH76.I48 1988
http://www.doi.gov/oepc/wetlands2/index.html
Descriptors:   wetland conservation---government policy---United States/ wetlands---government policy---United States/ reclamation of land---government policy---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

63. Impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function.
Lee, S. Y.; Dunn, R. J. K.; Young, R. A.; Connolly, R. M.; Dale, P. E. R.; Dehayr, R.; Lemckert, C. J.; Mckinnon, S.; Powell, B.; and Teasdale, P. R.
Austral Ecology 31(2): 149-163. (2006)
NAL Call #:   QH540 .A8; ISSN: