2. Agricultural wetlands and waterbirds: A review.
Czech, H. A. and Parsons, K. C.
Waterbirds 25(2 [supplement]): 56-65. (2002)
NAL Call #:   QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695.
Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated Approaches
Descriptors:   wetlands/ agricultural ecosystems/ habitat changes/ habitat utilization/ reviews/ aquatic birds/ habitat/ literature reviews/ agriculture/ breeding sites/ foraging behaviour/ rice fields/ Aves/ birds/ management/ ecology/ community studies/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has increased as natural wetlands continue to decline worldwide. Little information exists on waterbird use of wetland crops such as taro, hasu, and wild rice. Several reports exist on waterbird use of cranberry bog systems. Information exists on waterbird use of rice fields, especially by herons and egrets. Rice fields encompass over 1.5 million km super(2) of land and are found on all continents except Antarctica. Rice fields are seasonally flooded for cultivation and to decoy waterfowl, and drawn down for sowing and harvest. A wide variety of waterbirds including wading birds, shorebirds, waterfowl, marshbirds, and seabirds utilize rice fields for foraging and to a lesser extent as breeding sites. In some areas, especially Asia, waterbirds have come to rely upon rice fields as foraging sites. However, few reports exist on waterbird use of rice ecosystems outside of the Mediterranean Region. Species that are commonly found utilizing agricultural wetlands during the breeding season, migration, and as wintering grounds are listed. General trends and threats to waterbirds utilizing agricultural wetlands, including habitat destruction and degradation, contaminant exposure, and prey fluctuations are presented.
© CSA

3. Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape.
Mensing, D. M.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; and Tester, J. R.
Journal of Environmental Management 53(4): 349-377. (1998)
NAL Call #:   HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors:   wetlands/ assessment/ land use/ fish/ aquatic invertebrates/ riparian vegetation/ effects/ biodiversity/ landscape/ land resources/ resource conservation/ resource management/ riparian forests/ biological indicators/ human activity/ forestry practices/ birds/ Amphibia/ Minnesota/ disturbance/ vertebrates/ Chordata/ animals/ west north central states of USA/ north central states of USA/ United States/ North America/ developed countries/ OECD countries/ lake states of USA
Abstract: The present study explores the relationships between riparian wetland communities and anthropogenic disturbances, including urban, forestry and cultivated land. Small stream riparian wetlands in central Minnesota, USA, provided an opportunity to detect these relationships because land use within the region is heterogeneous, resulting in disturbance gradients at the scales of stream reach and landscape. The research tested 2 hypotheses: organismal groups (wet meadow vegetation, shrub carr vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds) respond differently to various types of anthropogenic disturbance; and the observed biological responses are dependent on the spatial scale of the disturbance. It was shown that birds were the best indicators of landscape condition within the near vicinity of small stream riparian wetlands, and fish community composition corresponded to broader landscape land use patterns. It is suggested that the type of anthropogenic disturbance and the spatial scale at which the disturbance occurs will have variable consequences to different organismal groups. If the effectiveness of the proposed indicators is verified, then managers can strategically monitor the biota and accurately interpret the results. The strength and interpretability of bird and fish relationships to land use of riparian wetlands suggest that indicator and criteria development are warranted.
© CAB International/CABI Publishing

4. An approach for assessing wetland functions using hydrogeomorphic classification, reference wetlands, and functional indices.
Smith, R. Daniel. and United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Wetlands Research Program (U.S.).
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research Program technical report  WRP-DE-9. (1995)
Notes: Title from title page. "Final report." "October 1995." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  GB624 .A76 1995
http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/wrpde9.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ ecosystem management---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

5. Assessing wetland functional condition in agricultural landscapes.
Eckles, S. Diane. and United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Series: Wetland technical note 1. (2002)
Notes: Title from web page. "March 2002." Description based on content viewed May 13, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  aQH87.3 .A77 2002
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/directiv%5F%20files/TN%5FECS%5F190%5F2%5Fa.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ environmental impact analysis---United States/ wetland restoration---United States/ wetland ecology---environmental aspects---United States/ wetland agriculture---United States/ ecological assessment---biology---United States/ agricultural landscape management---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

6. Base cation chemistry of storm runoff in a forested headwater wetland.
Hill, A. R.
Water Resources Research 29(8): 2663-2674. (1993)
NAL Call #:   292.8 W295; ISSN: 0043-1397
Descriptors:   wetlands/ storm runoff/ headwaters/ geochemistry/ forest hydrology/ cations/ chemical analysis/ stormwater runoff/ catchment area/ stormwater runoff/ catchment area/ storm runoff/ headwaters/ forest hydrology/ chemical processes/ composition of water
© CSA

7. Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles.
Semlitsch, R. D. and Bodie, J. R.
Conservation Biology 17(5): 1219-1228. (Oct. 2003)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors:   wetlands/ riparian environments/ environment management/ buffers/ conservation/ habitat/ feeding/ life cycle/ water resources/ biodiversity/ nature conservation/ agricultural practices/ overwintering/ ecotones/ silviculture/ breeding/ amphibiotic species/ nesting/ aquatic reptiles/ literature reviews/ habitat selection/ Caudata/ Anura/ salamanders/ frogs/ toads/ conservation/ biodiversity/ habitat community studies/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: Terrestrial habitats surrounding wetlands are critical to the management of natural resources. Although the protection of water resources from human activities such as agriculture, silviculture, and urban development is obvious, it is also apparent that terrestrial areas surrounding wetlands are core habitats for many semiaquatic species that depend on mesic ecotones to complete their life cycle. For purposes of conservation and management, it is important to define core habitats used by local breeding populations surrounding wetlands. Our objective was to provide an estimate of the biologically relevant size of core habitats surrounding wetlands for amphibians and reptiles. We summarize data from the literature on the use of terrestrial habitats by amphibians and reptiles associated with wetlands (19 frog and 13 salamander species representing 1363 individuals; 5 snake and 28 turtle species representing more than 2245 individuals) . Core terrestrial habitat ranged from 159 to 290 m for amphibians and from 127 to 289 m for reptiles from the edge of the aquatic site. Data from these studies also indicated the importance of terrestrial habitats for feeding, overwintering, and nesting, and, thus, the biological interdependence between aquatic and terrestrial habitats that is essential for the persistence of populations. The minimum and maximum values for core habitats, depending on the level of protection needed, can be used to set biologically meaningful buffers for wetland and riparian habitats. These results indicate that large areas of terrestrial habitat surrounding wetlands are critical for maintaining biodiversity.
© CSA

8. Bottom-up control of carabid beetle communities in early successional wetlands: Mediated by vegetation structure or plant diversity?
Brose, U.
Oecologia (Berlin) 135(3): 407-413. (2003)
NAL Call #:   QL750.O3; ISSN: 0029-8549
Descriptors:   terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ cluster analysis/ linear regression analysis/ mathematical and computer techniques/ pitfall trapping/ applied and field techniques/ agricultural landscapes/ biodiversity/ bottom up control/ early successional woodlands: habitat/ enemy free space/ feeding activity/ hunting efficiency/ morphological traits/ plant height/ predation/ spatial heterogeneity/ species diversity/ species richness/ vegetation structure
Abstract: Two hypotheses of bottom-up control that predict that the species richness of Carabidae will depend either on the taxonomic diversity of plants ("taxonomic diversity hypothesis") or on the structural heterogeneity of the vegetation ("structural heterogeneity hypothesis") were tested. Plant species were classified into nine plant structural groups through cluster analysis of morphological traits (e.g. total height) at 30 early successional temporary wetlands in the East-German agricultural landscape. In a linear regression analysis, the heterogeneity of vegetation structures explained 55% of the variation in carabid beetle diversity. According to a partial correlation analysis, plant taxonomic diversity did not have a significant effect, consistent with the "structural heterogeneity hypothesis," and contradicting previous studies which concluded that plant taxonomic diversity would be the most important factor in early successional habitats. An experimental study was used to test hypotheses on the processes underlying this bottom-up control by vegetation structure: the "hunting efficiency hypothesis," the "enemy-free space hypothesis," and the "microhabitat specialization hypothesis." The composition of plant structural groups in 15 vegetation plots (1 m2) was manipulated, creating a gradient from dense vegetation to open plots. Subsequent pitfall catches revealed significant differences in the activity-abundances of the carabid species. Large species preferred dense vegetation plots, consistent with the enemy-free space hypothesis that large species are more vulnerable to predation on the open plots and prefer dense vegetation to escape from natural enemies. The results indicate that bottom-up control is not mediated only by plant taxonomic or functional group diversity and that vegetation structures may be more important than previously suggested.
© The Thomson Corporation

9. Capacity of natural wetlands to remove nutrients from wastewater.
Nichols, D. S.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 55(5): 495-505. (1983)
NAL Call #:   TD419.R47; ISSN: 1047-7624
Abstract: Interest in removing nitrogen and phosphorus from treated wastewater by applying it to wetlands is rapidly increasing. This may be a simple and energy efficient means of removing these nutrients from wastewater. However, the capacities and limitations of wetlands to function in this manner have not been well quantified. This paper reviews the major mechanisms by which wetlands remove N and P from wastewater flows, and develops some approximate relations between the nutrient removal efficiency of wetlands and wastewater N and P loading rates. Wetlands retain P by adsorption and precipitation reactions. This capacity declines with continued P addition, and a wetland eventually can become saturated. Nitrogen removal is mainly by denitrification, which seems not to diminish with time. Plant uptake of N and P can be important during the growing season, but most of these nutrients are quickly returned to the system when the vegetation dies and decays. Wetland removal of wastewater nutrients can be effective at low loading rates, but efficiency decreases rapidly as application rates increase. About 1 ha of wetland area seems to be required to remove 50% of the N and P from the wastewater generated by 60 people.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

10. Carbon distribution of a well- and poorly-drained black spruce fire chronosequence.
Wang, C.; Bond-Lamberty, B.; and Gower, S. T.
Global Change Biology 9(7): 1066-1079. (July 2003)
NAL Call #:   QC981.8.C5G6323; ISSN: 1354-1013
Descriptors:   wetlands/ carbon/ drainage/ methodology/ environmental impact/ forests/ vegetation cover/ plant populations/ biomass/ roots/ ecosystem disturbance/ fire/ biological age/ Picea mariana/ Bryophyta/ Canada, Manitoba/ black spruce/ bryophytes/ hornworts/ mosses/ conifers/ habitat community studies
Abstract: The objective of this study was to quantify carbon (C) distribution for boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands comprising a fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. The experimental design included seven well-drained (dry) and seven poorly-drained (wet) stands that burned between 1998 and 1850. Vegetation C pools (above-ground + below-ground) steadily increased from 1.3 to 83.3 t C ha super(-1) for the dry chronosequence, and from 0.6 to 37.4 t C ha super(-1) for the wet chronosequence. The detritus C pools (woody debris + forest floor) varied from 10.3 to 96.0 t C ha super(-1) and from 12.6 to 77.4 t C ha super(-1) for the dry and wet chronosequence, respectively. Overstorey biomass, mean annual biomass increment (MAI), woody debris mass, and litterfall were significantly greater (alpha = 0.05) for the dry stands than for the wet stands, but the bryophyte, understorey, and forest floor C pools were significantly less for the dry than for the wet stands. The root mass ratio decreased with stand age until 37 years after fire, was fairly constant thereafter, and was not significantly affected by soil drainage. The C pools of the overstorey and bryophyte tended to increase with stand age. Foliage biomass, litterfall, and MAI (for the dry stands) peaked at 71 years after fire and declined in the oldest stands. The results from this study illustrate that the effects of disturbance and edaphic conditions must be accounted for in boreal forest C inventories and C models. The appropriateness of using chronosequences to examine effects of wildfire on ecosystem C distribution is discussed.
© CSA

11. Carrying capacity of wetland habitats used by breeding greater snow geese.
Masse, H.; Rochefort, L.; and Gauthier, G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(2): 271-281. (Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #:   410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ carrying capacity/ grazing/ wildlife management/ Canada, Nunavut/ population number/ breeding sites/ herbivores/ food availability/ ecosystem management/ environment management/ Chen caerulescens atlantica/ Canada, Nunavut, Bylot I./ greater snow goose/ management/ population dynamics/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: Because geese can damage their arctic breeding habitats through overgrazing, there is debate about limiting the rapid growth of the greater snow goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica) population and setting a population goal. To answer these questions, we assessed the nutritional carrying capacity of freshwater wetland habitats for breeding greater snow geese at the Bylot Island colony, Nunavut, Canada. Specifically, we (1) mapped the different types of wetlands on the island; (2) estimated net aboveground primary production of these habitats; (3) compared total food availability with predicted total food requirements of the current population; and (4) validated our predictions of plant biomass consumed by comparing them to the intensity of goose grazing measured. Freshwater wetlands represented 173 plus or minus 6 km super(2) or 11% of the total area of the south plain of Bylot Island. Streams and wet polygons were the most important habitats in terms of availability of suitable forage plants for geese. The average net aboveground primary production ranged from 21.0 plus or minus 4.6 along lakes to 46.0 plus or minus 9.8 g/m super(2) in polygon channels. We estimated the total food supply available for geese in wetlands at 2,625 plus or minus 461 tons in 1997 but only 1,247 plus or minus 473 tons in 1996, a year of low plant production. We predicted a summer food requirement for goslings at 8.1 plus or minus 0.6 kg/bird, for breeding adults at 7.9 plus or minus 2.3, and for nonbreeding adults at 4.7 plus or minus 1.5, and we predicted the total summer food requirements of the goose population at 1,201 plus or minus 160 tons. The predicted amount of biomass removed (32 plus or minus 7%) agreed well with the actual amount of biomass removed measured in mid-August (39 plus or minus 11%) in 1997, but not in 1996 (67 plus or minus 27% vs 26 plus or minus 17%, respectively), possibly because the goose population was lower that year due to poor breeding success. In 1997, the goose population was at 46 plus or minus 10% of the theoretical short-term carrying capacity (341,000 geese) of the wetlands of Bylot Island. We recommend keeping the goose population below this theoretical carrying capacity.
© CSA

12. A case for wetland restoration.
Hey, Donald L. and Philippi, Nancy S.
New York: Wiley; x, 215 p.: ill. (some col.), maps. (1999)
Notes: "A Wiley-Interscience publication." Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #:  QH75 .H49 1999; ISBN: 0471176427
Descriptors:   wetland conservation/ restoration ecology/ wetland conservation---United States---case studies
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

13. Classification and inventory of wetlands: A global overview.
Scott, D. A. and Jones, T. A.
Plant Ecology 118(1-2): 3-16. (1995)
NAL Call #:   QK900.P63 ; ISSN: 0042-3106
Descriptors:   conservation/ ecology/ environmental sciences/ freshwater ecology/ ecological change monitoring/ conservation and resource management/ environmental biology/ plants/ limnology
Abstract: Classification of wetlands is extremely problematical, definition of the term wetland being a difficult and controversial starting point. Although considerable effort has gone into the development of national and regional wetland classifications, the only attempt at establishing a global system has been under the auspices of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. In view of the fact that the Ramsar Convention has 70 Contracting Parties world-wide, it is suggested that the Convention's definition and classification system should be adopted generally for international purposes. Much of the world has been covered by preliminary wetland inventories, but there is an urgent need to extend coverage to those areas not yet included. It is essential that all inventory projects give adequate attention to meeting the real information needs of agencies and individuals which have an impact on the conservation and wise use of wetlands. Attention should also be given to providing for wide dissemination and regular updating of information and establishment of procedures for monitoring ecological change at the sites identified.
© The Thomson Corporation

14. Climate change, agriculture and wetlands in eastern Europe: Vulnerability, adaptation and policy.
Hartig, Ellen Kracauer;  Grozev, Ognyan; and Rosenzweig, Cynthia
Climatic Change 36(1-2): 107-121. (1997)
NAL Call #:   QC980; ISSN: 0165-0009
Descriptors:   wetlands/ agronomy: agriculture/ climatology: environmental sciences/ conservation/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ government and law/ agricultural drainage/ agriculture/ climate change/ climatology/ conservation/ evapotranspiration/ policy/ temperature
Abstract: Naturally-occurring wetlands perform such functions as flood control, pollution filtration, nutrient recycling, sediment accretion, groundwater recharge and water supply, erosion control, and plant and wildlife preservation. A large concentration of wetlands is located in Eastern Europe. A significant amount of Eastern European wetlands has been converted to agricultural use in the past, and remaining wetlands are subject to agricultural drainage. Drained wetlands are used as prime agriculture lands for a variety of food crops. Other agricultural uses of wetlands range from growing Phragmites australis (common reed) for thatch and livestock feed, to collecting peat for heating and cooking fuel. Altered hydrologic regimes due to global climate change could further exacerbate encroachment of agricultural land use into wetlands. The vulnerability and adaptation studies of the U.S. Country Studies Program are used to analyze where climate change impacts to agriculture may likewise impact wetland areas. Scenarios indicate higher temperatures and greater evapotranspiration altering the hydrologic regime such that freshwater wetlands are potentially vulnerable in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Russia, and that coastal wetlands are at risk in Estonia. Runoff is identified as a key hydrological parameter affecting wetland function. Since wetland losses may increase as a result of climate-change-induced impacts to agriculture, precautionary management options are reviewed, such as establishing buffer areas, promoting sustainable uses of wetlands, and restoration of farmed or mined wetland areas. These options may reduce the extent of negative agricultural impacts on wetlands due to global climate change.
© The Thomson Corporation

15. Coastal management practices for prevention of future impacts on wetlands.
Baca, B. J. and Clark, J. R.
In: Ecology and Management of Wetlands Vol 2: Management, Use and Value of Wetlands/ Hook, D. D.
London: Timber Press, 1988; pp. 28-44
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3E26
Descriptors:   land types/ protection/ coastal wetlands
Abstract:  The world's coastal wetlands are seriously threatened by both man-made and natural factors. These include coastal development and erosion, coastal pollution, natural erosion and sea-level rise. Progress in the developed countries in reducing man-made impacts on wetlands has not reached the developing countries .
© CAB International/CABI Publishing

16. Coastal salt marsh systems in the U.S.: A review of anthropogenic impacts.
Kennish, M. J.
Journal of Coastal Research 17(3): 731-748. (2001); ISSN: 0749-0208
Descriptors:   USA/ coasts/ salt marshes/ reviews/ water level fluctuations/ environmental effects/ dredging/ drainage/ tides/ subsidence/ global warming/ ecosystem disturbance/ coastal morphology/ anthropogenic factors/ coastal engineering/ dredge spoil/ harvesting/ flood control/ tidal effects/ hydrology/ deglaciation/ sea level changes/ eustatic changes/ man-induced effects/ climatic changes/ greenhouse effect
Abstract: During the past century, human modification of environmental systems has greatly accelerated tidal salt marsh deterioration and shoreline retreat in many coastal regions worldwide. As a result, more than 50% of the original tidal salt marsh habitat in the U.S. has been lost. Numerous human activities have contributed directly or indirectly to wetland loss and alteration at local, regional, and global scales. Human impacts at the local scale include those that directly modify or destroy salt marsh habitat such as dredging, spoil dumping, grid ditching, canal cutting, leveeing, and salt hay farming. Indirect impacts, which can be even more significant, typically are those that interfere with normal tidal flooding of the marsh surface, alter wetlands drainage, and reduce mineral sediment inputs and marsh vertical accretion rates. These impacts usually develop over a greater period of time. At the regional scale, subsidence caused by subsurface withdrawal of groundwater, oil, and gas has submerged and eliminated hundreds of square kilometers of salt marsh habitat in the Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, and Gulf of Mexico. At the global scale, atmospheric warming due to increased burden of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulfate aerosols appears to be strongly coupled to glacial melting, thermal expansion of ocean waters, and eustatic sea-level rise. Changes in coastal water levels ascribable to eustatic sea-level rise pose a long-term threat to the stability and viability of these critically important coastal systems.
© CSA

17. Conflicting processes in the wetland plant rhizosphere: Metal retention or mobilization?
Jacob, D. L. and Otte, M. L.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 3(1): 91-104. (2003)
NAL Call #:   TD172 .W36; ISSN: 1567-7230
Descriptors:   bioavailability/ metals/ organic matter/ pH/ redox/ rhizosphere/ wetland
Abstract: Increasingly wetlands are used for treatment of metal-contaminated water or as a cover over metal-enriched mine tailings. Natural wetlands may also be contaminated with metals from anthropogenic sources. While wetland conditions tend to be favorable for immobilization of metals, wetland plants could influence metal mobility through redox and pH processes in the rhizosphere. Our current knowledge of these processes is reviewed, focusing on the question of whether the advantages of growing wetland plants in metal-contaminated sediments outweigh the disadvantages. Wetland plants alter the redox conditions, pH and organic matter content of sediments and so affect the chemical speciation and mobility of metals. Metals may be mobilized or immobilized, depending on the actual combination of factors, and it is extremely difficult to predict which effects plants will actually have on metal mobility under a given set of conditions. However, while the effects of plants can extend several tens of centimeters into the sediments, there are no reports suggesting large-scale mobilization of metals by wetland plants. © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

18. Conservation management of freshwater habitats: Lakes, rivers and wetlands.
Maitland, Peter S. and Morgan, N. C.
London; New York: Chapman & Hall; Series: Conservation Biology Series 9; 233 p. (1997)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-223) and index.
NAL Call #:  QH75.M34 1997; ISBN: 0412594102
Descriptors:   wetland conservation/ fishery conservation/ wildlife conservation/ conservation of natural resources/ freshwater fishes
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

19. Constructed wetlands for pollution control: Processes, performance, design and operation.
International Water Association. IWA Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control.
London: IWA Pub.; Series: Scientific and technical report (International Water Association) no. 8; 156 p. (2000)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-149) and index.
NAL Call #:  TD756.5 .C76 2000
Descriptors:   constructed wetlands/ sewage---purification---biological treatment
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

20. Constructed wetlands for the treatment of organic pollutants.
Haberl, R.; Langergraber, G.; Grego, S.; Kadlec, R. H.; Cicalini, A.-R.; Dias, S. M.; Novais, J. M.; Aubert, S.; Gerth, A.; Thomas, H.; and Hebner, A.
Journal of Soils and Sediments 3(2): 109-124. (2003); ISSN: 1439-0108
Descriptors:   constructed wetlands/ groundwater/ organic contaminants/ wastewater/ water treatment
Abstract: Background. Constructed wetlands (wetland treatment systems) are wetlands designed to improve water quality. They use the same processes that occur in natural wetlands but have the flexibility of being constructed. As in natural wetlands vegetation, soil and hydrology are the major components. Different soil types and plant species are used in constructed wetlands. Regarding hydrology surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands are the main types. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are further subdivided into horizontal or vertical flow. Many constructed wetlands deal with domestic wastewater where BOD and COD (Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand respectively) are used as a sum parameter for organic matter. However, also special organic compounds can be removed. Objective. The objectives are to summarise the state-of-the-art on constructed wetlands for treatment of specific organic compounds, to the present the lack of knowledge, and to derive future research needs. Methods. Case studies in combination with a literature review are used to summarise the available knowledge on removal processes for specific organic compounds. Results and Discussion. Case studies are presented for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with aromatic organic compounds, and sulphonated anthraquinones, olive mill wastewater, landfill leachare, and groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons, cyanides, chlorinated volatile organics, and explosives. In general the removal efficiency for organic contaminants is high in all presented studies. Conclusion. Constructed wetlands are an effective and low cost way to treat water polluted with organic compounds. There is a lack of knowledge on the detailed removal pathways for most of the contaminants. Removal rates as well as optimal plant species are substance-specific, and also typically not available. If a constructed wetland provides different environmental conditions and uses different plant species the treatment efficiency can be improved. Recommendations and Outlook. There is a great need to lighten the black box 'constructed wetland' to obtain performance data for both microbial activity and the contribution of the plants to the overall removal process. Also genetic modified plants should be considered to enhance the treatment performance of constructed wetlands for specific compounds.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

21. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement.
Moshiri, Gerald A.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; 632 p. (1993)
Notes: Papers presented at the Pensacola conference. Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #:  TD756.5.M67 1993; ISBN: 0873715500 (acid-free paper)
Descriptors:   constructed wetlands---congresses/ water quality management---congresses/ constructed wetlands---case studies---congresses
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

22. Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution.
Olson, Richard K.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
Boca Raton, Fla.: C.K. Smoley; 216 p. (1993)
Notes: "U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, and Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  TD223.C73 1993; ISBN: 0873719433 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:   water quality management---United States/ water---pollution---United States/ wetland conservation---United States/ constructed wetlands---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

23. Criteria and procedures to maximize the quality and value of wetlands constructed at surface mines.
Nelson, R. W.
International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 17(2): 77-90. (1991)
NAL Call #:   QH540.I54; ISSN: 0377-015X
Abstract: Provides a synthesis of ideas or principles derived from recent experience, both at mine reclamation sites and with projects designed to replace wetland functions and values lost to agricultural and urban development. -from Author
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

24. Cumulative effects on wetland landscapes: Links to wetland restoration in the United States and southern Canada.
Bedford, B. L.
Wetlands 19(4): 775-788. (1999)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995
Descriptors:   wetlands/ land management/ geohydrology/ biogeochemistry/ land reclamation/ environmental quality/ environmental restoration/ human impact/ regional planning/ hydrology/ biogeochemical cycle/ land use/ restoration/ environment management/ ecosystem management/ USA/ Canada/ land restoration
Abstract: The cumulative effects of human actions on wetland ecosystems motivate current efforts at wetland restoration. They also have created in part the context within which restorations are undertaken. Using modern hydrogeological understanding of wetland-landscape linkages, I argue that restorations should begin with a cumulative impact analysis for the entire region in which the restoration is proposed. The analysis, however, should not focus merely on number of hectares of wetlands lost or degraded. It should be based on the concept of templates for wetland development. These templates are the diversity of settings created in specific landscapes by the complex interactions of hydrogeologic factors and climate. They control key hydrologic variables and hydrologically influenced chemical variables that cause specific wetland types to form and to be maintained through time. They also determine in large part the biogeochemical cycling characteristics specific to different types of wetlands. They thus account for both the biological and functional diversity of wetlands. A cumulative impact assessment for restoration purposes should identify the kinds, numbers, relative abundances, and spatial distribution of wetland templates in a region - both past and present. These past and present profiles of the wetland landscape can be used to make decisions regarding the type and location of restorations. Matching type and location to the appropriate hydrogeologic setting will maximize the probability of success for individual projects. Regional wetland diversity can be restored if individual restoration decisions about wetland type and location are made in light of the diversity of templates in past and present regional profiles.
© CSA

25. Cumulative impacts to wetlands.
Johnston, C. A.
Wetlands 14(1): 49-55. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:   wetlands/ United States/ environmental impact/ forest industry/ agriculture/ literature reviews/ geographic information systems/ environmental effects/ forestry/ geographic information systems/ cumulative impact analysis/ m echanical and natural changes/ f reshwater pollution/ e ffects on water of human nonwater activities/ e nvironmental degradation
Abstract: "Cumulative impact," the incremental effect of an impact added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future impacts, was reviewed as it pertains to southern forested wetlands. In the U.S., the largest losses of forested wetlands between the 1970s and 1980s occurred in southeastern states that had the most bottomland hardwood to begin with: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina. These losses were due primarily to forestry and agriculture. Other sources of cumulative impact include decrease in average area of individual wetlands, shift in proportion of wetland types, change in spatial configuration of wetlands, and loss of cumulative wetland function at the landscape scale. For two wetland-related functions, flood flow and loading of suspended solids, watersheds that contained less than 10% wetlands were more sensitive to incremental loss of wetland area than were watersheds with more than 10% wetlands. The relative position of wetlands within a drainage network also influenced their cumulative function. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are becoming an important tool for evaluating cumulative impacts and their effects.
© CSA

26. Denitrification in freshwater wetlands.
Groffman, P. M.
Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 1: 15-35. (1994); ISSN: 1076-4674
Descriptors:   wetlands/ denitrification/ nitrogen fixing bacteria/ energy transfer/ biogeochemistry/ nitrogen cycle/ water quality/ physiological ecology/ cycling nutrients/ bacteria/ nutrient cycles/ nutrient cycles/ nitrogen fixing bacteria/ physiological ecology/ cycling nutrients/ energy transfer
Abstract: In this paper, I first review the physiology and ecology of denitrifying organisms, focusing on how conditions in wetlands influence denitrification at organismal, ecosystem, landscape, and regional scales. My focus is on the role that denitrification plays in wetland processes more than on denitrification per se. As a result, the physiology discussion is oriented more towards how environmental factors regulate physiology than on the specifics of the physiology itself. The review of physiology and ecology is followed by a brief review of methods for study of denitrification. The main section of the paper is a synthesis of existing data to determine general principles of where and when denitrification is likely to be important to energy flow, nutrient cycling and water quality maintenance in wetlands. The final section discusses key questions and issues for future research.
© CSA

27. Designing constructed wetlands for nitrogen removal.
Hammer, D. A. and Knight, R. L.
Water Science and Technology 29(4): 15-27. (1994)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223
Descriptors:   wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ nitrogen removal/ biochemical oxygen demand/ nitrification/ denitrification/ toxicity/ case studies/ design criteria/ artificial wetlands/ case studies/ design criteria
Abstract: Many constructed wetlands adequately treat BOD sub(5), TSS, and bacteria. However, a review of nitrogen (N) data from 52 constructed and natural wetlands in the North American data base confirmed that N removal was variable. Nitrification and denitrification require aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This paper presents case histories of systems that use alternating shallow and deep zones to create both environments. Regression analysis of N removal and N loadings in 18 shallow-deep water systems suggested that NH sub(4) super(+) loading (kg N/ha/day) could be used to predict effluent NH sub(4) super(+) values. Combinations of shallow water-emergent vegetation and deep water-submergent vegetation with low NH sub(4) super(+) (and TKN) loading rates can produce very low levels of discharged NH sub(4) super(+).
© CSA

28. Determining ecological equivalence in service-to-service scaling of salt marsh restoration.
Strange, E.; Galgraith, H.; Bickel, S.; Mills, D.; Beltman, D.; and Lipton, J.
Environmental Management 29(2): 290-300. (Feb. 2002)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ habitat/ environmental restoration/ salt marshes/ environmental policy/ natural resources/ ecology/ habitats/ rehabilitation/ planning/ environmental effects/ nutrient cycles/ policies/ ecosystem management/ environment management/ restoration/ environmental action/ water quality control/ peclamation/ protective measures and control/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: The amount of ecological restoration required to mitigate or compensate for environmental injury or habitat loss is often based on the goal of achieving ecological equivalence. However, few tools are available for estimating the extent of restoration required to achieve habitat services equivalent to those that were lost. This paper describes habitat equivalency analysis (HEA), a habitat-based "service-to-service approach for determining the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural resource losses, and examines issues in its application in the case of salt marsh restoration. The scientific literature indicates that although structural attributes such as vegetation may recover within a few years, there is often a significant lag in the development of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling that are necessary for a fully functioning salt marsh. Moreover, natural variation can make recovery trajectories difficult to define and predict for many habitat services. HEA is an excellent tool for scaling restoration actions because it reflects this ecological variability and complexity. At the same time, practitioners must recognize that conclusions about the amount of restoration needed to provide ecological services equivalent to those that are lost will depend critically on the ecological data and assumptions that are used in the HEA calculation.
© CSA

29. Developing an invertebrate index of biological integrity for wetlands.
Helgen, Judy; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Developing an invertebrate index of biological integrity for wetlands (#9); Title from web page. "March 2002." "EPA-822-R-02-019." Description based on content viewed April 10, 2003. "Prepared jointly by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3 H46 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/9Invertebrate.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ aquatic invertebrates---environmental aspects---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

30. Developing the scientific basis for assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape functions: Status, perspectives, and prospects.
Bedford, B. L. and Preston, E. M.
Environmental Management 12(5): 751-771. (1988)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ comprehensive planning/ reviews/ environmental effects/ cumulative impacts/ landscape functions/ research priorities/ regulations/ synoptic analysis/ data acquisition/ environmental protection
Abstract: The incongruity between the regional and national scales at which wetland losses are occurring, and the project-specific scale at which wetlands are regulated and studied, has become obvious. A synthesis is presented of recent efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Ecosystems Research Center at Cornell University to bring wetland science and regulation into alignment with the reality of the cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on entire landscapes and regions. It summarizes the status of our present scientific understanding, discusses means by which to actualize the existing potential for matching the scales of research and regulation with the scales at which effects are observed, and provides guidelines for building a stronger scientific base for landscape-level assessments of cumulative effects. It also provides the outlines for a synoptic and qualitative approach to cumulative effects assessment based on a reexamination of the generic assessment framework. A sound scientific basis for regulation will not come merely from acquiring more information on more variables. It will come from recognizing that a perceptual shift to larger temporal, spatial, and organizational scales is overdue. The shift in scale will dictate different--not necessarily more--variables to be measured in future wetland research and considered in wetland regulation. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

31. Diel flux of dissolved carbohydrate in a salt marsh and a simulated estuarine ecosystem.
Burney, C. M.; Johnson, K. M.; and Sieburth, J. M.
Marine Biology 63(2):  175-187. (1981)
NAL Call #:   QH91.A1M35; ISSN: 0025-3162
Descriptors:   organic compounds/ salt marshes/ diurnal variations/ carbohydrates/ zooplankton/ nutrient cycles/ bacteria/ Narragansett Bay/ habitat community studies/ ecosystems and energetics
Abstract: The concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrate (TCHO), monosaccharide (MCHO) and polysaccharide (PCHO) were followed over a total of ten diel cycles in a salt marsh and a 13 m super(3) seawater tank simulating an estuarine ecosystem. Their patterns are compared to those for total dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Sigma CO sub(2), pH, O sub(2), chlorophyll a, phaeopigments and solar radiation. During 5 of the 6 marsh studies, PCHO underwent periods of sustained accumulation starting in the late morning or early afternoon and continuing into the early evening. These periods possibly represent release of recently synthesized PCHO from phototrophs. Similar patterns were not found in the tank although direct associations between TCHO and phaeopigment dynamics suggest that zooplankton excretion was an important source of dissolved carbohydrate. The numbers of planktonic bacteria determined in one tank study increased rapidly during a late morning PCHO pulse and varied inversely with PCHO throughout the afternoon and evening, indicating that they were able to respond rapidly and control natural substrate concentrations on a time scale of a few hours.
© CSA

32. Ecoclimatological survey of the wetland biota in the tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone.
Heckman, Charles W.
Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6(2): 97-114. (1997)
NAL Call #:   QH84.G56; ISSN: 0960-7447
Descriptors:   agronomy: agriculture/ climatology: environmental sciences/ ecology: environmental sciences/ aquatic ecosystem/ biodiversity/ climate/ climatology/ floodplains/ Mato grosso/ pantanal/ phylogeny/ recruitment/ rice field/ seasonal changes/ tropical ecology/ wetland biota
Abstract: The distinctness of the conditions in the water bodies of the tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone is demonstrated by a survey of the adaptations employed by the plant and animal species to survive the seasons unfavourable to their activity. The species filling common niches in the water bodies of this zone on different continents are compared. Unmistakable phylogenetic relationships among the species filling common niches in various parts of the world can be recognized. Through comparisons of the activity and distribution of 104 species, the adaptations of the biota to the seasonal changes were found to be generally similar to those of the biota in the temperate zones in that both must produce dormant stages during the same months each year. The inherent instability of the aquatic ecosystem encourages the development of very fast growing organisms with high rates of recruitment and very unstable but resilient populations. As a consequence of their characteristic population dynamics, the impact of intercontinental introductions of aquatic species inhabiting this zone are found to be more likely to cause severe biotic disturbances than similar introductions of species adapted to other climatic zones.
© The Thomson Corporation

33. Ecological issues related to wetland preservation, restoration, creation and assessment.
Whigham, Dennis F
Science of the Total Environment 240(1-3): 31-40. (1999)
NAL Call #:   RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697
Descriptors:   ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic approach/ wetland assessment/ wetland creation/ wetland ecosystem function/ wetland-no-net-loss policy/ wetland preservation/ wetland restoration
Abstract: A wide range of local, state, federal, and private programs are available to support the national (USA) policy of wetland 'No Net Loss'. Implementation of programs, however, has resulted in the continued loss of natural wetlands on the premise that restored or created wetlands will replace the functions and values lost by destruction of natural wetlands. What are the ecological implications and consequences of these programs from a biodiversity and ecosystem perspective? From a biodiversity perspective, ongoing wetland protection policies may not be working because restored or created wetlands are often very different from natural wetlands. Wetland protection policies may also be inadequate to preserve and restore ecological processes such as nutrient cycling because they mostly focus on individual wetlands and ignore the fact that wetlands are integral parts of landscapes. Wetland mitigation projects, for example, often result in the exchange of one type of wetland for another and result in a loss of wetland functions at the landscape level. The most striking weakness in the current national wetlands policy is the lack of protection for 'dry-end' wetlands that are often the focus of debate for what is and what is not a wetland. From an ecological perspective, dry-end wetlands such as isolated seasonal wetlands and riparian wetlands associated with first order streams may be the most important landscape elements. They often support a high biodiversity and they are impacted by human activities more than other types of wetlands. The failings of current wetland protection and mitigation policies are also due, in part, to the lack of ecologically sound wetland assessment methods for guiding decision making processes. The ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach to wetland assessment has the potential to be an effective tool in managing biodiversity and wetland ecosystem function in support of the national 'No Net Loss' policy.
© The Thomson Corporation

34. Ecology of insect communities in nontidal wetlands.
Batzer, D. P. and Wissinger, S. A.
Annual Review of Entomology 41: 75-100. (1996)
NAL Call #:   421 An72; ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA]
Descriptors:   wetlands/ insects/ community ecology/ habitats/ interactions/ colonization/ nature conservation/ insect communities/ reviews/ freshwater ecology
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

35. Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands: Proceedings from the SETAC Pellston Workshop on Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands.
Lewis, Michael A.
Pensacola, Fla.: SETAC Press, 1999. 375 p. SETAC special publications series.
Notes: ISBN: 1880611163. "Publication sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and the SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education."Includes bibliographical references and index. Venue: Fairmont Hot Springs, Anaconda, Montana.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3 S48 1995
Descriptors:   wetland ecology---congresses/ pollution---environmental aspects---congresses/ ecological risk assessment---congresses
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

36. Ecotoxicology and wetland ecosystems: Current understanding and future needs.
Catallo, W. J.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 2209-2224. (1993)
NAL Call #:   QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors:   wetlands/ contaminants/ ecosystem analysis/ toxins/ ecosystems/ pollutants/ aquatic environment/ environmental policy/ literature reviews/ ecotoxicology/ environmental policy/ literature reviews/ contaminants/ ecosystem analysis/ pollutants/ toxins
Abstract: The term wetlands refers to a mosaic of important ecosystems that typically form transition zones between uplands and aquatic environments. These areas provide support functions for natural and living resources and mediate biogeochemical transformations of global significance. It is becoming clear that the introduction of toxic and other contaminants to large wetland areas has contributed to a series of undesirable trends in habitat quality; availability of valuable fish and wildlife; and quality of associated resources, including surface and ground waters. The purpose of this review is to indicate the importance of wetlands to regional and global ecology and discusses research on the effects of contaminants in wetland ecosystems. Areas of needed future research also are suggested.
© CSA

37. The effect of aquatic plant species richness on wetland ecosystem processes.
Engelhardt, K. A. M. and Ritchie, M. E.
Ecology 83(10): 2911-2924. (2002)
NAL Call #:   410 Ec7; ISSN: 0012-9658
Descriptors:   wetlands/ algal colonization/ competitive ability/ diversity/ ecosystem functioning/ indirect sampling effect/ inverse sampling effect/ nutrient retention/ productivity/ sampling effect/ submersed aquatic macrophytes
Abstract: Rapid environmental changes have fostered debates and motivated research on how to effectively preserve or restore ecosystem processes. One such debate deals with the effects of biodiversity, and the loss thereof, on ecosystem processes. Recent studies demonstrate that resource-use complementarity, now known as the "niche-differentiation effect," and the presence of a competitive species with strong effects on ecosystem processes, now known as the "sampling effect," can explain why productivity and nutrient retention are sometimes enhanced with increasing species richness. In a well-replicated outdoor mesocosm experiment, we tested these and other alternative mechanisms that could explain the effects of submersed aquatic plant (macrophyte) diversity on wetland ecosystem processes. Algal biomass increased and phosphorus loss decreased as species richness increased. This result can best be explained by an indirect sampling effect caused by one of the weakest competitors, which appeared to facilitate algal growth and thereby filtering of particles, and thus phosphorus, from the water column. The dominant competitor also appeared to decrease phosphorus loss through direct effects on phosphorus availability in the soil and water. Thus, the effects by one of the weakest and the most dominant competitors combine to produce a diversity effect on phosphorus loss. Macrophyte biomass was not enhanced, but converged toward the intermediate biomass of the most competitive species. Such an "inverse sampling effect" may be produced when the most competitive species is not the most productive species owing to species-specific feedbacks and adaptations to the wetland environment. In summary, we reject the niche-differentiation effect as the dominant mechanism in our macrophyte communities and expand on the role of sampling effects in explaining the relationship between plant communities and ecosystem processes. In particular, indirect and inverse sampling effects combine to drive the relationship between species richness and wetland ecosystem processes. Thus, we demonstrate that plant diversity may affect wetland ecosystem processes when inferior competitors drive system productivity and nutrient retention. To ensure coexistence of such species with superior competitors, wetland systems may need to be maintained in a nonequilibrium state, such as with hydrologic disturbances, which would maintain both higher diversity and enhance ecosystem functioning.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

38. Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services.
Engelhardt, K. A. M. and Ritchie, M. E.
Nature 411(6838): 687-689. (June 2001)
NAL Call #:   472 N21; ISSN: 0028-0836
Descriptors:   wetlands/ species richness/ mesocosms/ phosphorus/ macrophytes/ ecosystems/ biomass/ human impact/ biological diversity/ nutrient retention/ aquatic plants/ phosphorus cycle/ species diversity/ plants/ ecosystem management/ environment management/ plant populations/ suspended particulate matter/ uptake/ man-induced effects/ phytoplankton/ pollution control/ nutrient cycles/ Phytobenthos/ aquatic macrophytes/ algae/ Potamogeton crispus/ Potamogeton pectinatus/ sago pondweed/ biodiversity/ nutrient retention/ human population-biosphere interactions/ physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ protective measures and control/ water resources and supplies
Abstract: Wetlands provide many important ecosystem services to human society, which may depend on how plant diversity influences biomass production and nutrient retention. Vascular aquatic plant diversity may not necessarily enhance wetland ecosystem functioning, however, because competition among these plant species can be strong, often resulting in the local dominance of a single species. Here we have manipulated the species richness of rooted, submerged aquatic plant (macrophyte) communities in experimental wetland mesocosms. We found higher algal and total plant (algal plus macrophyte) biomass, as well as lower loss of total phosphorus, in mesocosms with a greater richness of macrophyte species. Greater plant biomass resulted from a sampling effect; that is, the increased chance in species mixtures that algal production would be facilitated by the presence of a less competitive species--in this case, crisped pondweed. Lower losses of total phosphorus resulted from the greater chance in species mixtures of a high algal biomass and the presence of sago pondweed, which physically filter particulate phosphorus from the water. These indirect and direct effects of macrophyte species richness on algal production, total plant biomass and phosphorus loss suggest that management practices that maintain macrophyte diversity may enhance the functioning and associated services of wetland ecosystems.
© CSA

39. Effects of open marsh water management on selected tidal marsh resources: A review.
Wolfe, R. J.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12(4): 701-712. (1996)
NAL Call #:   QL536.J686; ISSN: 8756-971X
Descriptors:   pest control/ marshes/ water management/ reviews/ literature reviews/ aquatic insects/ literature review/ ecological effects/ resources management/ Culicidae/ Diptera/ Diptera/ literature reviews/ aquatic insects/ literature review/ mosquito control/ ecological effects/ resources management/ reviews/ pest control/ Culicidae
Abstract: Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) is a method of salt-marsh mosquito control that advocates source reduction and biological control through selective pond creation and ditching in mosquito breeding areas. This method has been used as an alternative to chemical insecticides in coastal wetlands for 30 years. This paper reviews the effects of OMWM on hydrology, topography, vegetation, mosquitoes, invertebrates, fishes, birds, mammals, and water quality. Other source reduction techniques and the economics of OMWM are also discussed.
© CSA

40. The end of a tradition: 1000 years of embankment and reclamation of wetlands in the Netherlands.
Wolff, W. J.
Ambio 21(4): 287-291. (1992)
NAL Call #:   QH540.A52 ; ISSN: 0044-7447
Descriptors:   wetlands/ land reclamation/ historical account/ marshes/ salt marshes/ environment management/ agriculture/ embankments/ Netherlands/ embankments/ reclamation/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ conservation and environmental protection/ environmental action
Abstract: Embankment and subsequent reclamation of coastal salt marshes in The Netherlands started about 1000 years ago. Thousands of km super(2) of salt marshes have been reclaimed since that time. In about the same period, reclamation of inland peat moors and swamp forests by improving drainage started, again resulting in the reclamation of thousands of km super(2) mainly in the center of the present-day Netherlands. A few centuries later, another technology was applied to pump dry lakes to gain new agricultural land at the former lake bottom. The embankment and reclamation of wetlands culminated in the 20th century Zuiderzee and Delta projects. However, since the 1960s opposition to the loss of wetlands gradually mounted and finally resulted in changing the nature of some major projects under way and the abandonment of several other projects.
© CSA

41. EPW: A procedure for the functional assessment of planned wetlands.
Bartoldus, C. C.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 533-541. (1994)
NAL Call #:   TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979
Abstract: The practice of compensating wetland losses through wetland construction, restoration, or enhancement has become more commonplace; however, an appropriate method for assessing replacement of wetland function has been lacking. The Evaluation for Planned Wetlands (EPW) was developed to meet this need. It is a rapid assessment procedure which documents and highlights differences between a wetland assessment area and planned wetland based on their capacity to provide six functions: shoreline bank erosion control, sediment stabilization, water quality, wildlife, fish (tidal, non-tidal stream/river, and non-tidal pond/lake), and uniqueness/heritage. The differences between wetlands are expressed in terms of individual elements, Functional Capacity Indices, and Functional Capacity Units. The results provide information on individual design elements and measures of functional capacity which are a necessity under current regulatory programs that require tangible goals and a method for calculating planned wetland size. EPW includes functional assessment models, a procedure for using these models during the planning/mitigation process, and guidelines for functional design.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

42. Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires.
Siegel, D. I.
Environmental Management 12(5): 621-626. (1988)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Abstract: Any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses. It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact. This article reviews current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances. -from Author
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

43. Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: A conceptual overview and generic framework.
Preston, E. M. and Bedford, B. L.
Environmental Management 12(5): 565-583. (1988)
NAL Call #:   HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ management planning/ environmental effects/ research priorities/ landscape functions/ flood-control storage/ water quality/ sediments/ hydrological regime
Abstract: Issues that must be confronted in developing a sound scientific basis for investigating cumulative effects on freshwater wetlands are outlined. The foundation is laid for a research program to develop methods to quantify cumulative effects of wetland loss or degradation on the functioning of interacting systems of wetlands: (1) the concept of cumulative effects is defined in terms that permit scientific investigation of effects; (2) the scientific component of cumulative impact analysis is distinguished from other aspects of the assessment process; (3) critical scientific issues in assessing cumulative effects on wetlands are defined; and (4) a hypothetical and generic structure is set up for measuring cumulative effects on the functioning of wetlands as landscape systems. A generic framework is provided for evaluating cumulative effects on three basic wetland landscape functions: flood storage, water quality, and life support. The contribution of a particular wetland to landscape function within watersheds or regions will be determined by its intrinsic characteristics, e.g., size, morphometry, type, percent organic matter in the sediments, and hydrologic regime, and by extrinsic factors, i.e., the wetland 's context in the landscape mosaic. The time scales of recovery for processes controlling particular wetland functions determine temporal boundaries. Landscape-level measures are proposed for each function. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

44. Factors affecting the performance of stormwater treatment wetlands.
Carleton, J. N.; Grizzard, T. J.; Godrej, A. N.; and Post, H. E.
Water Research 35(6):  1552-1562. (2001)
NAL Call #:   TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354
Descriptors:   ammonia: pollutant/ nitrate: pollutant/ phosphorus: pollutant/ hydraulic loading rate/ pollutant input/ pollutant removal/ stormwater runoff/ stormwater treatment wetlands/ wastewater treatment
Abstract: Data from 35 studies on 49 wetland systems used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface waters were examined and compared in order to identify any obvious trends that may aid future stormwater treatment wetland design efforts. Despite the intermittent nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs from stormwater runoff, our analysis demonstrates that steady-state first-order plug-flow models commonly used to analyze wastewater treatment wetlands can be adapted for use with stormwater wetlands. Long-term pollutant removals are analyzed as functions of long-term mean hydraulic loading rate and nominal detention time. First-order removal rate constants for total phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrate generated in this fashion are demonstrated to be similar to values reported in the literature for wastewater treatment wetlands. Constituent removals are also demonstrated via regression analyses to be functions of the ratio of wetland area to watershed area. Resulting equations between these variables can be used as preliminary design tools in the absence of more site-specific details, with the understanding that they should be employed cautiously.
© The Thomson Corporation

45. Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and fire-wildlife relations: An annotated bibliography.
Kirby, R. E.; Lewis, S. J.; and Sexson, T. N.
Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988. 146 p. Biological Report .
NAL Call #:  QH540.U562 no.88(1)
Abstract:  Provides an annotated bibliography of 319 citations that provide specific research data, summaries of existing knowledge, or site-specific management advice for North America. To this bibliography is appended a supplemental bibliography of all articles cited in the US Fish & Wildlife Service publication series, Wildlife Review, years 1935 through the September 1987 issue (Number 206) that discussed any aspect of wildlife management and ecology related to fire management, fire behaviour, or fire effects in North America. The 942 citations in the supplemental bibliography are intended to provide a ready reference to the fire-wildlife literature that can be used to evaluate past, current or proposed use of fire in wildlife habitat management. -from Authors
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

46. Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural hydrological balance.
Middleton, Beth
New York: Wiley; 308 p. (2002)
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.V3 F46 2002; ISBN: 0471418072
Descriptors:   floodplain ecology---North America/ wetland restoration---North America
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

47. Foreign plant stock: Concerns for wetland mitigation.
Padgett, D. J. and Crow, G. E.
Restoration & Management Notes 12(2): 168-171. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH76.R47; ISSN: 0733-0707
Descriptors:   wetlands/ introduced species/ horticulture/ genetic variance/ aquatic plants/ transplantation/ hybridization/ ecosystem disturbance/ genomes/ artificial wetlands/ planning/ flora/ USA, New Hampshire/ constructed wetlands/ genetics/ horticulture/ genetic variance
Abstract: While analyzing the floristic composition and plant species richness of created wetland ecosystems of southeastern New Hampshire, we made several observations on the methodology of vegetation composition planning, and how particular plant species are selected and become incorporated into mitigation projects. The outcome of this investigation along with a review of the subsequent literature, has evoked questions concerning the revegetation strategies, vegetation sources, and resultant floristic compositions of created wetland ecosystems.
© CSA

48. Forested wetlands in freshwater and salt-water environments.
Lugo, A. E.; Brown, S.; and Brinson, M. M.
Limnology and Oceanography 33(4): 894-909. (1988)
NAL Call #:   GC1 .L5; ISSN: 0024-3590
Descriptors:   wetlands/ lakes/ seawater/ reviews/ limnology/ forest hydrology/ forests/ forest watersheds/ ecosystems/ productivity
Abstract: A review of data from over 50 freshwater and about 50 salt-water sites revealed that freshwater and salt-water forested wetlands exhibit parallel responses to hydrologic factors. Greater ecosystem complexity and productivity are associated with higher hydrologic energy and more fertile conditions. However, structural complexity is greater in freshwater forested wetlands than in salt-water wetlands. Net primary productivity, litter fall, and export of organic matter are higher in salt-water forested wetlands. These differences raise questions about the efficiency with which nutrients are used in forested wetlands. Available data suggest that nutrient-use efficiency by litter fall and litter turnover are higher in tidal salt-water wetlands than in freshwater wetlands. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

49. Freshwater wetlands, urban stormwater, and nonpoint pollution control: A literature review and annotated bibliography.
Stockdale, E. C.
Olympia, Wash.: Washington Department of Ecology, 1991. 273 p.
NAL Call #:  Z6004.S94S76 1991
Descriptors:   wetlands/ bibliographies/ literature review/ nonpoint pollution sources/ storm runoff/ storm water management/ urban runoff/ wastewater treatment/ water pollution control/ wastewater disposal/ water pollution effects
Abstract:  It is well established that wetlands under certain circumstances improve water quality. There is a limited body of literature on the long-term effects of using freshwater wetlands for stormwater storage and nonpoint pollution control. A much larger body of literature pertains to the use of wetlands for sewage effluent treatment. Some work has been done utilizing natural as well as artificial wetlands for flood control and/or water quality management, but their direct application to this region is limited. Some researchers believe the characteristics of wastewater and urban runoff are similar enough that some findings in the wastewater literature may be applied to stormwater systems. These findings can be confirmed by careful studies in the Northwest to help fill the gaps in present knowledge. The literature strongly indicates that caution should be taken when natural wetlands are modified for use in stormwater management. Short-term water quality benefits are often realized, but long-term ecological impacts to the wetland system itself are likely and poorly understood. Constructed wetlands can be valuable tools for managing the effects of stormwater impacts on natural systems, particularly if they are built as part of basin-wide stormwater plans. The literature review summarizes wetland water quality improvement principles, case studies, and areas of greatest uncertainty regarding the use of wetlands for urban stormwater management. A comprehensive glossary is provided for use as a reference with definitions to terms contained in the review and bibliography, as well as the general literature. (Author's abstract)
© CSA

50. From wastelands to wetlands.
Patrick, W. H.
Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 892-896. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425.
Notes: Conference: Symposium on Wetland Processes and Water Quality, Minneapolis, MN (USA), 3-4 Nov 1992
Descriptors:   wetlands/ water quality/ flood control/ land use/ agriculture/ environmental protection/ water quality acts/ federal regulations/ ecosystem disturbance/ waste disposal sites/ historical account/ environmental legislation/ North America/ Clean Water Act/ water quality acts/ effects on water of human nonwater activities/ environmental action/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ environmental degradation
Abstract: When the Europeans first came to North America, they discovered vast expanses of fertile land in forests and prairies that would support the production of agricultural crops. Along with the upland fertile soils that lent themselves to clearing and farming, these settlers also encountered large areas of water-dominated lands that we now call wetlands. To the early settlers these wetland areas were for the most part wastelands and were generally considered to be unpleasant and unhealthy environments. We have learned in recent decades that the extensive wetland areas of this country have many beneficial uses. Improvement in water quality, flood control, storm abatement, protection of unique species of plants and animals, and food chain support are some of the important functions that wetlands perform. Before and during the same time that the value of natural wetlands was slowly being recognized, extensive drainage and conversion of wetlands to other uses were taking place, resulting in conversion of approximately half of the country's wetlands to nonwetland uses. Most drainage of wetlands, both past and present, is for agricultural use. There is now considerable interest country-wide in slowing this wetland conversion. Conversion of wetlands to agricultural, urban, and industrial uses is now regulated under Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act. The present level of regulation is not without problems, especially in regions with extensive areas of wetlands where there might be insufficient upland area for development, and in regions where the few areas that have wetland characteristics do not quality for 404 protection.
© CSA

51. Functional assessment of a reference wetland set as a tool for science, management and restoration.
Findlay, S. E. G.; Kiviat, E.; Nieder, W. C.; and Blair, E. A.
Aquatic Sciences 64(2): 107-117. (2002); ISSN: 1015-1621
Descriptors:   wetlands/ tidal marshes/ education/ environmental protection/ hydrology/ geomorphology/ analysis/ variability/ restoration/ inland water environment/ USA, New York, Hudson R./ habitat community studies/ protective measures and control/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: Wetlands are increasingly becoming the target of efforts to restore or mitigate past and current loss of area and other impacts on their function. Tidal wetlands serve an array of functions deemed beneficial (ecosystem services) but there are relatively few efforts to provide verified indicators of these functions or assess variability in function among wetlands. We assessed twelve functions ranging from wave energy dissipation to fish species richness in tidal freshwater wetlands on the Hudson River. These functions were assessed along with potential "indicators" of function at fifteen marshes selected to span hydrogeomorphic classes as well as expected level of function. Functions varied dramatically among wetland sites, with scores summed across functions ranging from 16% to 70% of the maximum possible. Some of the functions were positively associated such that improvement in one would probably be accompanied by improvements in others. Some functions (e.g., surface water exchange and breeding bird habitat) were negatively correlated indicating that one site cannot maximize all potential functions. A verified reference data set allows more objective selection of targets and sites for restoration as well as establishing realistic goals for what might be achieved. The validated indicators of function are valuable tools for extrapolating from a few intensively studied sites to the larger, unsampled, population of wetland sites in a region.
© CSA

52. Genetic issues for the restoration of seagrass populations.
Williams, S. L. and California Sea Grant.
In: Restoration Genetics Workshop. (Held 4 Dec 1997-5 Dec 1997 at St. Petersburg, FL (USA).); pp. 53-60; 1997.
Notes: Conference: Workshop on the Restoration Genetics of Wetland Plants
Descriptors:   wetlands/ sea grass/ genetic diversity/ bioturbation/ ecosystem disturbance/ habitat improvement (biological)/ restoration/ nature conservation/ environment management/ coastal zone management/ genetics and evolution/ protective measures and control
Abstract:  This paper explores the relationships between genetic variation and seagrass restoration. The author discusses some topics restorationists must address such as temporal scale, evolutionary potential, bioturbation, and habitat fragmentation.
© CSA

53. Geochemical processes and nutrient uptake by plants in hydric soils.
McKee, W. H. and McKevlin, M. R.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 2197-2207. (Dec. 1993)
NAL Call #:   QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268
Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and Chemistry. Includes references.
Descriptors:   wetland soils/ flooding/ biological production/ plant water relations/ plant nutrition/ metabolism/ mineral nutrition/ nutrient uptake/ soil physical properties/ reduction
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

54. Geographically isolated wetlands: A preliminary assessment of their characteristics and status in selected areas of the United States.
Tiner, Ralph W. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 5.
Hadley, Mass.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region. (2002)
Notes: Title from web page. "June 2002." Description based on content viewed July 3, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH87.3 .G64 2002
http://wetlands.fws.gov/Pubs%5FReports/isolated/report.htm
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ wetland ecology---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

55. Grazing management for riparian wetland areas.
Leonard, S. G.; National Applied Resource Sciences Center (U.S.); and United States. Forest Service.
Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Applied Resource Sciences Center; Series: Riparian area management. Technical reference (United States. Bureau of Land Management) 1737-14; 63 p. (1997)
Notes: "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service"--Cover. Shipping list no.: 98-0126-P. "BLM/RS/ST-97/002+1737"--P. [2] of cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-63). SUDOCS: I 53.35:1737-14.
NAL Call #:  SF85.3.G75 1997
Descriptors:   range management---United States/ grazing---environmental aspects---United States/ riparian ecology---United States/ wetland conservation---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

56. Groundwater-surface water interactions in headwater forested wetlands of the Canadian Shield.
Devito, K. J.; Hill, A. R.; and Roulet, N.
Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 181(1-4): 127-147. (1996)
NAL Call #:   292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694
Descriptors:   wetlands/ surface-groundwater relations/ forest hydrology/ swamps/ headwaters/ runoff/ catchment areas/ hydrological regime/ hydrology/ catchment area/ vegetation cover/ stormwater runoff/ ground water/ catchment area/ vegetation cover/ stormwater runoff/ ground water/ surface-groundwater relations/ forest hydrology/ headwaters/ catchment areas/ hydrological regime/ dynamics of lakes and rivers
Abstract: Groundwater and surface water interaction in two conifer swamps located in headwater catchments with contrasting till depth, typical of the southern Canadian Shield, were studied from June 1990 to August 1992. Both swamps had little influence on the regulation or attenuation of seasonal runoff response in the catchment. The two valley bottom swamps were connected to local aquifers but the upland-wetland connection was continuous in the catchment with deeper till and ephemeral in the catchment with thin till-rock ridges. Groundwater movement through the wetlands was restricted mainly to the surface peat layer in both wetlands, because a large portion of inputs from shallow soil layers and stream inflows enter near the peat surface. However, differences in upland-wetland connections resulted in contrasting hydrologic regimes in the two swamps. During seasons with larger inputs, both swamps were hydrologically connected to uplands and had a similar hydrology characterized by a high water table, rapid storm response, and predominance of saturated overland flow. In summer, upland inputs were absent in the catchment with thin till-rock ridges, resulting in cessation of baseflow and a lower water table that varied in response to variations in rainfall. Continuous upland inputs throughout the summer in the catchment with deeper tills (1-3 m) sustained baseflow and kept the water table near the peat surface. This study demonstrates the control of morphology and shallow subsurface geology on the hydrology of valley bottom swamps influenced by local aquifers.
© CSA

57. How 'green' are aquaculture, constructed wetlands and conventional wastewater treatment systems?
Brix, H.
Water Science and Technology 40(3): 45-50. (1999)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Conference: 6. International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Aguas de Sao Pedro, SP (Brazil), 27 Sep-2 Oct 1998; Issue editor: Cooper, P.
Descriptors:   aquaculture development/ environmental impact/ environment management/ eutrophication/ pollution control/ energy/ aquaculture/ wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ water quality/ nutrients/ biomass/ tropical regions/ productivity/ comparison studies/ technology/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ mechanical and natural changes/ wastewater treatment processes
Abstract: The term 'green' is nowadays widely used (and misused) in connection with many types of technologies. If a technology is 'green' it usually means that the technology requires less non-renewable energy sources than other alternatives. However, other parameters need to be considered as well, such as sustainability, recycling potential, treatment capacity and potential, conservation of ecosystems, etc. In this paper the energy requirements and nutrient recycling potential of constructed wetlands and wastewater aquaculture facilities are compared with that of conventional wastewater treatment technologies. The energy requirements of constructed wetlands are very low, but if significant reuse of nutrients is included (aquaculture), the energy requirements increase significantly and usually beyond the energy equivalent of the biomass produced. This is especially true in cold temperate climates where the aquaculture systems need to be housed in heated greenhouses and artificial light must be provided to secure operation throughout the year. In countries where fresh water itself is a limiting resource and where the economic capability may limit the use of artificial fertilisers, the reuse potential of wastewater may be more important. The potential for sustainable cropping of the plant biomass is excellent in tropical wetlands as the plants have a high productivity and a continuous growing season. In order to evaluate in more detail the 'greenness' of the different wastewater treatment technologies, the life-cycle approach might be applied. However, because constructed wetlands, besides the water quality improvement function, perform a multitude of other functions such as biodiversity, habitat, climatic, hydrological and public use functions, methodologies need to be developed to evaluate these functions and to weigh them in relation to the water quality issues.
© CSA

58. Hydrological modelling and the sustainable development of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria.
Thompson, J. R. and Hollis, G. E.
Hydrological Sciences Journal 40(1): 97-116. (1995)
NAL Call #:   292.9 As7 ; ISSN: 0262-6667
Descriptors:   productivity/ irrigation/ groundwater recharge/ flooding/ hydrologic budget/ model studies/ water storage/ water use/ hydrology/ water resources/ water management/ biological production/ water budget/ resource development/ ground water/ Nigeria, Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands/ sustainable development/ biological production/ water budget/ resource development/ ground water/ productivity/ groundwater recharge/ hydrologic budget/ model studies/ water storage/ general papers on resources/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: The Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands produce agricultural, fishing and fuelwood benefits of upto 1277 Naira/ha (N1 = US$22, October 1994), over five times the productivity of formal irrigation schemes. The wetlands play a vital role in aquifer recharge. The key is the annual wet season flooding of over 2000 km super(2) in the 1960s and around 1500 km super(2) in the 1970s. A water balance model, utilizing monthly hydrological and meteorological data simulates flood extent and groundwater storage within the wetlands. The model was operated between 1964 and 1987 and was calibrated using observed flood extents ranging from 50 to 3265 km super(2). Subsequently elements were added for dams and irrigation schemes. Results indicate that full implementation of all the schemes constructed or planned would cause flooding to be less than 375 km super(2) for 60% of the time and groundwater storage to fall by over 5500 10 super(6) m super(3). It is possible to define an operating regime for the basin's hydraulic structures which could provide artificial floods and enable a distribution of water between formal irrigation, small scale irrigators, the wetlands and downstream users. This regime would provide assured flooding, of around 1000 km super(2) each year and a reduced loss of groundwater storage. Such a sustainable development scheme could offset decades of piecemeal development.
© CSA

59. Hydrology of natural wetlands and wet nature reserves.
Van Der Molen, W. H.
Agricultural Water Management 14(1-4): 357-364. (1988)
NAL Call #:   S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774
Descriptors:   wetlands/ hydrology/ ecosystems/ ecological effects/ reviews/ salt marshes/ swamps/ marshes/ hydrologic systems/ bogs
Abstract: This review considers wetlands as they occur in nature, first discussing common properties, and then distinguishing different varieties. Wetlands discussed lack extensive open water spaces or large areas of bare sands and mudflats, and are mostly vegetated. The water logged wetland environment severely limits the number of plant species. Other factors, like high salinity, abundant or very poor supply of plant nutrients, may further reduce the possibilities. Often the vegetation is dominated by only a few but highly typical species. The following main types of wetlands are considered: swamp forests; reedlands and wet grasslands; highmoor bogs; and salt marshes. The general features of wetlands, and their botanical and zoological aspects have been extensively studied. The knowledge about the hydrology of wetlands, however, is scanty. More studies have been made on the hydrology of nature reserves. Interest in wetland hydrology is obviously rising as such areas become scarcer. Our present knowledge of the hydrology of wetlands is insufficient as a base to make the right decisions on how to preserve threatened wetlands. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

60. Identifying vulnerable wetland systems: Modelling the impact of sea-level rise on large-scale wetland response.
McFadden, L.; Spencer, T.; and Nicholls, R. J.
In: Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2005 - Proceedings of the Conference.; pp. 453-465; 2005.
Descriptors:   coastal forest/ ecological sensitivity/ tidal flats, saltmarsh/ wetland loss/ wetland transition
Abstract:  A broad-scale Wetland Change Model has been developed to identify the vulnerability of coastal wetlands at the large-scale. The model provides a dynamic and integrated assessment of regional to global patterns of wetland loss, and a means of estimating the transitions between different vegetated wetland types and open water under a range of scenarios of sea-level rise and changes in accommodation space from human intervention. This paper discusses key concepts raised in the process of quantifying the vulnerability of coastal wetlands to forcing from sea-level rise.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

61. The impact of a riparian wetland on streamwater quality in a recently afforested upland catchment.
Emmett, B. A.; Hudson, J. A.; Coward, P. A.; and Reynolds, B.
Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 162(3-4): 337-353. (1994)
NAL Call #:   292.8 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-1694
Descriptors:   wetlands/ water quality/ streams/ geochemistry/ stream pollution/ sinks/ nutrients/ water treatment/ agricultural runoff/ aquaculture effluents/ nutrients (mineral)/ aquaculture effluents/ nutrients (mineral)/ streams/ stream pollution/ sinks/ nutrients/ sources and fate of pollution/ mechanical and natural changes/ freshwater pollution
Abstract: The influence of a small remant wetland on streamwater chemistry at the outflow of an afforested catchment has been investigated. The wetland reduced the volume weighted mean concentrations of a number of solutes. Stream solute loadings were calculated from chemical and flow data from two flumes situated above and below the wetland at the catchment outlet. The flow contribution from the wetland itself was estimated on an areal basis and combined with sampled chemistry to estimate solute fluxes. Streamwater dissolved nitrogen loading equivalent to an input of 55 kg N/ha/year, was reduced by 38% after flowing through the wetland. Reductions in streamwater loadings were also observed for phosphate (94%), total dissolved-P (42%), total monometric aluminium (39%), total filtrable aluminium (21%), iron (54%), DOC (34%) and silica (21%). All other retention rates were within the original streamwater loading estimate errors. Retention of nitrogen was lower than expected, perhaps due to exhaustion of the wetland's immobilisation capacity by the large nitrogen loading in the streamwater entering the wetland from the surrounding land in combination with atmospheric loadings. Retention of nitrogen and other solutes was also reduced due to a prolonged period of low rainfall during the summer of 1989 which resulted in high concentration events of various elements from the wetland relative to concentrations at the wetland inflow.
© CSA

62. The impact of federal programs on wetlands: A report to Congress.
United States. Dept. of the Interior
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1988.  
Notes: v. 1. The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain and the Prairie Pothole Region -- v. 2. The Everglades, coastal Louisiana, Galveston Bay, Puerto Rico, California's Central Valley, western riparian areas, southeastern and western Alaska, the Delmarva Peninsula, North Carolina, northeastern New Jersey, Michigan, and Nebraska.
NAL Call #:  QH76.I48 1988
http://www.doi.gov/oepc/wetlands2/index.html
Descriptors:   wetland conservation---government policy---United States/ wetlands---government policy---United States/ reclamation of land---government policy---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

63. Impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function.
Lee, S. Y.; Dunn, R. J. K.; Young, R. A.; Connolly, R. M.; Dale, P. E. R.; Dehayr, R.; Lemckert, C. J.; Mckinnon, S.; Powell, B.; and Teasdale, P. R.
Austral Ecology 31(2): 149-163. (2006)
NAL Call #:   QH540 .A8; ISSN: 1442-9985
Abstract: Urbanization is a major cause of loss of coastal wetlands. Urbanization also exerts significant influences on the structure and function of coastal wetlands, mainly through modifying the hydrological and sedimentation regimes, and the dynamics of nutrients and chemical pollutants. Natural coastal wetlands are characterized by a hydrological regime comprising concentrated flow to estuarine and coastal areas during flood events, and diffused discharge into groundwater and waterways during the non-flood periods. Urbanization, through increasing the amount of impervious areas in the catchment, results in a replacement of this regime by concentrating rain run-off. Quality of run-off is also modified in urban areas, as loadings of sediment, nutrients and pollutants are increased in urban areas. While the effects of such modifications on the biota and the physical environment have been relatively well studied, there is to date little information on their impact at the ecosystem level. Methodological issues, such as a lack of sufficient replication at the whole-habitat level, the lack of suitable indices of urbanization and tools for assessing hydrological connectivity, have to be overcome to allow the effects of urbanization to be assessed at the ecosystem level. A functional model is presented to demonstrate the impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

64. Impacts of sediment burial on mangroves.
Ellison, J. C.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 37(8-12): 420-426. (1998)
NAL Call #:   GC1000.M3; ISSN: 0025-326X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ roots/ tolerance/ sedimentation/ burying/ mangrove swamps/ ecosystem disturbance/ restoration/ environment management/ nature conservation/ ecosystem management/ rehabilitation/ elevation/ accretion/ literature review/ mortality/ trees/ environmental restoration/ habitat/ respiration/ forests/ sediments/ mangroves
Abstract: Aerial roots are a common adaptation of mangrove trees to their saline wetland habitat, allowing root respiration in the anaerobic substrate. While mangroves flourish on sedimentary shorelines, it is shown here that excess input of sediment to mangroves can cause death of trees owing to root smothering. Descriptions of 26 cases were found in the literature or described here, where mangroves have been adversely affected by sediment burial of roots. The impacts ranged from reduced vigour to death, depending on the amount and type of sedimentation, and the species involved. There are insufficient data to establish specific tolerances. For rehabilitation, where the disturbance was a past event, the elevation change must be assessed in selection of species for replanting, and field trials are required in areas where rapid accretion is an ongoing problem.
© CSA

65. The importance of wetlands in water resource management: A literature review.
Brady, Anne.; Riding, Tim.; and New South Wales. Dept. of Land and Water Conservation.
Sydney, Australia: Sydney Dept. of Land & Water Conservation; 48 p.: ill. (1996)
Notes: "March 1996"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-37).
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3B73 1996; ISBN: 0731023544
Descriptors:   wetland conservation---Australia---New South Wales/ wetlands---Australia---New South Wales--- m anagement
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

66. An integrated model of soil, hydrology, and vegetation for carbon dynamics in wetland ecosystems.
Zhang, Yu; Li, Changsheng; Trettin, Carl C.; Li, Harbin; and Sun, Ge
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16(4): 1-17. (2002)
NAL Call #:   QH344.G562; ISSN: 0886-6236
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/20282
Descriptors:   wetland/ model/ carboncycles/ methane emissions/ hydrology
Abstract: Wetland ecosystems are an important component in global carbon (C) cycles and may exert a large influence on global clinlate change. Predictions of C dynamics require us to consider interactions among many critical factors of soil, hydrology, and vegetation. However, few such integrated C models exist for wetland ecosystems. In this paper, we report a simulation model, Wetland-DNDC, for C dynamics and methane (CH4) emissions in wetland ecosystems. The general structure of Wetland-DNDC was adopted from PnET-N-DNDC, a process-oriented biogeochemical model that simulates C and N dynamics in upland forest ecosystems. Several new hnctions and algorithms were developed for Wetland-DNDC to capture the unique features of wetland ecosystems, such as water table dynamics, growth of mosses and herbaceous plants, and soil biogeochemical processes under anaerobic conditions. The model has been validated against various observations from three wetland sites in Northern America. The validation results are in agreement with the ineasurements of water table dynamics, soil temperature, CH4 fluxes, net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and annual C budgets. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the most critical input factors for C dynamics in the wetland ecosystems are air temperature, water outflow parameters, initial soil C content, and plant photosynthesis capacity. NEP and CH4 emissions are sensitive to most of the tested input variables. By integrating the priinary drivers of climate, hydrology, soil and vegetation, the Wetland-DNDC model is capable of predicting C biogeochemical cycles in wetland ecosystems.
This citation is from Treesearch.

67. Intensive wetland agriculture in Mesoamerica: Space, time, and form.
Sluyter, A.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84(4): 557-584. (1994)
NAL Call #:   500 As73; ISSN: 0004-5608
Descriptors:   wetlands/ agriculture/ maps/ irrigation practices/ ecological effects/ population density/ irrigation/ land use/ historical account/ anthropogenic factors/ ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/ mesoamerica/ archeology/ historical account/ anthropogenic factors/ ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/ irrigation practices/ ecological effects/ conservation in agricultural use/ habitat community studies/ mechanical and natural changes
Abstract: Geographers have led the effort to better understand Prehispanic, intensive wetland agriculture ("raised fields") in Mesoamerica. An overview of that literature provides the database for a subsequent spatial-temporal analysis and a resource for primary research. The analysis employs maps to identify changing relationships among distribution, hectareage, and morphometry in order to address wetland agriculture's role in the emergence of sedentism, urbanism, statism, and corollary environmental change; its interrelationships with other agroecosystems and ecological parameters; and its productivity and sustainability. The result is a modest benchmark in the research process which identifies significant variables, putative patterns, and several testable hypotheses, namely 1) that wherever social processes elicited dense population nucleations and hydrology was appropriate, farmers built wetland fields; 2) that the emergence of intensive wetland agriculture was ecologically interrelated with terracing, canal irrigation, and extensive agroecosystems; 3) that morphometric variation among wetland fields reflected contextual variables of hydrology, population density, taxation, and centralization of decision making; and 4) that intensive wetland agriculture in Mesoamerica was a productive and sustainable agroecosystem.
© CSA

68. Interior wetlands of the United States: A review of wetland status, general ecology, biodiversity, and management.
Giudice, John H.; Ratti, John T.; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; and Wetlands Research Program (U.S.)
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research Program technical report WRP-SM-9; 156 p. (1995)
Notes: "November 1995." Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-132).
NAL Call #:  QH76.G58 1995
Descriptors:   biological diversity conservation---United States/ ecosystem management---United States/ wetlands---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

69. Invasiveness in wetland plants in temperate North America.
Galatowitsch, S. M.; Anderson, N. O.; and Ascher, P. D.
Wetlands 19(4): 733-755. (1999)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:   wetlands/ exotic species/ vegetation/ literature review/ hydrology/ salinity/ introduced species/ vegetation patterns/ growth/ herbivores/ hybridization/ ecosystem disturbance/ plant populations/ salinity effects/ temperate zones/ Phragmites australis/ Typha glauca/ Lythrum salicaria/ Myriophyllum spicatum/ Phalaris arundinacea/ North America/ invasive taxa
Abstract: The spread of invasive taxa, including Lythrum salicaria, Typha X glauca, Myriophyllum spicatum, Phalaris arundinacea, and Phragmites australis, has dramatically changed the vegetation of many wetlands of North America. Three theories have been advanced to explain the nature of plant invasiveness. Aggressive growth during geographic expansion could result because 1) growth is more favorable under new environmental conditions than those of resident locales (environmental constraints hypothesis); 2) herbivores may be absent in the new locale, resulting in selection of genotypes with improved competitive ability and reduced allocation to herbivore defenses (evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis); and 3) interspecific hybridization occurred between a new taxon and one existing in an area, resulting in novel phenotypes with selective advantages in disturbed sites or phenotypes that can grow under conditions not favorable for either parent (introgression/hybrid speciation hypothesis). A review of published literature found few studies that compare the growth and dynamics of invasive populations in their new range versus those in historic ranges. However, there is evidence that hydrologic alterations could facilitate invasions by Typha X glauca and Phalaris arundinacea and that increased salinity promoted spread of Typha angustifolia (parental taxon) and Phragmites australis. The potential for reduced herbivory causing aggressive growth is greatest for Lythrum salicaria. Introgressive hybridization is potentially a cause of invasiveness for all five species but has been established only for Typha X glauca and Lythrum salicaria.
© CSA

70. Land-use characterization for nutrient and sediment risk assessment.
Valk, Arnoud van der; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria Division.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands Division.; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2003.
Notes: Original title: Land use characterization for nutrient and sediment risk assessment #17; Title from web page. "March 2002." Prepared jointly by: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetland Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds). "EPA-822-R-02-025." Description based on content viewed Feb. 28, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH76.5.N8 V47 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/17LandUse.pdf
Descriptors:   wetland ecology---evaluation/ land use surveys---United States/ wetland management---United States/ water quality management---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

71. Lessons learned from five decades of wetland restoration and creation in North America.
Lewis, R. R.; Kusler, J. A.; and Erwin, K. L.
In: Proceedings of the Conference on Challenges and Opportunities in the Marine Environment.
Washington D.C.: 1994; pp. 233-240.
Notes: Conference: MTS 94. Challenges and Opportunities in the Marine Environment, Washington, DC (USA), 7-9 Sep 1994
Descriptors:   wetlands/ environmental protection/ ecosystem disturbance/ historical account/ ecosystem management/ hydrology/ site selection/ ecosystems/ monitoring/ environmental restoration/ siting criteria/ USA/ wetland restoration
Abstract:  Practical experience and the available science base on restoration and creation are limited for most wetland types and vary regionally. Most wetland restoration and creation projects do not have specific, measurable goals, complicating efforts to evaluate "success". Monitoring of wetland restoration and creation projects has been lacking and needs more emphasis. Despite thousands of instances in which wetlands have been intentionally or unintentionally restored or created in the United States, in the last 50 years there has been very little short term monitoring and even less long term monitoring of sites. Monitoring of sites of comparisons with naturally occurring wetlands over time would provide a variety of information including rates of revegetation, repopulation by animal species, and redevelopment of soil profiles, patterns of succession, and evidence of persistence.
© CSA

72. Linking actions to outcomes in wetland management: An overview of U.S. state wetland management.
La Peyre, M. K.; Reams, M. A.; and Mendelssohn, I. A.
Wetlands 21(1): 66-74. (2001)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:   wetlands/ government policy/ surveys/ environment management/ planning/ ecology/ ecosystem management/ regional planning/ Mapping/ nature conservation/ environmental protection/ policies/ management/ United States/ government policies/ resource management/ land management/ environmental quality/ resources management/ state jurisdiction/ assessments/ resource conservation/ environmental law, regulations & policy/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ management/ environmental action/ evaluation process
Abstract: Despite a national focus on saving wetland systems in the U.S., evaluations of wetland resources and management outcomes have been limited. A fifty-state survey of wetland managers was conducted in order to collect information on (1) wetland resources, (2) management actions taken, and (3) management impact on the resources (wetlands). An overview of the general status of state knowledge of the quantity and quality of their wetland resources is presented. Results indicate that most states have a rough estimate of the resources and most have wetland conservation plans and intend to develop better databases of wetland resources. However, few states track management actions relevant to wetlands and fewer have any idea of the success or impact of past management actions. The ability to assess program effectiveness is key to implementing adaptive management frameworks. A number of lessons learned suggest a basic framework for future wetland management that includes state planning, better quantification (mapping) of wetlands, development of methods to measure wetland quality, and tracking of wetland management actions and outcomes. This framework could also be used as an outline for the development of a more adaptive approach to wetland management.
© CSA

73. Mercury sequestration in forests and peatlands: A review.
Grigal, D. F.
Journal of Environmental Quality 32(2): 393-405. (2003)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425
Abstract: Nearly all Hg in vegetation is derived directly from the atmosphere. Mass of Hg in forest vegetation (roughly 0.1 mg m-2) is about an order of magnitude smaller than that in the forest floor (1 mg m-2) and two orders of magnitude smaller than that in the mineral soil (10 mg m-2). Mass of Hg in peat (20 mg m-2) is greater than the sum of that in mineral soil and the forest floor; wetlands usually sequester more Hg than associated uplands. The strong relationship of Hg to organic matter, associated with binding by reduced S groups, is fundamental to understanding Hg distribution and behavior in terrestrial systems. The stoichiometry of the Hg-C relationship varies; Hg-S relationships, though less variable, are not constant. Because of the Hg-organic matter link, landscape conditions that lead to differential soil organic matter accumulation are likely to lead to differential Hg accumulation. The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to total Hg is generally low in both vegetation (near 1.5%) and soil (<1%), but areas of poorly drained soils and wetlands are sites of MeHg production. The annual emission of anthropic Hg from the 48 contiguous states of the USA (144 Mg) is two orders of magnitude less than the pool of Hg in forests of those states (30 300 Mg). Peatlands, less than 2% of total land area, sequester more than 20 times annual emissions (2930 Mg). If global climate change affects C storage it will indirectly affect Hg storage, having a major effect on the balance between emissions and sequestration and on the global Hg cycle.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

74. Metal accumulation within salt marsh environments: A review.
Williams, T. P.; Bubb, J. M.; and Lester, J. N.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 28(5): 277-290. (1994)
NAL Call #:   GC1000.M3; ISSN: 0025-326X
Descriptors:   salt marshes/ heavy metals/ literature reviews/ sea grass/ pollution indicators/ indicator species/ biogeochemical cycle/ erosion/ pollution effects/ physicochemical properties/ chemical speciation/ accumulation/ biogeochemistry/ bioaccumulation/ literature review/ water pollution effects/ Zostera marina/ British Isles/ accumulation/ literature reviews
Abstract: A comprehensive assessment of the chemical and physical factors affecting metal accumulation and cycling within salt marshes is presented. The effects that changes in physico-chemical properties (redox potential, salinity, pH, etc.) have upon metal mobility, speciation and consequent biological availability are described together with the implications for salt marsh habitat loss. Salt marshes act as very efficient sinks for metal contaminants although metal concentrations in halophytes do not generally reflect environmental contamination levels. Marine angiosperms, particularly Zostera marina, do however, reflect external metal concentrations and can therefore be used as biomonitors. Evidence suggests that the concentration of heavy metals in the sediments of most estuaries is not sufficiently high to cause ill effects to salt marsh plants although further investigations are necessary to assess potential threats of pollutants upon the health of these intertidal ecosystems.
© CSA

75. Methane production and methane consumption: A review of processes underlying wetland methane fluxes.
Segers, R.
Biogeochemistry 41(1): 23-51. (1998)
NAL Call #:   QH345 .B564; ISSN: 0168-2563
Descriptors:   wetlands/ methane/ fluctuations/ atmosphere/ atmospheric gases/ atmospheric chemistry/ peat/ oxidation/ methanogenesis/ greenhouse effect/ climatic changes/ soils/ anoxic conditions/ biogeochemical cycle/ soil microorganisms/ greenhouse gases/ microorganisms
Abstract: Potential rates of both methane production and methane consumption vary over three orders of magnitude and their distribution is skew. These rates are weakly correlated with ecosystem type, incubation temperature, in situ aeration, latitude, depth and distance to oxic / anoxic interface. Anaerobic carbon mineralisation is a major control of methane production. The large range in anaerobic CH sub(4):CO sub(2) production rates indicate that a large part of the anaerobically mineralised carbon is used for reduction of electron acceptors, and, hence, is not available for methanogenesis. Consequently, cycling of electron acceptors needs to be studied to understand methane production. Methane and oxygen half saturation constants for methane oxidation vary about one order of magnitude. Potential methane oxidation seems to be correlated with methanotrophic biomass. Therefore, variation in potential methane oxidation could be related to site characteristics with a model of methanotrophic biomass.
© CSA

76. Modeling habitat change in salt marshes after tidal restoration.
Boumans, R. M.; Burdick, D. M.; and Dionne, M.
Restoration Ecology 10(3): 543-555. (Sept. 2002)
NAL Call #:   QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors:   hydrology/ salt marshes/ human impact/ tides/ topography/ coastal zone management/ restoration/ man-induced effects/ plant populations/ vegetation cover/ tidal effects/ tidal currents/ USA, New England/ reclamation/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ ecosystems and energetics
Abstract: Salt marshes continue to degrade in the United States due to indirect human impacts arising from tidal restrictions. Roads or berms with inadequate provision for tidal flow hinder ecosystem functions and interfere with self-maintenance of habitat, because interactions among vegetation, soil, and hydrology within tidally restricted marshes prevent them from responding to sea level rise. Prediction of the tidal range that is expected after restoration relative to the current geomorphology is crucial for successful restoration of salt marsh habitat. Both insufficient (due to restriction) and excessive (due to subsidence and sea level rise) tidal flooding can lead to loss of salt marshes. We developed and applied the Marsh Response to Hydrological Modifications model as a predictive tool to forecast the success of management scenarios for restoring full tides to previously restricted areas. We present an overview of a computer simulation tool that evaluates potential culvert installations with output of expected tidal ranges, water discharges, and flood potentials. For three New England tidal marshes we show species distributions of plants for tidally restricted and nonrestricted areas. Elevation ranges of species are used for short-term (<5 years) predictions of changes to salt marsh habitat after tidal restoration. In addition, elevation changes of the marsh substrate measured at these sites are extrapolated to predict long-term (>5 years) changes in marsh geomorphology under restored tidal regimes. The resultant tidal regime should be designed to provide habitat requirements for salt marsh plants. At sites with substantial elevation losses a balance must be struck that stimulates elevation increases by improving sediment fluxes into marshes while establishing flooding regimes appropriate to sustain the desired plants.
© CSA

77. Modelling biodiversity and land use: Urban growth, agriculture and nature in a wetland area.
Eppink, F. V.; van den Bergh, J.; and Rietveld, P.
Ecological Economics 51(3-4): 201-216. (2004)
NAL Call #:   QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009
Descriptors:   wetlands/ integrated modelling/ species richness/ land cover/ bid rent models/ land use/ anthropogenic impacts/ dynamic simulation models/ conservation/ ecology/ mathematical models/ equations/ forestry/ agriculture
Abstract: Wherever human land use is located near sensitive natural areas, such as wetlands, it has significant impacts on biodiversity in those areas. Both species richness and species composition are affected. As biodiversity is lost, conservation efforts increase and act as a constraint on land use options. Given these links, land use is a central factor in an ecological-economic analysis of biodiversity. This paper presents a general, dynamic simulation model of the interaction between wetland biodiversity and land use. Results for a set of scenarios suggest that urban growth is unsustainable and that there may be a conflict between conservation of distinct aspects of biodiversity.
© NISC

78. Modification of peak flood discharges by wetland environments: A review.
Tobin, G. A.
Geographical Perspectives 57: 6-18. (1986) ; ISSN: 0199-994X
Abstract: The traditional view equating wetland environments with wasteland has gradually given way to one which recognizes several valuable functional roles of such areas. This review paper focuses on just one of these roles, the ability of wetlands to mitigate peak flood flows, and questions the basic assumption that all wetlands a priori act as sponges temporarily, storing water during times of excess and releasing it during times of drought. Both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence are examined and it is concluded that more attention should be given to controlled research studies which develop more sophisticated hydrological models of wetlands. -Author
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

79. Multiple limiting gradients in peatlands: A call for a new paradigm.
Bridgham, S. D.; Pastor, J.; Janssens, J. A.; Chapin, C.; and Malterer, T. J.
Wetlands 16(1): 45-65. (1996)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:   wetlands/ peat/ classification systems/ gradients/ biogeochemistry/ hydrology/ community composition/ nutrients (mineral)/ hydrogen ion concentration/ acidic soils/ plant populations
Abstract: Peatlands often have readily apparent gradients of plant species distributions, biogeochemistry, and hydrology across several spatial scales. Many inferences have been drawn about the colinearity of these gradients, and these assumptions have become ingrained in the terminology that describes and classifies peatlands. We review the literature and present some of our own data that show that many of these inferences are either wrong or correct only under a limited set of ecological conditions. We examine historical classification schemes of peatlands and, in this context, gradients of alkalinity, pH, nutrient availability for plant growth, nutrient mineralization, hydrology, and decomposition. We further suggest a strictly defined set of terms to describe separate gradients of hydrology, alkalinity, and nutrients that limit plant growth in peatlands. Specially, we make the following suggestions concerning terminology. (1) The suffix O-trophicO should only be used when referring to nutrients that directly limit plant growth at natural availabilities (e.g., eutrophic and oligotrophic). (2) Terms such as circumneutral, moderately acid, and very acidic (or alternatively strong, intermediate, and weak) should be used to describe the pH of peatlands. (3) Ombrogenous and geogenous (or limnogenous, topogenous, and soligenous) should be used to describe the hydrology of peatlands. (4) The terms bog and fen should be defined broadly based on water/soil chemistry and dominant plant species without accompanying assumptions regarding hydrology, topography, ontogeny, nutrient availability, or the presence or absence of nondominant indicator plant species. Better yet, the generic term peatland be used when possible to avoid confusion about conditions that may or may not be present at a particular site.
© CSA

80. N:P balance in wetland forests: Productivity across a biogeochemical continuum.
Lockaby, B. G. and Conner, W. H.
Botanical Review 65(2): 171-185. (1999)
NAL Call #:   450 B6527; ISSN: 0006-8101
Descriptors:   nitrogen: nutrient/ phosphorus: nutrient/ net primary productivity/ nitrogen:phosphorus balance: biogeochemical continuum, productivity/ nutrient transformation/ wetland forest
Abstract: The nature of and driving forces behind variation among wetland forests in terms of biogeochemistry and vegetation production are not well understood. We suggest that insight into biogeochemical and productivity differences may be gained by examining the degree to which nitrogen and phosphorus are balanced within wetland vegetation. On the basis of examinations of data related to N:P balance and nutrient use efficiencies, vegetation productivity in both depressional and riverine forests appears to be primarily N limited. In contrast to some current theories of wetland biogeochemistry, these data suggest that when P deficiency occurs at all, it represents a secondary productivity constraint in comparison to N. Similarly, a biogeochemical continuum is suggested for wetland forests based on the relationship between N:P ratios in senesced foliage vs. annual litterfall mass. We theorize that the position of a particular wetland forest on this continuum reflects the integration of its geomorphic position and biogeochemical history. In addition, the position of a particular system on the continuum may have predictive value with regard to net primary productivity and nutrient transformation capabilities.
© The Thomson Corporation

81. National water summary of wetland resources.
Fretwell, J. D.; Williams, John S.; Redman, Phillip J.; and Geological Survey (U.S.).
Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O; Series: U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper 2425; 431 p. (1996)
NAL Call #:  407 G29W no.2425; ISBN: 0607856963
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ water resources development---United States/ wetland conservation---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

82. Natural and constructed wetlands in Canada: An overview.
Kennedy, Gavin and Mayer, Tatiana
Water Quality Research Journal of Canada  37(2): 295-325. (2002); ISSN: 1201-3080
Descriptors:   bioprocess engineering/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ wetland research needs/ identification/ Canadian economy/ anthropogenic activities/ climate change/ constructed wetlands: cold weather performance, cost effective, design adaptation, environmentally friendly wastewater treatment method, non point source pollution treatment, wildlife effects/ consumptive activities: derived value/ freshwater wetland research/ hydrogeochemistry/ hydrology/ intrinsic water quality amelioration wetland function/ natural wetlands: sustainability/ non consumptive activities: derived value/ wetland degradation/ wetland loss/ wetland treatment technology
Abstract: A review of freshwater wetland research in Canada was conducted to highlight the importance of these ecosystems and to identify wetland research needs. Both natural and constructed wetland systems are discussed. Natural wetlands are an important part of the Canadian landscape. They provide the habitat for a broad variety of flora and fauna and contribute significantly to the Canadian economy. It is estimated that the total value derived from consumptive and non-consumptive activities exceeds dollar sign10 billion annually. The past decades have witnnessed the continued loss and degradation of wetlands in Canada. In spite of recent protection, Canadian wetlands remain threatened by anthropogenic activities. This review shows that more research on fate and transport of pollutants from urban and agricultural sources in wetland systems is needed to better protect the health and to assure the sustainability of wetlands in Canada. Furthermore, improved knowledge of hydrology and hydrogeochemistry of wetlands will assure more effective management of these ecosystems. Lastly, better understanding of the effect of climate change on wetlands will result in better protection of these important ecosystems. Constructed wetlands are man-made wetlands used to treat non-point source pollution. The wetland treatment technology capitalizes on the intrinsic water quality amelioration function of wetlands and is emerging as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly method of treating a variety of wastewaters. The use of wetland technology in Canada is, however, less common than in the U.S.A. A number of research needs has to be addressed before the wetland treatment technology can gain widespread acceptance in Canada. This includes research pertaining to cold weather performance, including more monitoring, research on design adaptation and investigation of the effects of constructed wetlands on wildlife.
© The Thomson Corporation

83. The need to define hydrologic equivalence at the landscape scale for freshwater wetland mitigation.
Bedford, B. L.
Ecological Applications 6(1): 57-68. (1996)
NAL Call #:   QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors:   wetlands/ environmental restoration/ biological diversity/ hydrology/ ecosystem management/ environment management/ reclamation/ plant populations/ geohydrology/ decision making/ reclamation/ plant populations/ geohydrology/ decision making/ environmental restoration/ biological diversity/ ecosystem management/ environment management
Abstract: Attempts to replace wetlands or define hydrologic equivalence for wetland mitigation must be based on an understanding of the complexity of wetland hydrology and of the relationship of individual wetlands to the landscape. Because mitigation has the potential to re-configure the kinds and spatial distribution of wetland ecosystems over large geographic areas, I advocate a landscape approach to defining hydrologic equivalence. This approach does not depend on specification of hydroperiod or other hydrologic variables for individual wetlands. It relies instead on knowledge of landscape properties that control wetland hydrology and water chemistry. In this paper I develop the conceptual framework for defining hydrologic equivalence for wetland mitigation viewed as a de facto landscape management policy with the potential to reduce the diversity of wetland types within regions. I review modern hydrogeological understanding of where wetlands form in the landscape and identify key hydrologic variables responsible for the formation of specific wetland types. I also review existing evaluations of mitigation projects in several states. On the basis of these reviews, I argue that, in setting regulatory criteria for judging hydrologic equivalence, the scale must be enlarged from the individual wetland project to include the broader landscape. Only this broader view can provide the context within which decision-makers can evaluate the potential cumulative effects of individual mitigation decisions on broad-scale patterns of wetland diversity. The landscape approach to defining hydrologic equivalence that I advocate is based on the concept of templates for wetland development. These templates are the diversity of settings created in specific landscapes by the complex interactions of hydrogeologic factors and climate. These interactions, in turn, control key hydrologic variables and hydrologically influenced chemical variables that cause specific wetland types to form. Hydrologic equivalence then can be defined at the scale of landscape in terms of the kinds, numbers, relative abundances, and spatial distribution of wetland templates. The approach can be implemented through the identification of landscape goals and profiles based on knowledge of these templates. The profiles would catalog and map the diversity of wetland templates and the diversity of existing wetland types within a given landscape, focusing the attention of decision-makers on broad-scale patterns of loss in wetland types and providing a context within which individual mitigation projects could be evaluated. Landscape goals for maintaining a diversity of wetland templates are suggested.
© CSA

84. Nutrient enrichment and decomposition in wetland ecosystems: Models, analyses and effects.
Rybczyk, J. M.; Garson, G.; and Day, J. W.
Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 2: 52-72. (1996); ISSN: 1076-4674
Descriptors:   wetlands/ litter/ ecosystems/ mineralization/ decomposition/ nutrients/ cycling nutrients/ model studies/ enrichment/ literature review/ degradation/ biodegradation/ leAves/ biogeochemistry/ nutrient cycles/ nutrients (mineral)/ literature reviews/ decomposers/ nutrient cycles/ nutrients (mineral)/ literature reviews/ decomposers/ nutrient enrichment/ decomposition/ nutrients/ cycling nutrients/ model studies/ enrichment/ literature review/ degradation/ leaves
Abstract: Decomposition refers to the breakdown of organic matter to carbon dioxide, water and inorganic mineral components (mineralization) (Dickinson and Pugh 1974). Inorganic components can also be re-incorporated into the litter matrix during decomposition (immobilization). Generally, nutrient availability limits the rate of biological decomposition of plant organic matter because of the disparity between the high demand for nitrogen and phosphorus by decomposer organisms that use plant litter carbon as an energy source and the relatively low concentrations of nutrients found in the leaf litter (Swift et al. 1979, Neely and Davis 1985, Enriquez et al. 1993). Nutrient amendments to wetland ecosystems can potentially increase the rates of decomposition by either improving initial litter nutrient quality, via fertilization of the growing plant (Coulson and Butterfield 1978, Valiela et al. 1985, Lukumbuzya et al. 1994), or by increasing externally, the nutrients available to decomposer communities (Howarth and Fisher 1976, Haines and Hanson 1979, Fairchild et al. 1984). Nutrient amendments can also affect the mineralization and immobilization of nutrients within the decomposing litter matrix by altering the distribution and amounts of nutrients associated with the labile and refractory litter components, and by increasing the external pool of nutrients that can be re-incorporated into the decomposing litter matrix (Kaushik and Hynes 1971, Howarth and Fisher 1976, Andersen 1978, Coulson and Butterfield 1978, Elwood et al. 1981, Marinucci et al. 1983, DeBusk and Dierberg 1984, Fairchild et al. 1984, Neely and Davis 1985, Valiela et al. 1985, Hohmann and Neely 1993). We reviewed 24 studies that examined the effects of nutrient amendments, most commonly nitrogen and phosphorus, on the rates of wetland plant litter decomposition in either, wetland ecosystems, laboratory wetland mesocosms, streams or vegetated littoral zones of lakes.
© CSA

85. Nutrient limitation and botanical diversity in wetlands: Can fertilization raise species richness?
Guesewell, Sabine; Bailey, Kathleen M.; Roem, Wilma J.; and Bedford, Barbara L.
Oikos 109(1): 71-80. (Apr. 2005)
NAL Call #:   410 OI4; ISSN: 0030-1299
Descriptors:   wetlands/ species richness/ nutrients/ biomass/ pH effects/ soil chemistry/ grasslands/ fertilization/ nature conservation/ species diversity/ aquatic plants/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ limiting factors/ rare species/ Switzerland/ USA/ Denmark/ Netherlands/ productivity
Abstract: The 'resource balance hypothesis' proposes that the species richness of grassland vegetation is potentially highest when the N:P ratio of plant tissues is 10-15 (co-limitation), so that species richness could be raised by fertilization with N or P at sites with lower or higher N:P ratios, respectively. Here we use data from field surveys in Swiss, Dutch and American fens or wet grasslands to analyze what changes in N:P ratios might produce noticeable changes in species richness. Plant species numbers, aboveground biomass, tissue N and P concentrations and soil pH were recorded in plots of 0.06-4 m super(2). In each data set, plots with intermediate tissue N:P ratios (6-20) were on average most species-rich, but N:P ratios explained only 5-37% of the variation in species richness. Moreover, these effects were partially confounded with those of vegetation biomass and/or soil pH. The unique effects of N:P ratios (excluding those shared with biomass and pH) explained 11-17% of variation in species richness. The relationship between species richness and N:P ratios was asymmetric: plots with high N:P ratios were more species-poor than those with low N:P ratios. This was paralleled by a smaller species pool size at high N:P ratios (estimated from species numbers in multiple records), suggesting that fewer species are adapted to P-limited conditions than to N-limited conditions. According to these data, species richness in wetlands may possibly be raised by P-fertilization when the initial N:P ratio of the vegetation is well above 20, but this option is not recommended for nature conservation as it might promote common species at the expense of rare ones.
© CSA

86. Nutrient removal from wastewater by wetlands.
Nichols, D. S.
In: Proceedings 6th International Peat Congress. (Held 17 Aug 1980-23 Aug 1980 at Duluth, Minn.)
Eveleth, Minn.: Fisher Company; pp. 638-642; 1981.
NAL Call #:  S598.I53 1980
Descriptors:   wetlands/ wastewater management/ nitrogen removal/ phosphorus removal/ nutrient removal/ literature review/ wastewater/ water quality/ water quality control/ wastewater disposal/ wastewater discharge/ wastewater lagoons/ wastewater treatment/ phosphorus/ nitrogen/ denitrification/ ammonium/ nitrates
Abstract:  The literature on the capacity of wetlands for removing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from wastewater was reviewed and assessed. Retention of inflowing P under natural conditions appears to be limited to the relatively small amount of P that is accumulated as peat is formed from partially-decayed vegetation. Some P is absorbed by the soil when above-natural levels are added to a wetland. Wastewater P is most efficiently removed at low loading rates, and efficiency decreases rapidly as loading rates increase. Further, P removal declines with time; hence, short-term studies can give misleadingly high estimates of ultimate P removal capacity. Removal of N in excess of the natural accumulation rate in the peat is apparently by denitrification. As with P, N removal efficiency decreases rapidly as wastewater N loading rates are increased. The denitrification rate may be limited by the nitrification rate of ammonium-N, nitrate-N, or by oxygen diffusion. From the sparse literature data available, it is estimated that 1 ha of wetland would be needed to remove 75% of the P and N generated by 15 and 20 people, respectively, or to remove 54% of the P and N generated by 50 people. Hence, wetland application is feasible only where wetlands are abundant and population densities are low. Large populations cannot be served by this means. (Zielinski-MAXIMA)
© CSA

87. An overview of constructed wetlands as alternatives to conventional waste treatment systems.
Hamilton, H.; Nix, P. G.; and Sobolewski, A.
Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada 28(3): 529-548. (1993)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1W34 ; ISSN: 0197-9140.
Notes: Conference: BIOQUAL '92 Meet., Vancouver, BC (Canada), 9-11 Jun 1992; Editors: Hall, E. R.
Descriptors:   wetlands/ construction/ wastewater treatment/ hydrocarbons/ organic compounds/ biodegradation/ bacteria/ biofilms/ non patents/ microbial degradation/ environmental applications/ impact/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ wastewater treatment processes
Abstract: Constructed wetlands are an attractive alternative to conventional wastewater treatment under certain conditions. This review presents background information on wetland treatment and wetland design, and outlines the potential for wetlands to treat water contaminated with organic compounds including hydrocarbons. The major mechanisms that reduce contaminant concentrations in wetlands are sedimentation, filtration, chemical precipitation, microbial interaction and plant uptake. The presence of bacteria in "Biofilms" on the enormous plant and detrital surface area in wetlands is fundamental to their ability to degrade complex organic contaminants. There are few examples in the literature of wetlands being used to control organic chemical pollution. However, the very high level of biochemical activity in the water column and upper sediment layer in wetlands, combined with a high degree of ecological resilience, suggests that wetlands can be an attractive low cost, low energy, low maintenance alternative to conventional treatment methods.
© CSA

88. An o verview of m ajor w etland f unctions and v alues.
Sather, J. H.; Smith, R. D.; and Western Energy and Land Use Team
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; FWS/OBS-84/18, 1984. . iv + 68 p.
Notes: Microfiche item number: 611-R-1; Other number: SFA 29 (4)
Descriptors:   wetlands/ management/ research/ ecology/ freshwater environment/ food chains/ nutrients/ trophic interactions/ habitats/ fishery/ aquatic birds/ sociological aspects/ economics/ hydrology/ water quality/ ecology and conservation/ aquaculture, aquariology and water use
© NISC

89. Overview of the hydrologic concerns related to wetlands in the United States.
Carter, V.
Canadian Journal of Botany 64(2): 364-374. (1986)
NAL Call #:   470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026
Descriptors:   wetlands/ hydrologic aspects/ vegetation/ ecosystems/ surface-groundwater relationships/ hydrologic budget/ floods/ recharge/ base flow/ estuarine environment/ water quality
Abstract: Regional, geologic, topographic, and climatic differences create a tremendous diversity in wetland types and wetland vegetation in the United States. Wetland hydrology, a primary driving force influencing wetland ecology, development, and persistence, is as yet poorly understood. The interaction between groundwater and surface water and the discharge-recharge relationships in wetlands affect water quality and nutrient budgets as well as vegetative composition. Hydrologic considerations necessary for an improved understanding of wetland ecology include detailed water budgets, water chemistry, water regime, and boundary conditions. Wetland values are often based on perceived wetland functions. These hydrologic functions include (1) flood storage and flood-peak desynchronization, (2) recharge and discharge, (3) base flow and estuarine water balance, and (4) water-quality regulation. Expanded research and basic data collection focussed on wetland hydrology and its relation to wetland ecology are needed to identify and quantify the hydrologic functions of wetlands. (Lantz-PTT)
© CSA

90. Overview: Surface flow constructed wetlands.
Kadlec, R. H.
Water Science and Technology 32(3): 1-12. (1995)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223
Descriptors:   wetlands/ design/ macrophytes/ marshes/ nutrients/ performance/ processes/ wastewater treatment
Abstract: Several hundreds of marshes have now been built primarily for the purposes of water quality improvement. This paper reviews statistics on the types and numbers and character of these low-tech water treatment wetlands. The operational processes are discussed, including sedimentation, plant uptake, sorption, nutrient cycling, and chemical and microbial conversion. Performance has been good for reduction of suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, metals and some anthropogenic chemicals. Design procedures are evaluated, showing that the overly simplistic techniques used in the infancy of the technology may now be replaced by rational procedures based on the large and rapidly growing information base for constructed surface flow treatment wetlands. Ancillary wildlife and human use is an important part of this type of wetland, and should be acknowledged in design. Capital costs are low, but the principal financial advantage is the extremely low base cost of operation. Several hundreds of marshes have now been built primarily for the purposes of water quality improvement. This paper reviews statistics on the types and numbers and character of these low-tech water treatment wetlands. The operational processes are discussed, including sedimentation, plant uptake, sorption, nutrient cycling, and chemical and microbial conversion. Performance has been good for reduction of suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, metals and some anthropogenic chemicals. Design procedures are evaluated, showing that the overly simplistic techniques used in the infancy of the technology may now be replaced by rational procedures based on the large and rapidly growing information base for constructed surface flow treatment wetlands. Ancillary wildlife and human use is an important part of this type of wetland, and should be acknowledged in design. Capital costs are low, but the principal financial advantage is the extremely low base cost of operation.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

91. Parasitism and ecology of wetlands: A review.
Thomas, F.; Cezilly, F.; De Meeues, T.; Crivelli, A.; and Renaud, F.
Estuaries 20(3): 646-654. (1997)
NAL Call #:   GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347
Descriptors:   wetlands/ ecosystems/ ecology/ coastal waters/ parasites/ reviews/ predation/ conservation/ literature reviews/ estuaries/ nature conservation/ species interactions: parasites and diseases/ ecology/ community studies
Abstract: Recent advances in ecology have suggested that parasites, through the spectrum of their effects, could act as key species in ecosystems. Wetlands are productive ecosystems within which parasitism is diversified. There already exists evidence for direct and indirect effects of parasites on their host species. The influence of parasites on the population ecology of hosts includes survival, castration, sexual selection, predation, and spatial distribution. Parasites can also affect the evolution of host biological diversity (i.e., genetic structure and interspecific competition) and trophic interactions between prey and predators. The key role parasites might play in the ecology of coastal waters and wetlands should be considered in conservation programs applied to such ecosystems.
© CSA

92. Perspectives on setting success criteria for wetland restoration.
Kentula, M. E.
Ecological Engineering 15(3-4): 199-209. (July 2000)
NAL Call #:   TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574
Descriptors:   wetlands/ environmental restoration/ compliance/ environment management/ natural resources/ environmental protection/ conservation/ environmental policy/ performance evaluation/ planning/ restoration/ hydrology/ biota/ ecology/ terminology/ ecosystem management/ biodiversity/ structure-function relationships/ ecological evaluation/ soil fauna/ models/ compliance success/ functional success/ landscape success/ reclamation/ environmental action/ techniques of planning/ protective measures and control/ land/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: The task of determining the success of wetland restoration has long been challenging and sometimes contentious because success is an imprecise term that means different things in different situations and to different people. Compliance success is determined by evaluating compliance with the terms of an agreement, e.g. a contract or permit, whereas functional success is determined by evaluating whether the ecological functions of the system have been restored. Compliance and functional success have historically focused on the individual project (the site being restored); we are only beginning to consider another important factor, the success of restoration at the landscape scale. Landscape success is a measure of how restoration (or management, in general) has contributed to the ecological integrity of the region or landscape and to achievement of goals such as the maintenance of biodiversity. The utility of all definitions of success is ultimately constrained by the current status of the science of restoration ecology and by our ability to use that information to make sound management decisions and to establish measurable success criteria. Measurements of vegetation are most commonly used in evaluations of restoration projects, with less frequent analysis of soils, fauna, and hydrologic characteristics. Although particular characteristics of projects, such as vegetative cover and production, can resemble those in similar naturally occurring wetlands, overall functional equivalency has not been demonstrated. However, ongoing research is providing information on what can and cannot be accomplished, valuable insights on how to correct mistakes, and new approaches to defining success. The challenge is how to recognize and deal with the uncertainty, given that projects are ecologically young and that our knowledge of the process of restoration is evolving. One way to deal with the uncertainty is to use scientific principles of hypothesis testing and model building in an adaptive management framework. In this way, options can be systematically evaluated and needs for corrective actions identified when a project is not progressing toward goals. By taking such an approach we can improve our ability to reliably restore wetlands while contributing to our understanding of the basic structure and function of ecosystems.
© CSA

93. Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: A review.
Reddy, K. R.; Kadlec, R. H.; Flaig, E.; and Gale, P. M.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 29(1): 83-146. (1999)
NAL Call #:   QH545.A1C7; ISSN: 1064-3389
Descriptors:   wetlands/ phosphorus/ nutrients/ retention/ streams/ reviews/ kinetics/ biogeochemical cycle/ rivers/ nutrient cycles/ residence time/ biogeochemistry/ sources and fate of pollution/ ecosystems and energetics/ composition of water/ behavior and fate characteristics/ freshwater pollution/ chemical processes
Abstract: Wetlands and streams buffer the interactions among uplands and adjacent aquatic systems. Phosphorus (P) is often the key nutrient found to be limiting in both estuarine and freshwater ecosystems. As such, the ability of wetlands and streams to retain P is key to determining downstream water quality. This article reviews the processes and factors regulating P retention in streams and wetlands and evaluates selected methodologies used to estimate P retention in these systems. Phosphorus retention mechanisms reviewed include uptake and release by vegetation, periphyton and microorganisms; sorption and exchange reactions with soils and sediments; chemical precipitation in the water column; and sedimentation and entrainment. These mechanisms exemplify the combined biological, physical, and chemical nature of P retention in wetlands and streams. Methodologies used to estimate P retention include empirical input-output analysis and mass balances, and process kinetics applied at various scales, including micro- and mesocosms to full-scale systems. Although complex numerical models are available to estimate P retention and transport, a simple understanding of P retention at the process level is important, but the overall picture provided by mass balance and kinetic evaluations are often more useful in estimating long-term P retention.
© CSA

94. Physiological-ecological impacts of flooding on riparian forest ecosystems.
Kozlowski, T. T.
Wetlands 22(3): 550-561. (Sept. 2002)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:   wetland forests/ ecosystems/ riparian vegetation/ water resources management/ ecological effects/ water deficit/ flooding/ trees/ plant physiology/ plant growth/ mortality/ forests/ riparian environments/ ecophysiology/ riparian zone/ man-induced effects/ environmental impact/ flood control/ river engineering/ river basin management/ ecological impact of water development/ temperate forests/ habitat community studies/ soil pollution: monitoring, control and remediation
Abstract: Riparian forest ecosystems are important for their high productivity of biomass, their biodiversity, and ecological services including control of floods and erosion, removal of nutrients from agricultural runoff, alleviation of pollution effects, and as habitats for birds and mammals. Intermittent cycles of flooding by meandering streams followed by soil drainage are essential for regeneration, optimal growth, preservation of biodiversity, and sustainability of these valuable ecosystems. The straightening of river channels and disruption of intermittent river flow by dams lead to decreases in downstream forest productivity and ecological services, reflecting arrested forest regeneration, suppression of tree growth, and early tree mortality. These responses result from inadequate seed supplies and poor seedbeds, as well as deficiencies of ground water and mineral nutrients. Water deficits in downstream forest trees induce dysfunctions in photosynthesis and mineral nutrition, which lead to growth inhibition and plant mortality. Very few bottomland forest species can withstand extended soil inundation. Hence, prolonged upstream flooding by interruption of river flow is followed by massive losses of biomass as a result of poor seed germination, arrested plant growth, and accelerated mortality of trees. The adverse impacts of flooding on upstream forests are associated with physiological dysfunctions induced by soil anaerobiosis.
© CSA

95. Phytoremediation in wetland ecosystems: Progress, problems, and potential.
Williams, J. B.
Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 21(6): 607-635. (2002)
NAL Call #:   QK1.C83; ISSN: 0735-2689 [CRPSD3].
Notes: Special issue: Phytoremediation II/ edited by B.V. Conger. Includes references.
Descriptors:   wetlands/ bioremediation/ seasonal variation/ plant succession/ site factors/ heavy metals/ litter plant/ waste disposal/ rhizosphere/ indicator species/ temporal variation/ toxicity/ organic compounds/ herbicides/ pesticides/ explosives/ soil pollution/ evapotranspiration/ petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant communities/ monitoring/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

96. Phytosociology and succession on earthquake-uplifted coastal wetlands, Copper River Delta, Alaska.
Thilenius, J. F. Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1995. 58 p. General Technical Reports .
NAL Call #:  aSD11.A46 no.346
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr346.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands/ deltas/ earthquakes/ marshes/ plant communities/ plant succession/ salinity/ shrubs/ tides/ woody plants/ Carex/ plants
Abstract:  The delta formed by the Copper River stretches more than 75 kilometres along the south-central coastline of Alaska, USA. It is the terminus of the outwash deposits from a large part of the most heavily glaciated region of North American, and all major rivers that flow into the delta carry extremely high levels of suspended sediments. Coastal wetlands extend inland for as much as 20 kilometres. In 1964, an earthquake of Richter Scale 8.4 to 8.6 raised the entire delta from 1.8 to 3.4 metres above the previous mean sea level. Subtidal areas became intertidal, and intertidal areas supertidal. Marshland advanced seaward as much as 1.5 kilometres in the intertidal zone. Vegetation on many, but not all, newly supertidal levees began to change from herb to shrub. A change in frequency and duration of tidal inundation and water salinity has been thought to be the most obvious cause of this succession, but explanation is lacking. Fresh water dominates the estuarine circulation as a result of a bar-built estuary and the extremely high input of fresh water from glacier runoff and precipitation. Tides merely raise fresh water onto the wetlands. Halophytes are rare even at the seaward edge of vegetation. The characteristic species of the present intertidal marshes, Carex lyngbyei, is also the characteristic of inland fresh water marshes. Initial postearthquake invasion of woody plants was confined to natural levees. More recently, shrubs have begun to move seaward into new intertidal marshland and into supertidal interlevee basins. Current plant communities on new marshland (tidal) are Carex C-T (low marsh); Carex C-T (high marsh); Carex/Potentilla C-T (low levee); and Myrica/Carex-Potentilla C-T (high levee). On old marshland (nontidal) the current plant communities are Alnus/Myrica-Salix/Carex C-T (foreshore levee); Myrica/Carex-Calamagrostis (foreshore levee); Carex/Equisetum-Lathyrus C-T (interior levee); Carex/Lathyrus C-T (moderately hydric interlevee basin); and Carex-Cicuta/C-T (hydric interlevee basin). Vegetation analogous to that developing on supertidal levees and basins is present on older wetland habitats further inland. Likely, the same plant successions would have occurred without an uplift. The uplift appears to have altered locations and rates, but not the nature, of wetland plant succession on the Copper River Delta .
© CAB International/CABI Publishing

97. Picoplankton dynamics in a hypertrophic semiarid wetland.
Ortega-Mayagoitia, E.; Rodrigo, M. A.; Rojo, C.; and Alvarez-Cobelas, M.
Wetlands 22(3): 575-587. (Sept. 2002)
NAL Call #:   QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors:   wetlands/ ecology/ plankton/ bacteria/ cyanophyta/ population dynamics/ spatial distribution/ temporal distribution/ experimental data/ nutrients/ grazing/ semiarid environments/ abundance/ nannoplankton/ phytoplankton/ zooplankton/ trophic structure/ water budget/ algae/ bacteria/ Spain/ bacteria/ algae/ productivity
Abstract: This study was carried out on a neglected component of wetlands: the picoplankton community. We analyzed the picoplanktonic community patterns and their related environmental factors in a hypertrophic semi-arid wetland located in Central Spain (Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park, TDNP). We determined the bacterial and autotrophic picoplankton (APP) abundance over a three-year period (1996: the end of a long drought period and 1997-1998: after flooding) in five sites of the wetland. The overall range of bacterial abundance was 0.2 x 106 to 10 x 106 cells/ml. The annual mean abundance increased in the wettest 1997. APP was composed mainly by coccoid phycocyanin-containing cyanobacteria, with the greatest abundance up to 25 x 105 cells/ml. The annual mean also increased considerably in wetter 1997-98. Despite the large APP biomass in some sites, its percentage of total phytoplankton biomass was low (the annual average did not exceed 1.5%). We observed spatial heterogeneity in the picoplankton fraction depending on the fluctuating hydrology: bacteria tends to spatial homogeneity after flooding while APP showed only similarity among the output sites. Among the considered predictive variables (temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen, zooplankton, phytoplankton) of the picoplanktonic dynamics, temperature was the most closely correlated to picoplankton, especially to bacterial abundance. Further, in two factorial, coupled-hierarchical laboratory experiments (constant temperature), we searched for control mechanisms of picoplankton. We tested (a) the trophic cascade hypothesis by analyzing the effect of presence/absence of mosquitofish (experiment 1) or directly modifying the zooplanktonic community (experiment 2) and (b) the bottom-up regulation by altering the nutrient conditions (presence/absence of sediment in experiment 1; reducing the nutrient content in experiment 2). Bacterioplankton failed to show any behavior related to trophic cascade direct effects, while nutrients increased its abundance. APP was affected positively by nutrients and negatively by zooplankton grazing.
© CSA

98. Plant-mediated controls on nutrient cycling in temperate fens and bogs.
Aerts, R.; Verhoeven, J. T. A.; and Whigham, D. F.
Ecology 80(7): 2170-2181. (1999)
NAL Call #:   410 Ec7; ISSN: 0012-9658
Descriptors:   bogs/ climate control of nutrient cycling/ decomposition/ evergreen/ fens/ leaf life-span/ litter chemistry effects on decomposition/ mineralization/ nutrient cycling/ nutrient resorption/ nutrient-use efficiency/ sphagnum/ temperate
Abstract: This paper reports on patterns in plant-mediated processes that determine the rate of nutrient cycling in temperate fens and bogs. We linked leaf-level nutrient dynamics with leaf-litter decomposition and explored how the observed patterns were reflected in nutrient cycling at the ecosystem level. Comparisons were made among growth forms (evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees, graminoids and Sphagnum mosses) and between mire types (fens and bogs). A literature review showed that the predominant growth form was more important as a determinant of leaf-level nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) than mire type (fen vs. bog). Evergreens had the highest N and p use efficiency. The growth form differences in NUE were mainly determined by differences in N and P concentrations in mature leaves and not by differences in resorption efficiency from senescing leaves. Sphagnum leaves had lower N and P concentrations than the other growth forms, but because of a lack of data on nutrient resorption efficiency the NUE of these mosses could not be calculated. Nitrogen use efficiency did not differ among fen and bog species, whereas bog species had a higher P use efficiency than fen species. However, a complete evaluation of mire-type or growth-form effects on NUE is only possible when data become available about nutrient resorption from senescing Sphagnum leaves. As leaf-level NUE is negatively correlated with leaf-litter nutrient concentrations, there is a direct link between NUE and litter decomposition rate. Rates of litter decomposition of Sphagnum mosses are lower than in the other growth forms, but there is still much speculation about possible reasons. The role of litter chemistry of Sphagnum mosses (including decay inhibitors and decay-resistant compounds) in decomposition especially warrants further study. The strongly deviating nutritional ecology of Sphagnum mosses clearly distinguishes fens and bogs from other ecosystems. Moreover, N and P concentrations in mature leaves from vascular plant species from fens and bogs are in almost all cases lower and leaf-level N use efficiency is higher than in species from other ecosystems, irrespective of the growth form considered. Both literature data and data from a comparative study on soil nutrient cycling in temperate fens and bogs in the United States (Maryland), The Netherlands, and Poland showed that nutrient mineralization did not differ clearly between fens and bogs. The comparative study further showed that cellulose decomposition in bogs was lower than in fens and that nutrient mineralization was higher in forested than in herbaceous mires. The occurrence of dominant growth forms was clearly related to soil nutrient-cycling processes, and observed patterns were in agreement with patterns in the components of NUE as found in the literature study. We conclude that a protocol with standardized procedures for measuring various nutrient-cycling process rates that is used by scientists in various wetland types and geographical regions is a useful tool for unravelling large-scale patterns in soil nutrient-cycling processes in wetlands and for linking plant-mediated nutrient dynamics with ecosystem nutrient-cycling processes.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

99. Pollution filtration by plants in wetland-littoral zones.
Mickle, A. M.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 144: 282-290. (1993)
NAL Call #:   500 P53; ISSN: 0097-3157 [PANPA5].
Notes: Literature review. Includes references.
Descriptors:   wetlands/ aquatic plants/ bog plants/ filtration/ purification/ waste water/ waste water treatment/ coastal areas/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

100. Pre-European settlement conditions and human disturbance of a coniferous swamp in southern Ontario.
Bunting, M. J.; Morgan, C. R.; Van Bakel, M.; and Warner, B. G.
Canadian Journal of Botany 76(10): 1770-1779. (Oct. 1998)
NAL Call #:   470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026
Descriptors:   wetlands/ plant communities/ succession/ paleoecology/ human impact/ swamps/ palaeoecology/ man-induced effects/ land use/ ecological succession/ pollen/ human settlements/ forests/ rare species/ community composition/ community structure/ terrestrial ecosystems/ Picea mariana/ Plantae/ sphagnum/ Canada, Ontario/ black spruce/ mechanical and natural changes/ human population-biosphere interactions
Abstract: A vegetation survey at Oil Well Bog, southern Ontario, suggested that the central Picea mariana - Sphagnum (black spruce swamp) community represented the most mature point in the wetland succession. Pollen analysis of short sediment cores from beneath three major communities in the wetland (black spruce swamp, white pine swamp, and low shrub swamp) showed that the black spruce community only became established in the last 100 years. From around 2000 BP, the wetland was dominated by low shrubs with a tall shrub element. Upland forest composition around the wetland changed around 500 BP, with a decrease in percentages of Fagus and an increase in Pinaceae. At the same time trees colonized parts of the wetland. When the upland forest was cleared by European settlers (ca. AD 1830-1845), low shrub communities reestablished, suggesting that initially the wetland surface became wetter. Over time, the present-day mosaic of swamp types began to develop. The pollen analyses showed that the black spruce swamp is present as a result of changes in the wetland hydrology induced by human activity, and the fragmentary low shrub vegetation community (which contains locally rare plant species) represents a relic of the pre-European settlement wetland community.
© CSA

101. Processes of wetland loss in India.
Foote, A. Lee; Pandey, Sanjeeva; and Krogman, Naomi T.
Environmental Conservation 23(1): 45-54. (1996)
NAL Call #:   QH540.E55 ; ISSN: 0376-8929
Descriptors:   agronomy: agriculture/ conservation/ forestry/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ accumulative water demand/ agricultural conversion/ altered upper watershed/ biodiversity/ conservation/ defoliation/ deforestation/ ground water depletion/ hydrologic alteration/ inundation/ oriental region/ resource management/ water quality degradation/ wetland consolidation/ wetland loss
© The Thomson Corporation

102. Progress in wetland restoration ecology.
Zedler, J. B.
Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15(10): 402-407. (Oct. 2000)
NAL Call #:   QH540.T74; ISSN: 0169-5347
Descriptors:   wetlands/ environmental restoration/ research programs/ restoration/ environmental factors/ ecology/ reclamation/ protective measures and control
Abstract: It takes more than water to restore a wetland. Now, scientists are documenting how landscape setting, habitat type, hydrological regime, soil properties, topography, nutrient supplies, disturbance regimes, invasive species, seed banks and declining biodiversity can constrain the restoration process. Although many outcomes can be explained post hoc, we have little ability to predict the path that sites will follow when restored in alternative ways, and no insurance that specific targets will be met. To become predictive, bolder approaches are now being developed, which rely more on field experimentation at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and in many restoration contexts.
© CSA

103. Regional diversity of temporary wetland carabid beetle communities: A matter of landscape features or cultivation intensity?
Brose, Ulrich
Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 98(1-3): 163-167. (2003)
NAL Call #:   S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors:   agriculture/ biodiversity/ ecology: environmental sciences/ cultivation intensity/ habitat heterogeneity/ landscape ecology/ landscape features/ landscape structure/ macro ecology/ regional diversity/ species richness/ temporary wetland community
Abstract: The challenge of finding applicable indicators for sustainable agriculture requires evaluations at regional scales to lead to policy-relevant results. In this study, the regional diversity of temporary wetland carabid beetles was analysed for six landscapes of 10 km2 each. The relative importance of landscape features and cultivation intensity for the regional diversity was compared. Total species richness was correlated with the mean soil-indices that were used as indicators of cultivation intensity. This is consistent with studies on local scales, which emphasise the importance of cultivation intensity for arthropod communities. The diversity of wetland and habitat-specific species correlated with the temporary wetlands mean duration of flooding and the density of temporary wetlands, but apart from this, there was no impact of landscape features on diversity. These results do not corroborate concepts of using indices of landscape structure as biodiversity indicators, but the importance of cultivation intensity cannot be too strongly emphasised.
© The Thomson Corporation

104. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems: Science, technology, and public policy.
Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology and Public Policy and National Research Council
Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 576 pp. (1992)
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.W3N38 1992; ISBN: 0309092884
http://fermat.nap.edu/catalog/1807.html
Descriptors:   wetlands/ environmental restoration/ aquatic ecosystems/ rivers/ lakes/ environment management/ aquatic environment/ USA/ books/ environmental management/ aquatic environments/ environmental restoration/ aquatic ecosystems/ books/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ environmental action/ basic approaches, concepts, and theory/ reclamation
Abstract:  This volume examines the prospects for repairing the damage society has done to the USA's aquatic resources: lakes, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems outlines a national strategy for aquatic restoration, with practical recommendations covering both the desired scope and scale of projects and needed government action. It features case studies of aquatic restoration activities throughout the country. With a wealth of data and commentary, the book examines key concepts and techniques used in restoration; common factors in successful restoration efforts; threats to the health of the nation's aquatic ecosystems; approaches to evaluation before, during, and after a restoration project; and the emerging specialties of restoration and landscape ecology--and how they will contribute to better integration of restoration efforts. Individual chapters provide an overview; a selective history of aquatic ecosystem management; planning and evaluating ecosystem restoration; lakes; rivers and streams; wetlands; integrated ecosystem restoration; and a national restoration strategy. An appendix discusses restoration case studies.
© CSA

105. Restoration of temperate wetlands.
Wheeler, Bryan D.
Chichester; New York: Wiley; xiv, 562 p.: ill. (1995)
Notes: Papers from a symposium held at the University of Sheffield, England in Sept. 1993. Includes bibliographical references and index.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3R47 1995; ISBN: 0471951056
Descriptors:   wetland ecology---congresses/ restoration ecology---congresses/ wetland conservation---congresses
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

106. Restored wetlands as management tools for wetland-dependent birds.
Dick, Thomas M.
Pennsylvania Birds 7(1): 4-6. (1993); ISSN: 0898-8501
Descriptors:   wetlands/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ management/ restoration/ wildlife
© NISC

107. Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands.
Bartlett, K. B. and Harriss, R. C.
Chemosphere 26(1-4): 261-320. (1993)
NAL Call #:   TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535
Abstract: The number of emission measurements of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere has increased greatly in recent years, as recognition of its atmospheric chemical and radiative importance becomes widespread. In this report, we review progress on estimating and understanding both the magnitude of, and controls on, emissions of CH4 from natural wetlands. We also calculate global wetland CH4 emissions using this extensive flux data base and the wetland areas compiled and published by Matthews and Fung (1987). Tropical regions (20° N-30° S) were calculated to release 66 TgCH4/yr, 60% of the total wetland emission of 109 Tg/yr. Flux data from tropical wetlands, reported only within the last four years, are currently restricted in geographic coverage. Additional data from other regions will be required to confirm these calculated large emissions. Although emissions from subtropical and temperate wetlands (45° N-20° N and 30° S-50° S) were relatively low at 5 Tg/yr, the process-oriented focus of most of the research in this region suggests that work at these latitudes may serve as models to examine controls and possible uncertainties in estimating fluxes. These types of efforts are frequently not possible in more remote, globally significant wetlands. Northern wetlands (north of 45° N) were calculated to release a total of 38 TgCH4/yr (34% of total flux); 34 Tg/yr from wet soils and 4 Tg/yr from relatively dry tundra. These latitudes have been the focus of recent intensive research. Significant differences between the relatively large flux data bases accumulated in the two primary measurement areas, northern Minnesota and the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Canada, indicate that extrapolation from one wetland region to another may be subject to considerable error. Global emissions were also compared to fluxes calculated using the wetland areas published by Aselmann and Crutzen (1989) in an effort to assess uncertainties due to wetland area estimates. Further refinement of wetland CH4 emissions awaits flux measurements from large areas currently lacking data, particularly in the tropics and the Siberian Lowlands, more realistic assessments of seasonal active periods, and accurate, up-to-date habitat classification and measurement.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

108. A review on habitats, plant traits and vegetation of ephemeral wetlands: A global perspective.
Deil, Ulrich
Phytocoenologia 35(2-3): 533-705. (2005)
NAL Call #:   QK911.P52; ISSN: 0340-269X
Descriptors:   terrestrial ecology/ environmental sciences/ systematics and taxonomy/ plant traits/ ephemeral wetlands
Abstract: Based upon a world-wide literature review and a database, which refers to 250 publications and documents about 8500 phytosociological releves, the following questions are discussed: What are the common ecological parameters for temporary wetlands and which environmental conditions offer a niche for dwarf ephemerals? Which taxa have evolved and speciated within ephemeral wetland habitats? How do the relations between relief features, local hydrology and climatic conditions change in different parts of the world? Which global patterns In flora and vegetation do occur? The review is restricted to ephemeral freshwater ecosystems with the following two properties: Above-ground plant cover is seasonal, and the habitats are water-saturated or submerged only part of the year. For a better understanding of large-scale patterns, the results of studies about small-scale zonation, variability in time (phenology and year-to-year dynamics), ecophysiology and life strategies are briefly reported. Finally, conservation aspects and trends of floristic globalization are considered.1. Seasonal pools: They occur in semi-arid and subhumid climates at both sides of the Tropic of Cancer. The catchment areas are local or the ponds are purely rainwater systems.2. Amphibic shorelines of permanent ponds, lakes and rivers: They concentrate in perhumid extratropical temperate zones and in orotropical climates. Along allochthonous rivers with extended catchments and with seasonal flood pulse, large temporary flood-plains also occur in semi-arid regions.3. Ephemeral flush habitats: In the perhumid tropics and in the subhumid subtropics, ephemeral wetlands are linked to runoff-habitats like the slopes of inselbergs and rock outcrops and to interflow habitats along intermittent streams.The distribution of some keystone taxa reflects the present climatic differentiation of the globe and to some extent also historical events (palaeogeography, speciation processes). Myosurus for example is linked to extratropical regions, Lilaeopsis to the New World and the Southern Hemisphere, Limnophila and Rhamphicarpa to the Palaeotropical. region. Vicariance patterns are a common phenomenon. Examples can be seen in Isoetes, Marsilea, Ophioglossum, Juncus (sections Tenageia, Ozophyllum and Caespitosi), Limosella, Crassula (section Helophytum), Bacopa, Hydrocotyle, Eriocaulon and Xyris. These genera speciated within this environment and evolved habitat equivalent species. The reduced size and the spatial isolation of the habitat reduce gene flow and favour allopatric speciation. The variability in time and small-scale ecological gradients stimulate sympatric speciation by temporal separation of the populations. Niche-equivalent taxa replace each other in different parts of the world. The niche of dwarf ephemeroid annuals is occupied by Centrolepidaceae in the Australian region, by Restionaceae in the Capensis, by Eriocaulaceae in the Australian region and East Asia, by Juncaceae in the holarctic kingdom, by Orcuttieae in the Californian phytogeographical sector, and by Cyperaceae, Crassulaceae, Gentianaceae, Elatinaceae and Apiaceae in all floristic kingdoms. Other predominant life forms are herbaceous perennials with the isoetid syndrome, geophytic ferns (Ophioglossum, Marsilea), carnivorous plants from the families Lentibulariaceae and Droseraceae, and polkilohydric vascular plants with the xyroid syndrome. The latter occur in the Tropics, with Xyridaceae (pantropical), Velloziaceae (neotropical region), Afrotrilepis, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Chamaegigas (palaeotropical region), Trilepis (neotropical region) and Borya (Australian region).
© The Thomson Corporation

109. Riparian wetlands and water quality.
Gilliam, J. W.
Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 896-900. (1994)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors:   nitrate/ phosphorus/ plant (Plantae unspecified)/ Plantae (Plantae unspecified)/ plants/ drainage/ farming/ nitrate/ nonpoint source pollution/ phosphorus/ urban activity/ wet soils
Abstract: Because of wet soils adjacent to the strains, riparian buffers are frequently present between farming and urban activities on the uplands and small streams. These riparian areas have been shown to be very valuable for the removal of nonpoint-source pollution from drainage water. Several researchers have measured gt 90% reductions in sediment and nitrate concentrations in water flowing through the riparian areas. The riparian buffers are less effective for P removal but may retain 50% of the surface-water P entering them. I consider riparian buffers to be the most important factor influencing nonpoint-source pollutants entering surface water in many areas of the USA and the most important wetlands for surface water quality protection.
© The Thomson Corporation

110. The role of wetlands in the hydrological cycle.
Bullock, A. and Acreman, M.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7(3): 358-389. (2003)
NAL Call #:   GB651 .H937; ISSN: 1027-5606
Descriptors:   wetlands/ hydrology/ stream flow rate/ water management/ floods/ ground water/ policies/ flood control/ hydrologic cycle/ wetlands hydrology/ water balance/ groundwater recharge/ flood plains/ river flow variations/ streamflow analysis/ low flow/ river flow/ hydrologic models/ aquifers/ water supply/ surface-groundwater relations/ base flow
Abstract: It is widely accepted that wetlands have a significant influence on the hydrological cycle. Wetlands have therefore become important elements in water management policy at national, regional and international level. There are many examples where wetlands reduce floods, recharge groundwater or augment low flows. Less recognised are the many examples where wetlands increase floods, act as a barrier to recharge, or reduce low flows. This paper presents a database of 439 published statements on the water quantity functions of wetlands from 169 studies worldwide. This establishes a benchmark of the aggregated knowledge of wetland influences upon downstream river flows and groundwater aquifers. Emphasis is placed on hydrological functions relating to gross water balance, groundwater recharge, base flow and low flows, flood response and river flow variability. The functional statements are structured according to wetland hydrological type and the manner in which functional conclusions have been drawn. A synthesis of functional statements establishes the balance of scientific evidence for particular hydrological measures. The evidence reveals strong concurrence for some hydrological measures for certain wetland types. For other hydrological measures, there is diversity of functions for apparently similar wetlands. The balance of scientific evidence that emerges gives only limited support to the generalised model of flood control, recharge promotion and flow maintenance by wetlands portrayed throughout the 1990s as one component of the basis for wetland policy formulation. That support is confined largely to floodplain wetlands, while many other wetland types perform alternate functions - partly or fully. This paper provides the first step towards a more scientifically defensible functional assessment system.
© CSA

111. Saline wetlands related to groundwater flows from low permeability Tertiary formations in the Somontano area of Huesca, Spain.
Sanchez Navarro, J. A.;  Coloma Lopez, P.; and Perez Garcia, A.
Hydrological Processes 15(4): 633-642. (Mar. 2001)
NAL Call #:   GB651.H93; ISSN: 0885-6087
Descriptors:   wetlands/ surface-groundwater relations/ groundwater movement/ permeability/ model studies/ alkalinity/ soil chemistry/ salinity/ ground water/ saline water/ rivers/ tertiary/ irrigation/ soils/ saline intrusion/ Spain, Aragon, Huesca/ dynamics of lakes and rivers
Abstract: Presence of groundwater flow in the 'Somontano de Huesca' Area, derived from low-permeability detrital Tertiary rocks, is considered. A groundwater flow model is constructed for these Tertiary rocks. This model explains both water flow through them and the chemical characteristics of the water. Groundwater flow has clear surface manifestations: it causes wetlands (which are called 'paules' in the area) with sodic waters, it produces saline, sodic or alkaline soils, and it produces modifies the chemical composition of rivers in Somontano. Irrigation has increased the volume of filtered water, especially in the interfluve areas, causing the extension of the wetlands in the valley thalwegs, and also the greater movement of salts has increased the problems of saline and/or sodic soils in the area.
© CSA

112. Salt marsh tidal channel morphometry: Applications for wetland creation and restoration.
Zeff, M. L.
Restoration Ecology 7(2): 205-211. (June 1999)
NAL Call #:   QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors:   wetlands/ salt marshes/ tides/ drainage/ hydrology/ channels/ geomorphology/ environmental restoration/ coastal environments/ restoration/ meandering/ tidal inlets/ fluvial morphology/ morphometry/ USA, New Jersey/ reclamation/ protective measures and control/ habitat community studies/ topography and morphology
Abstract: The morphometry of tidal channels in a back-barrier salt marsh in New Jersey was investigated. Characteristics of the tidal channel drainage network plan form (order, bifurcation ratio, length, sinuosity) and cross section channel form (width:depth ratio, hydraulic geometry) are compared with data from other studies. Drainage patterns follow Horton's Law of Stream Numbers and Law of Stream Lengths. Mitigation sites should be designed in accordance with these laws. The degree to which site-specific substrate, vegetation, and flow conditions constrain or facilitate the development of sinuous, meandering channel reaches should be estimated to provide information for the design of tidal channel geometries and dimensions that will accommodate predicted discharges. Drainage networks in created and restored wetlands should reflect the spatial distribution of width and depth properties (width:depth ratios, cross-sectional areas, longitudinal slopes, hydraulic geometry) found in similar natural systems. Reproducing these characteristics will lessen the practice of oversizing channels. Hydraulic geometry relationships can facilitate the sizing of channels at Atlantic coast salt marsh mitigation sites. Recommendations are given to promote the development of drainage networks that function like the coastal back-barrier Avalon/Stone Harbor marsh in New Jersey.
© CSA

113. Salt marshes: Biological controls of food webs in a diminishing environment.
Valiela, Ivan; Rutecki, Deborah; and Fox, Sophia
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300(1-2): 131-159. (2004)
NAL Call #:   QH91.A1J6; ISSN: 0022-0981
Descriptors:   literature review/ role of biological controls in coastal salt marsh food webs/ diet/ bottom up and top down controls in food webs/ ecology/ food webs/ predators/ top down controls in food webs/ coastal salt marshes/ salt marsh/ coastal saltmarsh ecosystem/ role of bottom up and top down controls/ wetland habitat decline relations/ review
Abstract: This essay reviews two important topics in coastal ecology: the work on the relative role of bottom-up and top-down controls in natural communities and the loss of wetlands worldwide. In salt marshes and other coastal wetlands, bottom-up and top-down mechanisms of control oil natural communities are pervasive. Bottorn-up effects through nutrient supply may propagate to upper trophic levels via better food quality, or indirectly by altering water and sediment quality. Top-down control by consumers alters lower trophic levels through consumption of primary producers, and indirectly by trophic cascades in which higher predators feed on grazers. The combined forcing of bottom-up and top-down controls govern assemblages of species in natural communities, mediated by physical and biogeochemical factors. Although there is much information about biological controls of coastal food webs, more information is needed. Even more important is that large losses of wetland are occurring along coastlines worldwide due to a variety of economic and social activities including filling, wetland reclamation, and sediment interception. Such losses are of concern because these wetlands provide important functions, including export of energy-rich material to deeper waters, nursery and stock habitats, shoreline stabilization, and intercept land-derived nutrients and contaminants. These important functions justify conservation and restoration efforts; barring such efforts, we will find it increasingly difficult to find coastal wetlands where we can continue to gain further understanding of ecology and biogeochemistry and lack the aesthetic pleasure these wetlands provide to so many of us.
© The Thomson Corporation

114. Salt marshes: Present functioning and future change.
Boorman, L. A.
Mangroves and Salt Marshes 3(4): 227-241. (1999); ISSN: 1386-3509
Descriptors:   salt marshes/ coastal zone management/ habitats/ nutrients/ organic matter/ climatic changes/ environmental protection/ nature conservation/ sea level changes/ environmental impact/ pollution monitoring/ pollutant persistence/ ecosystem disturbance
Abstract: Salt marshes are no longer viewed as intertidal wastelands of little value to anyone. They are now widely recognised as playing a major role in coastal defence, in wildlife conservation on the coast and as a key source of organic material and nutrients vitally important for a wide range of marine communities. This appreciation of the importance of salt marshes has been brought even more sharply into focus because of the threats posed by predicted rise in sea level as a result of global climatic change. Three decades ago the possibilities of exchanges of organic matter between salt marshes and the sea were already being recognised in certain areas but it is only in the past five years or so that this process has been studied in a wide range of different areas. Detailed studies have been made into the way that salt marsh fluxes change with the development of increasingly mature and, therefore, increasingly complex salt marsh communities. As well as being sources and sinks of mineral nutrients and organic matter, salt marshes can also function as a sink for pollutants that would otherwise be damaging to the environment. Salt marshes also act as a sink for sediment within coastal ecosystems. Through their various functions they can be seen to be acting as dynamic living filters for various ecologically important materials. With increasing threats to the survival of salt marshes as a result of man's activities in the coastal zone being augmented by the threats from predicted sea level rise, a new approach to salt marsh conservation has come to the fore and that is the actual creation of new salt marshes. For this process to be fully effective we have to make full use of our increased understanding of salt marsh structure and function. Following a review of the current state of the art in the field of salt marsh research, an assessment is made of specific future research needs. Despite the greatly increased effort which has been directed to salt marsh research over the past few years we still have to recognise that resources are limited and, therefore, critical evaluations of the various options regarding the direction of our future efforts need to be made.
© CSA

115. Saltmarshes in a time of change.
Adam, P.
Environmental Conservation 29(1): 39-61. (2002)
NAL Call #:   QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929
Descriptors:   salt marshes/ sea level/ sedimentation/ human impact/ environment management/ environmental quality/ exotic species/ resources management/ ecological effects/ water resources planning/ environmental policy/ tides/ aquatic habitats/ human factors/ sustainable development/ intertidal environment/ ecosystem management/ climatic changes/ greenhouse effect/ sea level changes/ tidal range/ erosion control/ man-induced effects/ world oceans
Abstract: Saltmarshes are a major, widely distributed, intertidal habitat. They are dynamic systems, responding to changing environmental conditions. For centuries, saltmarshes have been subject to modification or destruction because of human activity. In this review, the range of factors influencing the survival of saltmarshes is discussed. Of critical importance are changes in relative sea level and in tidal range. Relative sea level is affected by changes in absolute sea level, changes in land level and the capacity of saltmarshes to accumulate and retain sediment. Many saltmarshes are starved of sediment because of catchment modification and coastal engineering, or exposed to erosive forces, which may be of natural origin or reflect human interference. The geographical distribution of individual saltmarsh species reflects climate, so that global climatic change will be reflected by changes in distribution and abundance of species, although the rate of change in communities dominated by perennial plants is difficult to predict. Humans have the ability to create impacts on saltmarshes at a range of scales from individual sites to globally. Pressures on the environment created by the continued increase in the human population, particularly in developing tropical countries, and the likely consequences of the enhanced greenhouse effect on both temperature and sea level give rise to particular concerns. Given the concentration of population growth and development in the coastal zone, and the potential sensitivity of saltmarsh to change in sea level, it is timely to review the present state of saltmarshes and to assess the likelihood of changes in the near (25 years) future. By 2025, global sea level rise and warming will have impacts on saltmarshes. However, the most extensive changes are likely to be the direct result of human actions at local or regional scales. Despite increasing recognition of the ecological value of saltmarsh, major projects involving loss of saltmarshes but deemed to be in the public interest will be approved. Pressures are likely to be particularly severe in the tropics, where very little is known about saltmarshes. At the local scale the cumulative impacts of activities, which individually have minor effects, may be considerable. Managers of saltmarshes will be faced with difficult choices including questions as to whether traditional uses should be retained, whether invasive alien species or native species increasing in abundance should be controlled, whether planned retreat is an appropriate response to rising relative sea level or whether measures can be taken to reduce erosion. Decisions will need to take into account social and economic as well as ecological concerns.
© CSA

116. Shift in wetland plant composition and biomass following low-level episodes in the St. Lawrence River: Looking into the future.
Hudon, Christiane
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61(4): 603-617. (2004)
NAL Call #:   442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors:   freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ agricultural landscape/ climate change/ emergent waterlogged mudflats/ faunal habitats/ human intervention/ industrialized landscape/ low level episodes/ natural hydrologic variability/ shoreline alteration/ urbanized landscape/ water level fluctuations: future effects, past effects/ wetland plant biomass shifts/ wetland plant composition shifts
Abstract: The effects of a 1-m drop in average water levels in 1999 on species composition and biomass were documented for a St. Lawrence River wetland and compared with a similar episode in 1931. These observations highlight the manifold effects of past and future water level fluctuations on St. Lawrence River wetlands and faunal habitats, resulting from natural hydrologic variability, climate change, and (or) human intervention. In 1931 and 1999, waters were 2-3 degreeC warmer than the previous 10-year average. Low water levels markedly altered wetland vegetation: various Graminea (including Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites australis) and facultative annual species invaded previously marshy areas. Submerged species previously found in shallow waters were replaced on dry ground by annual terrestrial plants; Alisma gramineum colonized emergent waterlogged mudflats. The low water levels of 1999 induced a spatially discontinuous plant biomass that was richer in terrestrial material than in previous years (1993-1994). In comparison with the 1930s, recent surveys indicate a decline of assemblages dominated by Equisetum spp. and Najas flexilis and a rise of those dominated by Lythrum salicaria, Potamogeton spp., and filamentous algae. These shifts reveal the additional effects of nutrient enrichment, alien species, and shoreline alteration accompanying a change from a mostly agricultural to a mostly urbanized and industrialized landscape.
© The Thomson Corporation

117. A simple wetland habitat classification for boreal forest waterfowl.
Rempel, R. S.; Abraham, K. F.; Gadawski, T. R.; Gabor, S.; and Ross, R. K.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 746-757. (July 1997)
NAL Call #:   410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors:   wetlands/ classification systems/ nature conservation/ aquatic birds/ habitats/ forests/ waterfowl/ surveys/ classification/ marshes/ habitat/ community structure/ Aves/ Canada, Ontario, Cochrane, Great Clay Belt/ habitat/ birds/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ network design/ birds
Abstract: We propose a wetland habitat classification for boreal forest waterfowl that builds on existing classification systems, and apply the habitat classification to wetlands surveyed for 14 species of waterfowl breeding pairs and broods in the boreal Claybelt of Ontario. The habitat classification is based on simple and easily observable structural characteristics measured from black-and-white aerial photography collected for forest resource inventories. Habitat associations were examined using chi super(2) analysis for individual waterfowl species, and canonical correspondence analysis for overall community structure. Habitat use deviated significantly from that expected by random association for both pairs and broods, and canonical ordination of habitat/community structure was significant for both breeding pairs and broods. Beaver-pond marshes, lacustrine marshes located at river months, and open-water fens with <25% vegetative cover were used at rates much higher than expected, and deserve attention for conservation in the boreal forest. Based on expected distribution of wetland habitat types, we estimate 96.9 pairs x 100 km super(-2) and 96.1 broods x 100 km super(-2) to occur on average throughout the Claybelt.
© CSA

118. Simulation of subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Results and further research needs.
Langergraber, G.
Water Science and Technology 48(5): 157-166. (2003)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223
Descriptors:   freshwater ecology/ models and simulations: computational biology/ pollution assessment control and management/ waste management: sanitation/ nitrogen/ wastewater chemistry/ phosphorus/ CW2D reactive transport model/ subsurface flow constructed wetlands: design optimization, research needs, simulation/ wetland systems: water pollution control
Abstract: Simulation of constructed wetlands has two main tasks: to obtain a better understanding of the processes in constructed wetlands, and to check and optimise existing design criteria. This paper shows simulation results for two indoor pilot-scale constructed wetlands for wastewater and surface water treatment respectively. The results presented and discussed are mainly focussed on the hydraulic behaviour of the constructed wetland systems. In addition results of reactive transport simulations with CW2D are shown. The multi-component reactive transport model CW2D (Constructed Wetlands 2 Dimensional) was developed to model transport and reactions of the main constituents of wastewater (organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus) in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. For the pilot-scale constructed wetlands a calibration of the flow model was possible and therefore the results of the reactive transport simulations with CW2D fit the measured data well. The further research needs regarding the simulation of subsurface flow constructed wetlands are discussed.
© The Thomson Corporation

119. Status and trends of wetlands in the conterminous United States 1986 to 1997.
Dahl, Thomas E. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; 82 p. (2000)
Notes: "December 2000"--P. 4 of cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-72).
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3 D33 2000
Descriptors:   w etlands ---United States/ w etland conservation---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

120. Status and trends of wetlands in the conterminous United States 1998 to 2004.
Dahl, Thomas E.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005. 112 p.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3 D33 2005
http://wetlandsfws.er.usgs.gov/status_trends/national_reports/trends_2005_report.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands--United States/ wetland conservation--United States

121. The status of forested wetlands and waterbird conservation in North and Central America.
Erwin, R. Michael
Conservation Biology Series 6: 61-109. (1996); ISSN: 1363-3090
Descriptors:   Aves/ conservation measures/ waterbirds/ forested wetland status relations/ semiaquatic habitat/ forest and woodland/ Nearctic Region/ neotropical region/ Central America/ forested wetland status/ waterbird conservation significance
© The Thomson Corporation

122. Status of knowledge, ongoing research, and research needs in Amazonian wetlands.
Junk, W. J. and Piedade, M. T.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 12(6): 597-609. (Jan. 2005)
NAL Call #:   QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors:   wetlands/ basins/ economics/ rivers/ structure-function relationships/ classification/ soil/ flood plains/ agriculture/ inland fisheries/ natural resources/ potential resources/ hydroelectric power/ research programmes/ education establishments/ deforestation/ ranching/ biodiversity/ institutions/ economic development/ construction/ channels/ structure/ ecology/ fisheries/ exploitation/ degradation/ priorities/ training/ research priorities/ cattle/ navigation/ surveys/ technology transfer/ artificial wetlands/ exploration/ South America/ South America, Amazonia, Amazon R./ Brazil, Amazonia/ management/ general papers on resources/ other aquatic communities/ control of water on the surface
Abstract: Exploitation and exploration of the Amazon basin by Europeans started in the 17th century, but only since about 1970 has the Brazilian government given priority to the connection of the Amazon basin to the industrialized southern part of the country. This new policy required scientific research on the natural resources of the area. Wetlands cover about 20% of the Amazon basin. Inland fishery, fertile floodplain soils, and hydroelectric energy offer a large potential for economic development. Research concentrates on major wetlands and water bodies near the large cities. The Amazon River floodplain belongs to the best studied tropical river floodplains in the world. However, studies in other areas suffer from lack of wetland inventory and classification. Accelerated economic development is not adequately accompanied by wetland research. Insufficient knowledge about distribution, size, structure and function of many wetlands leads to increasing degradation and loss of biodiversity, for instance, by the construction of hydroelectric power plants, large scale deforestation for cattle ranching and agro-industrial projects, mining activities, the construction of navigation channels (hidrovias), etc. The low number of scientists working in the area and lack of funding require close cooperation in problem-oriented multidisciplinary projects (scientific clustering) to optimize scientific outcome. Intensive, long-term cooperation and scientific exchange with institutions from southern Brazil and from abroad is recommended to improve the scientific infrastructure in Amazonian institutions, to accelerate the transfer of new scientific methods and technology, and to intensify the training program for local human resources.
© CSA

123. Surface flow constructed wetlands: Overview.
Kadlec, R. H.
Water Science and Technology 32(3): 1-12. (1995)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223.
Notes: Proceedings for the 4th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control Held in Guangzhou, China, 6-10 November 1994
Descriptors:   flow/ costs/ operation/ performance/ design/ waste water/ biological treatment/ artificial wetlands/ land types/ wastes/ waste water treatment/ wetland systems for water pollution control/ human wastes and refuse/ waste handling and treatment equipment
Abstract: Statistics on the types and character of low-tech waste water treatment wetlands are reviewed. The operational processes are discussed, including sedimentation, plant uptake, sorption, nutrient cycling, and chemical and microbial conversion. Performance was good for reduction of suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, metals and some anthropogenic chemicals. Design procedures were evaluated, showing that the overly simplistic techniques used in the infancy of the technology may now be replaced by rational procedures based on the large and rapidly growing information base for constructed surface flow treatment wetlands. Ancillary wildlife and human use is an important part of this type of wetland, and should be acknowledged in design. Capital costs were low, but the principal financial advantage was the extremely low base cost of operation.
© CAB International/CABI Publishing

124. Synthesis of soil-plant correspondence data from twelve wetland studies throughout the United States.
Segelquist, C. A.; Slauson, W. L.; Scott, M. L.; and Auble, G. T.
Washington D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990. 32 p. Biological Report.
NAL Call #:  QH540.U562 no.90(19)
Descriptors:   wetlands/ soils/ vegetation/ identification for classification/ census-survey methods/ cover/ North America/ United States/ South Dakota/ Florida/ Nebraska/ New Nexico/ Nevada/ California/ North Carolina/ Alaska/ Mississippi/ Rhode Island/ Massachusetts
Abstract:  Objectives were to evaluate the relation between hydric and nonhydric soils and hydrophytic and nonhydrophytic vegetation for selected wetlands and to test the weight average and index average procedures of Wentworth and Johnson (1986)
© NISC

125. Temperate freshwater wetlands: Types, status, and threats.
Brinson, M. M. and Malvarez, A. I.
Environmental Conservation 29(2): 115-133. (2002)
NAL Call #:   QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929
Descriptors:   wetlands/ land use/ environmental protection/ environmental quality/ eutrophication/ water quality/ drainage/ resources management/ ecosystem analysis/ temperate environments/ environmental degradation/ marshes/ ecosystem disturbance/ man-induced effects/ freshwater pollution/ degradation/ habitat/ pollution effects/ species diversity/ biodiversity/ freshwater organisms/ temperate zones/ North America/ South America/ Europe/ Mediterranean Region/ Russia/ China, People's Rep./ Japan/ Australia/ New Zealand
Abstract: This review examines the status of temperate-zone freshwater wetlands and makes projections of how changes over the 2025 time horizon might affect their biodiversity. The six geographic regions addressed are temperate areas of North America, South America, northern Europe, northern Mediterranean, temperate Russia, Mongolia, north-east China, Korea and Japan, and southern Australia and New Zealand. Information from the recent technical literature, general accounts in books, and some first-hand experience provided the basis for describing major wetland types, their status and major threats. Loss of biodiversity is a consequence both of a reduction in area and deterioration in condition. The information base for either change is highly variable geographically. Many countries lack accurate inventories, and for those with inventories, classifications differ, thus making comparisons difficult. Factors responsible for losses and degradation include diversions and damming of river flows, disconnecting floodplain wetlands from flood flows, eutrophication, contamination, grazing, harvests of plants and animals, global warming, invasions of exotics, and the practices of filling, dyking and draining. In humid regions, drainage of depressions and flats has eliminated large areas of wetlands. In arid regions, irrigated agriculture directly competes with wetlands for water. Eutrophication is widespread, which, together with effects of invasive species, reduces biotic complexity. In northern Europe and the northern Mediterranean, losses have been ongoing for hundreds of years, while losses in North America accelerated during the 1950s through to the 1970s. In contrast, areas such as China appear to be on the cusp of expanding drainage projects and building impoundments that will eliminate and degrade freshwater wetlands. Generalizations and trends gleaned from this paper should be considered only as a starting point for developing world-scale data sets. One trend is that the more industrialized countries are likely to conserve their already impacted, remaining wetlands, while nations with less industrialization are now experiencing accelerated losses, and may continue to do so for the next several decades. Another observation is that countries with both protection and restoration programmes do not necessarily enjoy a net increase in area and improvement in condition. Consequently, both reductions in the rates of wetland loss and increases in the rates of restoration are needed in tandem to achieve overall improvements in wetland area and condition.
© CSA

126. Temporary forest pools: Can we see the water for the trees?
Williams, D. D.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(3): 213-233. (2005)
NAL Call #:   QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors:   community succession/ forests/ freshwater invertebrates/ hydroperiod/ riparian vegetation/ temporary ponds/ wetland management
Abstract: Temporary waters, in general, are fascinating habitats in which to study the properties of species adapted to living in highly variable environments. Species display a remarkable array of strategies for dealing with the periodic loss of their primary medium that sets them apart from the inhabitants of permanent water bodies. Survival of individuals typically depends on exceptional physiological tolerance or effective migrational abilities, and communities have their own, distinctive hallmarks. This paper will broadly overview the biology of temporary ponds, but will emphasize those in temperate forests. In particular, links will be sought between aquatic community properties, the nature of the riparian vegetation, and forestry practices. Quite apart from their inherent biological interest, temporary waters are now in the limelight both from a conservation perspective, as these habitats come more into conflict with human activities, and a health-control perspective, as breeding habitats for vectors of arboviruses. Traditionally, many temporary waters, be they pools, streams or wetlands, have been considered to be 'wasted' areas of land, potentially convertible to agriculture/silviculture once drained. In reality, they are natural features of the global landscape representing distinct and unique habitats for many species - some that are found nowhere else, others that reach their maximum abundance there. To be effective, conservation measures must preserve the full, hydroseral range of wetland types. © Springer 2005.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

127. Threats to waterbirds and wetlands: Implications for conservation, inventory and research.
O'Connell, Mark
Wildfowl 51: 1-15. (2000)
NAL Call #:   SK351.W575; ISSN: 0954-6324
Descriptors:   waterbirds (Aves)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates/ biodiversity/ conservation implications/ demographic changes/ economic changes/ human activity/ social changes/ wetlands: habitat
Abstract: The world has undergone major social, economic and demographic changes in the last two centuries. Predictions suggest that during the next 100 years, even greater changes will occur and this will put increasing pressure on wetlands and their biodiversity. This paper examines the changes that have occurred, and the nature of threats facing waterbirds and wetlands as a result of human activities. The need for specific areas of research is identified, particularly in relation to detecting and measuring change and the need to provide solution-oriented research to underpin conservation action.
© The Thomson Corporation

128. Trace and toxic metals in wetlands: A review.
Gambrell, R. P.
Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 883-891. (Sept. 1994-Oct. 1994)
NAL Call #:   QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Wetland Processes and Water Quality," November 3-4, 1992, Minneapolis, MN. Includes references.
Descriptors:   wetland soils/ upland soils/ heavy metals/ leaching/ immobilization/ soil pH/ redox reactions/ bioavailability/ plants
Abstract: The mobility and plant availability of many trace and toxic metals in wetland soils is often substantially different from upland soils. Oxidation-reduction (redox) and associated pH changes that occur in soils as a result of flooding or drainage can affect the retention and release of metals by clay minerals, organic matter, iron oxides, and, for coastal wetlands, sulfides. Except where a Hooded soil or sediment becomes strongly acid upon drainage and oxidation, as sometimes occurs, the processes immobilizing metals tend to be complimentary such that large-scale metal releases from contaminated soils and sediments do not occur with changing redox conditions. Metals tend to be retained more strongly in wetland soils compared with upland soils.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

129. Tracking wetland restoration: Do mitigation sites follow desired trajectories?
Zedler, J. B. and Callaway, J. C.
Restoration Ecology 7(1): 69-73. (Mar. 1999)
NAL Call #:   QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors:   wetlands/ environmental restoration/ environment management/ USA, California/ USA, California, San Diego Bay/ rehabilitation/ ecosystems/ damage/ monitoring/ wildlife habitats/ model studies/ alternative planning/ nature conservation/ environmental assessment/ USA, California, San Diego/ trajectories/ Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge/ reclamation/ water quality control/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ general environmental engineering
Abstract: Hypothetical models in the scientific literature suggest that ecosystem restoration and creation sites follow a smooth path of development (called a trajectory), rapidly matching natural reference sites (the target). Multi-million-dollar mitigation agreements have been based on the expectation that damages to habitat will be compensated within 5-10 years, and monitoring periods have been set accordingly. Our San Diego Bay study site, the Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, has one of the longest and most detailed records of habitat development at a mitigation site: data on soil organic matter, soil nitrogen, plant growth, and plant canopies for up to 10 years from a 12-year-old site. High interannual variation and lack of directional changes indicate little chance that targets will be reached in the near future. Other papers perpetuate the trajectory model, despite data that corroborate our findings. After reviewing "trajectory models" and presenting our comprehensive data for the first time, we suggest alternative management and mitigation policies.
© CSA

130. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory project.
Wilen, B. O. and Bates, M. K.
Vegetatio 118(1-2): 153-169. (1995)
NAL Call #:   450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106.
Notes: Conference: 4th International Wetlands Conference, Symposium on Classification and Inventory of the World's Wetlands, Colombus, OH (USA), 13-18 Sep 1992
Descriptors:   wetlands/ inventories/ classification/ data banks/ mapping/ USA/ US Fish and Wildlife Service/ data banks/ miscellaneous topics/ general papers on resources
Abstract: In 1974, the US Fish and Wildlife Service directed its Office of Biological Services to design and conduct an inventory of the Nation's wetlands. The mandate was to develop and disseminate a technically sound, comprehensive data base concerning the characteristics and extent of the Nation's wetlands. The purpose of this data base is to foster wise use of the Nation's wetlands and to expedite decisions that may affect this important resource. To accomplish this, state-of-the-art principles and methodologies pertaining to all aspects of wetland inventory were assimilated and developed by the newly formed project. By 1979, when the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) Project became operational, it was clear that two very different kinds of information were needed. First, detailed wetland maps were needed for site-specific decisions. Second, national statistics developed through statistical sampling on the current status and trends of wetlands were needed in order to provide information to support the development or alteration of Federal programs and policies. The NWI has produced wetland maps (scale = 1:24 000) for 74% of the conterminous United States. It has also produced wetland maps (scale = 1:63 360) for 24% of Alaska. Nearly 9000 of these wetland maps, representing 16.7% of the continental United States, have been computerized (digitized). In addition to maps, the NWI has produced other valuable wetland products. These include a statistically-based report on the status and trends of wetlands that details gains and losses in United States wetlands that have occurred from the mid-1970's to the mid-1980's. Other wetland products include a list of wetland (hydric) soils, a national list of wetland plant species, wetland reports for certain individual States such as New Jersey and Florida, and a wetland values data base.
© CSA

131. Urbanization impacts on the structure and function of forested wetlands.
Faulkner, Stephen
Urban Ecosystems 7(2): 89-106. (2004)
NAL Call #:   QH541.5.C6 U73; ISSN: 1083-8155
Descriptors:   biochemistry and molecular biophysics/ soil science/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ forested wetland: function, structure/ nutrient cycling/ soil saturation/ urbanization/ watershed hydrology
Abstract: The exponential increase in population has fueled a significant demographic shift: 60% of the Earth's population will live in urban areas by 2030. While this population growth is significant in its magnitude, the ecological footprint of natural resource consumption and use required to sustain urban populations is even greater. The land use and cover changes accompanying urbanization (increasing human habitation coupled with resource consumption and extensive landscape modification) impacts natural ecosystems at multiple spatial scales. Because they generally occupy lower landscape positions and are linked to other ecosystems through hydrologic connections, the cascading effects of habitat alteration on watershed hydrology and nutrient cycling arc particularly detrimental to wetland ecosystems. I reviewed literature relevant to these effects of urbanization on the structure and function of forested wetlands. Hydrologic changes caused by habitat fragmentation generally reduce species richness and abundance of plants, macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and birds with greater numbers of invasives and exotics. Reduction in soil saturation and lowered water tables result in greater nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in urban wetlands with higher probability of NO3- export from the watershed. Depressional forested wetlands in urban areas can function as important sinks for sediments, nutrients, and metals. As urban ecosystems become the predominant human condition, there is a critical need for data specific to urban forested wetlands in order to better understand the role of these ecosystems on the landscape.
© The Thomson Corporation

132. Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution control: Historical development, present status, and future perspectives.
Brix, H.
Water Science and Technology 30(8 pt 8): 209-223. (1994)
NAL Call #:   TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223
Descriptors:   biochemical oxygen demand/ free water surface flow systems/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ reaction rate constants/ subsurface flow systems/ suspended solids
Abstract: During the last two decades the multiple functions and values of wetlands have been recognized not only by the scientists and managers working with wetlands, but also by the public. The ability of wetlands to transform and store organic matter has been exploited in constructed wetlands. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of the uses of constructed wetlands in water pollution control by reviewing the basics of the technology, the historical development, and the performance expectations with focus on the use of free water surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment. Performance data from a total of 104 subsurface flow systems and 70 free water surface flow systems are reviewed. The present state of knowledge is sufficient to apply constructed wetlands as a tool for improving water quality. The potential applications range from secondary treatment of municipal and various types of industrial wastewaters to polishing of tertiary treated waters and diffuse pollution. In many situations constructed wetlands is the only appropriate technology available. The treatment capacity of subsurface flow systems can be improved by selecting vertical flow systems with intermittent loading, by proper media selection, and by recycling of the wastewater. Further research is needed to help define and optimize engineering design criteria and the long-term performance capabilities and operational problems.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

133. Use of restored small wetlands by breeding waterfowl in Prince Edward Island, Canada.
Stevens, C. E.; Gabor, T. S.; and Diamond, A. W.
Restoration Ecology 11(1): 3-12. (2003)
NAL Call #:   QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors:   wetlands/ environmental restoration/ breeding/ restoration/ environment management/ aquatic birds/ abundance/ plant populations/ environmental factors/ nature conservation/ Anas crecca carolinensis/ Anas rubripes/ Typha/ Canada, Prince Edward Island/ green-winged teal/ American black duck/ ring-necked ducks/ gadwell
Abstract: Since 1990 under the Eastern Habitat Joint Venture over 100 small wetlands have been restored in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Wetlands were restored by means of dredging accumulated sediment from erosion to emulate pre-disturbance conditions (i.e., open water and extended hydroperiod). In 1998 and 1999 we compared waterfowl pair and brood use on 22 restored and 24 reference wetlands. More pairs and broods of Ring-necked Ducks, Gadwall, Green-winged Teal, and American Black Ducks used restored versus reference wetlands. In restored wetlands waterfowl pair density and species richness were positively correlated with wetland/cattail area, percent cattail cover, and close proximity to freshwater rivers. In addition, a waterfowl reproductive index was positively correlated with percent cattail cover. Green-winged Teal pair occurrence in restored wetlands was positively correlated with greater amounts of open water and water depths. American Black Duck pairs occurred on most (86%) restored wetlands. Restored small wetlands likely served as stopover points for American Black Duck broods during overland or stream movements, whereas they likely served as a final brood-rearing destination for Green-winged Teal broods. We suggest that wetland restoration is a good management tool for increasing populations of Green-winged Teal and American Black Ducks in Prince Edward Island.
© CSA

134. Using algae to assess environmental conditions in wetlands.
Stevenson, R. Jan; McCormick, Paul V.; Frydenborg, Russ; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office Science and Technology; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Using algae to assess environmental conditions in wetlands (#11); Title from web page. "March 2002." "Prepared jointly by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" "EPA-822-R-02-021." Description based on content viewed April 14, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH541.15.I5 S74 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/11Algae.pdf
Descriptors:   indicators---biology---United States/ environmental indicators---United States---mathematical models/ algae---United States/ wetland conservation---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

135. Using amphibians in bioassessment of wetlands.
Sparling, Donald W.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria Division.; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands Division.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Using amphibians in bioassessment of wetlands. (#12).Title from web page. "March 2002." "Prepared jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" "EPA-822-R-02-022." Description based on content viewed March 31, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH541.15.I5 M472 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/12Amphibians.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands management---United States/ indicators---biology---United States/ environmental indicators---United States/ monitoring, biological---United States/ amphibians---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

136. Using vegetation to assess environmental conditions in wetlands.
Fennessy, Slobhan; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria Division; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands Division; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Using vegetation to assess environmental conditions in wetlands (#10); Title from web page. "March 2002." Major contributors: Slobhan Fennessy and others. "Prepared jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" "EPA-822-R-02-020." Description based on content viewed March 31, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH541.15.I5 M473 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/10Vegetation.pdf
Descriptors:   plant indicators---United States/ indicators---biology---United States/ wetland management---United States/ environmental monitoring---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

137. Vegetation-based indicators of wetland nutrient enrichment.
Craft, C.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria Division; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands Division; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2003.
Notes: Title from web page. "March 2002." Prepared jointly by: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetland Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds). "EPA-822-R-02-024." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH76.5.N8 V47 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/16Indicators.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands/ ecology/ land use/ nutrient enrichment/ nutrient enrichment/ vegetation/ environmental management

138. Wetland and water bird diversity in desert area of the Western China.
Liu, Nai-Fa; Huang, Zu-Hao; and Wen, Long-Ying
Wetland Science 2(4):  259-266. (Dec. 2004)
NAL Call #:   QH87.3 .S47; ISSN: 1672-5948
Descriptors:   wetlands/ deserts/ habitat selection/ rare species/ species diversity/ ponds/ migratory species/ irrigation/ salt lakes/ ecosystem management/ conservation/ environmental protection/ water use/ Podiceps grisegena/ Aves/ Ciconia ciconia/ China, People's Rep., Qingzang Plateau/ red-necked grebe/ birds/ white stork/ habitat community studies
Abstract: The western part of China includes the Mongolia-Xinjiang and Qingzang Plateaus where the climate is either arid or semi-arid with low precipitation levels. Here, wetlands only exist in the depressions, overflowing zones of piedmont groundwater, and lake depressions. The area of wetlands in desert area is 96 180 km super(2), accounting for about 3.6% of the total land area of the Western China. In accordance with the formation, there are four types of wetlands in the desert area of the Western China, (1) wetland formed by gathering water in the basins due to the subsidence of the earth's crust, (2) glacier lake, (3) wetland formed by springs, (4) wetland formed by water withdrawn from irrigated farmland. The special natural conditions and geographical location of these wetlands have resulted in abundant species of waterfowl and play a special role the worldwide waterfowl protection. According to preliminary investigation and statistics, there are 142 species of waterfowls in above wetland as defined in "Wetland Convention", 54.8% of the total number of waterfowls in China. There are many rare and endangered species in these wetlands. These include 8 species of national first-grade protected birds, such as Ciconia ciconia, and 18 species of national second-grade protected birds, such as Podiceps grisegena. Waterbirds are protected by international convention and agreement. There are 12 species listed in "Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" (CITES). A total of 83 species among 142 species birds are listed in the "Agreement to Protect Migratory Birds and their Habitats in China and Japan". Wetlands in the desert area of the Western China play an important role in migration, breeding and overwinter of waterfowl. However, wetlands have been destroyed to different extents. The wetland in the desert area is ultimately developed into salt pond or desert. Important factors leading to desertification of wetlands are climate to transform into dry, irrational use of water resources and reclaiming land from marshes, resulted in considerable loss of waterfowl diversity. Therefore, for the purpose of waterfowl conservation, the wetland in the desert should be strongly conserved.
© CSA

139. Wetland creation and restoration: Description and summary of the literature.
Schneller-Mcdonald, K.;  Ischinger, L. S.; and Auble, G. T.; 90(3), 1990. 198 p. Biological Report - Us Fish & Wildlife Service.
NAL Call #:  QH540.U562 no.90(3)
Abstract:  Provides a hard copy of the bibliographic information contained in the US Wetland Creation/Restoration data base. -from Authors
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

140. Wetland ecosystem studies from a hydrological perspective.
Labaugh, J. W.
Water Resources Bulletin 22(1): 1-10. (1986)
NAL Call #:   292.9 Am34; ISSN: 0043-1370
Descriptors:   wetlands/ hydrologic budget/ groundwater/ review articles/ chemical budget/ input-output relationship/ biogeochemical processes/ ecosystem research/ hydrology/ ecosystems
Abstract: Selected studies from the literature were reviewed to determine the extent of knowledge about the relationship between hydrology and wetland ecosystem studies. Wetland studies of chemical input-output relationship have been the most dependent on hydrologic data of all wetland investigations; yet, very few of these studies have attempted to measure all components of a wetland 's water balance. Usually, unmeasured components were calculated as the difference between measured inputs and outputs. Ground water was frequently overlooked. Chemical input-output investigations primarily were concerned with determining the amount of input retained in the wetlands. Few studies also included direct measurement of biogeochemical processes within wetlands of elements that were part of simultaneous input-output investigations. The importance of uncertainties in chemical budgets that are due to uncertainties in hydrologic budgets has been addressed in very few wetland investigations. Although many studies have emphasized the importance of hydrology to wetland ecosystem research, few studies have documented this, so that hydrology remains one of the least understood components of wetlands ecosystems. (Author 's abstract)
© CSA

141. Wetland indicators: A guide to wetland identification, delineation, classification, and mapping.
Tiner, Ralph W.
Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; 392 p. (1999)
NAL Call #:  GB624.T564-1999; ISBN: 0873718925 (alk. paper)
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ wetland ecology---United States/ plant indicators---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

142. Wetland management and conservation of rare species.
Doust, Lesley Lovett and Doust, Jon Lovett
Canadian Journal of Botany 73(7): 1019-1028. (1995)
NAL Call #:   470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026
Descriptors:   Plantae (Plantae unspecified)/ plants/ ethics/ genetics/ habitat protection/ habitat quality/ legislation
Abstract: The value of wetland is now widely recognized; some legislation requires 'no net loss' of wetlands, although economic incentives still exist for wetland conversion. Rare plants may be protected by law; however, wetlands are rarely managed specifically to converse rare species. Furthermore, it is not always clear how the environment should be manipulated to increase the abundance of such species, since necessary autecological details are rarely available. Species conservation involves demographic and genetic elements, as well as ethical decisions about the merits of transplanting or importing genes through controlled pollinations. Rare species may serve as indicators of habitat quality, although this will depend on the reasons behind the species' rarity. There is a need for multiple-use management plans that incorporate species- and habitat-conservation goals and that implement overall strategies to maintain or enhance the total quantity and quality of wetlands.
© The Thomson Corporation

143. Wetland management for shorebirds and other species: Experiences on the Canadian prairies.
Dickson, H. Loney and McKeating, Gerald
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 58: 370-377. (1993)
NAL Call #:   412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355
Descriptors:   Aves/ habitat management/ semiaquatic habitat/ wetlands management/ multispecies approach/ Canada/ Alberta/ Manitoba/ Saskatchewan/ multispecies approach to wetland management/ overview
© The Thomson Corporation

144. Wetland mercury research: A review with case studies.
Rood, B. E.
Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 2: 73-108. (1996); ISSN: 1076-4674
Descriptors:   wetlands/ mercury/ case studies/ contamination/ literature review/ biogeochemistry/ literature reviews/ biogeochemical cycle/ pollution effects/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ case reports/ literature reviews/ biogeochemical cycle/ pollution effects/ case studies/ contamination/ literature review
Abstract: Interestingly, there is a paucity of information regarding the role that wetlands play in the regional and global cycles of mercury (Zillioux et al., 1993). Eugene Odum has said that "a healthy wetland is an indicator of a healthy watershed" (Oglethorpe Power Corporation, 1990). As such, there is a compelling need to: 1) evaluate the status of mercury contamination in a variety of wetland types, both impacted and unimpacted by regional anthropogenic activities, 2) examine chemical and biological transformations of mercury under the unique ambient conditions associated with wetlands, and 3) reconstruct trends of mercury accumulation in wetlands preserved in the sediment record. The goals of this literature review are to provide wetland scientists with an overview of current issues and observations regarding research of environmental mercury contamination, to identify the critical need for mercury researchers to incorporate detailed wetland studies into current research, and to overview current studies of mercury in wetlands including a case study of mercury paleoecological research in the Florida Everglades.
© CSA

145. Wetland nutrient removal: A review of the evidence.
Fisher, J. and Acreman, M. C.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8(4): 673-685. (2004)
NAL Call #:   GB651 .H937; ISSN: 1027-5606
Descriptors:   pollution load/ artificial wetlands/ nutrients/ water quality control/ marshes/ sampling/ nitrogen/ hydrologic models/ ecosystems/ swamps/ high flow/ nutrient removal/ eutrophication/ water quality control/ water treatment/ water and wastewater treatment
Abstract: Data from 57 wetlands from around the world have been collated to investigate whether wetlands affect the nutrient loading of waters draining through them: the majority of wetlands reduced nutrient loading and there was little difference in the proportion of wetlands that reduced N to those that reduced P loading. However, some wetlands increased nutrient loadings by increasing the loading of soluble N and P species thus potentially driving aquatic eutrophication. Studies conducted over a period of a year or more, or that involved frequent sampling during high flow events, were more likely to indicate that the wetland increased nutrient loadings. Swamps and marshes differed from riparian zones in their nutrient function characteristics by being slightly more effective at nutrient reduction than riparian zones. The attributes that enable wetlands to be effective in reducing N and P loadings need consideration when constructing or managing wetlands to reduce nutrient loadings. Their wise use will be an important strategy for meeting the Water Framework Directive requirements for many water bodies.
© CSA

146. Wetland plants: More than just a pretty face?
Nuttall, C. A.
Land Contamination & Reclamation 11(2): 173-180. (2003); ISSN: 0967-0513
Descriptors:   aesthetic value/ aluminium/ aquatic plants/ artificial wetlands/ habitats/ iron/ manganese/ microbial activities/ organic matter/ polluted water/ reviews/ water quality/ Eriophorum/ Phragmites australis/ plants/ Typha latifolia/ Vallisneria americana/ Eriophorum angustifolium/ water treatment/ Cyperaceae/ Cyperales/ monocotyledons/ angiosperms/ Spermatophyta/ plants/ Eriophorum/ Phragmites/ Poaceae/ Typha/ Typhaceae/ Typhales/ Vallisneria/ Hydrocharitaceae/ Hydrocharitales
Abstract: Plants are an integral part of wetlands constructed to treat contaminated waters, including those emanating from abandoned mines and their associated spoil heaps. It has become generally accepted that, although plants provide an aesthetic covering to wetlands, they do not play an important role in the remediative processes that occur within the wetland system. Rather the geochemical and microbiological processes that convert soluble metals into immobile forms are by far the most important constituents of the wetlands. We have provided a detailed review of the current knowledge of plant growth within wetlands and the possible roles that they perform in the treatment of mine waters. It is evident from the literature that plants add significantly to the performance of wetland systems through a variety of means. These include the addition of organic matter (maintaining the carbon source for microorganisms), stabilization of sediment surfaces, maintenance of flow patterns, and surfaces for micro bial activity. In addition, recent research has shown that in systems receiving low concentrations of metals, as occurs in 'polishing wetlands', plants may actually constitute an important sink for metals. In this situation the majority of metals (iron, manganese and aluminium) are precipitated around root surfaces as plaque deposits, which has important implications for the cycling of metals within these systems. The concentrations of metals in root plaque extracts in field-grown wetland plant species (viz., Eriophorum angustifolium, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Vallisneria americana) are given. Finally, plants may also provide a vital resource for other wildlife and as such can encourage the inhabitation of treatment wetlands by invertebrates, birds and mammals. Thus plants as part of treatment wetlands are certainly more than just a pretty face.
© CAB International/CABI Publishing

147. Wetland rice soils as sources and sinks of methane: A review and prospects for research.
Kumaraswamy, S.; Rath, A. K.; Ramakrishnan, B.; and Sethunathan, N.
Biology and Fertility of Soils 31(6): 449-461. (2000)
NAL Call #:   QH84.8.B46; ISSN: 0178-2762
Descriptors:   flooded rice/ rice soils/ paddy soils/ soil bacteria/ anaerobes/ methane production/ methane/ oxidation/ emission/ oryza sativa/ roots/ pollution control/ fertilizers/ pesticides/ nitrification inhibitors/ community ecology/ biological activity in soil/ literature reviews/ methanotrophy
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

148. Wetlands.
Mitsch, William J. and Gosselink, James G.
New York: John Wiley (3rd); xiii, 920 p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm. (2000)
NAL Call #:  QH104 .M57 2000; ISBN: 047129232X (cloth: alk. paper)
Descriptors:   w etland ecology---United States/ w etlands---United States/ w etland management---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

149. Wetlands: An overview in relation to conservation strategy.
Wanganeo, A. and Wanganeo, R.
Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology 3(3): 307-316. (2004); ISSN: 0972-6268
Descriptors:   wetlands/ conservation/ municipal wastes/ fodder/ foods/ niches/ wastewater pollution/ municipal wastewater/ sluices/ literature reviews/ habitat improvement/ environmental protection/ classification/ wastewater treatment/ water pollution/ wastes/ vulnerability/ biodiversity/ techniques of planning/ water Resources and supplies/ habitat community studies/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ water and wastewater treatment
Abstract: In spite of the global attention currently focused on the wetlands there is no recognizable conservation strategy or any law governing their management. These highly productive ecological niches supporting rich biodiversity have been perceived as future resources of food and fodder. Their quality of ameliorating pollution has made them more vulnerable as these systems are also treated as places for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater besides other wastes. Since no logical segregation of these systems has been done as such, a lot of confusion has been created as to what is their main function and how these systems should be categorized. Present paper categorizes wetlands into three categories viz., Douse, Sluice and Plashy types for their better utilization, management and conservation.
© CSA

150. Wetlands and water quality: A regional review of recent research in the United States on the role of freshwater and saltwater wetlands as sources, sinks, and transformers of nitrogen, phosphorus, and various heavy metals.
Nixon, S. W. and Lee, V.
Vicksburg, Miss.  Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, 1986. 229 p. Technical Report.
Descriptors:   wetlands/ water quality/ limnology/ estuaries/ saline water/ sinks/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ heavy metals/ literature review/ nutrients
Abstract:  This report is the first in a series of four literature reviews on wetland functions and values. Each review covers one of the following four broad wetlands functions and values: (1) water quality, (2) fish and wildlife habitat, (3) socioeconomics, and (4) hydraulics. The four reports, along with other information, were used to develop a multiyear wetlands functions and values research study plan implemented by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. This report examines the literature on water quality functions of wetlands. Study results indicated considerable diversity in the quantity and quality of wetlands water quality literature between and within each geographic region of the coterminous United States and Alaska. In general, wetlands water quality has been studied most intensely in the estuarine marshes of the Gulf and North Atlantic coasts. Water quality in freshwater wetlands has not received attention commmensurate with the wide distribution of these wetland types. Most previous wetlands water quality research has been fragmented into site-specific or function-specific studies. Very few mass balance studies have been conducted. Two complementary approaches to addressing wetlands water quality research data gaps are recommended. The first approach is to develop mass balances or budgets of carbon, nutrients, heavy metals, and other possible pollutants. The mass balance studies should be determined at carefully selected field sites over several annual cycles. The second approach would focus on the design, construction, and use of experimental wetland microcosms. The microcosms would permit assessment of the fates and effects of various materials under highly controlled conditions. (Lantz-PTT)
© CSA

151. Wetlands classification.
Detenbeck, Naomi Elizabeth.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology; and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds.
In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.
Notes: Original title: Wetlands classification (#7); Title from web page. "March 2002." "EPA-822-R-02-017." "Prepared jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division Office." Description based on content viewed April 10, 2003. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #:  QH541.5.M3 D47 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/7Classification.pdf
Descriptors:   wetlands---United States/ wetlands---United States---classification
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

152. Wetlands: History, current status, and future.
Hook, D. D.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 2157-2166. (Dec. 1993)
NAL Call #:   QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK].
Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and Chemistry. Includes references.
Descriptors:   wetlands/ bogs/ fens/ moorland/ history/ uses/ environmental protection/ projections/ literature reviews
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

153. Wetlands losses in the United States, 1780's to 1980's.
Dahl, Thomas E.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990. 13 p.
NAL Call #:  QH76.D33 1990
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wetlands/wetloss/wetloss.htm
Descriptors:   wetland conservation---United States/ wetlands---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.

154. Wetlands of Central America.
Ellison, Aaron M.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 12(1): 3-55. (2004)
NAL Call #:   QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors:   conservation/ estuarine ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ marine ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance/ biological diversity support/ cultural framework/ development pressures/ ecological research/ essential ecosystem services/ estuarine wetlands/ forest land conversion/ integrated planning/ intensive deforestation/ lacustrine wetlands/ marine wetlands/ palustrine wetlands/ population pressures/ primary productivity/ riverine wetlands/ social framework/ water quality maintenance/ wetland inventory/ wetland losses/ wetland management/ wetland refugia/ wetlands ecology
Abstract: The wetlands of seven Central American countries - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama - are reviewed. The region's wetlands are classified into five systems: marine, estuarine, riverine, lacustrine, and palustrine. At a minimum, wetlands cover apprxeq40,000 km2 (apprxeq8%) of the land area of Central America. These wetlands support high levels of biological diversity, especially of invertebrates, amphibians, and migratory birds. Because of intensive deforestation and conversion of forest lands to agriculture, many species of birds and mammals that formerly were abundant in upland forests now are restricted to wetland refugia. Annual primary productivity of some Central American wetlands equals or exceeds that of tropical rainforests, and wetlands also provide essential ecosystem services such as maintaining water quality. Population and development pressures formerly restricted to upland areas are expanding rapidly into wetlands, resulting in losses of wetlands at rates comparable to losses of rainforests. Since 1990, all seven Central American countries have become signatories to the Ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance, but integrated planning for management and conservation of wetlands in the region only began in 2002. A specific set of recommendations for wetland inventory, ecological research, and management is provided that would be feasible and effective within the social and cultural framework of the Central American countries.
© The Thomson Corporation

155. Wetlands of the United States: Current s tatus and r ecent t rends.
Tiner, R. W.
Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984.
NAL Call #:  QH76.W48
Descriptors:   wetlands/ marshes/ salt marshes/ conservation/ coastal zone management/ nature conservation/ USA
Abstract:  This report identifies the current status of U.S. wetlands and major areas where wetlands are in greatest jeopardy from the national standpoint. It also presents existing regional and national information of wetland trends. The report is divided into six chapters: (1) Introduction, (2) What is a Wetland?, (3) Major Wetland Types of the United States, (4) Why are Wetlands Important?, (5) Current status and Trends of U.S. Wetlands, and (6) The Future of America's Wetlands. Wetlands include the variety of marshes, swamps and bogs that occur throughout the country. They range from red maple swamps and black spruce bogs in the northern states to salt marshes along the coasts to bottomland hardwood forests in the southern states to prairie potholes in the Midwest to playa lakes and riparian wetlands in the western states to the wet tundra of Alaska. The future of the Nation's wetlands depends on the actions of public agencies, private industry, and private groups and individuals. Recent population and agricultural trends point to increased pressure for converting wetlands to other use, especially cropland. Increased wetland protection efforts by all levels of government and by private parties are needed to halt or slow wetland losses and to enhance the quality of the remaining wetlands.
© CSA

156. Wetlands of the w orld: Inventory, e cology and m anagement.
Whigham, Dennis F.; Dykyjova, Dagmar; and Hejny, Slavomil
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic; Series: Handbook of vegetation science 15/2; 768 p. (1993)
Notes: Covers: Africa, Australia, Canada, Greenland, Medeterranean, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, South Asia, tropical South America, United States.
NAL Call #:  QK911 .A1H3 v. 15/2; ISBN: 0792316851
Descriptors:   wetlands/ inventory/ wetland management/ wetland ecology

157. Wildlife responses to wetland restoration and creation: An annotated bibliography.
Rewa, C.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P.; Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 135-150
NAL Call #:  aS604.6 .C66 2000
Descriptors:   wetlands/ constructed wetlands/ water quality/ wildlife habitats